Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3 927555 926846 2026-11-10T00:23:10Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin an grammar fixes, lang sentences split 927555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{itheruises|Scots fowk|Scots leid (disambiguation)}} {{Distinguish|Scots Inglis|Scots Gaelic}} {{Infobox leid |name=Scots |nativename=(''Braid'') ''Scots'', ''Lallans'' |states= [[Unitit Kinrick]], [[Republic o Ireland]] |region=Scotland: [[Scots Lawlands]], [[Northren Isles]], [[Caithness]], [[Isle o Arran|Arran]] an [[Cammeltoun]]<br>Ulster (Ireland): [[Coonties o Ireland|Coonties]] [[Coonty Doun|Doun]], [[Coonty Antrim|Antrim]], [[Coonty Derry|Derry]] an [[Coonty Donegal|Donegal]] |speakers=1,508,540 able tae spik Scots |date=2022 |ref=<ref name="govscots">{{cite web |title=Scots |url=https://www.gov.scot/policies/languages/scots/ |publisher=Scottish Government |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> |speakers2=2,444,659 wi some skill in Scots (2022)<ref name="govscots" /><br>In the 2011 census, mair nor 1.5 million fowk said they coud spik Scots.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Languages |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/census-results/at-a-glance/languages/ |website=Scotland's Census |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=[[Germanic leids|Germanic]] |fam3=[[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] |fam4=[[Anglo-Frisie leids|Anglo-Frisie]] |fam5=[[Anglic leids|Anglic]] |ancestor=[[Auld Inglis]] |ancestor2=[[Middle Inglis leid|Middle Inglis]] |ancestor3=[[Early Scots]] |ancestor4=[[Middle Scots]] |minority=[[Northren Ireland]] (as [[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster Scots]]) |nation=[[Scotland]] (official status syne 30 November 2025)<ref name="SLA2025">{{cite web |title=Scottish Languages Act 2025, section 33 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2025/10/part/2/chapter/1 |website=legislation.gov.uk |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref><ref name="Scottish official languages">{{Cite web |title=FACT: SCOTLAND'S OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ARE ENGLISH, SCOTS, GAELIC & BRITISH SIGN LANGUAGE |url=https://www.scotland.org/about-scotland/facts/scotlands-languages |access-date=March 27, 2023 |website=Scotland.org}}</ref> |agency=— [[Scotland]]: Nane, <small>altho the ''[[Dictionar o the Scots Leid]]'' carries muckle authoritie in the Scots Government's ''Partnership for a Better Scotland'' coalition agreement (2003) promises "support".</small>.<br />— [[Ireland]]: Nane, <small>altho the cross-border ''[[Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch]]'', established as an ootcome o the [[Guid Friday Agreement|''Guid Friday Greeance'']], promotes ussage.</small> |dia1=[[Central Scots|Central]] |dia2=[[Sooth Scots|Soothren]] |dia3=[[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster]] |dia4=[[Northren Scots|Northren]] |dia5=[[Insular Scots|Insular]] |script=[[Laitin script|Laitin]] |iso2=sco |iso3=sco |lingua=52-ABA-aa (varieties: <br>52-ABA-aaa to -aav) |map=Idioma escocés.png |mapcaption=Pairts o Scotland an Ulster whaur the Scots leid wis spak in the 20t century<ref>Grant, William (1931) [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/INTRO/map.php?num=2 Scottish National Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121173629/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/INTRO/map.php?num=2 |date=2012-01-21 }}</ref><ref>Gregg R.J. (1972) ''The Scotch-Irish Dialect Boundaries'' in Ulster in Wakelin M.F., Patterns in the Folk Speech of The British Isles, London</ref> }} '''Scots''' or '''Lawland Scots''' (English: ''Scots'' or ''Lowland Scots''; {{lang-gd|Beurla Ghallta/Albais}}) is a [[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] [[leid]] o the [[Anglic leids|Anglic]] group. It is spak in the [[Scots lawlands|Lawlands]] o [[Scotland]] an in the province o [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]], whaur it is kent as [[Ulster Scots leid|"Ulster-Scots", "Scotch" or "Ullans"]]. In maist airts, it is spak alangside the [[Inglis leid|English leid.]] Historically, it wis kent as "[[Lallans]]" or "[[Doric Scots|Doric]]", but thir terms nou uisually mean mair soothren an northren byleids, respectively. Scots haes official status in Scotland syne 30 November 2025, unner section 33 o the Scottish Languages Act 2025.<ref name="SLA2025" /><ref name="govnews2025">{{cite web |title=Growing Scotland's languages |url=https://www.gov.scot/news/growing-scotlands-languages/ |publisher=Scottish Government |date=30 November 2025 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> The [[Unitit Kinrick]] recognised it unner Pairt II o the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages whan it ratified the Charter in 2001.<ref name="slccharter">{{cite web |title=The European Charter |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/node/id/250 |publisher=Scots Language Centre |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> In the 2022 census, 1,508,540 fowk said they coud spik Scots, an 2,444,659 said they coud spik, read, write or unnerstaund it.<ref name="govscots" /> == History == Up tae the 15t [[yeirhunder]], ''Scottis'' (modren form ''Scots'') wis the nem o [[Gaelic leid|Gaelic]], the [[Celtic Leids|Celtic leid]] o the auncient Scots.<ref name="dostscottis">{{cite web |title=Scottis |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/scottis |work=A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Fowk that spoke Scots cried the Gaelic ''Erse'' (meanin ''Irish''). The Gaelic o Scotland is nou maistly cried Scottish Gaelic, an is still spak bi some in the wastren [[Scots Hielands]] an islands. For the maist pairt, Scots comes frae the Northumbrian form o [[Auld Inglis leid|Anglo-Saxon (Auld English)]], tho wi muckle influence frae the [[Auld Norse]] o the Vikings. Ither influences cam frae [[Dutch leid|Dutch]] an Law Saxon throu troke wi (an incomers frae) the Law Kintras. Frae [[Romance leids|Romance]] leids cam the Latin o the Kirk an the law, Anglo-Norman, an mibbie Parisian French acause o the [[Auld Alliance]]. Anglian spikkers were weel estaiblished in sooth-east Scotland bi the 7t yeirhunder. The nem [[Edinburgh]] wis mibbie taen frae the Britons durin the reign o Oswald (633–41).<ref name="dslorigins">{{cite web |last1=Macafee |first1=Caroline |last2=Aitken |first2=A. J. |title=A History of Scots to 1700: The origins and spread of Scots |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/about-scots/history-of-scots/origins/ |website=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Frae the reign o [[Dauvit I, King o Scots|David I]] in 1124, Norman laundowners an their followers, spikkin Northumbrian [[Middle Inglis leid|Middle English]], were brocht intae Scotland in muckle nummers.<ref name="dslorigins" /> The earliest texts in Scots are frae the 14t yeirhunder,<ref name="dslchron">{{cite web |last1=Macafee |first1=Caroline |last2=Aitken |first2=A. J. |title=A History of Scots to 1700: Chronology |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/about-scots/history-of-scots/chronology/ |website=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> an the leid than didnae differ muckle frae ither northren English byleids. Syne, the Anglian leid o Scotland growed in its ain wey. Bi the stairt o the 16t yeirhunder, fowk saw the differs atween it an the leid spak faurer sooth, an Scots spikkers begoud tae cry their leid ''Scottis''. The earliest record o the wird in that sense is frae [[Gavin Douglas]] in 1513.<ref name="dostscottis" /> Scots haes lend-wirds frae Gaelic acause the Scots fowk haed contack wi Gaelic spikkers. Thir lend-wirds are maistly for geographical an cultural things, sic as ''clan'' an ''loch''. Lik onie livin leid, Scots haes chynged ower the years, tho it haes arguably steyed naurer tae its Anglo-Saxon springheid nor English haes. Monie Scots wirds hae become pairt o Staundart English an aw: ''flit, greed, eerie, cuddle, clan, stob''. == Scrievit Scots == Monie writers the nou avoid apostrophes whaur they are thocht tae shaw letters that's "missin" frae English (the [[apologetic apostrophe]]). Sic letters were niver missin in Scots at aw. For example, in the 14t yeirhunder, [[John Barbour|Barbour]] spelt the Scots [[cognate]] o ''taken'' as ''tane''. Wi nae ''k'' in the wird for mair nor 700 year, shawin its want wi an apostrophe coud be cried specious. The modren spellin is uisually ''taen''. Vowel nummers are frae [[A.J. Aitken|Aitken]] an the phonetics is in [[Internaitional Phonetic ABC|IPA]]. For aw the established traditional spellin conventions descrived ablow, a wheen o proposals for spellin reform were pit forrit in the 20t yeirhunder. John Corbett (2003: 260) cries the devisin o a normative orthography for Scots "ane o the greatest linguistic hobbies o the past century." Writin aboot the ootcome in ''Lallans'' 57, Caroline Macafee said that spellin reform haed caaed doun the kind o standartisation that awready existit. She said spellin haed become a free-for-aw, wi the traditional model run doun an nae popular replacement, leadin tae mair spellin variation, no less.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Macafee|first=Caroline|date=2000|title=Lea the leid alane in Lallans 57|work=The Scots Language Society ISSN 1359-3587|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Consonants=== Maist consonants are for ordinar soondit sic an sae as in English bit: *'''c''': {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/s/}}, as in English. *'''ch''': {{IPA|/x/}},<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.499">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.499</ref> '''gh''' an aw. Medial 'cht' micht be {{IPA|/ð/}} in Northren dialects. ''loch'', ''nicht'', ''dochter'', ''dreich'', etc. Similar til the German "Na'''ch'''t". *'''ch''': wird initial or whaur it follaes 'r' {{IPA|/tʃ/}}. ''airch'', ''mairch'', etc. *'''ck''': at the end o a syllable;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2306&startset=4948443&query=C&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd |title=SND: C |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703205745/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2306&startset=4948443&query=C&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd |url-status=dead }}</ref> an whan intervocalic,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7690&startset=20617909&query=K&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: K |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204657/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7690&startset=20617909&query=K&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> efter a cuttie vowel, e.g. ''bick'', ''geck'', ''muckle'', ''ruck'', etc. *'''gn''': {{IPA|/n/}}. In Northren dialects {{IPA|/ɡn/}} micht kythe.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.501</ref> *'''kn''': {{IPA|/n/}}. In Northren dialects {{IPA|/kn/}} or {{IPA|/tn/}} micht kythe.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501"/> ''knap'' ''knee'', ''knowe'', etc. *'''ng''': is aye {{IPA|/ŋ/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.510</ref> *'''nch''': for ordinar {{IPA|/nʃ/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.500</ref> ''brainch'', ''dunch'', etc. *'''r''': {{IPA|/r/}} or {{IPA|/ɹ/}} is pronoonced in aw positions,<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.510-511</ref> i.e. [[Rhotic consonant|rhotic]]. *'''s''' or '''se''': {{IPA|/s/}} or {{IPA|/z/}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9474&startset=33999048&query=S&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: S |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703205657/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9474&startset=33999048&query=S&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''t''': micht be a glottal stap atween vowels or wird final.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501"/> In Ulster, dentalised soondins micht kythe an aw, even for 'd'. *'''th''': {{IPA|/ð/}} or {{IPA|/θ/}} as in English. In Mid Northren forms o Scots, an intervocalic {{IPA|/ð/}} micht be soondit {{IPA|/d/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.506</ref> Initial 'th' in ''thing'', ''think'' an ''thank'', etc. micht be {{IPA|/h/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.507</ref> *'''wh''': for ordinar {{IPA|/ʍ/}}, aulder {{IPA|/xʍ/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.499"/> Northren byleids hae {{IPA|/f/}} an aw.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507"/> *'''wr''': {{IPA|/wr/}} mair aften {{IPA|/r/}} bit micht be {{IPA|/vr/}} in Northren byleids.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507"/> ''wrack'', ''wrang'', ''write'', ''wrocht'', etc. *'''z''': {{IPA|/jɪ/}} or {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, micht kythe in some wirds as a substitute for the aulder <{{lang|ang|ȝ}}> ([[yoch]]). For example: ''brulzie'', ''gaberlunzie'', an the names ''[[Menzies]]'', ''[[Finzean]]'', ''[[Culzean]]'', ''[[Mackenzie (surname)|Mackenzie]]'', etc. (As an affcome o the want o eddication in Scots, ''Mackenzie'' is nou generally soondit wi a {{IPA|/z/}} follaein the perceived soondin o the scrieved form, as mair controversial is whiles ''Menzies''.) ===Silent letters=== *The wird final 'd' in '''nd''' an '''ld''',<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.502-503</ref> bit aften soondit in derived forms. Whiles juist 'n' an 'l' or 'n&#39;' an 'l&#39;' e.g. ''auld'' an ''haund'' etc., as in the [[Dens leid]]. *'t' in medial '''cht''' ('ch' = {{IPA|/x/}}) an '''st''' an afore final '''en'''<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.509">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.509</ref> e.g. ''fochten'', ''thristle'' an the 't' in ''aften'' etc. an aw., as in English. *'t' in wird final '''ct''' an '''pt''',<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.509"/> bit aften soondit in derived forms, e.g. ''respect'', an ''accept'', etc. ===Vowels=== For a historical luikower, tak a leuk at the {{Interleid airtin|Phonological history o Scots|en|Phonological_history_of_Scots}} The vowel system o Scots (in [[Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]):<ref>Aitken A.J. ‘How to Pronounce Older Scots’ in ‘Bards and Makars’. Glasgow Varsity Press 1977</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8a | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 |rowspan=2 style="font-size:75%" | 1. Generally merges wi vowels 2, 4 or 8.<br> 2. Merges wi vowels 1 an 8. in central dialects<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;an vowel 2 in Northren dialects.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;Also {{IPA|/(j)u/}} or {{IPA|/(j)ʌ/}} afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} dependin on dialect.<br> 3. Vocalisation tae {{IPA|/o/}} micht kythe afore {{IPA|/k/}}.<br> 4. Antrin mergers wi vowel 5. |- | cuttie {{IPA|/əi/}}<br>lang {{IPA|/aɪ/}} | {{IPA|/i/}} | {{IPA|/e, i/}}¹ | {{IPA|/e/}} | {{IPA|/o/}} | {{IPA|/u/}} | {{IPA|/ø/}}² | {{IPA|/eː/}} | {{IPA|/əi/}} | {{IPA|/oe/}} | {{IPA|/əi/}} | {{IPA|/iː/}} | {{IPA|/ɑː, ɔː/}} | {{IPA|/ʌu/}}³ | {{IPA|/ju/}} | {{IPA|/ɪ/}} | {{IPA|/ɛ/}} | {{IPA|/ɑ, a/}} | {{IPA|/ɔ/}}⁴ | {{IPA|/ʌ/}} |} In Scots, [[vouel length|vowel length]] is for ordinar conditioned bi the {{Interleid airtin|Scottish Vowel Lenth Rule|en|Scottish_vowel_length_rule}}. Wirds that differ juist a bittie in soondin fae [[Scots English|Scottish English]] are for ordinar spelt as they are in Staundart English. Ither wirds micht be spelt the same wey, bit differ in soondin. For example: ''aunt'', ''swap'', ''want'' an ''wash'' wi {{IPA|/a/}}, ''bull'', ''full'' v. an ''pull'' wi {{IPA|/ʌ/}}, ''bind'', ''find'' an ''wind'' v., etc. wi {{IPA|/ɪ/}}. *The onstress't vowel {{IPA|/ə/}} micht be shawn bi onie vowel letter. *'''a''' (vowel 17): for ordinar {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, aften {{IPA|/ɑː/}} in sooth wast an Ulster byleids,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 1 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> bit {{IPA|/aː/}} in Northren byleids. Maurk final ''a'' (vowel 12) in ''awa'', ''twa'' an ''wha'' micht be {{IPA|/ɑː/}}, {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, {{IPA|/aː/}} or {{IPA|/eː/}} an aw dependin on the byleid.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 2 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''au''', '''aw''' (vowel 12) {{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/ɔː/}} in Soothren, Central an Ulster byleids bit {{IPA|/aː/}} in Northren byleids, wi ''au'' for ordinar in medial positions<ref name="SND:A 4">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 4 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SND:U 2 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> an ''aw'' in final positions.<ref name="SND:A 4"/> Sometimes '''a''' or '''a&#39;''' representin [[L-vocalisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 2 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&startset=45678332&query=W&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND W 6 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703212329/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&startset=45678332&query=W&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> The digraph '''aa''' kythes an aw, specially in scrieved representations o the ({{IPA|/aː/}}) soondin in Northren an Insular byleids.<ref name="SND:U 2 1"/> The cluster 'auld' micht be {{IPA|/ʌul/}} in Ulster an aw, e.g. ''aw'', ''cauld'', ''braw'', ''faw'', ''snaw'', etc. *'''ai''' (vowel 8) in initial an medial positions<ref name="SND:A 5">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 5 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> an '''a'''(consonant)'''e''' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 4). The graphemes '''ae'''<ref name="SND:A 5"/> (vowel 4) an '''ay''' (vowel 8) for ordinar in final positions.<ref name="SND:A 5"/><ref name="SND:E 3">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aw generally {{IPA|/e(ː)/}}. Aften {{IPA|/ɛ/}} afore {{IPA|/r/}}. The merger o vowel 8 wi 4 haes resultit in the digraph ''ai'' occurrin in some wirds wi vowel 4, an ''a''(consonant)''e'' occurrin in some wirds wi vowel 8. Examples are ''saip'', ''hale'', ''ane'', ''ance'', ''bane'', etc. an wird final ''brae'' an ''day'' etc. The digraph ''ae'' kythes for vowel 7 in ''dae'', ''tae'' v. an ''shae'' an aw.<ref name="SND:E 3" /> In Northren byleids, the vowel in the cluster 'ane' is aften {{IPA|/i/}},<ref>Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) ''Manual of Modern Scots''. Cambridge, University Press. p.44</ref> an efter {{IPA|/w/}} an daurk {{IPA|/l/}} the soondin {{IPA|/əi/}} micht kythe.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.461</ref> In Sooth Scots an monie Central an Ulster varieties, ''ae'', ''ane'' an ''ance'' micht be soondit {{IPA|/jeː/}}, {{IPA|/jɪn/}} an {{IPA|/jɪns/}}, aften scrieved ''yae'', ''yin'' an ''yince'' in byleid writin. *'''ea''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''ei'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (4) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 3), haes generally merged wi {{IPA|/i(ː)/}} (vowel 2) or {{IPA|/e(ː)/}} (vowel 4 or 8), dependin on the byleid. {{IPA|/ɛ/}} micht kythe afore {{IPA|/r/}}. In Northren forms o Scots, the soondin micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} efter {{IPA|/w/}} an {{IPA|/ʍ/}}, an, in the faur north, {{IPA|/əi/}} micht kythe in aw environments.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.455">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.455</ref> ''deid'', ''heid'', ''meat'', ''clear'' etc. *'''ee'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (3) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowels 2 an 11), '''e'''(Consonant)'''e'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 1 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 2). Whiles '''ei''' an '''i.e.''' wi ''ei'' for ordinar afore ''ch'' ({{IPA|/x/}}), bit in a few ither wirds an aw, an ''ie'' for ordinar afore ''l'' an ''v''. The soondin is for ordinar {{IPA|/i(ː)/}}, bit in Northren forms micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} efter {{IPA|/w/}} an {{IPA|/ʍ/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.455"/> Final vowel 11 ({{IPA|/iː/}}) micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} in Soothren byleids,<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.456</ref> e.g. ''e'', ''een'', ''speir'', ''steek'', ''here'', etc. The digraph ''ea'' kythes in a few wirds lik ''sea'' an ''tea'' an aw. *'''e'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 1 (3) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 16): {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. ''bed'', ''het'', ''yett'', etc. *'''eu'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (5) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 7 afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} see ''ui''): {{IPA|/(j)u/}} or {{IPA|/(j)ʌ/}}, dependin on dialect. Whiles ''u''(consonant)''e''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (4) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Whiles ''u'' phonetically an ''oo'' efter Staundart English kythes an aw, e.g. ''beuk'', ''eneuch'', ''keuk'', ''leuk'', ''teuk'', etc. *'''ew''' (vowel 14): {{IPA|/ju/}}. In Northren byleids, a ruit final 'ew' micht be {{IPA|/jʌu/}}. ''few'', ''new'', etc. *'''i'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:I |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204720/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Vowel 15): {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, but aften varies atween {{IPA|/ɪ/}} an {{IPA|/ʌ/}}, specially efter 'w' an 'wh'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 4 (2)(ii) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{IPA|/æ/}} kythes in Ulster afore voiceless consonants an aw. ''big'', ''fit'', ''wid'', etc. *'''i'''(consonant)'''e''', '''y'''(consonant)'''e''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:I 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204720/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''ey''' (vowels 1, 8a an 10): {{IPA|/əi/}} or {{IPA|/aɪ/}}. 'ay' is for ordinar {{IPA|/e/}} bit {{IPA|/əi/}} in ''ay'' an ''aye''. In Dundee, it is a kenspeckle {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. *'''o'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 18): {{IPA|/ɔ/}} bit aften mergin wi vowel 5 ({{IPA|/o/}}); aften spelt phonetically ''oa'' in byleid spellins lik ''boax'' (box), ''coarn'' (corn), ''Goad'' (God)''joab'' (job) an ''oan'' (on), etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''oa'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 5): {{IPA|/o/}}. *'''oi''', '''oy''' (vowel 9) *'''ow''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 (4)(ii) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''owe''' (ruit final), seendle '''ou''' (vowel 13): {{IPA|/ʌu/}}. Afore 'k', vocalisation til {{IPA|/o/}} micht kythe, specially in wastren an Ulster byleids: ''bowk'', ''bowe'', ''howe'', ''knowe'', ''cowp'', ''yowe'', etc. *'''ou''' the ordinar literary spellin<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: U 3 (4)(i) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> o vowel 6. Whiles '''u'''(consonant)'''e''' in some wirds: {{IPA|/u/}} the first ane aften representit bi '''oo''', a 19t century lend fae Staundart English.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 5 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ruit final {{IPA|/ʌu/}} micht kythe in Soothren byleids. ''cou'', ''broun'', ''hoose'', ''moose'', etc. *'''u'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 4 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 19): {{IPA|/ʌ/}}. ''but'', ''cut'', etc. *'''ui''', the ordinar literary spellin<ref name="SND:U 2 4i">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (4)(i) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> o vowel 7 (binna afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} see '''eu'''), the spellin ''u''(consonant)''e'' whiles kythed, specially afore nasals,<ref name="SND:U 2 4i"/> an '''oo''' fae the spellin o Staundart English cognates: {{IPA|/ø/}} in conservative byleids. In pairts o [[Fife]], [[Dundee]] north [[Coonty Aintrim|Aintrim]] {{IPA|/e/}}. In Northren byleids, for ordinar {{IPA|/i/}} bit {{IPA|/wi/}} efter {{IPA|/ɡ/}} an {{IPA|/k/}}, aften spelt ''ee'' in byleid writin, an {{IPA|/u/}} afore {{IPA|/r/}} in some airts an aw, e.g. ''fuird''. Mid Doun an Donegal byleids hae {{IPA|/i/}}. In central an north Doun byleids, merger wi vowel 15 ({{IPA|/ɪ/}}) occurs whan cuttie, an vowel 8 ({{IPA|/eː/}}) whan lang, aften scrieved ''ai'' in byleid writin, e.g. ''buird'', ''buit'', ''cuit'', ''fluir'', ''guid'', ''schuil'', etc. In central byleids ''uise'' v. an ''uiss'' an. (use) is {{IPA|[jeːz]}} an {{IPA|[jɪs]}}. == Some grammar features == {{Needs Mair Soorces|pairt|date=November 2026|small=y}} === The definite article === ''The'' is uised afore the names o saisons, days o the week, monie nouns, troubles, tredds, occupations, sciences an academic subjects. It is aften uised insteid o the indefinite article as weel as insteid o a possessive pronoun. Examples are ''the hairst'', ''the Wadensday'', ''awa til the kirk'', ''the nou'', ''the dei'', ''the haingles'', ''the Laitin'', ''the deuk ett the bit breid'', ''the wife'', etc. === Nouns === Nouns for ordinar eik an –(''e'')''s'' ontae the plural, bit some irregular plurals kythe, sic as: ''ee''/''een'', ''cauf''/''caur'', ''horse''/''horse'', ''cou''/''kye'', ''shae''/''shuin''. Nouns o measure an quantity bides the same in the plural ''fower fit'', ''twa mile'', ''five pund'', ''three hunnerwecht''. Regular plurals include ''laifs'', ''leafs'', ''shelfs'' an ''wifes'', etc. === Diminutives === Diminutives wi –''ie'', ''burnie'' (''wee burn''), ''feardie''/''feartie'', ''gamie'', ''kiltie'', ''postie'', ''wifie'', ''rhodie'', an wi ''ock'', ''bittock'', ''playock'', ''sourock'' an Northren –''ag'', ''bairnag'' (''wee bairn''), ''Cheordag'', -''ockie'', ''hooseockie'', ''wifeockie''. Baith are influenced bi the Scottish Gaelic diminutive -''ag''. === Modal verbs === The modal verbs ''mey'', ''ocht tae'', an ''sall'' arena aften uised in Scots an this is historic, bit is whiles still fund in anglified literary Scots. ''Can'', ''shid'', an ''will/wul'' are the preferred Scots forms. Scots employs double modal forms: ''He'll no can come the day'', ''A micht cud come the morn'', ''A uised tae cud dae it, but no nou''. === Praisent tense o verbs === The praisent tense o verbs ends in –''s'' in aw bodies an nummers binna whan a single personal pronoun is nixt til the verb. Examples are ''They say he's ower wee'', ''Thaim that says he's ower wee'', ''Thir lassies says he's ower wee,'' etc. ''They're comin an aw'' bit, ''Five o thaim's comin'', ''The lassies? They'v went'' bit, ''Ma brakes haes went''. ''Thaim that comes first is served first''. ''The trees growes green in the simmer''. ''Wis'' micht can tak the steid o ''war'', but nae the ither wey roon: ''Ye were''/''wis there''. === Past tense o verbs === The regular past form o the verb is –(''i'')''t'' or –(''e'')''d'', gaun bi the aforegaun consonant or vowel: ''hurtit'', ''skelpit'', ''Mendit'', ''kent''/''kenned'', ''cleant''/''cleaned'', ''skreived'', ''telt''/''tauld'', ''deed''. Some verbs hae kenspeckle forms, sic as: ''greet''/''grat''/''grutten'', ''fesh''/''fuish''/''fuishen'', ''lauch''/''leuch''/''lauchen'', ''gae''/''gaed''/''gane'', ''gie''/''gied''/''gien'', ''pit''/''pat''/''pitten'', ''git''/''gat''/''gotten''. === Wird order === Scots aften haes the wird order ''He turnt oot the licht'' insteid o ''He turnt the licht oot'', an ''Gie me it'' insteid o ''Gie it til me''. Antrin verbs are aften uised progressive-lik: ''He wis thinkin he wad tell her'', ''He wis wantin tae tell her''. Verbs o motion micht be drappit afore an adverb, or adverb phrases o motion: ''Ah'm awa til ma bed'', ''That's me awa hame'', ''Ah'll intil the hoose an see him''. Participles gae tae the end o the clause mair aften nor in English whan chynge o state is mintit (particular in Ulster): ''He's awfu auld gettin'', ''Ah hae ma siller chynged''. === Ordinal nummers === Ordinal nummers ends wi –''t'': ''saicont'', ''fowert'', ''fift'', ''saxt'' etc. ''first'', ''thrid''/''third''. === Adverbs === Adverbs maistly taks the same form as the verb ruit or adjective, specially efter verbs. For example: ''Haein ae real guid day'' an ''She's gey fauchelt''.<br /> Adverbs are shaped wi –''s'', -''lies'', ''lins'', ''gate''(''s'') an ''wey''(''s'') – ''whiles'', ''mebbes'', ''brawlies'', ''geylies'', ''aiblins'', ''airselins'', ''hauflins'', ''hidlins'', ''maistlins'', ''awgates'', ''ilkagate'', ''oniegate'', ''ilkawey'', ''onywey''(''s''), ''endweys'', ''fit weys''. === Subordinate clauses === Verbless subordinate clauses are brocht in wi an ''<nowiki/>'n','' pittin ower surpreese or scunner. For example, ''She haed tae walk the hale length o the road n her sieven month pregnant'', or ''He telt me tae rin n me wi ma sair leg''. === Negation === Negation is pitten ower bi uisin the adverb ''na''/''no'', in the Nor-East ''nae'', as in ''Ah'm no comin''. Anither wey is tae uise the suffix –''na'' or ''nae'' (the soondin depends on the byleid), as in ''A dinnae ken'', ''They canna come'' an ''We coudnae hae telt him''. The uiss wi ''na'' is for ordinar taen foreby –''na'' wi contractable auxiliary verbs lik –''ll'' for ''will'', or in ay-nae quastions wi onie auxiliary. For example: ''He'll nae come'' an ''Did he nae come?'' === Relative pronoun === The relative pronoun is ''that'' (''&#39;at'' is anither form that wis borraed fae the Norse, bit it can come aboot throu contraction) for aw bodies an nummers, bit micht be drappit. For example: ''There's nae monie fowk'' (''that'') ''bides in that glen''. The anglified forms ''wha'', ''wham'', ''whase'', an the auld-farrant ''whilk'', is juist literary pensefuness; ''whilk'' is allenarly uised efter a statement. For example: ''He said he'd tint it, whilk wisna whit we wantit tae hear''. The possessive comes aboot bi eikin an '''s'', or bi uisin an appropriate pronoun. For example: ''The wifie that's hoose gat burnt'', ''the wumman that her dochter gat mairriet''; ''the men that their boat wis tint''. The thrid adjective/adverb ''yon''/''yonder'', ''thon''/''thonder'' pynts oot something that's faur fae the spikker an the listener. An example is ''D'ye see yon''/''thon hoose ower yonder''/''thonder?'' The plurals o ''this'' an ''that'' are ''thir'' an ''thae;'' northren byleids uise ''this'' an ''that'' for the plurals insteid. == Hamelt leids == Scots haes monie hamelt leids, or ''byleids.'' Amang them: * [[Sooth Scots]] * [[Doric]] * [[Shetlandic]] * Urban Scots (Scots as spak in the cities o Aiberdeen, Edinburgh, Dundee an Glesgae) * [[Central Scots]] * Northren Scots * [[Ulster Scots]] (Spak in Northren Ireland an Coonty Donegal) == See foreby == * [[IPA chairt for Scots]] * [[Scots Language Centre]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} * Aitken, A.J. (1977) ''How to Pronounce Older Scots'' in ''Bards and Makars''. Glasgow, Glasgow University Press. * Aitken, A. J. (1987) ''The Nuttis Schell: Essays on the Scots Language''. Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press. ISBN 0-08-034530-1 * Caldwell, S.J.G. (1974) ''The Pronoun in Early Scots''. Helsinki, Société Néophilique. * Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane (Editors)(2003) ''The Edinburgh Companion to Scots''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1596-2 * Eagle, Andy (2005) ''Wir Ain Leid''. Scots-Online. Available in full at http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/WirAinLeid.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626053426/http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/WirAinLeid.pdf |date=2008-06-26 }} * Jones, Charles (1997) ''The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language''. Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press. ISBN 0-7486-0754-4 * Jones, Charles (1995) ''A Language Suppressed: The pronunciation of the Scots language in the 18th century''. Edinburgh, John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-427-3 * Kingsmore, Rona K. (1995) ''Ulster Scots Speech: A Sociolinguistic Study''. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0711-7 * McClure, J. Derrick (1997) ''Why Scots Matters''. Edinburgh, Saltire Society. ISBN 0-85411-071-2 * McKay, Girvan (2007) ''The Scots Tongue (La skota lingvo)'', Polyglot Publications, Tullamore, Ireland. * Niven, Liz; Jackson, Robin (Eds.) (1998) ''The Scots Language: its place in education''. Watergaw Publications. ISBN 0-9529978-5-1 * Robertson, T.A.; Graham, J.J. (1991) ''Grammar and Use of the Shetland Dialect''. Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. * Ross, David; Smith, Gavin D. (Editors)(1999) ''Scots-English, English-Scots Practical Dictionary''. New York, Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0779-4 * Scottish Language Dictionaries (1985) ''Concise Scots Dictionary ''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-01-0 * Scottish Language Dictionaries (1990) ''Scots Thesaurus''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-03-7 * Warrack, Alexander (Editor)(1911) ''Chambers Scots Dictionary''. Chambers. * Yound, C.P.L. (2004) ''Scots Grammar''. Scotsgate. Available in full at http://www.scotsgate.com/scotsgate01.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911120142/http://www.scotsgate.com/scotsgate01.pdf |date=2005-09-11 }} {{Commons|Scots language}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Scots language}} * [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/ Dictionar o the Scots Leid – 22 volumes o Scots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220110231/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/ |date=2008-02-20 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/pronunci.htm#cairt Byleid cairt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331233953/http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/pronunci.htm#cairt |date=2007-03-31 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/grammar Scots-online] * [http://www.lallans.co.uk/ The Scots Language Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625194417/http://www.lallans.co.uk/ |date=2009-06-25 }} * [http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114220539/http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ |date=2013-01-14 }} * [http://www.scuilwab.org.uk/ SLD's Scuil Wab – for bairns o aw ages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307235813/http://scuilwab.org.uk/ |date=2009-03-07 }} * [http://www.scotstext.org/ ScotsteXt]—beuks, poems an texts in Scots * [http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wirhoose/but/wan/index.htm A Tait Wanchancie.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011192838/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wirhoose/but/wan/index.htm |date=2012-10-11 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/phonetics.htm SAMPA for Scots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030811202058/http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/phonetics.htm |date=2003-08-11 }} * [http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/5to14/specialfocus/scots/index.asp Scots in Skuils] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040811152122/http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/5to14/specialfocus/scots/index.asp |date=2004-08-11 }} * [http://www.englang.ed.ac.uk/scots.html Scots at the Varsitie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818225430/http://www.englang.ed.ac.uk/scots.html |date=2006-08-18 }} * [http://www.stooryduster.co.uk/ Scottish words – illustrated] * [http://www.scottishcorpus.ac.uk/ Scottish Corpus of Texts & Speech] – a multimedia corpus o Scots an Scots English * [http://www.scotslanguage.com/ Scots Language Centre] * [http://wordswithoutborders.org/article/scots-the-auld-an-nobill-tung/ ''Words Without Borders'' Peter Constantine: Scots: The Auld an Nobill Tung] * [https://scotssyntaxatlas.ac.uk/ Scots Syntax Atlas] {{Germanic leids}} [[Category:Scots leid| ]] [[Category:Leids o Scotland]] [[Category:Leids o Ireland]] [[Category:Inglis leids]] [[Category:SVO leids]] nx9d0dk8rut9j9p6klcaid4vq0fuik5 4 1063 927304 925364 2026-11-09T13:38:26Z Monospaced 75295 Translate requests notice 927304 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]] Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! This is the airt tae tauk aboot the technical wirkins o the Wikipedia. <div style="background-color: #add8e6; padding: 5px 15px; border-radius: 8px;"><big>Tae raise or discuss spellin o Scots wirds, an which we shuid be uisin, please gaun tae '''[[Wikipedia: Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]]'''</big></div> * ''''sco:''' Ask for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag on this page. This wiki follaes the [[m:bot policy|staundart bot policy]], an alloos [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] an [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval o some kinds o bot]]. Ither bots shoud apply ablo, an then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|ask a steward for access]] if there's nae objection. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. 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'''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. 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Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 09:29, 9 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=31142775 --> == (In Inglis) Wikimedian of the year and Community Celebration == (In Inglis) Hi and apologies for having to message in English. I wanted to make sure this community was aware of two events as I think it's important all of our UK language Wikipedias get fair representation! Firstly we're accepting nominations for "Wikimedian of the Year" again. So if there is someone who does stellar work here, a newer editor who you'd like to celebrate or there's an organisation doing great work on Wiki you can nominate through this form: [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=google.com&u=aHR0cHM6Ly9kb2NzLmdvb2dsZS5jb20vZm9ybXMvZC9lLzFGQUlwUUxTY2l1NnBWN2ZwTXgxalVOWXd4RVNuZmtqVC1DR3dHeUxKMW5sMi1HMnRQU3YyUURRL3ZpZXdmb3Jt&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=dTNSS0Y0VllHVlJuRmx2Y3p0bUJYRDhPaGpXZFh4YzR2TTVUOGlOMHRXTT0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSciu6pV7fpMx1jUNYwxESnfkjT-CGwGyLJ1nl2-G2tPSv2QDQ/viewform] The more information you can give the panel in your nomination the better! Secondly, our online community celebration is happening on 22nd November 11am to 1pm. You can register here [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=eventbrite.co.uk&u=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZXZlbnRicml0ZS5jby51ay9lL29ubGluZS13aWtpbWVkaWEtdWstMjAyNi1jb21tdW5pdHktY2VsZWJyYXRpb24tdGlja2V0cy0xOTk1OTE3OTA2MTg2&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=L2g2dGhJQ2lYekFBVEQ4S1N1dUVuY056K0E5OUMyVUdsNE1yVUFRSnFjST0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/online-wikimedia-uk-2026-community-celebration-tickets-1995917906186]. If you'd potentially be interested in talking for 5 minutes about something you've been doing on wiki please email the organiser [mailto:rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk] and she can advise on if she is still accepting speakers. [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:24, 13 October 2026 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-10-28|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-10-28T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-10-28T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' * Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-10-28|sco}}. * If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': * Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 14:00, 26 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> me4lhqay4jy7puei7ghhmpuk609gzac 927305 927304 2026-11-09T13:38:35Z Monospaced 75295 927305 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]] Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! This is the airt tae tauk aboot the technical wirkins o the Wikipedia. <div style="background-color: #add8e6; padding: 5px 15px; border-radius: 8px;"><big>Tae raise or discuss spellin o Scots wirds, an which we shuid be uisin, please gaun tae '''[[Wikipedia: Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]]'''</big></div> * '''sco:''' Ask for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag on this page. This wiki follaes the [[m:bot policy|staundart bot policy]], an alloos [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] an [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval o some kinds o bot]]. Ither bots shoud apply ablo, an then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|ask a steward for access]] if there's nae objection. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. *Archives: [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/1|1]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/2|2]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/3|3]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/4|4]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/5|5]] · {{TOC limit|2}} <!--Automatic archive configuration begins --> {{Uiser:MABot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/%(counter)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 5 |maxarchivesize = 250K |minthreadsleft = 5 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |archiveheader = }} <!-- Automatic archive configuration ends --> == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' * Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|sco}}. * If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': * Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:26, 21 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31067433 --> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary. The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. Editors will no longer see notifications after this time on their [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item (it does not affect language link notifications to the home wiki). There will then be a two-week monitoring period to observe if a reduction of high-volume but low-value notifications takes place, or if higher-value changes become easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the Wikidata For Wikimedia [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|Projects talk page]].<br/> Wikidata's own Recent Changes page is not affected as it serves as the repository for these changes. Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 09:29, 9 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=31142775 --> == (In Inglis) Wikimedian of the year and Community Celebration == (In Inglis) Hi and apologies for having to message in English. I wanted to make sure this community was aware of two events as I think it's important all of our UK language Wikipedias get fair representation! Firstly we're accepting nominations for "Wikimedian of the Year" again. So if there is someone who does stellar work here, a newer editor who you'd like to celebrate or there's an organisation doing great work on Wiki you can nominate through this form: [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=google.com&u=aHR0cHM6Ly9kb2NzLmdvb2dsZS5jb20vZm9ybXMvZC9lLzFGQUlwUUxTY2l1NnBWN2ZwTXgxalVOWXd4RVNuZmtqVC1DR3dHeUxKMW5sMi1HMnRQU3YyUURRL3ZpZXdmb3Jt&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=dTNSS0Y0VllHVlJuRmx2Y3p0bUJYRDhPaGpXZFh4YzR2TTVUOGlOMHRXTT0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSciu6pV7fpMx1jUNYwxESnfkjT-CGwGyLJ1nl2-G2tPSv2QDQ/viewform] The more information you can give the panel in your nomination the better! Secondly, our online community celebration is happening on 22nd November 11am to 1pm. You can register here [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=eventbrite.co.uk&u=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZXZlbnRicml0ZS5jby51ay9lL29ubGluZS13aWtpbWVkaWEtdWstMjAyNi1jb21tdW5pdHktY2VsZWJyYXRpb24tdGlja2V0cy0xOTk1OTE3OTA2MTg2&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=L2g2dGhJQ2lYekFBVEQ4S1N1dUVuY056K0E5OUMyVUdsNE1yVUFRSnFjST0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/online-wikimedia-uk-2026-community-celebration-tickets-1995917906186]. If you'd potentially be interested in talking for 5 minutes about something you've been doing on wiki please email the organiser [mailto:rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk] and she can advise on if she is still accepting speakers. [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:24, 13 October 2026 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-10-28|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-10-28T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-10-28T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' * Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-10-28|sco}}. * If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': * Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 14:00, 26 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> okey8azs4aln3hdurbs6iihpg3y5461 927306 927305 2026-11-09T13:42:31Z Monospaced 75295 /* BroonieBot: Bot flag request */ new section 927306 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]] Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! This is the airt tae tauk aboot the technical wirkins o the Wikipedia. <div style="background-color: #add8e6; padding: 5px 15px; border-radius: 8px;"><big>Tae raise or discuss spellin o Scots wirds, an which we shuid be uisin, please gaun tae '''[[Wikipedia: Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]]'''</big></div> * '''sco:''' Ask for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag on this page. This wiki follaes the [[m:bot policy|staundart bot policy]], an alloos [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] an [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval o some kinds o bot]]. Ither bots shoud apply ablo, an then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|ask a steward for access]] if there's nae objection. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. *Archives: [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/1|1]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/2|2]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/3|3]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/4|4]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/5|5]] · {{TOC limit|2}} <!--Automatic archive configuration begins --> {{Uiser:MABot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/%(counter)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 5 |maxarchivesize = 250K |minthreadsleft = 5 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |archiveheader = }} <!-- Automatic archive configuration ends --> == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' * Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|sco}}. * If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': * Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:26, 21 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31067433 --> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary. The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. Editors will no longer see notifications after this time on their [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item (it does not affect language link notifications to the home wiki). There will then be a two-week monitoring period to observe if a reduction of high-volume but low-value notifications takes place, or if higher-value changes become easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the Wikidata For Wikimedia [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|Projects talk page]].<br/> Wikidata's own Recent Changes page is not affected as it serves as the repository for these changes. Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 09:29, 9 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=31142775 --> == (In Inglis) Wikimedian of the year and Community Celebration == (In Inglis) Hi and apologies for having to message in English. I wanted to make sure this community was aware of two events as I think it's important all of our UK language Wikipedias get fair representation! Firstly we're accepting nominations for "Wikimedian of the Year" again. So if there is someone who does stellar work here, a newer editor who you'd like to celebrate or there's an organisation doing great work on Wiki you can nominate through this form: [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=google.com&u=aHR0cHM6Ly9kb2NzLmdvb2dsZS5jb20vZm9ybXMvZC9lLzFGQUlwUUxTY2l1NnBWN2ZwTXgxalVOWXd4RVNuZmtqVC1DR3dHeUxKMW5sMi1HMnRQU3YyUURRL3ZpZXdmb3Jt&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=dTNSS0Y0VllHVlJuRmx2Y3p0bUJYRDhPaGpXZFh4YzR2TTVUOGlOMHRXTT0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSciu6pV7fpMx1jUNYwxESnfkjT-CGwGyLJ1nl2-G2tPSv2QDQ/viewform] The more information you can give the panel in your nomination the better! Secondly, our online community celebration is happening on 22nd November 11am to 1pm. You can register here [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=eventbrite.co.uk&u=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZXZlbnRicml0ZS5jby51ay9lL29ubGluZS13aWtpbWVkaWEtdWstMjAyNi1jb21tdW5pdHktY2VsZWJyYXRpb24tdGlja2V0cy0xOTk1OTE3OTA2MTg2&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=L2g2dGhJQ2lYekFBVEQ4S1N1dUVuY056K0E5OUMyVUdsNE1yVUFRSnFjST0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/online-wikimedia-uk-2026-community-celebration-tickets-1995917906186]. If you'd potentially be interested in talking for 5 minutes about something you've been doing on wiki please email the organiser [mailto:rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk] and she can advise on if she is still accepting speakers. [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:24, 13 October 2026 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-10-28|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-10-28T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-10-28T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' * Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-10-28|sco}}. * If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': * Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 14:00, 26 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == BroonieBot: Bot flag request == A'm askin for the bot flag on [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. A'm its operator an A answer for ilka edit it maks. The scope is braid on purpose: it's for simple chynges that need daein on monie pages at aince. '''Whit it wid dae''' * Sort links efter a page is muived (broken links an double redirects), keepin the text the reader sees. * Rename templates an categories, an muive pages, whaur a new title's been greed, then fix whit points tae them. * Fix clear errors that's no a maitter o opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, an typos that's wrang in ony spellin. * Style an spellin fixes that follae the wiki's ain guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that's been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] wi nae objection. '''Whit it widnae dae''' * Edit uiser pages (ither than its ain) or ony talk pages. '''Hou it warks''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool A've written for the job. Ilka job is a short rule file wi examples it has tae pass, an the tool checks ilka kind o chynge itsel. A can share the source code wi onybody that's interestit. * Ilka run is a dry run first. It willnae edit till A've signed aff thon exact set o chynges, an it checks ilka chynge again afore savin it. Ony run can be undone wi wan command. * Bi default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> an titles o warks alane. * It edits at a steady pace an backs aff when the servers is busy. * Tae stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or chynge [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] frae 'oan' tae onythin else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch wis aff. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied frae here: it edited the 11 that needed it an left the ither 14 alane (poems, names lik ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions haurd cases]. If there's nae objection, A'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linkin back tae this. A've ettled tae mak this detailt acause it's a generalised app raither nor a wan-aff script, but if there's ony mair questions A'm happy tae answer them. '''English''' (for the stewards on Meta): I'm asking for the bot flag on [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. I'm its operator and I answer for every edit it makes. The scope is broad on purpose: it's for simple changes that need doing across many pages at once. '''What it would do''' * Fix links after a page is moved (broken links and double redirects), keeping the text the reader sees. * Rename templates and categories, and move pages, where a new title has been agreed, then fix what points to them. * Fix clear errors that aren't a matter of opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, and typos that are wrong in any spelling. * Style and spelling fixes that follow the wiki's own guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that have been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] with no objection. '''What it won't do''' * Edit user pages (other than its own) or any talk pages. '''How it works''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool I've written for the job. Each job is a short rule file with examples it must pass, and the tool checks each kind of change itself. I can share the source code with anyone who's interested. * Every run is a dry run first. It won't edit until I've signed off that exact set of changes, and it checks each change again before saving it. Any run can be undone with one command. * By default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> and titles of works alone. * It edits at a steady pace and backs off when the servers are busy. * To stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or change [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] from 'oan' to anything else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch was off. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied from here: it edited the 11 that needed it and left the other 14 alone (poems, names like ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions hard cases]. If there are no objections, I'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linking back to this. I've tried to make this detailed because it's a general-purpose application rather than a one-off script, but if there are any more questions I'm happy to answer them. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:42, 9 November 2026 (UTC) 7tik5t2zm0gsc7dan8v21mnka25n9h5 927518 927306 2026-11-09T23:19:54Z MABot 35091 Bot: Archivin 1 thread (aulder than 30 days) til [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/5]] 927518 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]] Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! This is the airt tae tauk aboot the technical wirkins o the Wikipedia. <div style="background-color: #add8e6; padding: 5px 15px; border-radius: 8px;"><big>Tae raise or discuss spellin o Scots wirds, an which we shuid be uisin, please gaun tae '''[[Wikipedia: Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]]'''</big></div> * '''sco:''' Ask for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag on this page. This wiki follaes the [[m:bot policy|staundart bot policy]], an alloos [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] an [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval o some kinds o bot]]. Ither bots shoud apply ablo, an then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|ask a steward for access]] if there's nae objection. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. *Archives: [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/1|1]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/2|2]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/3|3]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/4|4]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/5|5]] · {{TOC limit|2}} <!--Automatic archive configuration begins --> {{Uiser:MABot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/%(counter)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 5 |maxarchivesize = 250K |minthreadsleft = 5 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |archiveheader = }} <!-- Automatic archive configuration ends --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:26, 21 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31067433 --> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary. The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. Editors will no longer see notifications after this time on their [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item (it does not affect language link notifications to the home wiki). There will then be a two-week monitoring period to observe if a reduction of high-volume but low-value notifications takes place, or if higher-value changes become easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the Wikidata For Wikimedia [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|Projects talk page]].<br/> Wikidata's own Recent Changes page is not affected as it serves as the repository for these changes. Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 09:29, 9 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=31142775 --> == (In Inglis) Wikimedian of the year and Community Celebration == (In Inglis) Hi and apologies for having to message in English. I wanted to make sure this community was aware of two events as I think it's important all of our UK language Wikipedias get fair representation! Firstly we're accepting nominations for "Wikimedian of the Year" again. So if there is someone who does stellar work here, a newer editor who you'd like to celebrate or there's an organisation doing great work on Wiki you can nominate through this form: [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=google.com&u=aHR0cHM6Ly9kb2NzLmdvb2dsZS5jb20vZm9ybXMvZC9lLzFGQUlwUUxTY2l1NnBWN2ZwTXgxalVOWXd4RVNuZmtqVC1DR3dHeUxKMW5sMi1HMnRQU3YyUURRL3ZpZXdmb3Jt&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=dTNSS0Y0VllHVlJuRmx2Y3p0bUJYRDhPaGpXZFh4YzR2TTVUOGlOMHRXTT0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSciu6pV7fpMx1jUNYwxESnfkjT-CGwGyLJ1nl2-G2tPSv2QDQ/viewform] The more information you can give the panel in your nomination the better! Secondly, our online community celebration is happening on 22nd November 11am to 1pm. You can register here [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=eventbrite.co.uk&u=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZXZlbnRicml0ZS5jby51ay9lL29ubGluZS13aWtpbWVkaWEtdWstMjAyNi1jb21tdW5pdHktY2VsZWJyYXRpb24tdGlja2V0cy0xOTk1OTE3OTA2MTg2&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=L2g2dGhJQ2lYekFBVEQ4S1N1dUVuY056K0E5OUMyVUdsNE1yVUFRSnFjST0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/online-wikimedia-uk-2026-community-celebration-tickets-1995917906186]. If you'd potentially be interested in talking for 5 minutes about something you've been doing on wiki please email the organiser [mailto:rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk] and she can advise on if she is still accepting speakers. [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:24, 13 October 2026 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-10-28|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-10-28T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-10-28T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' * Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-10-28|sco}}. * If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': * Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 14:00, 26 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == BroonieBot: Bot flag request == A'm askin for the bot flag on [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. A'm its operator an A answer for ilka edit it maks. The scope is braid on purpose: it's for simple chynges that need daein on monie pages at aince. '''Whit it wid dae''' * Sort links efter a page is muived (broken links an double redirects), keepin the text the reader sees. * Rename templates an categories, an muive pages, whaur a new title's been greed, then fix whit points tae them. * Fix clear errors that's no a maitter o opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, an typos that's wrang in ony spellin. * Style an spellin fixes that follae the wiki's ain guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that's been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] wi nae objection. '''Whit it widnae dae''' * Edit uiser pages (ither than its ain) or ony talk pages. '''Hou it warks''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool A've written for the job. Ilka job is a short rule file wi examples it has tae pass, an the tool checks ilka kind o chynge itsel. A can share the source code wi onybody that's interestit. * Ilka run is a dry run first. It willnae edit till A've signed aff thon exact set o chynges, an it checks ilka chynge again afore savin it. Ony run can be undone wi wan command. * Bi default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> an titles o warks alane. * It edits at a steady pace an backs aff when the servers is busy. * Tae stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or chynge [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] frae 'oan' tae onythin else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch wis aff. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied frae here: it edited the 11 that needed it an left the ither 14 alane (poems, names lik ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions haurd cases]. If there's nae objection, A'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linkin back tae this. A've ettled tae mak this detailt acause it's a generalised app raither nor a wan-aff script, but if there's ony mair questions A'm happy tae answer them. '''English''' (for the stewards on Meta): I'm asking for the bot flag on [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. I'm its operator and I answer for every edit it makes. The scope is broad on purpose: it's for simple changes that need doing across many pages at once. '''What it would do''' * Fix links after a page is moved (broken links and double redirects), keeping the text the reader sees. * Rename templates and categories, and move pages, where a new title has been agreed, then fix what points to them. * Fix clear errors that aren't a matter of opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, and typos that are wrong in any spelling. * Style and spelling fixes that follow the wiki's own guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that have been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] with no objection. '''What it won't do''' * Edit user pages (other than its own) or any talk pages. '''How it works''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool I've written for the job. Each job is a short rule file with examples it must pass, and the tool checks each kind of change itself. I can share the source code with anyone who's interested. * Every run is a dry run first. It won't edit until I've signed off that exact set of changes, and it checks each change again before saving it. Any run can be undone with one command. * By default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> and titles of works alone. * It edits at a steady pace and backs off when the servers are busy. * To stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or change [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] from 'oan' to anything else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch was off. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied from here: it edited the 11 that needed it and left the other 14 alone (poems, names like ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions hard cases]. If there are no objections, I'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linking back to this. I've tried to make this detailed because it's a general-purpose application rather than a one-off script, but if there are any more questions I'm happy to answer them. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:42, 9 November 2026 (UTC) tvngl3kg16y8khdcysk7rbdsl4ohwsm 927695 927518 2026-11-10T04:08:54Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 /* Invisible comments */ new section 927695 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]] Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! This is the airt tae tauk aboot the technical wirkins o the Wikipedia. <div style="background-color: #add8e6; padding: 5px 15px; border-radius: 8px;"><big>Tae raise or discuss spellin o Scots wirds, an which we shuid be uisin, please gaun tae '''[[Wikipedia: Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]]'''</big></div> * '''sco:''' Ask for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag on this page. This wiki follaes the [[m:bot policy|staundart bot policy]], an alloos [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] an [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval o some kinds o bot]]. Ither bots shoud apply ablo, an then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|ask a steward for access]] if there's nae objection. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. *Archives: [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/1|1]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/2|2]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/3|3]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/4|4]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/5|5]] · {{TOC limit|2}} <!--Automatic archive configuration begins --> {{Uiser:MABot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/%(counter)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 5 |maxarchivesize = 250K |minthreadsleft = 5 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |archiveheader = }} <!-- Automatic archive configuration ends --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:26, 21 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31067433 --> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary. The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. Editors will no longer see notifications after this time on their [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item (it does not affect language link notifications to the home wiki). There will then be a two-week monitoring period to observe if a reduction of high-volume but low-value notifications takes place, or if higher-value changes become easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the Wikidata For Wikimedia [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|Projects talk page]].<br/> Wikidata's own Recent Changes page is not affected as it serves as the repository for these changes. Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 09:29, 9 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=31142775 --> == (In Inglis) Wikimedian of the year and Community Celebration == (In Inglis) Hi and apologies for having to message in English. I wanted to make sure this community was aware of two events as I think it's important all of our UK language Wikipedias get fair representation! Firstly we're accepting nominations for "Wikimedian of the Year" again. So if there is someone who does stellar work here, a newer editor who you'd like to celebrate or there's an organisation doing great work on Wiki you can nominate through this form: [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=google.com&u=aHR0cHM6Ly9kb2NzLmdvb2dsZS5jb20vZm9ybXMvZC9lLzFGQUlwUUxTY2l1NnBWN2ZwTXgxalVOWXd4RVNuZmtqVC1DR3dHeUxKMW5sMi1HMnRQU3YyUURRL3ZpZXdmb3Jt&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=dTNSS0Y0VllHVlJuRmx2Y3p0bUJYRDhPaGpXZFh4YzR2TTVUOGlOMHRXTT0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSciu6pV7fpMx1jUNYwxESnfkjT-CGwGyLJ1nl2-G2tPSv2QDQ/viewform] The more information you can give the panel in your nomination the better! Secondly, our online community celebration is happening on 22nd November 11am to 1pm. You can register here [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=eventbrite.co.uk&u=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZXZlbnRicml0ZS5jby51ay9lL29ubGluZS13aWtpbWVkaWEtdWstMjAyNi1jb21tdW5pdHktY2VsZWJyYXRpb24tdGlja2V0cy0xOTk1OTE3OTA2MTg2&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=L2g2dGhJQ2lYekFBVEQ4S1N1dUVuY056K0E5OUMyVUdsNE1yVUFRSnFjST0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/online-wikimedia-uk-2026-community-celebration-tickets-1995917906186]. If you'd potentially be interested in talking for 5 minutes about something you've been doing on wiki please email the organiser [mailto:rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk] and she can advise on if she is still accepting speakers. [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:24, 13 October 2026 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-10-28|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-10-28T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-10-28T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' * Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-10-28|sco}}. * If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': * Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 14:00, 26 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == BroonieBot: Bot flag request == A'm askin for the bot flag on [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. A'm its operator an A answer for ilka edit it maks. The scope is braid on purpose: it's for simple chynges that need daein on monie pages at aince. '''Whit it wid dae''' * Sort links efter a page is muived (broken links an double redirects), keepin the text the reader sees. * Rename templates an categories, an muive pages, whaur a new title's been greed, then fix whit points tae them. * Fix clear errors that's no a maitter o opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, an typos that's wrang in ony spellin. * Style an spellin fixes that follae the wiki's ain guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that's been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] wi nae objection. '''Whit it widnae dae''' * Edit uiser pages (ither than its ain) or ony talk pages. '''Hou it warks''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool A've written for the job. Ilka job is a short rule file wi examples it has tae pass, an the tool checks ilka kind o chynge itsel. A can share the source code wi onybody that's interestit. * Ilka run is a dry run first. It willnae edit till A've signed aff thon exact set o chynges, an it checks ilka chynge again afore savin it. Ony run can be undone wi wan command. * Bi default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> an titles o warks alane. * It edits at a steady pace an backs aff when the servers is busy. * Tae stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or chynge [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] frae 'oan' tae onythin else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch wis aff. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied frae here: it edited the 11 that needed it an left the ither 14 alane (poems, names lik ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions haurd cases]. If there's nae objection, A'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linkin back tae this. A've ettled tae mak this detailt acause it's a generalised app raither nor a wan-aff script, but if there's ony mair questions A'm happy tae answer them. '''English''' (for the stewards on Meta): I'm asking for the bot flag on [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. I'm its operator and I answer for every edit it makes. The scope is broad on purpose: it's for simple changes that need doing across many pages at once. '''What it would do''' * Fix links after a page is moved (broken links and double redirects), keeping the text the reader sees. * Rename templates and categories, and move pages, where a new title has been agreed, then fix what points to them. * Fix clear errors that aren't a matter of opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, and typos that are wrong in any spelling. * Style and spelling fixes that follow the wiki's own guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that have been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] with no objection. '''What it won't do''' * Edit user pages (other than its own) or any talk pages. '''How it works''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool I've written for the job. Each job is a short rule file with examples it must pass, and the tool checks each kind of change itself. I can share the source code with anyone who's interested. * Every run is a dry run first. It won't edit until I've signed off that exact set of changes, and it checks each change again before saving it. Any run can be undone with one command. * By default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> and titles of works alone. * It edits at a steady pace and backs off when the servers are busy. * To stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or change [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] from 'oan' to anything else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch was off. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied from here: it edited the 11 that needed it and left the other 14 alone (poems, names like ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions hard cases]. If there are no objections, I'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linking back to this. I've tried to make this detailed because it's a general-purpose application rather than a one-off script, but if there are any more questions I'm happy to answer them. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:42, 9 November 2026 (UTC) == Invisible comments == A noticed that mony o our pages haes the followin invisible comment in their infoboxes: <nowiki><!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --></nowiki>. Think ye that it'd be guid if A (or a different body, disnae matter) craeftit a script that wud owerset it tae Scots in aw the airticles uisin it? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 04:08, 10 November 2026 (UTC) by244lnm98e51ytscoxjjgpyt62jxlm 0 1615 927539 926646 2026-11-10T00:08:34Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin an grammar fixes, lang sentences split 927539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jacques Cartier | image = Jacques Cartier 1851-1852.jpg | caption = Portrait o Jacques Cartier bi [[Théophile Hamel]], ca. 1844. Nae contemporary portraits o Cartier are kent. | birth_date = 31 December 1491 | birth_place = Saint-Malo, Brittany | death_date = {{death date and age|1557|9|1|1491|12|31}} | death_place = Saint-Malo, Fraunce | known_for = First European tae traivel inland in North America; claimed Canada for Fraunce | occupation = French [[navigator]] an [[splorer]] | signature =Jacques Cartier Signature.svg }} [[File:Bufo americanus PJC1.jpg|thumb]] '''Jacques Cartier''' ([[31 December]] [[1491]] – [[1 September]] [[1557]]) wis a [[Fraunce|French]] traider an splorer. He is thocht o as ane o the major discoverers o [[Canadae|Canada]], or mair specifically, the inner eastren region that wad become the foremaist European-settlt pairt o that kintra. He wis frae [[Saint-Malo]], [[Fraunce]], born in the year [[1491]] tae a weel-respeckit faimily o marinars. He bettered his social status in [[1520]] bi mairryin Catherine des Granches, member o a leadin gailley-ainin faimily. His guid nem in Saint-Malo is recognisit bi its monie appearances in baptismal registers as godfaither or witness. Nae contemporary picter o Jacques Cartier haes been fund an the best kent picter (see richt) wis pentit bi a [[Roushie|Roushian]] artist in [[1839]] for the ceety o Saint-Malo. Gey little is kent o Cartier's chairacter or personality, but his professional abilities can be eithly jaloused. Cartier led three vaiges o discovery in watters nae European haed cairtit afore athoot losin a gailey, an he entered intil an depairtit fae fiftie undiscovered herbours athoot sairious mishanter. The anerly seefairmen o his that deid wis victims o an epidemic ashore. Tharefor he micht be considered ane o the maist conscientious splorers o the time. Jacques Cartier wis the first European tae descrive an cairt<ref>His cairts are lost but referenced in a letter bi his nephew Jacques Noël, dated 1587 an printit bi [[Richard Hakluyt]] wi the ''Relation'' o Cartier's third voyage, in ''The Principall Navigations'' [...], London, G. Bishop, 1600.</ref> the [[Gulf o Saunt Lawrence]] an the shores o the [[Saunt Lawrence River]]. He [[Name o Canadae|named it "The Kintra o Canadas]]", efter the [[Iroquoian leids|Iroquois names]] for the twa big settlements he saw at [[Stadacona|Stadacona (Quebec Ceety)]] an at [[Hochelaga (veelage)|Hochelaga (Montreal Island)]].<ref name="CanEn-Cartier">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0001439|title=Cartier, Jacques|last=Trudel|first=Marcel|work=The Canadian Encyclopedia|accessdate=2009-11-09|archive-date=2010-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112052056/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0001439|url-status=dead}}{{tertiary}}</ref><ref name="EB-Cartier">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/97444/Jacques-Cartier|title=Jacques Cartier|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=2009-11-09}}{{tertiary}}</ref><ref name="Histori.ca">{{cite web|url=http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10123|title=Exploration&nbsp;— Jacques Cartier|publisher=The Historica Dominion Institute|accessdate=2009-11-09}}</ref><ref name="Catholic-Cartier">{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03392b.htm|title=Jacques Cartier|work=The Catholic Encyclopedia|accessdate=2009-11-09}}{{tertiary}}</ref> == Foremaist Vaige 1534 == The Keeng o Fraunce, François I, chuist him tae find "certaines îles et pays où l'on dit qu'il se doit trouver grande quantité d'or et autres riches choses". ("Certaint inchs an launds whaur it is quo thare are muckle quantities o [[gowd]] an ither riches.") In 1534 he setten sail leukin for a wastren passage tae [[Asie|Asia]]. He sploret pairts o whit are the nou cried Newfoundland (stairtin on 10 Mey that year) an the Canadian Maritimes an whaur he learnt o a river forder wast (the St. Lawrence River) that he believed micht be the fair rakit-for northwest passage. [[File:The first voyage of Cartier-sco.png|thumb|left|The directions o the first vaige o Jacques Cartier, the name o the places he foond, aw in Scots.]] He landed for the first time at praisent day Gaspé, Quebec whaur he plauntit a cross an claimet the territory for Fraunce. Owre this vaige he teuk Domagaya an Taignoagny, the sons o Huron Heidsman Donnacona, back tae [[Europe]]. == Second Vaige 1535-1536 == Cartier setten sail on a second vaige on 19 Mey the follaein year wi three gaileys, 110 men, an the twa fremmit lads (that wis returned tae the Heidsman). He sailed up the river for the first time an reached the steid o praisent-day Quebec Ceety, hame o the Huron clachan o Stadacona whaur Donnacona wis reunitit wi his twa sons. Cartier left his main gaileys in a herbour naur tae Stadacona an uised his smallest gailey tae conteena upriver tae veesit Hochelaga (Montreal) an arrived on 2 October 1535. Hantle mair impressive than the smaa an fousome clachan o Stadacona, mair nor a thoosand Huron came tae the edge o the river tae greet the Frenchmen. The site o thair income haes been confidently identified as the beginnin o the Sainte-Marie sault, a location whaur the Jacques Cartier Brig nou stands. Efter spendin twa day amang the Hurons o Hochelaga, Cartier returned tae Stadacona on 11 October. It is no ken preceese whan Cartier decidit tae spend the winter o 1535-1536 in [[Canadae|Canada]]. The decision buist hae been makkit bi his income in Stadacona, as it wis bi than owre ahint the haund tae return tae Fraunce. Cartier an his men prepared for winter bi strengthenin thair fort, hainin inglewid an sautin doun gemme an fish. In throu that winter, Cartier compiled a kynd o gazetteer whilk includet several pages on the mainer o the natives, in parteecular thair prattick o wearin anerly leggings an moccasins e'en in the deid o winter. Frae mid-November 1535 tae mid-Aprile 1536 the French fleet lay frozen solit at the gab o the St. Charles river, ablo the Rock o Quebec. Ice wis owre twa faddom thick in the river an snaw fower fit deep ashore. Tae add tae the discomfort, scurbie broke oot, first amang the Hurons an than amang the French. Bi mid-Februar, Cartier states that "oot o 110 that we wis, no ten wis weel eneuch tae help the ithers, a thing peetifu tae see". Cartier estimates the coont o Hurons deid at 50. Ane o the natives that survived wis Domagaya, that haed been taen tae Europe bi Cartier the year afore. He visited the French fort for a freendly ca, Cartier enquired an learnt o him that a concoction makkit frae a certaint tree cawet annedda wad cuir scurbie. Thon remeed probably sauft the expedition frae destruction an bi the end o the winter, 85 Frenchmen wis alive. Ready tae sail back tae Fraunce in early Mey 1536, Cartier decidit tae kidnap Donnacona sae that he micht personally spin the tale o a kintra further north, cawet Saguenay. This kintra wis quoet tae be fou o gowd, rubies an ither treasures. Efter an arduous vaige doun the St. Lawrence river an a three week Atlantic crossin, Cartier an his men arrived in Saint-Malo on 15 Julie 1536. That is hou the second an maist profitable o Cartier's vaiges endet, lestin fowerteen month. Haein awready locate the entrance, he nou appent up the greatest watterwey intae North America. He haed makkit an mensefu estimate o the resoorces o Canada, baith naitral an human, mauger considerable exaggeration on the mineral side. While some o his actions wi respect tae the natives wis dishonourable, he did his best tae staiblish freendship wi the Huron up an doun the Great River, an indispensable preliminary tae French Hame. == Thrid Vaige 1541-1542 == On 23 Mey 1541 Cartier depairtit Saint-Malo on his thrid vaige wi five gaileys. This time, ony thochts o finnin a passage tae the Orient wis forgotten an the goal wis tae fin the Kinrick o Saguenay an its riches, an tae establish a permanent Hame alenth the Saunt Lawrence River an aw. Anchorin at Stadacona on 23 August 1541, Cartier met the Hurons but foond thair "shaw o joy" an thair nummers worrisome an decidit no tae big his Hame thare. Sailin nine mile up the river tae a spot he haed observed aforehaun, he decidit tae settle on the site o praisent day Cap-Rouge. The convicts an ither colonists wis laundit, the nowt whilk haed survived three month aboard gailey wis turnt lowse, earth brucken fae a kitchen gairden an seeds o kail, turmit an lettuce wis plauntit. A fortified hame wis sicwice shapit whilk wis named Charlesbourg-Royal. Anither fort wis biggit on the falaise owerleukin the hame for addit pertection. The men begoud collectin cou-leddy-stane crystal ("diamonds") an airn pyrites ("gowd") an aw. Twa o the gaileys wis dispatched hame wi some minerals on September 2. Haein set tasks for awbodie, Cartier left wi the longboats for a reconnaissance o the Saguenay on 7 September. Haein reakit Hochelaga, bad wather an the numerous rapids preventit him tae conteena up tae the Ottawa river. Returnin tae Charlesbourg-Royal, Cartier fund the situation uncannie. The Hurons nae langer makkit freendly veesits or peddled fish an gemme, but prowled aboot in a sinister manner. Nae records exist aboot the winter o 1541-1542 an the information maun be gleaned fae the few details providit frae returnin sailors. It seems that the Indians attackit an killt aboot 35 settlers afore the Frenchmen coud retreat ahint the fortifications. Een tho scurbie wis cuiret throu the native remedee, the impression left is o a general misery. Cartier seems tae hae been growin convinced that he haed insufficient manpower baith tae pertect his base an tae gae in sairch o Saguenay. In early Juin 1542 awbodie boardit the three remainin ships for tae gae hame. Thay arrived back in Europe in October o 1542. Cartier spent the lave o his life in Saint-Malo an his naur aboots estate, an deed aged 66 on 1 September 1557 frae an epidemic. He deed afore ony permanent European Hames wis makkit in Canada; that haed tae wait for Samuel de Champlain in 1608. ==References== {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=34229 Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online''] {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cartier, Jacques}} [[Category:1491 births]] [[Category:1557 daiths]] [[Category:16t-century French fowk]] [[Category:16t century in Canadae]] [[Category:Explorers o Canadae]] [[Category:French explorers]] [[Category:French Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Fowk frae Saint-Malo]] [[Category:French fowk o Breton strynd]] tp0d7a5qlki0nm1gvbpyrrvyy688mlj 0 1654 927456 782746 2026-11-09T20:41:47Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite frae en; infobox, lead an short sections on his life, mathematics an legacy 927456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Archimedes o Syracuse | native_name = Ἀρχιμήδης | native_name_lang = grc | image = Domenico-Fetti Archimedes 1620.jpg | alt = A pentin o an aulder man thinkin ower geometrical problems | caption = ''Archimedes Thoughtful'' (1620) | birth_date = {{circa|287{{nbsp}}BC}} | birth_place = [[Syracuse, Sicily]] | death_date = {{circa|212{{nbsp}}BC|lk=no}} (agit aboot 75) | death_place = Syracuse, Sicily | field = [[Mathematics]]<br />[[Naitural philosophy|Physics]]<br />[[Astronomy]]<br />Mechanics<br />[[Ingineerin]] | known_for = {{collapsible list|Archimedes' principle<br />Archimedes' screw<br />Centre o gravity<br />Statics<br />Hydrostatics<br />Law o the lever<br />Indivisibles|}} }} '''Archimedes o Syracuse'''<ref group="note">In Doric Greek: {{lang|grc|Ἀρχιμήδης}}.</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɑːr|k|ᵻ|ˈ|m|iː|d|iː|z}}; {{circa|287|212 BC}}) wis an auncient Greek [[Mathematics|mathematician]], [[Naitural philosophy|physicist]], [[Ingineerin|ingineer]], [[Astronomy|astronomer]] an inventor frae the ceety o [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] in [[Sicily]]. Few details o his life are kent, but on the strength o his survivin wark he is coontit ane o the leadin scientists o classical antiquity, an ane o the greatest mathematicians o aa time. Archimedes foreshadaed modren [[calculus]] an [[mathematical analysis|analysis]]. He is also creditit wi designin new machines, sic as his screw pump, compoond pulleys, an defensive war machines tae pertect his native Syracuse frae invasion. Archimedes deed durin the siege o Syracuse, whan he wis killt bi a Roman sodger in spite o orders that he wisnae tae be hairmed. == Life == [[File:Cicero Discovering the Tomb of Archimedes by Benjamin West.jpeg|thumb|right|''Cicero Discovering the Tomb of Archimedes'' (1805) bi Benjamin West]] The Byzantine Greek scholar John Tzetzes says that Archimedes lived for 75 year afore his daith in 212{{nbsp}}BC. On that basis he is estimatit tae hae been born {{circa|287 BC}} in the seaport ceety o [[Syracuse, Sicily]], at that time a self-governin colony in Magna Graecia. Plutarch wrate in his ''Parallel Lives''<ref>Plutarch, ''Life of Marcellus''</ref> that Archimedes wis kin tae King Hiero II, the ruler o Syracuse, but [[Cicero]] an Silius Italicus suggest he wis o humble origin.{{sfn|Dijksterhuis|1987|p=10}} Accordin tae [[Vitruvius]], writin aboot twa centuries efter Archimedes' daith, King Hiero&nbsp;II o Syracuse haed ordered a gowden wreath for a temple tae the immortal gods, an haed gien pure gowd tae the gowdsmith tae mak it.<ref>[[Vitruvius]], ''De Architectura'', Book IX, 3</ref> Later, while steppin intae a bath, Archimedes is said tae hae noticed that the watter in the tub rase the mair, the lower he sank in it. He saw that this could be uised tae fin the volume o the gowden croun. He wis that excitit that he forgot tae get dressed an ran oot intae the streets nakit, cryin "''Eureka!''", that means "A hae fund it!"<ref group="note">Owerset frae the Greek. In the original Greek: {{lang|grc|εὕρηκα}} (''heúrēka''). The Inglis Wikipedia gies it as "I have found [it]!"</ref>{{sfn|Dijksterhuis|1987|p=19}} The greatest nem Archimedes won in antiquity wis for the defence o his ceety against the Romans durin the siege o Syracuse.{{sfn|Dijksterhuis|1987|pp=28–29}} Accordin tae Plutarch,<ref>Life of Marcellus, 25-27</ref> Archimedes haed biggit war machines for Hiero II, but never haed the chance tae uise them in Hiero's lifetime. In 214 BC, durin the [[Seicont Punic War|Second Punic War]], Syracuse chynged sides frae Roum tae [[Carthage]], an the Roman airmy unner Marcus Claudius Marcellus tried tae tak the ceety.{{sfn|Dijksterhuis|1987|pp=26,28}} Three different historians, Plutarch, Livy an Polybius, gie evidence aboot thir machines. They describe improved catapults, an cranes that drapped heavy lumps o leid on the Roman ships, or that uised an airn claw tae lift them oot the watter an drap them back in, sinkin them.{{sfn|Dijksterhuis|1987|p=27}} There are several different accoonts o Archimedes' daith durin the sack o Syracuse, efter it fell tae the Romans.{{sfn|Dijksterhuis|1987|pp=30–31}} The auldest, frae Livy,<ref>Livy, ''Ab Urbe Condita'' Book XXV, 31</ref> says that Archimedes wis drawin figures in the stour whan he wis killt bi a Roman sodger that didnae ken wha he wis.{{sfn|Dijksterhuis|1987|pp=30–31}} Marcellus wis reportit tae be angert at Archimedes' daith, as he thocht him a valuable scientific asset, an he haed ordered that he wisnae tae be hairmed.<ref>Plutarch, Parallel Lives</ref><ref>Jaeger, Mary. ''Archimedes and the Roman Imagination''. p. 113.</ref> While he wis servin as a quaestor in Sicily, Cicero hissel fund whit wis taen tae be Archimedes' tomb, near the Agrigentine yett in Syracuse. The tomb bore a sculpture o Archimedes' favourite mathematical pruif: that the volume an surface area o a sphere are twa-thirds o thae o a cylinder that encloses it, its bases includit.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rorres |first=Chris |title=Tomb of Archimedes: Sources |url=http://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Tomb/Cicero.html |access-date=2 January 2007 |publisher=Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences}}</ref> == Mathematics == Archimedes makkit his wark kent throu letters tae mathematicians in [[Alexandria]],{{sfn|Acerbi|2018}} that wis first written in Doric Greek, the dialect o auncient Syracuse.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Nigel Guy |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece |date=2006 |publisher=Psychology Press |page=77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-aFtPdh6-2QC&pg=PA77 |access-date=29 April 2025 |language=en |isbn=978-0-7945-0225-6}}</ref> [[File:PiArchimede4.svg|thumb|Archimedes wirks oot the side o the dodecagon frae the side o the hexagon, an for ilk doublin o the sides o the regular polygon efter that]] In ''Quadrature of the Parabola'', Archimedes says that a proposition in [[Euclid's Elements|Euclid's ''Elements'']] wis pruived wi a lemma nou kent as the Archimedean property. Afore Archimedes, Eudoxus o Cnidus an ither earlier mathematicians applied this lemma, a technique nou cried the "method o exhaustion", tae fin the volume o a tetrahedron, cylinder, cone an sphere. The pruifs are gien in Buik XII o [[Euclid's Elements|Euclid's ''Elements'']].{{sfn|Acerbi|2018|p=279}} In ''Measurement of a Circle'', Archimedes uised this method tae shaw that the area o a [[Raing|circle]] is the same as that o a richt-angled triangle whase base an heicht are equal tae its radius an circumference.{{sfn|Acerbi|2018|p=280}} He then approximatit the ratio atween the radius an the circumference, the value o [[Pi|{{pi}}]]. He drew a lairger regular hexagon ootside a circle an a smaller ane inside it. Step bi step, he doubled the nummer o sides o ilk regular polygon, wirkin oot the length o a side o ilk polygon at ilk step. Efter fower sic steps, whan the polygons haed 96 sides ilk, he could shaw that the value o {{pi}} lay atween 3{{sfrac|1|7}} (aboot 3.1429) an 3{{sfrac|10|71}} (aboot 3.1408), in line wi its actual value o aboot 3.1416.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Computation of Pi by Archimedes |author=McKeeman, Bill |author-link=William M. McKeeman |website=Matlab Central |url=http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/29504-the-computation-of-pi-by-archimedes/content/html/ComputationOfPiByArchimedes.html#37 |access-date=30 October 2012}}</ref> In the first o the twa buiks o ''On Floating Bodies'', Archimedes sets oot the law o equilibrium o fluids an pruives that watter will tak on a spherical form roond a centre o gravity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berggren |first=J. L. |date=1976 |title=Spurious Theorems in Archimedes' Equilibrium of Planes: Book I |journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=87–103 |doi=10.1007/BF00349632 |jstor=41133463}}</ref> Archimedes' principle o buoyancy is gien in this wark. It says that onie body that is hale or pairtly dooked in a fluid feels an upthrust equal tae the wecht o the fluid it pits oot o place, but in the opposite direction.<ref>{{cite book |last=Netz |first=Reviel |chapter=Archimedes' Liquid Bodies |title=ΣΩΜΑ: Körperkonzepte und körperliche Existenz in der antiken Philosophie und Literatur |year=2017 |pages=287–322 |editor1-first=Thomas |editor1-last=Buchheim |editor2-first=David |editor2-last=Meißner |editor3-first=Nora |editor3-last=Wachsmann |isbn=978-3-7873-2928-1 |place=Hamburg |publisher=Felix Meiner |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQ2KDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA287 |chapter-url-access=limited}}</ref> == Legacy == [[File:Gerhard Thieme Archimedes.jpg|thumb|Bronze statue o Archimedes in Berlin]] Whiles cried the faither o mathematics<ref>Father of mathematics: Jane Muir, Of Men and Numbers: The Story of the Great Mathematicians, p 19.</ref> an o mathematical physics,<ref>James H. Williams Jr., Fundamentals of Applied Dynamics, p 30., Carl B. Boyer, Uta C. Merzbach, A History of Mathematics, p 111., Stuart Hollingdale, Makers of Mathematics, p 67., Igor Ushakov, In the Beginning, Was the Number (2), p 114.</ref> Archimedes is coontit the finest mathematician o antiquity bi near aa historians o science an mathematics.<ref>{{MacTutor |id=Archimedes |title= Archimedes of Syracuse |date=January 1999 }} {{pb}} {{cite book |last=Hirshfeld |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbcfLoZKDl8C&pg=PA206 |title=Eureka Man: The Life and Legacy of Archimedes |date=2009 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-8027-1979-9 |pages=206 |language=en |quote="the Archimedes Palimpsest has ridden the roiling waves of circumstance to become the most celebrated link to antiquity's greatest mathematician-inventor"}}</ref> Durin the [[Renaissance]], the ''editio princeps'' (first edition) o the warks o Archimedes in Greek an Laitin wis published in Basel in 1544 bi Johann Herwagen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Editions of Archimedes's Work |publisher=Brown University Library |year=1999 |url=https://library.brown.edu/exhibits/archive/math/wholefr.html}}</ref> Thir warks wis an influential soorce o ideas for scientists in the Renaissance an again in the 17t century.<ref> {{cite journal |last=Høyrup |first=Jens |year=2017 |title=Archimedes: Knowledge and Lore from Latin Antiquity to the Outgoing European Renaissance |journal=Gaņita Bhāratī |volume=39 |number=1 |pages=1–22 |url=http://webhotel4.ruc.dk/~jensh/Publications/2017%7Bg%7D_Archimedes%20--%20%20Knowledge%20and%20Lore_S.pdf}} Reprinted in {{Cite book |last=Hoyrup |first=J. |year=2019 |title=Selected Essays on Pre- and Early Modern Mathematical Practice |pages=459–477 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-19258-7_17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=A. |date=2018 |title=The method of Archimedes in the seventeenth century. |journal=The American Monthly |volume=125 |issue=3 |pages=267–272 |doi=10.1080/00029890.2018.1413857}}</ref> == See an aw == * [[Zhang Heng]] == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == {{Reflist}} === Warks citit === * {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Acerbi|first=Fabio |editor1-first=Paul T|editor1-last=Keyser|editor2-first=John| editor2-last=Scarborough| date=2018| title=Hellenistic Mathematics | encyclopedia = Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World | url=https://www.academia.edu/36286615 |access-date=2021-05-26| pages=268–292| doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734146.013.69| isbn=978-0-19-973414-6}} * {{cite book |last1=Dijksterhuis |first1=E. J. (Eduard Jan) |title=Archimedes |date=1987 |publisher=Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-08421-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/archimedes0000dijk_m6s3 |access-date=30 April 2025}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Archimedes}} [[Category:Archimedes| ]] [[Category:287 BC births]] [[Category:212 BC daiths]] [[Category:3rd-century BC Greek fowk]] [[Category:3rd-century BC writers]] [[Category:Fowk frae Syracuse, Sicily]] [[Category:Auncient Greek ingineers]] [[Category:Auncient Greek inventors]] [[Category:Auncient Greek mathematicians]] [[Category:Auncient Greek pheesicists]] [[Category:Hellenistic-era filosofers]] [[Category:Doric Greek writers]] [[Category:Sicilian Greeks]] [[Category:Sicilian mathematicians]] [[Category:Sicilian scientists]] [[Category:Murthert scientists]] [[Category:Geometers]] [[Category:Auncient Greeks wha wur muthered]] [[Category:Auncient Syracusians]] [[Category:Fluid deenamicists]] nt9989se8um5dfvweg87iko58ip6map 0 1678 927350 913147 2026-11-09T15:17:43Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; Nobel citation an quotes owerset intae Scots, wi the Inglis in notes 927350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |nobel=yes | name = Albert Einstein | image = Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg | caption = Albert Einstein in 1921 | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1879|3|14}} | birth_place = [[Ulm]], Kinrick o Württemberg, [[German Empire]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1955|4|18|1879|3|14}} | death_place = {{nowrap|[[Princeton, New Jersey]], U.S.}} | children = "Lieserl" (1902–1903?)<br />Hans Albert (1904–1973)<br />Eduard "Tete" (1910–1965) | spouse = [[Mileva Marić]]&nbsp;(1903–1919)<br/>{{nowrap|[[Elsa Löwenthal]]&nbsp;(1919–1936)}}<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Heilbron |editor-first=John L. |title=The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abqjP-_KfzkC&pg=PA233 |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974376-6 |page=233}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pais|1982|p=301}} | residence = Germany, Italy, Swisserland, Austrick (present-day Czech Republic), Belgium, Unitit States | citizenship = {{Plainlist| * Subject o the Kinrick o Württemberg unner the German Empire (1879–1896)<ref name=GEcitizen group=note>Unner the German Empire, citizenship wis anerly as a subject o ane o the 27 ''Bundesstaaten''</ref> * Stateless (1896–1901) * Citizen o [[Swisserland]] (1901–1955) * Austrick subject o the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] (1911–1912) * Subject o the [[Kinrick o Proushie]] unner the German Empire (1914–1918)<ref name=GEcitizen group=note/> * German citizen o the Free State o Proushie ([[Weimar Republic]], 1918–1933) * Citizen o the Unitit States (1940–1955) }} | fields = [[Physics]], filosofie | workplaces = {{Plainlist| * Swiss Patent Office ([[Bern]]) (1902–1909) * Varsity o Bern (1908–1909) * Varsity o Zurich (1909–1911) * Charles Varsity in Prague (1911–1912) * [[ETH Zurich]] (1912–1914) * Proushie Academy o Sciences (1914–1933) * Humboldt Varsity o Berlin (1914–1917) * Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (director, 1917–1933) * German Physical Society (preses, 1916–1918) * [[Leiden Varsity|Leiden University]] (visits, 1920) * [[Institute for Advanced Study]] (1933–1955) * Caltech (visits, 1931–1933) }} | education = {{Plainlist| * [[ETH Zurich|Swiss Federal Polytechnic]] (1896–1900; B.A., 1900) * Varsity o Zurich (Ph.D., 1905) }} | doctoral_advisor = Alfred Kleiner | thesis_title = {{lang|de|Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen}} (A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions) | thesis_url = http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:30378/eth-30378-01.pdf | thesis_year = 1905 | academic_advisors = Heinrich Friedrich Weber | influenced = {{Plainlist| * Ernst G. Straus * Nathan Rosen * Leó Szilárd }} | known_for = {{Plainlist| * [[General relativity]] an [[special relativity]] * [[Photoelectric effect]] * ''[[Mass–energy equivalence|E=mc²]]'' * Theory o [[Brownian motion]] * Einstein field equations * Bose–Einstein statistics * [[Bose–Einstein condensate]] * Gravitational wave * Cosmological constant * Unified field theory * EPR paradox }} | awards = {{Plainlist| * Barnard Medal (1920) * [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1921) * Matteucci Medal (1921) * ForMemRS (1921)<ref name="frs" /> * [[Copley Medal]] (1925)<ref name="frs" /> * Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1926) * Max Planck Medal (1929) * ''Time'' Person of the Century (1999) }} | signature = Albert Einstein signature 1934.svg }} '''Albert Einstein''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|n|s|t|aɪ|n}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John|authorlink=John C. Wells|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse|publisher=Pearson Longman|edition=3rd|date=April 3, 2008|isbn=1-4058-8118-6}}</ref> {{IPA-de|ˈalbɛɐ̯t ˈaɪnʃtaɪn|lang|Albert Einstein german.ogg}}; 14 Mairch 1879&nbsp;– 18&nbsp;Apryle 1955) wis a German-born [[Theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]]. He developed the theory o relativity, ane o the twa pillars o modren physics (alangside [[quantum mechanics]]).<ref name=frs>{{cite journal | last1 = Whittaker | first1 = E. | authorlink = E. T. Whittaker| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005 | title = Albert Einstein. 1879–1955 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 1 | pages = 37–67 | date = 1 November 1955| jstor = 769242| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="YangHamilton2010">{{cite book|author1=Fujia Yang|author2=Joseph H. Hamilton|title=Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics|date=2010|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4277-16-7}}</ref>{{rp|274}} His wark is kent an aw for its influence on the philosophy o science.<ref>{{Citation |title=Einstein's Philosophy of Science |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/einstein-philscience/#IntWasEinEpiOpp |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University |editor=Don A. Howard |date=2014 |orig-year=First published 11 February 2004 |type=website |accessdate=2015-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=Don A. Howard |title=Albert Einstein as a Philosopher of Science |url=http://www3.nd.edu/~dhoward1/vol58no12p34_40.pdf |format=PDF |date=December 2005 |journal=Physics Today |volume=58 |issue=12 |publisher=American Institute of Physics |pages=34–40 |via=University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, author's personal webpage |accessdate=2015-03-08 |bibcode=2005PhT....58l..34H |doi=10.1063/1.2169442 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www3.nd.edu/~dhoward1/vol58no12p34_40.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Einstein is best kent in popular cultur for his mass–energy equivalence formula {{nowrap|1=''E'' = ''mc''²}}, that haes been cried "the warld's maist famous equation".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "the world's most famous equation".</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=David Bodanis |title=E&nbsp;=&nbsp;mc²: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation |location=New York |publisher=Walker |date=2000 }}</ref> He received the 1921 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] "for his services tae theoretical physics, an in particular for his discovery o the law o the photoelectric effect",<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".</ref><ref name="Nobel Prize">{{cite web |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 |website=Nobelprize.org |publisher=Nobel Prize |access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref> a pivotal step in the evolution o quantum theory. Near the beginnin o his career, Einstein thocht that Newtonian mechanics wis nae langer eneuch tae reconcile the laws o clessical mechanics wi the laws o the electromagnetic field. This led him tae develop his [[Special relativity|special theory o relativity]] throu his time at the Swiss Patent Office in [[Bern]], Swisserland. Shortly afore, in 1901, he haed gotten Swiss citizenship, that he kept for the rest o his life, efter bein stateless for mair nor five year. He realised, houiver, that the principle o relativity coud be extendit tae gravitational fields an aw, an in 1916 he published a paper on general relativity, his theory o gravitation. He continued tae wirk on problems o statistical mechanics an quantum theory, that led tae his explanations o pairticle theory an the [[Brownian motion|motion o molecules]]. He investigatit the thermal properties o licht an aw, that laid the foond o the [[photon]] theory o licht. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory o relativity tae model the lairge-scale structur o the universe.<ref name=Nobel>{{Citation |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/advanced-physicsprize2011.pdf |title=Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2011. The accelerating universe |publisher=Nobel Media AB |via=Nobelprize.org |page=2 |format=PDF |accessdate=2015-01-04 |archive-date=2015-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828054717/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/advanced-physicsprize2011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20151124">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=A Century Ago, Einstein’s Theory of Relativity Changed Everything |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/science/a-century-ago-einsteins-theory-of-relativity-changed-everything.html |date=24 November 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=24 November 2015 }}</ref> He wis veesitin the Unitit States whan [[Adolf Hitler]] cam tae pouer in 1933 an, bein [[Jewish fowk|Jewish]], didnae gae back tae Germany, whaur he haed been a professor at the Berlin Academy o Sciences. He settled in the Unitit States, an becam an American citizen in 1940.<ref name="BoyerDubofsky2001">{{cite book|author1=Paul S. Boyer|author2=Melvyn Dubofsky|title=The Oxford Companion to United States History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgtyKzBes6QC&pg=PA218|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508209-8|page=218}}</ref> On the eve o [[Warld War II]], he endorsed a letter tae Preses Franklin D. Roosevelt warnin him o the possible development o "unco pouerfu bombs o a new kind"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "extremely powerful bombs of a new type".</ref> an recommendin that the US stairt similar research. This eventually led tae whit wad become the [[Manhattan Project]]. Einstein supportit defendin the Allied forces, but generally denoonced the idea o uisin the newly discovered [[nuclear fission]] as a wappen. Later, wi the Breetish philosopher [[Bertrand Russell]], he signed the [[Russell–Einstein Manifesto]], that warned o the danger o nuclear wappens. Einstein wis affiliatit wi the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey]], till his daith in 1955. Einstein published mair nor 300 scientific papers an ower 150 non-scientific warks.<ref name=Nobel /><ref name="Paul Arthur Schilpp, editor 1951 730–746">{{Citation |editor=Paul Arthur Schilpp |date=1951 |title=Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist |volume=II |publisher=Harper and Brothers Publishers (Harper Torchbook edition) |location=New York |pages=730–746}}. His non-scientific works include: ''About Zionism: Speeches and Lectures by Professor Albert Einstein'' (1930), "Why War?" (1933, co-authored by [[Sigmund Freud]]), ''The World As I See It'' (1934), ''Out of My Later Years'' (1950), and a book on science for the general reader, ''The Evolution of Physics'' (1938, co-authored by Leopold Infeld).</ref> On 5 December 2014, varsities an archives annoonced the release o Einstein's papers, mair nor 30,000 unique documents.<ref>Stachel et al (2008).</ref><ref name="NYT-20141204-DB">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=Thousands of Einstein Documents Are Now a Click Away |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/05/science/huge-trove-of-albert-einstein-documents-becomes-available-online.html |date=4 December 2014 |work=New York Times |accessdate=2015-01-04}}</ref> Einstein's intellectual achievements an originality hae turned the wird "Einstein" intae a byword for "genius".<ref name="wordnetweb.princeton.edu">{{Citation |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Einstein |title=Result of WordNet Search for Einstein |version=3.1 |publisher=The Trustees of Princeton University |accessdate=2015-01-04}}</ref> ==Notes== <references group="note"/> == References == {{reflist}} === Warks citit === * {{Cite book |last=Pais |first=Abraham |author-link=Abraham Pais |date=1982 |title=Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-853907-0}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Einstein, Albert}} [[Category:1879 births]] [[Category:1955 daiths]] [[Category:Academics o Charles Varsity in Prague]] [[Category:Albert Einstein| ]] [[Category:American agnostics]] [[Category:American physicists]] [[Category:American Zionists]] [[Category:Cosmologists]] [[Category:Daiths frae abdominal aortic aneurysm]] [[Category:Einstein faimily]] [[Category:ETH Zurich alumni]] [[Category:ETH Zurich faculty]] [[Category:Foreign Members o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:German emigrants tae Swisserland]] [[Category:German Jews who emigratit tae the Unitit States tae escape Nazism]] [[Category:German Nobel laureates]] [[Category:German physicists]] [[Category:German socialists]] [[Category:Institute for Advanced Study faculty]] [[Category:Jewish agnostics]] [[Category:Jewish American scientists]] [[Category:Jewish physicists]] [[Category:Leiden Varsity faculty]] [[Category:Members o the American Filosofical Society]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]] [[Category:Pacifists]] [[Category:Patent examiners]] [[Category:Fowk frae Berlin]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bern]] [[Category:Fowk frae Munich]] [[Category:Fowk frae Princeton, New Jersey]] [[Category:Fowk frae Ulm]] [[Category:Fowk frae Zürich]] [[Category:Fowk wi acquired Austrick-Hungary ceetizenship]] [[Category:Fowk wi acquired Swiss ceetizenship]] [[Category:Filosofers o science]] [[Category:Stateless fowk]] [[Category:Swiss agnostics]] [[Category:Swiss emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Swiss physicists]] [[Category:Theoretical physicists]] [[Category:Winners o the Max Planck Medal]] [[Category:20t-century German writers]] [[Category:20t-century American writers]] aljm5kayfj9x8g2znt7iftrs1mm57if 927354 927350 2026-11-09T15:29:41Z Monospaced 75295 Copyedit 927354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |nobel=yes | name = Albert Einstein | image = Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg | caption = Albert Einstein in 1921 | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1879|3|14}} | birth_place = [[Ulm]], Kinrick o Württemberg, [[German Empire]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1955|4|18|1879|3|14}} | death_place = {{nowrap|[[Princeton, New Jersey]], U.S.}} | children = "Lieserl" (1902–1903?)<br />Hans Albert (1904–1973)<br />Eduard "Tete" (1910–1965) | spouse = [[Mileva Marić]]&nbsp;(1903–1919)<br/>{{nowrap|[[Elsa Löwenthal]]&nbsp;(1919–1936)}}<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Heilbron |editor-first=John L. |title=The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abqjP-_KfzkC&pg=PA233 |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974376-6 |page=233}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pais|1982|p=301}} | residence = Germany, Italy, Swisserland, Austrick (present-day Czech Republic), Belgium, Unitit States | citizenship = {{Plainlist| * Subject o the Kinrick o Württemberg unner the German Empire (1879–1896)<ref name=GEcitizen group=note>Unner the German Empire, citizenship wis anerly as a subject o ane o the 27 ''Bundesstaaten''</ref> * Stateless (1896–1901) * Citizen o [[Swisserland]] (1901–1955) * Austrick subject o the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] (1911–1912) * Subject o the [[Kinrick o Proushie]] unner the German Empire (1914–1918)<ref name=GEcitizen group=note/> * German citizen o the Free State o Proushie ([[Weimar Republic]], 1918–1933) * Citizen o the Unitit States (1940–1955) }} | fields = [[Physics]], filosofie | workplaces = {{Plainlist| * Swiss Patent Office ([[Bern]]) (1902–1909) * Varsity o Bern (1908–1909) * Varsity o Zurich (1909–1911) * Charles Varsity in Prague (1911–1912) * [[ETH Zurich]] (1912–1914) * Proushie Academy o Sciences (1914–1933) * Humboldt Varsity o Berlin (1914–1917) * Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (director, 1917–1933) * German Physical Society (preses, 1916–1918) * [[Leiden Varsity|Leiden University]] (visits, 1920) * [[Institute for Advanced Study]] (1933–1955) * Caltech (visits, 1931–1933) }} | education = {{Plainlist| * [[ETH Zurich|Swiss Federal Polytechnic]] (1896–1900; B.A., 1900) * Varsity o Zurich (Ph.D., 1905) }} | doctoral_advisor = Alfred Kleiner | thesis_title = {{lang|de|Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen}} (A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions) | thesis_url = http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:30378/eth-30378-01.pdf | thesis_year = 1905 | academic_advisors = Heinrich Friedrich Weber | influenced = {{Plainlist| * Ernst G. Straus * Nathan Rosen * Leó Szilárd }} | known_for = {{Plainlist| * [[General relativity]] an [[special relativity]] * [[Photoelectric effect]] * ''[[Mass–energy equivalence|E=mc²]]'' * Theory o [[Brownian motion]] * Einstein field equations * Bose–Einstein statistics * [[Bose–Einstein condensate]] * Gravitational wave * Cosmological constant * Unified field theory * EPR paradox }} | awards = {{Plainlist| * Barnard Medal (1920) * [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1921) * Matteucci Medal (1921) * ForMemRS (1921)<ref name="frs" /> * [[Copley Medal]] (1925)<ref name="frs" /> * Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1926) * Max Planck Medal (1929) * ''Time'' Person of the Century (1999) }} | signature = Albert Einstein signature 1934.svg }} '''Albert Einstein''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|n|s|t|aɪ|n}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John|authorlink=John C. Wells|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse|publisher=Pearson Longman|edition=3rd|date=April 3, 2008|isbn=1-4058-8118-6}}</ref> {{IPA-de|ˈalbɛɐ̯t ˈaɪnʃtaɪn|lang|Albert Einstein german.ogg}}; 14 Mairch 1879&nbsp;– 18&nbsp;Apryle 1955) wis a German-born [[Theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]]. He developed the theory o relativity, ane o the twa pillars o modren physics (alangside [[quantum mechanics]]).<ref name=frs>{{cite journal | last1 = Whittaker | first1 = E. | authorlink = E. T. Whittaker| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005 | title = Albert Einstein. 1879–1955 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 1 | pages = 37–67 | date = 1 November 1955| jstor = 769242| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="YangHamilton2010">{{cite book|author1=Fujia Yang|author2=Joseph H. Hamilton|title=Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics|date=2010|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4277-16-7}}</ref>{{rp|274}} His wark is kent an aw for its influence on the philosophy o science.<ref>{{Citation |title=Einstein's Philosophy of Science |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/einstein-philscience/#IntWasEinEpiOpp |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University |editor=Don A. Howard |date=2014 |orig-year=First published 11 February 2004 |type=website |accessdate=2015-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=Don A. Howard |title=Albert Einstein as a Philosopher of Science |url=http://www3.nd.edu/~dhoward1/vol58no12p34_40.pdf |format=PDF |date=December 2005 |journal=Physics Today |volume=58 |issue=12 |publisher=American Institute of Physics |pages=34–40 |via=University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, author's personal webpage |accessdate=2015-03-08 |bibcode=2005PhT....58l..34H |doi=10.1063/1.2169442 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www3.nd.edu/~dhoward1/vol58no12p34_40.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Einstein is best kent in popular cultur for his mass–energy equivalence formula {{nowrap|1=''E'' = ''mc''²}}, that haes been cried "the warld's maist famous equation".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "the world's most famous equation".</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=David Bodanis |title=E&nbsp;=&nbsp;mc²: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation |location=New York |publisher=Walker |date=2000 }}</ref> He received the 1921 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] "for his services tae theoretical physics, an in particular for his discovery o the law o the photoelectric effect",<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".</ref><ref name="Nobel Prize">{{cite web |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 |website=Nobelprize.org |publisher=Nobel Prize |access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref> a pivotal step in the evolution o quantum theory. Near the beginnin o his career, Einstein thocht that Newtonian mechanics wis nae langer eneuch tae reconcile the laws o clessical mechanics wi the laws o the electromagnetic field. This led him tae work oot his [[Special relativity|special theory o relativity]] while he wis wirkin at the Swiss Patent Office in [[Bern]]. He haed become a Swiss citizen no lang afore, in 1901, efter mair nor five year stateless, an he steyed Swiss for the rest o his life. Later he saw that the principle o relativity coud cover gravitational fields an aw. In 1916 he published a paper on general relativity, his theory o gravitation. He continued tae wirk on problems o statistical mechanics an quantum theory, that led tae his explanations o particle theory an the [[Brownian motion|motion o molecules]]. He investigatit the thermal properties o licht an aw, that laid the foond o the [[photon]] theory o licht. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory o relativity tae model the lairge-scale structur o the universe.<ref name=Nobel>{{Citation |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/advanced-physicsprize2011.pdf |title=Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2011. The accelerating universe |publisher=Nobel Media AB |via=Nobelprize.org |page=2 |format=PDF |accessdate=2015-01-04 |archive-date=2015-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828054717/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/advanced-physicsprize2011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20151124">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=A Century Ago, Einstein’s Theory of Relativity Changed Everything |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/science/a-century-ago-einsteins-theory-of-relativity-changed-everything.html |date=24 November 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=24 November 2015 }}</ref> He wis veesitin the Unitit States whan [[Adolf Hitler]] cam tae pouer in 1933 an, bein [[Jewish fowk|Jewish]], didnae gae back tae Germany, whaur he haed been a professor at the Berlin Academy o Sciences. He settled in the Unitit States, an becam an American citizen in 1940.<ref name="BoyerDubofsky2001">{{cite book|author1=Paul S. Boyer|author2=Melvyn Dubofsky|title=The Oxford Companion to United States History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgtyKzBes6QC&pg=PA218|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508209-8|page=218}}</ref> On the eve o [[Warld War II]], he endorsed a letter tae Preses Franklin D. Roosevelt warnin him o the possible development o "unco pouerfu bombs o a new kind"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "extremely powerful bombs of a new type".</ref> an recommendin that the US stairt similar research. This eventually led tae whit wad become the [[Manhattan Project]]. Einstein supportit defendin the Allied forces, but generally denoonced the idea o uisin the newly discovered [[nuclear fission]] as a wappen. Later, wi the Breetish philosopher [[Bertrand Russell]], he signed the [[Russell–Einstein Manifesto]], that warned o the danger o nuclear wappens. Einstein wis affiliatit wi the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey]], till his daith in 1955. Einstein published mair nor 300 scientific papers an ower 150 non-scientific warks.<ref name=Nobel /><ref name="Paul Arthur Schilpp, editor 1951 730–746">{{Citation |editor=Paul Arthur Schilpp |date=1951 |title=Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist |volume=II |publisher=Harper and Brothers Publishers (Harper Torchbook edition) |location=New York |pages=730–746}}. His non-scientific works include: ''About Zionism: Speeches and Lectures by Professor Albert Einstein'' (1930), "Why War?" (1933, co-authored by [[Sigmund Freud]]), ''The World As I See It'' (1934), ''Out of My Later Years'' (1950), and a book on science for the general reader, ''The Evolution of Physics'' (1938, co-authored by Leopold Infeld).</ref> On 5 December 2014, varsities an archives annoonced the release o Einstein's papers, mair nor 30,000 unique documents.<ref>Stachel et al (2008).</ref><ref name="NYT-20141204-DB">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=Thousands of Einstein Documents Are Now a Click Away |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/05/science/huge-trove-of-albert-einstein-documents-becomes-available-online.html |date=4 December 2014 |work=New York Times |accessdate=2015-01-04}}</ref> Einstein's intellectual achievements an originality hae turned the wird "Einstein" intae a byword for "genius".<ref name="wordnetweb.princeton.edu">{{Citation |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Einstein |title=Result of WordNet Search for Einstein |version=3.1 |publisher=The Trustees of Princeton University |accessdate=2015-01-04}}</ref> ==Notes== <references group="note"/> == References == {{reflist}} === Warks citit === * {{Cite book |last=Pais |first=Abraham |author-link=Abraham Pais |date=1982 |title=Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-853907-0}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Einstein, Albert}} [[Category:1879 births]] [[Category:1955 daiths]] [[Category:Academics o Charles Varsity in Prague]] [[Category:Albert Einstein| ]] [[Category:American agnostics]] [[Category:American physicists]] [[Category:American Zionists]] [[Category:Cosmologists]] [[Category:Daiths frae abdominal aortic aneurysm]] [[Category:Einstein faimily]] [[Category:ETH Zurich alumni]] [[Category:ETH Zurich faculty]] [[Category:Foreign Members o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:German emigrants tae Swisserland]] [[Category:German Jews who emigratit tae the Unitit States tae escape Nazism]] [[Category:German Nobel laureates]] [[Category:German physicists]] [[Category:German socialists]] [[Category:Institute for Advanced Study faculty]] [[Category:Jewish agnostics]] [[Category:Jewish American scientists]] [[Category:Jewish physicists]] [[Category:Leiden Varsity faculty]] [[Category:Members o the American Filosofical Society]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]] [[Category:Pacifists]] [[Category:Patent examiners]] [[Category:Fowk frae Berlin]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bern]] [[Category:Fowk frae Munich]] [[Category:Fowk frae Princeton, New Jersey]] [[Category:Fowk frae Ulm]] [[Category:Fowk frae Zürich]] [[Category:Fowk wi acquired Austrick-Hungary ceetizenship]] [[Category:Fowk wi acquired Swiss ceetizenship]] [[Category:Filosofers o science]] [[Category:Stateless fowk]] [[Category:Swiss agnostics]] [[Category:Swiss emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Swiss physicists]] [[Category:Theoretical physicists]] [[Category:Winners o the Max Planck Medal]] [[Category:20t-century German writers]] [[Category:20t-century American writers]] 6auz1mr41ti3e5sd8vs4vi12qqkpw8n 0 1690 927528 926994 2026-11-09T23:57:06Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin an grammar fixes, lang sentences split, format fixes 927528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hatnote|For the landmass comprisin North an Sooth Americae, see [[America]]. For ither uisses, see [[America (disambiguation)]].}} {{Infobox kintra |conventional_long_name = Unitit States o Americae |common_name = Unitit States |native_name = {{lang-en|United States of America}}</br>{{lang-es|Estados Unidos de América|label=[[Spainish leid|Spainish]]}}</br>{{lang-chr|ᏌᏊᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏔᏅᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᏰᏟ}}</br>{{lang-nv|Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí}} |image_flag = Flag of the United States.svg |image_coat = Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg |symbol_type = Great Seal |national_motto = <div style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">"In God we trust" {{small|(offeecial)}}<ref>{{USC|36|302}} ''National motto''</ref><ref>[[#Simonson|Simonson, 2010]]</ref><ref>[[#God|Dept. of Treasury, 2011]]</ref></div> <div style="line-height:1.15em;">{{native phrase|la|"E pluribus unum"|italics=off}} {{small|(tradeetional)}} <br />{{small|"Oot o mony, ane"}} </div> |national_anthem = "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]"<br /><center>[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]</center> |image_map = USA orthographic.svg |alt_map = Projection o North Americae wi the Unitit States in green |map_width = 220px |capital = [[Washington, D.C.]] |coordinates = {{Coord|38|53|N|77|01|W|type:city}} |largest_city = [[New York Ceety]] |official_languages = {{nowrap|None at [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|federal level]]{{ref label|engoffbox|a|}}}} |languages_type = Naitional leid |languages = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]{{ref label|engfactobox|b|}}<!---NOTE: Just English, don't add "American English"---> |official_religion = none |demonym = [[America]]n |government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] presidential [[constitutional republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Unitit States|Preses]] |leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Donald Trump]] ([[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|R]])}} |leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States|Vice Preses]] |leader_name2 = {{nowrap|[[JD Vance]] (R)}} |leader_title3 = {{nowrap|Speaker o the Hoose}} |leader_name3 = {{nowrap|Mike Johnson (R)}} |leader_title4 = Chief Juistice |leader_name4 = John Roberts |legislature = [[Unitit States Congress|Congress]] |upper_house = [[Senate (Unitit States)|Senate]] |lower_house = [[Hoose o Representatives (Unitit States)|Hoose o Representatives]] |sovereignty_type = [[American Revolution|Unthirldom]] |sovereignty_note = from [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] |established_event1 = [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declared]] |established_date1 = 4 Julie 1776 |established_event2 = [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|Recognized]] |established_date2 = 3 September 1783 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution]]}} |established_date3 = 21 Juin 1788 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_sq_mi = 3794101 |area_km2 = 9826675 |area_rank = 4t |area_footnote = <ref name="WF">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |title=United States |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook |date=September 30, 2009 |accessdate=January 5, 2010 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |url-status=dead }} (area given in square kilometers)</ref>{{ref label|areabox|c|}} |percent_water = 6.76 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 341,784,857<ref name="Vintage2025">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |date=January 27, 2026 |access-date=September 8, 2026}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 331,449,281<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |url-status=dead |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |work=United States Census |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.</ref> | population_census_year = 2020 | population_census_rank = 3rd | population_density_sq_mi = 96.8 <!-- Figure based on (population/land) in July 2025. --> | population_density_rank = 180t | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} US$32.642&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.US">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (October 2026 Edition) |publisher=International Monetary Fund |website=www.imf.org |date=October 13, 2026 |access-date=October 13, 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 2nt | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} US$95,212<ref name="IMFWEO.US" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 10t | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} US$32.642&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.US" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 1st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} US$95,212<ref name="IMFWEO.US" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 8t | Gini = 41.8<!-- Number only. --> | Gini_year = 2024 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2025/demo/p60-286.html |title=Income in the United States: 2024 |work=Census.gov |page=52 |access-date=November 2, 2025}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.938<!-- Number only. --> | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = increase<!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 17t |EF_year = 2007 |EF = {{decrease}} 8.0 gha<ref name="EF">{{cite web |url=http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |title=Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010 |publisher=Global Footprint Network |accessdate=July 11, 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709224423/http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |EF_rank = 6t |currency = [[{{#property:p38}}]] ($) |currency_code = USD |country_code = USA |utc_offset = −5 to −10 |utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10{{ref label|UTCbox|e|}} |calling_code = +1 |iso3166code = US |drives_on = richt{{ref label|driving|g|}} |cctld = {{nowrap|[[.us]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.gov]]{{nbsp|3}}.mil{{nbsp|3}}[[.edu]]}} |footnote_a = {{note|engoffbox}} Inglish is the offeecial leid o at least 28 states; some soorces gie heicher figurs, based on differin defineetions o "offeecial".{{big|<ref name=ILW>{{cite web |author=Feder, Jody |url= http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2007,0515-crs.pdf |title= English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress |date=January 25, 2007 |publisher= Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service) |accessdate= June 19, 2007}}</ref>}} Inglish an [[Hawaiian leid|Hawaiian]] are baith offeecial leids in the state o [[Hawaii]]. |footnote_b = {{note|engfactobox}} Inglis is the ''de facto'' leid o American govrenment an the sole leid spoken at home bi 80 percent o Americans aged five an aulder. Spainyie is the second maist commonly spoken leid. |footnote_c = {{note|areabox}} Whether the Unitit States or [[Cheenae]] is lairger haes been disputit. The figur gien is frae the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s ''The Warld Factbeuk''. Ither soorces gie smawer figurs. Aa authoritative calculations o the kintra's size include anly the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, nae the territories. |footnote_d = {{note|popbox}} The population estimate is o fowk whose uisual residence is within the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, regardless o naitionality. It daes nae include those livin in the territories (ower 4&nbsp;million fowk, maistly in [[Puerto Rico]]). |footnote_e = {{note|UTCbox}} See Time in the Unitit States for details aboot laws govrenin time zones in the Unitit States. |footnote_f = {{note|ISO3166box}} Daes nae include insular auries an Unitit States Minor Ootlyin Islands, which hae thair ain ISO 3166 codes. |footnote_g = {{note|driving}} Except [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]. }} [[File:ReliefUSA map.gif|thumb|right|280px|A pictur o the lawer 48 states Americae.]] The '''Unitit States o Americae''' ({{lang-en|United States of America|link=yes}}, '''USA'''), commonly referred tae as the '''Unitit States''' ({{lang-en|United States|link=no}}, '''US''', '''U.S.''') or '''Americae''' ({{lang-en|America|link=no}}), is a [[Constitution|constitutional]] [[federal republic]] o 50 [[state o the Unitit States|federatit states]]. Forby the states, it includes the federal destrict [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]], five main sel-govrenin territories, an ither possessions.{{refn|group=fn|The five major territories are [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northren Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], an the [[Unitit States Virgin Islands]]. Thare are eleven smawer island auries withoot permanent populations: Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, an Palmyra Atoll. U.S. sovereignty ower Bajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, an Wake Island is disputit.<ref>U.S. State Department, [http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights], December 30, 2011, Item 22, 27, 80.— an U.S. General Accounting Office Report, [http://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229153648/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |date=2020-02-29 }}, November 1997, p. 1, 6, 39n. Both viewed April 6, 2016.</ref>}} Forty-aicht o the fifty states, an the federal destrict, mairch ilk ither an lie in [[North Americae]] atween [[Canadae]] an [[Mexico]]. The [[Alaska|state o Alaska]] is in the northwast neuk o North Americae, bordered bi Canadae tae the east an athort the [[Bering Strait]] frae [[Roushie]] tae the wast. The [[Hawaii|state o Hawaii]] is an [[airchipelago]] in the mid-[[Pacific Ocean]]. The U.S. territories are scattered ower the Pacific Ocean an the [[Caribbean Sea]]. The kintra spans nine time zones. Its geografie, climate an wildlife are unco diverse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwf.org/wildlife.aspx|title=Wildlife Library|publisher=National Wildlife Federation|accessdate= December 23, 2014}}</ref> At 3.8&nbsp;million squerr miles (9.8&nbsp;million km²)<ref name="State and other areas">"[https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/state-area.html State and other areas]", U.S. Census Bureau, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620155719/http://www.govcomm.harris.com/solutions/products/census/maf-tiger.asp MAF/TIGER] database as of August 2010, excluding the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. viewed October 22, 2014.</ref> an wi ower 340 million fowk, the Unitit States is the warld's [[Leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi aurie|fowert-lairgest kintra bi tot area]] (an fowert-lairgest bi laund area){{refn|group=fn|The follaein twa primary soorces (non-mirrored) gie the range (min./max.) o tot area for Cheenae an the Unitit States. Baith soorces ''exclude'' Taiwan frae the area o Cheenae. {{ordered list |1= The Encyclopædia Britannica leets Cheenae as the warld's third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi a tot area o 9,572,900 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/111803/China-quick-facts|title=China|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> an the Unitit States as fowert-lairgest at 9,526,468 sq km. The figur for the Unitit States is less nor in the CIA Factbook acause it ''excludes'' coastal an territorial watters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts|title=United States|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> |2= The CIA World Factbook leets the Unitit States as the third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi a tot area o 9,833,517 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|title=United States|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Cheenae as fowert-lairgest at 9,596,960 sq km.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|title=China|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2016-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This figur for the Unitit States is mair nor in the Encyclopædia Britannica acause it ''includes'' coastal an territorial watters.}}}} an the [[Leet o kintras an dependencies bi population|third-maist populous]]. It is ane o the warld's maist ethnically diverse an [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] naitions, an is hame tae the warld's lairgest nummer o immigrants.<ref name="DD">Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.</ref> Bi 2010 ower 80% o fowk bade in touns an cities, an megaregions are growin. The kintra's caipital is [[Washington, D.C.]] an its lairgest ceety is [[New York Ceety]]; the ither main metropolitan areas, aw wi aboot five million fowk or mair, are [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], [[San Francisco]], [[Boston]], [[Dallas]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Houston]], [[Miami]], an [[Atlanta]]. Paleo-Indians migrated frae Asie tae the North American mainland at least 15,000 year ago.<ref name=earliest>{{cite news|title=Who was first? New info on North America's earliest residents|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/12/science/la-sci-sn-paisley-caves-20120712|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|location=Los Angeles County, California|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=July 12, 2012|first=Thomas H.|last=Maugh II|accessdate=February 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite web |url= http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128083459/http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archivedate=November 28, 2007 |ref=HumanOrigins |title=What is the earliest evidence of the peopling of North and South America? |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History |date=June 2004 |accessdate=June 19, 2007}}<br />{{cite web |first=Nicolas |last=Kudeba |url=http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |title=Chapter 1&nbsp;– The First Big Steppe&nbsp;– Aboriginal Canadian History |website=The History of Canada Podcast |date=February 28, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301013552/http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |archivedate=March 1, 2014 |url-status=live}}<br />{{cite journal |author=Guy Gugliotta |title=When Did Humans Come to the Americas? |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/when-did-humans-come-to-the-americas-4209273/?all |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |date=February 2013 |access-date=June 25, 2015 }}</ref> [[European colonisation o the Americas|European colonisation]] began in the 16t century. The Unitit States emerged frae [[Thirteen Colonies|13 Breetish colonies]] alang the East Coast. Monie disputes atween [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] an the colonies in the eftermath o the [[Seiven Years' War]] led tae the [[American Revolution]], that stairtit in 1775. On Julie 4, 1776, as the colonies war fechtin Great Breetain in the [[American Revolutionary War]], delegates frae the 13 colonies unanimously adoptit the [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declaration o Unthirldom]]. The war endit in 1783 wi [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|recogneetion o the unthirldom o the Unitit States]] bi [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]], an it wis the first successfu war o unthirldom agin a European colonial empire.<ref>Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J.R., eds. (2008). ''A Companion to the American Revolution''. pp. 352–361.<br />{{cite book |author=Bender, Thomas |title=A Nation Among Nations: America's Place in World History |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wQHlrIz4gpYC&pg=PA61 |year=2006 |publisher=Hill & Wang |location=New York |page=61 |isbn=978-0-8090-7235-4}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraid=4&smtid=1 |title=Overview of the Early National Period |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2014 |website=Digital History |publisher=University of Houston |access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> The [[Unitit States Constitution|current constitution]] wis adoptit in 1788, acause the [[Airticles o Confederation|Articles o Confederation]], adoptit in 1781, war felt tae gie the federal govrenment ower little pouer. The first ten amendments, kent thegither as the [[Unitit States Bill o Richts|Bill o Richts]], war ratified in 1791 tae guarantee monie basic civil liberties. The Unitit States spreid athort North Americae throu the 19t century,<ref name="MD2007" /> displacin American Indian tribes, acquirin new territories, an gradually admittin new states till it spanned the continent in 1848.<ref name="MD2007">{{cite book |last=Carlisle |first=Rodney P. |first2=J. Geoffrey |last2=Golson |title=Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America |series=Turning Points in History Series |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ka6LxulZaEwC&vq=annexation&dq=territorial+expansion+United+States+%22manifest+destiny%22 |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-833-0 |page=238}}</ref> In the second hauf o the 19t century, the [[American Ceevil War|American Civil War]] led tae the end o legal slavery in the kintra.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html|title=The Civil War and emancipation 1861–1865 |work=Africans in America |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation|location=Boston, Massachusetts|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012054217/http://pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html |archivedate=October 12, 1999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Jeffrey H. |editor1-last=Wallenfeldt |author=Britannica Educational Publishing |series=America at War |title=The American Civil War and Reconstruction: People, Politics, and Power |url=https://books.google.com/?id=T_0TrXXiDbUC&dq=slavery+%22American+Civil+War%22 |year=2009 |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-045-7 |page=264}}</ref> Bi the end o that century, the Unitit States extendit intae the Pacific Ocean,<ref name="AmCentNYT">{{cite book |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/white-century.html |title=The American Century |author=White, Donald W. |year=1996 |isbn=0-300-05721-0 |publisher=Yale University Press |chapter=1: The Frontiers |accessdate=March 26, 2013}}</ref> an its economy, driven lairgely bi the [[Industrial Revolution]], stairtit tae grow faist.<ref>{{cite web|title=Work in the Late 19th Century|url=http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/work/|website=Library of Congress|accessdate=January 16, 2015}}</ref> The [[Spaingie–American War]] an {{nowrap|[[Warld War I]]}} confirmed the kintra's status as a global militar pouer. The Unitit States emerged frae {{nowrap|[[Warld War II]]}} as a global [[superpouer]], the first kintra tae develop nuclear wappens, the anly kintra tae [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|uise them]] in warfare, an a permanent member o the [[Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil]]. It is a foondin member o the [[Organisation o American States]] (OAS) an various ither Pan-American an internaitional organisations. The end o the [[Cauld War]] an the [[Dissolution o the Soviet Union|end o the Soviet Union]] in 1991 left the Unitit States as the warld's sole superpouer.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tony Judt|author2=Denis Lacorne|title=With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=June 4, 2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-8085-4|page=61}}<br />{{cite book|author=Richard J. Samuels|title=Encyclopedia of United States National Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT666|date=December 21, 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6535-3|page=666}}<br />{{cite book|author=Paul R. Pillar|title=Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GYklwy6booC&pg=PA57|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=0-8157-0004-0|page=57}}<br />{{cite book|author=Gabe T. Wang|title=China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbPJ7KZ9FvIC&pg=PA179|date=January 1, 2006|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-3434-2|page=179}}<br />{{cite book|title=Understanding the "Victory Disease," From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgdmiw4VUHsC&pg=PA1|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4289-1052-2|page=1}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Akis Kalaitzidis|author2=Gregory W. Streich|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzwYzL9KcwEC&pg=PA313|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38375-5|page=313}}</ref> The Unitit States is a heichly developed kintra, wi the warld's mucklest economy bi nominal GDP. It ranks heich in several meisures o socioeconomic performance, includin average wage,<ref>{{cite web|title=Average annual wages, 2013 USD PPPs and 2013 constant prices|url=http://stats.oecd.org//Index.aspx?QueryId=64115|website=OECD|accessdate=April 30, 2016}}</ref> [[Human Development Index|human development]], per capita GDP, an productivity per person.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500395_162-3228735.html |title=U.S. Workers World's Most Productive |publisher=CBS News |date=February 11, 2009 |accessdate=April 23, 2013}}</ref> Tho the U.S. economy is coontit post-industrial, wi services an the knawledge economy dominant, its manufacturin sector is still the second-lairgest in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$)|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD|website=World Bank Open Data|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref> Tho its population is anly 4.3% o the warld's,<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. and World Population Clock|url=http://www.census.gov/popclock/|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref> the Unitit States accoonts for nearly a quarter o warld GDP<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=23&pr.y=9&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=|title = World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = }}</ref> an ower a third o global militar spendin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |title=Trends in world military expenditure, 2013 |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |date=April 2014 |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=2015-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104033821/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |url-status=dead }}</ref> makkin it the warld's leadin economic an [[Unitit States Airmed Forces|militar]] pouer. The Unitit States is a prominent poleetical an cultural force internaitionally, an a leader in scientific resairch an technological innovation.<ref>[[#Cohen|Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower]]<br />[[#BBC18may|BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America]]<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|title=Geographical trends of research output|publisher=Research Trends|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317092424/http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|title=The top 20 countries for scientific output|publisher=Open Access Week|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317105014/http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2012/statistics-trends/granted-patents.html|title=Granted patents|publisher=European Patent Office|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2017-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621011611/http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2012/statistics-trends/granted-patents.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == History == Efter the European colonisation o the Americaes, aw thirteen o [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]]'s American colonies broke awa frae the mither kintra an formed the Unitit States. It wis the warld's first [[constitution]]al an [[democracy|democratic]] [[federation|federal]] [[republic]]. This follit the colonies' [[American Declaration o Unthirldom|declaration o unthirldom]] in 1776 an the [[American Weir o Unthirldom|War o Unthirldom]] (1775–1783). Great Breetain signed a peace wi the rebels in the [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|Treaty o Pairis]] in 1783. Tae mak a stranger federal govrenment, the [[Philadelphia Convention]] met in 1787 an drew up a [[Unitit States Constitution|constitution]], that wis ratified in 1788, an the first Unitit States Senate, Hoose o Representatives an preses teuk office in 1789. [[George Washington]] wis the first preses. Differences o opinion an social order atween northren an soothren states in early Unitit States society, particularly ower the slavery o Black fowk, led in the end tae the American Civil War.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stuart Murray|title=Atlas of American Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&pg=PA76|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3025-5|page=76|accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book|author=Harold T. Lewis|title=Christian Social Witness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr-xNru5vZkC&pg=PA53|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-56101-188-9|page=53}}</ref> Follaein the Union victory in 1865, three amendments war addit tae the U.S. Constitution: the Thirteent Amendment bannit slavery, the Fowerteent Amendment gied ceetizenship tae the near fower million [[African American]]s that haed been slaves,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-02.pdf |title=1860 Census |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=June 10, 2007}} Page 7 leets a tot sclave population o 3,953,760.</ref> an the Fifteent Amendment secured thair richt tae vote. The Unitit States bade neutral frae the stairt o [[Warld War I]], in 1914, till 1917, whan it jyned the war as an "associatit pouer", alangside the formal Allies o Warld War I. It helped tae turn the tide agin the [[Central Pouers]]. In 1920, the weemen's richts muivement wan passage o a constitutional amendment grantin weemen's suffrage.<ref name="voris">{{cite book |last1=Voris |first1=Jacqueline Van |title=Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life |url=https://archive.org/details/carriechapmancat0000vanv |series=Women and Peace Series |year=1996 |publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY |location=New York City |isbn=1-55861-139-8 |page=vii|quote=Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920.&nbsp;... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women.}}</ref> The 1920s an 1930s saw the rise o [[radio]] for mass communication an the invention o early [[televeesion]].<ref>Winchester pp. 410–411</ref> The prosperity o the Roarin Twenties endit wi the [[Wall Street Crash o 1929]] an the onset o the [[Great Depression]]. Efter his election as preses in 1932, [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] respondit wi the [[New Deal]], that includit settin up the Social Security seestem.<ref>{{cite book |title=Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need |url=https://archive.org/details/socialwelfarehis0000axin_i6r5 |first1=June |last1=Axinn |first2=Mark J. |last2=Stern |isbn=978-0-205-52215-6 |edition=7th |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |location=Boston |year=2007}}</ref> At first the Unitit States wis neutral in aw but nem in [[Warld War II]], while Germany conquered muckle o continental Europe, but it stairtit supplyin material tae the Allies in Mairch 1941 throu the Lend-Lease programme. On December 7, 1941, the [[Empire o Japan]] launched a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], an the Unitit States jyned the Allies agin the [[Axis pouers]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor">{{cite web|last1=Yamasaki|first1=Mitch|title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History|url=http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii|accessdate=January 14, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|archivedate=December 13, 2014 }}</ref> The Unitit States developed the [[Manhattan Project|first nuclear wappens]] an uised them on Japan, [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|on the cities o Hiroshima an Nagasaki]]. Japan surrendered on September 2, endin Warld War II.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II? {{!}} The Japan Times|newspaper=The Japan Times|access-date=2017-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 4-7700-2887-3.</ref> Efter Warld War II the Unitit States an the [[Soviet Union]] focht for pouer in whit becam kent as the [[Cauld War]]. It wis driven bi an ideological divide atween [[caipitalism]] an [[communism]]<ref name="WaggAndrews2012">{{cite book|last1=Wagg|first1=Stephen|last2=Andrews|first2=David|title=East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmjLR5YyUhEC&pg=PR11|date=September 10, 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-24167-5|page=11}}</ref> an, accordin tae the schuil o [[geopolitics]], a divide atween the maritime Atlantic an the continental Eurasian camps. American truips focht communist Cheenese an [[North Korea]]n forces in the [[Korean War]] o 1950–53.<ref name="Proxy" /> The Soviet Union's launch o the [[Sputnik 1|first artificial satellite]] in 1957 an the first manned spaceflicht in 1961 stairtit a "[[Space Race]]". In it, the Unitit States becam the first naition tae [[Apollo 11|laund a man on the mune]] in 1969.<ref name="Proxy">{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Collins (astronaut) |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |url=https://archive.org/details/liftoff00coll |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988}}</ref> A proxy war in Sootheast Asie grew in the end intae the [[Vietnam War]], wi the Unitit States fully involved. At hame in the 1960s, the growin Civil Richts Muivement uised nonviolence tae confront segregation an discrimination, wi [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] its maist kent leader. The late 1980s, unner the presidency o [[Ronald Reagan]], brocht a "thowe" in relations wi the USSR, an [[Dissolution o the Soviet Union|its collapse]] in 1991 finally endit the Cauld War.<ref>{{cite book |last=Howell |first=Buddy Wayne |title=The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Rhetoric_of_Presidential_Summit_Dipl.html?id=LctvjhxJ-bsC |year=2006 |publisher=Texas A&M University |isbn=978-0-549-41658-6 |page=352 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |authorlink=Henry Kissinger |title=Diplomacy |url=https://books.google.com/?id=0IZboamhb5EC&lpg=PA731 |year=2011 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-2631-8 |pages=781–784 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book |last=Mann |first=James |title=The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War |url=https://books.google.com/?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&pg=PT12|year=2009 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4406-8639-9 |page=432}}<br /></ref><ref>[[#Hayes|Hayes, 2009]]</ref><ref>[[#ushistory13|US History.org, 2013]]</ref> On [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists struck the [[Warld Trade Center (1973–2001)|Warld Trade Center]] in New York Ceety an [[the Pentagon]] near Washington, D.C., killin nearly 3,000 fowk.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=September 9, 2011 |title=Flashback 9/11: As It Happened |url=http://video.foxnews.com/v/1151859712001/flashback-911-as-it-happened/ |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |publisher=Fox News}}<br />{{cite news |title=America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |publisher=CBS News |date=September 11, 2012 |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |archive-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017215138/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |url-status=dead }}<br />{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html |title=Day of Terror Video Archive |year=2005 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=March 6, 2013 }}</ref> In response, the Unitit States launched the [[War on Terror]], that includit [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] an the 2003–11 [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy |author=Walsh, Kenneth T. |url=http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy |newspaper=U.S. News & World Report |date=December 9, 2008 |accessdate=March 6, 2013}}<br />{{cite book |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PA210 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-921-9 |page=872 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Overview: The Iraq War |last=Wong |first=Edward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 15, 2008 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 }}<br />{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&dq=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |year=2005 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |accessdate=October 25, 2015 }}<br />{{cite news |title=Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War |author=Durando, Jessica |author2=Green, Shannon Rae |agency=Associated Press |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |newspaper=USA Today |date=December 21, 2011 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 |archive-date=2020-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904084312/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Unner Preses [[Barack Obama]], maist American forces war taen oot o Iraq in 2009 an 2010, an the war thare wis declared offeecially ower in December 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/world/middleeast/panetta-in-baghdad-for-iraq-military-handover-ceremony.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Thom | last1=Shanker | first2=Michael S. | last2=Schmidt | first3=Robert F. | last3=Worth | title=In Baghdad, Panetta Leads Uneasy Closure to Conflict | date=December 15, 2011}}</ref> The widrawal led tae an escalation o sectarian insurgency,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |title=The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency &#124; Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |publisher=United States Military Academy |accessdate=January 26, 2017 |archive-date=2011-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826043422/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |url-status=dead }}</ref> leadin tae the rise o the [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]], the successor o al-Qaeda in the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|title=Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests|publisher=U.S Department of State|accessdate=November 26, 2010|date=January 26, 2017|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141714/https://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The U.S. housin bubble burst in 2007 wi the [[Great Recession]], the warst economic contraction syne the Great Depression.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hilsenrath |first1=Jon |last2=Ng |first2=Serena |last3=Paletta |first3=Damian |date=September 18, 2008 |title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947 |archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Frae the 2010s the Unitit States haes seen growin poleetical polarisation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> This wis seen violently in the [[Januar 6 Unitit States Capitol attack|Capitol attack o Januar 2021]], whan a mob o insurrectionists<ref name="Pape-2022">{{cite web |last1=Pape |first1=Robert |author1-link=Robert Pape |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=University of Chicago, Chicago Project on Security and Threats |access-date=September 13, 2024 |date=January 5, 2022}}</ref> that supportit Preses [[Donald Trump]] gaed intae the [[Unitit States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]] an socht tae stap [[Joe Biden|his successor]] frae takkin office.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rutenberg |first1=Jim |last2=Becker |first2=Jo |last3=Lipton |first3=Eric |last4=Haberman |first4=Maggie |last5=Martin |first5=Jonathan |last6=Rosenberg |first6=Matthew |last7=Schmidt |first7=Michael S. |title=77 Days: Trump's Campaign to Subvert the Election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/trump-election-lie.html |work=The New York Times |date=January 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618033335/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/trump-election-lie.html |archive-date=June 18, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Trump wan the preses election again in 2024,<ref>{{cite news |title=2024 Presidential Election Results |url=https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/ |date=November 25, 2024 |access-date=November 25, 2024 |work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> an teuk office for a second term in 2025. == Geografie, climate, an environs == The laund aurie o the [[contiguous Unitit States]] is {{convert|2959064|sqmi|km2|1}}. Alaska, separatit frae the contiguous Unitit States bi Canadae, is the mucklest state at {{convert|663268|sqmi|km2|1}}. [[Hawaii]], an airchipelago in the central [[Paceefic Ocean|Pacific]], soothwast o North Americae, is {{convert|10931|sqmi|km2|0}} in area. The populatit territories o [[Puerto Rico]], [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northren Mariana Islands]], an [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] thegither cover {{convert|9185|sqmi|km2|0}}.<ref name="Land Area of US and states">{{cite web|title=2010 Census Area|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf|website=census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|page=41|accessdate=January 18, 2015}}</ref> Wi its muckle size an geografic variety, the Unitit States haes maist types o climate. Tae the east o the 100t meridian, the climate ranges frae humid continental in the north tae humid subtropical in the sooth.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boyden|first=Jennifer|title=Climate Regions of the United States|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=December 24, 2014|archive-date=2014-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225073246/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Great Plains wast o the 100t meridian are semi-arid. Muckle o the Wastren moontains hae an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Soothwast, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] in coastal California, an [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] in coastal [[Oregon]] an [[Washington (state)|Washington]] an soothren Alaska. Maist o Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii an the soothren tip o [[Florida]] are tropical, as are the populatit territories in the Caribbean an the Pacific.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|accessdate=August 19, 2015}}</ref> === Wildlife === The U.S. ecology is megadiverse: aboot 17,000 species o [[vascular plant]]s occur in the contiguous Unitit States an Alaska, an ower 1,800 species o flouerin plants are foond in Hawaii, few o that are foond on the mainland.<ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |url=http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |publisher=National Biological Service |work=Plants |accessdate=October 27, 2008 |archivedate=July 24, 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |date=2013-07-24 }}</ref> The Unitit States is hame tae 428 mammal species, 784 bird species, 311 reptile species, an 295 amphibian species.<ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{cite web|last1=Osborn|first1=Liz|title=Number of Native Species in United States|url=http://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php|publisher=Current Results Nexus|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Aboot 91,000 insect species hae been describit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref> The [[bauld eagle]] is baith the naitional bird an naitional ainimal o the Unitit States, an is a lastin symbol o the kintra itsel.<ref name=j23>{{cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=E.A. |year=1990 |title=Symbol of a Nation: The Bald Eagle in American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-culture_spring-1990_13_1/page/63 |journal=The Journal of American Culture |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=63–69|doi=10.1111/j.1542-734X.1990.1301_63.x }}</ref> == Culture == The Unitit States is hame tae [[Multiculturalism|mony cultures]] an a wide variety o ethnic groups, tradeetions, an values.<ref name="DD" /><ref name="Society in Focus">Thompson, William; Hickey, Joseph (2005). ''Society in Focus''. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.</ref> Forby the [[Indigenous fowks|Native American]], Native Hawaiian an Alaska Native populations, near aw Americans or thair forebears haes come tae the kintra in the past five centuries.<ref>Fiorina, Morris P.; Peterson, Paul E. (2000). ''The New American Democracy''. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5.</ref> Mainstream American culture is a Wastren culture that comes maistly frae the tradeetions o European incomers, wi influences frae monie ither soorces, sic as tradeetions brocht bi slaves frae Africae.<ref name="DD" /><ref>Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). ''Africanisms in American Culture'', 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). ''Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States''. Thousand Oaks, Calif., London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.</ref> ===Cuisine=== Mainstream American cuisine is lik that in ither Wastren kintras. Typical dishes sic as aiple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers an het dugs come frae the recipes o different incomers. French fries, Mexican dishes sic as burritos an tacos, an pasta dishes freely adaptit frae Italian anes are widely eaten.<ref name="IFT">{{cite web |url=http://www.newswise.com/articles/what-when-and-where-americans-eat-in-2003|author=Klapthor, James N. |title=What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003 |publisher=Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists |date=August 23, 2003|accessdate=June 19, 2007}}</ref> Americans drink three times as muckle coffee as tea.<ref name=coffeeandtea>{{cite news|last1=H|first1=D|title=The coffee insurgency|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/12/daily-chart-17|website=The Economist|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Mercatin bi U.S. industries is lairgely why orange juice an milk are drunk at breakfast awgates.<ref>[[#Smith2004|Smith, 2004]], pp. 131–132</ref><ref>[[#Levenstein|Levenstein, 2003]], pp. 154–55</ref> ===Airts=== In literature, [[Edgar Allan Poe|Edgar Allan Poe]], [[Emily Dickinson|Emily Dickinson]], [[Mark Twain]], [[William Faulkner]], [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], [[Herman Melville]], an [[John Steinbeck]] are amang the best-kent American writers, while [[Jackson Pollock]], [[Georgia O'Keeffe|Georgia O'Keeffe]] an [[Andy Warhol]] are some o the best-kent American painters. [[Hollywood]], a northren destrict o [[Los Angeles]], California, is ane o the leaders in motion pictur production.<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707 |title=Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second largest film producer |publisher=United Nations |date=May 5, 2009 |accessdate=February 17, 2013}}</ref> Syne the early 20t century, the U.S. film industry haes maistly been based in an aroond Hollywood, tho in the 21st century mair an mair films are no shot thare, an film companies hae been subject tae the forces o globalisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/john-landis-rails-studios-theyre-659222|title=John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business Anymore'|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=January 24, 2015}}</ref> Muisic in Americae haes been influenced bi [[African-American]] culture, wi [[Duke Ellington]] an [[Louis Armstrong]] pioneerin the [[Jazz]] genre. [[Elvis Presley]] an [[Buddy Holly]] war amang the pioneers o popular muisic in the 1950s. Syne then, the Unitit States haes produced mony popular artists, includin [[Michael Jackson]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Madonna]], [[Katy Perry]], [[Taylor Swift]], an [[Beyoncé]], amang mony ithers. ==Sport== [[American fitba]] is the maist popular sport in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite web |author=Krane, David K. |title=Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |publisher=Harris Interactive |date=October 30, 2002 |accessdate=September 14, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |archivedate=July 9, 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |date=2010-07-09 }} MacCambridge, Michael (2004). ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50454-0.</ref> The [[National Football League]] (NFL) haes the heichest average attendance o ony sports league in the warld, an the [[Super Bowl]] is watched bi millions globally. [[Basebaw]] haes been regairdit as the U.S. naitional sport syne the late 19t century, wi [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) bein the tap league. [[Basketbaw]] an [[ice hockey]] are the kintra's next twa leadin professional team sports, wi the tap leagues bein the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) an the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). Aicht [[Olympic Gemmes]] hae taen place in the Unitit States. As o 2014, the Unitit States haes wan 2,400 medals at the [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]], mair nor ony ither kintra, an 281 in the [[Winter Olympic Gemmes]], the second maist behind Norawa.<ref>{{cite news |title= The 10 most fascinating facts about the all-time Winter Olympics medal standings |first= Chris |last= Chase |date= February 7, 2014 |work= USA Today |url= http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts/ |accessdate= February 28, 2014 |archive-date= 2019-12-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191215084716/https://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts |url-status= dead }} {{cite news |title= With Sochi Olympics approaching, a history of Winter Olympic medals |date= February 6, 2014 |first= Dan |last= Loumena |work= Los Angeles Times |url= http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/06/sports/la-sp-a-history-of-the-winter-olympic-medals-20140206 |accessdate= February 28, 2014 }}</ref> == States o the Unitit States == {{main|U.S. state}} {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * [[Alabama]] * [[Alaska]] * [[Arizona]] * [[Arkansas]] * [[Californie|California]] * [[Colorado]] * [[Connecticut]] * [[Delaware]] * [[Florida]] * [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgie]] | valign="top" | * [[Hawaii]] * [[Idaho]] * [[Illinois]] * [[Indiana]] * [[Iowa]] * [[Kansas]] * [[Kentucky]] * [[Louisiana]] * [[Maine]] * [[Maryland]] | valign="top" | * [[Massachusetts]] * [[Michigan]] * [[Minnesota]] * [[Mississippi]] * [[Missouri]] * [[Montana]] * [[Nebraska]] * [[Nevada]] * [[New Hampshire]] * [[New Jersey]] | valign="top" | * [[New Mexico]] * [[New York]] * [[North Carolina]] * [[North Dakota]] * [[Ohio]] * [[Oklahoma]] * [[Oregon]] * [[Pennsylvanie]] * [[Rhode Island]] * [[Sooth Carolina]] | valign="top" | * [[Sooth Dakota]] * [[Tennessee]] * [[Texas]] * [[Utah]] * [[Vermont]] * [[Wast Virginie]] * [[Virginie]] * [[Washington (state)|Washington]] * [[Wisconsin]] * [[Wyoming]] |} ==Notes== <references group="fn"/> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Soorces=== {{Commonscat|United States}} * {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=University of Illinois Press|quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&pg=PA79&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Beuk] * {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of "In God We Trust" |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}} * {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}} * {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}} * {{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1}} {{Unitit States topics}} [[Category:Unitit States| ]] [[Category:1776 establishments in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]] [[Category:Umwhile confederations]] [[Category:G8 naitions]] [[Category:G20 naitions]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o NATO]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1776]] er6d3qtmtqi6y8zkk7kw4p9zibd7daz 0 1743 927502 921632 2026-11-09T22:35:15Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lang sentences split 927502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beuk series | name = Harry Potter | books = {{plainlist| * ''[[Harry Potter an the Philosopher's Stane]]'' (1997) * ''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets'' (1998) * ''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban'' (1999) * ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' (2000) * ''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix'' (2003) * ''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince'' (2005) * ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]'' (2007) }} | image = [[File:Harry Potter wordmark.svg|frameless|upright=1.25|alt=The ''Harry Potter'' logo, uised first in American editions o the novelle series an later in films.]] | image_caption = The ''Harry Potter'' logo first uised for the American edition o the novelle series (an some ither editions warldwide), an then the film series. | author = [[J. K. Rowling]] | country = Unitit Kinrick | language = Inglis | genre = Fantasy, [[drama]], young-adult fiction, mystery, thriller, Bildungsroman | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing (UK)<br />Arthur A. Levine Books (US)<br />Little, Brown (UK) | pub_date = 26 June 1997 – 21 July 2007,<br />31 July 2016<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35539552|title=Harry Potter and the Cursed Child to be eighth book|work=BBC News}}</ref> (ineetial publication) | media_type = Prent (hardback an paperback)<br />Audiobeuk<br />E-beuk ({{as of|2012|March|lc=y}})<ref>{{cite web |author=Peter Svensson |url=http://news.yahoo.com/harry-potter-breaks-e-book-lockdown-205343680.html |title=Harry Potter breaks e-book lockdown |publisher=Yahoo |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=29 July 2013 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305115144/http://news.yahoo.com/harry-potter-breaks-e-book-lockdown-205343680.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | number_of_books = 7 | website = {{URL|https://www.pottermore.com}} }} '''''Harry Potter''''' is a series o [[Fantasy|fantasy]] novelles written bi the Breetish author [[J. K. Rowling]]. The novelles tell the life o a young wizard, Harry Potter, an his freends [[Hermione Granger]] an [[Ron Weasley]], that are aa pupils at {{lang|en|[[Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry|Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry]]}}. The main story arc is Harry's fecht against [[Lord Voldemort]], a dark wizard that wants tae live for ever, owerthrow the wizards' governin body, the Ministry of Magic, an rule ower aa wizards an Muggles. Efter the first novelle, ''[[Harry Potter an the Philosopher's Stane]]'', cam oot on 26 Juin 1997, the beuks hae been hugely popular, praised bi critics an selt weel aw ower the warld. They hae a wide adult readership as weel as younger readers, an are aften seen as cornerstanes o modren young adult literature.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2996578.stm|title=Potter's place in the literary canon |publisher=BBC News|last=Allsobrook |first=Dr. Marian|date=18 June 2003|accessdate=15 October 2007}}</ref> The series haes haed its share o criticism an aw, amang it concern aboot the tone gettin darker as the series gaed on, an the gruesome an graphic violence it whiles shaws. {{As of|2013|07}}, the beuks hae selt mair nor 450 million copies warldwide, that maks them the best-sellin beuk series in history, an they hae been owerset intae seiventy-three leids.<ref name="Translations for Harry Potter">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7649962.stm|title=Rowling 'makes £5 every second' |date=3 October 2008|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=17 October 2008}}</ref><ref name=PotterStats20130731>{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/07/31/because-its-his-birthday-harry-potter-by-the-numbers/|publisher=Time| title=Because It's His Birthday: Harry Potter, By the Numbers|author=TIME staff|date=31 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801013055/http://entertainment.time.com/2013/07/31/because-its-his-birthday-harry-potter-by-the-numbers/|archivedate=1 August 2013}}</ref> The last fower beuks set records ane efter the ither as the fastest-sellin beuks in history, an the last ane selt aboot eleiven million copies in the [[Unitit States]] in the first twinty-fower oors. The series wis first published in Inglis bi twa big publishers, Bloomsbury in the Unitit Kinrick an Scholastic Press in the Unitit States. A play, ''[[Harry Potter and the Cursed Child]]'', based on a story bi Rowling, stairtit at the Palace Theatre in Lunnon on 30 Julie 2016. Its script wis published bi Little, Brown as the aicht beuk in the series.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/10/new-harry-potter-cursed-child-eighth-book-july-play-script</ref> The original seiven beuks war makkit intae an aicht-pairt [[Harry Potter (film series)|film series]] bi [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]], that wis the second heichest-grossin film series o aw time {{as of|2015|August|lc=y}}. The franchise haes brocht oot a hantle o tie-in merchandise an aw, that makkit the ''Harry Potter'' brand worth mair nor $15&nbsp;billion.<ref name="HP brand worth">{{cite news | url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/movers_and_shakers/article3663197.ece | title=Business big shot: Harry Potter author JK Rowling | accessdate=14 July 2009 | location=London | newspaper=The Times | first=Susan | last=Thompson | date=2 April 2008 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The series taks in monie genres, amang them [[Fantasy|fantasy]], [[drama]], comin o age an the Breetish schuil story (wi elements o mystery, thriller, adventure, horror an romance). The warld o ''Harry Potter'' explores a wheen o themes an cairies monie cultural meanins an references.<ref name="meanings">Sources that refer to the many genres, cultural meanings and references of the series include: * {{cite web|last=Fry|first=Stephen|authorlink=Stephen Fry|url=http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/1205-bbc-fry.html|title=Living with Harry Potter|publisher=BBC Radio 4|date=10 December 2005|accessdate=10 December 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602092002/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/1205-bbc-fry.html|archivedate=2 June 2009| url-status=dead }} * {{cite news|title=Why J.K. Rowling waited to read ''Harry Potter'' to her daughter|work=Entertainment Weekly|last=Jensen|first=Jeff|authorlink=Jeff Jensen|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2000/09/07/why-jk-rowling-waited-read-harry-potter-her-daughter|accessdate=19 August 2015|date=7 September 2000}} * {{cite web|title=The Last Chapter|author=Nancy Carpentier Brown|publisher=Our Sunday Visitor|year=2007|url=http://www.osv.com/Portals/0/images/pdf/TheLastChapter.pdf|accessdate=28 April 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013134200/http://www.osv.com/Portals/0/images/pdf/TheLastChapter.pdf|archivedate=13 October 2007 | url-status=dead }} * {{cite web|author=J. K. Rowling |title=J. K. Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival |url=http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=80 |accessdate=10 October 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820213620/http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=80 |archivedate=20 August 2006 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Accordin tae Rowling, the main theme is daith.<ref name="Geordie Greig">{{cite news |author=Greig |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/10/nrowl110.xml |title='There would be so much to tell her...' |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=4 April 2007 |date=11 January 2006 |location=London |first=Geordie |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311032026/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2006%2F01%2F10%2Fnrowl110.xml |archivedate=2007-03-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ither main themes in the series are prejudice, corruption an madness.<ref name=QuickQuoteQuill>{{cite news|url=http://www.quick-quote-quill.org/articles/2003/0302-newsround-mzimba.htm|publisher= Quick Quotes Quill| title=Interview with Steve Kloves and J.K. Rowling|author=Lizo Mzimba|date=28 July 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509001737/http://quick-quote-quill.org/articles/2003/0302-newsround-mzimba.htmaccess |archivedate=9 May 2015 }}</ref> Wi the success o the beuks an films, the ''Harry Potter'' franchise haes kept growin, wi monie warks drawn frae it. Amang them are a traivellin exhibition that stairtit in Chicago in 2009, a studio tour in Lunnon that stairtit in 2012, a digital platform whaur J.K. Rowling addit new information an insicht tae the series, an a series o spin-off films that stairtit in November 2016. Themed attractions, kent thegither as ''[[The Wizarding World of Harry Potter]]'', hae been biggit at a wheen o Universal Parks & Resorts amusement pairks aroond the warld an aw. == Gallery == <gallery> File:Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Book Cover.jpg|Cover airt for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone File:Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.jpg|Cover airt for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets File:Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.jpg|Cover airt for Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban File:Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.jpg|Cover airt for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire File:Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.jpg|Cover airt for Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix File:Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince.jpg|Cover airt for Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince File:Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.jpg|Cover airt for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows </gallery> == References == <references/> {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1997 introductions]] [[Category:BILBY Awaird-winnin wirks]] [[Category:Comin-o-age feection]] [[Category:Curses in feection]] [[Category:Fantasy beuks]] [[Category:Schuils in feection]] [[Category:Family in feection]] [[Category:Witchcraft in written feection]] [[Category:Breetish novelles adaptit intae films]] {{Stub/Beuk}} {{Stub/Ingland}} ctj3qhcsc9kqago299ibvpd8akqm4wi 927503 927502 2026-11-09T22:37:06Z Monospaced 75295 Unnecessar 'an aw' taen oot 927503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beuk series | name = Harry Potter | books = {{plainlist| * ''[[Harry Potter an the Philosopher's Stane]]'' (1997) * ''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets'' (1998) * ''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban'' (1999) * ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' (2000) * ''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix'' (2003) * ''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince'' (2005) * ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]'' (2007) }} | image = [[File:Harry Potter wordmark.svg|frameless|upright=1.25|alt=The ''Harry Potter'' logo, uised first in American editions o the novelle series an later in films.]] | image_caption = The ''Harry Potter'' logo first uised for the American edition o the novelle series (an some ither editions warldwide), an then the film series. | author = [[J. K. Rowling]] | country = Unitit Kinrick | language = Inglis | genre = Fantasy, [[drama]], young-adult fiction, mystery, thriller, Bildungsroman | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing (UK)<br />Arthur A. Levine Books (US)<br />Little, Brown (UK) | pub_date = 26 June 1997 – 21 July 2007,<br />31 July 2016<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35539552|title=Harry Potter and the Cursed Child to be eighth book|work=BBC News}}</ref> (ineetial publication) | media_type = Prent (hardback an paperback)<br />Audiobeuk<br />E-beuk ({{as of|2012|March|lc=y}})<ref>{{cite web |author=Peter Svensson |url=http://news.yahoo.com/harry-potter-breaks-e-book-lockdown-205343680.html |title=Harry Potter breaks e-book lockdown |publisher=Yahoo |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=29 July 2013 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305115144/http://news.yahoo.com/harry-potter-breaks-e-book-lockdown-205343680.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | number_of_books = 7 | website = {{URL|https://www.pottermore.com}} }} '''''Harry Potter''''' is a series o [[Fantasy|fantasy]] novelles written bi the Breetish author [[J. K. Rowling]]. The novelles tell the life o a young wizard, Harry Potter, an his freends [[Hermione Granger]] an [[Ron Weasley]], that are aa pupils at {{lang|en|[[Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry|Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry]]}}. The main story arc is Harry's fecht against [[Lord Voldemort]], a dark wizard that wants tae live for ever, owerthrow the wizards' governin body, the Ministry of Magic, an rule ower aa wizards an Muggles. Efter the first novelle, ''[[Harry Potter an the Philosopher's Stane]]'', cam oot on 26 Juin 1997, the beuks hae been hugely popular, praised bi critics an selt weel aw ower the warld. They hae a wide adult readership as weel as younger readers, an are aften seen as cornerstanes o modren young adult literature.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2996578.stm|title=Potter's place in the literary canon |publisher=BBC News|last=Allsobrook |first=Dr. Marian|date=18 June 2003|accessdate=15 October 2007}}</ref> The series haes haed its share o criticism, amang it concern aboot the tone gettin darker as the series gaed on, an the gruesome an graphic violence it whiles shaws. {{As of|2013|07}}, the beuks hae selt mair nor 450 million copies warldwide, that maks them the best-sellin beuk series in history, an they hae been owerset intae seiventy-three leids.<ref name="Translations for Harry Potter">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7649962.stm|title=Rowling 'makes £5 every second' |date=3 October 2008|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=17 October 2008}}</ref><ref name=PotterStats20130731>{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/07/31/because-its-his-birthday-harry-potter-by-the-numbers/|publisher=Time| title=Because It's His Birthday: Harry Potter, By the Numbers|author=TIME staff|date=31 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801013055/http://entertainment.time.com/2013/07/31/because-its-his-birthday-harry-potter-by-the-numbers/|archivedate=1 August 2013}}</ref> The last fower beuks set records ane efter the ither as the fastest-sellin beuks in history, an the last ane selt aboot eleiven million copies in the [[Unitit States]] in the first twinty-fower oors. The series wis first published in Inglis bi twa big publishers, Bloomsbury in the Unitit Kinrick an Scholastic Press in the Unitit States. A play, ''[[Harry Potter and the Cursed Child]]'', based on a story bi Rowling, stairtit at the Palace Theatre in Lunnon on 30 Julie 2016. Its script wis published bi Little, Brown as the aicht beuk in the series.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/10/new-harry-potter-cursed-child-eighth-book-july-play-script</ref> The original seiven beuks war makkit intae an aicht-pairt [[Harry Potter (film series)|film series]] bi [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]], that wis the second heichest-grossin film series o aw time {{as of|2015|August|lc=y}}. The franchise haes brocht oot a hantle o tie-in merchandise, that makkit the ''Harry Potter'' brand worth mair nor $15&nbsp;billion.<ref name="HP brand worth">{{cite news | url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/movers_and_shakers/article3663197.ece | title=Business big shot: Harry Potter author JK Rowling | accessdate=14 July 2009 | location=London | newspaper=The Times | first=Susan | last=Thompson | date=2 April 2008 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The series taks in monie genres, amang them [[Fantasy|fantasy]], [[drama]], comin o age an the Breetish schuil story (wi elements o mystery, thriller, adventure, horror an romance). The warld o ''Harry Potter'' explores a wheen o themes an cairies monie cultural meanins an references.<ref name="meanings">Sources that refer to the many genres, cultural meanings and references of the series include: * {{cite web|last=Fry|first=Stephen|authorlink=Stephen Fry|url=http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/1205-bbc-fry.html|title=Living with Harry Potter|publisher=BBC Radio 4|date=10 December 2005|accessdate=10 December 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602092002/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/1205-bbc-fry.html|archivedate=2 June 2009| url-status=dead }} * {{cite news|title=Why J.K. Rowling waited to read ''Harry Potter'' to her daughter|work=Entertainment Weekly|last=Jensen|first=Jeff|authorlink=Jeff Jensen|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2000/09/07/why-jk-rowling-waited-read-harry-potter-her-daughter|accessdate=19 August 2015|date=7 September 2000}} * {{cite web|title=The Last Chapter|author=Nancy Carpentier Brown|publisher=Our Sunday Visitor|year=2007|url=http://www.osv.com/Portals/0/images/pdf/TheLastChapter.pdf|accessdate=28 April 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013134200/http://www.osv.com/Portals/0/images/pdf/TheLastChapter.pdf|archivedate=13 October 2007 | url-status=dead }} * {{cite web|author=J. K. Rowling |title=J. K. Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival |url=http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=80 |accessdate=10 October 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820213620/http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=80 |archivedate=20 August 2006 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Accordin tae Rowling, the main theme is daith.<ref name="Geordie Greig">{{cite news |author=Greig |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/10/nrowl110.xml |title='There would be so much to tell her...' |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=4 April 2007 |date=11 January 2006 |location=London |first=Geordie |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311032026/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2006%2F01%2F10%2Fnrowl110.xml |archivedate=2007-03-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ither main themes in the series are prejudice, corruption an madness.<ref name=QuickQuoteQuill>{{cite news|url=http://www.quick-quote-quill.org/articles/2003/0302-newsround-mzimba.htm|publisher= Quick Quotes Quill| title=Interview with Steve Kloves and J.K. Rowling|author=Lizo Mzimba|date=28 July 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509001737/http://quick-quote-quill.org/articles/2003/0302-newsround-mzimba.htmaccess |archivedate=9 May 2015 }}</ref> Wi the success o the beuks an films, the ''Harry Potter'' franchise haes kept growin, wi monie warks drawn frae it. Amang them are a traivellin exhibition that stairtit in Chicago in 2009, a studio tour in Lunnon that stairtit in 2012, a digital platform whaur J.K. Rowling addit new information an insicht tae the series, an a series o spin-off films that stairtit in November 2016. Themed attractions, kent thegither as ''[[The Wizarding World of Harry Potter]]'', hae been biggit at a wheen o Universal Parks & Resorts amusement pairks aroond the warld. == Gallery == <gallery> File:Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Book Cover.jpg|Cover airt for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone File:Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.jpg|Cover airt for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets File:Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.jpg|Cover airt for Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban File:Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.jpg|Cover airt for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire File:Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.jpg|Cover airt for Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix File:Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince.jpg|Cover airt for Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince File:Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.jpg|Cover airt for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows </gallery> == References == <references/> {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1997 introductions]] [[Category:BILBY Awaird-winnin wirks]] [[Category:Comin-o-age feection]] [[Category:Curses in feection]] [[Category:Fantasy beuks]] [[Category:Schuils in feection]] [[Category:Family in feection]] [[Category:Witchcraft in written feection]] [[Category:Breetish novelles adaptit intae films]] {{Stub/Beuk}} {{Stub/Ingland}} ov344tgfukq0holk9c65dg7pn98qtg8 0 2049 927423 927257 2026-11-09T19:40:04Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 3 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 927423 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Math.jpg|right|200px|thumb|A mathematical equation written <!-- Leiterally! :P --> intae the saund on a strand]] '''Mathematics''' is a field o knawledge that deals wi abstract concepts sic as nummers, geometric shapes, sets, functions an probabilities. It uises logical raisonin an proof tae study an establish thair properties, that are aften set oot as theorems, formulas an equations. Mathematics is uised wide tae model an solve problems in [[science]], [[ingineerin]], technology, [[economics]] an ilkaday life. There are monie fields o mathematics, includin [[nummer theory]] (the study o integers an thair properties), [[algebra]] (the study o operations an the structurs thay form), [[geometry]] (the study o shapes an the spaces that haud them), [[Mathematical analysis|analysis]] (the quantitative study o approximation an convergence) an [[set theory]] (uised the nou as a foond for aw o mathematics). Mathematics deals wi the description an handlin o abstract objects that are aither abstractions frae naitur or purely abstract things that are laid doun tae hae certain properties, cried ''axioms''. Mathematics uises pure raison tae pruive the properties o objects throu ''[[mathematical proof|proofs]]'', that are a string o deductive rules applied tae results awready established. Thir results, cried ''theorems'', include theorems pruiven afore, axioms, an, whaur the abstraction is frae naitur, some basic properties that are taen as true stairtin pynts for the theory.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hipólito |first=Inês Viegas |editor1-last=Kanzian |editor1-first=Christian |editor2-last=Mitterer |editor2-first=Josef |editor2-link=Josef Mitterer |editor3-last=Neges |editor3-first=Katharina |date=August 9–15, 2015 |chapter=Abstract Cognition and the Nature of Mathematical Proof |pages=132–134 |title=Realismus – Relativismus – Konstruktivismus: Beiträge des 38. Internationalen Wittgenstein Symposiums |trans-title=Realism – Relativism – Constructivism: Contributions of the 38th International Wittgenstein Symposium |volume=23 |language=de, en |publisher=Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society |location=Kirchberg am Wechsel, Austria |issn=1022-3398 |oclc=236026294 |url=https://www.alws.at/alws/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/papers-2015.pdf#page=133 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107221937/https://www.alws.at/alws/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/papers-2015.pdf#page=133 |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |access-date=January 17, 2024}}</ref> Mathematics is an indispensable tuil in the [[naitural science]]s, [[ingineerin]] an [[economics]], an it is uised in ilka field o knawledge an in ilkaday life, whaurever data is handled, shapes, patterns an structurs are studied, or logical raisonin is needit.<ref name=wigner1960>{{cite journal | title=The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences | last=Wigner | first=Eugene | author-link=Eugene Wigner | journal=Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics | volume=13 | issue=1 | pages=1–14 | year=1960 | doi=10.1002/cpa.3160130102 | bibcode=1960CPAM...13....1W | s2cid=6112252 | url=https://math.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228152633/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html | archive-date=February 28, 2011 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> == History == The first written records o mathematics come frae Auncient [[Egyp]] an Mesopotamie, but the idea o proof, an the rigour that gangs wi it, stairtit in auncient Greek mathematics, as seen in [[Euclid]]'s ''Elements''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wise |first=David |url=http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMT668/EMAT6680.F99/Wise/essay7/essay7.htm |title=Eudoxus' Influence on Euclid's Elements with a close look at The Method of Exhaustion|website=The University of Georgia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601004355/http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/emt668/EMAT6680.F99/Wise/essay7/essay7.htm |archive-date=June 1, 2019 |access-date=January 18, 2024}}</ref> Mathematics wis maistly split intae [[geometry]] an [[arithmetic]] till the 16t an 17t centuries, whan algebra an infinitesimal [[calculus]] grew intae new fields. Syne then, new ideas in mathematics an new scientific discoveries hae driven ilk ither on.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Alexander |first=Amir |author-link=Amir Alexander |date=September 2011 |title=The Skeleton in the Closet: Should Historians of Science Care about the History of Mathematics? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_isis_2011-09_102_3/page/475 |journal=Isis |volume=102 |number=3 |pages=475–480 |doi=10.1086/661620 |mr=2884913 |pmid=22073771 }}</ref> At the end o the 19t century, the foondational crisis o mathematics led tae the systematic uiss o the axiomatic method,<ref name=Kleiner_1991>{{cite journal |last=Kleiner |first=Israel |author-link=Israel Kleiner (mathematician) |date=December 1991 |title=Rigor and Proof in Mathematics: A Historical Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mathematics-magazine_1991-12_64_5/page/291 |journal=Mathematics Magazine |publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd. |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=291–314 |doi=10.1080/0025570X.1991.11977625 |jstor=2690647 |issn=0025-570X |eissn=1930-0980 |lccn=47003192 |mr=1141557 |oclc=1756877 }}</ref> that brocht a muckle rise in the nummer o mathematical fields an the weys thay coud be applied. The modren Mathematics Subject Classification lists mair nor 60 first-level fields o mathematics.<ref name=MSC>{{cite web |url=https://zbmath.org/static/msc2020.pdf |title=MSC2020-Mathematics Subject Classification System |website=zbMath |publisher=Associate Editors of Mathematical Reviews and zbMATH |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102023805/https://zbmath.org/static/msc2020.pdf |archive-date=January 2, 2024 |access-date=November 13, 2025}}</ref> == Etymology == The wird ''mathematics'' comes frae the [[Auncient Greek]] wird ''máthēma'' (μάθημα), meanin "something lairnt, knawledge, mathematics", an the expression ''mathēmatikḗ tékhnē'' (μαθηματικὴ τέχνη), meanin "mathematical science". In the auld days, ane o the twa main schuils o thocht amang the Pythagoreans wis kent as the ''mathēmatikoi'' (μαθηματικοί), that meant "lairners" at the time, raither nor "mathematicians" in the modren sense. It is thocht that the Pythagoreans war the first tae haud the wird tae the study o [[arithmetic]] an [[geometry]] alane. Bi the time o [[Aristotle]] (384–322&nbsp;BC), this meanin wis weel established.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Perisho |first=Margaret W. |date=Spring 1965 |title=The Etymology of Mathematical Terms |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pi-mu-epsilon-journal_spring-1965_4_2/page/62 |journal=Pi Mu Epsilon Journal |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=62–66 |issn=0031-952X |jstor=24338341 |lccn=58015848 |oclc=1762376}}</ref> In Laitin an Inglis, till aboot 1700, the term ''mathematics'' maistly meant "astrology" (or whiles "astronomy") raither nor "mathematics"; the meanin chynged bit bi bit tae the present ane atween aboot 1500 an 1800. This chynge haes led tae some wrang translations: for ensaumple, [[Augustinus|Saunt Augustine]]'s warnin that Christians shoud bewaur o ''mathematici'', meanin "astrologers", is whiles mistranslatit as a condemnation o mathematicians.<ref name="Boas">{{cite book |last=Boas |first=Ralph P. |author-link=Ralph P. Boas Jr. |editor-last1=Alexanderson |editor-first1=Gerald L. |editor-last2=Mugler |editor-first2=Dale H. |year=1995 |chapter=What Augustine Didn't Say About Mathematicians |page=257 |title=Lion Hunting and Other Mathematical Pursuits: A Collection of Mathematics, Verse, and Stories |publisher=Mathematical Association of America |isbn=978-0-88385-323-8 |lccn=94078313 |oclc=633018890}}</ref> == See an aw == {{div col|rules=yes}} * [[American Mathematical Society]] * [[Applee'd mathematics]] * [[Mathematical analysis]] ** [[Complex analysis]] ** [[Matrix analysis]] ** [[Numerical analysis]] * [[Mathematician]] * [[MathWorks]] * [[Mathematics Genealogy Project]] * {{lang|en|[[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics|Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics]]}} * [[Wolfram Mathematica]] {{div col end}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Mathematics|*]] 8r8p05ckd7b5w642p0v5zolukz5ft4m 0 2132 927551 927162 2026-11-10T00:19:57Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin an grammar fixes, lang sentences split, format fixes 927551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Alexander Graham Bell | image = Alexander Graham Bell.jpg | caption = Portrait photie taen atween 1914 an 1919 | birth_date = 3 Mairch 1847 | birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland | death_date = {{death date and age|1922|8|2|1847|3|3|mf=y}} | death_place = [[Beinn Bhreagh]], [[Nova Scotia]], Canadae | death_cause = Complications frae [[diabetes]]{{thinsp}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Gray |first=Charlotte |title=Reluctant Genius: The Passionate Life and Inventive Mind of Alexander Graham Bell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujlCgf1uSJIC&pg=PA151 |year=2006 |publisher=Arcade |location=New York |p=419 |isbn=1-55970-809-3 |ref=harv}}</ref> | occupation = {{hlist |Inventor |Scientist}} {{hlist |Ingineer |Professor{{thinsp}}{{sup|a}}}} {{nowrap|Teacher o the deaf{{thinsp}}}} | residence = {{ublist|class=nowrap|Unitit Kinrick |Canadae |Unitit States}} | citizenship = {{Unbulleted list |class=nowrap | {{smaller|birth–1882}}{{nbsp|3}} Breetish{{refn|Bell an his parents immigratit tae Canadae in 1870, but Canadian ceetizenship didnae exist formally till 1910; aa immigrants frae the UK remeened "Breetish subjects". Canadae wis Bell's domicile frae 1870 til 1871 an, awtho sent bi his faither fur tae teach in Boston, Massachusetts, an mibbes ayont. He becam a U.S. ceetizen in 1882. |group="N"}} | {{smaller|1882–death}}&nbsp; American }} | alma_mater = {{ublist|class=nowrap |[[Varsity o Edinburgh]] |[[University College London]]}} | known_for = {{nowrap|[[Invention o the telephone]]{{thinsp}}}} | awards = {{ublist|class=nowrap |{{smaller|1902}}&nbsp; [[Albert Medal (Ryal Society o Airts)|Albert Medal]] |{{smaller|1907}}&nbsp; John Fritz Medal |{{smaller|1912}}&nbsp; Elliott Cresson Medal}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Mabel Hubbard]]|()=smaller|1877|1922}} | parents = {{ublist|class=nowrap |[[Alexander Melville Bell]] |Eliza Grace Symonds Bell}} | signature = Alexander Graham Bell (signature).svg | children = fower{{thinsp}}{{sup|b}} | relatives = {{Unbulleted list |class=nowrap | Gardiner G. Hubbard {{small|(father-in-law)}} | David C. Bell {{small|(uncle)}} | Gilbert H. Grosvenor {{small|(son-in-law)}} | David Fairchild {{small|(son-in-law)}} | Melville Bell Grosvenor {{small|(grandson)}} | Mabel Grosvenor {{small|(granddaughter)}} | A. Graham Bell Fairchild {{small|(grandson)}} | Gilbert Grosvenor {{small|(great-grandson)}} | Edwin Grosvenor {{small|(great-grandson)}} | Chichester Bell {{small|(cousin)}} }} | module = {{Listen |pos=center |embed=yes |filename=Alexander Graham Bell's Voice.ogg |title={{big|Bell's vyce}}{{thinsp}}<ref name="voice">{{cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/we-had-no-idea-what-alexander-graham-bell-sounded-like-until-now-37585123/?c=y&page=1 |title=We Had No Idea What Alexander Graham Bell Sounded Like. Until Now |work=Smithsonian |accessdate=February 13, 2014}}</ref> |type=speech |description=Re-identified in 2013, Bell made this wax-disc recording of his voice in 1885.}} | footnotes = {{ublist |{{sup|a}} Boston Varsity |{{sup|b}} Twa deed suin efter birth.}} }} '''Alexander Graham Bell''' (3 Mairch 1847 – 2 August 1922)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-07|title=Bell Homestead|url=https://www.brantford.ca/en/things-to-do/bell-homestead.aspx|access-date=2024-06-24|website=www.brantford.ca|language=en}}</ref> wis a Scots-born scientist an inventor that lived in [[Canadae]] an later in the [[Unitit States]]. He foondit [[Bell Canada]] an the {{lang|en|American Telephone and Telegraph Company}} ([[AT&T]]),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Transistorized: AT&T {{!}} PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/transistor/background1/corgs/att.html|access-date=2024-06-24|website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> an he wis kent as the "faither o the [[telephone]]".<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11375/ |title = Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory Notebook, 1875-1876 |website = World Digital Library |date = 1875-1876 |accessdate = 2013-07-24 |archive-date = 2015-02-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150203003124/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11375/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> As weel as his wark in [[telecommunications]], he wis responsible for several important advances in [[aviation]] an [[hydrofoil]] technology, an in [[genetics]].<ref name=":4" /> Baith his mither an his wife war profoondly deif, an the men o his faimily wirked on [[Speak|speech]] an elocution. This micht hae influenced Bell's ain research,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Bruce|first=Robert V.|title=Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the conquest of solitude|url=https://archive.org/details/bellalexandergra0000bruc_k0w1|date=1990|publisher=Cornell Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-8014-9691-2|edition=[Nachdr. der Ausg.] Boston, Little, Brown, 1973|location=Ithaca|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bellalexandergra0000bruc_k0w1/page/419 419], 37, 491, 388}}</ref> that led tae him gettin the first US patent for the telephone, on 7 Mairch 1876.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Alexander Graham Bell: an inventive life|date=1999|publisher=Kids Can Press|isbn=978-1-55074-456-9|editor-last=MacLeod|editor-first=Elizabeth|location=Toronto|pages=19, 12-13}}</ref> But he wadna hae a telephone in his ain study, acause it wad interrupt his ither research.<ref name=":0" /> He wis interestit in [[heredity]] an aw, an his wark on it wis cried "the soondest, an maist uissfae study o human heredity proponed in nineteenth-century America... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."<ref name=":1" /> He wis the second preses (1898–1903) o the [[National Geographic Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-02|title=NGS Celebrates 23rd Founders Day {{!}} National Geographic (blogs)|url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2011/05/26/ngs-celebrates-23rd-founders-day/|access-date=2024-06-24|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2016-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202163557/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2011/05/26/ngs-celebrates-23rd-founders-day/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> == Early life an faimily == He wis born Alexander Bell in [[Edinburgh]] on 3 Mairch 1847. His faither wis Alexander Melville Bell, a phonetician that developed a system o visible speech, an his mither wis Eliza Grace Bell (''née'' Symonds);<ref>{{Cite news|date=1905-08-08|title=ALEXANDER M. BELL DEAD.; Father of Prof. A.G. Bell Developed Sign Language for Mutes.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1905/08/08/archives/alexander-m-bell-dead-father-of-prof-ag-bell-developed-sign.html|access-date=2024-06-24|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> the faimily bade in Charlotte Street. He askit his faither tae gie him a middle nem lik his twa brithers, an sae he wis named efter Alexander Graham, a lodger that his faither wis treatin. Frae the age o eleiven he wis kent as Alexander Graham Bell.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-02-24|title=Alexander Graham Bell: Call Me Alexander Graham Bell|url=http://learn.fi.edu/learn/case-files/bell/agb.html|access-date=2024-06-24|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224032704/http://learn.fi.edu/learn/case-files/bell/agb.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> His twa brithers, Melville James Bell (1845–1870) an Edward Charles Bell (1848–1867), baith deed o tuberculosis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About this Collection {{!}} Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers at the Library of Congress {{!}} Digital Collections {{!}} Library of Congress|url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-graham-bell-papers/about-this-collection/|access-date=2024-06-24|website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> His mither wis deif frae when Bell wis twal, an he becam interestit in hou tae communicate wi her, an in acoustics.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mackay|first=James|title=Sounds out of silence: a life of Alexander Graham Bell|url=https://archive.org/details/soundsoutofsilen0000mack|date=1997|publisher=Mainstream Publ|isbn=978-1-85158-833-6|location=Edinburgh|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soundsoutofsilen0000mack/page/25 25]}}</ref> Bell wis musical an inventive as a bairn, an his parents encouraged him. His faither taucht him the Visible Speech method, an Bell coud pronoonce wirds in monie leids, sic as [[Laitin]], [[Scots Gaelic]] an [[Sanskrit]], athoot kennin hou thay war said.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Petrie|first=A. Roy|title=Alexander Graham Bell|date=1983|publisher=Fitzhenry & Whiteside|isbn=978-0-88902-209-6|series=The Canadians|location=Don Mills, Ont|pages=7-9}}</ref> He then bade wi his grandfaither in Lunnon for a year, afore he gaed tae be a pupil-teacher o elocution an music at Weston House Academy in [[Elgin, Moray]], whaur he studied Laitin an Greek himsel. Efter that he gaed tae the [[Varsity o Edinburgh]], gaed back tae Elgin, an then taucht in Bath, [[Somerset]]. He wis ill himsel at times, but his younger brither Edward never recovered an deed o tuberculosis in 1867, an his elder brither Melville deed in 1870 an aw. Monie years afore, his faither haed got better in [[Newfoundland an Labrador|Newfoondland]]. Sae, wi Bell ill an aw (he wis due tae stairt studyin at the [[Varsity o Lunnon]], an haed whiles taucht deif bairns in Lunnon wi his faither), the hale faimily flittit tae Canadae.<ref name=":1" /> Efter he haed foondit the Bell Telephone Company, he mairit Mabel Hubbard on 11 Julie 1877. Thay haed fower bairns: twa that deed as infants, an twa dochters, Elsie Mabel Bell an Marion Hubbard Bell.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Grosvenor|first=Edwin S.|url=http://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb00gros|title=Alexander Graham Bell : the life and times of the man who invented the telephone|last2=Wesson|first2=Morgan|date=1997|publisher=New York : Harry Abrams|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-8109-4005-5|pages=104}}</ref> == Research an teachin == Bell's faither encouraged him an his brither Melville, that wirked wi him, tae dae aa kinds o experiments on soond an acoustics. Thay makkit a model o the [[thrapple]] (larynx) an skull, an uised bellaes tae mak it spik.<ref name=":2" /> In anither project he got a dug, a [[Skye Tarrie]] cried ''Trouve'', tae mak "human" soonds bi pressin on its thrapple an movin its lips wi his haunds.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Groundwater|first=Jennifer|title=Alexander Graham Bell: the spirit of invention; biography|url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb0000grou|date=2005|publisher=Altitude Pub. Canada|isbn=978-1-55439-006-9|series=Amazing stories|location=Canmore, Alta|pages=[https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb0000grou/page/30 30], 39}}</ref> In Canadae an then in [[Boston]], Bell wirked wi deif fowk alang wi his faither, an as a teacher in his ain schuil. Ane o his private pupils wis [[Helen Keller]], that wis blind an deif an coudna spik; Bell taucht her wi his faither's method. Monie years efter, she wis askit tae cut the sod for Bell's ain institute, the Volta Bureau, for "the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-28|title=Alexander Graham Bell {{!}} Biography, Education, Telephone, Inventions, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-Graham-Bell|access-date=2024-06-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In 1872 Bell becam professor o {{lang|en|Vocal Physiology and Elocution}} at the {{lang|en|Boston University School of Oratory}}. He taucht private pupils an held on experimentin wi transmittin soond an muisic, but he took ill again.<ref name=":3" /> == The telephone == Bell experimentit wi transmittin soond in different weys, includin a phonautograph, an uisin electric currents tae send the soonds.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Always inventing: a photobiography of Alexander Graham Bell|url=https://archive.org/details/alwaysinventingp0000matt|date=1999|publisher=National Geographic Society|isbn=978-0-7922-7391-2|editor-last=Matthews|editor-first=Tom L.|location=Washington, DC|pages=19-21}}</ref> In the 1870s the telegraph wis spreidin across Americae an Canadae. Bell telt twa walthy investors aboot his invention for sendin several tones on a telegraph line, an that stairtit the investment ahint his invention o the telephone in 1875 (an the patent tae protect it).<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Evenson|first=A. Edward|title=The telephone patent conspiracy of 1876: the Elisha Gray-Alexander Bell controversy and its many players|date=2000|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-0883-2|location=Jefferson, NC|pages=99}}</ref> Elisha Gray wis testin anither design an applyin for a patent at awmaist the same time, sae Gray challenged Bell's application.<ref name=":5" /> But the telephone patent, no. 174,465, wis issued tae Bell on 7 Mairch 1876 bi the US Patent Office. It protected "the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically ... by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound."<ref name=":0" /> Three days efter, on 10 Mairch 1876, Bell transmittit soond bi varyin electrical currents, but he developed a better model wi [[Electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic]] methods. He held on improvin it, an in August 1876 he sent soond (ae wey) fower mile frae his hame, an then aicht mile tae Paris, Ontario.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alexander Graham Bell and the Invention of the Telephone|url=https://www.telecommunications.ca/alexander-graham-bell-invention-telephone.htm|access-date=2024-06-24|website=www.telecommunications.ca}}</ref> His next step wis twa-wey conversation, an that cam aboot on 9 October 1876, atween [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] an Boston.<ref>{{Cite web|title=First Phone Call|url=https://historycambridge.org/innovation/First%20Phone%20Call.html|access-date=2024-06-24|website=historycambridge.org}}</ref> The follaein year the Bell Telephone Company wis set up, an within a decade aboot 150,000 fowk in the Unitit States awned a telephone. Within twa mair year Bell's demonstrations o the telephone haed gane naitionwide, an then internaitional efter a caw wi [[Queen Victoria]] on the [[Isle o Wight]] tae Southampton an Lunnon. Bell offered her a set o telephones for her ain uise.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ross|first=Stewart|title=Alexander Graham Bell|url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb00ross|date=2001|publisher=Raintree Steck-Vaughn|isbn=978-0-7398-4415-1|series=Scientists who made history|location=Austin, TX|pages=[https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb00ross/page/21 21]-22}}</ref> == Ither projects == === Photophone === Bell an his assistant, Charles Sumner Tainter, developed a photophone that sent soond an the human vyce ower a beam o licht. When it wis testit ower a distance o 700 feet on 21 Juin 1880, that wis aboot 19 year afore the first vyce radio transmission.<ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2002-02-19|title=First Radio Built by San Diego Resident|url=http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/ar304.html|access-date=2024-06-25|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2002-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020219111153/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/ar304.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Bell himsel thocht this wis his greatest invention.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alexander Graham Bell|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/alexander-graham-bell|access-date=2024-06-25|website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca|language=en}}</ref> === Metal detector === Bell developed a kind o metal detector tae help find whaur the bullet haed gane when Preses [[James A. Garfield]] wis shot in 1881.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Grosvenor|first=Edwin S.|title=Alexander Graham Bell: the life and times of the man who invented the telephone|url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb0000gros|last2=Wesson|first2=Morgan|date=1997|publisher=Abrams|isbn=978-0-8109-4005-5|editor-last=AvRutick|editor-first=Sharon|location=New York, NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb0000gros/page/106 107]}}</ref> Bell wrate an article aboot his invention an the search, published bi the American Association for the Advancement of Science.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bell|first=Alexander Graham|date=1883-01-01|title=Upon the electrical experiments to determine the location of the bullet in the body of the late President Garfield; and upon a successful form of induction balance for the painless detection of metallic masses in the human body|url=https://ajsonline.org/article/64003|journal=American Journal of Science|language=en|volume=s3-25|issue=145|pages=22–61|doi=10.2475/ajs.s3-25.145.22}}</ref> === Hydrofoil an aeronautics === Efter seein an ridin in the Forlanini hydrofoil on Lake Maggiore, Italy, in 1910–11, Bell an Frederick W. Baldwin improved the design. Thay then wirked wi the boatbigger Walter Pinaud (afore an efter the First Warld War), wi engines frae the US Navy, tae mak a hydrofoil. On 19 September 1919 it set the warld watter speed record o 70.86 mile an oor (114.04 kilometres an oor). Thay held it for ten year.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Boileau|first=John|title=Fastest in the world: the saga of Canada's revolutionary hydrofoils|date=2005|publisher=Formac Publ|isbn=978-0-88780-621-6|location=Halifax, NS|pages=30}}</ref> Bell wis ahint the Aerial Experiment Association, that testit an flew "heavier than air" machines, wi money frae his wife Mabel. Its wark includit testin brent-new ideas sic as an enclosed cockpit an a kind o aileron for steerin. On 23 Februar 1909 he wis there when the AEA's ''Silver Dart'' makkit the first flicht in Canadae.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Phillips|first=Alan|title=Into the 20th century: 1900/1910|url=https://archive.org/details/into20thcentury10000unse|date=1977|publisher=Natural Science of Canada Ltd|isbn=978-0-919644-22-9|series=Canada's illustrated heritage|location=Toronto|pages=[https://archive.org/details/into20thcentury10000unse/page/95 95] -97}}</ref> === Heredity an genetics === Oot o their interest in deif fowk an in genetics ower monie years, Bell an his wife Mabel experimentit wi breedin sheep, tae develop anes wi mair teats for feedin their lambs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Greenwald|first=Brian H.|date=2009|title=The Real “Toll” of A. G. Bell: Lessons about Eugenics|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26190555|journal=Sign Language Studies|volume=9|issue=3|pages=258–265|issn=0302-1475}}</ref> Acause o this an his ither studies in [[eugenics]], in 1921 Bell becam the honorary preses o the Second International Congress of Eugenics in New York. There he wis cried "a pioneering investigator in the field of human heredity".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Allen|first=Garland E.|date=January 1986|title=The Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, 1910-1940: An Essay in Institutional History|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/368657|journal=Osiris|language=en|volume=2|pages=225–264|doi=10.1086/368657|issn=0369-7827}}</ref> == Death == Bell deed o complications frae diabetes on 2 August 1922.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gray|first=Charlotte|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm62118266|title=Reluctant genius: Alexander Graham Bell and the passion for invention|date=2006|publisher=Arcade Pub. : Distributed by Hachette Book Group USA|isbn=978-1-55970-809-8|edition=1st U.S. ed|location=New York|pages=419|oclc=ocm62118266}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=N}} == References == <references/> {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bell, Alexander Graham}} [[Category:1847 births]] [[Category:1922 daiths]] [[Category:19t-century Scots fowk]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Alumni o University College London]] [[Category:American agnostics]] [[Category:American businessfowk]] [[Category:American inventors]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American physicists]] [[Category:American Unitarians]] [[Category:Aviation]] [[Category:Canadian emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Canadian inventors]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:Canadian physicists]] [[Category:Fellaes o the American Academy o Airts an Sciences]] [[Category:History o telecommunications]] [[Category:IEEE Edison Medal recipients]] [[Category:Officiers o the Légion d'honneur]] [[Category:Fowk frae Brantford]] [[Category:Fowk frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at the Royal High School, Edinburgh]] [[Category:Fowk frae Boston]] [[Category:Fowk frae Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Scots businessfowk]] [[Category:Scots emigrants tae Canadae]] [[Category:Scots emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Scots inventors]] [[Category:Members o the Unitit States Naitional Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Members o the American Filosofical Society]] [[Category:19t century ingineers]] 083bcp6pot0n81bbtk4k7gs374bhuc2 0 2155 927396 925734 2026-11-09T16:49:48Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; new infobox, fuller lead, an sections on his early life, career an research, personal life an legacy, owerset frae EN 927396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Ernest Rutherford | image = Sir Ernest Rutherford LCCN2014716719 - restoration1.jpg | caption = Rutherford in the 1920s | birth_date = {{Birth date|1871|08|30|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Brightwater|Spring Grove]], Colony o New Zealand | death_date = {{Death date and age|1937|10|19|1871|08|30|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Cambrig]], [[Ingland]] | resting_place = [[Wastmeenster Aibey]] | fields = [[Physicist|Physics]], [[Chemistrie]] | workplaces = McGill University<br />Victoria University o Manchester<br />[[University o Cambrig]] | alma_mater = University o New Zealand<br />[[University o Cambrig]] | academic_advisors = [[J. J. Thomson]]<ref name="aps"> {{Cite web|url=https://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/rutherfordsoddy.cfm |title=Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041955/https://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/rutherfordsoddy.cfm |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | doctoral_students = [[John Cockcroft]]<br />[[Ernest Walton]] | notable_students = [[Patrick Blackett]]<br />[[Otto Hahn]]<ref name=PhysicsTree>{{Cite web|title=Physics Tree - Ernest Rutherford|url=https://academictree.org/physics/peopleinfo.php?pid=13140|website=academictree.org|access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref> | known_for = Discovery o the [[atomic nucleus]]<br />Discovery o the [[proton]]<br />Discovery o [[radon]]<br />Theory o the neutron | awards = [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (1908)<br />Copley Medal (1922) | spouse = Mary Georgina Newton (m. 1900) | children = 1 | signature = Ernest-Rutherford-signature.svg }} '''Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford o Nelson''' (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937<ref>{{cite news | title=LORD RUTHERFORD, PHYSICIST, IS DEAD; British Nobel Winner, 66, Famous As Atom-Smasher, Dies After Operation | date=20 October 1937 | last=Laurence | first=William | work=[[The New York Times]]| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/10/20/archives/lord-rutherford-physicist-is-dead-british-nobel-prize-winner-66.html}}</ref>) wis a New Zealand [[physicist]] an [[chemist]] that did pioneerin research in baith atomic an [[nuclear physics]]. He haes been cried "the faither o nuclear physics"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "the father of nuclear physics".</ref><ref name=Father/> an "the greatest experimentalist syne [[Michael Faraday]]".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "the greatest experimentalist since Michael Faraday".</ref><ref name="eb">{{cite web |last1=Badash |first1=Lawrence |title=Ernest Rutherford {{!}} Accomplishments, Atomic Theory, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Rutherford |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=23 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926002932/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Rutherford |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1908 he wis awairdit the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] "for his investigations intae the disintegration o the elements, an the chemistry o radioactive substances".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances".</ref><ref name="Nobel Prize">{{Cite web|title=Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1908/summary/|url-status=live|publisher=NobelPrize.org|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081024050904/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/index.html|archive-date=24 October 2008|access-date=6 October 2008}}</ref> Amang Rutherford's discoveries is the idea o radioactive half-life, the radioactive element [[radon]], an the tellin apairt an namin o alpha an beta radiation. Him an Thomas Royds are creditit wi pruivin that alpha radiation is makkit o [[helium]] nuclei.<ref name=rutherford.org.nz>{{cite web|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Rutherford – A Brief Biography|url=http://www.rutherford.org.nz/biography.htm|website=Rutherford.org.nz|access-date=4 March 2013|archive-date=12 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512125601/https://www.rutherford.org.nz/biography.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/14786440808636511| title = Spectrum of the radium emanation| journal = Philosophical Magazine| series = Series 6| volume = 16| issue = 92| pages = 313| year = 1908| last1 = Rutherford| first1 = E.| last2 = Royds| first2 = T.| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1430840| access-date = 28 June 2019| archive-date = 23 December 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191223010722/https://zenodo.org/record/1430840| url-status = live}}</ref> In 1911 he pit forrit the theory that [[atom]]s hae their [[Electric chairge|chairge]] gaithert in a very smaw [[Atomic nucleus|nucleus]].<ref>{{cite book |title = Theoretical concepts in physics: an alternative view of theoretical reasoning in physics |last = Longair |first = M. S. |publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 2003 |isbn = 978-0-521-52878-8 |pages = 377–378 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bA9Lp2GH6OEC&pg=PA377 |access-date = 11 May 2020 |archive-date = 30 October 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231030224745/https://books.google.com/books?id=bA9Lp2GH6OEC&pg=PA377#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status = live }}</ref> He cam tae this theory throu his discovery an readin o Rutherford scatterin in the gowd foil experiment that [[Hans Geiger]] an Ernest Marsden cairied oot. In 1912 he askit [[Niels Bohr]] tae jine his laboratory, an that led tae the [[Bohr model]] o the atom. In 1917 he cairied oot the first nuclear reaction makkit bi airt, in experiments whaur nitrogen nuclei wis bombardit wi alpha particles. Thir experiments led him tae fin a subatomic particle gien aff that he cried the "hydrogen atom" at first, but later, mair exactly, renamed the [[proton]].<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1080/14786440608635919|title = Collision of α particles with light atoms. IV. An anomalous effect in nitrogen|journal = The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|series = Series 6|volume = 37|issue = 222|pages = 581–587|year = 1919|last1 = Rutherford|first1 = E.|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1430800|access-date = 2 November 2019|archive-date = 2 November 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191102172157/https://zenodo.org/record/1430800|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1098/rspa.1920.0040|title = Bakerian Lecture. Nuclear Constitution of Atoms|journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|volume = 97|issue = 686|pages = 374–400|year = 1920|last1 = Rutherford|first1 = E.|bibcode = 1920RSPSA..97..374R|doi-access = free}}</ref> He is creditit an aw wi wirkin oot the [[Atomic nummer|atomic nummerin]] seestem alang wi Henry Moseley. Amang his ither achievements, he brocht on the fields o [[radio]] communication an ultrasound technology. Rutherford becam Director o the Cavendish Laboratory at the [[University o Cambrig]] in 1919. Unner his leadership, the neutron wis fund bi [[James Chadwick]] in 1932. The same year, [[John Cockcroft]] an [[Ernest Walton]], wirkin unner his direction, cairied oot the first controlled experiment tae split the nucleus. For his advances in science, Rutherford wis makkit a baron o the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. Efter he dee'd in 1937, he wis buried in [[Wastmeenster Aibey]] near [[Charles Darwin]] an [[Isaac Newton]]. The chemical element [[rutherfordium]] (₁₀₄Rf) wis named efter him in 1997. In 1999 he wis named the tent greatest physicist o aw time.<ref>{{cite news| title=Physics: past, present, future| work=Physics World| date=6 December 1999| url=https://physicsworld.com/a/physics-past-present-future/}}</ref> Syne 1999 his portrait haes been on New Zealand's hunner-dollar note.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2024 |title=$100 banknote |url=https://www.rbnz.govt.nz/money-and-cash/banknotes-and-coins/banknotes-in-circulation/100-banknote |access-date=8 May 2026 |website=Reserve Bank of New Zealand}}</ref> == Early life an education == Ernest Rutherford wis born on 30 August 1871 in Spring Grove (nou [[Brightwater]]), Nelson Province, [[New Zealand]]. He wis the fowert o twal bairns o Martha (born Thompson) an James Rutherford. His faither wis a mechanic frae [[Perth]], [[Scotland]], an his mither wis a teacher frae Hornchurch, [[Ingland]];<ref name=McLintock>{{cite encyclopedia|author=A.H. McLintock|encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand|title=Rutherford, Sir Ernest (Baron Rutherford of Nelson, O.M., F.R.S.)|edition=1966|date=18 September 2007|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/rutherford-sir-ernest/1|publisher=Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|isbn=978-0-478-18451-8|access-date=2 April 2008|archive-date=3 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203225115/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/rutherford-sir-ernest/1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vNW1wg9npgC&pg=PA12|page=12|author=J.L. Heilbron|title=Ernest Rutherford And the Explosion of Atoms|date=12 June 2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-512378-6|access-date=22 February 2016|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829161018/https://books.google.com/books?id=_vNW1wg9npgC&pg=PA12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> they cam tae New Zealand in 1842 an 1855.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/> His birth certificate wis written wrang as 'Earnest'. His faimily cried him Ern.<ref name=McLintock/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Campbell|first=John|date=January 2002|title=Rutherford, Ernest|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3r37/rutherford-ernest|url-status=live|website=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography}}</ref> When he wis 5, Rutherford flittit tae Foxhill, Tasman, an gaed tae Foxhill School. In 1883, when he wis 11, the faimily flittit tae Havelock in the Marlborough Sounds, whaur Ernest gaed tae Havelock School.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 1886 |title=Local and General News. |volume=22 |page=2 |work=Marlborough Express |issue=186 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18861007.2.8? |access-date=1 October 2023 |via=Papers Past |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808010845/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18861007.2.8 |url-status=live }}</ref> They flittit tae be nearer the lint mill that his faither ran.<ref name=":0" /> In 1887, at his second try, he wan a scholarship tae study at Nelson College.<ref name=":0" /> At his first try he got the heichest mark o onybody frae Nelson.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Marlborough Express. Published Every Evening. Monday, December 28, 1885. Local and General News. |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18851228.2.5 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808010547/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18851228.2.5 |url-status=live }}</ref> When he wis gien the scholarship, he haed 580 merks oot o a possible 600.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Marlborough Express. Published Every Evening Wednesday, January 5, 1887. Local and General News. |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18870105.2.6 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808011211/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18870105.2.6 |url-status=live }}</ref> Efter he wan it, Havelock School gied him a set o five buiks cried ''The Peoples of the World''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Papers Past {{!}} Newspapers {{!}} Marlborough Express {{!}} 25 January 1887 {{!}} Local and General News. |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18870125.2.6 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808011630/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18870125.2.6 |url-status=live }}</ref> He wis at Nelson College frae 1887 tae 1889, an wis heid boy in 1889. He played in the schuil's rugby team an aw.<ref name=":0" /> He wis offert a cadetship in the government service, but he turned it doon acause he still haed 15 month o college tae gang.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Papers Past {{!}} Newspapers {{!}} Marlborough Express {{!}} 4 October 1887 {{!}} Marlborough Express. Published Every Evening.... |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18871004.2.7 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808011952/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18871004.2.7 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1889, at his second try, he wan a scholarship tae study at Canterbury College, University o New Zealand, atween 1890 an 1894. He teuk pairt in its debatin society an its science society.<ref name=":0" /> At Canterbury he wis awairdit a [[Bachelor o Airts]] in Pure Mathematics an Laitin in 1892, a Master o Airts wi double first-cless honours in Mathematics, Mathematical Physics an Physical Science in 1893, an a Bachelor o Science in Chemistry an Geologie in 1894.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography">{{cite web |title=Ernest Rutherford – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1908/rutherford/biographical/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603075847/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1908/rutherford/biographical/ |archive-date=3 June 2023 |url-status=live |publisher=NobelPrize.org |access-date=5 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Famous Canterbury graduate Ernest Rutherford turns 150 |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/news/2021/famous-canterbury-graduate-ernest-rutherford-turns-150.html |publisher=University of Canterbury |access-date=3 July 2023 |language=en-nz |date=27 August 2021 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703222040/https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/news/2021/famous-canterbury-graduate-ernest-rutherford-turns-150.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efter that, Rutherford inventit a new kind o [[Receiver (radio)|radio receiver]]. In 1895 he wis awairdit an 1851 Research Fellowship frae the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851,<ref>1851 Royal Commission Archives</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Papers Past {{!}} Newspapers {{!}} Ashburton Guardian {{!}} 13 July 1895 {{!}} European and Other Foreign Items |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AG18950713.2.9 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808013431/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AG18950713.2.9 |url-status=live }}</ref> tae traivel tae [[Ingland]] for postgraduate study in the Cavendish Laboratory at the [[University o Cambrig]].<ref name="Venn">{{acad|id=RTRT895E|name=Rutherford, Ernest}}</ref> In 1897 he wis awairdit a Bachelor o Airts research degree an the Coutts-Trotter Studentship frae Trinity College, Cambridge.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/> == Career an research == [[File:Ernest Rutherford 1892.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford in 1892]] When Rutherford stairtit at Cambrig, he wis amang the first 'aliens' (fowk withoot a Cambrig degree) alloued tae dae research at the university, an he haed the honour o studyin unner [[J. J. Thomson]].<ref name="aps" /> Wi Thomson's encouragement, he detectit radio waves at {{convert|0.5|mi|m}}, an for a while he held the warld record for the distance that electromagnetic waves could be detectit ower. But when he gied his results at the British Association meetin in 1896, he fund he haed been ootdone bi Guglielmo Marconi, whase radio waves haed sent a message near {{convert|10|mi|km}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Holmes |first1=Jonathan |title=Marconi's first radio broadcast made 125 years ago |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-somerset-61327062 |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=BBC News |date=13 May 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605224315/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-somerset-61327062 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Radioactivity === Again unner Thomson, Rutherford wirkit on hou X-rays mak gases conduct electricity. This wark led tae the discovery o the [[electron]], that Thomson first gied oot in 1897.<ref name=Hindu/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Buchwald |first1=Jed Z. |last2=Warwick |first2=Andrew |title=Histories of the electron: the birth of microphysics |date=30 January 2004 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=0262524244 |pages=21–30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yqqhlIdCOoC&pg=PA21 |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829163251/https://books.google.com/books?id=1yqqhlIdCOoC&pg=PA21 |url-status=live }}</ref> When he heard o Henri Becquerel's wark wi [[uranium]], Rutherford stairtit lookin intae its [[Radioactive decay|radioactivity]], an fund twa kinds that differed frae X-rays in hou faur they could gang throu things. Cairyin on his research in [[Canadae]], in 1899 he cam up wi the terms "alpha ray" an "beta ray" for thir twa kinds o radiation.<ref name=abg>{{Cite journal|last=Trenn|first=Thaddeus J.|date=1976|title=Rutherford on the Alpha-Beta-Gamma Classification of Radioactive Rays|journal=Isis|volume=67|issue=1|pages=61–75|jstor=231134|doi=10.1086/351545|s2cid=145281124}}</ref> In 1898 Rutherford teuk the Macdonald Chair o Physics at McGill University in [[Montreal]], on Thomson's recommendation.<ref>{{cite book| first=Robin| last=McKown| authorlink=Robin McKown|title=Giant of the Atom, Ernest Rutherford| url=https://archive.org/details/giantofatomernes00mcko|url-access=registration|year=1962|publisher=Julian Messner Inc, New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/giantofatomernes00mcko/page/57 57]}}</ref> Frae 1900 tae 1903 the young chemist Frederick Soddy wirkit wi him at McGill. Thegither they fund that the [[noble gas]] gien aff bi thorium wis a new substance, that they cried thoron, an that wis later shawn tae be an isotope o radon.<ref name="Kragh">{{Cite arXiv|last=Kragh|first=Helge|date=5 February 2012|title=Rutherford, Radioactivity, and the Atomic Nucleus|eprint=1202.0954|class=physics.hist-ph}}</ref><ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/> Rutherford fund that a sample o radioactive material, whitever its size, aye teuk the same time for hauf o it tae decay, an he cam up wi the term "half-life" for this.<ref name="Kragh"/> Rutherford an Soddy shawed that radioactivity wis atoms brakkin up o thairsels intae ither maitter. Till then, atoms wis taen tae be the pairts that aw maitter wis biggit frae, that coudnae be broken.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/> In 1903 Rutherford gied the nem [[gamma ray]] tae a third kind o radiation, that the French chemist Paul Villard haed fund in 1900, acause it gaed throu things faur better nor his alpha an beta rays.<ref name=abg/> In 1904 he pit forrit that radioactivity coud gie eneuch energy tae explain hou the Sun haed lastit for the monie millions o year that [[Charles Darwin]] an ither biologists needit for slaw evolution on Earth. Lord Kelvin haed argied for a faur younger Earth, but Rutherford pointit oot, at a lecture Kelvin wis at, that radioactivity coud solve this problem.<ref name="England et al 2007">{{cite journal |author1=England, P. |author2=Molnar, P. |author3=Righter, F. | title=John Perry's neglected critique of Kelvin's age for the Earth: A missed opportunity in geodynamics |journal=GSA Today |date=January 2007 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1130/GSAT01701A.1 |bibcode=2007GSAT...17R...4E |doi-access= free}}</ref> In 1907 he cam back tae Breetain tae tak the Langworthy Professorship at the Victoria University o Manchester.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ernest Rutherford: Heritage Heroes at The University of Manchester |url=https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/history-heritage/history/heroes/ernest-rutherford/ |website=The University of Manchester |access-date=27 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627004723/https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/history-heritage/history/heroes/ernest-rutherford/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Manchester]], Rutherford cairied on wi his wark on alpha radiation. Wi [[Hans Geiger]], he wrocht oot weys tae coont alpha particles, an fund that the chairge on the alpha particle wis twa.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=27 August 1908 |title=The charge and nature of the α-particle |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character |language=en |volume=81 |issue=546 |pages=162–173 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1908.0066 |bibcode=1908RSPSA..81..162R |issn=0950-1207 |last1=Rutherford |first1=E. |last2=Geiger |first2=Hans |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=PaisInwardBound>{{Cite book |last=Pais |first=Abraham | author-link=Abraham Pais |title=Inward bound: of matter and forces in the physical world |date=2002 |publisher=Clarendon Press [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-19-851997-3 |edition=Reprint |location=Oxford}}</ref>{{rp|61}} In late 1907, him an Thomas Royds let alpha particles throu a very thin windae intae a tube wi the air taen oot o it. Efter a while, the clear spectrum o helium gas kythed in the tube, pruivin that alpha particles wis at least ionised helium atoms, an likly helium nuclei.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rutherford |first1=E. |last2=Royds |first2=T. |title=XXI. The nature of the α particle from radioactive substances |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |date=February 1909 |volume=17 |issue=98 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.1080/14786440208636599 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1430648 |access-date=11 August 2023 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507040356/https://zenodo.org/record/1430648 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Model o the atom === [[File:Gold foil experiment conclusions.svg|right|thumb|''Abuin:'' whit wis expectit: alpha particles gangin throu the plum puddin model o the atom withoot bein shiftit.<br />''Ablo:'' whit wis seen: a smaw pairt o the particles wis deflectit, shawin a smaw, gaithert chairge. The diagram isnae tae scale.]] Rutherford makkit groondbrakkin discoveries lang efter he wan the Nobel Prize in 1908.<ref name=PaisInwardBound/>{{rp|63|q=...Rutherford, who rose to his greatest heights after 1908, most notably because of his discovery of the atomic nucleus}} In 1909, unner his direction, [[Hans Geiger]] an Ernest Marsden cairied oot the Geiger–Marsden experiment. It shawed the nuclear naitur o atoms bi meisurin hou alpha particles wis deflectit as they gaed throu a thin gowd foil.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pestka |first1=Jessica |title=About Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment |url=https://sciencing.com/rutherfords-gold-foil-experiment-4569065.html |website=Sciencing |access-date=27 June 2023 |language=en |date=25 April 2017 |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627004502/https://sciencing.com/rutherfords-gold-foil-experiment-4569065.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Rutherford askit Geiger an Marsden tae look for alpha particles deflectit throu very muckle angles, that nae theory o maitter at the time expectit.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dragovich |first1=Branko |title=Ernest Rutherford and the Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus |publisher=Institute of Physics |location=Belgrade |url=http://bsw2011.seenet-mtp.info/pub/bss2011-DragovichB-abs.pdf |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627004502/http://bsw2011.seenet-mtp.info/pub/bss2011-DragovichB-abs.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davidson |first1=Michael W. |title=Pioneers in Optics: Johann Wilhelm Ritter and Ernest Rutherford |journal=Microscopy Today |date=March 2014 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=48–51 |doi=10.1017/S1551929514000029 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E8B7456A024C6ED07D4E891F540C8EE2/S1551929514000029a.pdf/pioneers-in-optics-johann-wilhelm-ritter-and-ernest-rutherford.pdf |access-date=27 June 2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |s2cid=135584871 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103220843/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E8B7456A024C6ED07D4E891F540C8EE2/S1551929514000029a.pdf/pioneers-in-optics-johann-wilhelm-ritter-and-ernest-rutherford.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Thir angles wis rare, but they wis fund. Lookin back on thir results in ane o his last lectures, Rutherford said (owerset frae the Inglis): "It wis the maist unbelievable thing that ever happened tae me in ma life. It wis near as unbelievable as if ye fired a 15-inch shell at a bit o tissue paper an it cam back an hit ye."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "It was quite the most incredible event that has ever happened to me in my life. It was almost as incredible as if you fired a 15-inch shell at a piece of tissue paper and it came back and hit you."</ref><ref>''The Development of the Theory of Atomic Structure'' (Rutherford 1936). Reprinted in [https://archive.org/details/backgroundtomode032734mbp/page/n85/mode/2up ''Background to Modern Science: Ten Lectures at Cambridge arranged by the History of Science Committee 1936'']</ref> It wis Rutherford's readin o thir results that led him tae pit forrit the [[Atomic nucleus|nucleus]], a very smaw, chairged region that hauds maist o the atom's mass.<ref name=charge>{{Cite journal |last1=Rutherford |first1=E. |year=1911 |title=The scattering of α and β particles by matter and the structure of the atom |url=http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/rutherford/rutherford688.html |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |series=Series 6 |volume=21 |issue=125 |pages=669–688 |doi=10.1080/14786440508637080 |access-date=6 October 2012 |archive-date=7 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607013629/http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/rutherford/rutherford688.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1912 [[Niels Bohr]] jined Rutherford. Bohr chynged Rutherford's nuclear structur tae fit wi [[Max Planck]]'s quantum hypothesis. The [[Bohr model]] that cam oot o this wis the foond for the [[Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanical]] atomic physics o [[Werner Heisenberg|Heisenberg]], that still hauds the day.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/> === Piezoelectricity === In the First Warld War, Rutherford wirkit on a tap-secret project tae solve the practical problems o findin submarines. Baith Rutherford an Paul Langevin pit forrit the uise o piezoelectricity, an Rutherford makkit a device that meisurt its ootput. Piezoelectricity syne becam essential tae ultrasound as it is kent the day. But it is a mistak tae say Rutherford inventit sonar, acause unnerwatter detection uises Langevin's transducer.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katzir |first1=Shaul |title=Who knew piezoelectricity? Rutherford and Langevin on submarine detection and the invention of sonar |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society |date=20 June 2012 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=141–157 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2011.0049 |s2cid=1240938 |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/epdf/10.1098/rsnr.2011.0049 |access-date=2 July 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duck |first1=Francis |title=Paul Langevin, U-boats, and ultrasonics |journal=Physics Today |date=1 November 2022 |volume=75 |issue=11 |pages=42–48 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.5122 |bibcode=2022PhT....75k..42D |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Discovery o the proton === Wi Henry Moseley, Rutherford wirkit oot the [[Atomic nummer|atomic nummerin]] seestem in 1913. Their research wis the first tae say that ilka element coud be defined bi the properties o its inner structur.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/> This research led Rutherford tae the theory that the [[hydrogen]] atom wis a kind o "positive electron", a pairt o ilka element.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rutherford |first1=Ernest |title=The structure of the atom |journal=Philosophical Magazine |date=1914 |volume=27 |pages=488–498 |url=http://www.ub.edu/hcub/hfq/sites/default/files/ruth1914%285%29.pdf |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613022543/http://www.ub.edu/hcub/hfq/sites/default/files/ruth1914(5).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Whittaker |first1=Edmund |title=A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity |date=1989 |volume=2 |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |isbn=0-486-26126-3 |page=87}}</ref> In 1919, wi a series o experiments stairtit short afore he left Manchester, Rutherford fund that [[nitrogen]] an ither licht elements gied aff a proton, that he cried a "hydrogen atom", when they wis hit wi alpha particles.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/> He shawed that particles gien aff when alpha particles collidit wi hydrogen haed unit chairge an 1/4 the momentum o the alpha particles.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rutherford |first1=Ernest |title=LII. Collision of α particles with light atoms II. Velocity of the hydrogen atom |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |date=8 April 2009 |volume=37 |issue=222 |pages=562–571 |doi=10.1080/14786440608635917 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14786440608635917?journalCode=tphm17 |access-date=13 June 2023 |series=6 |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613022542/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14786440608635917?journalCode=tphm17 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Rutherford cam back tae the Cavendish Laboratory in 1919, follaein [[J. J. Thomson]] as Cavendish Professor o Physics, a post he held till he dee'd in 1937.<ref name=cam>{{cite web |url=http://www.phy.cam.ac.uk/history/cavprof.php |title=The Cavendish Professorship of Physics |publisher=University of Cambridge |accessdate=30 November 2013 |archive-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703172354/http://www.phy.cam.ac.uk/history/cavprof.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> In his time there, Nobel Prizes wis awairdit tae [[James Chadwick]] for findin the neutron (in 1932), tae [[John Cockcroft]] an [[Ernest Walton]] for an experiment that cam tae be kent as "splittin the atom", uisin a particle accelerator, an tae [[Edward Victor Appleton|Edward Appleton]] for shawin that the ionosphere exists. === Proton an neutron theory === In 1919–1920 Rutherford cairied on wi his research on the "hydrogen atom". It shawed him that hydrogen nuclei wis pairt o nitrogen nuclei, an likly ither nuclei as weel. Hydrogen wis kent tae be the lichtest element. Acause o aw this, Rutherford decidit that a hydrogen nucleus micht be a basic biggin block o aw nuclei, an possibly a new basic particle as weel. Confirmin an takkin forrit the wark o [[Wilhelm Wien]], that fund the proton in streams o [[Plasma (pheesics)|ionised gas]] in 1898,<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1002/andp.18943180404|title = Über positive Elektronen und die Existenz hoher Atomgewichte|journal = Annalen der Physik|volume = 318|issue = 4|pages = 669–677|year = 1904|last1 = Wien|first1 = W.|bibcode = 1904AnP...318..669W|url = https://zenodo.org/record/2190505|access-date = 5 September 2020|archive-date = 13 July 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200713133516/https://zenodo.org/record/2190505|url-status = live}}</ref> Rutherford pit forrit in 1920 that the hydrogen nucleus wis a new particle, that he cried the ''[[proton]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Orme Masson |date=1921 |title=The Constitution of Atoms |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |volume=41 |issue=242 |pages=281–285 |doi=10.1080/14786442108636219 |url=https://archive.org/details/londonedinburg6411921lond/page/280/mode/2up }}<br/>Footnote by Ernest Rutherford: 'At the time of writing this paper in Australia, Professor Orme Masson was not aware that the name "proton" had already been suggested as a suitable name for the unit of mass nearly 1, in terms of oxygen 16, that appears to enter into the nuclear structure of atoms. The question of a suitable name for this unit was discussed at an informal meeting of a number of members of Section A of the British Association at Cardiff this year. The name "baron" suggested by Professor Masson was mentioned, but was considered unsuitable on account of the existing variety of meanings. Finally the name "proton" met with general approval, particularly as it suggests the original term "protyle " given by Prout in his well-known hypothesis that all atoms are built up of hydrogen. The need of a special name for the nuclear unit of mass 1 was drawn attention to by Sir Oliver Lodge at the Sectional meeting, and the writer then suggested the name "proton."'</ref> In 1921, wirkin wi [[Niels Bohr]], Rutherford pit forrit that there micht be neutrons, that he haed named in his 1920 Bakerian Lecture. Thir coud mak up for the pushin apairt o the positive chairges o the protons, haudin the nucleus thegither. The ae ither wey o explainin it wis "nuclear electrons", but naebody kent hou thae electrons coud be held in the nucleus. In 1932 Rutherford's theory o neutrons wis pruived bi his colleague [[James Chadwick]], that kent neutrons richt awa when ither scientists, an later himsel, makkit them bi bombardin [[beryllium]] wi alpha particles. In 1935 Chadwick wis awairdit the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for this discovery.<ref>{{cite web |title=James Chadwick – Facts |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1935/chadwick/facts/ |website=The Nobel Prize |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach AB |access-date=16 June 2023 |archive-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004015954/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1935/chadwick/facts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Nuclear reactions === In Rutherford's fower-pairt airticle on the "Collision of α-particles with light atoms", he reportit twa mair discoveries.<ref name=PaisInwardBound/>{{rp|237}} First, he shawed that at heich angles, the scatterin o alpha particles aff hydrogen wisnae the same as the theory he haed published in 1911. Thir wis the first results tae look intae whit hauds a nucleus thegither. Second, he shawed that alpha particles hittin nitrogen nuclei wad react wi them, raither nor simply stot aff. Ane product o the reaction wis the proton; [[Patrick Blackett]], Rutherford's colleague an umwhile student, shawed that the ither wis [[oxygen]]: :¹⁴N + α → ¹⁷O + p. Rutherford saw (owerset frae the Inglis) "that the nucleus micht growe raither nor dwine in mass as the result o collisions whaur the proton is pit oot".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "that the nucleus may increase rather than diminish in mass as the result of collisions in which the proton is expelled".</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rutherford |first1=Sir Ernest |title=Studies of Atomic Nuclei |url=https://archive.org/details/RoyalInstitutionLibraryOfScience-PhysicalScienceVol9 |date=27 March 1925 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=62 |issue=1601 |pages=73–76 |publisher=The Royal Institution Library of Sciences |doi=10.1126/science.62.1601.209 |pmid=17748045 |bibcode=1925Sci....62..209R |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Blackett wis awairdit the Nobel Prize in 1948 for his wark on the heich-speed cloud chaumer that he uised for this discovery an monie mair.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nobel Prize for Physics : Prof. P. M. S. Blackett, F.R.S |journal=Nature |volume=162 |issue=4126 |year=1948 |pages=841 |doi=10.1038/162841b0|bibcode=1948Natur.162R.841. |doi-access=free }}</ref> == Personal life an daith == Rutherford mairit Mary Georgina Newton (1876–1954) in 1900, at St Paul's Anglican Church, Papanui, in [[Christchurch]].<ref>{{Cite web| last=Intergen| title=General| url=https://www.bdmhistoricalrecords.dia.govt.nz/| access-date=8 February 2023| website=www.bdmhistoricalrecords.dia.govt.nz| archive-date=12 November 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022628/https://www.bdmhistoricalrecords.dia.govt.nz/| url-status=live}}</ref> He haed been engaged tae her afore he left New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/christchurch-life/560019/Family-history-in-from-the-cold |title=Family history in from the cold |date=18 March 2009 |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-date=14 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914094507/http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/christchurch-life/560019/Family-history-in-from-the-cold |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| first=Fiona| last=Summerfield| url=http://anglicantaonga.org.nz/news/tikanga_pakeha/new_lease_of_life_for_historic_chch_church| title=Historic St Paul's Church in the Christchurch suburb of Papanui is being fully restored| website=Anglican Taonga| date=9 November 2012| access-date=5 February 2019| archive-date=14 September 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914165438/http://anglicantaonga.org.nz/news/tikanga_pakeha/new_lease_of_life_for_historic_chch_church| url-status=live}}</ref> They haed ane dochter, Eileen Mary (1901–1930), that mairit the physicist Ralph Fowler an dee'd giein birth tae her fowert bairn. Rutherford's hobbies includit [[gowf]] an motorin.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography" /> While he wis wirkin in Manchester, Rutherford bade in Withington, on Wilmslow Road. The hoose is nou cried Rutherford Lodge, an it got a blue plaque in 2012.<ref>{{cite web| title=Famous Withingtonians | publisher=Withington Civic Society | location=UK | url=https://withingtoncivicsociety.co.uk/famous-withingtonians.html | accessdate=29 December 2025 }}</ref> Rutherford haed a smaw hernia for a while afore his daith, that he didnae hae repaired. It becam strangulatit, an he becam gravely ill. He haed an emergency operation in [[Lunnon]], but dee'd in [[Cambrig]] fower days later, on 19 October 1937, at the age o 66, o whit his doctors cried intestinal paralysis.<ref name=compeerage>{{cite book|title=The Complete Peerage, Volume XIII – Peerage Creations, 1901–1938|year=1949|publisher=St Catherine's Press|page=495}}</ref> Efter he wis cremated at Golders Green Crematorium,<ref name=compeerage /> he wis gien the heich honour o buirial in [[Wastmeenster Aibey]], near [[Isaac Newton]], [[Charles Darwin]] an ither weel-kent Breetish scientists.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Heilbron|first=J. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vNW1wg9npgC&pg=PA123|title=Ernest Rutherford: And the Explosion of Atoms|date=12 June 2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=123–124|isbn=978-0-19-512378-4|language=en|access-date=22 February 2016|archive-date=13 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113203740/https://books.google.com/books?id=_vNW1wg9npgC&pg=PA123|url-status=live}}</ref> == Legacy == [[File:Statue of Ernest Rutherford.JPG|right|thumb|A statue o a young Ernest Rutherford at his memorial in [[Brightwater]], New Zealand]] Rutherford haes been on postage stamps frae at least fower countries.<ref name="McLintock" /> Syne 1999 he haes been on the New Zealand hunner-dollar note.<ref name=":1" /> Rutherford is kent as "the faither o nuclear physics"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "the father of nuclear physics".</ref> acause his research, an the wark done unner him as heid o the laboratory, set oot the nuclear structur o the atom, an that radioactive decay is at bottom a nuclear process.<ref name=Father>{{cite web |title=Ernest Rutherford |url=https://ehs.msu.edu/lab-clinic/rad/hist-figures/rutherford.html |website=Environmental Health and Safety Office of Research Regulatory Support |publisher=Michigan State University |access-date=23 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622163634/https://ehs.msu.edu/lab-clinic/rad/hist-figures/rutherford.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ernest Rutherford: father of nuclear science |url=https://media.newzealand.com/en/story-ideas/ernest-rutherford-father-of-nuclear-science/ |website=New Zealand Media Resources |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612184534/https://media.newzealand.com/en/story-ideas/ernest-rutherford-father-of-nuclear-science/ |archive-date=12 June 2021 |language=en |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Hindu>{{cite web |title=Know the scientist: Ernest Rutherford |url=https://www.thehindu.com/children/know-the-scientist-ernest-rutherford/article34837002.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=23 June 2023 |language=en-IN |date=17 June 2021 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623183847/https://www.thehindu.com/children/know-the-scientist-ernest-rutherford/article34837002.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Patrick Blackett, a research fellae wirkin unner Rutherford, uised naitural alpha particles tae shaw ''induced'' nuclear transmutation. Later, Rutherford's team uised protons frae an accelerator tae shaw nuclear reactions an transmutation ''makkit bi airt''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Giunta |first1=Carmen |title=Rutherford and Blackett artificial transmutation |url=https://web.lemoyne.edu/giunta/classicalcs/ruthblack.html |website=web.lemoyne.edu |access-date=27 June 2023 |date=2019 |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627010731/https://web.lemoyne.edu/giunta/classicalcs/ruthblack.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Rutherford dee'd ower suin tae see Leó Szilárd's idea o controlled nuclear chain reactions come tae pass. But Szilárd said that a speech o Rutherford's aboot his transmutation o lithium bi airt, prentit in ''The Times'' o 12 September 1933, gied him the idea o a controlled chain reaction that coud mak energy.<ref>{{cite web |title=September 12, 1933 – Leó Szilárd conceives the idea of the nuclear chain reaction |url=https://rinconeducativo.org/en/anniversaries/september-12-1933-leo-szilard-conceives-the-idea-of-the-nuclear-chain-reaction/#:~:text=On%20September%2012%2C%201933%2C%20in%20London%2C%20Szil%C3%A1rd%20read,transformation%20of%20atoms%20was%20talking%20about%20%22silly%20alcohol%22. |website=Rincón educativo |access-date=27 June 2023 |language=Spanish, English |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627010731/https://rinconeducativo.org/en/anniversaries/september-12-1933-leo-szilard-conceives-the-idea-of-the-nuclear-chain-reaction/#:~:text=On%20September%2012%2C%201933%2C%20in%20London%2C%20Szil%C3%A1rd%20read,transformation%20of%20atoms%20was%20talking%20about%20%22silly%20alcohol%22. |url-status=live }}</ref> The element [[rutherfordium]], Rf, Z=104, wis named in honour o Rutherford in 1997.<ref>{{cite news|author=Freemantle, Michael|title=ACS Article on Rutherfordium|url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/print/rutherfordium.html|work=Chemical & Engineering News|publisher=American Chemical Society|year=2003|access-date=2 April 2008|archive-date=28 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328131206/http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/print/rutherfordium.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Fremmit airtins == {{commons|Ernest Rutherford}} * [https://history.aip.org/exhibits/rutherford/ Biography an web exhibit], American Institute of Physics * [http://www.physics.mcgill.ca/museum/rutherford_museum.htm The Rutherford Museum] * [http://www.rutherford.org.nz/ Rutherford Scientist Supreme] == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rutherford, Ernest}} [[Category:1871 births]] [[Category:1937 daiths]] [[Category:New Zealand nuclear physicists]] [[Category:Breetish chemists]] [[Category:Breetish physicists]] [[Category:Breetish Nobel laureates]] [[Category:New Zealand physicists]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Chemistry]] [[Category:Recipients o the Copley Medal]] [[Category:Preses o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Members o the Pontifical Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Honorary Members o the Roushie Academy o Sciences (1917–1925)]] [[Category:Alumni o Trinity College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Academics o the Victoria Varsity o Manchester]] [[Category:Barons in the Peerage o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Knichts Bachelor]] [[Category:New Zealand fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:New Zealand fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:New Zealand Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Buirials at Wastmeenster Aibey]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o New Zealand]] [[Category:Faraday Lecturers]] [[Category:Correspondin Members o the Roushie Academy o Sciences (1917–1925)]] [[Category:New Zealand recipients o a Breetish peerage]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Edinburgh]] n9nqj1a6zouztq6yjglkzcwta5a3ot7 927433 927396 2026-11-09T19:57:27Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 927433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Ernest Rutherford | image = Sir Ernest Rutherford LCCN2014716719 - restoration1.jpg | caption = Rutherford in the 1920s | birth_date = {{Birth date|1871|08|30|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Brightwater|Spring Grove]], Colony o New Zealand | death_date = {{Death date and age|1937|10|19|1871|08|30|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Cambrig]], [[Ingland]] | resting_place = [[Wastmeenster Aibey]] | fields = [[Physicist|Physics]], [[Chemistrie]] | workplaces = McGill University<br />Victoria University o Manchester<br />[[University o Cambrig]] | alma_mater = University o New Zealand<br />[[University o Cambrig]] | academic_advisors = [[J. J. Thomson]]<ref name="aps"> {{Cite web|url=https://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/rutherfordsoddy.cfm |title=Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041955/https://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/rutherfordsoddy.cfm |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | doctoral_students = [[John Cockcroft]]<br />[[Ernest Walton]] | notable_students = [[Patrick Blackett]]<br />[[Otto Hahn]]<ref name=PhysicsTree>{{Cite web|title=Physics Tree - Ernest Rutherford|url=https://academictree.org/physics/peopleinfo.php?pid=13140|website=academictree.org|access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref> | known_for = Discovery o the [[atomic nucleus]]<br />Discovery o the [[proton]]<br />Discovery o [[radon]]<br />Theory o the neutron | awards = [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (1908)<br />Copley Medal (1922) | spouse = Mary Georgina Newton (m. 1900) | children = 1 | signature = Ernest-Rutherford-signature.svg }} '''Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford o Nelson''' (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937<ref>{{cite news | title=LORD RUTHERFORD, PHYSICIST, IS DEAD; British Nobel Winner, 66, Famous As Atom-Smasher, Dies After Operation | date=20 October 1937 | last=Laurence | first=William | work=[[The New York Times]]| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/10/20/archives/lord-rutherford-physicist-is-dead-british-nobel-prize-winner-66.html}}</ref>) wis a New Zealand [[physicist]] an [[chemist]] that did pioneerin research in baith atomic an [[nuclear physics]]. He haes been cried "the faither o nuclear physics"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "the father of nuclear physics".</ref><ref name=Father/> an "the greatest experimentalist syne [[Michael Faraday]]".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "the greatest experimentalist since Michael Faraday".</ref><ref name="eb">{{cite web |last1=Badash |first1=Lawrence |title=Ernest Rutherford {{!}} Accomplishments, Atomic Theory, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Rutherford |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=23 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926002932/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Rutherford |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1908 he wis awairdit the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] "for his investigations intae the disintegration o the elements, an the chemistry o radioactive substances".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances".</ref><ref name="Nobel Prize">{{Cite web|title=Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1908/summary/|url-status=live|publisher=NobelPrize.org|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081024050904/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/index.html|archive-date=24 October 2008|access-date=6 October 2008}}</ref> Amang Rutherford's discoveries is the idea o radioactive half-life, the radioactive element [[radon]], an the tellin apairt an namin o alpha an beta radiation. Him an Thomas Royds are creditit wi pruivin that alpha radiation is makkit o [[helium]] nuclei.<ref name=rutherford.org.nz>{{cite web|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Rutherford – A Brief Biography|url=http://www.rutherford.org.nz/biography.htm|website=Rutherford.org.nz|access-date=4 March 2013|archive-date=12 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512125601/https://www.rutherford.org.nz/biography.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/14786440808636511| title = Spectrum of the radium emanation| journal = Philosophical Magazine| series = Series 6| volume = 16| issue = 92| pages = 313| year = 1908| last1 = Rutherford| first1 = E.| last2 = Royds| first2 = T.| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1430840| access-date = 28 June 2019| archive-date = 23 December 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191223010722/https://zenodo.org/record/1430840| url-status = live}}</ref> In 1911 he pit forrit the theory that [[atom]]s hae their [[Electric chairge|chairge]] gaithert in a very smaw [[Atomic nucleus|nucleus]].<ref>{{cite book |title = Theoretical concepts in physics: an alternative view of theoretical reasoning in physics |last = Longair |first = M. S. |publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 2003 |isbn = 978-0-521-52878-8 |pages = 377–378 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bA9Lp2GH6OEC&pg=PA377 |access-date = 11 May 2020 |archive-date = 30 October 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231030224745/https://books.google.com/books?id=bA9Lp2GH6OEC&pg=PA377#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status = live }}</ref> He cam tae this theory throu his discovery an readin o Rutherford scatterin in the gowd foil experiment that [[Hans Geiger]] an Ernest Marsden cairied oot. In 1912 he askit [[Niels Bohr]] tae jine his laboratory, an that led tae the [[Bohr model]] o the atom. In 1917 he cairied oot the first nuclear reaction makkit bi airt, in experiments whaur nitrogen nuclei wis bombardit wi alpha particles. Thir experiments led him tae fin a subatomic particle gien aff that he cried the "hydrogen atom" at first, but later, mair exactly, renamed the [[proton]].<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1080/14786440608635919|title = Collision of α particles with light atoms. IV. An anomalous effect in nitrogen|journal = The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|series = Series 6|volume = 37|issue = 222|pages = 581–587|year = 1919|last1 = Rutherford|first1 = E.|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1430800|access-date = 2 November 2019|archive-date = 2 November 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191102172157/https://zenodo.org/record/1430800|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1098/rspa.1920.0040|title = Bakerian Lecture. Nuclear Constitution of Atoms|journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|volume = 97|issue = 686|pages = 374–400|year = 1920|last1 = Rutherford|first1 = E.|bibcode = 1920RSPSA..97..374R|doi-access = free}}</ref> He is creditit an aw wi wirkin oot the [[Atomic nummer|atomic nummerin]] seestem alang wi Henry Moseley. Amang his ither achievements, he brocht on the fields o [[radio]] communication an ultrasound technology. Rutherford becam Director o the Cavendish Laboratory at the [[University o Cambrig]] in 1919. Unner his leadership, the neutron wis fund bi [[James Chadwick]] in 1932. The same year, [[John Cockcroft]] an [[Ernest Walton]], wirkin unner his direction, cairied oot the first controlled experiment tae split the nucleus. For his advances in science, Rutherford wis makkit a baron o the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. Efter he dee'd in 1937, he wis buried in [[Wastmeenster Aibey]] near [[Charles Darwin]] an [[Isaac Newton]]. The chemical element [[rutherfordium]] (₁₀₄Rf) wis named efter him in 1997. In 1999 he wis named the tent greatest physicist o aw time.<ref>{{cite news| title=Physics: past, present, future| work=Physics World| date=6 December 1999| url=https://physicsworld.com/a/physics-past-present-future/}}</ref> Syne 1999 his portrait haes been on New Zealand's hunner-dollar note.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2024 |title=$100 banknote |url=https://www.rbnz.govt.nz/money-and-cash/banknotes-and-coins/banknotes-in-circulation/100-banknote |access-date=8 May 2026 |website=Reserve Bank of New Zealand}}</ref> == Early life an education == Ernest Rutherford wis born on 30 August 1871 in Spring Grove (nou [[Brightwater]]), Nelson Province, [[New Zealand]]. He wis the fowert o twal bairns o Martha (born Thompson) an James Rutherford. His faither wis a mechanic frae [[Perth]], [[Scotland]], an his mither wis a teacher frae Hornchurch, [[Ingland]];<ref name=McLintock>{{cite encyclopedia|author=A.H. McLintock|encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand|title=Rutherford, Sir Ernest (Baron Rutherford of Nelson, O.M., F.R.S.)|edition=1966|date=18 September 2007|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/rutherford-sir-ernest/1|publisher=Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|isbn=978-0-478-18451-8|access-date=2 April 2008|archive-date=3 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203225115/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/rutherford-sir-ernest/1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vNW1wg9npgC&pg=PA12|page=12|author=J.L. Heilbron|title=Ernest Rutherford And the Explosion of Atoms|date=12 June 2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-512378-6|access-date=22 February 2016|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829161018/https://books.google.com/books?id=_vNW1wg9npgC&pg=PA12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> they cam tae New Zealand in 1842 an 1855.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/> His birth certificate wis written wrang as 'Earnest'. His faimily cried him Ern.<ref name=McLintock/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Campbell|first=John|date=January 2002|title=Rutherford, Ernest|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3r37/rutherford-ernest|url-status=live|website=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography}}</ref> When he wis 5, Rutherford flittit tae Foxhill, Tasman, an gaed tae Foxhill School. In 1883, when he wis 11, the faimily flittit tae Havelock in the Marlborough Sounds, whaur Ernest gaed tae Havelock School.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 1886 |title=Local and General News. |volume=22 |page=2 |work=Marlborough Express |issue=186 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18861007.2.8? |access-date=1 October 2023 |via=Papers Past |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808010845/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18861007.2.8 |url-status=live }}</ref> They flittit tae be nearer the lint mill that his faither ran.<ref name=":0" /> In 1887, at his second try, he wan a scholarship tae study at Nelson College.<ref name=":0" /> At his first try he got the heichest mark o onybody frae Nelson.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Marlborough Express. Published Every Evening. Monday, December 28, 1885. Local and General News. |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18851228.2.5 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808010547/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18851228.2.5 |url-status=live }}</ref> When he wis gien the scholarship, he haed 580 merks oot o a possible 600.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Marlborough Express. Published Every Evening Wednesday, January 5, 1887. Local and General News. |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18870105.2.6 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808011211/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18870105.2.6 |url-status=live }}</ref> Efter he wan it, Havelock School gied him a set o five buiks cried ''The Peoples of the World''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Papers Past {{!}} Newspapers {{!}} Marlborough Express {{!}} 25 January 1887 {{!}} Local and General News. |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18870125.2.6 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808011630/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18870125.2.6 |url-status=live }}</ref> He wis at Nelson College frae 1887 tae 1889, an wis heid boy in 1889. He played in the schuil's rugby team an aw.<ref name=":0" /> He wis offert a cadetship in the government service, but he turned it doon acause he still haed 15 month o college tae gang.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Papers Past {{!}} Newspapers {{!}} Marlborough Express {{!}} 4 October 1887 {{!}} Marlborough Express. Published Every Evening.... |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18871004.2.7 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808011952/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18871004.2.7 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1889, at his second try, he wan a scholarship tae study at Canterbury College, University o New Zealand, atween 1890 an 1894. He teuk pairt in its debatin society an its science society.<ref name=":0" /> At Canterbury he wis awairdit a [[Bachelor o Airts]] in Pure Mathematics an Laitin in 1892, a Master o Airts wi double first-cless honours in Mathematics, Mathematical Physics an Physical Science in 1893, an a Bachelor o Science in Chemistry an Geologie in 1894.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography">{{cite web |title=Ernest Rutherford – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1908/rutherford/biographical/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603075847/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1908/rutherford/biographical/ |archive-date=3 June 2023 |url-status=live |publisher=NobelPrize.org |access-date=5 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Famous Canterbury graduate Ernest Rutherford turns 150 |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/news/2021/famous-canterbury-graduate-ernest-rutherford-turns-150.html |publisher=University of Canterbury |access-date=3 July 2023 |language=en-nz |date=27 August 2021 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703222040/https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/news/2021/famous-canterbury-graduate-ernest-rutherford-turns-150.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efter that, Rutherford inventit a new kind o [[Receiver (radio)|radio receiver]]. In 1895 he wis awairdit an 1851 Research Fellowship frae the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851,<ref>1851 Royal Commission Archives</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Papers Past {{!}} Newspapers {{!}} Ashburton Guardian {{!}} 13 July 1895 {{!}} European and Other Foreign Items |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AG18950713.2.9 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808013431/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AG18950713.2.9 |url-status=live }}</ref> tae traivel tae [[Ingland]] for postgraduate study in the Cavendish Laboratory at the [[University o Cambrig]].<ref name="Venn">{{acad|id=RTRT895E|name=Rutherford, Ernest}}</ref> In 1897 he wis awairdit a Bachelor o Airts research degree an the Coutts-Trotter Studentship frae Trinity College, Cambridge.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/> == Career an research == [[File:Ernest Rutherford 1892.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford in 1892]] When Rutherford stairtit at Cambrig, he wis amang the first 'aliens' (fowk withoot a Cambrig degree) alloued tae dae research at the university, an he haed the honour o studyin unner [[J. J. Thomson]].<ref name="aps" /> Wi Thomson's encouragement, he detectit radio waves at {{convert|0.5|mi|m}}, an for a while he held the warld record for the distance that electromagnetic waves could be detectit ower. But when he gied his results at the British Association meetin in 1896, he fund he haed been ootdone bi Guglielmo Marconi, whase radio waves haed sent a message near {{convert|10|mi|km}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Holmes |first1=Jonathan |title=Marconi's first radio broadcast made 125 years ago |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-somerset-61327062 |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=BBC News |date=13 May 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605224315/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-somerset-61327062 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Radioactivity === Again unner Thomson, Rutherford wirkit on hou X-rays mak gases conduct electricity. This wark led tae the discovery o the [[electron]], that Thomson first gied oot in 1897.<ref name=Hindu/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Buchwald |first1=Jed Z. |last2=Warwick |first2=Andrew |title=Histories of the electron: the birth of microphysics |date=30 January 2004 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=0262524244 |pages=21–30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yqqhlIdCOoC&pg=PA21 |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829163251/https://books.google.com/books?id=1yqqhlIdCOoC&pg=PA21 |url-status=live }}</ref> When he heard o Henri Becquerel's wark wi [[uranium]], Rutherford stairtit lookin intae its [[Radioactive decay|radioactivity]], an fund twa kinds that differed frae X-rays in hou faur they could gang throu things. Cairyin on his research in [[Canadae]], in 1899 he cam up wi the terms "alpha ray" an "beta ray" for thir twa kinds o radiation.<ref name=abg>{{Cite journal|last=Trenn|first=Thaddeus J.|date=1976|title=Rutherford on the Alpha-Beta-Gamma Classification of Radioactive Rays|journal=Isis|volume=67|issue=1|pages=61–75|jstor=231134|doi=10.1086/351545|s2cid=145281124}}</ref> In 1898 Rutherford teuk the Macdonald Chair o Physics at McGill University in [[Montreal]], on Thomson's recommendation.<ref>{{cite book| first=Robin| last=McKown| authorlink=Robin McKown|title=Giant of the Atom, Ernest Rutherford| url=https://archive.org/details/giantofatomernes00mcko|url-access=registration|year=1962|publisher=Julian Messner Inc, New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/giantofatomernes00mcko/page/57 57]}}</ref> Frae 1900 tae 1903 the young chemist Frederick Soddy wirkit wi him at McGill. Thegither they fund that the [[noble gas]] gien aff bi thorium wis a new substance, that they cried thoron, an that wis later shawn tae be an isotope o radon.<ref name="Kragh">{{Cite arXiv|last=Kragh|first=Helge|date=5 February 2012|title=Rutherford, Radioactivity, and the Atomic Nucleus|eprint=1202.0954|class=physics.hist-ph}}</ref><ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/> Rutherford fund that a sample o radioactive material, whitever its size, aye teuk the same time for hauf o it tae decay, an he cam up wi the term "half-life" for this.<ref name="Kragh"/> Rutherford an Soddy shawed that radioactivity wis atoms brakkin up o thairsels intae ither maitter. Till then, atoms wis taen tae be the pairts that aw maitter wis biggit frae, that coudnae be broken.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/> In 1903 Rutherford gied the nem [[gamma ray]] tae a third kind o radiation, that the French chemist Paul Villard haed fund in 1900, acause it gaed throu things faur better nor his alpha an beta rays.<ref name=abg/> In 1904 he pit forrit that radioactivity coud gie eneuch energy tae explain hou the Sun haed lastit for the monie millions o year that [[Charles Darwin]] an ither biologists needit for slaw evolution on Earth. Lord Kelvin haed argied for a faur younger Earth, but Rutherford pointit oot, at a lecture Kelvin wis at, that radioactivity coud solve this problem.<ref name="England et al 2007">{{cite journal |author1=England, P. |author2=Molnar, P. |author3=Righter, F. | title=John Perry's neglected critique of Kelvin's age for the Earth: A missed opportunity in geodynamics |journal=GSA Today |date=January 2007 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1130/GSAT01701A.1 |bibcode=2007GSAT...17R...4E |doi-access= free}}</ref> In 1907 he cam back tae Breetain tae tak the Langworthy Professorship at the Victoria University o Manchester.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ernest Rutherford: Heritage Heroes at The University of Manchester |url=https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/history-heritage/history/heroes/ernest-rutherford/ |website=The University of Manchester |access-date=27 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627004723/https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/history-heritage/history/heroes/ernest-rutherford/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Manchester]], Rutherford cairied on wi his wark on alpha radiation. Wi [[Hans Geiger]], he wrocht oot weys tae coont alpha particles, an fund that the chairge on the alpha particle wis twa.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=27 August 1908 |title=The charge and nature of the α-particle |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character |language=en |volume=81 |issue=546 |pages=162–173 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1908.0066 |bibcode=1908RSPSA..81..162R |issn=0950-1207 |last1=Rutherford |first1=E. |last2=Geiger |first2=Hans |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=PaisInwardBound>{{Cite book |last=Pais |first=Abraham | author-link=Abraham Pais |title=Inward bound: of matter and forces in the physical world |date=2002 |publisher=Clarendon Press [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-19-851997-3 |edition=Reprint |location=Oxford}}</ref>{{rp|61}} In late 1907, him an Thomas Royds let alpha particles throu a very thin windae intae a tube wi the air taen oot o it. Efter a while, the clear spectrum o helium gas kythed in the tube, pruivin that alpha particles wis at least ionised helium atoms, an likly helium nuclei.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rutherford |first1=E. |last2=Royds |first2=T. |title=XXI. The nature of the α particle from radioactive substances |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |date=February 1909 |volume=17 |issue=98 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.1080/14786440208636599 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1430648 |access-date=11 August 2023 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507040356/https://zenodo.org/record/1430648 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Model o the atom === [[File:Gold foil experiment conclusions.svg|right|thumb|''Abuin:'' whit wis expectit: alpha particles gangin throu the plum puddin model o the atom withoot bein shiftit.<br />''Ablo:'' whit wis seen: a smaw pairt o the particles wis deflectit, shawin a smaw, gaithert chairge. The diagram isnae tae scale.]] Rutherford makkit groondbrakkin discoveries lang efter he wan the Nobel Prize in 1908.<ref name=PaisInwardBound/>{{rp|63|q=...Rutherford, who rose to his greatest heights after 1908, most notably because of his discovery of the atomic nucleus}} In 1909, unner his direction, [[Hans Geiger]] an Ernest Marsden cairied oot the Geiger–Marsden experiment. It shawed the nuclear naitur o atoms bi meisurin hou alpha particles wis deflectit as they gaed throu a thin gowd foil.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pestka |first1=Jessica |title=About Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment |url=https://sciencing.com/rutherfords-gold-foil-experiment-4569065.html |website=Sciencing |access-date=27 June 2023 |language=en |date=25 April 2017 |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627004502/https://sciencing.com/rutherfords-gold-foil-experiment-4569065.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Rutherford askit Geiger an Marsden tae look for alpha particles deflectit throu very muckle angles, that nae theory o maitter at the time expectit.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dragovich |first1=Branko |title=Ernest Rutherford and the Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus |publisher=Institute of Physics |location=Belgrade |url=http://bsw2011.seenet-mtp.info/pub/bss2011-DragovichB-abs.pdf |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627004502/http://bsw2011.seenet-mtp.info/pub/bss2011-DragovichB-abs.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davidson |first1=Michael W. |title=Pioneers in Optics: Johann Wilhelm Ritter and Ernest Rutherford |journal=Microscopy Today |date=March 2014 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=48–51 |doi=10.1017/S1551929514000029 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E8B7456A024C6ED07D4E891F540C8EE2/S1551929514000029a.pdf/pioneers-in-optics-johann-wilhelm-ritter-and-ernest-rutherford.pdf |access-date=27 June 2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |s2cid=135584871 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103220843/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E8B7456A024C6ED07D4E891F540C8EE2/S1551929514000029a.pdf/pioneers-in-optics-johann-wilhelm-ritter-and-ernest-rutherford.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Thir angles wis rare, but they wis fund. Lookin back on thir results in ane o his last lectures, Rutherford said (owerset frae the Inglis): "It wis the maist unbelievable thing that ever happened tae me in ma life. It wis near as unbelievable as if ye fired a 15-inch shell at a bit o tissue paper an it cam back an hit ye."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "It was quite the most incredible event that has ever happened to me in my life. It was almost as incredible as if you fired a 15-inch shell at a piece of tissue paper and it came back and hit you."</ref><ref>''The Development of the Theory of Atomic Structure'' (Rutherford 1936). Reprinted in [https://archive.org/details/backgroundtomode032734mbp/page/n85/mode/2up ''Background to Modern Science: Ten Lectures at Cambridge arranged by the History of Science Committee 1936'']</ref> It wis Rutherford's readin o thir results that led him tae pit forrit the [[Atomic nucleus|nucleus]], a very smaw, chairged region that hauds maist o the atom's mass.<ref name=charge>{{Cite journal |last1=Rutherford |first1=E. |year=1911 |title=The scattering of α and β particles by matter and the structure of the atom |url=http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/rutherford/rutherford688.html |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |series=Series 6 |volume=21 |issue=125 |pages=669–688 |doi=10.1080/14786440508637080 |access-date=6 October 2012 |archive-date=7 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607013629/http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/rutherford/rutherford688.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1912 [[Niels Bohr]] jined Rutherford. Bohr chynged Rutherford's nuclear structur tae fit wi [[Max Planck]]'s quantum hypothesis. The [[Bohr model]] that cam oot o this wis the foond for the [[Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanical]] atomic physics o [[Werner Heisenberg|Heisenberg]], that still hauds the day.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/> === Piezoelectricity === In the First Warld War, Rutherford wirkit on a tap-secret project tae solve the practical problems o findin submarines. Baith Rutherford an Paul Langevin pit forrit the uise o piezoelectricity, an Rutherford makkit a device that meisurt its ootput. Piezoelectricity syne becam essential tae ultrasound as it is kent the day. But it is a mistak tae say Rutherford inventit sonar, acause unnerwatter detection uises Langevin's transducer.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katzir |first1=Shaul |title=Who knew piezoelectricity? Rutherford and Langevin on submarine detection and the invention of sonar |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society |date=20 June 2012 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=141–157 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2011.0049 |s2cid=1240938 |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/epdf/10.1098/rsnr.2011.0049 |access-date=2 July 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duck |first1=Francis |title=Paul Langevin, U-boats, and ultrasonics |journal=Physics Today |date=1 November 2022 |volume=75 |issue=11 |pages=42–48 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.5122 |bibcode=2022PhT....75k..42D |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Discovery o the proton === Wi Henry Moseley, Rutherford wirkit oot the [[Atomic nummer|atomic nummerin]] seestem in 1913. Their research wis the first tae say that ilka element coud be defined bi the properties o its inner structur.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/> This research led Rutherford tae the theory that the [[hydrogen]] atom wis a kind o "positive electron", a pairt o ilka element.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rutherford |first1=Ernest |title=The structure of the atom |journal=Philosophical Magazine |date=1914 |volume=27 |pages=488–498 |url=http://www.ub.edu/hcub/hfq/sites/default/files/ruth1914%285%29.pdf |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613022543/http://www.ub.edu/hcub/hfq/sites/default/files/ruth1914(5).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Whittaker |first1=Edmund |title=A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity |date=1989 |volume=2 |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |isbn=0-486-26126-3 |page=87}}</ref> In 1919, wi a series o experiments stairtit short afore he left Manchester, Rutherford fund that [[nitrogen]] an ither licht elements gied aff a proton, that he cried a "hydrogen atom", when they wis hit wi alpha particles.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/> He shawed that particles gien aff when alpha particles collidit wi hydrogen haed unit chairge an 1/4 the momentum o the alpha particles.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rutherford |first1=Ernest |title=LII. Collision of α particles with light atoms II. Velocity of the hydrogen atom |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |date=8 April 2009 |volume=37 |issue=222 |pages=562–571 |doi=10.1080/14786440608635917 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14786440608635917?journalCode=tphm17 |access-date=13 June 2023 |series=6 |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613022542/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14786440608635917?journalCode=tphm17 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Rutherford cam back tae the Cavendish Laboratory in 1919, follaein [[J. J. Thomson]] as Cavendish Professor o Physics, a post he held till he dee'd in 1937.<ref name=cam>{{cite web |url=http://www.phy.cam.ac.uk/history/cavprof.php |title=The Cavendish Professorship of Physics |publisher=University of Cambridge |accessdate=30 November 2013 |archive-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703172354/http://www.phy.cam.ac.uk/history/cavprof.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> In his time there, Nobel Prizes wis awairdit tae [[James Chadwick]] for findin the neutron (in 1932), tae [[John Cockcroft]] an [[Ernest Walton]] for an experiment that cam tae be kent as "splittin the atom", uisin a particle accelerator, an tae [[Edward Victor Appleton|Edward Appleton]] for shawin that the ionosphere exists. === Proton an neutron theory === In 1919–1920 Rutherford cairied on wi his research on the "hydrogen atom". It shawed him that hydrogen nuclei wis pairt o nitrogen nuclei, an likly ither nuclei as weel. Hydrogen wis kent tae be the lichtest element. Acause o aw this, Rutherford decidit that a hydrogen nucleus micht be a basic biggin block o aw nuclei, an possibly a new basic particle as weel. Confirmin an takkin forrit the wark o [[Wilhelm Wien]], that fund the proton in streams o [[Plasma (pheesics)|ionised gas]] in 1898,<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1002/andp.18943180404|title = Über positive Elektronen und die Existenz hoher Atomgewichte|journal = Annalen der Physik|volume = 318|issue = 4|pages = 669–677|year = 1904|last1 = Wien|first1 = W.|bibcode = 1904AnP...318..669W|url = https://zenodo.org/record/2190505|access-date = 5 September 2020|archive-date = 13 July 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200713133516/https://zenodo.org/record/2190505|url-status = live}}</ref> Rutherford pit forrit in 1920 that the hydrogen nucleus wis a new particle, that he cried the ''[[proton]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Orme Masson |date=1921 |title=The Constitution of Atoms |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |volume=41 |issue=242 |pages=281–285 |doi=10.1080/14786442108636219 |url=https://archive.org/details/londonedinburg6411921lond/page/280/mode/2up }}<br/>Footnote by Ernest Rutherford: 'At the time of writing this paper in Australia, Professor Orme Masson was not aware that the name "proton" had already been suggested as a suitable name for the unit of mass nearly 1, in terms of oxygen 16, that appears to enter into the nuclear structure of atoms. The question of a suitable name for this unit was discussed at an informal meeting of a number of members of Section A of the British Association at Cardiff this year. The name "baron" suggested by Professor Masson was mentioned, but was considered unsuitable on account of the existing variety of meanings. Finally the name "proton" met with general approval, particularly as it suggests the original term "protyle " given by Prout in his well-known hypothesis that all atoms are built up of hydrogen. The need of a special name for the nuclear unit of mass 1 was drawn attention to by Sir Oliver Lodge at the Sectional meeting, and the writer then suggested the name "proton."'</ref> In 1921, wirkin wi [[Niels Bohr]], Rutherford pit forrit that there micht be neutrons, that he haed named in his 1920 Bakerian Lecture. Thir coud mak up for the pushin apairt o the positive chairges o the protons, haudin the nucleus thegither. The ae ither wey o explainin it wis "nuclear electrons", but naebody kent hou thae electrons coud be held in the nucleus. In 1932 Rutherford's theory o neutrons wis pruived bi his colleague [[James Chadwick]], that kent neutrons richt awa when ither scientists, an later himsel, makkit them bi bombardin [[beryllium]] wi alpha particles. In 1935 Chadwick wis awairdit the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for this discovery.<ref>{{cite web |title=James Chadwick – Facts |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1935/chadwick/facts/ |website=The Nobel Prize |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach AB |access-date=16 June 2023 |archive-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004015954/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1935/chadwick/facts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Nuclear reactions === In Rutherford's fower-pairt airticle on the "Collision of α-particles with light atoms", he reportit twa mair discoveries.<ref name=PaisInwardBound/>{{rp|237}} First, he shawed that at heich angles, the scatterin o alpha particles aff hydrogen wisnae the same as the theory he haed published in 1911. Thir wis the first results tae look intae whit hauds a nucleus thegither. Second, he shawed that alpha particles hittin nitrogen nuclei wad react wi them, raither nor simply stot aff. Ane product o the reaction wis the proton; [[Patrick Blackett]], Rutherford's colleague an umwhile student, shawed that the ither wis [[oxygen]]: :¹⁴N + α → ¹⁷O + p. Rutherford saw (owerset frae the Inglis) "that the nucleus micht growe raither nor dwine in mass as the result o collisions whaur the proton is pit oot".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "that the nucleus may increase rather than diminish in mass as the result of collisions in which the proton is expelled".</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rutherford |first1=Sir Ernest |title=Studies of Atomic Nuclei |url=https://archive.org/details/RoyalInstitutionLibraryOfScience-PhysicalScienceVol9 |date=27 March 1925 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=62 |issue=1601 |pages=73–76 |publisher=The Royal Institution Library of Sciences |doi=10.1126/science.62.1601.209 |pmid=17748045 |bibcode=1925Sci....62..209R |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Blackett wis awairdit the Nobel Prize in 1948 for his wark on the heich-speed cloud chaumer that he uised for this discovery an monie mair.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nobel Prize for Physics : Prof. P. M. S. Blackett, F.R.S |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1948-11-27_162_4126/page/841 |journal=Nature |volume=162 |issue=4126 |year=1948 |pages=841 |doi=10.1038/162841b0|bibcode=1948Natur.162R.841. |doi-access=free }}</ref> == Personal life an daith == Rutherford mairit Mary Georgina Newton (1876–1954) in 1900, at St Paul's Anglican Church, Papanui, in [[Christchurch]].<ref>{{Cite web| last=Intergen| title=General| url=https://www.bdmhistoricalrecords.dia.govt.nz/| access-date=8 February 2023| website=www.bdmhistoricalrecords.dia.govt.nz| archive-date=12 November 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022628/https://www.bdmhistoricalrecords.dia.govt.nz/| url-status=live}}</ref> He haed been engaged tae her afore he left New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/christchurch-life/560019/Family-history-in-from-the-cold |title=Family history in from the cold |date=18 March 2009 |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-date=14 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914094507/http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/christchurch-life/560019/Family-history-in-from-the-cold |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| first=Fiona| last=Summerfield| url=http://anglicantaonga.org.nz/news/tikanga_pakeha/new_lease_of_life_for_historic_chch_church| title=Historic St Paul's Church in the Christchurch suburb of Papanui is being fully restored| website=Anglican Taonga| date=9 November 2012| access-date=5 February 2019| archive-date=14 September 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914165438/http://anglicantaonga.org.nz/news/tikanga_pakeha/new_lease_of_life_for_historic_chch_church| url-status=live}}</ref> They haed ane dochter, Eileen Mary (1901–1930), that mairit the physicist Ralph Fowler an dee'd giein birth tae her fowert bairn. Rutherford's hobbies includit [[gowf]] an motorin.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography" /> While he wis wirkin in Manchester, Rutherford bade in Withington, on Wilmslow Road. The hoose is nou cried Rutherford Lodge, an it got a blue plaque in 2012.<ref>{{cite web| title=Famous Withingtonians | publisher=Withington Civic Society | location=UK | url=https://withingtoncivicsociety.co.uk/famous-withingtonians.html | accessdate=29 December 2025 }}</ref> Rutherford haed a smaw hernia for a while afore his daith, that he didnae hae repaired. It becam strangulatit, an he becam gravely ill. He haed an emergency operation in [[Lunnon]], but dee'd in [[Cambrig]] fower days later, on 19 October 1937, at the age o 66, o whit his doctors cried intestinal paralysis.<ref name=compeerage>{{cite book|title=The Complete Peerage, Volume XIII – Peerage Creations, 1901–1938|year=1949|publisher=St Catherine's Press|page=495}}</ref> Efter he wis cremated at Golders Green Crematorium,<ref name=compeerage /> he wis gien the heich honour o buirial in [[Wastmeenster Aibey]], near [[Isaac Newton]], [[Charles Darwin]] an ither weel-kent Breetish scientists.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Heilbron|first=J. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vNW1wg9npgC&pg=PA123|title=Ernest Rutherford: And the Explosion of Atoms|date=12 June 2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=123–124|isbn=978-0-19-512378-4|language=en|access-date=22 February 2016|archive-date=13 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113203740/https://books.google.com/books?id=_vNW1wg9npgC&pg=PA123|url-status=live}}</ref> == Legacy == [[File:Statue of Ernest Rutherford.JPG|right|thumb|A statue o a young Ernest Rutherford at his memorial in [[Brightwater]], New Zealand]] Rutherford haes been on postage stamps frae at least fower countries.<ref name="McLintock" /> Syne 1999 he haes been on the New Zealand hunner-dollar note.<ref name=":1" /> Rutherford is kent as "the faither o nuclear physics"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "the father of nuclear physics".</ref> acause his research, an the wark done unner him as heid o the laboratory, set oot the nuclear structur o the atom, an that radioactive decay is at bottom a nuclear process.<ref name=Father>{{cite web |title=Ernest Rutherford |url=https://ehs.msu.edu/lab-clinic/rad/hist-figures/rutherford.html |website=Environmental Health and Safety Office of Research Regulatory Support |publisher=Michigan State University |access-date=23 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622163634/https://ehs.msu.edu/lab-clinic/rad/hist-figures/rutherford.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ernest Rutherford: father of nuclear science |url=https://media.newzealand.com/en/story-ideas/ernest-rutherford-father-of-nuclear-science/ |website=New Zealand Media Resources |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612184534/https://media.newzealand.com/en/story-ideas/ernest-rutherford-father-of-nuclear-science/ |archive-date=12 June 2021 |language=en |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Hindu>{{cite web |title=Know the scientist: Ernest Rutherford |url=https://www.thehindu.com/children/know-the-scientist-ernest-rutherford/article34837002.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=23 June 2023 |language=en-IN |date=17 June 2021 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623183847/https://www.thehindu.com/children/know-the-scientist-ernest-rutherford/article34837002.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Patrick Blackett, a research fellae wirkin unner Rutherford, uised naitural alpha particles tae shaw ''induced'' nuclear transmutation. Later, Rutherford's team uised protons frae an accelerator tae shaw nuclear reactions an transmutation ''makkit bi airt''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Giunta |first1=Carmen |title=Rutherford and Blackett artificial transmutation |url=https://web.lemoyne.edu/giunta/classicalcs/ruthblack.html |website=web.lemoyne.edu |access-date=27 June 2023 |date=2019 |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627010731/https://web.lemoyne.edu/giunta/classicalcs/ruthblack.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Rutherford dee'd ower suin tae see Leó Szilárd's idea o controlled nuclear chain reactions come tae pass. But Szilárd said that a speech o Rutherford's aboot his transmutation o lithium bi airt, prentit in ''The Times'' o 12 September 1933, gied him the idea o a controlled chain reaction that coud mak energy.<ref>{{cite web |title=September 12, 1933 – Leó Szilárd conceives the idea of the nuclear chain reaction |url=https://rinconeducativo.org/en/anniversaries/september-12-1933-leo-szilard-conceives-the-idea-of-the-nuclear-chain-reaction/#:~:text=On%20September%2012%2C%201933%2C%20in%20London%2C%20Szil%C3%A1rd%20read,transformation%20of%20atoms%20was%20talking%20about%20%22silly%20alcohol%22. |website=Rincón educativo |access-date=27 June 2023 |language=Spanish, English |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627010731/https://rinconeducativo.org/en/anniversaries/september-12-1933-leo-szilard-conceives-the-idea-of-the-nuclear-chain-reaction/#:~:text=On%20September%2012%2C%201933%2C%20in%20London%2C%20Szil%C3%A1rd%20read,transformation%20of%20atoms%20was%20talking%20about%20%22silly%20alcohol%22. |url-status=live }}</ref> The element [[rutherfordium]], Rf, Z=104, wis named in honour o Rutherford in 1997.<ref>{{cite news|author=Freemantle, Michael|title=ACS Article on Rutherfordium|url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/print/rutherfordium.html|work=Chemical & Engineering News|publisher=American Chemical Society|year=2003|access-date=2 April 2008|archive-date=28 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328131206/http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/print/rutherfordium.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Fremmit airtins == {{commons|Ernest Rutherford}} * [https://history.aip.org/exhibits/rutherford/ Biography an web exhibit], American Institute of Physics * [http://www.physics.mcgill.ca/museum/rutherford_museum.htm The Rutherford Museum] * [http://www.rutherford.org.nz/ Rutherford Scientist Supreme] == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rutherford, Ernest}} [[Category:1871 births]] [[Category:1937 daiths]] [[Category:New Zealand nuclear physicists]] [[Category:Breetish chemists]] [[Category:Breetish physicists]] [[Category:Breetish Nobel laureates]] [[Category:New Zealand physicists]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Chemistry]] [[Category:Recipients o the Copley Medal]] [[Category:Preses o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Members o the Pontifical Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Honorary Members o the Roushie Academy o Sciences (1917–1925)]] [[Category:Alumni o Trinity College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Academics o the Victoria Varsity o Manchester]] [[Category:Barons in the Peerage o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Knichts Bachelor]] [[Category:New Zealand fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:New Zealand fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:New Zealand Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Buirials at Wastmeenster Aibey]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o New Zealand]] [[Category:Faraday Lecturers]] [[Category:Correspondin Members o the Roushie Academy o Sciences (1917–1925)]] [[Category:New Zealand recipients o a Breetish peerage]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Edinburgh]] tsk2pfkcr0q66ovgqjeh1hm7ax0vp7p 927553 927433 2026-11-10T00:21:12Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin an grammar fixes, lang sentences split 927553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Ernest Rutherford | image = Sir Ernest Rutherford LCCN2014716719 - restoration1.jpg | caption = Rutherford in the 1920s | birth_date = {{Birth date|1871|08|30|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Brightwater|Spring Grove]], Colony o New Zealand | death_date = {{Death date and age|1937|10|19|1871|08|30|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Cambrig]], [[Ingland]] | resting_place = [[Wastmeenster Aibey]] | fields = [[Physicist|Physics]], [[Chemistrie]] | workplaces = McGill University<br />Victoria University o Manchester<br />[[University o Cambrig]] | alma_mater = University o New Zealand<br />[[University o Cambrig]] | academic_advisors = [[J. J. Thomson]]<ref name="aps"> {{Cite web|url=https://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/rutherfordsoddy.cfm |title=Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041955/https://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/rutherfordsoddy.cfm |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | doctoral_students = [[John Cockcroft]]<br />[[Ernest Walton]] | notable_students = [[Patrick Blackett]]<br />[[Otto Hahn]]<ref name=PhysicsTree>{{Cite web|title=Physics Tree - Ernest Rutherford|url=https://academictree.org/physics/peopleinfo.php?pid=13140|website=academictree.org|access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref> | known_for = Discovery o the [[atomic nucleus]]<br />Discovery o the [[proton]]<br />Discovery o [[radon]]<br />Theory o the neutron | awards = [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (1908)<br />Copley Medal (1922) | spouse = Mary Georgina Newton (m. 1900) | children = 1 | signature = Ernest-Rutherford-signature.svg }} '''Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford o Nelson''' (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937<ref>{{cite news | title=LORD RUTHERFORD, PHYSICIST, IS DEAD; British Nobel Winner, 66, Famous As Atom-Smasher, Dies After Operation | date=20 October 1937 | last=Laurence | first=William | work=[[The New York Times]]| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/10/20/archives/lord-rutherford-physicist-is-dead-british-nobel-prize-winner-66.html}}</ref>) wis a New Zealand [[physicist]] an [[chemist]] that did pioneerin research in baith atomic an [[nuclear physics]]. He haes been cried "the faither o nuclear physics"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "the father of nuclear physics".</ref><ref name=Father/> an "the greatest experimentalist syne [[Michael Faraday]]".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "the greatest experimentalist since Michael Faraday".</ref><ref name="eb">{{cite web |last1=Badash |first1=Lawrence |title=Ernest Rutherford {{!}} Accomplishments, Atomic Theory, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Rutherford |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=23 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926002932/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Rutherford |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1908 he wis awairdit the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] "for his investigations intae the disintegration o the elements, an the chemistry o radioactive substances".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances".</ref><ref name="Nobel Prize">{{Cite web|title=Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1908/summary/|url-status=live|publisher=NobelPrize.org|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081024050904/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/index.html|archive-date=24 October 2008|access-date=6 October 2008}}</ref> Amang Rutherford's discoveries is the idea o radioactive half-life, the radioactive element [[radon]], an the tellin apairt an namin o alpha an beta radiation. Him an Thomas Royds are creditit wi pruivin that alpha radiation is makkit o [[helium]] nuclei.<ref name=rutherford.org.nz>{{cite web|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Rutherford – A Brief Biography|url=http://www.rutherford.org.nz/biography.htm|website=Rutherford.org.nz|access-date=4 March 2013|archive-date=12 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512125601/https://www.rutherford.org.nz/biography.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/14786440808636511| title = Spectrum of the radium emanation| journal = Philosophical Magazine| series = Series 6| volume = 16| issue = 92| pages = 313| year = 1908| last1 = Rutherford| first1 = E.| last2 = Royds| first2 = T.| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1430840| access-date = 28 June 2019| archive-date = 23 December 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191223010722/https://zenodo.org/record/1430840| url-status = live}}</ref> In 1911 he pit forrit the theory that [[atom]]s hae their [[Electric chairge|chairge]] gaithert in a very smaw [[Atomic nucleus|nucleus]].<ref>{{cite book |title = Theoretical concepts in physics: an alternative view of theoretical reasoning in physics |last = Longair |first = M. S. |publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 2003 |isbn = 978-0-521-52878-8 |pages = 377–378 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bA9Lp2GH6OEC&pg=PA377 |access-date = 11 May 2020 |archive-date = 30 October 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231030224745/https://books.google.com/books?id=bA9Lp2GH6OEC&pg=PA377#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status = live }}</ref> He cam tae this theory throu his discovery an readin o Rutherford scatterin in the gowd foil experiment that [[Hans Geiger]] an Ernest Marsden cairied oot. In 1912 he askit [[Niels Bohr]] tae jine his laboratory, an that led tae the [[Bohr model]] o the atom. In 1917 he cairied oot the first nuclear reaction makkit bi airt, in experiments whaur nitrogen nuclei wis bombardit wi alpha particles. Thir experiments led him tae fin a subatomic particle gien aff that he cried the "hydrogen atom" at first, but later, mair exactly, renamed the [[proton]].<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1080/14786440608635919|title = Collision of α particles with light atoms. IV. An anomalous effect in nitrogen|journal = The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|series = Series 6|volume = 37|issue = 222|pages = 581–587|year = 1919|last1 = Rutherford|first1 = E.|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1430800|access-date = 2 November 2019|archive-date = 2 November 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191102172157/https://zenodo.org/record/1430800|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1098/rspa.1920.0040|title = Bakerian Lecture. Nuclear Constitution of Atoms|journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|volume = 97|issue = 686|pages = 374–400|year = 1920|last1 = Rutherford|first1 = E.|bibcode = 1920RSPSA..97..374R|doi-access = free}}</ref> He is creditit wi wirkin oot the [[Atomic nummer|atomic nummerin]] seestem alang wi Henry Moseley an aw. Amang his ither achievements, he brocht on the fields o [[radio]] communication an ultrasound technology. Rutherford becam Director o the Cavendish Laboratory at the [[University o Cambrig]] in 1919. Unner his leadership, the neutron wis fund bi [[James Chadwick]] in 1932. The same year, [[John Cockcroft]] an [[Ernest Walton]], wirkin unner his direction, cairied oot the first controlled experiment tae split the nucleus. For his advances in science, Rutherford wis makkit a baron o the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. Efter he deed in 1937, he wis buried in [[Wastmeenster Aibey]] near [[Charles Darwin]] an [[Isaac Newton]]. The chemical element [[rutherfordium]] (₁₀₄Rf) wis named efter him in 1997. In 1999 he wis named the tent greatest physicist o aw time.<ref>{{cite news| title=Physics: past, present, future| work=Physics World| date=6 December 1999| url=https://physicsworld.com/a/physics-past-present-future/}}</ref> Syne 1999 his portrait haes been on New Zealand's hunner-dollar note.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2024 |title=$100 banknote |url=https://www.rbnz.govt.nz/money-and-cash/banknotes-and-coins/banknotes-in-circulation/100-banknote |access-date=8 May 2026 |website=Reserve Bank of New Zealand}}</ref> == Early life an education == Ernest Rutherford wis born on 30 August 1871 in Spring Grove (nou [[Brightwater]]), Nelson Province, [[New Zealand]]. He wis the fowert o twal bairns o Martha (born Thompson) an James Rutherford. His faither wis a mechanic frae [[Perth]], [[Scotland]], an his mither wis a teacher frae Hornchurch, [[Ingland]];<ref name=McLintock>{{cite encyclopedia|author=A.H. McLintock|encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand|title=Rutherford, Sir Ernest (Baron Rutherford of Nelson, O.M., F.R.S.)|edition=1966|date=18 September 2007|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/rutherford-sir-ernest/1|publisher=Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|isbn=978-0-478-18451-8|access-date=2 April 2008|archive-date=3 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203225115/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/rutherford-sir-ernest/1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vNW1wg9npgC&pg=PA12|page=12|author=J.L. Heilbron|title=Ernest Rutherford And the Explosion of Atoms|date=12 June 2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-512378-6|access-date=22 February 2016|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829161018/https://books.google.com/books?id=_vNW1wg9npgC&pg=PA12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> they cam tae New Zealand in 1842 an 1855.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/> His birth certificate wis written wrang as 'Earnest'. His faimily cried him Ern.<ref name=McLintock/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Campbell|first=John|date=January 2002|title=Rutherford, Ernest|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3r37/rutherford-ernest|url-status=live|website=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography}}</ref> When he wis 5, Rutherford flittit tae Foxhill, Tasman, an gaed tae Foxhill School. In 1883, when he wis 11, the faimily flittit tae Havelock in the Marlborough Sounds, whaur Ernest gaed tae Havelock School.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 1886 |title=Local and General News. |volume=22 |page=2 |work=Marlborough Express |issue=186 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18861007.2.8? |access-date=1 October 2023 |via=Papers Past |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808010845/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18861007.2.8 |url-status=live }}</ref> They flittit tae be nearer the lint mill that his faither ran.<ref name=":0" /> In 1887, at his second try, he wan a scholarship tae study at Nelson College.<ref name=":0" /> At his first try he got the heichest mark o onybody frae Nelson.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Marlborough Express. Published Every Evening. Monday, December 28, 1885. Local and General News. |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18851228.2.5 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808010547/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18851228.2.5 |url-status=live }}</ref> When he wis gien the scholarship, he haed 580 merks oot o a possible 600.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Marlborough Express. Published Every Evening Wednesday, January 5, 1887. Local and General News. |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18870105.2.6 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808011211/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18870105.2.6 |url-status=live }}</ref> Efter he wan it, Havelock School gied him a set o five buiks cried ''The Peoples of the World''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Papers Past {{!}} Newspapers {{!}} Marlborough Express {{!}} 25 January 1887 {{!}} Local and General News. |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18870125.2.6 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808011630/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18870125.2.6 |url-status=live }}</ref> He wis at Nelson College frae 1887 tae 1889, an wis heid boy in 1889. He played in the schuil's rugby team an aw.<ref name=":0" /> He wis offert a cadetship in the government service, but he turned it doon acause he still haed 15 month o college tae gang.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Papers Past {{!}} Newspapers {{!}} Marlborough Express {{!}} 4 October 1887 {{!}} Marlborough Express. Published Every Evening.... |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18871004.2.7 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808011952/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18871004.2.7 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1889, at his second try, he wan a scholarship tae study at Canterbury College, University o New Zealand, atween 1890 an 1894. He teuk pairt in its debatin society an its science society.<ref name=":0" /> At Canterbury he wis awairdit a [[Bachelor o Airts]] in Pure Mathematics an Laitin in 1892, an a Master o Airts wi double first-cless honours in Mathematics, Mathematical Physics an Physical Science in 1893. He wis awairdit a Bachelor o Science in Chemistry an Geology in 1894.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography">{{cite web |title=Ernest Rutherford – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1908/rutherford/biographical/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603075847/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1908/rutherford/biographical/ |archive-date=3 June 2023 |url-status=live |publisher=NobelPrize.org |access-date=5 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Famous Canterbury graduate Ernest Rutherford turns 150 |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/news/2021/famous-canterbury-graduate-ernest-rutherford-turns-150.html |publisher=University of Canterbury |access-date=3 July 2023 |language=en-nz |date=27 August 2021 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703222040/https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/news/2021/famous-canterbury-graduate-ernest-rutherford-turns-150.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efter that, Rutherford inventit a new kind o [[Receiver (radio)|radio receiver]]. In 1895 he wis awairdit an 1851 Research Fellowship frae the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851,<ref>1851 Royal Commission Archives</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Papers Past {{!}} Newspapers {{!}} Ashburton Guardian {{!}} 13 July 1895 {{!}} European and Other Foreign Items |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AG18950713.2.9 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808013431/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AG18950713.2.9 |url-status=live }}</ref> tae traivel tae [[Ingland]] for postgraduate study in the Cavendish Laboratory at the [[University o Cambrig]].<ref name="Venn">{{acad|id=RTRT895E|name=Rutherford, Ernest}}</ref> In 1897 he wis awairdit a Bachelor o Airts research degree an the Coutts-Trotter Studentship frae Trinity College, Cambridge.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/> == Career an research == [[File:Ernest Rutherford 1892.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford in 1892]] When Rutherford stairtit at Cambrig, he wis amang the first 'aliens' (fowk withoot a Cambrig degree) alloued tae dae research at the university, an he haed the honour o studyin unner [[J. J. Thomson]].<ref name="aps" /> Wi Thomson's encouragement, he detectit radio waves at {{convert|0.5|mi|m}}, an for a while he held the warld record for the distance that electromagnetic waves could be detectit ower. But when he gied his results at the British Association meetin in 1896, he fund he haed been ootdone bi Guglielmo Marconi, whase radio waves haed sent a message near {{convert|10|mi|km}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Holmes |first1=Jonathan |title=Marconi's first radio broadcast made 125 years ago |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-somerset-61327062 |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=BBC News |date=13 May 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605224315/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-somerset-61327062 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Radioactivity === Again unner Thomson, Rutherford wirkit on hou X-rays mak gases conduct electricity. This wark led tae the discovery o the [[electron]], that Thomson first gied oot in 1897.<ref name=Hindu/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Buchwald |first1=Jed Z. |last2=Warwick |first2=Andrew |title=Histories of the electron: the birth of microphysics |date=30 January 2004 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=0262524244 |pages=21–30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yqqhlIdCOoC&pg=PA21 |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829163251/https://books.google.com/books?id=1yqqhlIdCOoC&pg=PA21 |url-status=live }}</ref> When he heard o Henri Becquerel's wark wi [[uranium]], Rutherford stairtit lookin intae its [[Radioactive decay|radioactivity]], an fund twa kinds that differed frae X-rays in hou faur they could gang throu things. Cairyin on his research in [[Canadae]], in 1899 he cam up wi the terms "alpha ray" an "beta ray" for thir twa kinds o radiation.<ref name=abg>{{Cite journal|last=Trenn|first=Thaddeus J.|date=1976|title=Rutherford on the Alpha-Beta-Gamma Classification of Radioactive Rays|journal=Isis|volume=67|issue=1|pages=61–75|jstor=231134|doi=10.1086/351545|s2cid=145281124}}</ref> In 1898 Rutherford teuk the Macdonald Chair o Physics at McGill University in [[Montreal]], on Thomson's recommendation.<ref>{{cite book| first=Robin| last=McKown| authorlink=Robin McKown|title=Giant of the Atom, Ernest Rutherford| url=https://archive.org/details/giantofatomernes00mcko|url-access=registration|year=1962|publisher=Julian Messner Inc, New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/giantofatomernes00mcko/page/57 57]}}</ref> Frae 1900 tae 1903 the young chemist Frederick Soddy wirkit wi him at McGill. Thegither they fund that the [[noble gas]] gien aff bi thorium wis a new substance, that they cried thoron, an that wis later shawn tae be an isotope o radon.<ref name="Kragh">{{Cite arXiv|last=Kragh|first=Helge|date=5 February 2012|title=Rutherford, Radioactivity, and the Atomic Nucleus|eprint=1202.0954|class=physics.hist-ph}}</ref><ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/> Rutherford fund that a sample o radioactive material, whitever its size, aye teuk the same time for hauf o it tae decay, an he cam up wi the term "half-life" for this.<ref name="Kragh"/> Rutherford an Soddy shawed that radioactivity wis atoms brakkin up o thairsels intae ither maitter. Till then, atoms wis taen tae be the pairts that aw maitter wis biggit frae, that coudnae be broken.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/> In 1903 Rutherford gied the nem [[gamma ray]] tae a third kind o radiation, that the French chemist Paul Villard haed fund in 1900, acause it gaed throu things faur better nor his alpha an beta rays.<ref name=abg/> In 1904 he pit forrit that radioactivity coud gie eneuch energy tae explain hou the Sun haed lastit for the monie millions o year that [[Charles Darwin]] an ither biologists needit for slaw evolution on Earth. Lord Kelvin haed argied for a faur younger Earth, but Rutherford pointit oot, at a lecture Kelvin wis at, that radioactivity coud solve this problem.<ref name="England et al 2007">{{cite journal |author1=England, P. |author2=Molnar, P. |author3=Righter, F. | title=John Perry's neglected critique of Kelvin's age for the Earth: A missed opportunity in geodynamics |journal=GSA Today |date=January 2007 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1130/GSAT01701A.1 |bibcode=2007GSAT...17R...4E |doi-access= free}}</ref> In 1907 he cam back tae Breetain tae tak the Langworthy Professorship at the Victoria University o Manchester.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ernest Rutherford: Heritage Heroes at The University of Manchester |url=https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/history-heritage/history/heroes/ernest-rutherford/ |website=The University of Manchester |access-date=27 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627004723/https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/history-heritage/history/heroes/ernest-rutherford/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Manchester]], Rutherford cairied on wi his wark on alpha radiation. Wi [[Hans Geiger]], he wrocht oot weys tae coont alpha particles, an fund that the chairge on the alpha particle wis twa.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=27 August 1908 |title=The charge and nature of the α-particle |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character |language=en |volume=81 |issue=546 |pages=162–173 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1908.0066 |bibcode=1908RSPSA..81..162R |issn=0950-1207 |last1=Rutherford |first1=E. |last2=Geiger |first2=Hans |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=PaisInwardBound>{{Cite book |last=Pais |first=Abraham | author-link=Abraham Pais |title=Inward bound: of matter and forces in the physical world |date=2002 |publisher=Clarendon Press [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-19-851997-3 |edition=Reprint |location=Oxford}}</ref>{{rp|61}} In late 1907, him an Thomas Royds let alpha particles throu a very thin windae intae a tube wi the air taen oot o it. Efter a while, the clear spectrum o helium gas kythed in the tube, pruivin that alpha particles wis at least ionised helium atoms, an likly helium nuclei.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rutherford |first1=E. |last2=Royds |first2=T. |title=XXI. The nature of the α particle from radioactive substances |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |date=February 1909 |volume=17 |issue=98 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.1080/14786440208636599 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1430648 |access-date=11 August 2023 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507040356/https://zenodo.org/record/1430648 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Model o the atom === [[File:Gold foil experiment conclusions.svg|right|thumb|''Abuin:'' whit wis expectit: alpha particles gangin throu the plum puddin model o the atom withoot bein shiftit.<br />''Ablo:'' whit wis seen: a smaw pairt o the particles wis deflectit, shawin a smaw, gaithert chairge. The diagram isnae tae scale.]] Rutherford makkit groondbrakkin discoveries lang efter he wan the Nobel Prize in 1908.<ref name=PaisInwardBound/>{{rp|63|q=...Rutherford, who rose to his greatest heights after 1908, most notably because of his discovery of the atomic nucleus}} In 1909, unner his direction, [[Hans Geiger]] an Ernest Marsden cairied oot the Geiger–Marsden experiment. It shawed the nuclear naitur o atoms bi meisurin hou alpha particles wis deflectit as they gaed throu a thin gowd foil.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pestka |first1=Jessica |title=About Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment |url=https://sciencing.com/rutherfords-gold-foil-experiment-4569065.html |website=Sciencing |access-date=27 June 2023 |language=en |date=25 April 2017 |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627004502/https://sciencing.com/rutherfords-gold-foil-experiment-4569065.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Rutherford askit Geiger an Marsden tae look for alpha particles deflectit throu very muckle angles, that nae theory o maitter at the time expectit.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dragovich |first1=Branko |title=Ernest Rutherford and the Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus |publisher=Institute of Physics |location=Belgrade |url=http://bsw2011.seenet-mtp.info/pub/bss2011-DragovichB-abs.pdf |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627004502/http://bsw2011.seenet-mtp.info/pub/bss2011-DragovichB-abs.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davidson |first1=Michael W. |title=Pioneers in Optics: Johann Wilhelm Ritter and Ernest Rutherford |journal=Microscopy Today |date=March 2014 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=48–51 |doi=10.1017/S1551929514000029 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E8B7456A024C6ED07D4E891F540C8EE2/S1551929514000029a.pdf/pioneers-in-optics-johann-wilhelm-ritter-and-ernest-rutherford.pdf |access-date=27 June 2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |s2cid=135584871 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103220843/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E8B7456A024C6ED07D4E891F540C8EE2/S1551929514000029a.pdf/pioneers-in-optics-johann-wilhelm-ritter-and-ernest-rutherford.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Thir angles wis rare, but they wis fund. Lookin back on thir results in ane o his last lectures, Rutherford said (owerset frae the Inglis): "It wis the maist unbelievable thing that ever happened tae me in ma life. It wis near as unbelievable as if ye fired a 15-inch shell at a bit o tissue paper an it cam back an hit ye."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "It was quite the most incredible event that has ever happened to me in my life. It was almost as incredible as if you fired a 15-inch shell at a piece of tissue paper and it came back and hit you."</ref><ref>''The Development of the Theory of Atomic Structure'' (Rutherford 1936). Reprinted in [https://archive.org/details/backgroundtomode032734mbp/page/n85/mode/2up ''Background to Modern Science: Ten Lectures at Cambridge arranged by the History of Science Committee 1936'']</ref> It wis Rutherford's readin o thir results that led him tae pit forrit the [[Atomic nucleus|nucleus]], a very smaw, chairged region that hauds maist o the atom's mass.<ref name=charge>{{Cite journal |last1=Rutherford |first1=E. |year=1911 |title=The scattering of α and β particles by matter and the structure of the atom |url=http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/rutherford/rutherford688.html |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |series=Series 6 |volume=21 |issue=125 |pages=669–688 |doi=10.1080/14786440508637080 |access-date=6 October 2012 |archive-date=7 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607013629/http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/rutherford/rutherford688.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1912 [[Niels Bohr]] jined Rutherford. Bohr chynged Rutherford's nuclear structure tae fit wi [[Max Planck]]'s quantum hypothesis. The [[Bohr model]] that cam oot o this wis the foond for the [[Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanical]] atomic physics o [[Werner Heisenberg|Heisenberg]], that still hauds the day.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/> === Piezoelectricity === In the First Warld War, Rutherford wirkit on a tap-secret project tae solve the practical problems o findin submarines. Baith Rutherford an Paul Langevin pit forrit the uise o piezoelectricity, an Rutherford makkit a device that meisurt its ootput. Piezoelectricity syne becam essential tae ultrasound as it is kent the day. But it is a mistak tae say Rutherford inventit sonar, acause unnerwatter detection uises Langevin's transducer.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katzir |first1=Shaul |title=Who knew piezoelectricity? Rutherford and Langevin on submarine detection and the invention of sonar |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society |date=20 June 2012 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=141–157 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2011.0049 |s2cid=1240938 |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/epdf/10.1098/rsnr.2011.0049 |access-date=2 July 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duck |first1=Francis |title=Paul Langevin, U-boats, and ultrasonics |journal=Physics Today |date=1 November 2022 |volume=75 |issue=11 |pages=42–48 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.5122 |bibcode=2022PhT....75k..42D |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Discovery o the proton === Wi Henry Moseley, Rutherford wirkit oot the [[Atomic nummer|atomic nummerin]] seestem in 1913. Their research wis the first tae say that ilka element coud be defined bi the properties o its inner structure.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/> This research led Rutherford tae the theory that the [[hydrogen]] atom wis a kind o "positive electron", a pairt o ilka element.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rutherford |first1=Ernest |title=The structure of the atom |journal=Philosophical Magazine |date=1914 |volume=27 |pages=488–498 |url=http://www.ub.edu/hcub/hfq/sites/default/files/ruth1914%285%29.pdf |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613022543/http://www.ub.edu/hcub/hfq/sites/default/files/ruth1914(5).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Whittaker |first1=Edmund |title=A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity |date=1989 |volume=2 |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |isbn=0-486-26126-3 |page=87}}</ref> In 1919, wi a series o experiments stairtit short afore he left Manchester, Rutherford fund that [[nitrogen]] an ither licht elements gied aff a proton, that he cried a "hydrogen atom", when they wis hit wi alpha particles.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/> He shawed that particles gien aff when alpha particles collidit wi hydrogen haed unit chairge an 1/4 the momentum o the alpha particles.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rutherford |first1=Ernest |title=LII. Collision of α particles with light atoms II. Velocity of the hydrogen atom |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |date=8 April 2009 |volume=37 |issue=222 |pages=562–571 |doi=10.1080/14786440608635917 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14786440608635917?journalCode=tphm17 |access-date=13 June 2023 |series=6 |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613022542/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14786440608635917?journalCode=tphm17 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Rutherford cam back tae the Cavendish Laboratory in 1919, follaein [[J. J. Thomson]] as Cavendish Professor o Physics, a post he held till he deed in 1937.<ref name=cam>{{cite web |url=http://www.phy.cam.ac.uk/history/cavprof.php |title=The Cavendish Professorship of Physics |publisher=University of Cambridge |accessdate=30 November 2013 |archive-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703172354/http://www.phy.cam.ac.uk/history/cavprof.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> In his time there, Nobel Prizes wis awairdit tae [[James Chadwick]] for findin the neutron (in 1932). [[John Cockcroft]] an [[Ernest Walton]] gat ane for an experiment that cam tae be kent as "splittin the atom", uisin a particle accelerator, an [[Edward Victor Appleton|Edward Appleton]] for shawin that the ionosphere exists. === Proton an neutron theory === In 1919–1920 Rutherford cairied on wi his research on the "hydrogen atom". It shawed him that hydrogen nuclei wis pairt o nitrogen nuclei, an likly ither nuclei as weel. Hydrogen wis kent tae be the lichtest element. Acause o aw this, Rutherford decidit that a hydrogen nucleus micht be a basic biggin block o aw nuclei, an possibly a new basic particle as weel. Confirmin an takkin forrit the wark o [[Wilhelm Wien]], that fund the proton in streams o [[Plasma (pheesics)|ionised gas]] in 1898,<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1002/andp.18943180404|title = Über positive Elektronen und die Existenz hoher Atomgewichte|journal = Annalen der Physik|volume = 318|issue = 4|pages = 669–677|year = 1904|last1 = Wien|first1 = W.|bibcode = 1904AnP...318..669W|url = https://zenodo.org/record/2190505|access-date = 5 September 2020|archive-date = 13 July 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200713133516/https://zenodo.org/record/2190505|url-status = live}}</ref> Rutherford pit forrit in 1920 that the hydrogen nucleus wis a new particle, that he cried the ''[[proton]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Orme Masson |date=1921 |title=The Constitution of Atoms |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |volume=41 |issue=242 |pages=281–285 |doi=10.1080/14786442108636219 |url=https://archive.org/details/londonedinburg6411921lond/page/280/mode/2up }}<br/>Footnote by Ernest Rutherford: 'At the time of writing this paper in Australia, Professor Orme Masson was not aware that the name "proton" had already been suggested as a suitable name for the unit of mass nearly 1, in terms of oxygen 16, that appears to enter into the nuclear structure of atoms. The question of a suitable name for this unit was discussed at an informal meeting of a number of members of Section A of the British Association at Cardiff this year. The name "baron" suggested by Professor Masson was mentioned, but was considered unsuitable on account of the existing variety of meanings. Finally the name "proton" met with general approval, particularly as it suggests the original term "protyle " given by Prout in his well-known hypothesis that all atoms are built up of hydrogen. The need of a special name for the nuclear unit of mass 1 was drawn attention to by Sir Oliver Lodge at the Sectional meeting, and the writer then suggested the name "proton."'</ref> In 1921, wirkin wi [[Niels Bohr]], Rutherford pit forrit that there micht be neutrons, that he haed named in his 1920 Bakerian Lecture. Thir coud mak up for the pushin apairt o the positive chairges o the protons, haudin the nucleus thegither. The ae ither wey o explainin it wis "nuclear electrons", but naebody kent hou thae electrons coud be held in the nucleus. In 1932 Rutherford's theory o neutrons wis pruived bi his colleague [[James Chadwick]], that kent neutrons richt awa when ither scientists, an later himsel, makkit them bi bombardin [[beryllium]] wi alpha particles. In 1935 Chadwick wis awairdit the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for this discovery.<ref>{{cite web |title=James Chadwick – Facts |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1935/chadwick/facts/ |website=The Nobel Prize |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach AB |access-date=16 June 2023 |archive-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004015954/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1935/chadwick/facts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Nuclear reactions === In Rutherford's fower-pairt article on the "Collision of α-particles with light atoms", he reportit twa mair discoveries.<ref name=PaisInwardBound/>{{rp|237}} First, he shawed that at heich angles, the scatterin o alpha particles aff hydrogen wisnae the same as the theory he haed published in 1911. Thir wis the first results tae look intae whit hauds a nucleus thegither. Second, he shawed that alpha particles hittin nitrogen nuclei wad react wi them, raither nor simply stot aff. Ane product o the reaction wis the proton; [[Patrick Blackett]], Rutherford's colleague an umwhile student, shawed that the ither wis [[oxygen]]: :¹⁴N + α → ¹⁷O + p. Rutherford saw (owerset frae the Inglis) "that the nucleus micht growe raither nor dwine in mass as the result o collisions whaur the proton is pit oot".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "that the nucleus may increase rather than diminish in mass as the result of collisions in which the proton is expelled".</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rutherford |first1=Sir Ernest |title=Studies of Atomic Nuclei |url=https://archive.org/details/RoyalInstitutionLibraryOfScience-PhysicalScienceVol9 |date=27 March 1925 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=62 |issue=1601 |pages=73–76 |publisher=The Royal Institution Library of Sciences |doi=10.1126/science.62.1601.209 |pmid=17748045 |bibcode=1925Sci....62..209R |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Blackett wis awairdit the Nobel Prize in 1948 for his wark on the heich-speed cloud chaumer that he uised for this discovery an monie mair.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nobel Prize for Physics : Prof. P. M. S. Blackett, F.R.S |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1948-11-27_162_4126/page/841 |journal=Nature |volume=162 |issue=4126 |year=1948 |pages=841 |doi=10.1038/162841b0|bibcode=1948Natur.162R.841. |doi-access=free }}</ref> == Personal life an daith == Rutherford mairit Mary Georgina Newton (1876–1954) in 1900, at St Paul's Anglican Church, Papanui, in [[Christchurch]].<ref>{{Cite web| last=Intergen| title=General| url=https://www.bdmhistoricalrecords.dia.govt.nz/| access-date=8 February 2023| website=www.bdmhistoricalrecords.dia.govt.nz| archive-date=12 November 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022628/https://www.bdmhistoricalrecords.dia.govt.nz/| url-status=live}}</ref> He haed been engaged tae her afore he left New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/christchurch-life/560019/Family-history-in-from-the-cold |title=Family history in from the cold |date=18 March 2009 |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-date=14 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914094507/http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/christchurch-life/560019/Family-history-in-from-the-cold |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| first=Fiona| last=Summerfield| url=http://anglicantaonga.org.nz/news/tikanga_pakeha/new_lease_of_life_for_historic_chch_church| title=Historic St Paul's Church in the Christchurch suburb of Papanui is being fully restored| website=Anglican Taonga| date=9 November 2012| access-date=5 February 2019| archive-date=14 September 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914165438/http://anglicantaonga.org.nz/news/tikanga_pakeha/new_lease_of_life_for_historic_chch_church| url-status=live}}</ref> They haed ane dochter, Eileen Mary (1901–1930), that mairit the physicist Ralph Fowler an deed giein birth tae her fowert bairn. Rutherford's hobbies includit [[gowf]] an motorin.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography" /> While he wis wirkin in Manchester, Rutherford bade in Withington, on Wilmslow Road. The hoose is nou cried Rutherford Lodge, an it got a blue plaque in 2012.<ref>{{cite web| title=Famous Withingtonians | publisher=Withington Civic Society | location=UK | url=https://withingtoncivicsociety.co.uk/famous-withingtonians.html | accessdate=29 December 2025 }}</ref> Rutherford haed a smaw hernia for a while afore his daith, that he didnae hae repaired. It becam strangulatit, an he becam gravely ill. He haed an emergency operation in [[Lunnon]], but deed in [[Cambrig]] fower days later, on 19 October 1937, at the age o 66, o whit his doctors cried intestinal paralysis.<ref name=compeerage>{{cite book|title=The Complete Peerage, Volume XIII – Peerage Creations, 1901–1938|year=1949|publisher=St Catherine's Press|page=495}}</ref> Efter he wis cremated at Golders Green Crematorium,<ref name=compeerage /> he wis gien the heich honour o buirial in [[Wastmeenster Aibey]], near [[Isaac Newton]], [[Charles Darwin]] an ither weel-kent Breetish scientists.<ref name="Nobel Rutherford Biography"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Heilbron|first=J. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vNW1wg9npgC&pg=PA123|title=Ernest Rutherford: And the Explosion of Atoms|date=12 June 2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=123–124|isbn=978-0-19-512378-4|language=en|access-date=22 February 2016|archive-date=13 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113203740/https://books.google.com/books?id=_vNW1wg9npgC&pg=PA123|url-status=live}}</ref> == Legacy == [[File:Statue of Ernest Rutherford.JPG|right|thumb|A statue o a young Ernest Rutherford at his memorial in [[Brightwater]], New Zealand]] Rutherford haes been on postage stamps frae at least fower countries.<ref name="McLintock" /> Syne 1999 he haes been on the New Zealand hunner-dollar note.<ref name=":1" /> Rutherford is kent as "the faither o nuclear physics"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "the father of nuclear physics".</ref> acause his research, an the wark done unner him as heid o the laboratory, set oot the nuclear structure o the atom. It set oot that radioactive decay is at bottom a nuclear process an aw.<ref name=Father>{{cite web |title=Ernest Rutherford |url=https://ehs.msu.edu/lab-clinic/rad/hist-figures/rutherford.html |website=Environmental Health and Safety Office of Research Regulatory Support |publisher=Michigan State University |access-date=23 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622163634/https://ehs.msu.edu/lab-clinic/rad/hist-figures/rutherford.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ernest Rutherford: father of nuclear science |url=https://media.newzealand.com/en/story-ideas/ernest-rutherford-father-of-nuclear-science/ |website=New Zealand Media Resources |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612184534/https://media.newzealand.com/en/story-ideas/ernest-rutherford-father-of-nuclear-science/ |archive-date=12 June 2021 |language=en |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Hindu>{{cite web |title=Know the scientist: Ernest Rutherford |url=https://www.thehindu.com/children/know-the-scientist-ernest-rutherford/article34837002.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=23 June 2023 |language=en-IN |date=17 June 2021 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623183847/https://www.thehindu.com/children/know-the-scientist-ernest-rutherford/article34837002.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Patrick Blackett, a research fellae wirkin unner Rutherford, uised naitural alpha particles tae shaw ''induced'' nuclear transmutation. Later, Rutherford's team uised protons frae an accelerator tae shaw nuclear reactions an transmutation ''makkit bi airt''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Giunta |first1=Carmen |title=Rutherford and Blackett artificial transmutation |url=https://web.lemoyne.edu/giunta/classicalcs/ruthblack.html |website=web.lemoyne.edu |access-date=27 June 2023 |date=2019 |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627010731/https://web.lemoyne.edu/giunta/classicalcs/ruthblack.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Rutherford deed ower suin tae see Leó Szilárd's idea o controlled nuclear chain reactions come tae pass. But Szilárd said that a speech o Rutherford's aboot his transmutation o lithium bi airt, prentit in ''The Times'' o 12 September 1933, gied him the idea o a controlled chain reaction that coud mak energy.<ref>{{cite web |title=September 12, 1933 – Leó Szilárd conceives the idea of the nuclear chain reaction |url=https://rinconeducativo.org/en/anniversaries/september-12-1933-leo-szilard-conceives-the-idea-of-the-nuclear-chain-reaction/#:~:text=On%20September%2012%2C%201933%2C%20in%20London%2C%20Szil%C3%A1rd%20read,transformation%20of%20atoms%20was%20talking%20about%20%22silly%20alcohol%22. |website=Rincón educativo |access-date=27 June 2023 |language=Spanish, English |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627010731/https://rinconeducativo.org/en/anniversaries/september-12-1933-leo-szilard-conceives-the-idea-of-the-nuclear-chain-reaction/#:~:text=On%20September%2012%2C%201933%2C%20in%20London%2C%20Szil%C3%A1rd%20read,transformation%20of%20atoms%20was%20talking%20about%20%22silly%20alcohol%22. |url-status=live }}</ref> The element [[rutherfordium]], Rf, Z=104, wis named in honour o Rutherford in 1997.<ref>{{cite news|author=Freemantle, Michael|title=ACS Article on Rutherfordium|url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/print/rutherfordium.html|work=Chemical & Engineering News|publisher=American Chemical Society|year=2003|access-date=2 April 2008|archive-date=28 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328131206/http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/print/rutherfordium.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Fremmit airtins == {{commons|Ernest Rutherford}} * [https://history.aip.org/exhibits/rutherford/ Biography an web exhibit], American Institute of Physics * [http://www.physics.mcgill.ca/museum/rutherford_museum.htm The Rutherford Museum] * [http://www.rutherford.org.nz/ Rutherford Scientist Supreme] == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rutherford, Ernest}} [[Category:1871 births]] [[Category:1937 daiths]] [[Category:New Zealand nuclear physicists]] [[Category:Breetish chemists]] [[Category:Breetish physicists]] [[Category:Breetish Nobel laureates]] [[Category:New Zealand physicists]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Chemistry]] [[Category:Recipients o the Copley Medal]] [[Category:Preses o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Members o the Pontifical Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Honorary Members o the Roushie Academy o Sciences (1917–1925)]] [[Category:Alumni o Trinity College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Academics o the Victoria Varsity o Manchester]] [[Category:Barons in the Peerage o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Knichts Bachelor]] [[Category:New Zealand fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:New Zealand fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:New Zealand Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Buirials at Wastmeenster Aibey]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o New Zealand]] [[Category:Faraday Lecturers]] [[Category:Correspondin Members o the Roushie Academy o Sciences (1917–1925)]] [[Category:New Zealand recipients o a Breetish peerage]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Edinburgh]] 2o2bo37wrty4fekb4tyw6f9hv2pvnmq 0 2159 927360 884638 2026-11-09T15:36:47Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead expandit, soorced 927360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |data1 = [[File:Simple Periodic Table Chart-en.svg|x200px]] |data2 = [[File:Hydrogen discharge tube.jpg|x50px|left]][[File:Barium unter Argon Schutzgas Atmosphäre.jpg|x100px|right]] |data3 = [[File:Copper.jpg|x100px|left]][[File:HEUraniumC.jpg|x100px|right]] |data4 = [[File:Bromine vial in acrylic cube.jpg|x100px|left]][[File:HeTube.jpg|x100px|right]] |data5 = Tap: the [[periodic cairt|periodic table]] o the chemical elements.<br/>Ablow: some examples o chemical elements. Frae left tae richt: [[hydrogen]], [[barium]], [[capper]], [[uranium]], [[bromine]] an [[helium]]. }} A '''chemical element''' is a kind o [[atom]] defined bi the nummer o [[proton]]s in its [[Atomic nucleus|nucleus]] (that is, its [[atomic nummer]], or ''Z'').<ref name="goldbookElement">{{cite web| website= International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry| url=http://goldbook.iupac.org/C01022.html| editor=IUPAC| title=chemical element| doi=10.1351/goldbook.C01022}}</ref> For example, [[oxygen]] haes an atomic nummer o 8: ilka oxygen atom haes 8 protons in its nucleus. Atoms o the same element can hae different nummers o [[neutron]]s, an thir are cried the [[isotope]]s o the element. Atoms o ae element can be chynged intae atoms o anither in nuclear reactions, that chynge an atom's atomic nummer. The term "chemical element" is uised an aw for a pure [[chemical substance]] makkit o ae element anerly: oxygen gas, for example, is makkit o naething but oxygen atoms. Historically, a "chemical element" meant a substance that canna be broken doun intae ither substances bi chemical reactions, an for maist practical purposes this definition still hauds. In the 1920s there wis some argiment ower whether isotopes shoud be coontit as separate elements gin thay coud be separatit bi chemical means.<ref>{{cite journal | first=Helge | last=Kragh | year=2000 | title=Conceptual Changes in Chemistry: The Notion of a Chemical Element, ca. 1900-1925 | journal= Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics| volume=31 | issue=4 | page=435 | doi=10.1016/S1355-2198(00)00025-3 | bibcode=2000SHPMP..31..435K }}</ref> Bi November 2016 the {{lang|en|[[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]]}} (IUPAC) recognised 118 elements in aw. The first 94 occur naturally on [[Yird|Earth]], an the ither 24 are synthetic elements makkit in nuclear reactions. Muckle o the modren unnerstaundin o the elements comes frae the wirk o [[Dmitri Mendeleev]], a Roushie chemist that published the first recognisable [[periodic cairt|periodic table]] in 1869. The table pits the elements in order o atomic nummer, in rows cried periods, whaur the columns, or groups, share recurrin physical an chemical properties. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Chemical elements}} [[Category:Chemistry]] 7klplzvp1vjaepdpsaue9wxbryu9ovz 927427 927360 2026-11-09T19:49:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 927427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |data1 = [[File:Simple Periodic Table Chart-en.svg|x200px]] |data2 = [[File:Hydrogen discharge tube.jpg|x50px|left]][[File:Barium unter Argon Schutzgas Atmosphäre.jpg|x100px|right]] |data3 = [[File:Copper.jpg|x100px|left]][[File:HEUraniumC.jpg|x100px|right]] |data4 = [[File:Bromine vial in acrylic cube.jpg|x100px|left]][[File:HeTube.jpg|x100px|right]] |data5 = Tap: the [[periodic cairt|periodic table]] o the chemical elements.<br/>Ablow: some examples o chemical elements. Frae left tae richt: [[hydrogen]], [[barium]], [[capper]], [[uranium]], [[bromine]] an [[helium]]. }} A '''chemical element''' is a kind o [[atom]] defined bi the nummer o [[proton]]s in its [[Atomic nucleus|nucleus]] (that is, its [[atomic nummer]], or ''Z'').<ref name="goldbookElement">{{cite web| website= International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry| url=http://goldbook.iupac.org/C01022.html| editor=IUPAC| title=chemical element| doi=10.1351/goldbook.C01022}}</ref> For example, [[oxygen]] haes an atomic nummer o 8: ilka oxygen atom haes 8 protons in its nucleus. Atoms o the same element can hae different nummers o [[neutron]]s, an thir are cried the [[isotope]]s o the element. Atoms o ae element can be chynged intae atoms o anither in nuclear reactions, that chynge an atom's atomic nummer. The term "chemical element" is uised an aw for a pure [[chemical substance]] makkit o ae element anerly: oxygen gas, for example, is makkit o naething but oxygen atoms. Historically, a "chemical element" meant a substance that canna be broken doun intae ither substances bi chemical reactions, an for maist practical purposes this definition still hauds. In the 1920s there wis some argiment ower whether isotopes shoud be coontit as separate elements gin thay coud be separatit bi chemical means.<ref>{{cite journal | first=Helge | last=Kragh | year=2000 | title=Conceptual Changes in Chemistry: The Notion of a Chemical Element, ca. 1900-1925 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_studies-in-history-and-philosophy-of-modern-physics_2000-12_31b_4/page/435 | journal= Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics| volume=31 | issue=4 | page=435 | doi=10.1016/S1355-2198(00)00025-3 | bibcode=2000SHPMP..31..435K }}</ref> Bi November 2016 the {{lang|en|[[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]]}} (IUPAC) recognised 118 elements in aw. The first 94 occur naturally on [[Yird|Earth]], an the ither 24 are synthetic elements makkit in nuclear reactions. Muckle o the modren unnerstaundin o the elements comes frae the wirk o [[Dmitri Mendeleev]], a Roushie chemist that published the first recognisable [[periodic cairt|periodic table]] in 1869. The table pits the elements in order o atomic nummer, in rows cried periods, whaur the columns, or groups, share recurrin physical an chemical properties. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Chemical elements}} [[Category:Chemistry]] 2da2mfawhdcs3emzqkuzoz6zoqumrr6 0 2293 927458 904574 2026-11-09T20:42:35Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite frae en; infobox, lead an short sections on his life, mathematics, sciences an recognition 927458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | image = Carl Friedrich Gauss 1840 by Jensen.jpg | alt = Portrait o Carl Friedrich Gauss bi Jensen, 1840 | caption = Portrait bi Christian Albrecht Jensen, 1840 (copy bi Gottlieb Biermann, 1887)<ref>{{cite journal | author-last = Axel D. Wittmann | author-first = Inna V. Oreshina | title = On Jensen's Paintings of C. F. Gauss | journal = Mitteilungen der Gauss-Gesellschaft | issue = 46 | pages = 57–61 | year = 2009 | url = http://www.gauss-gesellschaft-goettingen.de/mitteil.html#2009}}</ref> | birth_name = Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1777|4|30}} | birth_place = [[Braunschweig|Brunswick]], Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1855|2|23|1777|4|30}} | death_place = [[Göttingen]], Hanover | fields = {{hlist|Mathematics|astronomy|geodesy|magnetism}} | education = {{plainlist| * Collegium Carolinum * University o Göttingen * University o Helmstedt (PhD) }} | workplaces = University o Göttingen | thesis_title = Demonstratio nova theorematis omnem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram… | thesis_url = http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/titleinfo/1336299 | thesis_year = 1799 | doctoral_advisor = Johann Friedrich Pfaff | spouse = {{plainlist| * Johanna Osthoff (mairit 1805; deed 1809) * Minna Waldeck (mairit 1810; deed 1831) }} | children = 6 | awards = {{plainlist| * Lalande Prize (1809) * Copley Medal (1838) }} | doctoral_students = {{plainlist| * [[Richard Dedekind]] * Christian Ludwig Gerling * Wilhelm Klinkerfues * Johann Benedict Listing * [[Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann|Bernhard Riemann]] * August Ritter * Karl von Staudt }} | notable_students = {{plainlist| * Gotthold Eisenstein * Johann Franz Encke * Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt * Adolph Theodor Kupffer * August Ferdinand Möbius * Moritz Stern * Georg Frederik Ursin * Moritz Ludwig Wichmann }} | signature = Carl Friedrich Gauß signature.svg }} '''Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss''' ({{IPAc-en|g|aʊ|s|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Carl Friedrich Gauss.wav}};<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/gauss "Gauss"]. ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.</ref> {{lang|de|Gauß}}; 30 Aprile 1777{{spaced ndash}}23 Februar 1855) wis a German polymath that wrocht as a mathematician, astronomer, geodesist an physicist, an that added tae monie fields o mathematics an science. His mathematical wark covered the branches o [[Nummer theory|nummer theory]], [[algebra]], analysis, [[geometry]], [[Stateestics|statistics]] an probability. Gauss wis director o the Göttingen Observatory in Germany, an professor o astronomy, frae 1807 till his daith in 1855. Frae an early age Gauss wis kent as a prodigy in mathematics. It wis as an independent scholar that he wrote his maisterpieces ''Disquisitiones Arithmeticae'' an ''Theoria motus corporum coelestium''. He brocht in the notion o Gaussian curvature an proved its key properties, abuin aw wi his ''Theorema Egregium''. Gauss wis instrumental in identifyin [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]] as a dwarf planet. Gauss led the geodetic survey o the Kinrick o Hanover, alang wi an arc measurement project, frae 1820 tae 1844. He wis ane o the foonders o geophysics, an he set oot the fundamental principles o magnetism. == Life == [[File:Braunschweig Brunswick Geburtshaus CF Gauss (1914).jpg|thumb|upright|Gauss's birthplace in [[Braunschweig|Brunswick]] (destroyed in the Second Warld War)]] Gauss wis born on 30 Aprile 1777 in [[Braunschweig|Brunswick]], in the Duchy o Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (nou in the German state o [[Lawer Saxony|Lower Saxony]]). His faimily wis o fairly law social staunin.<ref>{{cite book | last = Borch | first = Rudolf | title = Ahnentafel des Mathematikers Carl Friedrich Gauß | trans-title = Ancestors' Tabel of the mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss | series = Ahnentafeln Berühmter Deutscher | volume = 1 | publisher = Zentralstelle für Deutsche Personen- und Familiengeschichte | date = 1929 | pages = 63–65 | language = de}}</ref> Gauss wis a prodigy in mathematics. Whan his teachers at the elementary schuil noticed his abilities, they brocht him tae the notice o the Duke o Brunswick, that sent him tae the local ''Collegium Carolinum''. He gaed there frae 1792 tae 1795, an Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann wis ane o his teachers.{{sfn|Schlesinger|1933|p=10}}{{sfn|Dunnington|2004|p=14}}<ref name="Ullrich">{{cite book | last1 = Ullrich | first1 = Peter | editor-last = Mittler | editor-first = Elmar | title = "Wie der Blitz einschlägt, hat sich das Räthsel gelöst" – Carl Friedrich Gauß in Göttingen | publisher = Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek | date = 2005 | series = Göttinger Bibliotheksschriften 30 | pages = 17–29 | chapter = Herkunft, Schul- und Studienzeit von Carl Friedrich Gauß | isbn = 3-930457-72-5 | language = de | url = http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/ebook/e/2005/gausscd/html/Katalog.pdf}}</ref> Efter that the Duke gied him the means tae study mathematics, the sciences an the clessical leids at the University o Göttingen till 1798.<ref name="scientificmonthly">{{cite journal |last1=Dunnington |first1=Waldo |year=1927 |title=The Sesquicentennial of the Birth of Gauss |url=http://www.mathsong.com/cfgauss/Dunnington/1927/ |journal=The Scientific Monthly |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=402–414 |bibcode=1927SciMo..24..402D |jstor=7912 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226020629/http://www.mathsong.com/cfgauss/Dunnington/1927/ |archive-date=26 February 2008}} Also available at {{cite web |title=The Sesquicentennial of the Birth of Gauss |url=http://gausschildren.org/genwiki/index.php?title=The_Sesquicentennial_of_the_Birth_of_Gauss}} Retrieved 23 February 2014. Comprehensive biographical article.</ref> In 1796 he wirkit oot which regular polygons can be constructit wi compass an straicht-edge, an sae he solved a geometrical problem that haed occupied mathematicians syne the time o the [[Auncient Greece|Auncient Greeks]]. This discovery wis what finally led Gauss tae choose mathematics raither nor philology as a career.{{sfn|Dunnington|2004|p=28}} [[File:Universitäts-Sternwarte Göttingen 02.jpg|thumb|The new Göttingen observatory o 1816; Gauss's livin rooms wis in the wastren wing (richt)]] The University o Göttingen wis then an institution o the new Kinrick o Westphalie unner Jérôme Bonaparte. In November 1807 it teuk Gauss on as full professor an director o the astronomical observatory,{{sfn|Dunnington|2004|pp=85–87}} an he held the chair till his daith in 1855. Gauss bade mentally active intae his auld age, even while he suffered frae gout an general unhappiness. On 23 Februar 1855 he deed o a hert attack in Göttingen.{{sfn|Dunnington|2004|p=24}} == Mathematics == In his doctoral thesis o 1799, Gauss proved the fundamental theorem o algebra, that says that ilka non-constant polynomial in ae variable wi complex coefficients haes at least ae complex ruit. He later gied three ither proofs, the last ane in 1849, but nane o them is rigorous.<ref>{{Cite arXiv | last1 = Basu | first1 = Soham | last2 = Velleman | first2 = Daniel J. | date = 21 April 2017 | title = On Gauss's first proof of the fundamental theorem of algebra | class = math.CV | eprint = 1704.06585}}</ref> The ''Disquisitiones Arithmeticae'', written in 1798 an published in 1801, makkit nummer theory siccar as a discipline, an covered baith elementary an algebraic nummer theory. In it he brings in the triple bar symbol ({{math|≡}}) for congruence<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=E. T. |date=1944 |title=Gauss and the Early Development of Algebraic Numbers |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3029879 |journal=National Mathematics Magazine |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=219–233 |doi=10.2307/3029879 |issn=1539-5588}}</ref> an uises it for a clean presentation o modular arithmetic.{{sfn|Bachmann|1922|pp=8–9}} In the main sections, Gauss gies the first twa proofs o the law o quadratic reciprocity{{sfn|Bachmann|1922|pp=16–25}} an develops the theories o binary{{sfn|Bachmann|1922|pp=14–16, 25}} an ternary quadratic forms.{{sfn|Bachmann|1922|pp=25–28}} The geodetic survey o [[Hanover]] steered up Gauss's interest in differential geometry an topology, fields o mathematics that deal wi curves an surfaces. This led him in 1828 tae publish a wark that merks the birth o the modren differential geometry o surfaces. As a result, the ''Theorema Egregium'' ("remarkable theorem") established a property o the notion o Gaussian curvature. Pit simply, the theorem says that the curvature o a surface can be fund hale an hail bi measurin angles an [[Distance|distances]] on the surface, whatever wey the surface is embeddit in three-dimensional or twa-dimensional space.{{sfn|Stäckel|1917|pp=110–119}} In Gauss's lifetime the parallel postulate o Euclidean geometry wis discussed a guid deal.{{sfn|Stäckel|1917|pp=19–20}} Gauss thocht aboot the basics o geometry frae the 1790s on, but anerly in the 1810s did he see that a non-Euclidean geometry withoot the parallel postulate could solve the problem.{{sfn|Klein|1979|pp=57–60}}{{sfn|Stäckel|1917|pp=19–20}} == Sciences == [[File:Carl Friedrich Gauß, Pastellgemälde von Johann Christian August Schwartz, 1803, ohne Rahmen.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1803, bi Johann Christian August Schwartz]] On 1 Januar 1801 the Italian astronomer [[Giuseppe Piazzi]] discovered a new celestial object. He taen it for the lang-socht planet atween Mars an [[Jupiter]] that the sae-cried Titius–Bode law pyntit tae, an he named it [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Forbes | first = Eric G. | author-link = Eric G. Forbes | year = 1971 | title = Gauss and the Discovery of Ceres | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1971JHA.....2..195F | url-status=live | journal = Journal for the History of Astronomy | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 195–199 | bibcode=1971JHA.....2..195F | doi=10.1177/002182867100200305 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718200510/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1971JHA.....2..195F | archive-date=18 July 2021 |s2cid=125888612}}</ref> He could follae it anerly for a short time afore it disappeared ahint the glare o the Sun. Gauss teuk on the problem an predictit a position whaur it micht be fund again in December 1801. Gauss's prediction turned oot tae be richt tae within hauf a degree.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Teets | first1 = Donald | last2 = Whitehead | first2 = Karen | title = The discovery of Ceres. How Gauss became famous | journal = Mathematics Magazine | volume = 19 | issue = 90 | pages = 83–91 | year = 1965 | url = https://www.maa.org/programs/maa-awards/writing-awards/the-discovery-of-ceres-how-gauss-became-famous | access-date = 22 March 2023 | archive-date = 3 April 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230403074017/https://www.maa.org/programs/maa-awards/writing-awards/the-discovery-of-ceres-how-gauss-became-famous | url-status = dead }}</ref> The discovery o Ceres led Gauss tae the theory o the motion o planetoids disturbed bi muckle planets, that wis finally published in 1809 as ''Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientum''.<ref>Felix Klein, Vorlesungen über die Entwicklung der Mathematik im 19. Jahrhundert. Berlin: Julius Springer Verlag, 1926.</ref> It brocht in the Gaussian gravitational constant.<ref name="Wittmann">{{cite book | last1 = Wittmann | first1 = Axel | editor-last = Mittler | editor-first = Elmar | title = "Wie der Blitz einschlägt, hat sich das Räthsel gelöst" – Carl Friedrich Gauß in Göttingen | publisher = Niedrsächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek | date = 2005 | series = Göttinger Bibliotheksschriften 30 | pages = 131–149 | chapter = Carl Friedrich Gauß und sein Wirken als Astronom | language = de | isbn = 3-930457-72-5 | url = http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/ebook/e/2005/gausscd/html/Katalog.pdf}}</ref> Gauss likly uised the method o least squares tae minimise the effect o measurement error whan he wis calculatin the orbit o Ceres.<ref name="Stigler">{{Cite journal | last = Stigler | first = Stephen M. | title = Gauss and the Invention of Least Squares | journal = Annals of Statistics | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 465–474 | year = 1981| doi = 10.1214/aos/1176345451 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The method wis first published bi [[Adrien-Marie Legendre]] in 1805, but Gauss claimed in ''Theoria motus'' (1809) that he haed been uisin it syne 1794 or 1795.{{sfn|Schaaf|1964|p=84}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal | last = Plackett | first = R.L. | author-link = R. L. Plackett | date = 1972 | title = The discovery of the method of least squares | url = https://hedibert.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/plackett1972-thediscoveryofthemethodofleastsquares.pdf | journal = Biometrika | volume = 59 | issue = 2 | pages =239–251| doi = 10.2307/2334569 | jstor = 2334569 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | last = Lim | first = Milton | date = 31 March 2021 | title = Gauss, Least Squares, and the Missing Planet | url = https://www.actuaries.digital/2021/03/31/gauss-least-squares-and-the-missing-planet/ | access-date = 14 October 2023 | website = Actuaries Digital}}</ref> In 1828 Gauss wis Humboldt's guest at the conference o the Society o German Naitural Scientists an Physicians in Berlin, whaur he got acquant wi the physicist [[Wilhelm Eduard Weber|Wilhelm Weber]].{{sfn|Dunnington|2004|p=136}} They biggit the first electromechanical telegraph in 1833, an Weber himsel connectit the observatory wi the institute for physics in the toun centre o Göttingen, but they makkit nae forder commercial uise o this invention.<ref name="Timm">{{cite book | last1 = Timm | first1 = Arnulf | editor-last = Mittler | editor-first = Elmar | title = "Wie der Blitz einschlägt, hat sich das Räthsel gelöst" – Carl Friedrich Gauß in Göttingen | publisher = Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek | date = 2005 | series = Göttinger Bibliotheksschriften 30 | pages = 169–183 | chapter = Der elektrische Telegraph von Gauß und Weber | language = de | isbn = 3-930457-72-5 | url = http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/ebook/e/2005/gausscd/html/Katalog.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Martín-Rodríguez | first1 = Fernando | last2 = Barrio García | first2 = Gonzalo | last3 = Álvarez Lires | first3 = María | title = 2010 Second Region 8 IEEE Conference on the History of Communications | chapter = Technological archaeology: Technical description of the Gauss-Weber telegraph | date = 2010 | pages = 1–4 | doi = 10.1109/HISTELCON.2010.5735309|hdl=11093/1859 | isbn = 978-1-4244-7450-9 | s2cid = 2359293}}</ref> == Recognition == [[File:Carl Friedrich Gauß, Copley-Medaille, 1838.jpg|thumb|upright|The Copley Medal for Gauss (1838)]] Gauss is aften regairdit as ane o the three greatest mathematicians o aw time, alangside [[Isaac Newton]] an [[Archimedes]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=Tord |author-link=Tord Hall |url=https://archive.org/details/carlfriedrichgau00tord/page/n10 |title=Carl Friedrich Gauss: A Biography |date=1970 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-08040-8 |location=Cambridge, Mass. |pages=vii, 169}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Davis |first=Donald M. |author-link=Donald M. Davis (mathematician) |url=https://archive.org/details/naturepowerofmat0000davi/page/15 |title=The Nature and Power of Mathematics |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1993 |isbn=0-691-08783-0 |edition= |series= |location= |pages=15, 92, 366}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bell |first=Eric Temple |author-link=Eric Temple Bell |title=The World of Mathematics: Volume 1 |publisher=Dover Publications |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-486-41153-8 |editor-last=Newman |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Newman |edition=Reprint |page=295 |chapter=Gauss, the Prince of Mathematicians |access-date=14 November 2024 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQqLHyd8K0IC&pg=PA295 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306145646/https://books.google.com/books?id=UQqLHyd8K0IC&pg=PA295 |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Villarino |first=Mark B. |date=2020-02-07 |title=Gauss on Gaussian Quadrature |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00029890.2020.1680201 |journal=The American Mathematical Monthly |language=en |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=125–138 |doi=10.1080/00029890.2020.1680201 |issn=0002-9890}}</ref> He haes been cried the "Prince o Mathematics".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Slomski |first=Genevieve |date=2024 |title=Carl Friedrich Gauss |url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/carl-friedrich-gauss |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} === Warks citit === {{refbegin|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |last=Bachmann |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Gustav Heinrich Bachmann |editor=Königlich Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften |title=Carl Friedrich Gauss. Werke |volume=X, 2 (Abhandlung 1) |chapter=Über Gauss' zahlentheoretische Arbeiten |chapter-url=https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236019856?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B7%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.127%2C%22y%22%3A0.73%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.39%7D |language=de |year=1922}} * {{cite book |last=Dunnington |first=G. Waldo |author-link=G. Waldo Dunnington |title=Carl Friedrich Gauss: Titan of Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4mwSrfxBSzkC |year=2004 |publisher=The Mathematical Association of America |isbn=978-0-88385-547-8 |oclc=53933110 |ref=none}} First edeetion: {{cite book |title=Carl Friedrich Gauss: Titan of Science. A Study of his Life and Work |year=1955 |publisher=Exposition Press |place=New York}} * {{Cite book |title=Vorlesungen über die Entwicklung der Mathematik im 19. Jahrhundert. Teil 1 |trans-title=Lectures on the Development of Mathematics in the 19th Century |first=Felix |last=Klein |author-link=Felix Klein |series=Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften 24 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |orig-date=1926 |date=1979 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg, New York |language=de |isbn=3-540-09234-X |url=https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN375425993}} * {{Cite book |last=Schaaf |first=William L. |title=Carl Friedrich Gauss: Prince of Mathematicians |publisher=Franklin Watts |place=New York |year=1964 |url=https://archive.org/details/carlfriedrichgau0000unse}} * {{cite book |last=Schlesinger |first=Ludwig |author-link=Ludwig Schlesinger |editor=Königlich Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften |title=Carl Friedrich Gauss. Werke |volume=X, 2 (Abhandlung 2) |chapter=Über Gauss' Arbeiten zur Funktionentheorie |chapter-url=https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236019856?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B85%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D |language=de |year=1933}} * {{cite book |last=Stäckel |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Stäckel |editor=Königlich Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften |title=Carl Friedrich Gauss. Werke |volume=X, 2 (Abhandlung 4) |chapter=Gauss als Geometer |chapter-url=https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236019856?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B331%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22toc%22%7D |language=de |year=1917}} {{Refend}} == Ootside airtins == {{Commons category|Carl Friedrich Gauß}} * {{cite journal |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0016//0000080.000.html |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=16 |year=1856 |issue=80 |title=Obituary |access-date=8 April 2024}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/62596.html |title=Carl Friedrich Gauß |place=Göttingen University |access-date=8 April 2024}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gauss, Carl Friedrich}} [[Category:Carl Friedrich Gauss| ]] [[Category:1777 births]] [[Category:1855 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae Braunschweig]] [[Category:Deists]] [[Category:18t-century German mathematicians]] [[Category:19t-century German mathematicians]] [[Category:Mental calculators]] [[Category:Differential geometers]] [[Category:German astronomers]] [[Category:German Lutherans]] [[Category:German physicists]] [[Category:Optical pheesicists]] [[Category:German scientists]] 6j1dadqjfworse1gfg9riczd0jsv2q1 0 2881 927691 864790 2026-11-10T03:49:16Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 {{unsoorced}} 927691 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Suontee in Joutsa.jpg|right|thumb|300px| A pier in Lake Suontee in Joutsa, Finland]] [[Image:Lake mapourika NZ.jpeg|thumb|right|A semple pier on [[Lake Mapourika]] in [[New Zealand]]]] [[Image:Southend Pier.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Southend Pier]] in Ingland is the langest pleasure pier in the warld, at 1.34 miles (2158 m)]]{{Unsoorced}} A '''pier''' is a raised structure, includin [[brig]] an biggin supports an [[walkway]]s, ower watter, teepically supportit bi widely spread piles or [[column|pillars]]. The lichter structure o a pier allaws tides an currents tae flow almaist unhindered, whauras the mair solit foundations o a [[quay]] or the closely-spaced piles o a [[wharf]] can act as a [[fleet-dyke]], an are consequently mair liable tae siltin. Piers can range in size an complexity frae a semple lichtweight widden structure tae major structures extendit ower a mile oot tae sea. Piers hae been biggit for several different purposes, an acause thir different purposes hae distinct regional variances, the term ''pier'' tends tae hae different nuances o meanin in different pairts o the warld. Sicweys in [[North Americae]] an [[Australie]], whaur mony ports wur, till recently, biggit on the multiple pier model, the term tends tae imply a current or umwhile cargo-handlin facility. In [[Europe]] housomeivver, whaur ports hae tended tae uise basins an river-side quays rather than piers, the term is principally associatit wi the image o a [[Victorian era|Victorian]] [[yatlin]] pleasure pier. Housomeivver, the earliest piers pre-date the Victorian age. ==Types o pier== Piers can be categorized intae different groupins accordin tae the principal purpose. Housomeivver thare is considerable owerlap atween thir categories. For ensaumple, pleasure piers aften an aa allou for the dockin o pleasure steamers an ither seemilar craft, whilst wirkin piers hae aften been convertit tae leisure uise efter bein rendered obsolete bi advanced developments in cargo-handlin technology. ===Wirkin piers=== Wirkin piers wur biggit for the handlin o passengers an cargo ontae an off ships or (as at [[Wigan Pier]]) canal boats. Workin piers themselves faw intae twa different groups. Langer individual piers are aften foond at ports wi lairge [[tide|tidal ranges]], wi the pier stretchin far eneuch aff shore tae reach deep watter at law tide. Sic piers providit an economical alternative tae [[impounded dock]]s whaur cargo volumes wur law, or whaur specialist bulk cargo wis handled, sic as at [[coal pier]]s. The ither form o wirkin pier, aften cawed the finger pier, wis biggit at ports wi smawer tidal ranges. Here the principal advantage wis tae gie a greater available quay lenth for ships tae berth against compared tae a linear littoral quayside, an sic piers are uisuallie muckle shorter. teepically each pier wad cairy a single [[transit shed]] the lenth o the pier, wi ships berthin bow or stern in tae the shore. Some major ports consistit o lairge nummers o sic piers linin the foreshore, classic ensaumples bein the [[Hudson River]] frontage o [[New York Ceety|New York]], or the [[The Embarcadero (San Francisco)|Embarcadero]] in [[San Francisco]]. The advent o [[container shippin]], wi its need for lairge container handlin spaces adjacent tae the shippin berths, haes made wirkin piers obsolete for the handlin o general cargo, awtho some still survive for the handlin o passenger ships or bulk cargos. Ane ensaumple, is in uise in [[Progreso, Yucatán]], whaur a pier extends mair nor 4 mile intae the [[Gulf o Mexico]], makin it the langest pier in the warld. The Progreso Pier supplies muckle o the peninsula wi transportation for the fishin an cargo industries an serves as a port for lairge [[cruise ships]] in the aurie. Mony ither workin piers hae been demolished, or remain derelict, but some hae been recycled as pleasure piers. The best kent ensaumple o this is [[Pier 39]] in San Francisco. At [[Southport Spit, Queensland|Southport]] an the [[Tweed River (New Sooth Wales)|Tweed River]] on the [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]] in [[Australie]], thare ar piers that support equipment for a saund bipassin seestem that maintains the [[coastal management|heal o sandy beaches]] an [[Navigability|navigation channels]]. ===Pleasure piers===<!-- This section is linked from [[Isle of Wight]] --> [[Image:llandudno Pier.jpg|thumb|left| Victorian pier at Llandudno, North Wales]]Pleasure piers wur first biggit in [[Ingland]], during the 19t century. The earliest structures wur [[Ryde Pier]], biggit in 1813/4, [[Trinity Chain Pier|Leith Trinity Chain Pier]], biggit in 1821,wis as a workin pier fir ferries afore chynging tae a pleasure pier an [[The Royal Suspension Chain Pier|Brighton Chain Pier]], biggit in 1823. Ae the auldest o thir piers still remains. At that time the introduction o the [[railwey]]s for the first time permittit mass tourism tae dedicatit seaside resorts. Housomeivver, the lairge tidal ranges at mony sic resorts meant that for muckle o the day, the sea wis no visible frae dry land. The pleasure pier wis the resorts' answer, permittin holiday makers tae promenade ower an alangside the sea at aw times. [[Soothend Pier|The langest Pleasure pier in the warld]] is at [[Soothend-on-sea]], [[Essex]], an extends 2,158 metres (1.34&nbsp;mi) intae the [[Thames estuary]]. The langest pier on the West Coast o the Unitit States is the [[Oceanside Pier]]. Pleasure piers aften include ither amusements an [[theatre]]s as pairt o the attraction. Sic a pier mey be open air, closed, or pairtly open, paritly closed. Whiles a pier haes twa decks. Earlie pleasure piers wur o [[wood]]en construction, wi [[iron]] structures bein introduced wi the construction in 1855 o Margate Jetty, in [[Margate]], Ingland. Margate wis wrecked in storms in 1978 an wis niver repaired. The auldest iron pleasure pier still remainin is in [[Soothport]], Ingland, an dates frae 1860 - housomeivver the warlds auldest iron pier dates frae 1834 an is in [[Gravesend, Kent]]. Gravesham council hae recently purchased an refurbished this passenger pier. ===Fishin piers=== Mony piers are biggit for the purpose of providin land locked anglers access tae fishin grunds that are itherwise inaccessible. ==Piers o the warld== [[Image:Kilcreggan Pier - geograph.org.uk - 761016.jpg|thumb|300px|Kilcreggan Pier]] ===Scotland=== *[[Dunoon]] *[[Kilcreggan]] *[[Rothesay]] ===Ingland=== [[Image:Hythe-pier.jpg|thumb|300px|The shore at Hythe]] *[[Blackpool]] *[[Bournemooth]] *[[Brichton]] (wi photograph) *[[Burnham-on-Sea]] *[[Cromer]] *[[Clacton]] *[[Cleethorpes]] *[[Clevedon Pier|Clevedon]] *[[Eastbourne]] *[[Great Yarmooth]] *[[Lowestoft]] *[[Paignton]] *[[Ryde Pier]] *[[Sandoun]] *[[Sautburn-by-the-Sea]] *[[Soothend-on-Sea]] *[[Soothport]] *[[Soothwold]] *[[Swanage]] *[[Teignmouth]] *[[Totland, Isle o Wicht|Totland]], [[Isle o Wicht]] *[[Weston-super-Mare]] *[[Yarmooth, Isle o Wicht|Yarmooth]] ===Wales=== [[Image:Sunset pier.jpg|thumb|250px|Sundoun Shore]] *[[Aberystwyth]] *[[Bangor, Wales|Bangor]] *[[Colwyn Bay]] *[[Llandudno]] *[[Mumbles]] *[[Penarth]] ===Lave o the warld=== [[Image:pl sop molo 2004.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Sopot]] Langest widden shore in Europe - 450 metre fae baunk, 650 hale]] *Belgium: [[Blankenberge]], [[Nieuwpoort]] *Denmark: [[Copenhagen]] *Lithuanie: [[Palanga]] *Netherlands: [[Scheveningen]] - haes twa decks, the upper ane open air, the lawer ane closed *Poland: [[Sopot]], [[Gdansk]]-[[Brzezno]], [[Miedzyzdroje]] ([http://webmedia.pl/comnet/images/galeria/molo2.jpg Photo of the pier] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040724165815/http://webmedia.pl/comnet/images/galeria/molo2.jpg |date=2004-07-24 }}) *Swaden: [[Malmö]] *USA: *Atlantic stron **[[Asbury Park, New Jersey]] *[[Gulf o Mexico]] coast **[[Pensacola Beach, Floridae]] *Pacific stron **[[Avila Beach, Californie]] **[[Cayucos, California]] **[[Huntington Beach, Californie]] **[[Oakland, Californie]] **[[Pismo Beach, Californie]] **[[San Diego, Californie]] **[[San Francisco, Californie]] **[[Santa Barbara, Californie]] **[[Santa Cruz, Californie]] **[[Santa Monica, Californie]] ''See Forby: [[Santa Monica Pier]]'' **[[Venice, Californie]] **[[Ventura, Californie]] **[[Olympia, Washington]] **[[Seattle, Washington]] **[[Tacoma, Washington]] *Midwest **[[Navy Pier]], [[Chicago, Illinois]] ==Fremmit Airtins== *[http://www.piers.co.uk National Piers Society] {{Commonscat|Piers}} [[Category:Piers| ]] [[Category:Coastal construction]] [[Category:Marine airchitectur]] mqk760f67fncncem4vmzv2tei0r0ebh 927692 927691 2026-11-10T03:54:28Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 iss invisible comment seems tae be jist copied ower frae the Inglis wiki; sae it probably disnae applie. 927692 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Suontee in Joutsa.jpg|right|thumb|300px| A pier in Lake Suontee in Joutsa, Finland]] [[Image:Lake mapourika NZ.jpeg|thumb|right|A semple pier on [[Lake Mapourika]] in [[New Zealand]]]] [[Image:Southend Pier.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Southend Pier]] in Ingland is the langest pleasure pier in the warld, at 1.34 miles (2158 m)]]{{Unsoorced}} A '''pier''' is a raised structure, includin [[brig]] an biggin supports an [[walkway]]s, ower watter, teepically supportit bi widely spread piles or [[column|pillars]]. The lichter structure o a pier allaws tides an currents tae flow almaist unhindered, whauras the mair solit foundations o a [[quay]] or the closely-spaced piles o a [[wharf]] can act as a [[fleet-dyke]], an are consequently mair liable tae siltin. Piers can range in size an complexity frae a semple lichtweight widden structure tae major structures extendit ower a mile oot tae sea. Piers hae been biggit for several different purposes, an acause thir different purposes hae distinct regional variances, the term ''pier'' tends tae hae different nuances o meanin in different pairts o the warld. Sicweys in [[North Americae]] an [[Australie]], whaur mony ports wur, till recently, biggit on the multiple pier model, the term tends tae imply a current or umwhile cargo-handlin facility. In [[Europe]] housomeivver, whaur ports hae tended tae uise basins an river-side quays rather than piers, the term is principally associatit wi the image o a [[Victorian era|Victorian]] [[yatlin]] pleasure pier. Housomeivver, the earliest piers pre-date the Victorian age. ==Types o pier== Piers can be categorized intae different groupins accordin tae the principal purpose. Housomeivver thare is considerable owerlap atween thir categories. For ensaumple, pleasure piers aften an aa allou for the dockin o pleasure steamers an ither seemilar craft, whilst wirkin piers hae aften been convertit tae leisure uise efter bein rendered obsolete bi advanced developments in cargo-handlin technology. ===Wirkin piers=== Wirkin piers wur biggit for the handlin o passengers an cargo ontae an off ships or (as at [[Wigan Pier]]) canal boats. Workin piers themselves faw intae twa different groups. Langer individual piers are aften foond at ports wi lairge [[tide|tidal ranges]], wi the pier stretchin far eneuch aff shore tae reach deep watter at law tide. Sic piers providit an economical alternative tae [[impounded dock]]s whaur cargo volumes wur law, or whaur specialist bulk cargo wis handled, sic as at [[coal pier]]s. The ither form o wirkin pier, aften cawed the finger pier, wis biggit at ports wi smawer tidal ranges. Here the principal advantage wis tae gie a greater available quay lenth for ships tae berth against compared tae a linear littoral quayside, an sic piers are uisuallie muckle shorter. teepically each pier wad cairy a single [[transit shed]] the lenth o the pier, wi ships berthin bow or stern in tae the shore. Some major ports consistit o lairge nummers o sic piers linin the foreshore, classic ensaumples bein the [[Hudson River]] frontage o [[New York Ceety|New York]], or the [[The Embarcadero (San Francisco)|Embarcadero]] in [[San Francisco]]. The advent o [[container shippin]], wi its need for lairge container handlin spaces adjacent tae the shippin berths, haes made wirkin piers obsolete for the handlin o general cargo, awtho some still survive for the handlin o passenger ships or bulk cargos. Ane ensaumple, is in uise in [[Progreso, Yucatán]], whaur a pier extends mair nor 4 mile intae the [[Gulf o Mexico]], makin it the langest pier in the warld. The Progreso Pier supplies muckle o the peninsula wi transportation for the fishin an cargo industries an serves as a port for lairge [[cruise ships]] in the aurie. Mony ither workin piers hae been demolished, or remain derelict, but some hae been recycled as pleasure piers. The best kent ensaumple o this is [[Pier 39]] in San Francisco. At [[Southport Spit, Queensland|Southport]] an the [[Tweed River (New Sooth Wales)|Tweed River]] on the [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]] in [[Australie]], thare ar piers that support equipment for a saund bipassin seestem that maintains the [[coastal management|heal o sandy beaches]] an [[Navigability|navigation channels]]. ===Pleasure piers=== [[Image:llandudno Pier.jpg|thumb|left| Victorian pier at Llandudno, North Wales]]Pleasure piers wur first biggit in [[Ingland]], during the 19t century. The earliest structures wur [[Ryde Pier]], biggit in 1813/4, [[Trinity Chain Pier|Leith Trinity Chain Pier]], biggit in 1821,wis as a workin pier fir ferries afore chynging tae a pleasure pier an [[The Royal Suspension Chain Pier|Brighton Chain Pier]], biggit in 1823. Ae the auldest o thir piers still remains. At that time the introduction o the [[railwey]]s for the first time permittit mass tourism tae dedicatit seaside resorts. Housomeivver, the lairge tidal ranges at mony sic resorts meant that for muckle o the day, the sea wis no visible frae dry land. The pleasure pier wis the resorts' answer, permittin holiday makers tae promenade ower an alangside the sea at aw times. [[Soothend Pier|The langest Pleasure pier in the warld]] is at [[Soothend-on-sea]], [[Essex]], an extends 2,158 metres (1.34&nbsp;mi) intae the [[Thames estuary]]. The langest pier on the West Coast o the Unitit States is the [[Oceanside Pier]]. Pleasure piers aften include ither amusements an [[theatre]]s as pairt o the attraction. Sic a pier mey be open air, closed, or pairtly open, paritly closed. Whiles a pier haes twa decks. Earlie pleasure piers wur o [[wood]]en construction, wi [[iron]] structures bein introduced wi the construction in 1855 o Margate Jetty, in [[Margate]], Ingland. Margate wis wrecked in storms in 1978 an wis niver repaired. The auldest iron pleasure pier still remainin is in [[Soothport]], Ingland, an dates frae 1860 - housomeivver the warlds auldest iron pier dates frae 1834 an is in [[Gravesend, Kent]]. Gravesham council hae recently purchased an refurbished this passenger pier. ===Fishin piers=== Mony piers are biggit for the purpose of providin land locked anglers access tae fishin grunds that are itherwise inaccessible. ==Piers o the warld== [[Image:Kilcreggan Pier - geograph.org.uk - 761016.jpg|thumb|300px|Kilcreggan Pier]] ===Scotland=== *[[Dunoon]] *[[Kilcreggan]] *[[Rothesay]] ===Ingland=== [[Image:Hythe-pier.jpg|thumb|300px|The shore at Hythe]] *[[Blackpool]] *[[Bournemooth]] *[[Brichton]] (wi photograph) *[[Burnham-on-Sea]] *[[Cromer]] *[[Clacton]] *[[Cleethorpes]] *[[Clevedon Pier|Clevedon]] *[[Eastbourne]] *[[Great Yarmooth]] *[[Lowestoft]] *[[Paignton]] *[[Ryde Pier]] *[[Sandoun]] *[[Sautburn-by-the-Sea]] *[[Soothend-on-Sea]] *[[Soothport]] *[[Soothwold]] *[[Swanage]] *[[Teignmouth]] *[[Totland, Isle o Wicht|Totland]], [[Isle o Wicht]] *[[Weston-super-Mare]] *[[Yarmooth, Isle o Wicht|Yarmooth]] ===Wales=== [[Image:Sunset pier.jpg|thumb|250px|Sundoun Shore]] *[[Aberystwyth]] *[[Bangor, Wales|Bangor]] *[[Colwyn Bay]] *[[Llandudno]] *[[Mumbles]] *[[Penarth]] ===Lave o the warld=== [[Image:pl sop molo 2004.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Sopot]] Langest widden shore in Europe - 450 metre fae baunk, 650 hale]] *Belgium: [[Blankenberge]], [[Nieuwpoort]] *Denmark: [[Copenhagen]] *Lithuanie: [[Palanga]] *Netherlands: [[Scheveningen]] - haes twa decks, the upper ane open air, the lawer ane closed *Poland: [[Sopot]], [[Gdansk]]-[[Brzezno]], [[Miedzyzdroje]] ([http://webmedia.pl/comnet/images/galeria/molo2.jpg Photo of the pier] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040724165815/http://webmedia.pl/comnet/images/galeria/molo2.jpg |date=2004-07-24 }}) *Swaden: [[Malmö]] *USA: *Atlantic stron **[[Asbury Park, New Jersey]] *[[Gulf o Mexico]] coast **[[Pensacola Beach, Floridae]] *Pacific stron **[[Avila Beach, Californie]] **[[Cayucos, California]] **[[Huntington Beach, Californie]] **[[Oakland, Californie]] **[[Pismo Beach, Californie]] **[[San Diego, Californie]] **[[San Francisco, Californie]] **[[Santa Barbara, Californie]] **[[Santa Cruz, Californie]] **[[Santa Monica, Californie]] ''See Forby: [[Santa Monica Pier]]'' **[[Venice, Californie]] **[[Ventura, Californie]] **[[Olympia, Washington]] **[[Seattle, Washington]] **[[Tacoma, Washington]] *Midwest **[[Navy Pier]], [[Chicago, Illinois]] ==Fremmit Airtins== *[http://www.piers.co.uk National Piers Society] {{Commonscat|Piers}} [[Category:Piers| ]] [[Category:Coastal construction]] [[Category:Marine airchitectur]] nrc8vtnzu8i7y7sdxsjpsi0v5lpcmqj 0 3269 927438 926667 2026-11-09T20:04:44Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 927438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airn}} '''Airn''' is a [[chemical element]] wi the symbol '''Fe''' (frae [[Laitin]] ''ferrum'') an atomic nummer 26. It is a [[metal]] in group 8 an period 4 o the [[periodic cairt]]. Bi mass, airn is the commonest element on the [[Yird]], but maist o it ligs deep in the Yird's inner an ooter core.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kong|first1=L. T.|last2=Li|first2=J. F.|last3=Shi|first3=Q. W.|last4=Huang|first4=H. J.|last5=Zhao|first5=K.|date=2012-03-06|title=Dynamical stability of iron under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions|journal=EPL|volume=97|issue=5|pages=56004p1–56004p5|doi=10.1209/0295-5075/97/56004|bibcode=2012EL.....9756004K|s2cid=121861429 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gaminchev|first1=K. G.|last2=Chamati|first2=H.|date=2014-12-03|title=Dynamic stability of Fe under high pressure|journal=J. Phys.|volume=558|issue=1|pages=012013(1–7)|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/558/1/012013|bibcode=2014JPhCS.558a2013G|doi-access=free}}</ref> In the Yird's crust it maks up aboot 5% o the mass, an there it is anerly the fowert maist rowthie element, efter [[oxygen]], [[seelicon]] an [[alumeenium]].<ref>{{Cite journal|name-list-style=amp|date=1980|title=Chemical composition of Earth, Venus, and Mercury|journal=[[Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.]]|volume=77|issue=12|pages=6973–77|bibcode=1980PNAS...77.6973M|doi=10.1073/pnas.77.12.6973|pmc=350422|pmid=16592930|last1=Morgan |first1= John W. |last2=Anders |first2= Edward |doi-access=free}}</ref> Alloys o airn, sic as [[steel]] an cast airn, are faur the commonest metals in industry, for thair strenth an law cost, but airn rusts if it isnae pertectit. Airn is needit bi maist livin things, an in humans it cairies oxygen in the [[bluid]]. ==Whaur it is fund== The commonest isotope o airn, {{sup|56}}Fe, is the maist common end-pynt o nucleosynthesis, the makkin o elements in [[starn]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fewell|first1=M. P.|title=The atomic nuclide with the highest mean binding energy |journal=American Journal of Physics|volume=63|issue=7 |page=653|date=1995|doi=10.1119/1.17828 |bibcode=1995AmJPh..63..653F}}</ref> Airn is the maist rowthie metal in airn meteorites an in the dense metal cores o planets lik the Yird, an it is very common in the universe compared wi ither stable metals o aboot the same atomic wecht.{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|p=12}} Aboot ane in twinty meteorites is makkit o airn-nickel meenerals.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDU7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA152 |page=152 |title=Planet earth: cosmology, geology, and the evolution of life and environment |publisher=Cambridge University Press|first=Cesare|last=Emiliani |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-40949-0 |bibcode=1992pecg.book.....E}}</ref> ==History== Afore fowk learnt tae smelt airn frae its ores, they wrocht airn fae meteorites: things makkit o cauld-wrocht meteoric airn hae been fund at archaeological steids o that time, an the Inuit in [[Greenland]] uised airn frae the Cape York meteorite for tools an huntin weapons.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Buchwald |first= V F| title=On the Use of Iron by the Eskimos in Greenland|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_materials-characterization_1992-09_29_2/page/139 | journal=Materials Characterization| volume=29| issue=2| year=1992|pages=139–176|doi=10.1016/1044-5803(92)90112-U }}</ref> The Hittites, that foondit an empire in Anatolia aboot 1600 BC, appear tae hae been the first tae unnerstaund hou tae mak airn frae its ores.<ref>McNutt, Paula (1990 1). The Forging of Israel: Iron Technology, Symbolism and Tradition in Ancient Society. A&C Black.</ref> They stairtit tae smelt airn atween 1500 an 1200 BC, an the craft spread tae the rest o the Near East efter thair empire fell in 1180 BC. The time that follit is cried the [[Airn Age]].{{sfn|Weeks|1968|p=32}} Cast airn wis uised in auncient Cheena for war, fermin an biggin,<ref name="Wagner">{{cite book|last=Wagner |first= Donald B. |title=Iron and Steel in Ancient China|date=1993|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-09632-5|pages=335–340}}</ref> an the earliest evidence o a blast furnace there dates frae the 1st century AD.<ref name="Golas1999">{{cite book |last=Golas |first=Peter J. |title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 13, Mining |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |page=152 |isbn=978-0-521-58000-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSiII7s2wLkC&pg=PA152 |quote=earliest blast furnace discovered in China from about the first century AD}}</ref> ==In livin things== Proteins that hae airn in them tak pairt in cairyin, storin an uisin oxygen.<ref name="lpi">{{cite web |title=Iron |url=https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/iron |publisher=Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon |access-date=6 March 2018|date=April 2016}}</ref> Ane o them is haemoglobin, the [[protein]] that cairies oxygen in the [[bluid]].<ref name="lpi" /> An adult human body hauds aboot fower grams o airn, three quarters o it in haemoglobin. That amoont bides steady, though the body taks in anerly aboot a milligram o airn a day,{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=1098–104}} acause the body recycles the airn frae its haemoglobin.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Kikuchi|first1=G. | last2=Yoshida|first2=T. | last3=Noguchi|first3=M. | doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.020 | title=Heme oxygenase and heme degradation | journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume=338 | issue=1 | pages=558–67 | year=2005 | pmid=16115609 | bibcode=2005BBRC..338..558K }}</ref> If the body loses mair airn nor it gets frae its fuid, a want o airn sets in, an ower time this can lead tae anaemia, whaur there arenae eneuch reid bluid cells an no eneuch haemoglobin.<ref>{{cite journal |author=CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Recommendations to Prevent and Control Iron Deficiency in the United States |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |date=3 April 1998 |volume=47 |issue=RR3 |page=1 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00051880.htm |access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> ==Uises== Airn is the maist widely uised o aw metals, an it maks up ower 90% o the warld's metal production. Its law cost an heich strenth mak it the material o choice whaur a thing maun stand up tae strain or cairy force, as in machinery an machine tools, rails, motor caurs an ships' hulls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Mineral Production 2015–2019 |url=https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/statistics/worldStatistics.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710173837/https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/download/world_statistics/2010s/WMP_2015_2019.pdf |access-date=October 22, 2025 |website=British Geological Survey |archive-date=10 July 2021 }}</ref> Steel, an alloy o airn wi a smaa amoont o carbon, is the commonest o thaim.{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|p=1072}} The main drawback is that airn an maist o its alloys rust badly if they arenae pertectit some wey, an the cost o rust comes tae mair nor 1% o the warld's economy.{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|p=1076}} ==References== {{reflist}} ===Soorces=== * {{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd}} * {{Cite book |author-last =Weeks |author-first =Mary Elvira |author-link =Mary Elvira Weeks |author-last2 =Leichester |author-first2 =Henry M. |date =1968 |title =Discovery of the elements |url =https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme07edunse |url-access =registration |publisher =Journal of Chemical Education |location =Easton, PA |chapter =Elements known to the ancients |pages =[https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme07edunse/page/29 29]–40 |lccn =68-15217 |ref =CITEREFWeeks1968 |isbn =0-7661-3872-0 }} {{Periodic Cairt}} [[Category:Biology an pharmacology o chemical elements]] [[Category:Biggin materials]] [[Category:Chemical elements|Iron]] [[Category:Cubic meenerals]] [[Category:Dietary meenerals]] [[Category:Ferromagnetic materials]] [[Category:Airn| ]] [[Category:Pyrotechnic fuels]] [[Category:Transeetion metals]] eaqbpib7gj4yf4sy5ndbpuawr7q1xsn 1 3858 927459 226946 2026-11-09T20:43:34Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref; remove unco vandalism response 927459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} {{Translatit page|en|Carl Friedrich Gauss|version=1383007994}} a2njaofayv5ocuxasgjggrdxgzn0071 0 4022 927470 919931 2026-11-09T20:58:06Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead an short sections on history, structure (particles, nucleus, electron clood), properties an origin, condensed frae en, wi the main sourced history frae the auld Scots page kept 927470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | above = Atom | abovestyle = background-color:#B5B5CC; | headerstyle = background-color:#B5B5CC; | image = [[File:Helium atom QM.svg|300px|A helium atom in its grund state]] | caption = A pictur o a [[helium]] atom, shawin the [[Atomic nucleus|nucleus]] (pink) an the spreid o the electron clood (black). The nucleus (tap richt) in helium-4 is in fact spherically symmetric an closely resembles the electron clood, awthou for mair complicatit nuclei this isnae aye the case. The black bar is wan angstrom ({{val|e=-10|u=m}} or {{val|100|ul=pm}}). | header1 = Clessification | data2 = The smallest recognised division o a chemical element | header3 = Properties | label4 = Mass range | data4 = {{val|1.67|e=-27}} tae {{val|4.52|e=-25|u=kg}} | label5 = [[Electric chairge]] | data5 = zero (neutral), or the chairge o an [[ion]] | label6 = Diameter range | data6 = 62&nbsp;pm ([[Helium|He]]) tae 520&nbsp;pm ([[Caesium|Cs]]) | label7 = Components | data7 = [[Electron]]s an a compact [[Atomic nucleus|nucleus]] o [[proton]]s an [[Neutron|neutrons]] }} '''Atoms''' are the basic particles o the [[chemical element]]s an the fundamental biggin blocks o [[Maiter|maiter]]. An atom is the smallest unit o ordinary maiter that haes the properties o a chemical element.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Atom|encyclopedia=[[Compendium of Chemical Terminology|Compendium of Chemical Terminology (IUPAC Gold Book)]]|publisher=IUPAC|edition=2nd|url=http://goldbook.iupac.org/A00493.html|access-date=2015-04-25}}</ref> It haes a [[Atomic nucleus|nucleus]] o [[proton]]s an, maistly, [[Neutron|neutrons]], wi a swarm o [[electron]]s aroon it, held in bi electromagnetic force. The chemical elements are distinguished frae ilk ither bi the nummer o protons in thair atoms. For example, ony atom wi 11 protons is [[sodium]], an ony atom wi 29 protons is [[Capper|capper]]. Atoms wi the same nummer o protons but a different nummer o neutrons are cried [[isotope]]s o the same element. Atoms are extremely sma, maistly aboot 100&nbsp;[[Picometre|picometre]] across. Atoms are smaller nor the shortest wavelength o [[Licht|visible licht]], an therefore humans cannae see them throu an ordinar microscope. Mair nor 99.94% o an atom's [[mass]] is in the nucleus.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Edwards, Vennie |title=Electron Theory |publisher=EDTECH |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-83947-382-1 |page=50}}</ref> If the nummers o protons an electrons are equal, as they uisually are, the atom is electrically neutral as a hale. An atom wi a chairge is cried an [[ion]]. Atoms can jyne tae wan or mair ither atoms throu chemical bonds an mak chemical compoonds sic as [[molecule]]s or [[Creestal|crystals]]. == History o atomic theory == {{Main|Atomism}} [[File:Daltons symbols.gif|thumb|right|Atoms an molecules o different kinds frae ''A New System of Chemical Philosophy'' (John Dalton, 1808)]] The idea that maiter is makkit up o tiny particles that cannae be split turns up in monie auncient cultures. Thir auld ideas cam frae philosophical reasonin raither nor scientific evidence, an modren atomic theory isnae based on them.<ref name="Pullman-1998">{{cite book|last1=Pullman|first1=Bernard|title=The Atom in the History of Human Thought|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|isbn=978-0-19-515040-7|pages=31–33|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQs5hur-BpgC&q=Leucippus+Democritus+atom&pg=PA56|access-date=25 October 2020|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205165029/https://books.google.com/books?id=IQs5hur-BpgC&q=Leucippus+Democritus+atom&pg=PA56|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[#refMelsen1952|Melsen (1952). ''From Atomos to Atom'', pp. 18–19]].</ref> The wird ''atom'' comes frae the [[Auncient Greek]] wird ''atomos'', meanin "uncuttable". It wis uised bi the Greek philosophers [[Leucippus]] an his pupil [[Democritus]], that developed this idea in the 5th century BC.<ref>''The atomists, Leucippus and Democritus: fragments, a text and translation with a commentary'' by C.C.W. Taylor, University of Toronto Press Incorporated, 1999, {{ISBN|0-8020-4390-9}}, pp. 157-158.</ref><ref name="Pullman-1998"/> In the early 1800s [[John Dalton]] gaithered experimental data, his ain an ither scientists', an fund a pattren nou kent as the "law o multiple proportions". This pattren suggestit that ilka element combines wi ither elements in multiples o a basic unit o wecht, an that ilka element haes its ain unit o wecht. Dalton decidit tae caw thir units "atoms".<ref>Pullman (1998). ''The Atom in the History of Human Thought'', p. 199: "The constant ratios, expressible in terms of integers, of the weights of the constituents in composite bodies could be construed as evidence on a macroscopic scale of interactions at the microscopic level between basic units with fixed weights. For Dalton, this agreement strongly suggested a corpuscular structure of matter, even though it did not constitute definite proof."</ref> In 1905 [[Albert Einstein]] pruived that molecules an thair motions war real, wi the first analysis o Brownian motion in statistical physics.<ref name=adp322_8_549>{{cite journal|last=Einstein|first=Albert|year=1905|title=Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen|journal=[[Annalen der Physik]]|volume=322|issue=8|pages=549–560|language=de|url=http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/dokumente/einstein2.pdf|doi=10.1002/andp.19053220806|bibcode=1905AnP...322..549E|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718202731/http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/dokumente/einstein2.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2007|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mazo|first=Robert M.|year=2002 |title=Brownian Motion: Fluctuations, Dynamics, and Applications |url=https://archive.org/details/brownianmotion00mazo|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-851567-7 |oclc=48753074|pages=[https://archive.org/details/brownianmotion00mazo/page/n11 1]–7}} </ref><ref name=lee_hoon1995>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Y.K.|year=1995|author2=Hoon, K.|title=Brownian Motion|url=http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_95/journal/vol4/ykl/report.html|publisher=[[Imperial College]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218061408/http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_95/journal/vol4/ykl/report.html|archive-date=18 December 2007}}</ref> The French physicist [[Jean Baptiste Perrin|Jean Perrin]] uised Einstein's wark tae measure the mass an size o atoms bi experiment, an thus conclusively confirmed Dalton's atomic theory.<ref name=e31_2_50>{{cite journal|last=Patterson|first=G.|year=2007 |title=Jean Perrin and the triumph of the atomic doctrine|journal=[[Endeavour (journal)|Endeavour]]|volume=31|issue=2|pages=50–53|doi=10.1016/j.endeavour.2007.05.003|pmid=17602746}}</ref> In 1897 [[J. J. Thomson]] discovert that cathode rays can be bent aff thair coorse bi electric an magnetic fields. This meant that cathode rays werenae a kind o licht but war makkit o electrically chairged particles, an the airt they war bent in shawed that thair chairge wis negative.<ref>{{cite journal |author=J. J. Thomson |url=https://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/thomson1897.html |title=Cathode rays |journal=Philosophical Magazine |volume=44 |issue=269 |pages=293–316 |year=1897 |archive-date=12 August 2015 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812112129/http://web.lemoyne.edu/%7EGIUNTA/thomson1897.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Geiger-Marsden experiment expectation and result.svg|thumb|right|The Rutherford scatterin experiments: some alpha particles war scattered that faur that it suggestit a nucleus o concentratit chairge.]] Atween 1908 an 1913 [[Ernest Rutherford]] an his colleagues [[Hans Geiger]] an [[Ernest Marsden]] fired a beam o alpha particles at thin metal foils, tae measure hou the particles war scattered. They saw a sma nummer o alpha particles bein bent aff thair coorse bi angles greater nor 90°. Rutherford proposed that the positive chairge o the atom is concentratit in a tiny volume at the centre o the atom, an that the electrons surroond this nucleus in a diffuse clood. This nucleus cairied near aa the atom's mass.<ref name="Heilbron2003p64-68">[[#refHeilbron2003|Heilbron (2003). ''Ernest Rutherford and the Explosion of Atoms'', pp. 64–68]].</ref> In 1913 the physicist [[Niels Bohr]] proposed a new model in that the electrons o an atom orbit the nucleus, but anerly in a set nummer o orbits. They can anerly lowp atween thir orbits in separate chynges o energy, matchin the absorption or radiation o a [[photon]].<ref name=stern20050516>{{cite web|last=Stern|first=David P.|date=16 May 2005|title=The Atomic Nucleus and Bohr's Early Model of the Atom|url=http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Q5.htm|publisher=[[NASA]]/[[Goddard Space Flight Center]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820084047/http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Q5.htm|archive-date=20 August 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> The same year the radiochemist Frederick Soddy, while experimentin wi the products o radioactive decay, discovert that thare seemed tae be mair nor wan kind o atom at ilka position on the periodic table.<ref name=npc1921>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/soddy-bio.html|title=Frederick Soddy, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|access-date=18 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409210519/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/soddy-bio.html|archive-date=9 April 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1919 Rutherford fired alpha particles intae [[nitrogen]] gas an detectit hydrogen ions comin aff the gas.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rutherford, Ernest|url=https://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/rutherford.html|title=Collisions of alpha Particles with Light Atoms. IV. An Anomalous Effect in Nitrogen|journal=Philosophical Magazine|year=1919|volume=37|page=581|doi=10.1080/14786440608635919|issue=222|archive-date=7 June 2010|access-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607130209/http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This led him tae conclude that the hydrogen nucleus is a single particle wi a positive chairge equal tae the electron's negative chairge.<ref>''The Development of the Theory of Atomic Structure'' (Rutherford 1936). Reprinted in ''Background to Modern Science: Ten Lectures at Cambridge arranged by the History of Science Committee 1936'':<br />"In 1919 I showed that when light atoms were bombarded by α-particles they could be broken up with the emission of a proton, or hydrogen nucleus. We therefore presumed that a proton must be one of the units of which the nuclei of other atoms were composed..."</ref> Rutherford also proposed unkent particles wi nae electric chairge an a mass equal tae that o the proton. In 1932 [[James Chadwick]] fired the "beryllium radiation" that [[Walther Bothe]] haed fund in 1928 at hydrogen, nitrogen an ither elements. He worked oot that the radiation wis makkit o electrically neutral particles wi a mass lik that o a proton, an claimed thir particles as Rutherford's neutrons.<ref>{{cite journal|author=James Chadwick |year=1932|url=http://web.mit.edu/22.54/resources/Chadwick.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://web.mit.edu/22.54/resources/Chadwick.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Possible Existence of a Neutron|doi=10.1038/129312a0|journal=Nature|page=312|volume=129|bibcode = 1932Natur.129Q.312C|issue=3252|s2cid=4076465|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 1938 the German chemist [[Otto Hahn]], a student o Rutherford, fired neutrons at uranium atoms, expectin tae get transuranium elements. Insteid, his chemical experiments shawed [[barium]] as a product.<ref name=Bowden>{{cite book|last1=Bowden|first1=Mary Ellen|title=Chemical achievers: the human face of the chemical sciences|date=1997|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-941901-12-3|chapter=Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd/page/76 76–80, 125]|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd/page/76}}</ref><ref name="CHF">{{cite web|title=Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/otto-hahn-lise-meitner-and-fritz-strassmann|website=Science History Institute|date=June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130950/https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/otto-hahn-lise-meitner-and-fritz-strassmann|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> A year later [[Lise Meitner]] an her nephew Otto Frisch confirmed that Hahn's result wis the first experimental nuclear fission.<ref name=nature143_3615_239>{{cite journal |last1=Meitner|first1=Lise|last2=Frisch|first2=Otto Robert|year=1939|title=Disintegration of uranium by neutrons: a new type of nuclear reaction|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=143 |issue=3615 |pages=239–240 |doi=10.1038/143239a0 |bibcode = 1939Natur.143..239M |s2cid=4113262}}</ref><ref name=schroeder>{{cite web|last=Schroeder|first=M.|title=Lise Meitner – Zur 125. Wiederkehr Ihres Geburtstages|url=http://www.physik3.gwdg.de/~mrs/Vortraege/Lise_Meitner-Vortrag-20031106/|language=de|access-date=4 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719034227/http://www.physik3.gwdg.de/~mrs/Vortraege/Lise_Meitner-Vortrag-20031106/|archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> [[File:S-p-Orbitals.svg|thumb|right|The modren model o atomic orbitals shaws the zones whaur an electron is maist likly tae be fund at ony moment.]] [[Louis de Broglie]] proposed that aa particles behave lik waves tae some extent.<ref>{{cite book |title=Introducing Quantum Theory |author1=McEvoy, J. P. |author2=Zarate, Oscar |publisher=Totem Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-84046-577-8 |pages=110–114}}</ref> In 1926 [[Erwin Schrödinger]] uised this idea tae develop the Schrödinger equation, that describes electrons as three-dimensional waveforms raither nor points in space.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kozłowski |first=Miroslaw |year=2019 |title=The Schrödinger equation A History |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332241721}}</ref> Thus the planetary model o the atom wis discarded in favour o wan that describit zones aroon the nucleus, cried atomic orbitals, whaur a gien electron is maist likly tae be fund.<ref name=harrison2000>{{cite web|last=Harrison|first=David M.|year=2000|title=The Development of Quantum Mechanics|url=http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/DevelQM/DevelQM.html|publisher=[[University of Toronto]]| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071225095938/http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/DevelQM/DevelQM.html| archive-date= 25 December 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> == Structure == === Subatomic particles === The atom is makkit up o subatomic particles: the [[electron]], the [[proton]] an the [[neutron]]. The electron is the lichtest o thir particles bi fower orders o magnitude, at {{val|9.11|e=-31|u=kg}}. It haes a negative [[Electric chairge|electric chairge]], an a size ower sma tae be measured wi the techniques available.<ref>{{cite book|last=Demtröder|first=Wolfgang|year=2002|title=Atoms, Molecules and Photons: An Introduction to Atomic- Molecular- and Quantum Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/atomsmoleculesph00demt_277|url-access=limited|publisher=Springer|edition=1st|isbn=978-3-540-20631-6|oclc=181435713|pages=[https://archive.org/details/atomsmoleculesph00demt_277/page/n51 39]–42}}</ref> Protons hae a positive chairge an a mass o {{val|1.6726|e=-27|u=kg}}. The nummer o protons in an atom is cried its [[Atomic nummer|atomic nummer]]. Neutrons hae nae electric chairge an a mass o {{val|1.6749|e=-27|u=kg}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Woan|first=Graham|year=2000|title=The Cambridge Handbook of Physics|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57507-2|oclc=224032426|page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgehandboo0000woan/page/8 8]|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehandboo0000woan/page/8}}</ref><ref name="2014 CODATA">Mohr, P.J.; Taylor, B.N. and Newell, D.B. (2014), [https://physics.nist.gov/constants "The 2014 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211083747/http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html |date=11 February 2012 }} (Web Version 7.0). The database was developed by J. Baker, M. Douma, and [[Svetlana Kotochigova|S. Kotochigova]]. (2014). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899.</ref> In the Standard Model o physics, electrons are truly elementary particles wi nae internal structure, but protons an neutrons are makkit up o elementary particles cried [[quark]]s.<ref name=pdg2002>{{cite web|author=Particle Data Group|year=2002|url=http://www.particleadventure.org/|title=The Particle Adventure|publisher=Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070104075936/http://www.particleadventure.org/| archive-date= 4 January 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name=schombert2006>{{cite web|first=James|last=Schombert|date=18 April 2006|url=http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec07.html|title=Elementary Particles|publisher=University of Oregon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830212645/http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec07.html|archive-date=30 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nucleus === {{Main|Atomic nucleus}} Aa the bound protons an neutrons in an atom mak up a tiny [[atomic nucleus]]. The radius o a nucleus ranges frae 2 tae 7 femtometres, stairtin wi hydrogen an endin wi uranium.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jevremovic|first=Tatjana|year=2005|title=Nuclear Principles in Engineering|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-23284-3|oclc=228384008|page=73}}</ref> Whit hauds the nucleons thegither is a short-range attractive force cried the residual strong force.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pfeffer|first1=Jeremy I.|last2=Nir|first2=Shlomo|year=2000|title=Modern Physics: An Introductory Text|publisher=Imperial College Press|isbn=978-1-86094-250-1|oclc=45900880|pages=330–336}}</ref> Within wan element the nummer o neutrons can vary, an this determines the [[isotope]] o that element. The nummer o neutrons relative tae the protons determines hou stable the nucleus is, wi certaint isotopes undergaun [[radioactive decay]].<ref name=wenner2007>{{cite web|last=Wenner|first=Jennifer M.|date=10 October 2007|url=http://serc.carleton.edu/quantskills/methods/quantlit/RadDecay.html|title=How Does Radioactive Decay Work?|publisher=Carleton College|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511173156/http://serc.carleton.edu/quantskills/methods/quantlit/RadDecay.html|archive-date=11 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> === Electron clood === Electrons, lik ither particles, hae properties o baith a particle an a wave. Thair behaviour is defined bi an atomic orbital, a mathematical function that gies the probability that an electron will appear tae be at a parteecular place whan its position is measured.<ref name=science157_3784_13>{{cite journal|last=Mulliken|first=Robert S.|title=Spectroscopy, Molecular Orbitals, and Chemical Bonding|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |year=1967|volume=157|issue=3784|pages=13–24|doi=10.1126/science.157.3784.13|pmid=5338306|bibcode = 1967Sci...157...13M }}</ref> Ilka orbital matches a parteecular energy level. An electron can lowp tae a heicher energy level bi absorbin a [[photon]] wi eneuch energy, an drap tae a lower level bi giein aff the extra energy as a photon. Thir characteristic energies are the cause o atomic spectral lines.<ref name=Brucat2008>{{cite web|last=Brucat |first=Philip J. |year=2008 |url=http://www.chem.ufl.edu/~itl/2045/lectures/lec_10.html |title=The Quantum Atom |publisher=University of Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207032136/http://www.chem.ufl.edu/~itl/2045/lectures/lec_10.html |archive-date=7 December 2006 }}</ref> The electrons faurest frae the nucleus can be passed tae ither atoms nearhaund, or shared atween atoms. Bi this mechanism atoms bond intae [[molecule]]s an ither kinds o chemical compoonds, lik ionic an [[Covalent bond|covalent]] network crystals.<ref>{{cite book|last=Smirnov|first=Boris M.|year=2003|title=Physics of Atoms and Ions|url=https://archive.org/details/physicsatomsions00smir|url-access=limited|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-95550-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/physicsatomsions00smir/page/n262 249]–272}}</ref> == Properties == {{Main|Isotope}} Aboot 339 nuclides occur naiturally on [[Yird]],<ref name=lidsay20000730>{{cite web|last=Lindsay|first=Don|date=30 July 2000|url=http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/creation/isotope_list.html|title=Radioactives Missing From The Earth|publisher=Don Lindsay Archive| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070428225550/http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/creation/isotope_list.html| archive-date= 28 April 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> an 251 o them (aboot 74%) hae no been seen tae decay, an are cried "stable isotopes".<ref name=tuli2005>{{cite web|first=Jagdish K.|last=Tuli|date=April 2005|title=Nuclear Wallet Cards|publisher=National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory|url=http://nucleus.iaea.org/CIR/CIR/NuclearWalletCards.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003185243/http://nucleus.iaea.org/CIR/CIR/NuclearWalletCards.html|archive-date=3 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Aa kent isotopes o elements wi atomic nummers greater nor 82 are radioactive, awthou the radioactivity o element 83 ([[bismuth]]) is sae slicht that it is practically negligible.<ref name=s131>{{cite book|last=Sills|first=Alan D.|year=2003|title=Earth Science the Easy Way|publisher=Barron's Educational Series|isbn=978-0-7641-2146-3|oclc=51543743|pages=[https://archive.org/details/earthscienceeasy00alan/page/131 131–134]|url=https://archive.org/details/earthscienceeasy00alan/page/131}}</ref><ref name=dume20030423>{{cite news|last=Dumé|first=Belle|date=23 April 2003|title=Bismuth breaks half-life record for alpha decay|publisher=Physics World|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/17319| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071214151450/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/17319| archive-date= 14 December 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> Ilka radioactive isotope haes a characteristic decay time, the [[half-life|hauf-life]], that is the time it taks for hauf o a sample tae decay.<ref name=splung>{{cite web |url=http://www.splung.com/content/sid/5/page/radioactivity |title=Radioactivity |publisher=Splung.com |access-date=19 December 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071204135150/http://www.splung.com/content/sid/5/page/radioactivity| archive-date= 4 December 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> The total nummer o protons an neutrons (cried "nucleons") in an atom is cried the mass nummer: for example, "carbon-12" haes 12 nucleons (sax protons an sax neutrons). The mass o an atom at rest is aften gien in daltons (Da), also cried the unified atomic mass unit (u). This unit is defined as a twalt o the mass o a free neutral atom o [[Caurbon-12|carbon-12]], that is aboot {{val|1.66|e=-27|u=kg}}.<ref name=iupac>{{cite book |last=Mills |first=Ian |author2=Cvitaš, Tomislav |author3=Homann, Klaus |author4=Kallay, Nikola |author5=Kuchitsu, Kozo |title=Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry |publisher=[[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]], Commission on Physiochemical Symbols Terminology and Units, Blackwell Scientific Publications |location=Oxford |edition=2nd |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-632-03583-0 |oclc=27011505 |url=https://archive.org/details/quantitiesunitss0000unse/page/70 |page=[https://archive.org/details/quantitiesunitss0000unse/page/70 70] }}</ref> Atoms hae nae clear ooter edge; therefore thair size is uisually describit in terms o an atomic radius: a measure o hou faur the electron clood reaches oot frae the nucleus.<ref name=Ghosh02>{{cite journal | author = Ghosh, D.C. |author2= Biswas, R. | title = Theoretical calculation of Absolute Radii of Atoms and Ions. Part 1. The Atomic Radii | journal = Int. J. Mol. Sci. | volume = 3 |issue= 11 | pages = 87–113 | year = 2002 | doi=10.3390/i3020087|bibcode= 2002IJMSc...3...87G | doi-access = free }}</ref> On the [[Periodic cairt|periodic table]], the size o atoms tends tae increase gaun doon the columns, but decrease gaun across the rows (left tae richt).<ref name=dong1998>{{cite web|last=Dong|first=Judy|year=1998 |url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/MichaelPhillip.shtml|title=Diameter of an Atom|publisher=The Physics Factbook| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071104160920/http://hypertextbook.com/facts/MichaelPhillip.shtml| archive-date= 4 November 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> Consequently, the smallest atom is [[helium]], wi a radius o 32&nbsp;pm, while wan o the lairgest is [[caesium]] at 225&nbsp;pm.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zumdahl|first=Steven S.|year=2002 |title=Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation |edition=5th|publisher=Houghton Mifflin |url=http://college.hmco.com/chemistry/intro/zumdahl/intro_chemistry/5e/students/protected/periodictables/pt/pt/pt_ar5.html |isbn=978-0-618-34342-3 |oclc=173081482| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080304155935/http://college.hmco.com/chemistry/intro/zumdahl/intro_chemistry/5e/students/protected/periodictables/pt/pt/pt_ar5.html| archive-date= 4 March 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> == Origin == Electrons are thocht tae hae existit in the Universe syne the early stages o the [[Big Bang]]. In aboot three minutes, Big Bang nucleosynthesis makkit maist o the [[helium]], [[lithium]] an deuterium in the Universe, an mibbie some o the [[beryllium]] an [[boron]].<ref name=ns1794_42>{{cite journal|last=Croswell |first=Ken |title=Boron, bumps and the Big Bang: Was matter spread evenly when the Universe began? Perhaps not; the clues lie in the creation of the lighter elements such as boron and beryllium |journal=New Scientist |year=1991 |issue=1794 |page=42 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13217944.700-boron-bumps-and-the-big-bang-was-matter-spread-evenly-whenthe-universe-began-perhaps-not-the-clues-lie-in-the-creation-of-thelighter-elements-such-as-boron-and-beryllium.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207065342/http://space.newscientist.com/article/mg13217944.700-boron-bumps-and-the-big-bang-was-matter-spread-evenly-whenthe-universe-began-perhaps-not-the-clues-lie-in-the-creation-of-thelighter-elements-such-as-boron-and-beryllium.html |archive-date=7 February 2008 }}</ref><ref name=science267_5195_192>{{cite journal |last1=Copi |first1=Craig J. |last2=Schramm |first2=DN |last3=Turner |first3=MS |year=1995 |title=Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis and the Baryon Density of the Universe |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=267 |issue=5195 |pages=192–199 |doi=10.1126/science.7809624 |pmid=7809624 |arxiv=astro-ph/9407006 |bibcode=1995Sci...267..192C |s2cid=15613185 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/265576 |type=Submitted manuscript|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814070006/https://cds.cern.ch/record/265576 |archive-date=14 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=hinshaw20051215>{{cite web |last=Hinshaw|first=Gary|date=15 December 2005 |url=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101bbtest2.html |title=Tests of the Big Bang: The Light Elements |publisher=NASA/WMAP| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080117021252/http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101bbtest2.html| archive-date= 17 January 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> Atoms (complete wi bound electrons) cam tae dominate ower chairged particles 380,000&nbsp;years efter the Big Bang. This epoch is cried recombination, whan the expandin Universe cuiled eneuch for electrons tae jyne on tae nuclei.<ref name=abbott20070530>{{cite web|last=Abbott |first=Brian |date=30 May 2007 |url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/universe/duguide/exgg_wmap.php |title=Microwave (WMAP) All-Sky Survey |publisher=Hayden Planetarium|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213023246/http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/universe/duguide/exgg_wmap.php |archive-date=13 February 2013 }}</ref> Syne the Big Bang, that makkit nae [[Caurbon|carbon]] or hivvier elements, atomic nuclei hae been combined in [[Starn|starns]] throu [[nuclear fusion]] tae mak mair helium, an the sequence o elements frae carbon up tae [[Airn|airn]].<ref name=mnras106_343>{{cite journal |title=The synthesis of the elements from hydrogen |first=F. |last=Hoyle |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=106|issue=5 |pages=343–383|year=1946 |bibcode=1946MNRAS.106..343H |doi=10.1093/mnras/106.5.343|doi-access=free }}</ref> Elements hivvier nor airn war makkit in supernovae an collidin neutron starns throu the r-process, an in AGB starns throu the s-process. Baith involve atomic nuclei capturin neutrons.<ref name=mashnik2000>{{cite arXiv |last=Mashnik|first=Stepan G. |title=On Solar System and Cosmic Rays Nucleosynthesis and Spallation Processes |eprint=astro-ph/0008382 |year=2000 }}</ref> == References == {{reflist|30em}} === Warks citit === * {{cite book |author=Andrew G. van Melsen |translator=Henry J. Koren |year=2004 |orig-date=1952 |title=From Atomos to Atom: The History of the Concept Atom |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=0-486-49584-1 |ref=refMelsen1952}} * {{cite book |author=John L. Heilbron |year=2003 |title=Ernest Rutherford and the Explosion of Atoms |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-512378-6 |ref=refHeilbron2003 }} == Freemit airtins == {{Sister project links|voy=no|wikt=atom|v=The Atom|n=no|q=Atom|s=The New Student's Reference Work}} * [https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_01.html Atoms in Motion – The Feynman Lectures on Physics] * {{cite web|first=Tim|last=Sharp|title=What is an Atom?|url=https://www.livescience.com/37206-atom-definition.html|publisher=Live Science|date=8 August 2017}} {{Commonscat|Atoms}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Atoms| ]] [[Category:Concepts in physics]] [[Category:Chemistry]] 6jd45beu1hzxhv5r400dq8yxwt3qlzg 0 4161 927578 924095 2026-11-10T01:10:18Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox kintra |conventional_long_name = Republic o Indie |native_name = ''Bharat Ganrajya'' |common_name = Indie |image_flag = Flag of India.svg |alt_flag = Horizontal tricolour flag bearin, frae tap tae bottom, deep saffron, white, an green horizontal bands. In the centre o the white band is a navy-blue wheel wi 24 spokes. |image_coat = Emblem of India.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert-image |alt_coat = Three lions facin left, richt, an toward viewer, atap a frieze containin a gallopin horse, a 24-spoke wheel, an an elephant. Unnerneath is a motto: "सत्यमेव जयते". |symbol_type = Emblem |national_motto = {{native phrase|sa|"Satyameva Jayate"|italics=off}}<br />{{small|"Truith Alane Triumphs"}}{{lower|0.2em|{{sfn|National Informatics Centre|2005}}}} |national_anthem = ''[[Jana Gana Mana]]''<br />{{small|"Thou Art the Ruler o the Minds o Aw Fowk"}}{{lower|0.2em|{{sfn|Wolpert|2003|p=1}}}}<ref name="india.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/india-glance/national-symbols |title=National Symbols &#124; National Portal of India |publisher=India.gov.in |accessdate=6 July 2013}}</ref><br /><center>[[File:Jana Gana Mana instrumental.ogg]]</center> |other_symbol = '''Naitional sang:'''<br />''[[Vande Mataram]]'' <br />{{small|"I Bow tae Thee, Mither"}}{{lower|0.2em|{{efn|"[...] ''Jana Gana Mana'' is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in the words as the Government may authorise as occasion arises; and the song ''Vande Mataram'', which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with ''Jana Gana Mana'' and shall have equal status with it." {{harv|Constituent Assembly of India|1950}}.}}{{sfn|National Informatics Centre|2005}}}}<ref name="india.gov.in"/> |image_map = India (orthographic projection).svg |alt_map = Image o a globe centred on Indie, wi Indie heichlichtit. |map_caption = Aurie controlled bi Indie shawn in dark green;<br />claimed but uncontrolled regions shawn in licht green. |map_width = 220px |capital = [[New Delhi]] |coordinates = {{Coord|28|36.8|N|77|12.5|E|type:city}} |largest_city =[[Mumbai]] |largest_urban_agglomeration=[[Naitional Caipital Region (Indie)|Delhi NCR]]<ref>{{cite web |title=INDIA STATS : Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011 |url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |access-date=2014-05-16 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225052101/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |official_languages = {{collapsible list |title = {{hlist|[[Staundart Hindi|Hindi]]|Inglis}} | [[Staundart Hindi|Hindi]] in the Devanagari script is the [[offeecial leid|official leid]] o the Union. Inglis is an additional co-official leid for Government wirk.{{sfn|National Informatics Centre|2005}}<ref name="india.gov.in2">{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/india-glance/profile |title=Profile &#124; National Portal of India |publisher=India.gov.in |accessdate=23 August 2013}}</ref> }} |regional_languages = {{collapsible list |title = 8t Schedule |Assamese |[[Bengali leid|Bengali]] |Bodo |Dogri |[[Gujarati leid|Gujarati]] |[[Staundart Hindi|Hindi]] |Kannada |[[Kashmiri leid|Kashmiri]] |Konkani |Maithili |[[Malayalam leid|Malayalam]] |[[Meitei leid|Manipuri]] |[[Marathi leid|Marathi]] |[[Nepali leid|Nepali]] |Oriya |[[Punjabi leid|Punjabi]] |[[Sanskrit]] |Santali |[[Sindhi leid|Sindhi]] |[[Tamil leid|Tamil]] |Telugu |[[Urdu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/EIGHTH-SCHEDULE.pdf|title=Eighth Schedule|accessdate=1 July 2013|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225052119/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/EIGHTH-SCHEDULE.pdf%0A|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} |languages_type = Naitional leid |languages = None |demonym = Indian |government_type = {{nowrap|Federal [[Pairlamentary seestem|pairlamentary]]<br />[[constitutional republic]]{{sfn|National Informatics Centre|2005}}}} |leader_title1 = [[Preses o Indie|Preses]] |leader_name1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]] |leader_title2 = Vice Preses |leader_name2 = C. P. Radhakrishnan |leader_title3 = [[Prime Meenister o Indie|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name3 = [[Narendra Modi]] |legislature = [[Pairlament o Indie]] |upper_house = ''[[Rajya Sabha]]'' |lower_house = ''[[Lok Sabha]]'' |sovereignty_type = [[Indian unthirldom movement|Unthirldom]] |sovereignty_note = frae the [[Unitit Kinrick]] |established_event1 = Dominion |established_date1 = 15 August 1947 |established_event2 = [[Republic]] |established_date2 = 26 Januar 1950 |area_rank = 7t |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_km2 = 3,287,590<ref>[http://india.gov.in/india-glance/profile Profile | National Portal of India]</ref> |area_sq_mi = 1,269,346 |area_footnote = {{efn|"The country's exact size is subject to debate because some borders are disputed. The Indian government lists the total area as {{convert|3287260|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and the total land area as {{convert|3060500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}; the United Nations lists the total area as {{convert|3287263|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and total land area as {{convert|2973190|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}." {{harv|Library of Congress|2004}}.}} |percent_water = 9.6 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 1.48 billion<ref>{{Cite web |title=India population 2026 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/263766/total-population-of-india/ |access-date=4 May 2026 |website=Statista |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260430102727/https://www.statista.com/statistics/263766/total-population-of-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_census = 1,210,854,977<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html|title=Population Enumeration Data (Final Population)|work=2011 Census Data|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=17 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522213913/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html|archivedate=22 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/00%20A%202-India.pdf|title=A – 2 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901|work=2011 Census Data|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=17 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430213141/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/00%20A%202-India.pdf|archivedate=30 April 2016}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2026 | population_estimate_rank = 1st | population_census_year = 2011 | population_census_rank = 2nt | population_density_km2 = {{Pop density|{{Indian population clock}}|3287263|km2|disp=num|prec=1}} | population_density_sq_mi = {{Pop density|{{Indian population clock}}|1269219|sqmi|disp=num|prec=1}} | population_density_rank = 19t | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} {{nowrap|Int$19.193 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEO.IN">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (October 2026 Edition) |publisher=International Monetary Fund |website=www.imf.org |date=13 October 2026 |access-date=13 October 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 3rd | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} {{nowrap|US$4.060 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 6t | Gini = 25.5 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Income Gini coefficient|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/income-gini-coefficient|website=United Nations Development Programme|accessdate=14 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610232357/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|archivedate=10 June 2010}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 79t | HDI = 0.647 | HDI_year = 2018 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF|archive-date=2020-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516123624/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|url-status=dead}}</ref> | HDI_rank = {{ordinal|129}} |currency = [[Indian rupee]] ({{INR}}) |currency_code = INR |time_zone = IST |utc_offset = +05:30 |time_zone_DST = {{nowrap|nae observed}} |utc_offset_DST = +05:30 |date_format = {{nowrap|dd-mm-yyyy (CE)}} |drives_on = left |calling_code = +91 |cctld = [[.in]] {{collapsible list |title = ither TLDs |.ভাৰত |.ভারত |.ભારત |.भारत |.ଭାରତ‌ |.ਭਾਰਤ |.இந்தியா |.భారత్ |بھارت. }} |official_website = [http://www.india.gov.in www.india.gov.in] }} '''Indie''', offeecially the '''Republic o Indie''',<ref>*{{citation |author=John Da Graça |title=Heads of State and Government |year=2017 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-349-65771-1 |page=421}} "Official name: Republic of India; Bharat Ganarajya (Hindi)"; *{{citation |last=Bradnock |first=Robert W. |title=The Routledge Atlas of South Asian Affairs |year=2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-40511-5 |page=108}} "Official name: English: Republic of India; Hindi: Bharat Ganarajya"</ref> is a kintra in Sooth Asie. It is the [[Leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi area|seivent-lairgest kintra]] in the warld bi aurie, an the [[Leet o kintras bi population|maist populous]].<ref name=poston-sullivan-2026>{{cite book|last1=Poston|first1=Dudley L.|last2=Sullivan|first2=Teresa A.|title=Population and Society: An Introduction to Demography|location=Cambridge, UK and New York, NY|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2026|edition=3rd|isbn=978-1-009-69695-1|page=76|quote=Up until a few years ago, China was the largest country in the world. But in 2021 India surpassed China and became the world's largest population}}</ref> The [[Indien Ocean]] ligs tae its sooth, the Arabian Sea tae its sooth-wast an the [[Bay o Bengal]] tae its sooth-east. It shares laund borders wi [[Pakistan]] tae the wast; [[Republic o the Fowk o Cheena|Cheena]], [[Nepal]] an [[Bhutan]] tae the north; an [[Bangladesh]] an [[Myanmar]] tae the east. Bi 1200 BCE an archaic form o [[Sanskrit]], an [[Indo-European leids|Indo-European leid]], haed spread intae Indie frae the north-wast,<ref name="archaic-sansk"> *{{harvnb|Jamison|Brereton|2014|page=5}} "For the northwest, which comprises the geographic horizon of the R̥gveda, iron began to be manufactured around 1200–1000 bce. The R̥gvedic hymns, therefore, would have to have been composed no later than this period... The R̥gveda is the surface of a very long tradition." *{{Harvnb|Lowe|2015|p=|pp=1–2}} "[[Rigveda|It]] consists of 1,028 hymns (''sūktas''), highly crafted poetic compositions originally intended for recital during rituals and for the invocation of and communication with the Indo-Aryan gods. Modern scholarly opinion largely agrees that these hymns were composed between around 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE, during the eastward migration of the Indo-Aryan tribes from the mountains of what is today northern Afghanistan across the Punjab into north India." *{{harvnb|Witzel|2003|pp=68–70}}: "The RV text was composed before the introduction and massive use of iron, that is before ca. 1200–1000 BCE."</ref> an its earliest hymns haud elements o whit wid later become [[Hinduism]].<ref name="hinduism-elements">* {{Harvnb|Jamison|Brereton|2020|pp=2, 4–5}}: "The Ṛgveda is one of the four Vedas, which together constitute the oldest texts in Sanskrit and the earliest evidence for what will become Hinduism. [...] Although Vedic religion is very different in many regards from what is known as Classical Hinduism, the seeds are there." * {{Harvnb|Flood|2020|p=4, see note 4}}: "I take the term 'Hinduism' to meaningfully denote a range and history of practice characterised by a number of features, particularly reference to Vedic textual and sacrificial origins, ..." * {{Harvnb|Michaels|2017|pp=|p=86}}: "Almost all traditional Hindu families observe until today at least three ''samskaras'' (initiation, marriage, and death ritual). ...Although ''samskaras'' vary from region to region, from class (''varna'') to class, and from caste to caste, their core elements remain the same owing to the common source, the Veda, and a common priestly tradition preserved by the ''Brahmin'' priests." *{{Harvnb|Fisher|2018|pp=59–60}} " Major parts of what is known today as Hinduism are largely based on this Vedic foundation; some Vedic hymns are still chanted as vital components of Brahminic Hindu rituals, including weddings and funerals. Hence, the Vedas comprise the longest continuously used body of sacred texts in human history and are an unmatched source for this early period’s environmental history." *{{Harvnb|Truschke|2025|p=18}} "Vedic rituals, social organization, relationships with certain animals, and languages developed and spread over later centuries, ultimately numbering among the many sources for what we now call Hinduism." </ref> The loose-knit Maurya an Gupta Empires that cam efter<ref name="maurya-gupta"> * {{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=16–17}} "Pataliputra became the centre of the loose-knit Mauryan 'Empire'". * {{harvnb|Ludden|2014|pp=29–30}}. "The geography of the Mauryan Empire resembled a spider with a small dense body and long spindly legs." * {{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=67}} "Even in the Gangetic plain, ... most of this vast territory was ruled by largely autonomous kings who nominally recognized or just paid tribute to the Gupta emperor." * {{harvnb|Robb|2011|pp=56–57}} "Nevertheless the Gupta empire remained more of a confederacy than a centralized state." </ref> gied rise tae wide-rangin cultural an scienteefic creativity.<ref name="creative-explosion"> * {{harvnb|Ludden|2014|pp=28–29}} "A creative explosion in all the arts was a most remarkable feature of this ancient transformation, a permanent cultural legacy. Mauryan territory was created in its day by awesome armies and dreadful war, but future generations would cherish its beautiful pillars, inscriptions, coins, sculptures, buildings, ceremonies, and texts, particularly later Buddhist writers." * {{harvnb|Van Brummelen|2014|pp=46–48}} "The story of the growth of arithmetic from the ancient inheritance to the wealth passed on to the Renaissance is dramatic and passes through several cultures. The most groundbreaking achievement was the evolution of a positional number system, ... Roughly speaking, this began in India, was transmitted to Islam, and then to the Latin West." </ref> Early in the 2nt millennium, Muslim airmies frae Central Asie owerran the northren plains o Indie time an again,<ref name="swift-horse"> * {{harvnb|Ludden|2014|p=86}} "Central Asian warriors became supreme during South Asia's medieval transition by deploying swift-horse cavalry skilled in firing arrows at full gallop, volley after volley; ..." * {{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2022|pp= 22, 31–32}}."(p.22) Due to their nomadic background, the Turkic peoples were skilled at cavalry warfare. (p.31–32) Employing a classic nomadic tactic of the Central Asian steppes, their light cavalry could fan out and flank the enemy from all sides,..." * {{harvnb|Truschke|2025|p=182}} "The Ghurids benefitted from upswings in military technology in the eleventh–twelfth centuries. Specifically, wider use of nailed shoes and stirrups made horses nimbler in warfare." </ref> an in the end established the [[Delhi Sultanate]] an drew Indie intae the cosmopolitan networks o medieval Islam.<ref name="Islamic-cosmopolis"> *{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2022|p=60}} "In the long term, however, the cultural and social enrichment that resulted from participation in the world's most cosmopolitan civilization of the middle ages was to become an inextricable part of India's greatness" *{{harvnb|Truschke|2025|p=164}} "Whatever vocabulary we use to describe Muslim and, later, Indo-Muslim political figures, these groups brought new languages, cultural mores, and historical sources—in addition to a new religion—to the already diverse Indian subcontinent.” </ref> The [[Mughal Empire]] brocht in twa centuries o economic growth an relative peace,<ref name="AsherAsher2022-187">{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2022|p=187}} "Above all, the long period of relative peace ushered in by Akbar's power, and maintained by his successors throughout the seventeenth century, contributed to India's economic expansion."</ref> an left a lastin legacy o admeenistrative centralisation<ref name=metcalf-mughal-centralised>{{harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|pp=54&ndash;55}} "A further key to Akbar's successes were the administrative reforms that created an enduring framework for rule. ...Nobles were awarded ranks, known as mansab, demarcated decimally, and were expected to provide horsemen according to the rank number for the emperor's use. They were appointed to positions in two parallel hierarchies, one with civil responsibilities and one military – thus a check on each other – at levels from district, to province, to centre, throughout the empire. ... Even a relatively centralized empire like this, however, was limited in its reach into local communities. Mughal officials typically negotiated for delivery of the revenue demand with lineage heads and chieftains, homogenized in Mughal usage as [[zamindar]]s (land-holders)."</ref> an cultural synthesis.<ref name="mughal-cultural-synthesis"> *{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2022|pp=178}} "Chronicles, both visual and written, tell us that instrumentalists from Khurasan and Central Asia as well as singers from India resided in Akbar's court. ... By far the most famous singer was the legendary [[Tansen]] (d.&nbsp;1586), whom Akbar acquired from a subject prince early in his reign in 1562." *{{harvnb|Truschke|2025|p=255}} "Mughal translations provided many Hindus with access to their religious texts between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. Few early modern people knew Sanskrit, a language that was never a common vernacular and, even as a literary tongue, had long been limited to an educated elite. In contrast, many Indians of diverse religious backgrounds learned Persian to work for the Mughal state." *{{harvnb|Naim|1978}} "The poems of [[Mirza Ghalib|Ghālib]] and [[Mir Taqi Mir|Mīr]] represent the best of the [[Urdu]] [[ghazal]]; and the Urdu ghazal, as an anonymous wit has remarked, is the Muslims' greatest gift to India, after the Tāj Mahal." *{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=106}} " For nearly four centuries, the Taj Mahal has stood as an architectural masterpiece, famous worldwide for the technology of its construction, and, even more, for the quality of its workmanship and the exquisite balance and proportion of its forms." *{{harvnb|Asher|1992|pp=250–251}} "More than any other ruler, Shah Jahan sought to use architecture to project the emperor's formal and semi-divine character. ... Nowhere is this seen more clearly than in his ''de novo'' city, [[Shahjahanabad]], ... The number of surviving structures is great, reminding us that the mechanisms of Mughal economy encouraged constant spending and cash flow. ... the elegant imperial taste ... is widely emulated across India." </ref> The growin rule o the Breetish East India Company consolidatit its control o the territory o the subcontinent<ref name=m&m2012-sovereignty>{{Harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|pp=127–128}} " Changes essential to the modern state, including the unification of sovereignty, ... introduced during the same period ... The date 1848 as starting point for the 'modern state' in India ..."</ref> while it turned Indie intae a colonial economy.<ref name="Combined-11"> * {{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2022|p=368}} "An increasing number of historians consider the 1820s or 1830s to be the true beginning of the colonial period, on the other hand, for it was only then that fundamental transformations in economic and political structures occurred." * {{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=120}} "India became its prime periphery, supplying capital ... labor, artisanal goods, and raw materials, while becoming a market for finished British manufactures."</ref> Croun rule, or the [[Breetish Raj]], stairtit in 1858.<ref name=truschke-british-raj>{{harvnb|Truschke|2025|p=333}} "British colonialism had two major phases in South Asia: Company rule (1757–1858) and the British Raj (1858–1947)."</ref> A naitionalist movement cam forrit in Indie, the first in the non-European [[Breetish Empire]].<ref name="Marshall2001">{{Citation |last=Marshall |first=P. J. |title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC&pg=PA179 |page=179 |year=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-00254-7 |quote=The first modern nationalist movement to arise in the non-European empire, and one that became an inspiration for many others, was the Indian Congress.}}</ref><ref name="Chiriyankandath2016">{{Citation |last=Chiriyankandath |first=James |title=Parties and Political Change in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4n7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |page=2 |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-58620-3 |quote=South Asian parties include several of the oldest in the post-colonial world, foremost among them the 129-year-old Indian National Congress that led India to independence in 1947}}</ref> In 1947 the Breetish Indian Empire wis pairteetioned intae the independent dominions o Indie, wi a Hindu majority, an Pakistan, wi a Muslim majority. The pairteetion brocht loss o life on a muckle scale, an migration on a scale never seen afore.<ref> * {{harvnb|Copland|2001|pp=71–78}}. * {{harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=222}}.</ref> {{TOC limit|limit=3}} == Etymology == Accordin tae the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the Inglis proper noun "India" comes maist immediately frae the Classical [[Laitin]] ''India'', that referred tae a loosely defined historical region o [[Aisie]] streetchin frae Sooth Asie tae the borders o Cheena. Monie Indian leids uise variations o the term ''Bharat'' ({{IPA|hns|ˈbʱaːɾət|pron|hi-Bharat.ogg}}), that is named in baith Indian epic poetry an the Constitution o Indie.{{sfn|Clémentin-Ojha|2014}}<ref>{{Citation |title=The Constitution of India |date=1 December 2007 |url=https://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf |access-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/https://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]] |quote=Article 1(1): India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States. |archive-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> The nem ''[[Hindustan]]'', that comes frae Middle Persian, becam popular for Indie bi the 13t century,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Paturi |first1=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCo5DAAAQBAJ |title=World Religions & Cults Volume 2: Moralistic, Mythical and Mysticism Religions |last2=Patterson |first2=Roger |date=2016 |publisher=New Leaf Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-89051-922-6 |editor-last=Hodge |editor-first=Bodie |location=United States |pages=59–60 |chapter=Hinduism (with Hare Krishna) |quote=The actual term Hindu first occurs as a Persian geographical term for the people who lived beyond the Indus River. The term Hindu originated as a geographical term and did not refer to a religion. Later, Hindu was taken by European languages from the Arabic term al-Hind, which referred to the people who lived across the Indus River. This Arabic term was itself taken from the Persian term Hindū, which refers to all Indians. By the 13th century, Hindustan emerged as a popular alternative name for India, meaning the "land of Hindus." |editor-last2=Patterson |editor-first2=Roger}}</ref> an it wis uised widely frae the time o the [[Mughal Empire]] on. == History == === Auncient Indie === Frae the coalescence o mitochondrial DNA an Y chromosome data, the earliest survivin lineages o modren humans on the Indian subcontinent haed come there frae Africae atween 80,000 an 50,000 year ago. Maist likly they cam bi 55,000 year ago.<ref name=mod-human-migration> *{{harvnb|Petraglia|Allchin|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA10 10]}}: "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. [...] Coalescence dates for most non-European populations average to between 73 and 55 ka." *{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1]}}: "Modern human beings—''Homo sapiens''—originated in Africa. Then, intermittently, sometime between 60,000 and 80,000 years ago, tiny groups of them began to enter the north-west of the Indian subcontinent. It seems likely that initially they came by way of the coast. [...] it is virtually certain that there were ''Homo sapiens'' in the subcontinent 55,000 years ago, even though the earliest fossils that have been found of them date to only about 30,000 years before the present." *{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23]}}: "Scholars estimate that the first successful expansion of the ''Homo sapiens'' range beyond Africa and across the Arabian Peninsula occurred from as early as 80,000 years ago to as late as 40,000 years ago, although there may have been prior unsuccessful emigrations. Some of their descendants extended the human range ever further in each generation, spreading into each habitable land they encountered. One human channel was along the warm and productive coastal lands of the Persian Gulf and northern Indian Ocean. Eventually, various bands entered India between 75,000 years ago and 35,000 years ago." *{{harvnb|Mattern|2019|pp=146–147}}<nowiki> All non-African human populations share a common ancestry in the recent past, about 80,000 to 50,000 years ago. Some time within this period, a group of modern humans migrated from Africa, traversed southern Asia, and crossed the sea to the ancient continent of Sahul (now Australia, Tasmania, and Papua New Guinea), picking up Neanderthal and Denisovan genes along the way; branches reached Europe somewhat later, and Americas last. This was not the first migration of anatomically modern humans out of Africa. ... But for the most part, earlier populations of humans around Eurasia sputtered out, returned to Africa, or were replaced by humans from the last migration out of Africa.</nowiki> </ref> [[Neolithic]] an chalcolithic cultures arose on the wastren margins o the Indus river basin, aroond Mehrgarh in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], efter 7000 BCE. Thir grew gradually intae the Indus Valley Ceevilisation, that flourished in 2500–1900 BCE in Pakistan an wastren Indie.{{sfn|Wright|2010|pp=45–51}}<ref name="Combined-2"> * {{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 4–5]}}. * {{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 33]}}.</ref> === Medieval Indie === The early medieval age in Indie, frae 600 tae 1200 CE, wis merkit bi regional kinricks an cultural diversity.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 115–116}} In this time, as laund wis cleared for [[agricultur|agriculture]], pastoral fowk an new non-traditional rulin classes were brocht intae caste society.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 116–117}} === Early modren Indie === In the early 16t century northren Indie, that wis maistly unner Muslim rulers at the time,{{sfn|Robb|2011|pp = 97–98}} fell again tae the better mobility an firepouer o a new generation o Central Asian warriors.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 159}} The Mughal Empire that resultit didnae stamp oot the local societies it cam tae rule. Insteid it balanced an pacified thaim throu new admeenistrative practices{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2022|p = 136}}{{sfn|Robb|2011|pp = 108–109}} an diverse, inclusive rulin elites.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p = 15}} === Modren Indie === The Constitution o Indie wis adoptit in 1950 an declared Indie a federal republic governed throu a democratic [[Pairlamentary seestem|pairlamentary seestem]]. It guarantees [[Freedom o speech|freedom o speech]], freedom o the press<ref name=metcalf-freedoms>{{Harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=267}} "All were agreed that the new India must be a democratic land, with universal suffrage and freedom of press and speech"</ref> an releegious pluralism.<ref name="Metcalf-Plural">{{harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|pp=268–269}}. "The Congress Party under Nehru's leadership was committed ... to the principles of secularism ... and Nehru was determined that India should be a secular state. ... Indian secularism sought to engage with, and so sustain, all of India's various religions."</ref> Economic reforms in the 1990s integratit the Indian economy wi the warld's.<ref name="Tomlinson-Reforms1">{{harvnb|Tomlinson|2013|p=204a}} "The cumulative effect of the reforms of the 1990s was to move India away from the ideal of self-reliance towards greater integration with the world economy; fewer controls on private business activity, especially in manufacturing; and substantially lower entry barriers to new firms, whether domestic or foreign."</ref> Bi the 2010s the Indian economy haed a stable, heich rate o growth.<ref name="Tomlinson-Reforms2">{{Harvnb|Tomlinson|2013|p=204b}} "It was the combination of these reforms as a package of liberalisation over twenty years from the mid 1980s to the early 2000s, ... that created the opportunity for the rapid and sustained growth of recent times."</ref> Indie is a nuclear-weapon state wi heich militar spendin, ane o the warld's lairgest economies an a foondin member o the [[Unitit Naitions]],<ref name=unfounding-mem>{{cite web|title=UN Membership: Founding Member States|publisher = United Nations: Dag Hammarskjöld Library|url= https://research.un.org/en/unmembers/founders|access-date=9 September 2026}} " ... Original Member State: India; Date of Signing: 26 June 1945; Date of Ratification: 30 October 1945; ..."</ref> while its cultural legacy includes 45 [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Steid|Warld Heritage Steids]].<ref name=whs-sarnath-45>{{cite web|title= Ancient Buddhist Site of Sarnath inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List|publisher=UNESCO|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/ancient-buddhist-site-sarnath-inscribed-unesco-world-heritage-list|date=25 July 2026|access-date=9 September 2026}} "Busan, Republic of Korea, 25 July 2026: The Ancient Buddhist Site, Sarnath, in Uttar Pradesh, India, has been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List during the 48th session of the World Heritage Committee ... With this inscription, India now has 45 World Heritage sites."</ref> == Geographie == Indie maks up the bulk o the Indian subcontinent, an ligs on the Indian tectonic plate, a pairt o the Indo-Australian Plate.{{sfn|Ali|Aitchison|2005}} Monsoon wather seestems play a significant pairt in the climate o Indie. The Himalayas an the Tibetan Plateau, in thair turn, play an important pairt in makkin the Sooth Asian monsoon, that accoonts for 75 tae 80 per cent o the annual rain in Indie.<ref name=rain_percent_monsoon>{{harvnb|Barry|Hall-McKim|2018|p=149}} "For all-India, the monsoon provides 78 percent of the total average rainfall."</ref> === Biodiversity === Indie is a megadiverse kintra, a term uised for 17 kintras that host heich biological diversity an hae monie species that are indigenous, or endemic, tae thaim.<ref>{{Citation |title=Megadiverse Countries |url=https://www.biodiversitya-z.org/content/megadiverse-countries |access-date=17 October 2021 |publisher=Biodiversity A–Z, [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre]] |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903011526/http://www.biodiversitya-z.org/areas/26 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Government an politics == On 26 Januar 1950 the promulgation o the Constitution makkit Indie a republic athin the [[Commonweel o Nations]].{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=243}} The [[Lok Sabha]], the lower hoose o the Indian pairlament, haes 543 members elected directly bi universal suffrage, wi particular seats reserved tae guarantee fair representation for the Scheduled Castes an Scheduled Tribes.{{sfn|Madhavan|2024}} === Admeenistrative diveesions === Indie is a federal union o 28 [[States an union territories o Indie|states]] an 8 union territories.{{sfn|Library of Congress|2004}} == Economy == Efter independence in 1947, Indie shiftit frae the colonial economic model tae a focus on [[industrialisation]] an the reduction o poverty.<ref name=camb-econhist-pp1-2>{{harvnb|Chaudhary|Roy|Swamy|2026|pp=1–2}}</ref> == Demographics == The population o Indie wis 361 million in 1951.<ref name="Dyson2018-172">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=172}} "Table 8.1 Demographic estimates for India 1921–1971. 1951: 361.0 million, 1961: 439.1 million, 1971: 548.2 million."</ref> It grew tae aboot 1.464 billion in 2025,<ref name="unfpa-in-2025">{{cite web|title=India Population 2025 - United Nations Population Fund|publisher=United Nations Population Fund|year=2025|url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population/IN|access-date=6 September 2026}}</ref> an passed the population o Cheena in 2021.<ref name=poston-sullivan-2026 /> Hinduism is the majority faith, follit bi near 80% o the population; Islam is the lairgest minority, at ower 14%.<ref name=acharya2022>{{cite journal| last1 = Padilla y Sotelo| first1 = Lilia Susana| last2 = Acharya| first2 = Arun Kumar| year = 2006| title = Religion and India's Growing Population: Evidence from Some Selected States of India| journal = Caminhos de Geografia| volume = 6| issue = 15| pages = 1–12 | doi = 10.14393/RCG61515382}}</ref> == Culture == Tho it is applied whiles tae ither cultures an releegions, [[caste]] is a fundamental social institution o Indie, maist fully developit amang Hindus.<ref name=béteille-caste>{{harvnb|Béteille|2002|pages=136–137|ps=. Quote: "'''Caste''': Caste has been described as the fundamental social institution of India. Sometimes the term is used metaphorically to refer to rigid social distinctions or extreme social exclusiveness wherever found, and some authorities have used the term 'colour-caste system' to describe the stratification based on race in the United States and elsewhere. But it is among the Hindus in India that we find the system in its most fully developed form although analogous forms exist among Muslims, Christians. Sikhs and other religious groups in South Asia. It is an ancient institution, having existed for at least 2,000 years among the Hindus who developed not only elaborate caste practices hut also a complex theory to explain and justify those practices (Dumont 1970). The theory has now lost much of its force although many of the practices continue."}}</ref> == Notes == <references group="lower-alpha"/> == References == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == {{refbegin|33em}} * {{citation |title=National Symbols |work=Know India |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]], [[Government of India]] |url=https://www.india.gov.in/india-glance/national-symbols |access-date=18 April 2021 |ref={{sfnRef|National Informatics Centre|2005}} |url-status=live |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418054958/https://www.india.gov.in/india-glance/national-symbols}} * {{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=S. |author-link=Stanley Wolpert |year=2003 |title=A New History of India |edition=7th |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-516678-1}} * {{citation |date=24 January 1950 |title=Constituent Assembly of India – Volume XII |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]], [[Government of India]] |url=https://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol12p1.htm |access-date=17 July 2011 |ref={{sfnRef|Constituent Assembly of India|1950}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173243/https://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol12p1.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 }} * {{citation |date=December 2004 |title=Country Profile: India |edition=5th |work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |publisher=Library of Congress [[Federal Research Division]] |url=https://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131058/https://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2011 |access-date=30 September 2011 |ref={{sfnRef|Library of Congress|2004}} }} * {{cite book |last1=Petraglia |first1=Michael D. |last2=Allchin |first2=Bridget |author-link2=Bridget Allchin |editor=Michael Petraglia |editor2=Bridget Allchin |title=The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA6 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4020-5562-1 |chapter=Human evolution and culture change in the Indian subcontinent}} * {{citation |last=Dyson |first=Tim |title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day |year=2018 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-882905-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ |access-date=29 July 2019 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925120221/https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}} * {{citation |last=Fisher |first=Michael H. |year=2018 |title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century |location=Cambridge and New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-11162-2 |lccn=2018021693 |doi=10.1017/9781316276044 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ |doi-access=free |access-date=29 July 2019 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925083741/https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}} *{{cite book |last=Mattern |first=Susan |title=The Slow Moon Climbs: The Science, History, and Meaning of Menopause |location=Princeton, NJ, and London |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-691-17163-0}} *{{cite book |last1=Jamison |first1=Stephanie W. |author1-link=Stephanie W. Jamison|last2=Brereton |first2=Joel P. |title=The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India |volume=1 |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-517918-7}} * {{cite book |last=Lowe |first=John J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L07CBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |title=Participles in Rigvedic Sanskrit: The Syntax and Semantics of Adjectival Verb Forms |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-100505-3 |pages= |quote=}} * {{cite book |last=Witzel |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Witzel |editor=Gavin D. Flood |title=The Blackwell companion to Hinduism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C |access-date=15 March 2012 |year=2003 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-631-21535-6 |chapter=Vedas and Upanișads}} * {{citation |last1=Jamison |first1=Stephanie |title=The Rigveda |year=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LTRDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-063339-4 |last2=Brereton |first2=Joel |author-link1=Stephanie W. Jamison}} * {{citation |last=Flood |first=Gavin |title=The Oxford History of Hinduism: Hindu Practice: Hindu Practice |pages= |year=2020 |editor=Gavin Flood |chapter=Introduction |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4yT3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-105322-1 |author-link=Gavin Flood}} * {{cite book |last=Michaels |first=Axel |author-link=Axel Michaels |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAJCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |title=The Oxford History of Hinduism: Hindu Law: A New History of Dharmaśāstra |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-100709-5 |editor=Patrick Olivelle, Donald R. Davis |location=Oxford}} *{{cite book|last=Truschke | first = Audrey| author-link = Audrey Truschke| title = India: 5,000 Years of History on the Subcontinent|publisher = Princeton University Press|year = 2025| isbn = 9780691221229}} * {{cite book |last=Ludden |first=D. |year=2014 |title=India and South Asia: A Short History |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |isbn=978-1-85168-936-1 |edition=2nd, revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ}} * {{cite book |last=Robb |first=P. |title=A History of India |year=2011 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-0-230-34549-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-2VH1LO_EC}} *{{cite book |last=Van Brummelen|first=Glenn |title=Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia |year=2014 |editor-last=Glick|editor-first=Thomas F. |chapter=Arithmetic |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-45932-1 |editor2-last=Livesey|editor2-first=Steven|editor3-last=Wallis|editor3-first=Faith}} *{{cite book |last=Stein |first=B. |author-link=Burton Stein |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=D. |year=2010 |title=A History of India |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |place=Oxford |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC}} * {{cite book |last1=Asher |first1=C. B. |last2=Talbot |first2=C. |year=2022 |title=India Before Europe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-42816-3}} * {{cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |year=2012 |title=A Concise History of Modern India |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-02649-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC |archive-date=13 July 2023 |access-date=13 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713021259/https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC |url-status=live}} * {{citation|last=Naim|first=C.M.|author-link=C.M. Naim|chapter=South Asian Literatures: Islamic|year=1978|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/South-Asian-arts/Islamic-literatures-11th-19th-century|access-date=30 August 2026}} * {{citation |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine B. |series=New Cambridge History of India series |title=Architecture of Mughal India |date=1992 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge; New York |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521267281}} * {{cite book |last=Copland |first=I. |year=2001 |title=India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire |publisher=[[Longman]] |isbn=978-0-582-38173-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ}} * {{cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |author1-link=Barbara Metcalf |author2-link=Thomas R. Metcalf |year=2006 |title=A Concise History of Modern India |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-68225-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C}} * {{citation |editor-last=Kuiper |editor-first=K. |year=2010 |title=The Culture of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LiqloV4JnNUC |access-date=24 July 2011 |publisher=[[Britannica Educational Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-61530-203-1}} * {{cite journal |last=Clémentin-Ojha |first=Catherine |title='India, that is Bharat...': One Country, Two Names |journal=South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal |volume=10 |year=2014 |doi=10.4000/samaj.3717 }} *{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Rita P. |author-link=Rita P. Wright |title=The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgFPQAACAAJ |access-date=29 September 2013 |year=2010 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press & Assessment|Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-57219-4}} *{{cite book |last1=Tomlinson |first1=B. R. |title=The Economy of Modern India: From 1860 to the Twenty-First Century |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-0128-29-6}} * {{cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=J. R. |last2=Aitchison |first2=J. C. |year=2005 |title=Greater India |journal=[[Earth-Science Reviews]] |volume=72 |issue=3–4 |pages=170–173 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005 |bibcode=2005ESRv...72..169A}} * {{cite book |year=2007 |title=India Yearbook 2007 |publisher=Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]] |place=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-230-1423-4 |ref={{sfnRef|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|2007}}}} *{{cite book|last1=Barry|first1=Roger G.|author-link=Roger G. Barry|last2=Hall-McKim|first2=Eileen A.|title=Essentials of the Earth's Climate Systems|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139583909 |year=2018}} * {{cite book |last=Spear |first=Percival |author-link=Percival Spear |title=History of India, Volume 2: From the sixteenth century to the twentieth century |publisher=Penguin |year=1990 |orig-date=1978 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2H_v0t5jTkC |isbn=978-0-140-13836-8}} *{{cite book| last = Madhavan| first = M. R. | chapter =2. The Lok Sabha| title=The Oxford Handbook of Indian Politics|editor1-last = Ganguly | editor1-first=Sumit | editor2-last= Sridharan| editor2-first=Eswaran| publisher=Oxford University Press | year = 2024 | pages=17–30| isbn = 9780198894261}} *{{cite book|last1=Chaudhary|first1 = Latika | last2 = Roy | first2=Thrthankar | last3=Swamy| first3 = Anand V.| editor1-last=Chaudhary|editor1-first=Latika|editor2-last=Roy|editor2-first=Tirthankar|editor3-last=Swamy|editor3-first=Anand V.|chapter = Introduction| title = Cambridge Economic History of Modern South Asia, part 2: South Asia, 1947–Present|year= 2026| publisher = Cambridge University Press|pages = 1-10|isbn=9781009769488}} * {{citation |last=Béteille |first=André |editor-last=Barnard |editor-first=Alan |editor2-last=Spencer |editor2-first=Jonathan |chapter=Caste |title=Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1VpdrbH3BUC&pg=PA136 |year=2002 |location=New York; London |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-28558-2}} {{refend}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://india.gov.in/ Government o Indie]&nbsp;– offeecial government portal (in Inglis) {{Commonscat|India}} [[Category:Indie| ]] [[Category:Inglis-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:Federal kintras]] [[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]] [[Category:G15 naitions]] [[Category:G20 naitions]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Members o the Commonweel o Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Sooth Asie Association for Regional Cooperation member states]] [[Category:Sooth Asie kintras]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1947]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] leteep07bh0vv314uyr6hxugd2n82tk 0 4299 927533 926992 2026-11-10T00:00:58Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin an grammar fixes, lang sentences split 927533 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Schultenhof Mettingen Bauerngarten 8.jpg|thumb|Garden at the Schultenhof in Mettingen, [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], Germany]] '''Gairdenin''' is the practice o growin an cultivatin plants as pairt o horticultur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-10 |title=Gardening {{!}} Definition, Types, Tools, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/gardening |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Britannica }}</ref> In gardens, [[ornamental plant]]s are aften grown for thair [[flouer]]s, [[leaf|foliage]], or oweraw appearance. Uisefu plants, sic as ruit vegetables, leaf vegetables, [[fruit]]s, an [[yerb]]s, are grown for consumption, for uise as [[dye]]s, or for [[Medicin|medicinal]] or cosmetic uise. A '''gairdener''' is a body that gairdens, aither as a job or as a [[Habby|hobby]]. Monie fowk find gairdenin a relaxin thing tae dae.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lovell |first1=Rebecca |last2=Husk |first2=Kerryn |last3=Bethel |first3=Alison |last4=Garside |first4=Ruth |title=What are the health and well-being impacts of community gardening for adults and children: a mixed method systematic review protocol |journal=Environmental Evidence |date=2014 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=20 |doi=10.1186/2047-2382-3-20 |bibcode=2014EnvEv...3...20L |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10871/19910 }}</ref> ==Aerlie history== Radiocarbon datin frae the region o the Levantine Corridor, the area frae the Deid Sea tae the Damascus Basin lats us ken o the cultivatin an domesticatin o plaunts somewey aboot 9000 BC. Humans cultivatit bi haund uisin wuiden sticks, an no wi the plou, an wi evidence pyntin tae sic plaunts bein growne as cereal an pulses it is aiblins better cryed fairmin nor gairdenin i the modren meanin. Whit we wad cry a Gairden nooadays, an whaur the practice o gairdenin as we ken it the day haed its springheid is Egyp some 4000 year syne.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/gardening/Choice-of-plants|title=Choice of Plants|last=|first=|date=|website=Britannica.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=13 December 2020}}</ref> Ower the time sen thae days monie a style haes spreid oot an athort the warld tae adapt tae sindrie airts an climates, tho the main structure o things haes bade the same. Egyptians haed Gairdens i the exack sense o whit we cry a Gairden the day, tho the auldest gairden pattren kent tae archeologie is aiblins the ane at Pasargadae athin modren day Iran. Anent the modren style o Gairdenin kythin in Europe we hae the auldest ensaumples at Pompeii i Italy. Tho maist weill kent for the muckle volcanic bluiterin at befawn the fowk o Pompeii bi [[Mount Vesuvius]] i 79 AD we hae frae thon period aroon 500 domesticatit Gairdens preserved.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gardenvisit.com/gardens/pompeii_gardens|title=Pompeii Gardens|last=|first=|date=|website=Gardenvisits.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref> [[File:Ricostruzione del giardino della casa dei vetii di pompei (mostra al giardino di boboli, 2007) 01.JPG|thumb|250px|Reconstruction o the gairden o the Hoose o the Vettii in [[Pompeii]]]] ==Auld Warld Gairdenin== The airt an practice o Gairdenin micht hae kythed frae whan humans stairtit tae cultivate vegetables raither nor feild crops. Maistlins vegetable gairdens war steidit close tae the hame acause o the need for watter an for tae tak guid care o the plaunts. Aften sic a gairden area wad be rinkit in some wey for tae fend it frae livestock. Tho firstlins fowk wad hae a need tae be sel staundin wi fuid frae the gairden tae feed thairsels, in time the gairden wad hae ontaen a wey tae eik laund tae yer ain grunnd.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=History extra|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-egypt/a-guide-to-ancient-gardening/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=A guide to ancient gardens}}</ref> Oot throu the auld warld the'r evidence athin leeterature, airt an archaeology o gairdenin frae [[Egyp]], Mesopotamie, Greece, Roum an the Byzantine Empire alang wi aerlie Islam. Gairdeners frae Kintraes at haed het simmer climates ontaen meisures tae evyte the scaudin o plaunts frae the Sun. Maist aften this wes duin bi plauntin trees at wad gie oot muckle leaf spreid an sicwyce perteck an gie needit shade tae monie a bruckle plaunt. Wi this, trees becam a gey important pairt o gairdenin. Athin ilk ane o the Auld Warld societies an cultures we can finnd a rowth o deities at wad watch ower fertility an agriculture, an alsae anes airtit taewards plaunts an crops. Monie a myth is thirled tae tane or tither parteiclar feature o plaunts, the lik o the Greek tales o Daphne or Narcissus, or the Mesopotamian tale o the tamarisk an the date palm. Legends anent gairdens o undeemous bewté war fell popular i the auld warld. Whuther it's the Gairden o Eden i [[Christianity]] or the Gairden o Eram athin [[Islam]], maist auncient societies haed a tale o sic a paradise gairden. Aft times gairdeners wad haud thaur ain gairdens in compear wi thon mythical anes. Sib tae whit we see wi modren gairdeners, the [[Rose|rose]] wes a flooer o gret admeiration amang sic societies, an alang wi the [[Lily|lily]], sweet violet an narcissus, war thocht as the maist popular. The climate o sindrie lands wad hae airtit ilk people tae whit plaunts an Vegetables war maist suitit tae the area. Ower the year hunders monie cultures war tae spreid a fouth o varieties athort thair province an Impire. Aerlie Islamic Gairdeners wad inbring plaunts tae sooth Spain an sae we haed an innin tae fremmit species i medeival Europe. ==Medieval Gairdens an Gairdenin== The culture o gairdenin i this period is lik tae hae been maist seen athin Monasteries an Castles. Foondit i the 6t year hunders Monte Cassino Abbey i Campania, Italy wi its gairden haes becum an ensaumple tae be follit oot through Wastren an Central Europe. Sib til thon is the design funnd wi the preserved plan o the gairdens o the 9t century Abbey o St Gall<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The Perfect Monastic Garden|url=https://thegardenstrust.blog/2019/08/31/the-perfect-monastic-garden/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25 December 2020|website=The Gardens Trust}}</ref> in Switzerland. [[File:Pianta dell'abbazia di san gallo, 816-830, san gallo, stiftbibliothek.jpg|thumb|left|The Plan o St Gall, the ae survivin major architectural drawin frae the Early Middle Ages]] [[File:Saint Gall planta.PNG|thumb|The diagram version o the Plan]] Wi the needcessity for a Monasterie tae be self-staundin, orchards an vegetable gairdens wad hae been o gret import. Athin the monasterie, an Infirmary gairden wad hae been uised for tae growe herbs at wad gie heal tae onie smit or skaith at micht befaw the monks o a parteiclar Abbey. Forby, it wad hae gien help tae the community ootby. Whit is seen frae the plans anent St Gall is at thir gairdens war ootset wi a rectangle shape wi narra paths atween growein plots at wad eith allou the ingaitherin o the growne crop. Substenance an haelth wes the main raeson for sic gairdens, wi the growein o sich vegetables the lik o cabbage, ingans an radishes. Hooanever, the releigious gate o St Benedict wad hae been follit bi Monks at alloued thaim tae ontak the manual labour side o monastic life. ==Gairdens an Gairdenin i Medieval Scotland== Sib tae European gairdens, medieval gairdens in Scotland war mainly uised for tae hail smits an seickness. Hooanever, wi the Kirk an Lairds the gairden wes eikit til tae becum a thochtie place whaur a bodie micht gie ower tae thinkin upo gien aid tae savin thair sowels.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The Medieval Gardens in Scotland|url=https://www.historicscottishgardens.co.uk/a-history-of-horticulture-in-scotland/medieval#:~:text=The%20Scottish%20Walled%20Garden,with%20walls%20and%20locked%20gates.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515115002/http://www.historicscottishgardens.co.uk/a-history-of-horticulture-in-scotland/medieval#:~:text=The%20Scottish%20Walled%20Garden,with%20walls%20and%20locked%20gates.|archive-date=2021-05-15|access-date=|website=Historic Scottish Gardens}}</ref> Hooses o the Nabs an Lairds in the era in Scotland war aften ramforced in some wey. Wi this, the gairden wes aftimes creatit athin a field ootby frae the main steid at wad gie peace frae the thrang. The rinkit waa gairden wes seen aw ower Scotland, maistlins adae wi the climate hereanent at wes conseidered caulder an laund at alloued depredation o crops bi deer an rabbits. Siclike gairdens alloued for the betterment o syle, an the jealous pride o the Lairds wad assuir at onlie sich as thairsels gat benefit frae it. Sicwyce, aftimes a micro climate wes creatit that oot gied vegetables,fruits an herbs at war o a better staundard nor the common fowk haed. Taewards the late medieval years hedgin wes inpit tae the gairdens o Abbeys. Lairger Nab faimlies betimes biggit a maze at wad hae a speiritual an thochtie gate tae it, whaur aa the fankles an deid ennds war meant tae hae ye speir yersel anent God an the Scripturs. Inbrocht frae Europe wes the idea that the gairden wes for pleisure alsae, an no juist for substenance. The kythin o sic ideas brocht furth a wey o thinkin at wes tae blume wi the aerlie renaissance. Wi the renaissance in Scotland, maist gairdens o pleisure war gotten awa wi an onlie smaw pairts o them can be funnd the day. Pentins an drawins are maistweys whit we hae nooadays o sich medieval gairdens, tho twa sic Medieval wawed Gairdens bide hail. Ane is at [[Cawdor Castle]] near [[Nairn]] an the tither at Edzell Castle in [[Angus]].[[File:Edzell_garden.JPG|left|thumb|250px|The waa gairden o Edzell Castle, seen frae the uppermaist fluir o the touer hoose]] ==Aerlie Modren Era== The Auld Alliance atween Scotland an Fraunce haed inbrocht monie a Gairdenin style o gret importance tae wir Kintrae that war parteiclarly wrocht tae wir ain Scots climate. The maist faur kent gairden design wes that o the gairdens o the [[Pailace o Versailles]]. Buiks anent gairdenin frae Europe an Ingland haed kythed in Scotland. The buik cried ''The Scots Gard'ner'' wes ootset i 1683 bi John Reid, a respeckit gairdener o the day that haed wirkit at Niddrie Castle, Hamilton Castle an [[Drummond Castle]] aforehaund. He haed borraed frae an owersettin bi John Evelyn o Nicholas de Bonnefons's ''Le Jardinier françois'', an adaptit his ideas tae a Scots climate. The brawest ootsettin o the Versailles style gairdens i Scotland belanged the [[Yerl o Mar|Earl o Mar]] at his pailace in Alloa. Canals, parterres, stookies an ornamental trees war a wheen o the split new ferlies athin the Pailace Gairdens, alang wi the mair common sundials o the era. The [[Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh|Royal Botanic Gairden o Embra]] wes foondit i 1670 as whit is cried a physic gairden. It wes tae pit thegither the gaitherins o Dr Robert Sibbald an the botanist Andrew Balfour for tae create a soorce o medicine. A physic gairden wes foondit at the [[University o Glesga]] in 1703 an aw. ==18t Century== Gairdenin here in Scotland wesnae juist for The Nabs an Lairds. Ordinar common fowks an crofters wad hae haed thair ain gairdens roond aboot thair hooses: a smaa drystane area cried a plantiecrub in [[Orkney]] an [[Shetland]]. In the Lawlands it wes a kailyaird, whaur the lik o cabbage an kail wad hae been growne for substenance alang wi greens an tatties. The mair fantoosh an exotic type plaunts lik neeps, ingans an rhubarb, at firstlins wad hae kythed athin the Physic Gairdens o The Nabs an Lairds war tae ower time spreid oot intil uisse amang ordinar fowk. ==19t Century== New norries anent gairdenin war tae kythe wi the writins o Humphry Repton (1752-1818) an wi siclike wad forder the appearance o the mair furmal gairden near tae a Mains hoose. His ideas war ontaen bi John Claudius Loudon (1783-1843), ane o the maist eydent gairdenin authorities o thae days athort Britain an ayont. Ideas o his war wirkit intil the Gairdens at [[Drummond Castle]], Dunrobin an Drumlanrig.[[File:Drummond Castle sca2.jpg|thumb|Drummond Castle panoramic view frae the baroque gairden]] In the mids o the 19t Century we stairt tae see Public Parks aw ower Scotland. The designer [[Joseph Paxton]] (1803-1865), for ane, creatit baith [[Kelvingrove Pairk]] an Queen's Pairk in [[Glesga]], alang wi the public pairk in [[Dunfaurlin]]. In wastren Scotland the betimes mair couthie climate an syle alloued for the makkin o plantsman's gairdens at Crarae, Arduaine an the Younger Botanic Gairden in [[Argyll]], Inverewe in [[Sutherland]], an Logan Botanic Gairden in Wigtownshire. ==20t Century== In the period atween the Twa Warld Wars Gairdenin wes gien encouragement bi central Govrenment tae be ontaen bi wir Wirkin Cless fowk. The upheezin o gairdenin wes tae allou for fowk tae haud wide frae less haelthy acteivities. The awnin o a gairden wes a thing at wes ootwith the maist feck o fowk in urban Scotland ower the heid o hoosin condeitions athin wir inner cities. Hooanever, thaim that war fortunate war liker tae growe for substenance ither nor wi the gairden suburb model at wes mair popular in Ingland. The kythin o allotments wes tae gie easment tae monie, an bi 1939 Scotland haed ower 20,000. Maistweys it wes amang the middle clesses at gairdenin becam popular in yon period,nae doots upheezed bi Horticultural Shows, Pairk Gairdens an betimes articles at war prentit athin local newspapers. In the years efter the Second Warld War, radio firstlins, an efterhaund TV war tae ootgie mair entertainment norries anent gairdenin. Wi mair an mair fowk able for tae awn gairdens, we hae in 1978 the first braidcastin o the aye popular Gairdenin programme ''[[The Beechgrove Garden]]''. It wes filmed in [[Aiberdeen]] bi the [[BBC]] an airtit taewards mair suburban Gairdeners. Nooadays gairdenin is aye tae the fore amang wir populace. Wi the ootsettin o a rowth o DIY gairdenin buiks an the fouth o wabsteids on the internet anent the subjeck, gairdenin is noo a weill staiblisht hobby for monie hame awners the day. ==Types o Gairdenin in Modren times== The'r a wheen sindrie weys a bodie can ontak gairdenin nooadays. The leet ablo gies a cuttie innin tae ilkane o the maist popular kinds.[[File:30 Rockefeller Center rooftop.jpg|thumb|Ruif gairden o the Rockefeller Center in Manhattan, USA|alt=Flat rooftop with greenery and a small rectangular pool]] *1. '''''Indoor Gairdenin''''' is the growin o plaunts inben a hoose, biggin or greenhoose, whiles lairge indoor warehooses for shows an exhibitions, or aiblins hotels. Aftimes indoor plaunt growin can eik til the ordinar growin season. *2. '''''Gairdenin wi hamelt plaunts''''' is tae uise an forder wir native species for tae perteck an hain habitats for wildlife. This gies yer gairden harmony wi the surroondin airts. Thir plaunts an species are naitral tae local pairts ,an sicwyce will lessen watter uisage an maintenance while gien interess tae native insect life. *3. '''''Watter Gairdenin''''' is the growin an uiss o plants at are adaptit tae puils an wat boggit grunnd. The maist easy type wad be a basic tub wi watter an plaunts. Sib til this area o gairdenin is aquascapin, or a gairden that is creatit athin an aquarium tank. *4. '''''Container Gairdenin''''' is adae wi growin plaunts inben containers, windae trochs, hingin baskets an plaunters,an betimes can be seen on patios an buinheid i ruiftap gairdens forby. *5. '''''Community Gairdenin''''' is gairdenin ontaen bi a curn fowk for tae forder thare local airts, whiles alsae tae gie oot fresh produce amang local fowk. This can aften foster community speirit an ingaither a neibourly environment. Aftimes the gairden is awned bi local Govrenment or Chairity. *6. '''''Gairden sharin''''' allous a bodie at haes want o a gairden tae help oot wi fowk at aiblins haes an owerplus o laund, an dinna hiv the abeility tae gairden sic laund thairsels. Maistlins wi sich a gairden the area is split atwa an aa produce is shared oot. {{Commonscat|Gardening}} [[Category:Horticultur an gairdenin| ]] == References == <references /> 0lcdhf8ve3l7o7b83jaojcsmyievuad 0 4342 927558 927168 2026-11-10T00:23:46Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin an grammar fixes, format fixes 927558 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jainism''', kent as '''Jain Dharma''' an aw, is a releegion that stairtit in [[India]]. It teaches that the saul can be freed frae the roond o rebirth throu a disciplined life, abuin aw throu daein nae hairm tae onie leevin thing.<ref name=pkshah5v>{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Pravin K. |title=Five Great Vows (Maha-vratas) of Jainism |url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/5greatvows.htm |publisher=[[Harvard University]] Literature Center |date=2011 |access-date=7 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231033127/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/5greatvows.htm |archive-date=31 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=33}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=170–173}} The nem comes frae the Sanskrit ''ji'', "tae conquer": a ''jina'' is a "conqueror" that's owercome the passions an won tae aw-kennin, an the follaers o the releegion is cried Jains.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2024|p=313}}{{sfn|Sangave|2006|p=15}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jr |first=Donald S. Lopez |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9LgDwAAQBAJ |title=Asian Religions in Practice: An Introduction |date=2020-06-30 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-21478-8 |pages=20 |language=en}}</ref> Jains haud that thair faith is eternal, an that in this cycle o time it haes been led bi 24 ''tirthankaras'' ("ford-makkers"), the first o them Rishabhanatha.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=12–14}} The 23rd, Parshvanatha, wis likly a real historical body,{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=183}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=10}} an he micht hae foondit an early ascetic community that Mahavira, the 24t an last ''tirthankara'', later brocht back tae life an reformed.{{sfn|Basham|1951|p=108}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–31}} Mahavira leeved in the 6t or 5t century BC at the same time as the [[Buddha]], an set up the ascetic order that's still there the day.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007|p=14}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Geen |first=Jonathan |date= |title=Jainism and Hinduism|url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/BEJO/COM-034872.xml?rskey=LPg8ed&result=1|encyclopedia=Religion Past and Present Online |location= |publisher=BRILL |access-date=}}</ref> Thare's atween fower an five million Jains, maistly in India: the 2011 census o India coontit 4.45 million, 0.37% o the population.<ref name=jaindemographics>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |publisher=[[Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner]], [[Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]] |date=2011 |access-date=9 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=13 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Main beliefs== Jainism hauds that the universe wisnae creatit an will lest for aye, wi nae creator, governor, juidge or destroyer.{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=83–85}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=241–242}} Freein the saul is held tae come throu the three jewels (''ratnatraya'').{{sfn|Cort|2001a|pp=6–7}}{{sfn|Fohr|2015|pp=9–10, 37}} Jainism sets oot five ethical duties that it cries vows: the "smaa vows" (''anuvratas'') for laypeople an the "great vows" (''mahavratas'') for monks an nuns.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=228–231}} The first an heichest is ''ahimsa'', daein nae hairm tae ither fowk or tae onie leevin thing, an abuin aw tae beasts. It covers whit a body says an thinks as weel as whit they dae.<ref name=pkshah5v/>{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=33}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=170–173}} Anither is ''aparigraha'', no hingin on tae possessions or grippin for mair: Jain monks an nuns gie up aa property an aa social ties.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=112}}{{sfn|Long|2013|p=109}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=177–178}} The doctrine o ''anekantavada'' ("monie-sidit reality") hauds that the truith is complex an that nae single view o it is hale. The great error, it says, is ''ekanta'' ("ae-sidedness"), takkin a pairt-truith for the hale truith.{{sfn|Schwartz|2018}} ==The twa main traditions== Jains is pairtit intae twa main traditions, the Digambaras ("sky-cled") an the Svetambaras ("white-cled"). Inscriptions frae as early as the first century AD shaws the split awready.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=49}} Digambara monks gang naked, an Svetambara monks weir white claes.{{sfn|Johnston|2000|pp=681–683}} The formal split is aften tied tae the Cooncil o Vallabhi in the 5t century AD.{{sfn|Price|2010|pp=104–105}}{{sfn|Fohr|2015|pp=21–22}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== * {{source-attribution| {{citation |last=Jain |first=Vijay K. |title=Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iyUu4Fc2-YC |date=2012 |publisher=Vikalp Printers |isbn=978-81-903639-4-5 |ref={{sfnref|Vijay K. Jain|2012}} }} }} * {{citation |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. | date =1998 | orig-date =1979 |title=The Jain Path of Purification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wE6v6ahxHi8C|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-1578-0 }} * {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |year=2024 |orig-year=2016 |isbn=978-93-325-6996-6 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2024}} }} * {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |title=Aspects of Jain religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UhvGRoyAqMC |edition=5 |date=2006 |orig-date=1990 |publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] |isbn=978-81-263-1273-3 }} * {{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-date=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-26605-5 |location=London and New York }} * {{citation |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Zimmer |editor-last=Campbell |editor-first=Joseph |editor-link=Joseph Campbell |title=Philosophies Of India |year=1953 |orig-date=1952 |publisher=[[Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd]] |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer |isbn=978-81-208-0739-6 }} * {{cite book | last=Basham | first=A.L. | title=History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas: A Vanished Indian Religion | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | series=Jainism Series | year=1951 | isbn=978-81-208-1204-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BiGQzc5lRGYC}} * {{citation |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |title=Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GNG5KuH73QC |isbn=9789004157194 }} * {{citation |last=Long | first=Jeffery D. |author-link=Jeffery D. Long |title=Jainism: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajAEBAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |orig-year=2009 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-85771-392-6 }} * {{citation |last=von Glasenapp |first=Helmuth |author-link=Helmuth von Glasenapp |others=Shridhar B. Shrotri (trans.) |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |trans-title=Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] (Reprint: 1999) |year=1925 |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-1376-2 }} * {{citation |last=Cort |first=John E. | date=2001a |title=Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZk-4HOMzsoC |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-513234-2 }} * {{citation |last=Fohr |first=Sherry |title=Jainism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMXuBQAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-5116-2 }} PB: {{ISBN|978-1-4411-6594-7}}; ePDF: {{ISBN|978-1-4742-2756-8}}; ePub: {{ISBN|978-1-4742-2755-1}} * {{citation | last =Shah | first=Natubhai | date =2004 |orig-date=1998 | title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC |volume=I |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1938-2 |ref={{sfnref|Natubhai Shah|2004}} }} * {{citation |last=Schwartz |first=William Andrew |title=The Metaphysics of Paradox: Jainism, Absolute Relativity, and Religious Pluralism |date=2018 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-1-4985-6392-5 |url=https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781498563925/The-Metaphysics-of-Paradox-Jainism-Absolute-Relativity-and-Religious-Pluralism |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824002257/https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781498563925/The-Metaphysics-of-Paradox-Jainism-Absolute-Relativity-and-Religious-Pluralism |archive-date=24 August 2018 |url-status=dead }} * {{citation |last=Johnston |first=William M. |title=Encyclopedia of Monasticism: A–L |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfC0TDkJJNgC |year=2000 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-57958-090-2 }} * {{citation |last=Price |first=Joan |title=Sacred Scriptures of the World Religions: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0eycqQq9U4C |year=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-8264-2354-2 }} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Jainism]] a1h7z15iq4l47hfmxkmq441qf59blor 0 4813 927544 926655 2026-11-10T00:14:28Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 remuivin section on Scotland, doin informal split 927544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} '''Politics''' is the wey that groups maks deciesions. Aatho the term is for ordinar applee'd tae haivins athin guvernments, politics is obserred in aw human (an a wheen nae-human) group interactions, includin corporate, academic, an reliegious institutions. {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Politics]] {{Stub}} ihpfljlgzqs4f8u4xw9sa8ewzdja7ev 0 4990 927382 920520 2026-11-09T15:53:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox kintra |conventional_long_name = Ukraine |native_name = {{lang|uk|Україна}} |common_name = Ukraine |image_flag = Flag of Ukraine.svg |image_coat = Lesser Coat of Arms of Ukraine.svg |national_anthem = {{lang|uk|[[Shche ne vmerla Ukraina]]}}<br><small>"Ukraine haes nae yet perished"</small><br><center> </center> |image_map = Europe-Ukraine (1991-2014).svg |map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=green |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Ukraine Europe.png}} |capital = [[Kyiv]] |coordinates = {{Coord|50|27|N|30|30|E|type:city}} |largest_city = caipital |official_languages = [[Ukrainian leid|Ukrainian]] |regional_languages = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = 18 leids |[[Armenie leid|Armenie]] |[[Albanie leid|Albanie]] |[[Belarusian leid|Belarusian]] |[[Bulgarie leid|Bulgarian]] |[[Crimean Tatar leid|Crimean Tatar]] |[[Gagauz leid|Gagauz]] |[[German leid|German]] |[[Greek leid|Greek]] |[[Hungarian leid|Hungarian]] |[[Karaim leid|Karaim]] |[[Krymchak leid|Krymchak]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17 |title=Law of Ukraine "On Principles of State Language Policy" |publisher=Zakon2.rada.gov.ua |date= |accessdate=25 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616035201/http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17 |archive-date=2013-06-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[Moldovan leid|Moldovan]] |[[Pols leid|Pols]] |[[Romani leid|Romani]] |[[Romanie leid|Romanie]] |[[Roushie leid|Russian]] |[[Rusyn leid|Rusyn]] |[[Slovak leid|Slovak]] |[[Yiddish leid|Yiddish]] }} |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 77.8% [[Ukrainians]] | 17.3% [[Roushies in Ukraine|Roushies]] | {{nowrap|4.9% ithers/unspecified}} }} |ethnic_groups_year = 2001<ref name="Ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, 2001 Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323110131/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/|archivedate=2008-03-23|title=Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, year|work=ukrcensus.gov.ua|publisher=Ukrainian Office of Statistics|accessdate=17 April 2010|url-status=dead}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323110131/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |date=2008-03-23 }}</ref> |demonym = [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Preses o Ukraine|Preses]] |leader_name1 = [[Volodymyr Zelensky]] |leader_title2 = [[Prime Meenister o Ukraine|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name2 = [[Yulia Svyrydenko]] |leader_title3 = [[Chairman o the Verkhovna Rada|Chairman o Pairliament]] |leader_name3 = [[Ruslan Stefanchuk]] |legislature = [[Verkhovna Rada]] |sovereignty_type = [[History o Ukraine|Formation]] |established_event1 = [[Kievan Rus']] |established_date1 = 882 |established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Kinrick o Galicia–Volhynia|Kinrick o<br />Galicia–Volhynia]]}} |established_date2 = 1199 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Cossack Hetmanate|Zaporizhian Host]]}} |established_date3 = 17 August 1649 |established_event4 = [[Ukrainian Naitional Republic]] |established_date4 = [[OldWikisource:Третій Універсал Української Центральної Ради|7 November]] 1917 |established_event5 = [[Wast Ukrainian Fowkrepublic|Wast Ukrainian Naitional Republic]] |established_date5 = 1 November 1918 |established_event6 = [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]] |established_date6 = 10 Mairch 1919 |established_event7 = [[Carpatho-Ukraine]] |established_date7 = 8 October 1938 |established_event8 = {{nowrap|[[Soviet annexation o Wastren Ukraine, 1939–1940|Soviet annexation<br />o Wastren Ukraine]]}} |established_date8 = 15 November 1939 |established_event9 = {{nowrap|[[Declaration o Ukrainian Unthirldom, 1941|Declaration o<br />Ukrainian Unthirldom]]}} |established_date9 = 30 June 1941 |established_event10 = {{nowrap|[[Declaration o Unthirldom o Ukraine|Unthirldom frae<br />the Soviet Union]]}} |established_date10 = 24 August 1991^a |area_rank = 46th |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area_km2 = 603,628 |area_sq_mi = 233,062 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 7 |population_estimate = 44,573,205<ref name="pop"/> |population_estimate_year = 2013 |population_estimate_rank = 29t |population_census = 48,457,102<ref name="Ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, 2001 Census"/> |population_census_year = 2001 |population_density_km2 = 73.8 |population_density_sq_mi = 191 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 115t |GDP_PPP_year = 2013 |GDP_PPP = $337.360 billion<ref name=imf1>{{cite web |url= http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2011&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=42&pr.y=16 |title= Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |work = World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date = October 2013 |accessdate= 20 October 2013}}</ref> <!--Do not use CIA factbook as source!--> |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $7,422<ref name=imf1/> <!--Do not use CIA factbook as source!--> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $175.527 billion<ref name=imf1/> <!--Do not use CIA factbook as source!--> |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2013 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,862<ref name=imf1/> <!--Do not use CIA factbook as source!--> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini_year = 2010 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 25.6 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = <ref name=WB1>{{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title= Gini index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate= 26 March 2013}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2012 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.740 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url= http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR2013_EN_Statistics.pdf |title= 2013 Human Development Report Statistics |work= Human Development Report 2013 |publisher= United Nations Development Programme |date= 14 March 2013 |accessdate= 16 March 2013 |archive-date= 2013-03-19 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130319020106/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR2013_EN_Statistics.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 78t |currency = [[Ukrainian hryvnia]] |currency_code = UAH |country_code = UKR |time_zone = [[Eastren European Time]] |utc_offset = +2<ref name="timechange">{{cite web |url=http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/events/1273613-rishennya-radi-ukrayina-30-zhovtnya-perejde-na-zimovij-chas |title=Рішення Ради: Україна 30 жовтня перейде на зимовий час " Події " Україна " Кореспондент |publisher=Ua.korrespondent.net |accessdate=31 October 2011}}</ref> |time_zone_DST = [[Eastren European Simmer Time]] |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Ukraine|+380]] |cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ua]] |[[.укр]]}} |footnote_a = An [[Ukrainian unthirldom referendum, 1991|unthirldom referendum]] wis held on 1 December, efter which Ukrainian unthirldom wis finalized on 26 December. The [[Constitution o Ukraine|current constitution]] wis adoptit on 28 Juin 1996. }} [[File:Map of Ukraine Oblasts simple 4 colors.svg|thumb|Territorial organization]] '''Ukraine''' ({{lang-uk|Україна|Ukraïna}} {{IPA-uk|ʊkrɐˈjinɐ|}}), [[Name o Ukraine#"Ukraine" versus "the Ukraine"|whiles cried '''the Ukraine''']],<ref>{{cite|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18233844|publisher=BBC|title=Ukraine or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have 'the'?|last1= Geoghegan|first1=Tom|work=BBC News Magazine|date=7 June 2012}}</ref> is a [[sovereign state]] in [[Eastren Europe]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html |title=The World Factbook – Ukraine |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |date=7 January 2014 |accessdate=23 January 2014 |archive-date=2016-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709035611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[State Mairch o Ukraine|mairchit]] bi [[Roushie]] tae the east an northeast; [[Belaroushie]] tae the northwast; [[Poland]], [[Hungary]], an [[Slovakie]] tae the wast; [[Romanie]] an [[Moldovae]] tae the soothwast; an the [[Black Sea]] an [[Sea o Azov]] tae the sooth an sootheast, respectively. Ukraine is currently in a [[territorial dispute]] wi Roushie ower the [[Crimean Peninsula]], that [[Annexation o Crimea bi the Roushie Federation|Roushie annexed in 2014]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Simpson|first=John|date=2014-03-19|title=Russia's Crimea plan detailed, secret and successful|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26644082|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-06}}</ref> but that Ukraine an maist o the internaitional commonty recognise as Ukrainian. Includin Crimea, Ukraine haes an aurie o {{convert|603628|km²|0|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crname=Ukraine |title=Ukraine – United Nations Statistics Division |work=United Nations |date=2016 |accessdate=6 September 2016}}</ref> makkin it the mucklest kintra entirely within [[Europe]] an the [[Leet o kintras an dependencies bi aurie|46t]] mucklest kintra in the warld. Excludin Crimea, Ukraine haes a population o aboot 42.5 million, makkin it the [[Leet o kintras an dependencies bi population|32nt]] maist populous kintra in the warld.<ref name="pop">{{cite web |url=http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp |title=Population (by estimate) as of 1 April, 2016. |publisher=State Statistics Service of Ukraine |accessdate=1 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808023040/http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp |archivedate=8 August 2016 |df=}}</ref> The territory o modren Ukraine haes been inhabitit syne 32,000 BC. In the [[Middle Ages]], the aurie wis a key centre o East Slavic cultur, wi the pouerfu state o [[Kievan Rus']] formin the basis o Ukrainian identity. Follaein its fragmentation in the 13t century, the territory wis contestit, ruled an dividit bi a variety o pouers, includin [[Grand Duchy o Lithuanie|Lithuanie]], Poland, the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Austrick-Hungary]], an Roushie. A [[Cossack Hetmanate|Cossack republic]] emerged an prospered in the 17t an 18t centuries, but its territory wis eventually split atween Poland an the [[Roushie Empire]], an later merged fully intae Roushie. In the 20t century three periods o unthirldom occurred. The first o thir periods occurred briefly in an immediately efter the German occupation near the end o [[Warld War I]] an the seicont occurred, an aa briefly, an an aa in German occupation, in [[Warld War II]]. Houiver, baith o thir first twa earlier periods wad eventually see Ukraine's territories consolidatit back intae a [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet republic]] within the [[USSR]]. The third period o unthirldom begoud in 1991, whan Ukraine gained its unthirldom frae the Soviet Union in the eftermath o [[dissolution o the Soviet Union|its dissolution]] at the end o the [[Cauld War]]. Ukraine haes maintained its unthirldom as a sovereign state iver syne. Afore its unthirldom, Ukraine wis teepically referred tae as "The Ukraine", but soorces syne then hae muived tae drap "the" frae the name o Ukraine in aw uises.<ref name=UKrW812991TU>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1991/499102.shtml |title=The "the" is gone |publisher=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]] |volume=LIX, No. 49 |date=8 December 1991 |accessdate=21 October 2015 |archive-date=2017-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014083357/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1991/499102.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Follaein its unthirldom, Ukraine declared itsel a [[neutral state]].<ref name="gska2.rada.gov.ua">{{cite web |url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm |archivedate=27 September 2007 |title=Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007 |work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}}</ref> Nanetheless it formed a leemitit militar pairtnership wi the Roushie Federation an ither [[Commonweel o Independent States|CIS kintras]] an a [[Pairtnership for Peace|pairtnership wi NATO]] in 1994. In the 2000s, the govrenment begoud leanin taewart NATO, an a deeper cooperation wi the alliance wis set bi the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan signed in 2002. It wis later agreed that the quiasten o jynin NATO shoud be answered bi a naitional referendum at some pynt in the futur.<ref name="wbook06">{{cite web |format=PDF |url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108143812/http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf |archivedate=8 November 2007 |title=White Book 2006 |accessdate=24 December 2007 |publisher=Ministry of Defence of Ukraine }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108143812/http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf |date=2007-11-08 }}</ref> Umwhile [[Ukrainian Preses|Preses]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]] conseedert the current level o co-operation atween [[Ukraine–NATO relations|Ukraine an NATO]] sufficient,<ref name=NATOTAK>{{cite news |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63797 |title=NATO confirms readiness for Ukraine's joining organization |publisher=Kyiv Post |date=13 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416153024/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63797|archive-date=16 April 2010}}</ref> an wis against Ukraine jynin NATO.<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news |author=Richard Balmforth |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/07/us-ukraine-election-yanukovich-idUSTRE6062P320100107 |title=Yanukovich vows to keep Ukraine out of NATO |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=7 January 2010 |accessdate=20 October 2015 |archive-date=2015-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033214/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/07/us-ukraine-election-yanukovich-idUSTRE6062P320100107 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2013, efter the govrenment o Preses Yanukovych ha decidit tae suspend the [[Ukraine-European Union Association Greement]] an seek closer economic ties wi Roushie, a several-months-lang wave o demonstrations an protests kent as the [[Euromaidan]] begoud, that later escalatit intae the [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]] that led tae the owerthraw o Preses Yanukovych an his cabinet an the establishment o a new govrenment. Thir events formed the backgrund for the [[annexation o Crimea bi the Roushie Federation|annexation o Crimea bi Roushie]] in Mairch 2014, an the [[War in Donbass]] in Apryle 2014. On 1 Januar 2016, Ukraine applee'd the economic pairt o the [[Deep an Comprehensive Free Tred Aurie]] wi the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ukraine - Trade - European Commission|url=https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/ukraine/|access-date=2026-08-06|website=ec.europa.eu|language=en}}</ref> Ukraine haes lang been a global [[breidbasket]] acause o its extensive, growthie fermlands an is ane o the warld's mucklest [[Grain tred|grain exporters]].<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister |title=Ukraine becomes world's third biggest grain exporter in 2011 – minister |publisher=Black Sea Grain |date=20 January 2012 |accessdate=31 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231235707/http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister |archivedate=31 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wtr13_e.htm |title=World Trade Report 2013 |publisher=World Trade Organisation |date=2013 |accessdate=26 January 2014|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> The diversified [[economy o Ukraine]] includes a muckle [[hivy industry]] sector, pairteecularly in aerospace an industrial equipment. Ukraine is a [[unitar state|unitar republic]] unner a [[semi-presidential seestem]] wi [[Separation o pouers|separate pouers]]: [[Legislature|legislative]], [[executive brainch|executive]] an [[judicial]] brainches. Its caipital an mucklest ceety is [[Kiev]]. Takkin intae accoont reserves an paramilitar personnel,<ref>[[#IISS2010|IISS 2010]], pp. 195–197</ref> Ukraine mainteens the seicont-mucklest [[Militar o Ukraine|military]] in Europe efter that o Roushie. The kintra is hame tae 42.5 million fowk (excludin [[Autonomous Republic o Crimea|Crimea]]),<ref name="pop" /> 77.8 percent o that are [[Ukrainians]] "bi ethnicity", follaed bi a sizeable minority o [[Roushies]] (17.3 percent) as weel as [[Georgies]], [[Romanies]]/[[Moldovans]], [[Belaroushies]], [[Crimean Tatars]], [[Bulgaries]] an [[Hungarians]]. [[Ukrainian leid|Ukrainian]] is the [[offeecial leid]] an its alphabet is [[Ukrainian alphabet|Cyrillic]]. The dominant releegion in the kintra is [[Eastren Orthodox Kirk|Eastren Orthodoxy]], that haes strangly influenced [[Ukrainian airchitectur]], [[Ukrainian leeteratur|leeteratur]] an [[Muisic o Ukraine|muisic]]. It is a member o the [[Unitit Naitions]] syne its foondin, the [[Cooncil o Europe]], [[Organisation for Security an Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], [[GUAM Organisation for Democracy an Economic Development|GUAM]], an ane o the foondin states o the [[Commonweel o Independent States]] (CIS). ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ukraine| ]]<!-- eponymous category --> [[Category:Auries o tradeetional spread o Ukrainians an Ukrainian leid]] [[Category:Eastren European kintras]] [[Category:Kintras in Europe]] [[Category:Kievan Rus']] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Slavic kintras an territories]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1991]] [[Category:Ukrainian-speakin kintras an territories]] {{Stub/Europe}} gv9isdpkafislg67bafs13bbo2msb99 0 5060 927310 926592 2026-11-09T13:58:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927310 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Statistics''' is the discipline that deals wi the gaitherin, organisin, analysin, interpretin an presentin o data.<ref name="def">{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Oxford Reference |title=Statistics |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-954145-4 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199541454.001.0001/acref-9780199541454-e-1566?rskey=nxhBLl&result=1979}}; {{Cite encyclopedia |first=Jan-Willem |last=Romijn |year=2014 |title=Philosophy of statistics |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statistics/}}; {{Cite dictionary | dictionary=Cambridge Dictionary |title=Statistics |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/statistics}}</ref> It covers ilka aspect o data, includin the plannin o surveys an experiments tae gaither it.<ref name="Dodge">{{Cite book |last=Dodge |first=Yadolah |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-19-920613-9}}</ref> The wird comes frae the German ''Statistik'': Gottfried Achenwall coined it for a summary o hou things stauns in a state, it cam intae English in 1770, an it got its modren meanin in the 1790s throu the warks o John Sinclair.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sheynin |first=Oscar |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |publisher=Springer |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-642-04898-2 |editor-last=Lovric |editor-first=Miodrag |pages=1493–1504 |language=en |chapter=Statistics, History of}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-19-283098-8 |editor-last=Hoad |editor-first=T. F. |pages=460 |language=en}}</ref> Statistics is uised in a wide range o academic fields, in the naitural an social sciences, an in government an business forby.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes|title=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics|website=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics|publisher=Taylor & Francis|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727052958/https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Studies an data== Statisticians gaither data in experiments an in observational studies. In an observational study naething is chynged: tae study the link atween smokin an lung cancer, for example, researchers micht follae baith smokers an non-smokers in a cohort study an coont the cases o lung cancer in ilk group.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-link=kenneth Rothman (epidemiologist)|editor1-last=Rothman|editor1-first=Kenneth J |editor2-link=Sander Greenland |editor2-last=Greenland|editor2-first=Sander|editor3-link=Timothy L. Lash|editor3-last=Lash|editor3-first=Timothy|title=Modern Epidemiology|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|page=100|edition=3rd|language=en|chapter=7|isbn=978-0781755641}}</ref> Experiments haes thair ain traps: in the Hawthorne study, warkers becam mair productive no acause the lichtin wis chynged but acause they wis bein watched.<ref name="pmid17608932">{{cite journal |vauthors=McCarney R, Warner J, Iliffe S, van Haselen R, Griffin M, Fisher P |title=The Hawthorne Effect: a randomised, controlled trial |journal=BMC Med Res Methodol |volume=7|article-number=30 |year=2007 |pmid=17608932 |pmc=1936999 |doi=10.1186/1471-2288-7-30 |issue=1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Descriptive an inferential statistics== A descriptive statistic is a summary that describes the features o a collection o information in nummers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mann |first=Prem S. |year=1995 |title=Introductory Statistics |url=https://archive.org/details/introductorystat02edmann_z9s5 |url-access=registration |edition=2nd |publisher=Wiley |isbn=0-471-31009-3 }}</ref> Descriptive statistics sets oot tae summarise a sample, raither nor uise the data tae learn aboot the population that the sample stauns for.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Descriptive Statistics {{!}} Research Connections |url=https://www.researchconnections.org/research-tools/descriptive-statistics |access-date=10 January 2023 |website=www.researchconnections.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110172011/https://www.researchconnections.org/research-tools/descriptive-statistics |archive-date=2023-01-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Statistical inference, on the ither haund, uises data analysis tae wirk oot the properties o an unnerlyin probability distribution,<ref name="Oxford">Upton, G., Cook, I. (2008) ''Oxford Dictionary of Statistics'', OUP. {{ISBN|978-0-19-954145-4}}.</ref> for example bi testin hypotheses an makkin estimates. ==History== The earliest European writin that uises statistics dates frae 1663, whan John Graunt published ''Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality''.<ref>Willcox, Walter (1938) "The Founder of Statistics". ''Review of the [[International Statistical Institute]]'' 5(4): 321–328. {{JSTOR|1400906}}</ref> In the 20t century, Ronald Fisher's maist important warks wis his 1918 paper ''The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance'', the first tae uise the statistical term ''variance'', an his buiks ''Statistical Methods for Research Workers'' (1925) an ''The Design of Experiments'' (1935).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Box |first=J. F. |date=February 1980 |title=R. A. Fisher and the Design of Experiments, 1922–1926 |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_american-statistician_1980-02_34_1/page/n1 |url-access=limited |journal=[[The American Statistician]] |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.2307/2682986 |jstor=2682986}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Yates |first=F. |date=June 1964 |title=Sir Ronald Fisher and the Design of Experiments |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_biometrics_1964-06_20_2/page/307 |url-access=limited |journal=[[Biometrics (journal)|Biometrics]] |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=307–321 |doi=10.2307/2528399 |jstor=2528399}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stanley |first1=Julian C. |year=1966 |title=The Influence of Fisher's "The Design of Experiments" on Educational Research Thirty Years Later |journal=American Educational Research Journal |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=223–229 |doi=10.3102/00028312003003223 |jstor=1161806 |s2cid=145725524}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further readin== * Barbara Illowsky; Susan Dean (2014). ''Introductory Statistics''. OpenStax CNX. ISBN 9781938168208. * David W. Stockburger, ''Introductory Statistics: Concepts, Models, and Applications'', 3rd Web Ed. Missouri State University. * ''OpenIntro Statistics'', 3rd edition, bi Diez, Barr an Cetinkaya-Rundel * Stephen Jones, 2010. ''Statistics in Psychology: Explanations without Equations''. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137282392. * Cohen, J (1990). "Things I have learned (so far)" (PDF). American Psychologist. 45: 1304–1312. * Ioannidis, J.P.A. (2005). "Why most published research findings are false". PLoS Medicine. 2: 696–701 ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Statistics}} * (Electronic Version): StatSoft, Inc. (2013). [http://www.statsoft.com/textbook/ Electronic Statistics Textbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214024341/http://www.statsoft.com/textbook/ |date=2009-12-14 }}. Tulsa, OK: StatSoft. * [http://onlinestatbook.com/index.html ''Online Statistics Education: An Interactive Multimedia Course of Study''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060717201702/http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/ UCLA Statistical Computing Resources] * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statistics/ Philosophy of Statistics] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Stateestics]] sjpj5mp1sops76xu9lqji74ueu5i99n 927428 927310 2026-11-09T19:50:39Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 927428 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Statistics''' is the discipline that deals wi the gaitherin, organisin, analysin, interpretin an presentin o data.<ref name="def">{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Oxford Reference |title=Statistics |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-954145-4 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199541454.001.0001/acref-9780199541454-e-1566?rskey=nxhBLl&result=1979}}; {{Cite encyclopedia |first=Jan-Willem |last=Romijn |year=2014 |title=Philosophy of statistics |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statistics/}}; {{Cite dictionary | dictionary=Cambridge Dictionary |title=Statistics |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/statistics}}</ref> It covers ilka aspect o data, includin the plannin o surveys an experiments tae gaither it.<ref name="Dodge">{{Cite book |last=Dodge |first=Yadolah |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-19-920613-9}}</ref> The wird comes frae the German ''Statistik'': Gottfried Achenwall coined it for a summary o hou things stauns in a state, it cam intae English in 1770, an it got its modren meanin in the 1790s throu the warks o John Sinclair.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sheynin |first=Oscar |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |publisher=Springer |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-642-04898-2 |editor-last=Lovric |editor-first=Miodrag |pages=1493–1504 |language=en |chapter=Statistics, History of}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-19-283098-8 |editor-last=Hoad |editor-first=T. F. |pages=460 |language=en}}</ref> Statistics is uised in a wide range o academic fields, in the naitural an social sciences, an in government an business forby.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes|title=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics|website=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics|publisher=Taylor & Francis|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727052958/https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Studies an data== Statisticians gaither data in experiments an in observational studies. In an observational study naething is chynged: tae study the link atween smokin an lung cancer, for example, researchers micht follae baith smokers an non-smokers in a cohort study an coont the cases o lung cancer in ilk group.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-link=kenneth Rothman (epidemiologist)|editor1-last=Rothman|editor1-first=Kenneth J |editor2-link=Sander Greenland |editor2-last=Greenland|editor2-first=Sander|editor3-link=Timothy L. Lash|editor3-last=Lash|editor3-first=Timothy|title=Modern Epidemiology|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|page=100|edition=3rd|language=en|chapter=7|isbn=978-0781755641}}</ref> Experiments haes thair ain traps: in the Hawthorne study, warkers becam mair productive no acause the lichtin wis chynged but acause they wis bein watched.<ref name="pmid17608932">{{cite journal |vauthors=McCarney R, Warner J, Iliffe S, van Haselen R, Griffin M, Fisher P |title=The Hawthorne Effect: a randomised, controlled trial |journal=BMC Med Res Methodol |volume=7|article-number=30 |year=2007 |pmid=17608932 |pmc=1936999 |doi=10.1186/1471-2288-7-30 |issue=1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Descriptive an inferential statistics== A descriptive statistic is a summary that describes the features o a collection o information in nummers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mann |first=Prem S. |year=1995 |title=Introductory Statistics |url=https://archive.org/details/introductorystat02edmann_z9s5 |url-access=registration |edition=2nd |publisher=Wiley |isbn=0-471-31009-3 }}</ref> Descriptive statistics sets oot tae summarise a sample, raither nor uise the data tae learn aboot the population that the sample stauns for.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Descriptive Statistics {{!}} Research Connections |url=https://www.researchconnections.org/research-tools/descriptive-statistics |access-date=10 January 2023 |website=www.researchconnections.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110172011/https://www.researchconnections.org/research-tools/descriptive-statistics |archive-date=2023-01-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Statistical inference, on the ither haund, uises data analysis tae wirk oot the properties o an unnerlyin probability distribution,<ref name="Oxford">Upton, G., Cook, I. (2008) ''Oxford Dictionary of Statistics'', OUP. {{ISBN|978-0-19-954145-4}}.</ref> for example bi testin hypotheses an makkin estimates. ==History== The earliest European writin that uises statistics dates frae 1663, whan John Graunt published ''Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality''.<ref>Willcox, Walter (1938) "The Founder of Statistics". ''Review of the [[International Statistical Institute]]'' 5(4): 321–328. {{JSTOR|1400906}}</ref> In the 20t century, Ronald Fisher's maist important warks wis his 1918 paper ''The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance'', the first tae uise the statistical term ''variance'', an his buiks ''Statistical Methods for Research Workers'' (1925) an ''The Design of Experiments'' (1935).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Box |first=J. F. |date=February 1980 |title=R. A. Fisher and the Design of Experiments, 1922–1926 |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_american-statistician_1980-02_34_1/page/n1 |url-access=limited |journal=[[The American Statistician]] |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.2307/2682986 |jstor=2682986}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Yates |first=F. |date=June 1964 |title=Sir Ronald Fisher and the Design of Experiments |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_biometrics_1964-06_20_2/page/307 |url-access=limited |journal=[[Biometrics (journal)|Biometrics]] |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=307–321 |doi=10.2307/2528399 |jstor=2528399}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stanley |first1=Julian C. |year=1966 |title=The Influence of Fisher's "The Design of Experiments" on Educational Research Thirty Years Later |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-educational-research-journal_1966-05_3_3/page/223 |journal=American Educational Research Journal |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=223–229 |doi=10.3102/00028312003003223 |jstor=1161806 |s2cid=145725524}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further readin== * Barbara Illowsky; Susan Dean (2014). ''Introductory Statistics''. OpenStax CNX. ISBN 9781938168208. * David W. Stockburger, ''Introductory Statistics: Concepts, Models, and Applications'', 3rd Web Ed. Missouri State University. * ''OpenIntro Statistics'', 3rd edition, bi Diez, Barr an Cetinkaya-Rundel * Stephen Jones, 2010. ''Statistics in Psychology: Explanations without Equations''. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137282392. * Cohen, J (1990). "Things I have learned (so far)" (PDF). American Psychologist. 45: 1304–1312. * Ioannidis, J.P.A. (2005). "Why most published research findings are false". PLoS Medicine. 2: 696–701 ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Statistics}} * (Electronic Version): StatSoft, Inc. (2013). [http://www.statsoft.com/textbook/ Electronic Statistics Textbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214024341/http://www.statsoft.com/textbook/ |date=2009-12-14 }}. Tulsa, OK: StatSoft. * [http://onlinestatbook.com/index.html ''Online Statistics Education: An Interactive Multimedia Course of Study''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060717201702/http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/ UCLA Statistical Computing Resources] * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statistics/ Philosophy of Statistics] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Stateestics]] 51omwaqe9dwbkfitkr7n2abmvuh7mit 0 6301 927545 809294 2026-11-10T00:15:51Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 informally split frae [[Politics]]. See that page's eedit history fur attribution 927545 wikitext text/x-wiki Scotland haes a wheen polietical beliefs. Tradietionally the [[Central Belt]] haes been mair left-wing an socialist, while the mair landwart airts haes been mair conservative. [[Glesga]] in partiecular is a gey socialist ceety, cawed [[Red Clydeside]] at ae pynt; the [[Scots Labour Pairty]] wis tradietionalie gey strang thare, alang wi the [[Scots Socialist Pairty]] an [[Solidarity (Scotland)|Solidarity]]. [[Embra]] haed a repute for bein mair conservativer, but haes become mair lieberal no lang syne, an the [[Scots Green Pairty]] is partiecularly strang thare. As weel as differs atween the left an richt wings, anither muckle polietical divide in Scotland is the ane atween [[Scots unionism|unionism]] an [[Scots unthirldom|naitionalism]]; Scots naitionalism is representit bi a wheen o pairties that wants tae polietical sinder Scotland frae the UK. diupxc3xb0tjtqt8sj7j5vy5smombo1 927546 927545 2026-11-10T00:16:21Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 {{unsoorced}}, addit stub tag 927546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}} Scotland haes a wheen polietical beliefs. Tradietionally the [[Central Belt]] haes been mair left-wing an socialist, while the mair landwart airts haes been mair conservative. [[Glesga]] in partiecular is a gey socialist ceety, cawed [[Red Clydeside]] at ae pynt; the [[Scots Labour Pairty]] wis tradietionalie gey strang thare, alang wi the [[Scots Socialist Pairty]] an [[Solidarity (Scotland)|Solidarity]]. [[Embra]] haed a repute for bein mair conservativer, but haes become mair lieberal no lang syne, an the [[Scots Green Pairty]] is partiecularly strang thare. As weel as differs atween the left an richt wings, anither muckle polietical divide in Scotland is the ane atween [[Scots unionism|unionism]] an [[Scots unthirldom|naitionalism]]; Scots naitionalism is representit bi a wheen o pairties that wants tae polietical sinder Scotland frae the UK. {{Stub/Scotland}} qr9nn0o4h9pkihpgjug2kqgczez4bfy 0 6986 927688 885967 2026-11-10T03:45:43Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 updatit speakers 927688 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Svenska språkets utbredning.png|thumb|right|The airts whaur Swadish is spoken<br />Svenska språkets utbredning]] '''Swadish''' (''svenska'') is a [[North Germanic leid]], spak bi mair nor ten million fowk, maistly in [[Swaden]] an pairts o [[Finland]], especially alang the coast an on the [[Åland]] islands. It is tae a muckle extent [[Mutually intelligible leids|mutually intelligible]] wi [[Norwegian leid|Norawa]] an a bittie less wi [[Dens leid|Dens]]. [[Swaden]] is ca'd "Sverige" in Swadish, it is pronouncit "Sver-ye". == Historie o Swaddish == Alang wi the ither North Germanic leids, Swaddish is an affcome o [[Auld Norse]], the common leid o the [[Germanic fowk]] bidin in Scandinavie durin the [[Viking Age]]. The letters that exist in Swadish an nae in Scots (even tho' "ä" exists in [[Ulster Scots]]) are: å, ä an ö. The Swaddish as it wis spoken in the Mid-Ages wis gey different frae modren Swaddish. The grammar is muckle different, mair nor the pronouciaition that didna chynge the muckle : thar wis fower cases for adjectives, nouns an pronouns: [[nominative]], [[dative]], [[accusative]] an [[genitive]]. (The farst an the last dae exist till the day). Thar war three genders: [[masculine]], [[wummanly]] an [[neuter]]. The ''utrum'' is the gender o the day that contains baith [[masculine]] an [[wummanly]]. The conjugaition wis mair complex an aw, haein [[indicative]] an [[subjonctive]] an the verb chyngin at ivery person an number. The XVIth yeirhunder an the like, the leid haes become gey simpler in a pure grammatical owersicht, it wis mair like the the day's Swaddish. Till the XVIIth yeirhunder the cases war stil uisit, but nou bide anly in some rare dialects. == See awso == * [[Swaden]] * [[Lingueestics]] * [[Leids]] * [[List o leids bi kintra]] {{Commonscat|Swedish language}} {{Germanic leids}} [[Category:Swadish leid|*]] [[Category:Finland Swadish]] [[Category:Leids o Finland]] [[Category:Leids o Swaden]] [[Category:North Germanic leids]] [[Category:Scandinavie]] [[Category:SVO leids]] l158wv1zz227iozv2ew8hb3xwiwsiq1 927689 927688 2026-11-10T03:46:32Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 {{unsoorced}} 927689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}}[[File:Svenska språkets utbredning.png|thumb|right|The airts whaur Swadish is spoken<br />Svenska språkets utbredning]] '''Swadish''' (''svenska'') is a [[North Germanic leid]], spak bi mair nor ten million fowk, maistly in [[Swaden]] an pairts o [[Finland]], especially alang the coast an on the [[Åland]] islands. It is tae a muckle extent [[Mutually intelligible leids|mutually intelligible]] wi [[Norwegian leid|Norawa]] an a bittie less wi [[Dens leid|Dens]]. [[Swaden]] is ca'd "Sverige" in Swadish, it is pronouncit "Sver-ye". == Historie o Swaddish == Alang wi the ither North Germanic leids, Swaddish is an affcome o [[Auld Norse]], the common leid o the [[Germanic fowk]] bidin in Scandinavie durin the [[Viking Age]]. The letters that exist in Swadish an nae in Scots (even tho' "ä" exists in [[Ulster Scots]]) are: å, ä an ö. The Swaddish as it wis spoken in the Mid-Ages wis gey different frae modren Swaddish. The grammar is muckle different, mair nor the pronouciaition that didna chynge the muckle : thar wis fower cases for adjectives, nouns an pronouns: [[nominative]], [[dative]], [[accusative]] an [[genitive]]. (The farst an the last dae exist till the day). Thar war three genders: [[masculine]], [[wummanly]] an [[neuter]]. The ''utrum'' is the gender o the day that contains baith [[masculine]] an [[wummanly]]. The conjugaition wis mair complex an aw, haein [[indicative]] an [[subjonctive]] an the verb chyngin at ivery person an number. The XVIth yeirhunder an the like, the leid haes become gey simpler in a pure grammatical owersicht, it wis mair like the the day's Swaddish. Till the XVIIth yeirhunder the cases war stil uisit, but nou bide anly in some rare dialects. == See awso == * [[Swaden]] * [[Lingueestics]] * [[Leids]] * [[List o leids bi kintra]] {{Commonscat|Swedish language}} {{Germanic leids}} [[Category:Swadish leid|*]] [[Category:Finland Swadish]] [[Category:Leids o Finland]] [[Category:Leids o Swaden]] [[Category:North Germanic leids]] [[Category:Scandinavie]] [[Category:SVO leids]] mmcw7je1czzusfllf1s4k2d5fiym3t5 927707 927689 2026-11-10T11:02:02Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 Eikit "Fix Scots" template - airticle is puirly written, and fou o nonsensical sentences and wirds, like "wummanly" for "feminine", or "Norawa" insteid o "Norwegian" 927707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}}[[File:Svenska språkets utbredning.png|thumb|right|The airts whaur Swadish is spoken<br />Svenska språkets utbredning]]{{Fix Scots|date=November 2026}} '''Swadish''' (''svenska'') is a [[North Germanic leid]], spak bi mair nor ten million fowk, maistly in [[Swaden]] an pairts o [[Finland]], especially alang the coast an on the [[Åland]] islands. It is tae a muckle extent [[Mutually intelligible leids|mutually intelligible]] wi [[Norwegian leid|Norawa]] an a bittie less wi [[Dens leid|Dens]]. [[Swaden]] is ca'd "Sverige" in Swadish, it is pronouncit "Sver-ye". == Historie o Swaddish == Alang wi the ither North Germanic leids, Swaddish is an affcome o [[Auld Norse]], the common leid o the [[Germanic fowk]] bidin in Scandinavie durin the [[Viking Age]]. The letters that exist in Swadish an nae in Scots (even tho' "ä" exists in [[Ulster Scots]]) are: å, ä an ö. The Swaddish as it wis spoken in the Mid-Ages wis gey different frae modren Swaddish. The grammar is muckle different, mair nor the pronouciaition that didna chynge the muckle : thar wis fower cases for adjectives, nouns an pronouns: [[nominative]], [[dative]], [[accusative]] an [[genitive]]. (The farst an the last dae exist till the day). Thar war three genders: [[masculine]], [[wummanly]] an [[neuter]]. The ''utrum'' is the gender o the day that contains baith [[masculine]] an [[wummanly]]. The conjugaition wis mair complex an aw, haein [[indicative]] an [[subjonctive]] an the verb chyngin at ivery person an number. The XVIth yeirhunder an the like, the leid haes become gey simpler in a pure grammatical owersicht, it wis mair like the the day's Swaddish. Till the XVIIth yeirhunder the cases war stil uisit, but nou bide anly in some rare dialects. == See awso == * [[Swaden]] * [[Lingueestics]] * [[Leids]] * [[List o leids bi kintra]] {{Commonscat|Swedish language}} {{Germanic leids}} [[Category:Swadish leid|*]] [[Category:Finland Swadish]] [[Category:Leids o Finland]] [[Category:Leids o Swaden]] [[Category:North Germanic leids]] [[Category:Scandinavie]] [[Category:SVO leids]] dzuh19jpoo02lkp8ddvu7o3z8kpp4h9 0 7123 927680 896881 2026-11-10T03:22:21Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = | name = Alasdair Allan | honorific-suffix = [[Memmer of the Scots Pairlament |MSP]] | image = AlasdairAllanMSP20120530.jpg | imagesize = | caption = | office = [[Meenister for International Development an Europe]] | term_start = 18 May 2016 | term_end = 26 June 2018 | firstMeenister = [[Nicola Sturgeon]] | predecessor = [[Humza Yousaf]] (as Meenister fir Europe an International Development) | successor = [[Ben Macpherson (politeecian)|Ben Macpherson]] | office1 = [[Meenister for Learnin, Science an Scotland's Languages]] | term_start1 = 7 December 2011 | term_end1 = 18 May 2016 | firstminister1 = [[Alex Salmond]]<br />[[Nicola Sturgeon]] | predecessor1 = Himsel (as Meenister for Learnin an Skills) | successor1 = [[Shirley-Anne Somerville]] (as Meenister fir Faurther Eddication, Heicher Eddication an Science) | office2 = [[Meenister fir Learnin an Skills]] | term_start2 = 20 May 2011 | term_end2 = 7 December 2011 | firstminister2 = [[Alex Salmond]] | predecessor2 = [[Angela Constance]] as Meenister for Skills an Lifelang Learnin | successor2 = Himsel (as Meenister for Learnin, Science an Scotland's Leids) | office3 = [[Memmer o the Scots Parliament]] <br /> fir [[Na h-Eileanan an Iar (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Na h-Eileanan an Iar]] | majority3 = 3,496 (26.5%) | term_start3 = 3 May 2007 | term_end3 = | predecessor3 = [[Alasdair Morrison (politeecian)|Alasdair Morrison]] | successor3 = | birth_date = {{Birth date an age|df=y|1971|5|6}} | birth_place = [[Ashkirk]], Scotland | death_date = | death_place = | birthname = | nationality = | party = [[Scots National Pairty]] | spouse = | relations = | children = | residence = | alma_mater = [[Varsity o Aiberdeen]], [[Glesga Varsity]] | occupation = | profession = | cabinet = | committees = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Dr Alasdair Allan''' (born 6 Mey 1971) is the [[Scots National Pairty]] (SNP) Memmer o the [[Scots Pairlament]] (MSP) fir [[Na h-Eileanan an Iar (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Na h-Eileanan an Iar]]. He speaks fower leids: [[Inglis leid|Inglis]], [[Scots leid|Scots]], [[Scots Gaelic]] an [[Norse leid|Norse]]. === Career === A hamespun o [[Ashkirk]], near [[Selkirk]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.holyrood.com/inside-politics/view,alasdair-allan-on-making-scotlands-voice-heard_7426.htm |title=Alasdair Allan on making Scotland's voice heard |date=13 July 2017 |work=Holyrood |accessdate=20 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Allan wis born on 6 May 1971 tae Christine an John H. Allan. He graduatit fae the [[University o Glesga]] wae ae MA in Scots leid an leeteratur, continuin his studdies at the [[University o Aiberdeen]], graduatin wae a PhD in [[Scots leid]] in 1998. He wrate his Phd thesis in an anent the [[Scots leid]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.parliament.scot/msps/currentmsps/98278.aspx |title= MSPs > Current MSPs > Alasdair Allan > Personal Information |publisher=[[Scots Pairlament]] |website=www.parliament.scot |language=en|accessdate=30 August 2020}}</ref> an syne wrocht for SNP politeecians, [[Michael Russell (politeecian)|Mike Russell]] an [[Alex Salmond]] amang them. He flittit tae the Isle o Lewis an teuk the Na h-Eileanan an Iar seat fae [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour]] in 2007 on a 5.4% swing, wi 46% o the vote.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/vote2007/scottish_parliment/html/627.stm |title=Scottish elections 2007 > Western Isles |work=[[BBC News ]] |language=en |date=14 May 2007 |accessdate=30 August 2020}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == * [http://www.alasdairallan.scot/ Alasdair Allan's offeecial wabsteid] {{in|en}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Allan, Alasdair}} [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Mairches]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Aiberdeen]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Glesga]] [[Category:Scots poleetical writers]] [[Category:Scots National Pairty MSPs]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2007–11]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2011–16]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2016–]] [[Category:Meenisters o the Scots Govrenment]] {{Stub/Scotland}} 5w9l6j4g9jrwdw4b6myb2ope1n16j3d 927681 927680 2026-11-10T03:25:56Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Alasdair Allan | honorific-suffix = [[Memmer o the Scots Pairlament |MSP]] | image = AlasdairAllanMSP20120530.jpg | office = [[Meenister fur Internaitional Development an Europe]] | term_start = 18 Mey 2016 | term_end = 26 Juin 2018 | firstMeenister = [[Nicola Sturgeon]] | predecessor = [[Humza Yousaf]] (as Meenister fur Europe an Internaitional Development) | successor = [[Ben Macpherson (politeecian)|Ben Macpherson]] | office1 = [[Meenister fur Learnin, Science an Scotland's Leids]] | term_start1 = 7 December 2011 | term_end1 = 18 Mey 2016 | firstminister1 = [[Alex Salmond]]<br />[[Nicola Sturgeon]] | predecessor1 = Himsel (as Meenister fur Learnin an Skeels) | successor1 = [[Shirley-Anne Somerville]] (as Meenister fur Forder Eddication, Heicher Eddication an Science) | office2 = [[Meenister fur Learnin an Skeels]] | term_start2 = 20 Mey 2011 | term_end2 = 7 December 2011 | firstminister2 = [[Alex Salmond]] | predecessor2 = [[Angela Constance]] as Meenister fur Skeels an Lifelang Learnin | successor2 = Himsel (as Meenister fur Learnin, Science an Scotland's Leids) | office3 = [[Memmer o the Scots Pairlament]] <br /> fur [[Na h-Eileanan an Iar (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Na h-Eileanan an Iar]] | majority3 = 3,496 (26.5%) | term_start3 = 3 Mey 2007 | predecessor3 = [[Alasdair Morrison (politeecian)|Alasdair Morrison]] | birth_date = {{Birth date an age|df=y|1971|5|6}} | birth_place = [[Ashkirk]], Scotland | party = [[Scots National Pairty]] | alma_mater = [[University o Aiberdeen]]<br/>[[University o Glesga]] }} '''Dr Alasdair Allan''' (born 6 Mey 1971) is the [[Scots National Pairty]] (SNP) Memmer o the [[Scots Pairlament]] (MSP) fir [[Na h-Eileanan an Iar (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Na h-Eileanan an Iar]]. He speaks fower leids: [[Inglis leid|Inglis]], [[Scots leid|Scots]], [[Scots Gaelic]] an [[Norse leid|Norse]]. === Career === A hamespun o [[Ashkirk]], near [[Selkirk]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.holyrood.com/inside-politics/view,alasdair-allan-on-making-scotlands-voice-heard_7426.htm |title=Alasdair Allan on making Scotland's voice heard |date=13 July 2017 |work=Holyrood |accessdate=20 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Allan wis born on 6 May 1971 tae Christine an John H. Allan. He graduatit fae the [[University o Glesga]] wae ae MA in Scots leid an leeteratur, continuin his studdies at the [[University o Aiberdeen]], graduatin wae a PhD in [[Scots leid]] in 1998. He wrate his Phd thesis in an anent the [[Scots leid]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.parliament.scot/msps/currentmsps/98278.aspx |title= MSPs > Current MSPs > Alasdair Allan > Personal Information |publisher=[[Scots Pairlament]] |website=www.parliament.scot |language=en|accessdate=30 August 2020}}</ref> an syne wrocht for SNP politeecians, [[Michael Russell (politeecian)|Mike Russell]] an [[Alex Salmond]] amang them. He flittit tae the Isle o Lewis an teuk the Na h-Eileanan an Iar seat fae [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour]] in 2007 on a 5.4% swing, wi 46% o the vote.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/vote2007/scottish_parliment/html/627.stm |title=Scottish elections 2007 > Western Isles |work=[[BBC News ]] |language=en |date=14 May 2007 |accessdate=30 August 2020}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == * [http://www.alasdairallan.scot/ Alasdair Allan's offeecial wabsteid] {{in|en}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Allan, Alasdair}} [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Mairches]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Aiberdeen]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Glesga]] [[Category:Scots poleetical writers]] [[Category:Scots National Pairty MSPs]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2007–11]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2011–16]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2016–]] [[Category:Meenisters o the Scots Govrenment]] {{Stub/Scotland}} ljp1qo01hle6dyx4irsibu02uc71jct 0 8549 927387 888468 2026-11-09T16:08:39Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 stub an unsoorced 927387 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The Pogues 1.jpg|thumb| Shane MacGowan wi The Pogues]]{{Unsoorced}} '''Shane MacGowan''' (born 25 Dizember 1957 in Pembury, [[Kent]]; deed 30 November 2023 in [[Dublin]]) wis an [[Erse]] muisicker an sangster, maist weel-kent for bein the lead sangster o [[The Pogues]]. {{Stub/IrishRepublic}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Macgowan, Shane}} [[Category:1957 births]] [[Category:Inglis male sangsters]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Inglis sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Erse male sangsters]] [[Category:2023 daiths]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Lunnon]] tqwr3pxtn0m0odczhgg05ok9ivsibk1 927666 927387 2026-11-10T03:08:19Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927666 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The Pogues 1.jpg|thumb| Shane MacGowan wi The Pogues]]{{Unsoorced}} '''Shane MacGowan''' (born 25 December 1957 in Pembury, [[Kent]]; dee'd 30 November 2023 in [[Dublin]]) wis an Irish muisicker an sangster, maist weel-kent fur bein the lead sangster o [[The Pogues]]. {{Stub/IrishRepublic}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Macgowan, Shane}} [[Category:1957 births]] [[Category:Inglis male sangsters]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Inglis sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Erse male sangsters]] [[Category:2023 daiths]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Lunnon]] laed4r8xga382prhzje7kqjvwec6ajs 0 8595 927424 927278 2026-11-09T19:40:24Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 927424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Scots novelist an poet (1850–1894)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox writer | name = Robert Louis Stevenson | image = Robert louis stevenson.jpg | caption = Stevenson in 1892 | birth_name = Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1850|11|13}} | birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1894|12|3|1850|11|13}} | death_place = Vailima, Upolu, [[Samoa]] | resting_place = Mount Vaea | education = [[University o Edinburgh]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Novelist * poet * traivel writer}} | notable_works = {{plainlist| *''Treasure Island'' *''A Child's Garden of Verses'' *''Kidnapped'' *''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]''}} | spouse = {{marriage|Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne|1880}} | parents = Thomas Stevenson (faither) | relatives = Robert Stevenson (grandfaither on his faither's side)<br />Lloyd Osbourne (stepson)<br />Isobel Osbourne (stepdochter)<br />Edward Salisbury Field (stepdochter's man) }} '''Robert Louis Stevenson'''<ref name="pronunciation"/> (born '''Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson'''; 13 November 1850 – 3 December 1894) wis a Scots novelist, essayist, poet an traivel writer.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web|title=Robert Louis Stevenson {{!}} British author {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Louis-Stevenson|access-date=2022-05-12|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> He is best kent for the novels ''Treasure Island'' (1883), ''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'' (1886) an ''Kidnapped'' (1886), an for the collection o poems ''A Child's Garden of Verses'' (1885). Stevenson wis born an eddicatit in Edinburgh. For maist o his life he haed bad bronchial trouble, but for aw his puir heal he wrote a great deal an traivelt faur. As a young man he muived in the literary circles o London, whaur he wis encouraged bi Sidney Colvin, [[Andrew Lang]], Edmund Gosse,<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Stevenson, Robert Lewis Balfour |volume= 25 |last= Gosse |first= Edmund William |author-link= Edmund William Gosse| pages = 907&ndash;910|short = 1}}</ref> Leslie Stephen an W.&nbsp;E.&nbsp;Henley, the last o wham may hae gien him the model for Long John Silver in ''Treasure Island''. In 1890 he settled in [[Samoa]]. Thare, alairmed at the growin European an American influence in the [[Polynesie|Sooth Sea islands]], he turned frae romance an adventure fiction taewart a daurker realism. He died o a stroke in his island hame in 1894, aged 44.<ref name=":0" />{{rp||pp=264}} Stevenson wis a celebrity in his ain lifetime. His nem amang the critics haes gaen up an doon syne his daith, but the day his warks are weel thocht o generally. In 2018 he wis rankit the 26t maist owerset writer in the warld, jist ahint [[Charles Dickens]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Jacob |title=49 most-translated authors from around the world |url=https://stacker.com/stories/720/49-most-translated-authors-around-world?page=3 |access-date=26 October 2020 |website=Stacker |archive-date=22 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222232017/https://stacker.com/stories/720/49-most-translated-authors-around-world?page=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Early life== === Bairnhood === [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson daguerreotype portrait as a child.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Daguerreotype portrait o Stevenson as a bairn]]Stevenson wis born at 8 Howard Place, [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, on 13 November 1850. His faither wis Thomas Stevenson (1818–1887), a leadin lighthoose ingineer, an his mither wis Margaret Isabella (born Balfour, 1829–1897). He wis christened Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson. At aboot 18 he chynged the spellin o "Lewis" tae "Louis", an in 1873 he drapped "Balfour".<ref name="pronunciation">Mehew (2004). The spelling "Lewis" is said to have been rejected because his father violently disliked another person of the same name, and the new spelling was not accompanied by a change of pronunciation (Balfour (1901) I, 29 n. 1.</ref><ref name=":5">Furnas, J. C. (1952) ''Voyage to Windward: The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson'', London: Faber and Faber.</ref>{{rp||pp=23-24}} Designin lighthooses wis the faimily trade. Thomas's faither (Robert's grandfaither) wis the civil ingineer Robert Stevenson, an Thomas's brithers (Robert's uncles) Alan an David wrocht in the same field.<ref name="Paxton 2004">Paxton (2004).</ref> Thomas's grandfaither on his mither's side, Thomas Smith, haed been in the same trade an aw. Robert's mither's faimily, but, wis gentry, an they traced their line back tae Alexander Balfour, that held the launds o Inchrye in Fife in the fifteent century.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6pTWDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22alexander+Balfour%22+%22robert+louis+stevenson%22+inchrye&pg=PT24|isbn = 9781786568007|title = The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson by Sir Graham Balfour - Delphi Classics (Illustrated)|date = 17 July 2017|publisher = Delphi Classics|access-date = 19 March 2023|archive-date = 18 April 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123628/https://books.google.com/books?id=6pTWDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22alexander+Balfour%22+%22robert+louis+stevenson%22+inchrye&pg=PT24|url-status = live}}</ref> Her faither, Lewis Balfour (1777–1860), wis a meenister o the [[The Kirk|Kirk o Scotland]] at Colinton nearhaund,<ref name=":0" />{{rp||pp=10-12}} an amang her brithers were the doctor George William Balfour an the marine ingineer James Balfour. Stevenson spent maist o his bairnhood holidays in his grandfaither's hoose at Colinton. "Now I often wonder what I inherited from this old minister," Stevenson wrote. "I must suppose, indeed, that he was fond of preaching sermons, and so am I, though I never heard it maintained that either of us loved to hear them."<ref>''[[Memories and Portraits]]'' (1887), [https://web.archive.org/web/20080803075907/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/stevenson/robert_louis/s848mp/chapter7.html Chapter VII. The Manse] .</ref>[[File:Robert Louis Stevenson childhood home, Heriot Row.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Stevenson's bairnhood hame in Heriot Row]] Lewis Balfour an his dochter baith haed weak chests, sae they aften needit tae bide in warmer climates for their heal. Stevenson heired a tendency tae coughs an fivvers, an it got waur when the faimily flittit in 1851 tae a damp, cauld hoose at 1 Inverleith Terrace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Robert Louis Stevenson Timeline (born Nov. 13th 1850 in Edinburgh, died Dec. 3rd 1894 in Samoa) |url=http://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/timeline |access-date=14 May 2012 |website=robert-louis-stevenson.org |archive-date=14 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414112818/http://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/timeline |url-status=live }}</ref> When Stevenson wis sax the faimily flittit again, tae the sunnier 17 Heriot Row, but he wis still terrible no weel ilka winter till he wis 11. Ill heal cam back again an again in his grown-up life, an left him unco thin.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=25-28}} At the time it wis thocht he haed tuberculosis, but mair recent opinion is that it wis bronchiectasis<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Lowell |url=https://archive.org/details/treasuredislands00holm |title=Treasured Islands: Cruising the South Seas with Robert Louis Stevenson |publisher=Sheridan House, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=1-57409-130-1}}</ref> or sarcoidosis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=O. P. |year=2005 |title=Murray Kornfeld, American College of Chest Physician, and sarcoidosis: a historical footnote: 2004 Murray Kornfeld Memorial Founders Lecture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_chest_2005-09_128_3/page/1830 |journal=Chest |volume=128 |issue=3 |pages=1830–35 |doi=10.1378/chest.128.3.1830 |pmid=16162793}}</ref> For Stevenson's heal an his mither's, the faimily spent simmers in the [[Spa toun|spae toun]] o [[Brig Allan|Bridge of Allan]], in [[North Berrick|North Berwick]] an in [[Peebles]]. "Stevenson's cave" in Bridge of Allan is said tae hae inspired the cave whaur the character Ben Gunn bides in Stevenson's 1883 novel ''Treasure Island''.<ref name="BridgeofAllan">{{Cite web |title=RLS in Stirlingshire |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/?page_id=22021 |access-date=3 September 2023 |website=robert-louis-stevenson.org |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611000505/https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/?page_id=22021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:The Bookman RLS special 1913 illustration at page 049.png|thumb|"My second mother, my first wife. The angel of my infant life— From the sick child, now well and old, Take, nurse, the little book you hold!" ⁠Dedication o ''A Child's Garden of Verses'': ⁠⁠"To Alison Cunningham. From her Boy."<ref name="Bookman1913">{{citation|title=Robert Louis Stevenson: A Bookman Extra Number, 1913 |date=1913 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |language=en}}</ref>]] Stevenson's faither an mither were baith devout [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]], but the hoosehauld didnae haud strict tae Calvinist principles. His nurse, Alison Cunningham, kent tae the faimily as Cummy,<ref name="NYT1913">{{Cite news |date=10 August 1913 |title=Stevenson's Nurse Dead: Alison Cunningham ("Cummy") lived to be over 91 years old |page=3 |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/08/10/100273280.pdf |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308035108/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/08/10/100273280.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> wis mair fervent still in her releegion. Her mixter o Calvinism an fowk beliefs gied the bairn nichtmares early on, an he showed a concern for releegion faur ayont his years.<ref>Furnas (1952), 28–32; Mehew (2004).</ref> But she cared for him tenderly an aw when he wis no weel, readin tae him frae John Bunyan an the Bible as he lay sick in his bed, an tellin him tales o the Covenanters. He minded thae times o sickness efterhaun in "The Land of Counterpane" in ''A Child's Garden of Verses'' (1885),<ref>Available at [http://www.bartleby.com/188/117.html Bartleby] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609081833/http://www.bartleby.com/188/117.html |date=9 June 2008 }} and elsewhere.</ref> a buik he dedicatit tae his nurse.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=29}} Stevenson wis an ae bairn, baith unco-leukin an eccentric. He fund it hard tae fit in when he wis sent tae a schuil nearhaund at sax. It wis the same again at 11, when he gaed on tae the Edinburgh Academy, but he got on weel in lively gemmes wi his cousins in the simmer holidays at Colinton.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=34-36}} His sickness aften kept him awa frae his first schuil, sae for lang spells he wis taucht bi private tutors. He wis late tae read, learnin at seiven or aicht, but even afore that he tellt stories tae his mither an his nurse for them tae write doon,<ref name="Mehew 2004">Mehew (2004).</ref> an aw through his bairnhood he couldnae stop writin stories. His faither wis prood o this. He haed written stories himsel in his spare time, till his ain faither fund them an tellt him tae "give up such nonsense and mind your business."<ref name="Paxton 2004" /> He peyed for the prentin o Robert's first publication, at 16: ''The Pentland Rising: A Page of History, 1666'', an account o the Covenanters' rebellion, published in 1866, the 200t anniversary o the event.<ref name=":0" />{{rp||pp=67}}<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=43-45}} ===Eddication=== [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson mit 7 Jahren.jpg|thumb|Stevenson at seiven|left|277x277px]] In September 1857, when he wis sax, Stevenson gaed tae ''Mr Henderson's School'' in India Street, Edinburgh, but acause o his puir heal he bade anerly a few weeks, an didnae gang back till October 1859, when he wis aicht. Throu his monie absences he wis taucht bi private tutors. In October 1861, aged ten, he gaed tae Edinburgh Academy, an independent schuil for laddies, an bade thare aff an on for aboot fifteen month. In the hairst o 1863 he spent a term at an English boardin schuil at Spring Grove in Isleworth in [[Middlesex]] (nou a pairt o wast Lunnon). In October 1864, efter his heal got better, the 13-year-auld wis sent tae Robert Thomson's private schuil in Frederick Street, Edinburgh, whaur he bade till he gaed tae the varsity.<ref>[http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=26438&back= Stevenson, Robert Louis (1850–1894) – Childhood and schooling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809143428/http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=26438&back= |date=9 August 2016 }}. ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''. Retrieved: 1 August 2013.</ref> In November 1867 Stevenson stairtit at the [[University o Edinburgh]] tae study ingineerin. Frae the stairt he showed nae enthusiasm for his studies, an pit a lot o energy intae jinkin lectures. Mair important at this time were the freendships he struck up wi ither students in The Speculative Society (an exclusive debatin club), abuin aw wi Charles Baxter, that wad later become Stevenson's financial agent, an wi a professor, Fleeming Jenkin. Jenkin's hoose pit on amateur drama that Stevenson took pairt in, an Stevenson wad later write his biography.<ref>Furnas (1952), 51–54, 60–62; Mehew (2004)</ref> Mibbie the maist important o aw at this pynt in his life wis a cousin, Robert Alan Mowbray Stevenson (kent as "Bob"), a lively, licht-hertit young man that haed chosen tae study airt insteid o the faimily trade.<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 86–8; 90–4; Furnas (1952), 64–9</ref> ===Holidays at Swanston=== In 1867 Stevenson's faimily took a lease on Swanston Cottage, in the clachan o Swanston at the fit o the Pentland Hills, as a hoose for simmer holidays. They held the lease till 1880. Throu that time the young Robert Louis uised the cottage a great deal, drawn bi the lown kintra life an the feelin o bein faur awa frae awthing. The time he spent thare likly shaped his later writin an his wider ootleuk on life, abuin aw his luve o naitur an wild places. The hoose an its romantic settin is thocht tae hae inspired several o his warks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Will |title=Pentland Days and Country Ways |publisher=Thomas Nelson and Sons |location=Edinburgh|pages=177-189}} Based on a paper presented to the R.L. Stevenson Club on 10 October 1929.</ref><ref name="Hills">{{cite book |last1=Watt |first1=Lauchlan MacLean |title=The Hills of Home |date=1914 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/stream/hillsofhomewithp00wattuoft/hillsofhomewithp00wattuoft_djvu.txt}}</ref> ===Lighthoose inspections=== Ilka year in his varsity holidays Stevenson traivelt an aw tae inspect the faimily's ingineerin warks. In 1868 this took him tae [[Ainster|Anstruther]], an for six weeks tae [[Weik|Wick, Caithness]], whaur his faimily wis biggin a sea wa an haed biggit a lighthoose afore. He wad gang back tae Wick several times in his life, an he pit it in his traivel writin.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=RLS in the Highlands and Islands |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/highlands-and-islands |access-date=26 August 2024 |website=RLS Website |language=en}}</ref> In 1869 he gaed wi his faither on his official tour o the lighthooses o [[Orkney]] an [[Shetland]], an in 1870 he spent three weeks on the island o Erraid. He likit the traivels mair for the material they gied him for his writin than for ony interest in ingineerin. The vaige wi his faither pleased him acause a siclike journey bi [[Walter Scott]] wi Robert Stevenson haed gien Scott the idea for his 1822 novel ''The Pirate''.<ref name=":0" />{{rp||pp=70-72}} In Aprile 1871 Stevenson tellt his faither he haed decidit on a life o letters. His faither wis disappointit, as ye wad expect, but it cannae hae been a muckle surprise, an Stevenson's mither said he wis "wonderfully resigned" tae his son's choice. Tae gie him some security, it wis greed that Stevenson wad study law (again at Edinburgh University) an be cried tae the Scots bar.<ref name=":0" />{{rp||pp=85-86}} In his 1887 collection o poems ''Underwoods'', Stevenson thinks on hou he turned awa frae the faimily trade:<ref>''Underwoods'' (1887), Poem XXXVIII</ref> [[File:Stevenson age 14.jpg|thumb|Stevenson at 14|327x327px]] <blockquote><poem>Say not of me that weakly I declined The labours of my sires, and fled the sea, The towers we founded and the lamps we lit, To play at home with paper like a child. But rather say: ''In the afternoon of time'' ''A strenuous family dusted from its hands'' ''The sand of granite, and beholding far'' ''Along the sounding coast its pyramids'' ''And tall memorials catch the dying sun,'' ''Smiled well content, and to this childish task'' ''Around the fire addressed its evening hours.''</poem></blockquote> ==="An Apology for Idlers"=== In 1877, tae justify turnin his back on an established profession, Stevenson offered "An Apology for Idlers". "A happy man or woman", he argued, "is a better thing to find than a five-pound note. He or she is a radiating focus of goodwill" an a practical demonstration o "the great Theorem of the Liveableness of Life". Sae if fowk cannae be happy in the "handicap race for sixpenny pieces", let them tak their ain "by-road".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Robert Louis Stevenson "An Apology for Idlers" (first appeared in Cornhill Magazine, July 1877) |url=https://www.wired.com/beyond-the-beyond/2018/01/robert-louis-stevenson-apology-idlers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411112110/https://www.wired.com/beyond-the-beyond/2018/01/robert-louis-stevenson-apology-idlers/ |archive-date=11 April 2021 |access-date=18 March 2021 |magazine=Wired |language=en-us |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> == Releegious views == [[File:Stevenson at Barbizon in 1876.jpg|thumb|Stevenson at 26, in 1876 at Barbizon, Fraunce|left|273x273px]] In ither weys tae, Stevenson wis muivin awa frae his upbringin. His claes got mair Bohemian: he aready wore his hair lang, but nou he took tae weirin a velveteen jaicket, an he seldom gaed tae pairties in the uisual evenin claes.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=69-70}} Within the limits o a ticht allouance, he gaed tae cheap pubs an brothels.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=53-57}} Mair important, he haed come tae reject Christianity, an declared himsel an [[Atheism|atheist]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Theo Tait |date=30 January 2005 |title=Like an intelligent hare – Theo Tait reviews Robert Louis Stevenson by Claire Harman |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3635932/Like-an-intelligent-hare.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3635932/Like-an-intelligent-hare.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=4 August 2013 |work=The Telegraph |quote=A decadent dandy who envied the manly Victorian achievements of his family, a professed atheist haunted by religious terrors, a generous and loving man who fell out with many of his friends – the Robert Louis Stevenson of Claire Harman's biography is all of these and, of course, a bed-ridden invalid who wrote some of the finest adventure stories in the language. [...] Worse still, he affected a Bohemian style, haunted the seedier parts of the Old Town, read Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer, and declared himself an atheist. This caused a painful rift with his father, who damned him as a "careless infidel".}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In Januar 1873, when he wis 22, his faither cam across the constitution o the LJR (Liberty, Justice, Reverence) Club, that Stevenson an his cousin Bob belanged tae. It stairtit: "Disregard everything our parents have taught us." When he speired at his son aboot his beliefs, he fund oot the truith.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=69 n.15, 72-76}} Stevenson nae langer believed in God, an he wis wearied o pretendin tae be something he wisnae: "am I to live my whole life as one falsehood?" His faither said he wis devastatit: "You have rendered my whole life a failure." His mither cried it "the heaviest affliction" that haed ever come on her. "O Lord, what a pleasant thing it is", Stevenson wrote tae his freend Charles Baxter, "to have just damned the happiness of (probably) the only two people who care a damn about you in the world."<ref name="Stevenson letters">{{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Loui |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h269hZQCyHoC&pg=PA29 |title=Selected Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson |date=2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0-300-09124-9 |location=New Haven, CT |page=29 |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> Stevenson's stand against his faither an mither's faith disnae seem tae hae turned intae lifelang atheism or agnosticism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratnapalan |first=Michael |date=2021 |title=Missionary Christianity and Culture in Robert Louis Stevenson's "The Beach of Falesá" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27254136 |journal=Religion & Literature |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=47–62 |jstor=27254136 |issn=0888-3769}}</ref> In Februar 1878, in a letter tae his faither tae mak things up, the 27-year-auld Stevenson wrote:<ref>Colvin, Sidney, ed. (1917). ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Vol. 1: 1868–1880. New York: Scribner's. [[iarchive:lettersofrob01stev/page/258/mode/2up|pp. 259–260]].</ref> <blockquote>Christianity is among other things, a very wise, noble and strange doctrine of life ... You see, I speak of it as a doctrine of life, and as a wisdom for this world ... I have a good heart, and believe in myself and my fellow-men and the God who made us all ... There is a fine text in the Bible, I don't know where, to the effect that all things work together for good for those who love the Lord. Strange as it may seem to you, everything has been, in one way or the other, bringing me nearer to what I think you would like me to be. 'Tis a strange world, indeed, but there is a manifest God for those who care to look for him.</blockquote> {{Quote box | quote = Grant that we here before Thee may be set free from the fear of vicissitude and the fear of death, may finish what remains before us of our course without dishonour to ourselves or hurt to others, and, when the day comes, may die in peace. Deliver us from fear and favour: from mean hopes and cheap pleasures. Have mercy on each in his deficiency; let him be not cast down; support the stumbling on the way, and give at last rest to the weary. | author = Robert Lewis Stevenson | source = ''Prayers Written at Vailima'', "For Grace".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prayers written at Vailimia, by Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/616/616-h/616-h.htm |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> | width = 35% | align = right }}Stevenson didnae stairt gaun tae the kirk again in Scotland, but in his last years in Samoa he taucht Sunday Schuil, an he wrote an led prayers that were published efter his daith.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |date=8 December 1912 |title=Prayers written at Vailima |url=http://archive.org/details/prayerswrittenat00stev |accessdate=8 December 2022 |publisher=New York, : C. Scribner's sons |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> An yet, afore he set oot in 1888 on the vaige that took him tae Samoa, ''Scribner's Magazine'' published "Pulvis et Umbra" (the title is a line frae Horace: "We are but dust and shadow").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Across the Plains with Other Memories and Essays, 1892 {{!}} Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/works/across-the-plains-with-other-memories-and-essays-1892/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> In this essay Stevenson pits it forrit that "[o]ur religions and moralities have been trimmed to flatter us, ... and only please and weaken", an remarks that "[t]he human race is a thing more ancient than the ten commandments".<ref name=":1" /> Ae critic, tryin tae square thir contrar signs o Stevenson's speeritual ootleuk, haes suggestit that the writer wis interestit anerly in the leid o releegion, an wantit "to evoke a sense of awe and importunity associated with [the King James Bible's] intense spirituality and great literary beauty."<ref>Menikoff, Barry (2003). "Prayers at Sunset". In ''Robert Louis Stevenson Reconsidered: New Critical Perspectives'', edited by William B. Jones, Jr. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company. pp.210–211</ref> ==Early writin an traivels== ===Literary an airtistic connections=== [[File:Rls-pc1.jpg|thumb|Stevenson at 30|312x312px]] Late in 1873, when he wis 23, Stevenson wis veesitin a cousin in Ingland when he met twa fowk that wad come tae mean a great deal tae him: Fanny (Frances Jane) Sitwell an Sidney Colvin. Sitwell wis a woman o 34 wi a son, separatit frae her husband. Monie that met her were devotit tae her, Colvin amang them, an he mairit her in 1901. Stevenson wis drawn tae her an aw, an for several years they kept up a warm correspondence, in which he swithered atween the pairt o a suitor an the pairt o a son (he cried her "Madonna"). Colvin becam Stevenson's literary adviser, an efter Stevenson's daith he wis the first editor o his letters. It wis Colvin that placed Stevenson's first peyed piece, an essay cried "Roads", in ''The Portfolio''.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=81-89}} Stevenson wis suin active in the literary life o Lunnon, an got tae ken monie o the writers o the time, amang them [[Andrew Lang]], Edmund Gosse<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=95, 101}} an Leslie Stephen, the editor o ''The Cornhill Magazine'', that took an interest in Stevenson's wark. Stephen took Stevenson tae veesit a patient at the Edinburgh Infirmary cried William Ernest Henley, an energetic, blether o a poet wi a widden leg. Henley becam a close freend an whiles a literary collaborator, till a cast-oot ended the freendship in 1888, an he is aften thocht tae be the inspiration for Long John Silver in ''Treasure Island''.<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 123-4; Furnas (1952) 105–6; Mehew (2004)</ref> In November 1873, efter his heal brak doon, Stevenson wis sent tae [[Menton]] on the French Riviera tae recover. He cam back in better heal in Aprile 1874 an settled doon tae his studies, but efter that he gaed back tae Fraunce several times.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=89-95}} He gaed on lang an frequent trips tae the Forest o Fontainebleau, bidin at Barbizon, Grez-sur-Loing an Nemours an becomin a member o the airtists' colonies thare. He traivelt tae Paris an aw, tae veesit galleries an theatres.<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 128–37</ref> In Julie 1875, aged 24, he qualified for the Scots bar, an his faither pit a brass plate on the hoose in Heriot Row that read "R.L. Stevenson, Advocate". His law studies did hae an influence on his buiks, but he niver practised law;<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=100-101}} aw his energy gaed intae traivel an writin. Ane o his journeys wis a canoe vaige in Belgium an Fraunce wi Sir Walter Simpson, a freend frae the Speculative Society, a frequent traivellin companion, an the writer o ''The Art of Golf'' (1887). This trip wis the foond o his first traivel buik, ''An Inland Voyage'' (1878).<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 127</ref> Stevenson kept up a lang correspondence wi his fellae Scot [[J. M. Barrie|J.M. Barrie]]. He askit Barrie tae veesit him in [[Samoa]], but the twa o them niver met.<ref>Shaw, Michael (ed.) (2020), ''A Friendship in Letters: Robert Louis Stevenson & J.M. Barrie'', Sandstone Press, Inverness {{ISBN|978-1-913207-02-1}}</ref> ===Mairriage an Californie=== [[File:Fanny Osbourne 1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne, c. 1876]] The canoe vaige wi Simpson brocht Stevenson tae Grez-sur-Loing in September 1876. Thare he met Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne (1840–1914), born in [[Indianapolis]] in the Unitit States. She haed mairit at 17, an flittit tae [[Nevada]] tae jine her husband Samuel again efter he haed fochten in the American Civil War. Their bairns were Isobel (or "Belle"), Lloyd an Hervey (that died in 1875). But anger ower her husband's unfaithfulness led tae a nummer o separations, an in 1875 she haed taen her bairns tae Fraunce, whaur she an Isobel studied airt.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=122-129}} Bi the time Stevenson met her, Fanny wis hersel a writer o short stories for magazines, o kent ability.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van de Grift Sanchez |first=Nellie |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24332?msg=welcome_stranger |title=The Life of Mrs. Robert Louis Stevenson |date=1920 |publisher=C. Scribner's Sons |location=New York |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=13 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210833/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24332?msg=welcome_stranger |url-status=live }}</ref> Stevenson gaed back tae Breetain no lang efter this first meetin, but Fanny seems tae hae bidden in his thochts, an he wrote the essay "On falling in love" for ''The Cornhill Magazine''.<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 145–6; Mehew (2004)</ref> They met again early in 1877 an becam luvers. Stevenson spent muckle o the follaein year wi her an her bairns in Fraunce.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=130-136}} In August 1878 she gaed back tae [[San Francisco]], an Stevenson bade in Europe, makkin the walkin trip that wis the foond o ''Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes'' (1879). In August 1879, aged 28, he set aff tae jine her, against his freends' advice an withoot tellin his faither an mither. He took a seicont-cless passage on the steamship ''Devonia'', pairtly tae save siller, but pairtly an aw tae learn hou ither fowk traivelt, an tae mak the journey mair o an adventure.<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 164–5; Furnas (1952), 142–6; Mehew (2004)</ref> Syne he traivelt ower laund bi train frae [[New York Ceety]] tae [[Californie]]. He wrote aboot it later in ''The Amateur Emigrant''. It wis guid for his writin, but it brak his heal. [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson House, 530 Houston Street, Monterey (Monterey County, California).jpg|thumb|The French Hotel (nou "Stevenson House"), Monterey, Californie, whaur he bade in 1879]] [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson and family.jpg|thumb|right|The faimily in 1893: Fanny; Stevenson; his stepdochter Isobel; an his mither, Margaret Balfour]] He wis near deid when he arrived in Monterey, Californie, whaur some local ranchers nursed him back tae heal. For a time he bade at the French Hotel at 530 Houston Street, nou a museum tae his memory cried the "Stevenson House". While he wis thare, he aften dined "on the cuff", as he pit it, at a restaurant nearhaund run bi a Frenchman cried Jules Simoneau, that stuid whaur Simoneau Plaza is nou. Several year later he sent Simoneau a signed copy o his novel ''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'' (1886), writin that it wad be a stranger case yet if Robert Louis Stevenson ever forgot Jules Simoneau. In Monterey he wrote an evocative piece aboot "the Old Pacific Capital". Bi December 1879, aged 29, Stevenson's heal haed come back eneuch for him tae gang on tae San Francisco. Thare he focht "all alone on forty-five cents a day, and sometimes less, with quantities of hard work and many heavy thoughts,"<ref>Letter to Sidney Colvin, January 1880, ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 1, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 1/Chapter IV|Chapter IV]]</ref> tryin tae mak a livin bi his writin. But bi the end o the winter his heal wis broken again, an he wis at daith's door. Fanny wis nou divorced an haed got ower her ain illness, an she cam tae his bedside an nursed him back tae heal. "After a while," he wrote, "my spirit got up again in a divine frenzy, and has since kicked and spurred my vile body forward with great emphasis and success."<ref>"To Edmund Gosse, Monterey, Monterey Co., California, 8 October 1879," ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 1, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 1/Chapter IV|Chapter IV]]</ref> When his faither heard hou his son wis, he cabled him siller tae help him throu. Fanny an Robert were mairit in Mey 1880. She wis 40; he wis 29. He said he wis "a mere complication of cough and bones, much fitter for an emblem of mortality than a bridegroom."<ref>"To P. G. Hamerton, Kinnaird Cottage, Pitlochry [July 1881]," ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 1, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 1/Chapter V|Chapter V]]</ref> He traivelt wi his new wife an her son Lloyd<ref>Isobel was married to artist Joseph Strong.</ref> north o San Francisco tae the Napa Valley, an spent a simmer honeymuin at a desertit minin camp on Mount Saint Helena (the day designatit Robert Louis Stevenson State Park). ''The Silverado Squatters'' is his account o that time. He met Charles Warren Stoddard, co-editor o the ''Overland Monthly'' an writer o ''South Sea Idylls'', that urged Stevenson tae traivel tae the Sooth Pacific, an idea that cam back tae him monie years later. In August 1880 he sailed wi Fanny an Lloyd frae New York tae Breetain, an fund his faither an mither an his freend Sidney Colvin on the quay at [[Liverpuil|Liverpool]], gled tae see him come hame. Bit bi bit his wife wis able tae patch up the differences atween faither an son, an wan her wey intae the faimily throu her chairm an wit. ===Ingland, an back tae the Unitit States=== {{Multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 210 | image1 = The life of Robert Louis Stevenson for boys and girls (1915) (14778510921).jpg | image2 = Alum Chine, Bournemouth (460750) (9456761328).jpg | caption1 = Stevenson's hoose Skerryvore in the sooth English coast toun o [[Bournemouth]], whaur he wrote the maist o his best-likit wark | caption2 = Commemorative plaque in Bournemouth, whaur Stevenson bade atween 1884 an 1887 | align = left | total_width = }} The Stevensons gaed back an forrit atween Scotland an the Continent (twice winterin in Davos)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Switzerland {{!}} Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/switzerland/#:~:text=The%20Stevenson%20family%20(RLS,%20his,found%20it%20stifling%20and%20depressing. |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=en-GB}}</ref> afore settlin at last, in 1884, in Westbourne in the sooth-coast English toun o [[Bournemouth]]. Stevenson haed flittit thare for the guid o the sea air.<ref>{{cite book | last=Hainsworth | first=J. J. | title=Jack the Ripper—Case Solved, 1891 | location=Jefferson, NC | publisher=McFarland | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-7864-9676-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhDNCgAAQBAJ | access-date=15 June 2023 | page=141}}</ref> They bade in a hoose Stevenson cried 'Skerryvore', efter a Scots lighthoose biggit bi his uncle Alan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bournemouth {{!}} Robert Louis Stevenson |url=http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/bournemouth/ |access-date=29 January 2021 |website=robert-louis-stevenson.org |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123180039/http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/bournemouth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Frae Aprile 1885 the 34-year-auld Stevenson haed the company o the novelist Henry James. They haed met afore in Lunnon, an no lang syne haed swappit views in journal articles on the "art of fiction", an efter that in letters in which they said hou muckle they admired ilk ither's wark. James haed flittit tae Bournemouth tae help support his invalid sister, Alice, an he took up the invitation tae veesit Skerryvore ilka day for crack at the Stevensons' dinner table.<ref name="O">{{Cite journal |last=O'Hagan |first=Andrew |date=2020 |title=Bournemouth |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v42/n10/andrew-o-hagan/bournemouth |journal=The London Review of Books |volume=42 |issue=10 |issn=0260-9592 |access-date=4 November 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101051455/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v42/n10/andrew-o-hagan/bournemouth |url-status=live }}</ref> Stevenson, maistly lyin in his bed, said he wis livin "like a weevil in a biscuit." Yet, for aw his ill heal, his three year in Westbourne gied us the maist o his best-likit wark. Amang it were ''Treasure Island'', ''Kidnapped'', ''A Child's Garden of Verses'', ''Underwoods'' an ''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'', the buik that spreid his nem faur an wide. [[File:StevensonAdirondackHome.JPG|thumb|Stevenson's "Cure Cottage" at Saranac Lake, New York]] Thomas Stevenson died in 1887, an his 36-year-auld son felt free tae tak his doctor's advice an try a complete chynge o climate. Stevenson set aff for Colorado wi his weedae mither an his faimily. But efter they landit in New York, they decidit tae spend the winter in the Adirondacks, at a cure cottage nou kent as Stevenson Cottage, at Saranac Lake, New York. In the bitter cauld winter Stevenson wrote some o his best-kent essays, amang them "Pulvis et Umbra".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Essays of Robert Louis Stevenson by Robert Louis Stevenson: Pulvis et Umbra |url=https://www.online-literature.com/stevenson/essays-of-stevenson/9/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=www.online-literature.com}}</ref> He stairtit ''The Master of Ballantrae'' an aw, an licht-hertitly plannit a cruise tae the sooth Pacific Ocean for the follaein simmer.<ref>"To W.E. Henley, Pitlochry, if you please, [August] 1881," ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 1, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 1/Chapter V|Chapter V]]</ref> {{clear}} ==Thochts on the airt o writin== {{Quote box | quote = Whenever I read a book or a passage that particularly pleased me, in which a thing was said or an effect rendered with propriety, in which there was either some conspicuous force or some happy distinction in the style, I must sit down at once and set myself to ape that quality. I was unsuccessful, and I knew it; and tried again, and was again unsuccessful and always unsuccessful; but at least in these vain bouts, I got some practice in rhythm, in harmony, in construction and the co-ordination of parts. I have thus played the sedulous ape to Hazlitt, to Lamb, to Wordsworth, to Sir Thomas Browne, to Defoe, to [[Nathaniel Hawthorne|Hawthorne]], to [[Michel de Montaigne|Montaigne]], to [[Charles Baudelaire|Baudelaire]] and to Obermann. | author = Robert Lewis Stevenson | source = ''Memories and Portraits'', chaipter IV, on hou he practised writin in his youth | width = 40% | align = right }} Stevenson's critical essays on literature hae "few sustained analyses of style or content".<ref name="Brandeis">{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Biography |url=http://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/stevensonbio.html |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=people.brandeis.edu |publisher=Brandeis University |archive-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223153315/http://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/stevensonbio.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In "A Penny Plain and Two-pence Coloured" (1884) he suggests that his ain approach owed a great deal tae the owerdone, romantic warld he haed steppit intae as a bairn, as the prood owner o Skelt's Juvenile Drama, a toy set o cairdboard characters that played in melodramas. "A Gossip on Romance" (1882) an "A Gossip on a Novel of Dumas's" (1887) baith hint that entertainin readers coonts for mair nor instructin them.<ref name="Brandeis" /> Stevenson saw himsel very muckle in the mould o Sir Walter Scott: a storyteller wi the knack o cairyin his readers awa frae themsels an their circumstances. He took issue wi whit he saw as the wey French realism dwelt on sordidness an ugliness. In "The Lantern-Bearer" (1888) he seems tae tak Emile Zola tae task for no seekin oot nobility in his main characters.<ref name="Brandeis" /> "A Humble Remonstrance" is Stevenson's answer tae Henry James, wha haed claimed in "The Art of Fiction" (1884) that the novel competes wi life. Stevenson objects that nae novel can ever hope tae match life's complexity; it anerly abstracts frae life tae mak a harmonious pattern o its ain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=A Humble Remonstrance |url=http://virgil.org/dswo/courses/novel/stevenson-remonstrance.pdf |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201171651/http://virgil.org/dswo/courses/novel/stevenson-remonstrance.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><blockquote>Man's one method, whether he reasons or creates, is to half-shut his eyes against the dazzle and confusion of reality...Life is monstrous, infinite, illogical, abrupt and poignant; a work of art, in comparison, is neat, finite, self-contained, rational, flowing, and emasculate...The novel, which is a work of art, exists, not by its resemblances to life, which are forced and material ... but by its immeasurable difference from life, which is designed and significant.</blockquote> It isnae clear, but, that thare wis ony real grund here for disagreein wi James.<ref name="O" /> Stevenson haed gien James a copy o ''Kidnapped'', but it wis ''Treasure Island'' that James likit best. Stevenson haed written it as a story for laddies, an thocht it haed "no need of psychology or fine writing", but its success is creditit wi freein bairns' writin frae the "chains of Victorian didacticism".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Livesey |first=Margot |date=November 1994 |title=The Double Life of Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/11/the-double-life-of-robert-louis-stevenson/306474/ |journal=The Atlantic |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028113016/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/11/the-double-life-of-robert-louis-stevenson/306474/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Political an social commentary== [[File:Robert-louis-stevenson.jpg|thumb|Photograph portrait, c. 1887|left|244x244px]] Stevenson's nem as a political radical is argued ower. As the writer o a string o "rebellion novels" (endin in 1893 wi ''Catriona'', the sequel tae ''Kidnapped''), Stevenson is said tae hae spent his "entire writing life" steerin up feelin against tyranny, empire an corruption.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Faktorovich |first=Anna |date=2012 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson: Patronage and Rebellion |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CH1420120858&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=03624145&sw=w&p=LitRC&userGroupName=anon%7E4921e1b6&aty=open-web-entry |journal=Children's Literature Review |volume=204 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Stevenson minded the college youth that wrote the first o thir novels, the Covenanter adventure ''Pentland Rising'' (1866), as a "red-hot socialist".<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Stevenson, Robert Louis |title=Crabbed Age and Youth and Other Essays |publisher=Thomas B. Mosher |year=1907 |location=Portland, Maine |pages=11–12 |chapter=Crabbed Age and Youth |orig-year=originally written 1877 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqsNAAAAYAAJ&q=robert%20louis%20stevenson%20crabbed%20age%20and%20youth&pg=PA11}}</ref> Yet bi the age o 26 Stevenson wis aready writin that he leukit back on his early political enthusiasms "with something like regret. ... Now I know that in thus turning Conservative with years, I am going through the normal cycle of change and travelling in the common orbit of men's opinions."<ref name=":03" /> His cousin an biographer Sir Graham Balfour claimed that Stevenson "probably throughout life would, if compelled to vote, have always supported the [[Tory an Unionist Pairty|Conservative]] candidate".<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EE29rkc7DM0C&pg=PA30 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson: Interviews and Recollections |publisher=U of Iowa P |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-87745-512-7 |editor-last=Terry |editor-first=R. C. |location=Iowa City |page=}}</ref>{{rp||pp=30}} He is kent tae hae taen pairt in ae election, a student ballot for the Lord Rectorship o the University o Edinburgh. Thare he did favour a Tory, the future [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick|prime meenister]] Benjamin Disraeli, but the challenger wis the historian [[Thomas Carlyle]], kent for bein illiberal.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|49|pp=49}} Ae readin o ''Treasure Island'' (1883) an ''Kidnapped'' (1886) sees Stevenson, no as a conservative, but as an individualist takkin up whit is "essentially a form of [[Social Darwinism]]".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Weltman |first=Burton |date=2020 |title=Social Darwinism in the stories of Robert Louis Stevenson. “Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,” “The Wrong Box,” “Treasure Island,” and “Kidnapped.” |url=https://historyaschoice.com/2020/12/29/social-darwinism-in-the-stories-of-robert-louis-stevenson-dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde-the-wrong-box-treasure-island-and-kidnapped-promoting-knee-jerk-right-wing-reactions-to-social-problems/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=historyaschoice |language=en}}</ref> In baith stories "an orphaned or fatherless boy of genteel stock" fechts wi a "lower-class rabble and vicious ruffians in a zero-sum, survival-of-the-strongest" battle tae win or win back walth. This celebration o "self-reliant individualism" is said tae be the "cornerstone" o a "right-wing ideology" that is taen faurer in Stevenson's twa best-likit novels for grown-ups, ''Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde'' (1886) an ''The Wrong Box'' (1889). Thir are describit as tales in which fawen individuals are fated tae defy society in follaein their ain ends, wi selfishness lurkin ahint whit seems lik acts o altruism, that aften cause greater misfortune.<ref name=":2" /> Libertarians hae claimed Stevenson,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Stevenson |first=Bov |date=1978 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson: Champion of Liberty |url=https://fee.org/articles/robert-louis-stevenson-champion-of-liberty/ |access-date=26 April 2026 |website=Foundation for Economic Education}}</ref> citin "The Day After Tomorrow", an essay that appeared in 1887 in ''The Contemporary Review.''<ref>Stevenson, Robert Louis (1887), ''The Contemporary Review'', Vol. LI, April, pp. 472–479.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digital.nls.uk/rlstevenson/browse/archive/90460506|title=Robert Louis Stevenson – National Library of Scotland|website=digital.nls.uk|accessdate=8 December 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927013717/https://digital.nls.uk/rlstevenson/browse/archive/90460506|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter an unheard-o "burst of social legislation" in Disraeli's last term o office,<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom - Gladstone and Disraeli {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom/Gladstone-and-Disraeli|access-date=2023-01-30|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Stevenson pit it forrit that "we are all becoming Socialists without knowing it". Legislation "grows authoritative, grows philanthropical, bristles with new duties and new penalties, and casts a spawn of inspectors, who now begin, note-book in hand, to darken the face of England". The "new waggon-load of laws" pynts tae a future in which our grandbairns micht "taste the pleasures of existence in something far liker an ant-heap than any previous human polity". Whiles left oot when the essay is cited is the concession Stevenson maks tae critics o the clessic Whiggish notion o [[Laissez-faire|laissez faire]]. "Liberty",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ambrosini |first=Richard |url= |title=Robert Louis Stevenson: Writer of Boundaries |last2=Dury |first2=Richard |date=2006-04-04 |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-21223-0 |pages=171 |language=en}}</ref> Stevenson wrote, "has served us a long while", but lik aw ither virtues "she has taken wages".<ref name=":3" /> <blockquote>[Liberty] has dutifully served Mammon; so that many things we were accustomed to admire as the benefits of freedom and common to all, were truly benefits of wealth, and took their value from our neighbour's poverty...Freedom to be desirable, involves kindness, wisdom, and all the virtues of the free; but the free man as we have seen him in action has been, as of yore, only the master of many helots; and the slaves are still ill-fed, ill-clad, ill-taught, ill-housed, insolently entreated, and driven to their mines and workshops by the lash of famine.</blockquote> Though it wis shapit bi real events (the oceanic colonialism that Stevenson witnessed), ''The Ebb-Tide'' (1894) haes been pit forrit as "paradigmatic" o "seasteading", the libertarian ideal o independence on the sea. Attwater's secret island fishery, abuin aw, "anticipates core elements of the modern seasteading movement", that in the 21st century fins some favour amang billionaire secessionists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wexler |first=Ivey |date=2025 |title=Is Seasteading Another Word for Colonialism? |url=https://edgeeffects.net/seasteading/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Edge Effects |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1883 Stevenson wrote in private aboot the chief propagandist an organiser o the Fenian dynamite campaign in Ingland, Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa: "If that is the new world ... damn, deracinate and destroy him, root and branch, self and company, world without end".<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Ó Donghaile |first=Deaglán |date=2018 |title="Parliament in Burning": Dynamite Terrorism and the English novel |journal=LJMU Research Online |pages=1-2}}</ref> This fury cam afore "The Dynamiter" (1885), ane o a collection o linked stories (''More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter''). Stevenson wrote the collection in open collaboration wi his wife, Fanny, at a time when a nummer o ailments kept him in his bed in a daurkent room.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fielding |first=Penny |date=2017 |title=A Dangerous Collaboration |url=https://dangerouswomenproject.org/2017/01/06/a-dangerous-collaboration/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=Dangerous Women Project |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327075223/http://dangerouswomenproject.org/2017/01/06/a-dangerous-collaboration/ |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A satirical tale, it brocht the Fenian fecht against Breetish rule in Ireland doon tae a "'private and barbarous war' rinsed of any ideological motivation".<ref name=":4" /> In Januar 1888, aged 37, in repone tae American press coverage o the Laund War in Ireland, Stevenson sent ''Scribner's'' ''Magazine'' an essay in which he argued the case for "staying internal violence by rigid law". For aw its title, "Confessions of a Unionist", Stevenson defends naither the union wi Breetain (she haed "majestically demonstrated her incapacity to rule Ireland") nor "landlordism" (haurdly mair defensible in Ireland than, as he haed seen it, in the gowdfields o Californie).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hayes-McCoy |first=G. A. |date=1950 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson and the Irish Question |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30099839 |journal=Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review |volume=39 |issue=154 |pages=130–140 |issn=0039-3495}}</ref> Raither, he objects tae the readiness tae pass "lightly" ower crimes ("unmanly murders and the harshest extremes of boycotting") whaur thir are deemed "political". This, he argues, is tae "defeat law" (that is aye a "compromise") an tae invite "anarchy": it is "the sentimentalist preparing the pathway for the brute".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044086813177&view=1up&seq=10 |title=Confessions of a Unionist |date=1921 |publisher=Privately Printed by G.G. Winchip |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815023342/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044086813177&view=1up&seq=10 |url-status=live }}</ref> Stevenson withdrew the essay afore it wis published, an it didnae appear in his lifetime.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teal |first=Karen Kurt |date=2007 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson and the Colonial Imagination (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/214199 |journal=Victorian Periodicals Review |language=en |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=80–83 |doi=10.1353/vpr.2007.0024 |issn=1712-526X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It wis anerly in his last years, when he witnessed colonial encroachment in the Sooth Seas, that he stairtit tae mak direct political representations.<ref name="Calder" /> In thir, an in his remainin fiction, the biographer Julia Reid fins that Stevenson resists confident assumptions aboot evolutionary social progress, sae that he uises Darwinian ideas, no tae justify European colonial expansion, but tae criticise its destructive effect.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reid |first=Julia |title=Robert Louis Stevenson, Science, and the Fin de Siècle |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-230-23032-3 |location=Basingstoke |pages=147, 176}}</ref> ==Last years in the Pacific== ===Pacific vaiges=== [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson playing his flageolet, published 1902.jpg|thumb|Stevenson playin a flageolet in Hawaii, c. 1889]] [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson and King Kalakaua and his Singing Boys.jpg|thumb|Stevenson an King Kalākaua o Hawaii, c. 1889]] In Juin 1888 Stevenson hired the yacht ''Casco'' frae Samuel Merritt, an the faimily set sail frae San Francisco. The ship "plowed her path of snow across the empty deep, far from all track of commerce, far from any hand of help."<ref>Quoted from Stevenson's diary in Overton, Jacqueline M. ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15547/15547-h/15547-h.htm The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson for Boys and Girls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012041600/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15547/15547-h/15547-h.htm |date=12 October 2008 }}''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1933</ref> The sea air an the thrill o adventure brocht back his heal for a time, an for near three year he wandered the eastren an central Pacific. He bade for lang spells in the Hawaiian Islands, whaur he becam guid freends wi King Kalākaua, an he befreendit the king's niece Princess Victoria Kaiulani, that haed Scots heritage an aw. Alang the wey he bade a while in the Gilbert Islands, Tahiti, New Zealand an the Samoan Islands. In this time he feenisht ''The Master of Ballantrae'', wrote twa ballads based on the legends o the islanders, an wrote ''The Bottle Imp''. He keepit the experience o thir years in his letters, an in his ''In the South Seas'' (published efter his daith).<ref>''In the South Seas'' (1896) & (1900) Chatto & Windus; republished by The Hogarth Press (1987). A collection of Stevenson's articles and essays on his travels in the Pacific</ref> In 1889 he gaed on a vaige wi Lloyd on the tradin schooner ''Equator'', veesitin Butaritari, Mariki, Apaiang an Abemama in the [[Kiribati|Gilbert Islands]].<ref name="South Seas 1896">''In the South Seas'' (1896)& (1900) Chatto & Windus; republished by The Hogarth Press (1987)</ref> They spent several month on Abemama wi the tyrant chief Tem Binoka, that Stevenson describit in ''In the South Seas''.<ref name="South Seas 1896" /> In 1889 Stevenson veesitit the leper colony on Molokaʻi, Hawaii, whaur leper lassies were cared for bi the Sisters o Saunt Francis, led bi Mother Marianne Cope. He brocht a croquet set an learnt the lassies tae play. He spent a week thare, an efter he left he haed a piano shippit tae them frae Honolulu.<ref> ''Pilgrimage and Exile: Mother Marianne of Moloka‘i'' by Sister Mary Laurence Hanley, Order of Saint Francis, and O. A. Bushnell (Honolulu: Mutual Publishing, 2009)</ref> In Aprile 1890 Stevenson left [[Sydney]], Australie, on the ''Janet Nicoll'' for his third an last vaige amang the Sooth Sea islands.<ref name="fanny1914">[https://archive.org/details/cruiseofjanetnic00stevuoft ''The Cruise of the Janet Nichol Among the South Sea Islands''], Mrs Robert Louis Stevenson, [[Charles Scribner's Sons]], New York, 1914</ref> He meant tae write anither traivel buik tae follae ''In the South Seas'', but in the end it wis his wife that published her journal o their third vaige. (Fanny gets the ship's nem wrang in her account, ''The Cruise of the Janet Nichol''.)<ref>''The Cruise of the Janet Nichol among the South Sea Islands'' A Diary by Mrs Robert Louis Stevenson (first published 1914), republished 2004, editor, Roslyn Jolly (U. of Washington Press/U. of New South Wales Press)</ref> Ane o his fellae passengers wis Jack Buckland, whase stories o life as an island trader inspired the character o Tommy Hadden in ''The Wrecker'' (1892), that Stevenson an Lloyd Osbourne wrote thegither.<ref name="Jack Buckland 2001 p. 418">Selected Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson, ed. by Ernest Mehew (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2001) p. 418, n. 3</ref><ref>Robert Louis Stevenson, The Wrecker, in Tales of the South Seas: Island Landfalls; The Ebb-Tide; The Wrecker (Edinburgh: Canongate Classics, 1996), ed. and introduced by Jenni Calder</ref> In 1894 Buckland cam tae see the Stevensons at Vailima.<ref>'Memories of Vailima' by Isobel Strong & Lloyd Osbourne, Archibald Constable & Co: Westminster (1903)</ref> {{clear}} ===Politics in Samoa=== [[File:Stevenson vailima.jpg|thumb|The writer wi his wife an their hoosehauld at Vailima, Samoa, c. 1892]] In December 1889 the 39-year-auld Stevenson an his extendit faimily arrived at the port o Apia in the Samoan islands, an thare he an Fanny decidit tae settle. In Januar 1890 they bocht {{cvt|314+1/4|acre}} at Vailima, a few mile inland frae Apia, the capital, an on it they biggit the islands' first twa-storey hoose. Fanny's sister, Nellie Van de Grift Sanchez, wrote that "it was in Samoa that the word 'home' first began to have a real meaning for these gypsy wanderers".<ref name="Farrell 2019">{{Cite news |last=Farrell |first=Joseph |date=8 September 2019 |title=The story of Samoa's love for Robert Louis Stevenson |work=The National |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/17887450.story-samoas-love-robert-louis-stevenson/ |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027063302/https://www.thenational.scot/news/17887450.story-samoas-love-robert-louis-stevenson/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In Mey 1891 Stevenson's mither, Margaret, cam tae jine them. While his wife set aboot managin an wirkin the estate, the 40-year-auld Stevenson took the native nem Tusitala (Samoan for "Teller of Tales"), an stairtit gaitherin local stories. Aften he wad swap thir for his ain tales. The first wark o literature in Samoan wis his owersettin o ''The Bottle Imp'' (1891),<ref name="Farrell 2019" /> that sets a moral fable in a community spreid ower the hale Pacific. Steepin himsel in the islands' culture brocht on a "political awakening": it pit Stevenson "at an angle" tae the rival [[Great pouer|great pouers]], Breetain, [[German Empire|Germany]] an the Unitit States, whase warships were a common sicht in Samoan herbours.<ref name="Jamie">{{Cite news |last=Jamie |first=Kathleen |date=20 August 2017 |title=Scot of the South Seas: Robert Louis Stevenson in Samoa |work=New Statesman |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2017/08/scot-south-seas-robert-louis-stevenson-samoa |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027052324/https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2017/08/scot-south-seas-robert-louis-stevenson-samoa |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Farrell" /> He unnerstuid that, as in the [[Scots Hielands]] (comparisons wi his hame kintra "came readily"), an indigenous clan society wisnae ready for the arrival o forreiners that played on its existin rivalries an divisions. As the ootside pressures on Samoan society grew, the tensions suin gaed doon intae several wars atween clans.<ref name="Calder">Jenni Calder, Introduction, {{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=Island Landfalls |date=1987 |publisher=Cannongate |isbn=0-86241-144-0 |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> Nae langer content tae be a "romancer", Stevenson becam a reporter an an agitator, firin aff letters tae ''The Times'' that "rehearsed with an ironic twist that surely owed something to his Edinburgh legal training" a tale o European an American misconduct.<ref name="Calder" /> His concern for the Polynesians is fund an aw in the ''South Sea Letters'', published in magazines in 1891 (an syne as a buik, ''In the South Seas'', in 1896). In an effort he feared micht get him deportit, Stevenson helped tae get twa European officials cried back. ''A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa'' (1892) wis a detailed chronicle o hou the rivalries o the great pouers crossed wi the first Samoan Civil War.[[File:Robert Louis Stevenson birthday fete, Samoa 1896.jpg|thumb|left|Stevenson's birthday fete at Vailima, November 1894]] For aw he said he couldnae thole politics ("I used to think meanly of the plumber", he wrote tae his freend Sidney Colvin, "but how he shines beside the politician!"<ref>Letter to Sidney Colvin, 17 April 1893, ''Vailima Letters'', [[S:Vailima Letters/Chapter XXVIII|Chapter XXVIII]]</ref>) Stevenson felt he haed tae tak sides. He sided openly wi the chief Mataafa, whase rival Malietoa wis backit bi the Germans, whase firms were stairtin tae monopolise the processin o copra an cocoa beans.<ref name="Farrell" /> Abuin aw, Stevenson wis alairmed bi whit he saw as the Samoans' economic innocence: their failin tae mak siccar their claim tae awn the laund (in a [[John Locke|Lockean]] sense)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Graeber |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8gZEAAAQBAJ |title=The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity |last2=Wengrow |first2=David |date=19 October 2021 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-241-40245-0 |pages=149 |language=en}}</ref> throu better management an labour. In 1894, jist months afore his daith, he spak tae the island chiefs:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lang |first=Andrew |url=https://www.readcentral.com/mobile/chapters/Andrew-Lang/The-Works-of-Robert-Louis-Stevenson-Vol-25/011 |title=The Works of Robert Louis Stevenson Vol 25, Appendix II |date=1911 |publisher=Chatto and Windus |location=London |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027055506/https://www.readcentral.com/mobile/chapters/Andrew-Lang/The-Works-of-Robert-Louis-Stevenson-Vol-25/011 |url-status=live }}</ref><blockquote>There is but one way to defend Samoa. Hear it before it is too late. It is to make roads, and gardens, and care for your trees, and sell their produce wisely, and, in one word, to occupy and use your country... if you do not occupy and use your country, others will. It will not continue to be yours or your children's, if you occupy it for nothing. You and your children will, in that case, be cast out into outer darkness".</blockquote> He haed "seen these judgments of God", no anerly in Hawaii, whaur desertit native kirks stuid lik heidstanes "over a grave, in the midst of the white men's sugar fields", but in Ireland an aw, an "in the mountains of my own country Scotland".<blockquote>These were a fine people in the past brave, gay, faithful, and very much like Samoans, except in one particular, that they were much wiser and better at that business of fighting of which you think so much. But the time came to them as it now comes to you, and it did not find them ready...</blockquote> Five year efter Stevenson's daith, the Samoan Islands were pairtit atween Germany an the Unitit States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=German Colonies in the Pacific |url=https://www.nla.gov.au/selected-library-collections/german-colonies-in-the-pacific |access-date=29 January 2021 |website=National Library of Australia |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203191950/https://www.nla.gov.au/selected-library-collections/german-colonies-in-the-pacific |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Last warks== [[File:Stevenson Barnett.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait bi Henry Walter Barnett, 1893]] Stevenson wrote aboot 700,000 wirds in his years on Samoa. He feenisht ''The Beach of Falesá'', the tale, telt in the first person, o a Scots copra trader on a Sooth Sea island, a man that is nae hero, naither in his actions nor in his ain saul. Raither, he is a man o limitit unnerstaundin an imagination, at hame wi his ain prejudices: whaur, he wonders, can he fin "whites" for his "half caste" dochters? The villains are white, an their wey wi the islanders is ruthlessly twa-faced.{{Citation needed|date=Mairch 2026}} Stevenson saw "The Beach of Falesá" as the grund-breakin wark in his turn awa frae romance tae realism. He wrote tae his freend Sidney Colvin: <blockquote>It is the first realistic South Seas story; I mean with real South Sea character and details of life. Everybody else that has tried, that I have seen, got carried away by the romance, and ended in a kind of sugar candy sham epic, and the whole effect was lost... Now I have got the smell and look of the thing a good deal. You will know more about the South Seas after you have read my little tale than if you had read a library.<ref name="owc">Roslyn Jolly (editor). ''Robert Louis Stevenson: South Sea Tales''. The World's Classics. Oxford University Press. 1996. See "Introduction".</ref></blockquote> ''The Ebb-Tide'' (1894), the misadventures o three ne'er-dae-weels left stranded in the Tahitian port o Papeete, haes been describit as giein "a microcosm of imperialist society, directed by greedy but incompetent whites, the labour supplied by long-suffering natives who fulfil their duties without orders and are true to the missionary faith which the Europeans make no pretence of respecting".<ref name="sst">Roslyn Jolly, "Introduction" in ''Robert Louis Stevenson: South Sea Tales'' (1996)</ref> It confirmed the new realistic turn in Stevenson's writin, awa frae romance an adolescent adventure. The first sentence reads: "Throughout the island world of the Pacific, scattered men of many European races and from almost every grade of society carry activity and disseminate disease". Stevenson wis nae langer writin aboot human naitur "in terms of a contest between Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde": "the edges of moral responsibility and the margins of moral judgement were too blurred".<ref name="Calder" /> As wi ''The Beach of Falesà'', reviewers at the time saw parallels in ''The Ebb Tide'' wi several o Conrad's warks: ''Almayer's Folly'', ''An Outcast of the Islands'', ''The Nigger of the 'Narcissus<nowiki>'</nowiki>'', ''Heart of Darkness'' an ''Lord Jim''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tabachnick |first=Stephen |date=January 2011 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson and Joseph Conrad: Writers of Transition (review) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236819296 |journal=English Literature in Transition 1880–1920 |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=247–250 |access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Sandison">{{Cite book |last=Sandison |first=Alan |title=Robert Louis Stevenson and the Appearance of Modernism |date=1996 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-349-39295-7 |location=London |pages=317–368}}</ref><ref name="Farrell">{{Cite book |last=Farrell |first=Joseph |title=Robert Louis Stevenson in Samoa |date=2017 |publisher=Maclehose Press |isbn=978-0-85705-995-6 |location=London}}</ref> Wi his imagination still bidin in Scotland, an gaun back tae his earlier form, Stevenson wrote ''Catriona'' (1893) an aw, a sequel tae his earlier novel ''Kidnapped'' (1886), cairyin on the adventures o its hero, David Balfour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson – Bibliography: Detailed list of works |url=https://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/works |website=robert-louis-stevenson.org |access-date=20 April 2008 |archive-date=4 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204193447/http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/works |url-status=live }}</ref> As a writer he felt that "there was never any man had so many irons in the fire",<ref>Letter to [[Sidney Colvin]], 3 January 1892, ''Vailima Letters'', [[S:Vailima Letters/Chapter XIV|Chapter XIV]].</ref> but bi the end o 1893 he wis feart he haed "overworked" an wurn oot his creative vein.<ref>Letter to Sidney Colvin, December 1893, ''Vailima Letters'', [[S:Vailima Letters/Chapter XXXV|Chapter XXXV]]</ref> His writin wis pairtly driven bi the need tae meet the costs o Vailima. But in a last burst o energy he stairtit wark on ''Weir of Hermiston''. "It's so good that it frightens me," he is said tae hae cried oot.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_yVz2M7C38C&pg=PR16 |title=An Inland Voyage, Including Travels with a Donkey |publisher=Cosimo, Inc. |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59605-823-1 |editor-last=Robert Allen Armstrong |page=xvi}}</ref> He felt it wis the best wark he haed duin.<ref>"To H. B. Baildon, Vailima, Upolu [undated, but written in 1891].," ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 2, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 2/Chapter XI|Chapter XI]]</ref> Set in aichteent-century Scotland, it is the story o a society that, however different, is seein, lik Samoa, a brakdoon o social rules an structures that leads tae growin moral ambivalence.<ref name="Calder" /> ==Daith== On 3 December 1894, while he wis restin at his hame in Vailima, Stevenson wis talkin tae his wife an strauchlin tae open a bottle o wine when aw at ance he cried oot, "What's that?", then speired at his wife, "Does my face look strange?", an collapsed.<ref name=":0">Balfour, Graham (1906). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GrA5nEhnLh0C The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson]'' London: Methuen. </ref> (Some soorces hae said that he wis tryin tae mak mayonnaise insteid when he collapsed.)<ref name="Farrell 2017 p. 199">{{cite book | last=Farrell | first=J. | title=Robert Louis Stevenson in Samoa | publisher=Quercus Publishing | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-84866-882-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KI9EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT199 | access-date=10 March 2023 | page=199 | archive-date=10 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310054215/https://books.google.com/books?id=KI9EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT199 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Theroux 2017 p. 507">{{cite book | last=Theroux | first=A. | title=Einstein's Beets | publisher=Fantagraphics Books | series=Mersion: Emergent Village Resources for Communities of Faith Series | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-60699-976-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XpSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA507 | language=de | access-date=10 March 2023 | page=507 | archive-date=10 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310054215/https://books.google.com/books?id=-XpSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA507 | url-status=live }}</ref> He died within a few oors, aged 44, mibbie frae a brain haemorrhage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Letter tells of final hours of Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://media.nls.uk/news/letter-tells-of-final-hours-of-robert-louis-stevenson |website=National Library of Scotland Newsroom |access-date=16 December 2024 |date=2 December 2016}}</ref> Research published in 2000 suggests that Stevenson micht hae haed hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Rendu-Weber Syndrome). This wad explain his lang-staundin trouble wi his breathin, the haemorrhages o the lungs that kept comin back, an his early daith. It micht explain an aw a stroke his mither seems tae hae haed at 38, that wisnae reportit afore.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guttmacher |first1=Alan E. |last2=Callahan |first2=J.R. |title=Did Robert Louis Stevenson have hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia? |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics |date=6 March 2000 |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=62–65 |doi=10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(20000306)91:1<62::aid-ajmg11>3.0.co;2-3|pmid=10751091 }}</ref> Efter his daith the Samoans wad hae a watch kept roond his body throu the nicht, an they cairied him on their shooders tae Mount Vaea nearhaund. Thare they buried him on a spot owerleukin the sea, on laund gien bi the Breetish Actin Vice Consul Thomas Trood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stevenson's tomb |url=http://www.nls.uk/rlstevenson/pics/picture-i3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208193430/http://www.nls.uk/rlstevenson/pics/picture-i3.html |archive-date=8 December 2008 |access-date=20 October 2008 |publisher=National Library of Scotland }}</ref> This epitaph, based on Stevenson's poem "Requiem",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |url=https://archive.org/details/underwoods00stevrich/page/43/mode/1up |title=Underwoods |year=1887 |location=London |publisher=Chatto and Windus |page=43}}</ref> is cut on his tomb:<ref>{{cite web|title=Wide and Starry Sky|last=Mattix|first=Micah|website=Washington Examiner|date=4 November 2018|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/wide-and-starry-sky|access-date=21 November 2022|archivedate=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231947/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/wide-and-starry-sky|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Grave of Robert Louis Stevenson 1909.jpg|thumb|His tomb on Mount Vaea, c. 1909]] <blockquote><poem>Under the wide and starry sky Dig the grave and let me lie Glad did I live and gladly die And I laid me down with a will This be the verse you grave for me Here he lies where he longed to be Home is the sailor home from the sea And the hunter home from the hill</poem></blockquote> Stevenson wis luved bi the Samoans, an the epitaph on his heidstane wis owerset intae a Samoan sang o grief.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jolly |first=Roslyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72BxumU5mlsC&pg=PA160 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson in the Pacific: Travel, Empire, and the Author's Profession |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7546-6195-5 |page=160}}</ref> The requiem is on the east side o the grave. On the wast side is cut the passage frae the Bible, Ruth 1:16–17: <blockquote><poem>Whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge: And thy people shall be my people, and thy God shall be my God: Where thou diest will I die, and there will I be buried.<ref>Harry J. Moors, ''With Stevenson in Samoa'', Boston: Small, Maynard, 1910, [https://archive.org/details/withstevensonins00mooruoft/page/214/mode/2up?q=cooper p. 214].</ref></poem></blockquote> The ensign flag that wis drapit ower his coffin in Samoa wis brocht back tae Edinburgh, an nou hings in a gless case abuin the fireplace in rooms in Edinburgh University's Old College that belang tae The Speculative Society, that he wis a member o.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/254527/edinburgh-south-bridge-university-of-edinburgh-old-college-rooms-of-the-speculative-society |title=Edinburgh, South Bridge, University of Edinburgh, Old College, Rooms of the Speculative Society |date= |website=Canmore |publisher=Historic Environment Scotland |access-date=9 July 2024}}</ref> ==Airtistic reception== [[File:Picture of Stevenson by Barrie.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait bi Henry Walter Barnett in 1893, sent bi Stevenson tae [[J. M. Barrie]]|left]] Hauf o Stevenson's original manuscripts are lost, amang them thae o ''Treasure Island'', ''The Black Arrow'' an ''The Master of Ballantrae''. His heirs selt his papers throu the [[Warld War I|First Warld War]], an monie o his documents were roupit in 1918.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 2010 |title=Bid to trace lost Robert Louis Stevenson manuscripts |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10569471 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925134702/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10569471 |url-status=live }}</ref> Stevenson wis a celebrity in his ain time, an monie ither writers admired him, amang them Marcel Proust, [[Arthur Conan Doyle]], Henry James, [[J. M. Barrie]],<ref name="Chaney">{{Cite book |last=Chaney |first=Lisa |title=Hide-and-seek with Angels: The Life of J. M. Barrie |publisher=Arrow Books |year=2006 |isbn=0-09-945323-1 |location=London}}</ref> [[Rudyard Kipling]] an Emilio Salgari, an later Cesare Pavese, Bertolt Brecht, [[Ernest Hemingway]], Jack London, Vladimir Nabokov<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillard |first=R. H. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3f2ne_bk-xoC&pg=PR13 |title=Introduction to Treasure Island |publisher=Signet Classics |year=1998 |isbn=0-451-52704-6 |location=New York |page=xiii |author-link=R. H. W. Dillard |no-pp=true}}</ref> an G. K. Chesterton, that said Stevenson "seemed to pick the right word up on the point of his pen, like a man playing spillikins".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chesterton |first=Gilbert Keith |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Victorian_Age_in_Literature/Chapter_IV |title=The Victorian Age in Literature |publisher=Henry Holt and Co. |year=1913 |location=London |page=246 |author-link=G. K. Chesterton |access-date=28 July 2008 |archive-date=29 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629105004/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Victorian_Age_in_Literature/Chapter_IV |url-status=live }}</ref> For muckle o the 20t century Stevenson wis seen as a seicont-cless writer. He wis pit doon tae bairns' literature an horror,<ref name="arata" /> condemned bi literary figures sic as Virginia Woolf (dochter o his early mentor Leslie Stephen) an her husband Leonard Woolf, an bit bi bit he wis left oot o the canon o literature taucht in schuils.<ref name="arata" /> His exclusion wis at its warst in the 2,000-page ''Oxford Anthology of English Literature'' o 1973, that didnae mention him at aw, an ''The Norton Anthology of English Literature'' left him oot frae 1968 tae 2000 (1st–7t editions), anerly pittin him in the aicht edition (2006).<ref name=arata/> The late 20t century brocht a fresh leuk at Stevenson as an airtist o great range an insicht, a literary theorist, an essayist an social critic, a witness tae the colonial history o the Pacific Islands, an a humanist.<ref name=arata/> Roger Lancelyn Green, ane o the Oxford Inklings, praised him as a writer o a consistently heich level o "literary skill or sheer imaginative power", an a pioneer o the Age o the Story Tellers alangside H. Rider Haggard.<ref>introduction to 1965 [[Everyman's Library]] edition of the one-volume ''[[The Prisoner of Zenda]]'' and ''[[Rupert of Hentzau]]''</ref> He is nou thocht o as a peer o writers sic as Joseph Conrad (that Stevenson influenced wi his Sooth Seas fiction) an Henry James, wi new scholarly studies an organisations devotit tae him.<ref name="arata">Stephen Arata (2006). "Robert Louis Stevenson". David Scott Kastan (ed.). ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature''. Vol. 5: 99–102</ref> Throu aw the ups an doons o his scholarly reception, Stevenson haes bidden popular aw ower the warld. Accordin tae the Index Translationum, Stevenson is rankit the 26t maist owerset writer in the warld, aheid o [[Oscar Wilde]] an [[Edgar Allan Poe]].<ref name="indextrans">{{Cite web |title=Top 50 Authors |url=http://www.unesco.org/xtrans/bsstatexp.aspx?crit1L=5&nTyp=min&topN=50 |access-date=17 January 2019 |website=Index Translationum |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |archive-date=12 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612072938/http://www.unesco.org/xtrans/bsstatexp.aspx?crit1L=5&nTyp=min&topN=50 |url-status=live }}</ref> On Stevenson's modren nem, the American film critic [[Roger Ebert]] wrote in 1996: <blockquote>I was talking to a friend the other day who said he'd never met a child who liked reading Robert Louis Stevenson's ''Treasure Island''. Neither have I, I said. And he'd never met a child who liked reading Stevenson's ''Kidnapped''. Me neither, I said. My early exposure to both books was via the Classics Illustrated comic books. But I did read the books later, when I was no longer a kid, and I enjoyed them enormously. Same goes for Stevenson's ''Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde''. The fact is, Stevenson is a splendid writer of stories for adults, and he should be put on the same shelf with Joseph Conrad and Jack London instead of in between Winnie the Pooh and Peter Pan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1996-02-16 |title=Muppet Treasure Island |work=[[Chicago Sun Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/muppet-treasure-island-1996 |access-date=2019-05-07 |archive-date=25 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073540/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/muppet-treasure-island-1996 |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote> ==Stevenson an Scots== Stevenson wrote in Scots as weel as English. The seicont buik o ''Underwoods'' (1887) is "In Scots": saxteen poems, amang them "The Maker to Posterity", "A Mile an' a Bittock" an "A Lowden Sabbath Morn".<ref name="underwoods">{{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=Underwoods |year=1887 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/438 |via=Project Gutenberg |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> The Scots Language Centre cries this "a radical decision for his time".<ref>{{cite web |title=New RLS Website Now Live |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/view/id/1618 |website=Scots Language Centre |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Afore the Scots poems Stevenson pit a note on hou he wrote the leid. He said he "simply wrote my Scots as well as I was able, not caring if it hailed from Lauderdale or Angus, from the Mearns or Galloway", but the speech in his lug wis that o the Lothians: "it is there I heard the language spoken about my childhood".<ref name="underwoods" /> He wis fond o "the tongue of Fergusson and of Sir Walter", baith Edinburgh men, but Burns, he said, "has always sounded in my ear like something partly foreign".<ref name="underwoods" /> He thocht Scots wis deein oot, an wrote that he wantit "to have my hour as a native Maker, and be read by my own countryfolk in our own dying language".<ref name="underwoods" /> His short story "Thrawn Janet", gaithered intae ''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'' (1887), is telt maistly in Scots.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=The Merry Men, and Other Tales and Fables |year=1887 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/344 |via=Project Gutenberg |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Henry James cried it "a masterpiece in thirteen pages", a tale o the supernatural "related in the Scotch dialect".<ref>{{cite book |last=James |first=Henry |chapter=Robert Louis Stevenson |title=Partial Portraits |year=1888 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/58471 |via=Project Gutenberg |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Scots is in his novels an aw. ''Kidnapped'' (1886) is telt in English, but its dialogue is in "a Scots partly remembered from Stevenson's Edinburgh youth, including the language used by his family servants".<ref>{{cite web |last=Axford |first=Martin |title=Robert Louis Stevenson's Kidnapped: Teaching Notes |publisher=Association for Scottish Literary Studies |year=2007 |page=2 |url=https://asls.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/teachingnotes206.pdf |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> In ''Weir of Hermiston'', no feenisht at his daith, the characters gang back an forrit atween the twa leids: Archie, speakin wi Kirstie, is shawn "lapsing into the broad Scots".<ref>{{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=Weir of Hermiston: An Unfinished Romance |year=1896 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/380 |via=Project Gutenberg |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Syne his time some o his wark haes been owerset intae Scots. ''The Unco Case o' Dr Jekyll an' Mr Hyde'' (2008) is a graphic novel in Scots based on his novel, owerset bi James P. Spence,<ref>{{cite web |title=Unco Case o' Dr Jekyll an' Mr Hyde |url=https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781902407593 |website=Open Library |publisher=Waverley Books |date=19 February 2008 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jekyll and Hyde in Scots |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/view/id/1055 |website=Scots Language Centre |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> an Sheena Blackhall owerset the novel intae North-East Scots as ''Fey Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde'' (2018).<ref>{{cite web |title=Fey Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde |url=https://www.evertype.com/books/jekyll-sco.html |publisher=Evertype |year=2018 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> ==Monuments an commemoration== ===Unitit Kinrick=== [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson sculpture in St. Giles' cathedral.jpg|thumb|Bronze relief memorial tae Stevenson in [[St Giles' Cathedral|St. Giles' Cathedral]], Edinburgh|left]] [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson head.JPG|thumb|Profile bust o Stevenson, [[Writers' Museum]], Edinburgh]]The [[Writers' Museum]] near Edinburgh's [[Ryal Mile|Royal Mile]] gies a room ower tae Stevenson, wi some o his personal belangins frae his bairnhood tae his grown-up years. In the Moray Aisle o [[St Giles' Cathedral]] in Edinburgh thare is a bronze relief memorial tae Stevenson, designed in 1904 bi the American sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial |url=http://www.stgilescathedral.org.uk/history/architecture/rlsmemorial.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828033429/http://www.stgilescathedral.org.uk/history/architecture/rlsmemorial.html |archive-date=28 August 2008 |access-date=20 October 2008 |publisher=St Giles' Cathedral }}</ref> A smaller version o this relief bi Saint-Gaudens is in the collection o the Montclair Art Museum in New Jersey.<ref>[50.199.148.5:8081/view/objects/asitem/45/97/primaryMaker-asc?t:state:flow=92095637-f394-4ee3-9846-f82e8985400e Saint-Gaudens, Augustus (American, 1848–1907): Robert Louis Stevenson, 1887–88 (cast after 1895)], accessed 26 February 2015</ref> Anither smaa version, that shows Stevenson wi a cigarette in his haund raither than the pen he hauds in the St Giles memorial, is on show in the Nichols House Museum in Beacon Hill, Boston.<ref>Petronella, Mary Melvin, ed., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qg_uLLXLY5kC&pg=PA107 Victorian Boston Today: Twelve Walking Tours]'' (Lebanon, N.H.: University Press of New England, 2004), p. 107.</ref> In the West Princes Street Gardens ablo [[Edinburgh Castle]], a plain upricht stane, makkit bi the sculptor Ian Hamilton Finlay in 1987, is cut wi the wirds "RLS – A Man of Letters 1850–1894".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial Grove |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/directory_record/139197/robert_louis_stevenson_memorial_grove |access-date=27 October 2013 |publisher=City of Edinburgh Council |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190654/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/directory_record/139197/robert_louis_stevenson_memorial_grove |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2013 a statue o Stevenson as a bairn wi his dug wis unveiled bi the writer [[Ian Rankin]] ootside Colinton Pairish Kirk.<ref name="BBCRLS">(27 October 2013) [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-24685842 Robert Louis Stevenson statue unveiled by Ian Rankin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028192850/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-24685842 |date=28 October 2018 }} BBC News Scotland, Retrieved 27 October 2013</ref> The sculptor wis Alan Herriot, an the siller tae pit it up wis raised bi the Colinton Community Conservation Trust.<ref name = BBCRLS/> Stevenson's hoose Skerryvore, at the heid o Alum Chine, wis badly damaged bi bombs in a destructive an deidly raid in the Bournemouth Blitz. For aw a campaign tae save it, the biggin wis dung doon.<ref name="O'Connor2014">{{Cite book |author=Sean O'Connor |title=Handsome Brute: The True Story of a Ladykiller |date=27 February 2014 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4711-0135-9}}</ref> In 1957 the Bournemouth Corporation laid oot a gairden as a memorial tae Stevenson, on the site o his Westbourne hoose, "Skerryvore", that he bade in frae 1885 tae 1887. Thare is a statue o the Skerryvore lighthoose on the site. Westbourne haes a Robert Louis Stevenson Avenue, named efter him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bach |first=Eric |title=Robert Louis Stevenson – he gave us the phrase "Jekyll and Hyde" |url=https://britishheritage.org/robert-louis-stevenson |access-date=13 April 2024 |website=British Heritage |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Robert Louis Stevenson statue.JPG|thumb|Statue o Stevenson as a bairn, ootside Colinton Pairish Kirk in Edinburgh|left]] The smaa hotel in Wick whaur Stevenson bade in the simmer o 1868 is nou cried Stevenson House, an is merkit wi a plaque. The hoose is near the herbour, in the pairt o Wick kent as Pultneytown.<ref name="auto"/> In 1994, tae merk the 100t anniversary o Stevenson's daith, the Royal Bank of Scotland issued a series o commemorative [[Fowk on Clydesdale Bank notes|£1 notes]], wi a quill pen an Stevenson's signature on the front, an Stevenson's face on the back. Alangside Stevenson's portrait are scenes frae some o his buiks, an his hoose in Wastren Samoa.<ref name="commemorative">{{Cite web |title=Royal Bank Commemorative Notes |url=http://www.rampantscotland.com/SCM/royalcomm.htm |access-date=14 October 2008 |publisher=Rampant Scotland |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525031728/http://www.rampantscotland.com/SCM/royalcomm.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Twa million notes were issued, ilk ane wi a serial nummer stairtin "RLS". The first note aff the press wis sent tae Samoa jist in time for their centenary celebrations on 3 December 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Banknotes: Commemorative Banknote |url=http://www.rbs.com/about03.asp?id=ABOUT_US/OUR_HERITAGE/OUR_HISTORY/OUR_BANKNOTES/COMMEMORATIVE_BANKNOTES |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015003123/http://www.rbs.com/about03.asp?id=ABOUT_US%2FOUR_HERITAGE%2FOUR_HISTORY%2FOUR_BANKNOTES%2FCOMMEMORATIVE_BANKNOTES |archive-date=15 October 2007 |access-date=20 October 2008 |publisher=The Royal Bank of Scotland }}</ref> In 2024 it wis annoonced that a sculpture on the theme o Jekyll an Hyde wad be pit up near whaur Skerryvore ance stuid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=Jekyll and Hyde-themed sculpture to honour Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn019r6y4ego |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> ===Unitit States=== The Stevenson House at 530 Houston Street in Monterey, Californie, ance the French Hotel, minds on Stevenson's stay in 1879 in "the Old Pacific Capital", when he wis crossin the Unitit States tae jine his future wife, Fanny Osbourne. The Stevenson House museum haes a bas-relief o the sickly writer writin in his bed. Spyglass Hill Golf Course, first cried Pebble Beach Pines Golf Club, wis renamed "Spyglass Hill" bi Samuel F. B. Morse (1885–1969), the foonder o the Pebble Beach Company, efter a place in Stevenson's ''Treasure Island''. Aw the holes at Spyglass Hill are named efter characters an places in the novel. The Robert Louis Stevenson Museum in St. Helena, Californie, is hame tae ower 11,000 objects an artifacts, the maist o them Stevenson's ain. It appent in 1969, an hauds sic traisures as his bairnhood rockin chair, his writin desk, his toy sodgers an his personal writins, amang monie ither things. The museum is free tae the public, an serves as an academic archive for students, writers an fowk keen on Stevenson. The Robert Louis Stevenson Cottage is a smaa memorial museum tae Stevenson, stappit wi artifacts an information, that gies an excellent introduction tae the writer an his warks. It is at Saranac Lake, NY, a few mile frae Lake Placid.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Cottage (Baker Cottage), Saranac Lake |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/107-baker-cottage-saranac-lake/ |website=RLS Website |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> Portsmouth Square in [[San Francisco]] haes an ootdoor Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial. In 2024 thare wis controversy ower the San Francisco statue. Jenny Leung, executive director o the Chinese Culture Center, said "There were a lot of vocal opinions about how ... Robert Louis Stevenson had nothing to do with Chinatown."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Sydney |date=25 January 2024 |orig-date=25 January 2024 |title=SF Chinatown Weighs in on Controversial Monuments in Portsmouth Square {{!}} KQED |url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11973503/sf-chinatown-weighs-in-on-controversial-monuments-in-portsmouth-square |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516215416/https://www.kqed.org/news/11973503/sf-chinatown-weighs-in-on-controversial-monuments-in-portsmouth-square |archive-date=16 May 2024 |access-date=11 August 2024 |website=www.kqed.org |language=en}}</ref> At least sax public an private schuils in the US are named efter Stevenson, amang them on the Upper West Side o Manhattan in New York Ceety,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson School |url=http://www.stevenson-school.org/ |access-date=8 June 2015 |website=stevenson-school.org |archive-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723000427/http://www.stevenson-school.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in Fridley, Minnesota,<ref>"[http://www.fridley.k12.mn.us/page.cfm?p=1703 R. L. Stevenson Elementary School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219034036/http://www.fridley.k12.mn.us/page.cfm?p=1703 |date=19 December 2014 }}". Fridley Public Schools. Retrieved 26 January 2014.</ref> in Burbank, Californie,<ref>"[https://www.burbankusd.org/rlses Robert Louis Stevenson Elementary School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227144937/https://www.burbankusd.org/rlses |date=27 December 2022 }}", Burbank Unified School District. Retrieved 27 December 2022.</ref> in Grandview Heights, Ohio, in [[San Francisco]], Californie,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Elementary |url=http://www.robertlouisstevensonschool.org/ |access-date=29 October 2016 |website=robertlouisstevensonschool.org |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028211428/http://www.robertlouisstevensonschool.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> an in Merritt Island, Florida.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Stevenson Elementary School: FAQ's |language=en |work=Edline |url=http://www.edline.net/pages/RLStevenson_Elementary/About_Us/FAQ_s |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-date=26 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326142150/http://www.edline.net/pages/RLStevenson_Elementary/About_Us/FAQ_s |url-status=live }}</ref> Thare is an R. L. Stevenson middle schuil in [[Honolulu]], Hawaii, an in Saint Helena, Californie. Stevenson School in Pebble Beach, Californie, wis set up in 1952 an is still gaun as a college preparatory boardin schuil. Robert Louis Stevenson State Park near Calistoga, Californie, taks in the place whaur he an Fanny spent their honeymuin in 1880.<ref>"[http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=472 Robert Louis Stevenson SP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015234559/http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=472 |date=15 October 2017 }}". California Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved 18 July 2014.</ref> A street in Honolulu's Waikiki District, whaur Stevenson bade while he wis in the Hawaiian Islands, wis named efter his Samoan nem, Tusitala.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farrell |first=Joseph |title=Robert Louis Stevenson and his meeting with a princess in Hawaii |work=The National |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/17950082.robert-louis-stevenson-meeting-princess-hawaii/ |access-date=6 May 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703005509/https://www.thenational.scot/news/17950082.robert-louis-stevenson-meeting-princess-hawaii/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Samoa=== [[File:Stephenson_Museum_Apia_banner.jpg|thumb|RLS Museum, Samoa]] Stevenson's former hame at Vailima, Samoa, is nou a museum devotit tae the later years o his life. The Robert Louis Stevenson Museum shows the hoose as it wis at the time o his daith, alang wi twa ither biggins addit tae Stevenson's original ane, makkin the museum three times the size. The peth tae Stevenson's grave at the tap o Mount Vaea stairts at the museum.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Museum |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/robert-louis-stevenson-museum |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516185526/https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/robert-louis-stevenson-museum |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Fraunce=== The Chemin de Stevenson (GR 70) is a popular lang-distance fitpath in Fraunce that follaes rouchly the road Stevenson describit in ''Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes''. Thare are monie monuments an businesses named efter him alang the wey, amang them a fountain in the toun o Saint-Jean-du-Gard, whaur Stevenson selt his cuddy Modestine an took a stagecoach tae [[Alès]].<ref name="castle">{{Cite book |last=Castle |first=Alan |title=The Robert Louis Stevenson Trail |date=2007 |publisher=Cicerone |isbn=978-1-85284-511-7 |edition=2nd}}</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Count Girolamo Nerli - Robert Louis Stevenson, 1850 - 1894. Essayist, poet and novelist - Google Art Project.jpg|Portrait bi Girolamo Nerli, 1892 File:Robert Louis Stevenson and Kalakaua in the King's boathouse (PP-96-14-008).jpg|Wi Kalākaua in the King's boathoose File:Robert Louis Stevenson by Sargent.jpg|Portrait bi John Singer Sargent, 1887 File:Sargent - Robert Louis Stevenson and His Wife.jpg|Stevenson walks up an doon his dinin room in an 1885 portrait bi John Singer Sargent. His wife Fanny, sittin in an Indian dress, can be seen in the bottom richt corner. File:Robert Louis Stevenson's Photograph.jpg|Anither portrait bi Barnett in 1893, a wee bit different frae the mair weel-kent ane. File:Robert stevenson.JPG|Portrait bi William Blake Richmond, 1886 File:Robert Louis Stevenson c.1890 slnsw.jpg|Robert Louis Stevenson an his wife Fanny, Nan Tok an Natakanti, Butaritari Island, Kiribati, c. 1890 </gallery> ==Warks== ===Novels=== [[File:Kidnapped p58 (WBHole).jpg|thumb|upright|Illustration frae ''Kidnapped''. Caption: "Hoseason turned upon him with a flash" (chaipter VII, "I Go to Sea in the Brig "Covenant" of Dysart")]] * ''The Hair Trunk or The Ideal Commonwealth'' (1877): no feenisht an no published.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McCracken |first=Edd |date=20 March 2011 |title=Found: Louis Stevenson's missing masterpiece |work=Sunday Herald |location=Glasgow |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/found-louis-stevenson-s-missing-masterpiece-1.1091457 |access-date=20 March 2011 |archive-date=9 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309204423/http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/found-louis-stevenson-s-missing-masterpiece-1.1091457 |url-status=live }}</ref> An annotatit edition o the original manuscript, editit an introduced bi Roger G. Swearingen, wis published as ''The Hair Trunk or The Ideal Commonwealth: An Extravaganza'' in August 2014. * ''Treasure Island'' (1883): his first muckle success, a tale o [[Piracy|piracy]], buried traisure an adventure, that haes been filmed monie times. In a letter tae W. E. Henley in 1881 he gied the earliest title kent, "The Sea Cook, or Treasure Island: a Story for Boys". * ''Prince Otto'' (1885): Stevenson's third full-lenth narrative, an action romance set in the imaginar Germanic state o Grünewald. * ''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'' (1886): a novella aboot a dooble personality, adaptit monie times for stage an film. It wis influential an aw in the growth o unnerstaundin o the subconscious mind, throu its story o a kind, clever doctor that turns intae a [[Psychopathy|psychopathic]] monster efter takkin a drug meant tae separate guid frae evil in a personality. * ''Kidnapped'' (1886): a historical novel that tells o the laddie David Balfour's ettle tae win his inheritance, an his alliance wi Allan Breck Stewart in the intrigues o the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] troubles in Scotland. * ''The Black Arrow'' (1888): a historical adventure novel an romance set in the Wars o the Roses. * ''The Master of Ballantrae'' (1889): a tale o revenge set in Scotland, America an Indie. * ''The Wrong Box'' (1889): written wi Lloyd Osbourne. A comic novel aboot a tontine; filmed in 1966, wi John Mills, Ralph Richardson an [[Michael Caine]]. * ''The Wrecker'' (1892): written wi Lloyd Osbourne. The last pairt wis filmed in 1957 as an episode o the television series ''Maverick'', wi James Garner an Jack Kelly, an full credit tae Stevenson an Osbourne. * ''Catriona'' (1893): kent an aw as ''David Balfour''; a sequel tae ''Kidnapped'' that tells o Balfour's faurer adventures. * ''The Ebb-Tide'' (1894): written wi Lloyd Osbourne. * ''Weir of Hermiston'' (1896): no feenisht at the time o Stevenson's daith; thocht tae hae promised great airtistic growth. * ''St Ives'' (1897): no feenisht at the time o Stevenson's daith; feenisht bi Arthur Quiller-Couch. * ''Sophia Scarlet'': notes frae 1892 for a novel he niver feenisht, editit bi Robert Hoskins in ''Sophia Scarlet and Other Pacific Writings'' (Auckland: AUT Media, 2008) ===Collections o short stories=== [[File:Portrait of R. L. Stevenson at the age of thirty-seven.jpg|thumb|upright|{{center|Stevenson at 37}}]] *''New Arabian Nights'' (1882) (11 stories) *''More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter'' (1885) (written wi Fanny Van de Grift Stevenson) *''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'' (1887) (6 stories) *''Island Nights' Entertainments'' (1893) (3 stories) *''Fables'' (1896) (20 stories: "The Persons of the Tale", "The Sinking Ship", "The Two Matches", "The Sick Man and the Fireman", "The Devil and the Innkeeper", "The Penitent", "The Yellow Paint", "The House of Eld", "The Four Reformers", "The Man and His Friend", "The Reader", "The Citizen and the Traveller", "The Distinguished Stranger", "The Carthorses and the Saddlehorse", "The Tadpole and the Frog", "Something in It", "Faith, Half Faith and No Faith at All", "The Touchstone", "The Poor Thing" an "The Song of the Morrow") *''Tales and Fantasies'' (1905) (3 stories) *''South Sea Tales'' (1996) (6 stories: "The Beach of Falesá", "The Bottle Imp", "The Isle of Voices", "The Ebb-Tide: A Trio and Quartette", "The Cart-Horses and the Saddle-Horse" an "Something in It") ===Short stories=== This is a list o his short stories in the order they were written<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/|title=Robert Louis Stevenson|website=robert-louis-stevenson.org|accessdate=8 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208073658/https://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> (leavin oot the stories he wrote wi Fanny in ''More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter''). {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Title !Date !Collection !Notes |- |"An Old Song" |1875 |No collectit |Stevenson's first published fiction, in ''London'', 1877, wi nae name pit tae it. Republished in 1982 bi R. Swearingen. |- |"When the Devil Was Well" |1875 |No collectit |First published in 1921, bi the Boston Bibliophile Society. |- |"Edifying Letters of the Rutherford Family" |1877 |No collectit |No feenisht. No richtly a short story. First published in 1982 bi R. Swearingen. |- |"Will o' the Mill" |1877 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 ||First published in ''The Cornhill Magazine'', 1878 |- |"A Lodging for the Night" |1877 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''Temple Bar'' in 1877 |- |"The Sire De Malétroit's Door" |1877 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''Temple Bar'' in 1878 |- |"The Suicide Club" |1878 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''London'' in 1878. Three linkit stories: "Story of the Young Man with the Cream Tarts", "Story of the Physician and the Saratoga Trunk" an "The Adventure of the Hansom Cab". Pairt o the ''Later-day Arabian Nights''. |- |"The Rajah's Diamond" |1878 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''London'' in 1878. Fower linkit stories: "Story of the Bandbox", "Story of the Young Man in Holy Orders", "Story of the House with the Green Blinds" an "The Adventure of Prince Florizel and a Detective". Pairt o the ''Later-day Arabian Nights''. |- |"Providence and the Guitar" |1878 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''London'' in 1878 |- |"The Story of a Lie" |1879 |''Tales and Fantasies'', 1905 |First published in ''New Quarterly Magazine'' in 1879. |- |"The Pavilion on the Links" |1880 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''The Cornhill Magazine'' in 1880. Telt in 9 wee chaipters. Later pit in ''New Arabian Nights'', wi a few bits cut. In 1890 [[Arthur Conan Doyle|Conan Doyle]] cried it the first English short story. |- |"Thrawn Janet" |1881 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 |First published in ''The Cornhill Magazine'', 1881 |- |"The Body Snatcher" |1881 |''Tales and Fantasies'', 1905 |First published in the Christmas 1884 edition o ''The Pall Mall Gazette''. |- |"The Merry Men" |1882 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 |First published in ''The Cornhill Magazine'' in 1882. Later pit, wi chynges, in ''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables''. |- |"Diogenes" |1882 |No collectit |Twa sketches: "Diogenes in London" an "Diogenes at the Savile Club". |- |"The Treasure of Franchard" |1883 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 |First published in ''Longman's Magazine'', 1883 |- |"Markheim" |1884 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 |First published in the ''Broken Shaft. Unwin's Annual.'', 1885 |- |"Olalla" |1885 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 |First published in ''The Court and Society Review'', 1885 |- |"The Great North Road" |1885 |No collectit |No feenisht bi Stevenson. First published in ''Illustrated London News''/''The Cosmopolitan'', 1895. Feenisht bi Stuart Campbell in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dick |first1=Sandra |title=Scottish author's tale abandoned 140 years ago finally gets an ending |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/life_style/25562070.lost-robert-louis-stevenson-book-finally-ending/ |access-date=24 November 2025 |work=The Herald |date=24 November 2025 |location=Glasgow |page=3 |language=en}}</ref> |- |"The Story of a Recluse" |1885 |No collectit |No feenisht. First published by the Boston Bibliophile Society, 1921. Feenisht bi [[Alasdair Gray]] in 1985. |- |"[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]" |1886 |On its ain, 1886 |Novella. Whiles cried, mair seldom, a short novel.<ref>''Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and Other Tales'', Robert Louis Stevenson. Oxford World's Classics.</ref> |- |"The Misadventures of John Nicholson" |1887 |''Tales and Fantasies'', 1905 |Novella, wi the subtitle "A Christmas Story". First published in ''Yule Tide'', 1887 |- |"The Clockmaker" |1880s |No collectit |Ane o twa fables no pit in the 1896 collection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parfect |first=Ralph |date=2005 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson's "The Clockmaker" and "The Scientific Ape": Two Unpublished Fables |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/366388 |journal=English Literature in Transition, 1880–1920 |language=en |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=387–400 |doi=10.2487/Y008-J320-0428-0742 |issn=1559-2715}}</ref> |- |"The Scientific Ape" |1880s |No collectit |Ane o twa fables no pit in the 1896 collection. |- |"The Enchantress" |1889 |No collectit |First published in the hairst 1989 issue o ''The Georgia Review''. |- |"Adventures of Henry Shovel" |1891 |No collectit |No feenisht. First published in the ''Vailima Edition'', Vol. 25. Published alang wi three ither short fragments: "The Owl", "Cannonmills" an "Mr Baskerville and His Ward". |- |"The Bottle Imp" |1891 |''Island Nights' Entertainments'', 1893 |First published in ''Black and White'', 1891 |- |"The Beach of Falesá" |1892 |''Island Nights' Entertainments'', 1893 |Novella. First published in ''The Illustrated London News'' in 1892 |- |"The Isle of Voices" |1892 |''Island Nights' Entertainments'', 1893 |First published in ''National Observer'', 1893 |- |"The Waif Woman" |1892 |No collectit |No feenisht. First published in the ''Scribner's Magazine'', 1914 |- |"The Young Chevalier" |1893 |No collectit |No feenisht. First published in the ''Edinburgh Edition'', Vol. 26, 1897 |- |"Heathercat" |1894 |No collectit |No feenisht. First published in the ''Edinburgh Edition'', Vol. 20, 1897 |} ===Non-fiction=== [[File:Pen and Ink Sketch of Stevenson.jpg|thumb|upright|Pen-an-ink sketch bi Wyatt Eaton, 1888]] *{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Béranger, Pierre Jean de|short=x}}: first published in the 9t edition (1875–1889). *''Virginibus Puerisque, and Other Papers'' (1881), wi the essays ''Virginibus Puerisque i'' (1876); ''Virginibus Puerisque ii'' (1881); ''Virginibus Puerisque iii: On Falling in Love'' (1877); ''Virginibus Puerisque iv: The Truth of Intercourse'' (1879); ''Crabbed Age and Youth'' (1878); ''An Apology for Idlers'' (1877); ''Ordered South'' (1874); ''Aes Triplex'' (1878); ''El Dorado'' (1878); ''The English Admirals'' (1878); ''Some Portraits by Raeburn'' (no published afore); ''Child's Play'' (1878); ''Walking Tours'' (1876); ''Pan's Pipes'' (1878); ''A Plea for Gas Lamps'' (1878). *''Familiar Studies of Men and Books'' (1882), wi ''Preface, by Way of Criticism'' (no published afore); ''Victor Hugo's Romances'' (1874); ''Some Aspects of Robert Burns'' (1879); ''The Gospel According to Walt Whitman'' (1878); ''Henry David Thoreau: His Character and Opinions'' (1880); ''Yoshida-Torajiro'' (1880); ''François Villon, Student, Poet, Housebreaker'' (1877); ''Charles of Orleans'' (1876); ''Samuel Pepys'' (1881); ''John Knox and his Relations to Women'' (1875). *''Memories and Portraits'' (1887), a collection o essays. *''On the Choice of a Profession'' (1887) *''The Day After Tomorrow'' (1887) *''Memoir of Fleeming Jenkin'' (1888) *''Father Damien: an Open Letter to the Rev. Dr. Hyde of Honolulu'' (1890) *''A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa'' (1892) *''Vailima Letters'' (1895) *''Prayers Written at Vailima'' (1904) *''Essays in the Art of Writing'' (1905) *''Lay Morals and Other Papers'' (published efter his daith, in 1911, bi Chatto & Windus): the unrevised notes for a plannit treatise on ethics, written in Edinburgh in the spring o 1879 *''The New Lighthouse on the Dhu Heartach Rock, Argyllshire'' (1995): based on a manuscript o 1872, editit bi R. G. Swearingen. Californie. Silverado Museum. ===Poetry=== *''Moral Emblems'' (1882) *''A Child's Garden of Verses'' (1885): written for bairns but popular wi their faithers an mithers an aw. It includes sic favourites as "My Shadow" an "The Lamplighter", an is aften thocht tae gie a positive pictur o the writer's sickly bairnhood. *''Underwoods'' (1887), a collection o poetry written in baith English an [[Scots leid|Scots]]<ref name="rlsworks">{{Cite web|title=Works {{!}} Robert Louis Stevenson|url=http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/rlsworks/|access-date=2022-05-12|language=en-GB|archive-date=2022-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412020910/http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/rlsworks/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''Ballads'' (1891): includes "Ticonderoga: A Legend of the West Highlands" (1887), based on a weel-kent Scots ghaist story, an "Heather Ale", arguably Stevenson's maist famous poem *''Songs of Travel and Other Verses'' (1896) *''Poems Hitherto Unpublished'', 3 vol. 1916, 1916, 1921, Boston Bibliophile Society, republished in ''New Poems'' ===Plays=== *''Three Plays'' (1892), written wi William Ernest Henley. It includes the plays ''Deacon Brodie'', ''Beau Austin'' an ''Admiral Guinea''. ===Traivel writin=== [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson with the Native Chief Tui-Ma-Le-Alh-Fano.jpg|thumb|upright|Stevenson wi the native chief Tui-Ma-Le-Alh-Fano]] *''An Inland Voyage'' (1878): traivels wi a freend in a ''Rob Roy'' canoe frae [[Antwerp]] (Belgium) tae Pontoise, jist north o Paris. *''Edinburgh: Picturesque Notes'' (1878): a hymn o praise tae his birthplace, that gies Stevenson's ain introduction tae ilka pairt o the ceety, an some o the history ahint its different pairts an its maist famous biggins. *''Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes'' (1879): a twa-week ramble on his lane (wi Modestine tae cairy his gear) in the Cévennes muntains (sooth-central Fraunce), ane o the first buiks tae present hikin an campin as ploys for pleesure. It tells o him gettin ane o the first sleepin bags ever makkit. *''The Silverado Squatters'' (1883): an unconventional honeymuin trip tae a desertit minin camp in the Napa Valley wi his new wife Fanny an her son Lloyd. He saw afore its time that the Californie wine industry wad be ane tae reckon wi. *''Across the Plains'' (written in 1879–80, published in 1892): the seicont stage o his journey, bi train frae New York tae Californie (efter that ''The Silverado Squatters'' taks up the tale). It includes ither traivel essays an aw. *''The Amateur Emigrant'' (written 1879–80, published 1895): an account o the first stage o his journey tae Californie, bi ship frae Europe tae New York. Andrew Noble (''From the Clyde to California: Robert Louis Stevenson's Emigrant Journey'', 1985) thinks it is his finest wark. *''The Old and New Pacific Capitals'' (1882): an account o his stay in Monterey, Californie, an [[San Francisco]] frae August tae December 1879.<ref>Stevenson,&nbsp;Robert Louis. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_amateur_emigrant_The_old_and_new_pac/ul0h1ivRBYYC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA146 The Amateur Emigrant. The Silverado Squatters. The Silverado Diary]''.&nbsp;The Works of Robert Louis Stevenson, South Seas Edition, Volume IV. New York: Scribner's,&nbsp;1925. 146.</ref><ref>Stevenson, Robert Louis. ''[https://archive.org/details/bwb_S0-EEW-772/page/n10/mode/1up From Scotland to Silverado]''. Edited by James D. Hart. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of [[Harvard University Press]] 1966. vf.</ref> ::"[https://archive.org/details/sim_frasers-magazine_1880-11_22_131/page/647/mode/1up The Old Pacific Capital]", ''Fraser's Magazine''. November, 1880. 647–57. ::"[https://archive.org/details/sim_magazine-of-art-1878_1883_6/page/272/mode/1up A Modern Cosmopolis]", ''The Magazine of Art''. Mey, 1883. 272–6. *''Essays of Travel'' (London: Chatto & Windus, 1905) *Sawyers, June Skinner (ed.) (2002), ''Dreams of Elsewhere: The Selected Travel Writings of Robert Louis Stevenson'', The In Pin, Glasgow, {{isbn|1-903238-62-5}} ===Island literature=== Though they're no weel kent, his island fiction an non-fiction is amang the maist valuable an collectit o the 19t-century body o wark aboot the Pacific. *''In the South Seas'' (1896): a collection o Stevenson's airticles an essays on his traivels in the Pacific. *''A Footnote to History, Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa'' (1892). ==See an aw== * [[Writers' Museum]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Soorces== *Graham Balfour (1901), ''The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson'', London: Methuen *Calder, Jenni (1980), ''RLS: A Life Study'', London: Hamish Hamilton, {{isbn|0-241-10374-6}} *{{Cite book |last=Callow |first=Philip |title=Louis: A Life of Robert Louis Stevenson |publisher=Constable |year=2001 |isbn=0-09-480180-0 |location=London}} *John Jay Chapman (1969), "Robert Louis Stevenson", in ''Emerson, and Other Essays''. New York: AMS Press, 1969, {{ISBN|0-404-00619-1}} (reprinted from the edition of 1899) *David Daiches (1973), ''Robert Louis Stevenson and His World'', London: Thames and Hudson, {{ISBN|0-500-13045-0}} *Malcolm Elwin (1950), ''The Strange Case of Robert Louis Stevenson'', London: Macdonald. *Farrell, Joseph (2017), ''Robert Louis Stevenson in Samoa''. London: Maclehose Press. {{ISBN|978-0-85705-995-6}}. *J.C. Furnas (1952), ''Voyage to Windward: The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson'', London: Faber and Faber. *Claire Harman (2005), ''Robert Louis Stevenson: A Biography'', HarperCollins, {{ISBN|0-00-711321-8}} [reviewed by Matthew Sturgis in ''The Times Literary Supplement'', 11 March 2005, page 8] * Knight, Alanna (ed.) (1986), ''R.L.S. in the South Seas: An Intimate Photographic Record'', Edinburgh: Mainstream. {{ISBN|978-185158013-2}} *McLynn, Frank (1993), ''Robert Louis Stevenson. A Biography''. London: Hutchinson. *Rosaline Masson (1912), ''Robert Louis Stevenson''. London: The People's Books. *——— (1923), ''The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson''. Edinburgh & London: W. & R. Chambers. *——— (ed.) (1923), ''I Can Remember Robert Louis Stevenson''. Edinburgh & London: W. & R. Chambers. *Ernest Mehew (2004), "Robert Louis Stevenson", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford: OUP. Retrieved 29 September 2008 * {{Cite book |last=Pinero |first=Arthur Wing |title=Robert Louis Stevenson: The Dramatist |date=1903 |publisher=Philosophical Institution of Edinburgh |location=London |author-link=Arthur Wing Pinero}} *Pope-Hennessy, James (1974), ''Robert Louis Stevenson. A Biography'', London: Cape. {{ISBN|0-224-01007-7}} *Reid, Julia (2009), ''Robert Louis Stevenson, Science, and the Fin de Siècle'', Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-23032-3 *Eve Blantyre Simpson (1898), ''Robert Louis Stevenson's Edinburgh Days'', London: Hodder & Stoughton. *——— (1912), ''The Robert Louis Stevenson Originals'', [With illustrations and facsimiles], London & Edinburgh: T. N. Foulis. * {{Cite book |last=Stephen |first=Leslie |title=Studies of a Biographer |publisher=Duckworth & Co. |year=1902 |volume=4 |location=London |pages=206–246 |chapter=Robert Louis Stevenson |author-link=Leslie Stephen}} ==Faurer readin== * Capus, Alex. ''Sailing by Starlight: In Search of Treasure Island. A Conjecture'', London, Haus Publishing, 2010. {{isbn|978-1-90659-878-5}} * Clunas, Alex, ''R.L. Stevenson, Precursor of the Post-Moderns?'', in Murray, Glen (ed.), ''Cencrastus'' No. 6, Autumn 1981, pp.&nbsp;9 – 11 * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Stevenson, Robert Lewis Balfour | volume= 25 |last= Gosse |first= Edmund William |author-link= Edmund William Gosse| pages = 907&ndash;910 }} * Hammond, J. R. ''A Robert Louis Stevenson Chronology'', Macmillan Press, 1997. {{isbn|978-0-333-63888-0}} * Hubbard, Tom (1996), "Debut at Antwerp: The [[Flanders]] Chapters of Robert Louis Stevenson's ''An Inland Voyage'', in Hubbard, Tom (2022), ''Invitation to the Voyage: Scotland, Europe and Literature'', Rymour, pp. 48 – 52, {{isbn|9-781739-596002}} * Hubbard, Tom (2009), "Writing Scottishly on Non-Scottish Matters", in Hubbard, Tom (2022), ''Invitation to the Voyage: Scotland, Europe and Literature'', Rymour, pp.&nbsp;135 – 138, {{isbn|9-781739-596002}} * Mintz, Steven. ''A Prison of Expectations: The Family in Victorian Culture'', New York University Press, 1983. * Shaw, Michael (ed.), ''A Friendship in Letters: Robert Louis Stevenson & J.M. Barrie'', Sandstone Press, Inverness, 2020, {{isbn|978-1-913207-02-1}} ==Freemit airtins== {{wikisource|works=or}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Library resources box}} * {{Gutenberg author |id=35}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Robert Louis Stevenson}} * {{Librivox author |id=115}} *[https://digital.nls.uk/rlstevenson/browse/archive/84240597 Early editions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224192822/https://digital.nls.uk/rlstevenson/browse/archive/84240597 |date=24 February 2024 }}, includin buiks, collectit an uncollectit essays an serialisations frae the National Library of Scotland *[http://www.bl.uk/people/robert-louis-stevenson Robert Louis Stevenson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922151730/http://www.bl.uk/people/robert-louis-stevenson |date=22 September 2021 }} at the British Library *Archive material at [https://explore.library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-explore/7440/robert_louis_stevenson_correspondence_and_literar Leeds University Library] * [https://rose.library.emory.edu/ Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library], Emory University: [http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/8zg0n Robert Louis Stevenson collection, circa 1890–1923]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * Edwin J. Beinecke Collection of Robert Louis Stevenson. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. * Robert Louis Stevenson Collection. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. {{Commonscat}} {{Makars}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stevenson, Robert Louis}} [[Category:Robert Louis Stevenson| ]] [[Category:1850 births]] [[Category:1894 daiths]] [[Category:19t-century Scots novelists]] [[Category:19t-century Scots poets]] [[Category:19t-century Scots writers]] [[Category:19t-century Breetish short story writers]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Breetish non-feection ootdoors writers]] [[Category:Fabulists]] [[Category:Lallans poets]] [[Category:Maritime writers]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Edinburgh Academy]] [[Category:Samoan writers]] [[Category:Scots childer's writers]] [[Category:Scots historical novelists]] [[Category:Scots horror writers]] [[Category:Scots novelists]] [[Category:Scots poets]] [[Category:Scots Presbyterians]] [[Category:Scots short story writers]] [[Category:Scots traivel writers]] [[Category:Victorian novelists]] [[Category:Writers frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Childer's poets]] [[Category:Writers o Gothic feection]] 2mi3uuujqkg2v741qvzvzzxq17redbd 927520 927424 2026-11-09T23:39:00Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin fixes, lang sentences split, three lang quotes owerset wi the Inglis in notes 927520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Scots novelist an poet (1850–1894)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox writer | name = Robert Louis Stevenson | image = Robert louis stevenson.jpg | caption = Stevenson in 1892 | birth_name = Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1850|11|13}} | birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1894|12|3|1850|11|13}} | death_place = Vailima, Upolu, [[Samoa]] | resting_place = Mount Vaea | education = [[University o Edinburgh]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Novelist * poet * traivel writer}} | notable_works = {{plainlist| *''Treasure Island'' *''A Child's Garden of Verses'' *''Kidnapped'' *''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]''}} | spouse = {{marriage|Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne|1880}} | parents = Thomas Stevenson (faither) | relatives = Robert Stevenson (grandfaither on his faither's side)<br />Lloyd Osbourne (stepson)<br />Isobel Osbourne (stepdochter)<br />Edward Salisbury Field (stepdochter's man) }} '''Robert Louis Stevenson'''<ref name="pronunciation"/> (born '''Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson'''; 13 November 1850 – 3 December 1894) wis a Scots novelist, essayist, poet an traivel writer.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web|title=Robert Louis Stevenson {{!}} British author {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Louis-Stevenson|access-date=2022-05-12|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> He is best kent for the novels ''Treasure Island'' (1883), ''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'' (1886) an ''Kidnapped'' (1886), an for the collection o poems ''A Child's Garden of Verses'' (1885). Stevenson wis born an eddicatit in Edinburgh. For maist o his life he haed bad bronchial trouble, but for aw his puir heal he wrote a great deal an traivelt faur. As a young man he muived in the literary circles o London, whaur he wis encouraged bi Sidney Colvin, [[Andrew Lang]], Edmund Gosse,<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Stevenson, Robert Lewis Balfour |volume= 25 |last= Gosse |first= Edmund William |author-link= Edmund William Gosse| pages = 907&ndash;910|short = 1}}</ref> Leslie Stephen an W.&nbsp;E.&nbsp;Henley. Henley may hae gien him the model for Long John Silver in ''Treasure Island''. In 1890 he settled in [[Samoa]]. Thare, alairmed at the growin European an American influence in the [[Polynesie|Sooth Sea islands]], he turned frae romance an adventure fiction taewart a daurker realism. He died o a stroke in his island hame in 1894, aged 44.<ref name=":0" />{{rp||pp=264}} Stevenson wis a celebrity in his ain lifetime. His nem amang the critics haes gaen up an doon syne his daith, but the day his warks are weel thocht o generally. In 2018 he wis rankit the 26t maist owerset writer in the warld, jist ahint [[Charles Dickens]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Jacob |title=49 most-translated authors from around the world |url=https://stacker.com/stories/720/49-most-translated-authors-around-world?page=3 |access-date=26 October 2020 |website=Stacker |archive-date=22 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222232017/https://stacker.com/stories/720/49-most-translated-authors-around-world?page=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Early life== === Bairnhood === [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson daguerreotype portrait as a child.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Daguerreotype portrait o Stevenson as a bairn]]Stevenson wis born at 8 Howard Place, [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, on 13 November 1850. His faither wis Thomas Stevenson (1818–1887), a leadin lighthoose ingineer, an his mither wis Margaret Isabella (born Balfour, 1829–1897). He wis christened Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson. At aboot 18 he chynged the spellin o "Lewis" tae "Louis", an in 1873 he drapped "Balfour".<ref name="pronunciation">Mehew (2004). The spelling "Lewis" is said to have been rejected because his father violently disliked another person of the same name, and the new spelling was not accompanied by a change of pronunciation (Balfour (1901) I, 29 n. 1.</ref><ref name=":5">Furnas, J. C. (1952) ''Voyage to Windward: The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson'', London: Faber and Faber.</ref>{{rp||pp=23-24}} Designin lighthooses wis the faimily trade. Thomas's faither (Robert's grandfaither) wis the civil ingineer Robert Stevenson, an Thomas's brithers (Robert's uncles) Alan an David wrocht in the same field.<ref name="Paxton 2004">Paxton (2004).</ref> Thomas's grandfaither on his mither's side, Thomas Smith, haed been in the same trade an aw. Robert's mither's faimily, but, wis gentry, an they traced their line back tae Alexander Balfour, that held the launds o Inchrye in Fife in the fifteent century.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6pTWDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22alexander+Balfour%22+%22robert+louis+stevenson%22+inchrye&pg=PT24|isbn = 9781786568007|title = The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson by Sir Graham Balfour - Delphi Classics (Illustrated)|date = 17 July 2017|publisher = Delphi Classics|access-date = 19 March 2023|archive-date = 18 April 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123628/https://books.google.com/books?id=6pTWDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22alexander+Balfour%22+%22robert+louis+stevenson%22+inchrye&pg=PT24|url-status = live}}</ref> Her faither, Lewis Balfour (1777–1860), wis a meenister o the [[The Kirk|Kirk o Scotland]] at Colinton nearhaund,<ref name=":0" />{{rp||pp=10-12}} an amang her brithers were the doctor George William Balfour an the marine ingineer James Balfour. Stevenson spent maist o his bairnhood holidays in his grandfaither's hoose at Colinton. "Now I often wonder what I inherited from this old minister," Stevenson wrote. "I must suppose, indeed, that he was fond of preaching sermons, and so am I, though I never heard it maintained that either of us loved to hear them."<ref>''[[Memories and Portraits]]'' (1887), [https://web.archive.org/web/20080803075907/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/stevenson/robert_louis/s848mp/chapter7.html Chapter VII. The Manse] .</ref>[[File:Robert Louis Stevenson childhood home, Heriot Row.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Stevenson's bairnhood hame in Heriot Row]] Lewis Balfour an his dochter baith haed weak chests, sae they aften needit tae bide in warmer climates for their heal. Stevenson heired a tendency tae coughs an fivvers, an it got waur when the faimily flittit in 1851 tae a damp, cauld hoose at 1 Inverleith Terrace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Robert Louis Stevenson Timeline (born Nov. 13th 1850 in Edinburgh, died Dec. 3rd 1894 in Samoa) |url=http://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/timeline |access-date=14 May 2012 |website=robert-louis-stevenson.org |archive-date=14 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414112818/http://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/timeline |url-status=live }}</ref> When Stevenson wis sax the faimily flittit again, tae the sunnier 17 Heriot Row, but he wis still terrible no weel ilka winter till he wis 11. Ill heal cam back again an again in his grown-up life, an left him unco thin.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=25-28}} At the time it wis thocht he haed tuberculosis, but mair recent opinion is that it wis bronchiectasis<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Lowell |url=https://archive.org/details/treasuredislands00holm |title=Treasured Islands: Cruising the South Seas with Robert Louis Stevenson |publisher=Sheridan House, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=1-57409-130-1}}</ref> or sarcoidosis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=O. P. |year=2005 |title=Murray Kornfeld, American College of Chest Physician, and sarcoidosis: a historical footnote: 2004 Murray Kornfeld Memorial Founders Lecture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_chest_2005-09_128_3/page/1830 |journal=Chest |volume=128 |issue=3 |pages=1830–35 |doi=10.1378/chest.128.3.1830 |pmid=16162793}}</ref> For Stevenson's heal an his mither's, the faimily spent simmers in the [[Spa toun|spae toun]] o [[Brig Allan|Bridge of Allan]], in [[North Berrick|North Berwick]] an in [[Peebles]]. "Stevenson's cave" in Bridge of Allan is said tae hae inspired the cave whaur the character Ben Gunn bides in Stevenson's 1883 novel ''Treasure Island''.<ref name="BridgeofAllan">{{Cite web |title=RLS in Stirlingshire |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/?page_id=22021 |access-date=3 September 2023 |website=robert-louis-stevenson.org |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611000505/https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/?page_id=22021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:The Bookman RLS special 1913 illustration at page 049.png|thumb|"My second mother, my first wife. The angel of my infant life— From the sick child, now well and old, Take, nurse, the little book you hold!" ⁠Dedication o ''A Child's Garden of Verses'': ⁠⁠"To Alison Cunningham. From her Boy."<ref name="Bookman1913">{{citation|title=Robert Louis Stevenson: A Bookman Extra Number, 1913 |date=1913 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |language=en}}</ref>]] Stevenson's faither an mither were baith devout [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]], but the hoosehauld didnae haud strict tae Calvinist principles. His nurse, Alison Cunningham, kent tae the faimily as Cummy,<ref name="NYT1913">{{Cite news |date=10 August 1913 |title=Stevenson's Nurse Dead: Alison Cunningham ("Cummy") lived to be over 91 years old |page=3 |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/08/10/100273280.pdf |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308035108/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/08/10/100273280.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> wis mair fervent still in her releegion. Her mixter o Calvinism an fowk beliefs gied the bairn nichtmares early on, an he showed a concern for releegion faur ayont his years.<ref>Furnas (1952), 28–32; Mehew (2004).</ref> But she cared for him tenderly an aw when he wis no weel, readin tae him frae John Bunyan an the Bible as he lay sick in his bed, an tellin him tales o the Covenanters. He minded thae times o sickness efterhaun in "The Land of Counterpane" in ''A Child's Garden of Verses'' (1885),<ref>Available at [http://www.bartleby.com/188/117.html Bartleby] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609081833/http://www.bartleby.com/188/117.html |date=9 June 2008 }} and elsewhere.</ref> a buik he dedicatit tae his nurse.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=29}} Stevenson wis an ae bairn, baith unco-leukin an eccentric. He fund it hard tae fit in when he wis sent tae a schuil nearhaund at sax. It wis the same again at 11, when he gaed on tae the Edinburgh Academy, but he got on weel in lively gemmes wi his cousins in the simmer holidays at Colinton.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=34-36}} His sickness aften kept him awa frae his first schuil, sae for lang spells he wis taucht bi private tutors. He wis late tae read, learnin at seiven or aicht, but even afore that he tellt stories tae his mither an his nurse for them tae write doon,<ref name="Mehew 2004">Mehew (2004).</ref> an aw through his bairnhood he couldnae stop writin stories. His faither wis prood o this. He haed written stories himsel in his spare time, till his ain faither fund them an tellt him tae "give up such nonsense and mind your business."<ref name="Paxton 2004" /> He peyed for the prentin o Robert's first publication, at 16: ''The Pentland Rising: A Page of History, 1666'', an account o the Covenanters' rebellion, published in 1866, the 200t anniversary o the event.<ref name=":0" />{{rp||pp=67}}<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=43-45}} ===Eddication=== [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson mit 7 Jahren.jpg|thumb|Stevenson at seiven|left|277x277px]] In September 1857, when he wis sax, Stevenson gaed tae ''Mr Henderson's School'' in India Street, Edinburgh, but acause o his puir heal he bade anerly a few weeks. He didnae gang back till October 1859, when he wis aicht. Throu his monie absences he wis taucht bi private tutors. In October 1861, aged ten, he gaed tae Edinburgh Academy, an independent schuil for laddies, an bade thare aff an on for aboot fifteen month. In the hairst o 1863 he spent a term at an English boardin schuil at Spring Grove in Isleworth in [[Middlesex]] (nou a pairt o wast Lunnon). In October 1864, efter his heal got better, the 13-year-auld wis sent tae Robert Thomson's private schuil in Frederick Street, Edinburgh, whaur he bade till he gaed tae the varsity.<ref>[http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=26438&back= Stevenson, Robert Louis (1850–1894) – Childhood and schooling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809143428/http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=26438&back= |date=9 August 2016 }}. ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''. Retrieved: 1 August 2013.</ref> In November 1867 Stevenson stairtit at the [[University o Edinburgh]] tae study ingineerin. Frae the stairt he showed nae enthusiasm for his studies, an pit a lot o energy intae jinkin lectures. Mair important at this time were the freendships he struck up wi ither students in The Speculative Society (an exclusive debatin club), abuin aw wi Charles Baxter, an wi a professor, Fleeming Jenkin. Baxter wad later become Stevenson's financial agent. Jenkin's hoose pit on amateur drama that Stevenson took pairt in, an Stevenson wad later write his biography.<ref>Furnas (1952), 51–54, 60–62; Mehew (2004)</ref> Mibbie the maist important o aw at this pynt in his life wis a cousin, Robert Alan Mowbray Stevenson (kent as "Bob"), a lively, licht-hertit young man that haed chosen tae study airt insteid o the faimily trade.<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 86–8; 90–4; Furnas (1952), 64–9</ref> ===Holidays at Swanston=== In 1867 Stevenson's faimily took a lease on Swanston Cottage, in the clachan o Swanston at the fit o the Pentland Hills, as a hoose for simmer holidays. They held the lease till 1880. Throu that time the young Robert Louis uised the cottage a great deal, drawn bi the lown kintra life an the feelin o bein faur awa frae awthing. The time he spent thare likly shapit his later writin an his wider ootleuk on life, abuin aw his luve o naitur an wild places. The hoose an its romantic settin is thocht tae hae inspired several o his warks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Will |title=Pentland Days and Country Ways |publisher=Thomas Nelson and Sons |location=Edinburgh|pages=177-189}} Based on a paper presented to the R.L. Stevenson Club on 10 October 1929.</ref><ref name="Hills">{{cite book |last1=Watt |first1=Lauchlan MacLean |title=The Hills of Home |date=1914 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/stream/hillsofhomewithp00wattuoft/hillsofhomewithp00wattuoft_djvu.txt}}</ref> ===Lighthoose inspections=== Ilka year in his varsity holidays Stevenson traivelt tae inspect the faimily's ingineerin warks an aw. In 1868 this took him tae [[Ainster|Anstruther]], an for six weeks tae [[Weik|Wick, Caithness]], whaur his faimily wis biggin a sea wa an haed biggit a lighthoose afore. He wad gang back tae Wick several times in his life, an he pit it in his traivel writin.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=RLS in the Highlands and Islands |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/highlands-and-islands |access-date=26 August 2024 |website=RLS Website |language=en}}</ref> In 1869 he gaed wi his faither on his official tour o the lighthooses o [[Orkney]] an [[Shetland]], an in 1870 he spent three weeks on the island o Erraid. He likit the traivels mair for the material they gied him for his writin than for ony interest in ingineerin. The vaige wi his faither pleased him acause a siclike journey bi [[Walter Scott]] wi Robert Stevenson haed gien Scott the idea for his 1822 novel ''The Pirate''.<ref name=":0" />{{rp||pp=70-72}} In Aprile 1871 Stevenson tellt his faither he haed decidit on a life o letters. His faither wis disappointit, as ye wad expect, but it cannae hae been a muckle surprise, an Stevenson's mither said he wis "wonderfully resigned" tae his son's choice. Tae gie him some security, it wis greed that Stevenson wad study law (again at Edinburgh University) an be cried tae the Scots bar.<ref name=":0" />{{rp||pp=85-86}} In his 1887 collection o poems ''Underwoods'', Stevenson thinks on hou he turned awa frae the faimily trade:<ref>''Underwoods'' (1887), Poem XXXVIII</ref> [[File:Stevenson age 14.jpg|thumb|Stevenson at 14|327x327px]] <blockquote><poem>Say not of me that weakly I declined The labours of my sires, and fled the sea, The towers we founded and the lamps we lit, To play at home with paper like a child. But rather say: ''In the afternoon of time'' ''A strenuous family dusted from its hands'' ''The sand of granite, and beholding far'' ''Along the sounding coast its pyramids'' ''And tall memorials catch the dying sun,'' ''Smiled well content, and to this childish task'' ''Around the fire addressed its evening hours.''</poem></blockquote> ==="An Apology for Idlers"=== In 1877, tae justify turnin his back on an established profession, Stevenson offered "An Apology for Idlers". "A happy man or woman", he argued, "is a better thing to find than a five-pound note. He or she is a radiating focus of goodwill" an a practical demonstration o "the great Theorem of the Liveableness of Life". Sae if fowk cannae be happy in the "handicap race for sixpenny pieces", let them tak their ain "by-road".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Robert Louis Stevenson "An Apology for Idlers" (first appeared in Cornhill Magazine, July 1877) |url=https://www.wired.com/beyond-the-beyond/2018/01/robert-louis-stevenson-apology-idlers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411112110/https://www.wired.com/beyond-the-beyond/2018/01/robert-louis-stevenson-apology-idlers/ |archive-date=11 April 2021 |access-date=18 March 2021 |magazine=Wired |language=en-us |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> == Releegious views == [[File:Stevenson at Barbizon in 1876.jpg|thumb|Stevenson at 26, in 1876 at Barbizon, Fraunce|left|273x273px]] In ither weys tae, Stevenson wis muivin awa frae his upbringin. His claes got mair Bohemian: he aready wore his hair lang, but nou he took tae weirin a velveteen jaicket, an he seldom gaed tae pairties in the uisual evenin claes.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=69-70}} Within the limits o a ticht allouance, he gaed tae cheap pubs an brothels.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=53-57}} Mair important, he haed come tae reject Christianity, an declared himsel an [[Atheism|atheist]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Theo Tait |date=30 January 2005 |title=Like an intelligent hare – Theo Tait reviews Robert Louis Stevenson by Claire Harman |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3635932/Like-an-intelligent-hare.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3635932/Like-an-intelligent-hare.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=4 August 2013 |work=The Telegraph |quote=A decadent dandy who envied the manly Victorian achievements of his family, a professed atheist haunted by religious terrors, a generous and loving man who fell out with many of his friends – the Robert Louis Stevenson of Claire Harman's biography is all of these and, of course, a bed-ridden invalid who wrote some of the finest adventure stories in the language. [...] Worse still, he affected a Bohemian style, haunted the seedier parts of the Old Town, read Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer, and declared himself an atheist. This caused a painful rift with his father, who damned him as a "careless infidel".}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In Januar 1873, when he wis 22, his faither cam across the constitution o the LJR (Liberty, Justice, Reverence) Club, that Stevenson an his cousin Bob belanged tae. It stairtit: "Disregard everything our parents have taught us." When he speired at his son aboot his beliefs, he fund oot the truith.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=69 n.15, 72-76}} Stevenson nae langer believed in God, an he wis wearied o pretendin tae be something he wisnae: "am I to live my whole life as one falsehood?" His faither said he wis devastatit: "You have rendered my whole life a failure." His mither cried it "the heaviest affliction" that haed ever come on her. "O Lord, what a pleasant thing it is", Stevenson wrote tae his freend Charles Baxter, "to have just damned the happiness of (probably) the only two people who care a damn about you in the world."<ref name="Stevenson letters">{{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Loui |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h269hZQCyHoC&pg=PA29 |title=Selected Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson |date=2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0-300-09124-9 |location=New Haven, CT |page=29 |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> Stevenson's stand against his faither an mither's faith disnae seem tae hae turned intae lifelang atheism or agnosticism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratnapalan |first=Michael |date=2021 |title=Missionary Christianity and Culture in Robert Louis Stevenson's "The Beach of Falesá" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27254136 |journal=Religion & Literature |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=47–62 |jstor=27254136 |issn=0888-3769}}</ref> In Februar 1878, in a letter tae his faither tae mak things up, the 27-year-auld Stevenson wrote:<ref>Colvin, Sidney, ed. (1917). ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Vol. 1: 1868–1880. New York: Scribner's. [[iarchive:lettersofrob01stev/page/258/mode/2up|pp. 259–260]].</ref> <blockquote>Christianity is among other things, a very wise, noble and strange doctrine of life ... Ye see, I speak of it as a doctrine of life, and as a wisdom for this world ... I have a good heart, and believe in myself and my fellow-men and the God who made us all ... There is a fine text in the Bible, I dinnae know where, to the effect that all things work together for good for those who love the Lord. Strange as it may seem to ye, everything has been, in one way or the other, bringing me nearer to what I think ye would like me to be. It's a strange world, indeed, but there is a manifest God for those who care to look for him.<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "Christianity is among other things, a very wise, noble and strange doctrine of life ... You see, I speak of it as a doctrine of life, and as a wisdom for this world ... I have a good heart, and believe in myself and my fellow-men and the God who made us all ... There is a fine text in the Bible, I don't know where, to the effect that all things work together for good for those who love the Lord. Strange as it may seem to you, everything has been, in one way or the other, bringing me nearer to what I think you would like me to be. 'Tis a strange world, indeed, but there is a manifest God for those who care to look for him."</ref></blockquote> {{Quote box | quote = Grant that we here before Thee may be set free from the fear of vicissitude and the fear of death, may finish what remains before us of our course without dishonour to ourselves or hurt to others, and, when the day comes, may die in peace. Deliver us from fear and favour: from mean hopes and cheap pleasures. Have mercy on each in his deficiency; let him be not cast down; support the stumbling on the way, and give at last rest to the weary. | author = Robert Lewis Stevenson | source = ''Prayers Written at Vailima'', "For Grace".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prayers written at Vailimia, by Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/616/616-h/616-h.htm |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> | width = 35% | align = right }}Stevenson didnae stairt gaun tae the kirk again in Scotland, but in his last years in Samoa he taucht Sunday Schuil, an he wrote an led prayers that were published efter his daith.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |date=8 December 1912 |title=Prayers written at Vailima |url=http://archive.org/details/prayerswrittenat00stev |accessdate=8 December 2022 |publisher=New York, : C. Scribner's sons |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> An yet, afore he set oot in 1888 on the vaige that took him tae Samoa, ''Scribner's Magazine'' published "Pulvis et Umbra" (the title is a line frae Horace: "We are but dust and shadow").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Across the Plains with Other Memories and Essays, 1892 {{!}} Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/works/across-the-plains-with-other-memories-and-essays-1892/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> In this essay Stevenson pits it forrit that "[o]ur religions and moralities have been trimmed to flatter us, ... and only please and weaken", an remarks that "[t]he human race is a thing more ancient than the ten commandments".<ref name=":1" /> Ae critic, tryin tae square thir contrar signs o Stevenson's speeritual ootleuk, haes suggestit that the writer wis interestit anerly in the leid o releegion. In this view he wantit "to evoke a sense of awe and importunity associated with [the King James Bible's] intense spirituality and great literary beauty."<ref>Menikoff, Barry (2003). "Prayers at Sunset". In ''Robert Louis Stevenson Reconsidered: New Critical Perspectives'', edited by William B. Jones, Jr. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company. pp.210–211</ref> ==Early writin an traivels== ===Literary an artistic connections=== [[File:Rls-pc1.jpg|thumb|Stevenson at 30|312x312px]] Late in 1873, when he wis 23, Stevenson wis veesitin a cousin in Ingland when he met twa fowk that wad come tae mean a great deal tae him: Fanny (Frances Jane) Sitwell an Sidney Colvin. Sitwell wis a woman o 34 wi a son, separatit frae her husband. Monie that met her were devotit tae her, Colvin amang them, an he mairit her in 1901. Stevenson wis drawn tae her an aw, an for several years they kept up a warm correspondence, in which he swithered atween the pairt o a suitor an the pairt o a son (he cried her "Madonna"). Colvin becam Stevenson's literary adviser, an efter Stevenson's daith he wis the first editor o his letters. It wis Colvin that placed Stevenson's first peyed piece, an essay cried "Roads", in ''The Portfolio''.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=81-89}} Stevenson wis suin active in the literary life o Lunnon, an got tae ken monie o the writers o the time, amang them [[Andrew Lang]], Edmund Gosse<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=95, 101}} an Leslie Stephen. Stephen, the editor o ''The Cornhill Magazine'', took an interest in Stevenson's wark. Stephen took Stevenson tae veesit a patient at the Edinburgh Infirmary cried William Ernest Henley, an energetic, blether o a poet wi a widden leg. Henley becam a close freend an whiles a literary collaborator, till a cast-oot ended the freendship in 1888, an he is aften thocht tae be the inspiration for Long John Silver in ''Treasure Island''.<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 123-4; Furnas (1952) 105–6; Mehew (2004)</ref> In November 1873, efter his heal brak doon, Stevenson wis sent tae [[Menton]] on the French Riviera tae recover. He cam back in better heal in Aprile 1874 an settled doon tae his studies, but efter that he gaed back tae Fraunce several times.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=89-95}} He gaed on lang an frequent trips tae the Forest o Fontainebleau, bidin at Barbizon, Grez-sur-Loing an Nemours an becomin a member o the airtists' colonies thare. He traivelt tae Paris an aw, tae veesit galleries an theatres.<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 128–37</ref> In Julie 1875, aged 24, he qualified for the Scots bar, an his faither pit a brass plate on the hoose in Heriot Row that read "R.L. Stevenson, Advocate". His law studies did hae an influence on his buiks, but he niver practised law;<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=100-101}} aw his energy gaed intae traivel an writin. Ane o his journeys wis a canoe vaige in Belgium an Fraunce wi Sir Walter Simpson, a freend frae the Speculative Society, a frequent traivellin companion, an the writer o ''The Art of Golf'' (1887). This trip wis the foond o his first traivel buik, ''An Inland Voyage'' (1878).<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 127</ref> Stevenson kept up a lang correspondence wi his fellae Scot [[J. M. Barrie|J.M. Barrie]]. He askit Barrie tae veesit him in [[Samoa]], but the twa o them niver met.<ref>Shaw, Michael (ed.) (2020), ''A Friendship in Letters: Robert Louis Stevenson & J.M. Barrie'', Sandstone Press, Inverness {{ISBN|978-1-913207-02-1}}</ref> ===Mairriage an California=== [[File:Fanny Osbourne 1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne, c. 1876]] The canoe vaige wi Simpson brocht Stevenson tae Grez-sur-Loing in September 1876. Thare he met Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne (1840–1914), born in [[Indianapolis]] in the Unitit States. She haed mairit at 17, an flittit tae [[Nevada]] tae jine her husband Samuel again efter he haed fochten in the American Civil War. Their bairns were Isobel (or "Belle"), Lloyd an Hervey (that died in 1875). But anger ower her husband's unfaithfulness led tae a nummer o separations, an in 1875 she haed taen her bairns tae Fraunce, whaur she an Isobel studied airt.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=122-129}} Bi the time Stevenson met her, Fanny wis hersel a writer o short stories for magazines, o kent ability.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van de Grift Sanchez |first=Nellie |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24332?msg=welcome_stranger |title=The Life of Mrs. Robert Louis Stevenson |date=1920 |publisher=C. Scribner's Sons |location=New York |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=13 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210833/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24332?msg=welcome_stranger |url-status=live }}</ref> Stevenson gaed back tae Breetain no lang efter this first meetin, but Fanny seems tae hae bidden in his thochts, an he wrote the essay "On falling in love" for ''The Cornhill Magazine''.<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 145–6; Mehew (2004)</ref> They met again early in 1877 an becam luvers. Stevenson spent muckle o the follaein year wi her an her bairns in Fraunce.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=130-136}} In August 1878 she gaed back tae [[San Francisco]], an Stevenson bade in Europe, makkin the walkin trip that wis the foond o ''Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes'' (1879). In August 1879, aged 28, he set aff tae jine her, against his freends' advice an withoot tellin his faither an mither. He took a second-cless passage on the steamship ''Devonia'', pairtly tae save siller, but pairtly tae learn hou ither fowk traivelt, an tae mak the journey mair o an adventure.<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 164–5; Furnas (1952), 142–6; Mehew (2004)</ref> Syne he traivelt ower laund bi train frae [[New York Ceety]] tae [[Californie|California]]. He wrote aboot it later in ''The Amateur Emigrant''. It wis guid for his writin, but it brak his heal. [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson House, 530 Houston Street, Monterey (Monterey County, California).jpg|thumb|The French Hotel (nou "Stevenson House"), Monterey, California, whaur he bade in 1879]] [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson and family.jpg|thumb|right|The faimily in 1893: Fanny; Stevenson; his stepdochter Isobel; an his mither, Margaret Balfour]] He wis near deid when he arrived in Monterey, California, whaur some local ranchers nursed him back tae heal. For a time he bade at the French Hotel at 530 Houston Street, nou a museum tae his memory cried the "Stevenson House". While he wis thare, he aften dined "on the cuff", as he pit it, at a restaurant nearhaund run bi a Frenchman cried Jules Simoneau, that stuid whaur Simoneau Plaza is nou. Several year later he sent Simoneau a signed copy o his novel ''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'' (1886), writin that it wad be a stranger case yet if Robert Louis Stevenson ever forgot Jules Simoneau. In Monterey he wrote an evocative piece aboot "the Old Pacific Capital". Bi December 1879, aged 29, Stevenson's heal haed come back eneuch for him tae gang on tae San Francisco. Thare he focht "all alone on forty-five cents a day, and sometimes less, with quantities of hard work and many heavy thoughts,"<ref>Letter to Sidney Colvin, January 1880, ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 1, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 1/Chapter IV|Chapter IV]]</ref> tryin tae mak a livin bi his writin. But bi the end o the winter his heal wis broken again, an he wis at daith's door. Fanny wis nou divorced an haed got ower her ain illness, an she cam tae his bedside an nursed him back tae heal. "After a while," he wrote, "my spirit got up again in a divine frenzy, and has since kicked and spurred my vile body forward with great emphasis and success."<ref>"To Edmund Gosse, Monterey, Monterey Co., California, 8 October 1879," ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 1, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 1/Chapter IV|Chapter IV]]</ref> When his faither heard hou his son wis, he cabled him siller tae help him throu. Fanny an Robert were mairit in Mey 1880. She wis 40; he wis 29. He said he wis "a mere complication of cough and bones, much fitter for an emblem of mortality than a bridegroom."<ref>"To P. G. Hamerton, Kinnaird Cottage, Pitlochry [July 1881]," ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 1, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 1/Chapter V|Chapter V]]</ref> He traivelt wi his new wife an her son Lloyd<ref>Isobel was married to artist Joseph Strong.</ref> north o San Francisco tae the Napa Valley. They spent a simmer honeymuin at a desertit minin camp on Mount Saint Helena (the day designatit Robert Louis Stevenson State Park). ''The Silverado Squatters'' is his account o that time. He met Charles Warren Stoddard, co-editor o the ''Overland Monthly'' an writer o ''South Sea Idylls'', that urged Stevenson tae traivel tae the Sooth Pacific, an idea that cam back tae him monie years later. In August 1880 he sailed wi Fanny an Lloyd frae New York tae Breetain, an fund his faither an mither an his freend Sidney Colvin on the quay at [[Liverpuil|Liverpool]], gled tae see him come hame. Bit bi bit his wife wis able tae patch up the differences atween faither an son, an wan her wey intae the faimily throu her chairm an wit. ===Ingland, an back tae the Unitit States=== {{Multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 210 | image1 = The life of Robert Louis Stevenson for boys and girls (1915) (14778510921).jpg | image2 = Alum Chine, Bournemouth (460750) (9456761328).jpg | caption1 = Stevenson's hoose Skerryvore in the sooth English coast toun o [[Bournemouth]], whaur he wrote the maist o his best-likit wark | caption2 = Commemorative plaque in Bournemouth, whaur Stevenson bade atween 1884 an 1887 | align = left | total_width = }} The Stevensons gaed back an forrit atween Scotland an the Continent (twice winterin in Davos)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Switzerland {{!}} Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/switzerland/#:~:text=The%20Stevenson%20family%20(RLS,%20his,found%20it%20stifling%20and%20depressing. |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=en-GB}}</ref> afore settlin at last, in 1884, in Westbourne in the sooth-coast English toun o [[Bournemouth]]. Stevenson haed flittit thare for the guid o the sea air.<ref>{{cite book | last=Hainsworth | first=J. J. | title=Jack the Ripper—Case Solved, 1891 | location=Jefferson, NC | publisher=McFarland | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-7864-9676-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhDNCgAAQBAJ | access-date=15 June 2023 | page=141}}</ref> They bade in a hoose Stevenson cried 'Skerryvore', efter a Scots lighthoose biggit bi his uncle Alan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bournemouth {{!}} Robert Louis Stevenson |url=http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/bournemouth/ |access-date=29 January 2021 |website=robert-louis-stevenson.org |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123180039/http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/bournemouth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Frae Aprile 1885 the 34-year-auld Stevenson haed the company o the novelist Henry James. They haed met afore in Lunnon, an no lang syne haed swappit views in journal articles on the "art of fiction", an efter that in letters in which they said hou muckle they admired ilk ither's wark. James haed flittit tae Bournemouth tae help support his invalid sister, Alice, an he took up the invitation tae veesit Skerryvore ilka day for crack at the Stevensons' dinner table.<ref name="O">{{Cite journal |last=O'Hagan |first=Andrew |date=2020 |title=Bournemouth |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v42/n10/andrew-o-hagan/bournemouth |journal=The London Review of Books |volume=42 |issue=10 |issn=0260-9592 |access-date=4 November 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101051455/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v42/n10/andrew-o-hagan/bournemouth |url-status=live }}</ref> Stevenson, maistly lyin in his bed, said he wis livin "like a weevil in a biscuit." Yet, for aw his ill heal, his three year in Westbourne gied us the maist o his best-likit wark. Amang it were ''Treasure Island'', ''Kidnapped'', ''A Child's Garden of Verses'', ''Underwoods'' an ''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'', the buik that spreid his nem faur an wide. [[File:StevensonAdirondackHome.JPG|thumb|Stevenson's "Cure Cottage" at Saranac Lake, New York]] Thomas Stevenson died in 1887, an his 36-year-auld son felt free tae tak his doctor's advice an try a complete chynge o climate. Stevenson set aff for Colorado wi his weedae mither an his faimily. But efter they landit in New York, they decidit tae spend the winter in the Adirondacks, at a cure cottage nou kent as Stevenson Cottage, at Saranac Lake, New York. In the bitter cauld winter Stevenson wrote some o his best-kent essays, amang them "Pulvis et Umbra".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Essays of Robert Louis Stevenson by Robert Louis Stevenson: Pulvis et Umbra |url=https://www.online-literature.com/stevenson/essays-of-stevenson/9/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=www.online-literature.com}}</ref> He stairtit ''The Master of Ballantrae'' an aw, an licht-hertitly plannit a cruise tae the sooth Pacific Ocean for the follaein simmer.<ref>"To W.E. Henley, Pitlochry, if you please, [August] 1881," ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 1, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 1/Chapter V|Chapter V]]</ref> {{clear}} ==Thochts on the airt o writin== {{Quote box | quote = Whenever I read a book or a passage that particularly pleased me, in which a thing was said or an effect rendered with propriety, in which there was either some conspicuous force or some happy distinction in the style, I must sit down at once and set myself to ape that quality. I was unsuccessful, and I knew it; and tried again, and was again unsuccessful and always unsuccessful; but at least in these vain bouts, I got some practice in rhythm, in harmony, in construction and the co-ordination of parts. I have thus played the sedulous ape to Hazlitt, to Lamb, to Wordsworth, to Sir Thomas Browne, to Defoe, to [[Nathaniel Hawthorne|Hawthorne]], to [[Michel de Montaigne|Montaigne]], to [[Charles Baudelaire|Baudelaire]] and to Obermann. | author = Robert Lewis Stevenson | source = ''Memories and Portraits'', chaipter IV, on hou he practised writin in his youth | width = 40% | align = right }} Stevenson's critical essays on literature hae "few sustained analyses of style or content".<ref name="Brandeis">{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Biography |url=http://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/stevensonbio.html |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=people.brandeis.edu |publisher=Brandeis University |archive-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223153315/http://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/stevensonbio.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In "A Penny Plain and Two-pence Coloured" (1884) he suggests that his ain approach owed a great deal tae the owerdone, romantic warld he haed steppit intae as a bairn. He haed been the prood owner o Skelt's Juvenile Drama, a toy set o cairdboard characters that played in melodramas. "A Gossip on Romance" (1882) an "A Gossip on a Novel of Dumas's" (1887) baith hint that entertainin readers coonts for mair nor instructin them.<ref name="Brandeis" /> Stevenson saw himsel very muckle in the mould o Sir Walter Scott: a storyteller wi the knack o cairyin his readers awa frae themsels an their circumstances. He took issue wi whit he saw as the wey French realism dwelt on sordidness an ugliness. In "The Lantern-Bearer" (1888) he seems tae tak Emile Zola tae task for no seekin oot nobility in his main characters.<ref name="Brandeis" /> "A Humble Remonstrance" is Stevenson's answer tae Henry James, that haed claimed in "The Art of Fiction" (1884) that the novel competes wi life. Stevenson objects that nae novel can ever hope tae match life's complexity; it anerly abstracts frae life tae mak a harmonious pattern o its ain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=A Humble Remonstrance |url=http://virgil.org/dswo/courses/novel/stevenson-remonstrance.pdf |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201171651/http://virgil.org/dswo/courses/novel/stevenson-remonstrance.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><blockquote>Man's one method, whether he reasons or creates, is to half-shut his eyes against the dazzle and confusion of reality...Life is monstrous, infinite, illogical, abrupt and poignant; a work of art, in comparison, is neat, finite, self-contained, rational, flowing, and emasculate...The novel, which is a work of art, exists, not by its resemblances to life, which are forced and material ... but by its immeasurable difference from life, which is designed and significant.</blockquote> It isnae clear, but, that thare wis ony real grund here for disagreein wi James.<ref name="O" /> Stevenson haed gien James a copy o ''Kidnapped'', but it wis ''Treasure Island'' that James likit best. Stevenson haed written it as a story for laddies, an thocht it haed "no need of psychology or fine writing", but its success is creditit wi freein bairns' writin frae the "chains of Victorian didacticism".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Livesey |first=Margot |date=November 1994 |title=The Double Life of Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/11/the-double-life-of-robert-louis-stevenson/306474/ |journal=The Atlantic |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028113016/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/11/the-double-life-of-robert-louis-stevenson/306474/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Political an social commentary== [[File:Robert-louis-stevenson.jpg|thumb|Photograph portrait, c. 1887|left|244x244px]] Stevenson's nem as a political radical is argued ower. As the writer o a string o "rebellion novels" (endin in 1893 wi ''Catriona'', the sequel tae ''Kidnapped''), Stevenson is said tae hae spent his "entire writing life" steerin up feelin against tyranny, empire an corruption.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Faktorovich |first=Anna |date=2012 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson: Patronage and Rebellion |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CH1420120858&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=03624145&sw=w&p=LitRC&userGroupName=anon%7E4921e1b6&aty=open-web-entry |journal=Children's Literature Review |volume=204 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Stevenson minded the college youth that wrote the first o thir novels, the Covenanter adventure ''Pentland Rising'' (1866), as a "red-hot socialist".<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Stevenson, Robert Louis |title=Crabbed Age and Youth and Other Essays |publisher=Thomas B. Mosher |year=1907 |location=Portland, Maine |pages=11–12 |chapter=Crabbed Age and Youth |orig-year=originally written 1877 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqsNAAAAYAAJ&q=robert%20louis%20stevenson%20crabbed%20age%20and%20youth&pg=PA11}}</ref> Yet bi the age o 26 Stevenson wis aready writin that he leukit back on his early political enthusiasms "with something like regret. ... Now I know that in thus turning Conservative with years, I am going through the normal cycle of change and travelling in the common orbit of men's opinions."<ref name=":03" /> His cousin an biographer Sir Graham Balfour claimed that Stevenson "probably throughout life would, if compelled to vote, have always supported the [[Tory an Unionist Pairty|Conservative]] candidate".<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EE29rkc7DM0C&pg=PA30 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson: Interviews and Recollections |publisher=U of Iowa P |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-87745-512-7 |editor-last=Terry |editor-first=R. C. |location=Iowa City |page=}}</ref>{{rp||pp=30}} He is kent tae hae taen pairt in ae election, a student ballot for the Lord Rectorship o the University o Edinburgh. Thare he did favour a Tory, the future [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick|prime meenister]] Benjamin Disraeli, but the challenger wis the historian [[Thomas Carlyle]], kent for bein illiberal.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|49|pp=49}} Ae readin o ''Treasure Island'' (1883) an ''Kidnapped'' (1886) sees Stevenson, no as a conservative, but as an individualist takkin up whit is "essentially a form of [[Social Darwinism]]".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Weltman |first=Burton |date=2020 |title=Social Darwinism in the stories of Robert Louis Stevenson. “Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,” “The Wrong Box,” “Treasure Island,” and “Kidnapped.” |url=https://historyaschoice.com/2020/12/29/social-darwinism-in-the-stories-of-robert-louis-stevenson-dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde-the-wrong-box-treasure-island-and-kidnapped-promoting-knee-jerk-right-wing-reactions-to-social-problems/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=historyaschoice |language=en}}</ref> In baith stories "an orphaned or fatherless boy of genteel stock" fechts wi a "lower-class rabble and vicious ruffians in a zero-sum, survival-of-the-strongest" battle tae win or win back walth. This celebration o "self-reliant individualism" is said tae be the "cornerstone" o a "right-wing ideology" that is taen faurer in Stevenson's twa best-likit novels for grown-ups, ''Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde'' (1886) an ''The Wrong Box'' (1889). Thir are describit as tales in which fawen individuals are fated tae defy society in follaein their ain ends, wi selfishness lurkin ahint whit seems lik acts o altruism, that aften cause greater misfortune.<ref name=":2" /> Libertarians hae claimed Stevenson,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Stevenson |first=Bov |date=1978 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson: Champion of Liberty |url=https://fee.org/articles/robert-louis-stevenson-champion-of-liberty/ |access-date=26 April 2026 |website=Foundation for Economic Education}}</ref> citin "The Day After Tomorrow", an essay that appeared in 1887 in ''The Contemporary Review.''<ref>Stevenson, Robert Louis (1887), ''The Contemporary Review'', Vol. LI, April, pp. 472–479.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digital.nls.uk/rlstevenson/browse/archive/90460506|title=Robert Louis Stevenson – National Library of Scotland|website=digital.nls.uk|accessdate=8 December 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927013717/https://digital.nls.uk/rlstevenson/browse/archive/90460506|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter an unheard-o "burst of social legislation" in Disraeli's last term o office,<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom - Gladstone and Disraeli {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom/Gladstone-and-Disraeli|access-date=2023-01-30|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Stevenson pit it forrit that "we are all becoming Socialists without knowing it". Legislation "grows authoritative, grows philanthropical, bristles with new duties and new penalties, and casts a spawn of inspectors, who now begin, note-book in hand, to darken the face of England". The "new waggon-load of laws" pynts tae a future in which our grandbairns micht "taste the pleasures of existence in something far liker an ant-heap than any previous human polity". Whiles left oot when the essay is cited is the concession Stevenson maks tae critics o the clessic Whiggish notion o [[Laissez-faire|laissez faire]]. "Liberty",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ambrosini |first=Richard |url= |title=Robert Louis Stevenson: Writer of Boundaries |last2=Dury |first2=Richard |date=2006-04-04 |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-21223-0 |pages=171 |language=en}}</ref> Stevenson wrote, "has served us a long while", but lik aw ither virtues "she has taken wages".<ref name=":3" /> <blockquote>[Liberty] has dutifully served Mammon; so that many things we were accustomed to admire as the benefits of freedom and common to all, were truly benefits of wealth, and took their value from our neighbour's poverty...Freedom to be desirable, involves kindness, wisdom, and all the virtues of the free; but the free man as we have seen him in action has been, as of yore, only the master of many helots; and the slaves are still ill-fed, ill-clad, ill-taught, ill-housed, insolently entreated, and driven to their mines and workshops by the lash of famine.</blockquote> Though it wis shapit bi real events (the oceanic colonialism that Stevenson witnessed), ''The Ebb-Tide'' (1894) haes been pit forrit as "paradigmatic" o "seasteading", the libertarian ideal o independence on the sea. Attwater's secret island fishery, abuin aw, "anticipates core elements of the modern seasteading movement", that in the 21st century fins some favour amang billionaire secessionists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wexler |first=Ivey |date=2025 |title=Is Seasteading Another Word for Colonialism? |url=https://edgeeffects.net/seasteading/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Edge Effects |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1883 Stevenson wrote in private aboot the chief propagandist an organiser o the Fenian dynamite campaign in Ingland, Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa: "If that is the new world ... damn, deracinate and destroy him, root and branch, self and company, world without end".<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Ó Donghaile |first=Deaglán |date=2018 |title="Parliament in Burning": Dynamite Terrorism and the English novel |journal=LJMU Research Online |pages=1-2}}</ref> This fury cam afore "The Dynamiter" (1885), ane o a collection o linked stories (''More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter''). Stevenson wrote the collection in open collaboration wi his wife, Fanny, at a time when a nummer o ailments kept him in his bed in a daurkent room.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fielding |first=Penny |date=2017 |title=A Dangerous Collaboration |url=https://dangerouswomenproject.org/2017/01/06/a-dangerous-collaboration/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=Dangerous Women Project |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327075223/http://dangerouswomenproject.org/2017/01/06/a-dangerous-collaboration/ |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A satirical tale, it brocht the Fenian fecht against Breetish rule in Ireland doon tae a "'private and barbarous war' rinsed of any ideological motivation".<ref name=":4" /> In Januar 1888, aged 37, in repone tae American press coverage o the Laund War in Ireland, Stevenson sent ''Scribner's'' ''Magazine'' an essay in which he argued the case for "staying internal violence by rigid law". For aw its title, "Confessions of a Unionist", Stevenson defends naither the union wi Breetain nor "landlordism". In his view Breetain haed "majestically demonstrated her incapacity to rule Ireland", an landlordism wis haurdly mair defensible in Ireland than, as he haed seen it, in the gowdfields o California.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hayes-McCoy |first=G. A. |date=1950 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson and the Irish Question |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30099839 |journal=Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review |volume=39 |issue=154 |pages=130–140 |issn=0039-3495}}</ref> Raither, he objects tae the readiness tae pass "lightly" ower crimes ("unmanly murders and the harshest extremes of boycotting") whaur thir are deemed "political". This, he argues, is tae "defeat law" (that is aye a "compromise") an tae invite "anarchy": it is "the sentimentalist preparing the pathway for the brute".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044086813177&view=1up&seq=10 |title=Confessions of a Unionist |date=1921 |publisher=Privately Printed by G.G. Winchip |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815023342/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044086813177&view=1up&seq=10 |url-status=live }}</ref> Stevenson withdrew the essay afore it wis published, an it didnae appear in his lifetime.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teal |first=Karen Kurt |date=2007 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson and the Colonial Imagination (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/214199 |journal=Victorian Periodicals Review |language=en |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=80–83 |doi=10.1353/vpr.2007.0024 |issn=1712-526X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It wis anerly in his last years, when he witnessed colonial encroachment in the Sooth Seas, that he stairtit tae mak direct political representations.<ref name="Calder" /> In thir, an in his remainin fiction, the biographer Julia Reid fins that Stevenson resists confident assumptions aboot evolutionary social progress. He uises Darwinian ideas, no tae justify European colonial expansion, but tae criticise its destructive effect.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reid |first=Julia |title=Robert Louis Stevenson, Science, and the Fin de Siècle |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-230-23032-3 |location=Basingstoke |pages=147, 176}}</ref> ==Last years in the Pacific== ===Pacific vaiges=== [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson playing his flageolet, published 1902.jpg|thumb|Stevenson playin a flageolet in Hawaii, c. 1889]] [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson and King Kalakaua and his Singing Boys.jpg|thumb|Stevenson an King Kalākaua o Hawaii, c. 1889]] In Juin 1888 Stevenson hired the yacht ''Casco'' frae Samuel Merritt, an the faimily set sail frae San Francisco. The ship "plowed her path of snow across the empty deep, far from all track of commerce, far from any hand of help."<ref>Quoted from Stevenson's diary in Overton, Jacqueline M. ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15547/15547-h/15547-h.htm The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson for Boys and Girls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012041600/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15547/15547-h/15547-h.htm |date=12 October 2008 }}''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1933</ref> The sea air an the thrill o adventure brocht back his heal for a time, an for near three year he wandered the eastren an central Pacific. He bade for lang spells in the Hawaiian Islands, whaur he becam guid freends wi King Kalākaua, an he befreendit the king's niece Princess Victoria Kaiulani, that haed Scots heritage an aw. Alang the wey he bade a while in the Gilbert Islands, Tahiti, New Zealand an the Samoan Islands. In this time he feenisht ''The Master of Ballantrae'', wrote twa ballads based on the legends o the islanders, an wrote ''The Bottle Imp''. He keepit the experience o thir years in his letters, an in his ''In the South Seas'' (published efter his daith).<ref>''In the South Seas'' (1896) & (1900) Chatto & Windus; republished by The Hogarth Press (1987). A collection of Stevenson's articles and essays on his travels in the Pacific</ref> In 1889 he gaed on a vaige wi Lloyd on the tradin schooner ''Equator'', veesitin Butaritari, Mariki, Apaiang an Abemama in the [[Kiribati|Gilbert Islands]].<ref name="South Seas 1896">''In the South Seas'' (1896)& (1900) Chatto & Windus; republished by The Hogarth Press (1987)</ref> They spent several month on Abemama wi the tyrant chief Tem Binoka, that Stevenson describit in ''In the South Seas''.<ref name="South Seas 1896" /> In 1889 Stevenson veesitit the leper colony on Molokaʻi, Hawaii, whaur leper lassies were cared for bi the Sisters o Saunt Francis, led bi Mother Marianne Cope. He brocht a croquet set an learnt the lassies tae play. He spent a week thare, an efter he left he haed a piano shippit tae them frae Honolulu.<ref> ''Pilgrimage and Exile: Mother Marianne of Moloka‘i'' by Sister Mary Laurence Hanley, Order of Saint Francis, and O. A. Bushnell (Honolulu: Mutual Publishing, 2009)</ref> In Aprile 1890 Stevenson left [[Sydney]], Australie, on the ''Janet Nicoll'' for his third an last vaige amang the Sooth Sea islands.<ref name="fanny1914">[https://archive.org/details/cruiseofjanetnic00stevuoft ''The Cruise of the Janet Nichol Among the South Sea Islands''], Mrs Robert Louis Stevenson, [[Charles Scribner's Sons]], New York, 1914</ref> He meant tae write anither traivel buik tae follae ''In the South Seas'', but in the end it wis his wife that published her journal o their third vaige. (Fanny gets the ship's nem wrang in her account, ''The Cruise of the Janet Nichol''.)<ref>''The Cruise of the Janet Nichol among the South Sea Islands'' A Diary by Mrs Robert Louis Stevenson (first published 1914), republished 2004, editor, Roslyn Jolly (U. of Washington Press/U. of New South Wales Press)</ref> Ane o his fellae passengers wis Jack Buckland, whase stories o life as an island trader inspired the character o Tommy Hadden in ''The Wrecker'' (1892), that Stevenson an Lloyd Osbourne wrote thegither.<ref name="Jack Buckland 2001 p. 418">Selected Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson, ed. by Ernest Mehew (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2001) p. 418, n. 3</ref><ref>Robert Louis Stevenson, The Wrecker, in Tales of the South Seas: Island Landfalls; The Ebb-Tide; The Wrecker (Edinburgh: Canongate Classics, 1996), ed. and introduced by Jenni Calder</ref> In 1894 Buckland cam tae see the Stevensons at Vailima.<ref>'Memories of Vailima' by Isobel Strong & Lloyd Osbourne, Archibald Constable & Co: Westminster (1903)</ref> {{clear}} ===Politics in Samoa=== [[File:Stevenson vailima.jpg|thumb|The writer wi his wife an their hoosehauld at Vailima, Samoa, c. 1892]] In December 1889 the 39-year-auld Stevenson an his extendit faimily arrived at the port o Apia in the Samoan islands, an thare he an Fanny decidit tae settle. In Januar 1890 they bocht {{cvt|314+1/4|acre}} at Vailima, a few mile inland frae Apia, the capital, an on it they biggit the islands' first twa-storey hoose. Fanny's sister, Nellie Van de Grift Sanchez, wrote that "it was in Samoa that the word 'home' first began to have a real meaning for these gypsy wanderers".<ref name="Farrell 2019">{{Cite news |last=Farrell |first=Joseph |date=8 September 2019 |title=The story of Samoa's love for Robert Louis Stevenson |work=The National |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/17887450.story-samoas-love-robert-louis-stevenson/ |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027063302/https://www.thenational.scot/news/17887450.story-samoas-love-robert-louis-stevenson/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In Mey 1891 Stevenson's mither, Margaret, cam tae jine them. While his wife set aboot managin an wirkin the estate, the 40-year-auld Stevenson took the native nem Tusitala (Samoan for "Teller of Tales"), an stairtit gaitherin local stories. Aften he wad swap thir for his ain tales. The first wark o literature in Samoan wis his owersettin o ''The Bottle Imp'' (1891),<ref name="Farrell 2019" /> that sets a moral fable in a community spreid ower the hale Pacific. Steepin himsel in the islands' culture brocht on a "political awakening": it pit Stevenson "at an angle" tae the rival [[Great pouer|great pouers]], Breetain, [[German Empire|Germany]] an the Unitit States, whase warships were a common sicht in Samoan herbours.<ref name="Jamie">{{Cite news |last=Jamie |first=Kathleen |date=20 August 2017 |title=Scot of the South Seas: Robert Louis Stevenson in Samoa |work=New Statesman |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2017/08/scot-south-seas-robert-louis-stevenson-samoa |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027052324/https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2017/08/scot-south-seas-robert-louis-stevenson-samoa |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Farrell" /> He unnerstuid that, as in the [[Scots Hielands]] (comparisons wi his hame kintra "came readily"), an indigenous clan society wisnae ready for the arrival o foreigners that played on its existin rivalries an divisions. As the ootside pressures on Samoan society grew, the tensions suin gaed doon intae several wars atween clans.<ref name="Calder">Jenni Calder, Introduction, {{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=Island Landfalls |date=1987 |publisher=Cannongate |isbn=0-86241-144-0 |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> Nae langer content tae be a "romancer", Stevenson becam a reporter an an agitator. He fired aff letters tae ''The Times'' that "rehearsed with an ironic twist that surely owed something to his Edinburgh legal training" a tale o European an American misconduct.<ref name="Calder" /> His concern for the Polynesians is fund in the ''South Sea Letters'' an aw, published in magazines in 1891 (an syne as a buik, ''In the South Seas'', in 1896). In an effort he feared micht get him deportit, Stevenson helped tae get twa European officials cried back. ''A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa'' (1892) wis a detailed chronicle o hou the rivalries o the great pouers crossed wi the first Samoan Civil War. [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson birthday fete, Samoa 1896.jpg|thumb|left|Stevenson's birthday fete at Vailima, November 1894]] For aw he said he couldnae thole politics ("I used to think meanly of the plumber", he wrote tae his freend Sidney Colvin, "but how he shines beside the politician!"<ref>Letter to Sidney Colvin, 17 April 1893, ''Vailima Letters'', [[S:Vailima Letters/Chapter XXVIII|Chapter XXVIII]]</ref>) Stevenson felt he haed tae tak sides. He sided openly wi the chief Mataafa, whase rival Malietoa wis backit bi the Germans, whase firms were stairtin tae monopolise the processin o copra an cocoa beans.<ref name="Farrell" /> Abuin aw, Stevenson wis alairmed bi whit he saw as the Samoans' economic innocence: their failin tae mak siccar their claim tae awn the laund (in a [[John Locke|Lockean]] sense)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Graeber |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8gZEAAAQBAJ |title=The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity |last2=Wengrow |first2=David |date=19 October 2021 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-241-40245-0 |pages=149 |language=en}}</ref> throu better management an labour. In 1894, jist months afore his daith, he spak tae the island chiefs:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lang |first=Andrew |url=https://www.readcentral.com/mobile/chapters/Andrew-Lang/The-Works-of-Robert-Louis-Stevenson-Vol-25/011 |title=The Works of Robert Louis Stevenson Vol 25, Appendix II |date=1911 |publisher=Chatto and Windus |location=London |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027055506/https://www.readcentral.com/mobile/chapters/Andrew-Lang/The-Works-of-Robert-Louis-Stevenson-Vol-25/011 |url-status=live }}</ref><blockquote>There is but one way to defend Samoa. Hear it before it is too late. It is to make roads, and gardens, and care for your trees, and sell their produce wisely, and, in one word, to occupy and use your country... if ye dinnae occupy and use your country, others will. It winnae continue to be yours or your children's, if ye occupy it for nothing. Ye and your children will, in that case, be cast out into outer darkness".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "There is but one way to defend Samoa. Hear it before it is too late. It is to make roads, and gardens, and care for your trees, and sell their produce wisely, and, in one word, to occupy and use your country... if you do not occupy and use your country, others will. It will not continue to be yours or your children's, if you occupy it for nothing. You and your children will, in that case, be cast out into outer darkness"."</ref></blockquote> He haed "seen these judgments of God" in Hawaii, whaur desertit native kirks stuid lik heidstanes "over a grave, in the midst of the white men's sugar fields". He haed seen them in Ireland an aw, an "in the mountains of my own country Scotland".<blockquote>These were a fine people in the past brave, gay, faithful, and very much like Samoans, except in one particular, that they were much wiser and better at that business of fighting of which ye think so much. But the time came to them as it now comes to ye, and it didnae find them ready...<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "These were a fine people in the past brave, gay, faithful, and very much like Samoans, except in one particular, that they were much wiser and better at that business of fighting of which you think so much. But the time came to them as it now comes to you, and it did not find them ready..."</ref></blockquote> Five year efter Stevenson's daith, the Samoan Islands were pairtit atween Germany an the Unitit States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=German Colonies in the Pacific |url=https://www.nla.gov.au/selected-library-collections/german-colonies-in-the-pacific |access-date=29 January 2021 |website=National Library of Australia |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203191950/https://www.nla.gov.au/selected-library-collections/german-colonies-in-the-pacific |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Last warks== [[File:Stevenson Barnett.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait bi Henry Walter Barnett, 1893]] Stevenson wrote aboot 700,000 wirds in his years on Samoa. He feenisht ''The Beach of Falesá'', the tale, telt in the first person, o a Scots copra trader on a Sooth Sea island, a man that is nae hero, naither in his actions nor in his ain saul. Raither, he is a man o limitit unnerstaundin an imagination, at hame wi his ain prejudices: whaur, he wonders, can he fin "whites" for his "half caste" dochters? The villains are white, an their wey wi the islanders is ruthlessly twa-faced.{{Citation needed|date=Mairch 2026}} Stevenson saw "The Beach of Falesá" as the grund-breakin wark in his turn awa frae romance tae realism. He wrote tae his freend Sidney Colvin: <blockquote>It is the first realistic South Seas story; I mean with real South Sea character and details of life. Everybody else that has tried, that I have seen, got carried away by the romance, and ended in a kind of sugar candy sham epic, and the whole effect was lost... Now I have got the smell and look of the thing a good deal. You will know more about the South Seas after you have read my little tale than if you had read a library.<ref name="owc">Roslyn Jolly (editor). ''Robert Louis Stevenson: South Sea Tales''. The World's Classics. Oxford University Press. 1996. See "Introduction".</ref></blockquote> ''The Ebb-Tide'' (1894) tells o the misadventures o three ne'er-dae-weels left stranded in the Tahitian port o Papeete. It haes been describit as giein "a microcosm of imperialist society, directed by greedy but incompetent whites". In this society "the labour [is] supplied by long-suffering natives who fulfil their duties without orders and are true to the missionary faith which the Europeans make no pretence of respecting".<ref name="sst">Roslyn Jolly, "Introduction" in ''Robert Louis Stevenson: South Sea Tales'' (1996)</ref> It confirmed the new realistic turn in Stevenson's writin, awa frae romance an adolescent adventure. The first sentence reads: "Throughout the island world of the Pacific, scattered men of many European races and from almost every grade of society carry activity and disseminate disease". Stevenson wis nae langer writin aboot human naitur "in terms of a contest between Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde": "the edges of moral responsibility and the margins of moral judgement were too blurred".<ref name="Calder" /> As wi ''The Beach of Falesà'', reviewers at the time saw parallels in ''The Ebb Tide'' wi several o Conrad's warks. Amang them were ''Almayer's Folly'', ''An Outcast of the Islands'', ''The Nigger of the 'Narcissus<nowiki>'</nowiki>'', ''Heart of Darkness'' an ''Lord Jim''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tabachnick |first=Stephen |date=January 2011 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson and Joseph Conrad: Writers of Transition (review) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236819296 |journal=English Literature in Transition 1880–1920 |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=247–250 |access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Sandison">{{Cite book |last=Sandison |first=Alan |title=Robert Louis Stevenson and the Appearance of Modernism |date=1996 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-349-39295-7 |location=London |pages=317–368}}</ref><ref name="Farrell">{{Cite book |last=Farrell |first=Joseph |title=Robert Louis Stevenson in Samoa |date=2017 |publisher=Maclehose Press |isbn=978-0-85705-995-6 |location=London}}</ref> Wi his imagination still bidin in Scotland, an gaun back tae his earlier form, Stevenson wrote ''Catriona'' (1893) an aw, a sequel tae his earlier novel ''Kidnapped'' (1886), cairyin on the adventures o its hero, David Balfour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson – Bibliography: Detailed list of works |url=https://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/works |website=robert-louis-stevenson.org |access-date=20 April 2008 |archive-date=4 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204193447/http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/works |url-status=live }}</ref> As a writer he felt that "there was never any man had so many irons in the fire",<ref>Letter to [[Sidney Colvin]], 3 January 1892, ''Vailima Letters'', [[S:Vailima Letters/Chapter XIV|Chapter XIV]].</ref> but bi the end o 1893 he wis feart he haed "overworked" an wurn oot his creative vein.<ref>Letter to Sidney Colvin, December 1893, ''Vailima Letters'', [[S:Vailima Letters/Chapter XXXV|Chapter XXXV]]</ref> His writin wis pairtly driven bi the need tae meet the costs o Vailima. But in a last burst o energy he stairtit wark on ''Weir of Hermiston''. "It's so good that it frightens me," he is said tae hae cried oot.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_yVz2M7C38C&pg=PR16 |title=An Inland Voyage, Including Travels with a Donkey |publisher=Cosimo, Inc. |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59605-823-1 |editor-last=Robert Allen Armstrong |page=xvi}}</ref> He felt it wis the best wark he haed duin.<ref>"To H. B. Baildon, Vailima, Upolu [undated, but written in 1891].," ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 2, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 2/Chapter XI|Chapter XI]]</ref> Set in aichteent-century Scotland, it is the story o a society that, however different, is seein, lik Samoa, a brakdoon o social rules an structures that leads tae growin moral ambivalence.<ref name="Calder" /> ==Daith== On 3 December 1894, while he wis restin at his hame in Vailima, Stevenson wis talkin tae his wife an strauchlin tae open a bottle o wine. Aw at ance he cried oot, "What's that?", then speired at his wife, "Does my face look strange?", an collapsed.<ref name=":0">Balfour, Graham (1906). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GrA5nEhnLh0C The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson]'' London: Methuen. </ref> (Some soorces hae said that he wis tryin tae mak mayonnaise insteid when he collapsed.)<ref name="Farrell 2017 p. 199">{{cite book | last=Farrell | first=J. | title=Robert Louis Stevenson in Samoa | publisher=Quercus Publishing | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-84866-882-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KI9EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT199 | access-date=10 March 2023 | page=199 | archive-date=10 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310054215/https://books.google.com/books?id=KI9EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT199 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Theroux 2017 p. 507">{{cite book | last=Theroux | first=A. | title=Einstein's Beets | publisher=Fantagraphics Books | series=Mersion: Emergent Village Resources for Communities of Faith Series | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-60699-976-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XpSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA507 | language=de | access-date=10 March 2023 | page=507 | archive-date=10 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310054215/https://books.google.com/books?id=-XpSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA507 | url-status=live }}</ref> He died within a few oors, aged 44, mibbie frae a brain haemorrhage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Letter tells of final hours of Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://media.nls.uk/news/letter-tells-of-final-hours-of-robert-louis-stevenson |website=National Library of Scotland Newsroom |access-date=16 December 2024 |date=2 December 2016}}</ref> Research published in 2000 suggests that Stevenson micht hae haed hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Rendu-Weber Syndrome). This wad explain his lang-staundin trouble wi his breathin, the haemorrhages o the lungs that kept comin back, an his early daith. It micht explain a stroke his mither seems tae hae haed at 38 an aw, that wisnae reportit afore.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guttmacher |first1=Alan E. |last2=Callahan |first2=J.R. |title=Did Robert Louis Stevenson have hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia? |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics |date=6 March 2000 |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=62–65 |doi=10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(20000306)91:1<62::aid-ajmg11>3.0.co;2-3|pmid=10751091 }}</ref> Efter his daith the Samoans wad hae a watch kept roond his body throu the nicht, an they cairied him on their shooders tae Mount Vaea nearhaund. Thare they buried him on a spot owerleukin the sea, on laund gien bi the Breetish Actin Vice Consul Thomas Trood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stevenson's tomb |url=http://www.nls.uk/rlstevenson/pics/picture-i3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208193430/http://www.nls.uk/rlstevenson/pics/picture-i3.html |archive-date=8 December 2008 |access-date=20 October 2008 |publisher=National Library of Scotland }}</ref> This epitaph, based on Stevenson's poem "Requiem",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |url=https://archive.org/details/underwoods00stevrich/page/43/mode/1up |title=Underwoods |year=1887 |location=London |publisher=Chatto and Windus |page=43}}</ref> is cut on his tomb:<ref>{{cite web|title=Wide and Starry Sky|last=Mattix|first=Micah|website=Washington Examiner|date=4 November 2018|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/wide-and-starry-sky|access-date=21 November 2022|archivedate=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231947/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/wide-and-starry-sky|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Grave of Robert Louis Stevenson 1909.jpg|thumb|His tomb on Mount Vaea, c. 1909]] <blockquote><poem>Under the wide and starry sky Dig the grave and let me lie Glad did I live and gladly die And I laid me down with a will This be the verse you grave for me Here he lies where he longed to be Home is the sailor home from the sea And the hunter home from the hill</poem></blockquote> Stevenson wis luved bi the Samoans, an the epitaph on his heidstane wis owerset intae a Samoan sang o grief.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jolly |first=Roslyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72BxumU5mlsC&pg=PA160 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson in the Pacific: Travel, Empire, and the Author's Profession |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7546-6195-5 |page=160}}</ref> The requiem is on the east side o the grave. On the wast side is cut the passage frae the Bible, Ruth 1:16–17: <blockquote><poem>Whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge: And thy people shall be my people, and thy God shall be my God: Where thou diest will I die, and there will I be buried.<ref>Harry J. Moors, ''With Stevenson in Samoa'', Boston: Small, Maynard, 1910, [https://archive.org/details/withstevensonins00mooruoft/page/214/mode/2up?q=cooper p. 214].</ref></poem></blockquote> The ensign flag that wis drapit ower his coffin in Samoa wis brocht back tae Edinburgh. It nou hings in a gless case abuin the fireplace in rooms in Edinburgh University's Old College that belang tae The Speculative Society, that he wis a member o.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/254527/edinburgh-south-bridge-university-of-edinburgh-old-college-rooms-of-the-speculative-society |title=Edinburgh, South Bridge, University of Edinburgh, Old College, Rooms of the Speculative Society |date= |website=Canmore |publisher=Historic Environment Scotland |access-date=9 July 2024}}</ref> ==Artistic reception== [[File:Picture of Stevenson by Barrie.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait bi Henry Walter Barnett in 1893, sent bi Stevenson tae [[J. M. Barrie]]|left]] Hauf o Stevenson's original manuscripts are lost, amang them thae o ''Treasure Island'', ''The Black Arrow'' an ''The Master of Ballantrae''. His heirs selt his papers throu the [[Warld War I|First Warld War]], an monie o his documents were roupit in 1918.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 2010 |title=Bid to trace lost Robert Louis Stevenson manuscripts |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10569471 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925134702/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10569471 |url-status=live }}</ref> Stevenson wis a celebrity in his ain time, an monie ither writers admired him, amang them Marcel Proust, [[Arthur Conan Doyle]], Henry James, [[J. M. Barrie]],<ref name="Chaney">{{Cite book |last=Chaney |first=Lisa |title=Hide-and-seek with Angels: The Life of J. M. Barrie |publisher=Arrow Books |year=2006 |isbn=0-09-945323-1 |location=London}}</ref> [[Rudyard Kipling]] an Emilio Salgari, an later Cesare Pavese, Bertolt Brecht, [[Ernest Hemingway]], Jack London, Vladimir Nabokov<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillard |first=R. H. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3f2ne_bk-xoC&pg=PR13 |title=Introduction to Treasure Island |publisher=Signet Classics |year=1998 |isbn=0-451-52704-6 |location=New York |page=xiii |author-link=R. H. W. Dillard |no-pp=true}}</ref> an G. K. Chesterton, that said Stevenson "seemed to pick the right word up on the point of his pen, like a man playing spillikins".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chesterton |first=Gilbert Keith |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Victorian_Age_in_Literature/Chapter_IV |title=The Victorian Age in Literature |publisher=Henry Holt and Co. |year=1913 |location=London |page=246 |author-link=G. K. Chesterton |access-date=28 July 2008 |archive-date=29 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629105004/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Victorian_Age_in_Literature/Chapter_IV |url-status=live }}</ref> For muckle o the 20t century Stevenson wis seen as a second-cless writer. He wis pit doon tae bairns' literature an horror,<ref name="arata" /> condemned bi literary figures sic as Virginia Woolf (dochter o his early mentor Leslie Stephen) an her husband Leonard Woolf. Bit bi bit he wis left oot o the canon o literature taucht in schuils.<ref name="arata" /> His exclusion wis at its warst in the 2,000-page ''Oxford Anthology of English Literature'' o 1973, that didnae mention him at aw. ''The Norton Anthology of English Literature'' left him oot frae 1968 tae 2000 (1st–7t editions), anerly pittin him in the aicht edition (2006).<ref name=arata/> The late 20t century brocht a fresh leuk at Stevenson. He wis seen as an artist o great range an insicht, a literary theorist, an essayist an social critic, a witness tae the colonial history o the Pacific Islands, an a humanist.<ref name=arata/> Roger Lancelyn Green, ane o the Oxford Inklings, praised him as a writer o a consistently heich level o "literary skill or sheer imaginative power", an a pioneer o the Age o the Story Tellers alangside H. Rider Haggard.<ref>introduction to 1965 [[Everyman's Library]] edition of the one-volume ''[[The Prisoner of Zenda]]'' and ''[[Rupert of Hentzau]]''</ref> He is nou thocht o as a peer o writers sic as Joseph Conrad (that Stevenson influenced wi his Sooth Seas fiction) an Henry James, wi new scholarly studies an organisations devotit tae him.<ref name="arata">Stephen Arata (2006). "Robert Louis Stevenson". David Scott Kastan (ed.). ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature''. Vol. 5: 99–102</ref> Throu aw the ups an doons o his scholarly reception, Stevenson haes bidden popular aw ower the warld. Accordin tae the Index Translationum, Stevenson is rankit the 26t maist owerset writer in the warld, aheid o [[Oscar Wilde]] an [[Edgar Allan Poe]].<ref name="indextrans">{{Cite web |title=Top 50 Authors |url=http://www.unesco.org/xtrans/bsstatexp.aspx?crit1L=5&nTyp=min&topN=50 |access-date=17 January 2019 |website=Index Translationum |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |archive-date=12 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612072938/http://www.unesco.org/xtrans/bsstatexp.aspx?crit1L=5&nTyp=min&topN=50 |url-status=live }}</ref> On Stevenson's modren nem, the American film critic [[Roger Ebert]] wrote in 1996: <blockquote>I was talking to a friend the other day who said he'd never met a child who liked reading Robert Louis Stevenson's ''Treasure Island''. Neither have I, I said. And he'd never met a child who liked reading Stevenson's ''Kidnapped''. Me neither, I said. My early exposure to both books was via the Classics Illustrated comic books. But I did read the books later, when I was no longer a kid, and I enjoyed them enormously. Same goes for Stevenson's ''Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde''. The fact is, Stevenson is a splendid writer of stories for adults, and he should be put on the same shelf with Joseph Conrad and Jack London instead of in between Winnie the Pooh and Peter Pan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1996-02-16 |title=Muppet Treasure Island |work=[[Chicago Sun Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/muppet-treasure-island-1996 |access-date=2019-05-07 |archive-date=25 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073540/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/muppet-treasure-island-1996 |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote> ==Stevenson an Scots== Stevenson wrote in Scots as weel as English. The second buik o ''Underwoods'' (1887) is "In Scots": saxteen poems, amang them "The Maker to Posterity", "A Mile an' a Bittock" an "A Lowden Sabbath Morn".<ref name="underwoods">{{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=Underwoods |year=1887 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/438 |via=Project Gutenberg |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> The Scots Language Centre cries this "a radical decision for his time".<ref>{{cite web |title=New RLS Website Now Live |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/view/id/1618 |website=Scots Language Centre |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Afore the Scots poems Stevenson pit a note on hou he wrote the leid. He said he "simply wrote my Scots as well as I was able, not caring if it hailed from Lauderdale or Angus, from the Mearns or Galloway". The speech in his lug, but, wis that o the Lothians: "it is there I heard the language spoken about my childhood".<ref name="underwoods" /> He wis fond o "the tongue of Fergusson and of Sir Walter", baith Edinburgh men, but Burns, he said, "has always sounded in my ear like something partly foreign".<ref name="underwoods" /> He thocht Scots wis deein oot, an wrote that he wantit "to have my hour as a native Maker, and be read by my own countryfolk in our own dying language".<ref name="underwoods" /> His short story "Thrawn Janet", gaithered intae ''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'' (1887), is telt maistly in Scots.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=The Merry Men, and Other Tales and Fables |year=1887 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/344 |via=Project Gutenberg |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Henry James cried it "a masterpiece in thirteen pages", a tale o the supernatural "related in the Scotch dialect".<ref>{{cite book |last=James |first=Henry |chapter=Robert Louis Stevenson |title=Partial Portraits |year=1888 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/58471 |via=Project Gutenberg |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Scots is in his novels an aw. ''Kidnapped'' (1886) is telt in English, but its dialogue is in "a Scots partly remembered from Stevenson's Edinburgh youth, including the language used by his family servants".<ref>{{cite web |last=Axford |first=Martin |title=Robert Louis Stevenson's Kidnapped: Teaching Notes |publisher=Association for Scottish Literary Studies |year=2007 |page=2 |url=https://asls.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/teachingnotes206.pdf |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> In ''Weir of Hermiston'', no feenisht at his daith, the characters gang back an forrit atween the twa leids: Archie, speakin wi Kirstie, is shawn "lapsing into the broad Scots".<ref>{{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=Weir of Hermiston: An Unfinished Romance |year=1896 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/380 |via=Project Gutenberg |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Syne his time some o his wark haes been owerset intae Scots. ''The Unco Case o' Dr Jekyll an' Mr Hyde'' (2008) is a graphic novel in Scots based on his novel, owerset bi James P. Spence,<ref>{{cite web |title=Unco Case o' Dr Jekyll an' Mr Hyde |url=https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781902407593 |website=Open Library |publisher=Waverley Books |date=19 February 2008 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jekyll and Hyde in Scots |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/view/id/1055 |website=Scots Language Centre |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> an Sheena Blackhall owerset the novel intae North-East Scots as ''Fey Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde'' (2018).<ref>{{cite web |title=Fey Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde |url=https://www.evertype.com/books/jekyll-sco.html |publisher=Evertype |year=2018 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> ==Monuments an commemoration== ===Unitit Kinrick=== [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson sculpture in St. Giles' cathedral.jpg|thumb|Bronze relief memorial tae Stevenson in [[St Giles' Cathedral|St. Giles' Cathedral]], Edinburgh|left]] [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson head.JPG|thumb|Profile bust o Stevenson, [[Writers' Museum]], Edinburgh]]The [[Writers' Museum]] near Edinburgh's [[Ryal Mile|Royal Mile]] gies a room ower tae Stevenson, wi some o his personal belangins frae his bairnhood tae his grown-up years. In the Moray Aisle o [[St Giles' Cathedral]] in Edinburgh thare is a bronze relief memorial tae Stevenson, designed in 1904 bi the American sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial |url=http://www.stgilescathedral.org.uk/history/architecture/rlsmemorial.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828033429/http://www.stgilescathedral.org.uk/history/architecture/rlsmemorial.html |archive-date=28 August 2008 |access-date=20 October 2008 |publisher=St Giles' Cathedral }}</ref> A smaller version o this relief bi Saint-Gaudens is in the collection o the Montclair Art Museum in New Jersey.<ref>[50.199.148.5:8081/view/objects/asitem/45/97/primaryMaker-asc?t:state:flow=92095637-f394-4ee3-9846-f82e8985400e Saint-Gaudens, Augustus (American, 1848–1907): Robert Louis Stevenson, 1887–88 (cast after 1895)], accessed 26 February 2015</ref> Anither smaa version, that shows Stevenson wi a cigarette in his haund raither than the pen he hauds in the St Giles memorial, is on show in the Nichols House Museum in Beacon Hill, Boston.<ref>Petronella, Mary Melvin, ed., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qg_uLLXLY5kC&pg=PA107 Victorian Boston Today: Twelve Walking Tours]'' (Lebanon, N.H.: University Press of New England, 2004), p. 107.</ref> In the West Princes Street Gardens ablo [[Edinburgh Castle]], a plain upricht stane, makkit bi the sculptor Ian Hamilton Finlay in 1987, is cut wi the wirds "RLS – A Man of Letters 1850–1894".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial Grove |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/directory_record/139197/robert_louis_stevenson_memorial_grove |access-date=27 October 2013 |publisher=City of Edinburgh Council |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190654/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/directory_record/139197/robert_louis_stevenson_memorial_grove |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2013 a statue o Stevenson as a bairn wi his dug wis unveiled bi the writer [[Ian Rankin]] ootside Colinton Pairish Kirk.<ref name="BBCRLS">(27 October 2013) [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-24685842 Robert Louis Stevenson statue unveiled by Ian Rankin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028192850/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-24685842 |date=28 October 2018 }} BBC News Scotland, Retrieved 27 October 2013</ref> The sculptor wis Alan Herriot, an the siller tae pit it up wis raised bi the Colinton Community Conservation Trust.<ref name = BBCRLS/> Stevenson's hoose Skerryvore, at the heid o Alum Chine, wis badly damaged bi bombs in a destructive an deidly raid in the Bournemouth Blitz. For aw a campaign tae save it, the biggin wis dung doon.<ref name="O'Connor2014">{{Cite book |author=Sean O'Connor |title=Handsome Brute: The True Story of a Ladykiller |date=27 February 2014 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4711-0135-9}}</ref> In 1957 the Bournemouth Corporation laid oot a gairden as a memorial tae Stevenson, on the site o his Westbourne hoose, "Skerryvore", that he bade in frae 1885 tae 1887. Thare is a statue o the Skerryvore lighthoose on the site. Westbourne haes a Robert Louis Stevenson Avenue, named efter him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bach |first=Eric |title=Robert Louis Stevenson – he gave us the phrase "Jekyll and Hyde" |url=https://britishheritage.org/robert-louis-stevenson |access-date=13 April 2024 |website=British Heritage |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Robert Louis Stevenson statue.JPG|thumb|Statue o Stevenson as a bairn, ootside Colinton Pairish Kirk in Edinburgh|left]] The smaa hotel in Wick whaur Stevenson bade in the simmer o 1868 is nou cried Stevenson House, an is merkit wi a plaque. The hoose is near the herbour, in the pairt o Wick kent as Pultneytown.<ref name="auto"/> In 1994, tae merk the 100t anniversary o Stevenson's daith, the Royal Bank of Scotland issued a series o commemorative [[Fowk on Clydesdale Bank notes|£1 notes]], wi a quill pen an Stevenson's signature on the front, an Stevenson's face on the back. Alangside Stevenson's portrait are scenes frae some o his buiks, an his hoose in Wastren Samoa.<ref name="commemorative">{{Cite web |title=Royal Bank Commemorative Notes |url=http://www.rampantscotland.com/SCM/royalcomm.htm |access-date=14 October 2008 |publisher=Rampant Scotland |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525031728/http://www.rampantscotland.com/SCM/royalcomm.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Twa million notes were issued, ilk ane wi a serial nummer stairtin "RLS". The first note aff the press wis sent tae Samoa jist in time for their centenary celebrations on 3 December 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Banknotes: Commemorative Banknote |url=http://www.rbs.com/about03.asp?id=ABOUT_US/OUR_HERITAGE/OUR_HISTORY/OUR_BANKNOTES/COMMEMORATIVE_BANKNOTES |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015003123/http://www.rbs.com/about03.asp?id=ABOUT_US%2FOUR_HERITAGE%2FOUR_HISTORY%2FOUR_BANKNOTES%2FCOMMEMORATIVE_BANKNOTES |archive-date=15 October 2007 |access-date=20 October 2008 |publisher=The Royal Bank of Scotland }}</ref> In 2024 it wis annoonced that a sculpture on the theme o Jekyll an Hyde wad be pit up near whaur Skerryvore ance stuid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=Jekyll and Hyde-themed sculpture to honour Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn019r6y4ego |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> ===Unitit States=== The Stevenson House at 530 Houston Street in Monterey, California, ance the French Hotel, minds on Stevenson's stay in 1879 in "the Old Pacific Capital". He wis crossin the Unitit States then tae jine his future wife, Fanny Osbourne. The Stevenson House museum haes a bas-relief o the sickly writer writin in his bed. Spyglass Hill Golf Course, first cried Pebble Beach Pines Golf Club, wis renamed "Spyglass Hill" bi Samuel F. B. Morse (1885–1969), the foonder o the Pebble Beach Company, efter a place in Stevenson's ''Treasure Island''. Aw the holes at Spyglass Hill are named efter characters an places in the novel. The Robert Louis Stevenson Museum in St. Helena, California, is hame tae ower 11,000 objects an artifacts, the maist o them Stevenson's ain. It appent in 1969, an hauds sic traisures as his bairnhood rockin chair, his writin desk, his toy sodgers an his personal writins, amang monie ither things. The museum is free tae the public, an serves as an academic archive for students, writers an fowk keen on Stevenson. The Robert Louis Stevenson Cottage is a smaa memorial museum tae Stevenson, stappit wi artifacts an information, that gies an excellent introduction tae the writer an his warks. It is at Saranac Lake, NY, a few mile frae Lake Placid.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Cottage (Baker Cottage), Saranac Lake |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/107-baker-cottage-saranac-lake/ |website=RLS Website |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> Portsmouth Square in [[San Francisco]] haes an ootdoor Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial. In 2024 thare wis controversy ower the San Francisco statue. Jenny Leung, executive director o the Chinese Culture Center, said "There were a lot of vocal opinions about how ... Robert Louis Stevenson had nothing to do with Chinatown."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Sydney |date=25 January 2024 |orig-date=25 January 2024 |title=SF Chinatown Weighs in on Controversial Monuments in Portsmouth Square {{!}} KQED |url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11973503/sf-chinatown-weighs-in-on-controversial-monuments-in-portsmouth-square |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516215416/https://www.kqed.org/news/11973503/sf-chinatown-weighs-in-on-controversial-monuments-in-portsmouth-square |archive-date=16 May 2024 |access-date=11 August 2024 |website=www.kqed.org |language=en}}</ref> At least sax public an private schuils in the US are named efter Stevenson. Amang them are schuils on the Upper West Side o Manhattan in New York Ceety,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson School |url=http://www.stevenson-school.org/ |access-date=8 June 2015 |website=stevenson-school.org |archive-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723000427/http://www.stevenson-school.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in Fridley, Minnesota,<ref>"[http://www.fridley.k12.mn.us/page.cfm?p=1703 R. L. Stevenson Elementary School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219034036/http://www.fridley.k12.mn.us/page.cfm?p=1703 |date=19 December 2014 }}". Fridley Public Schools. Retrieved 26 January 2014.</ref> in Burbank, California,<ref>"[https://www.burbankusd.org/rlses Robert Louis Stevenson Elementary School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227144937/https://www.burbankusd.org/rlses |date=27 December 2022 }}", Burbank Unified School District. Retrieved 27 December 2022.</ref> in Grandview Heights, Ohio, in [[San Francisco]], California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Elementary |url=http://www.robertlouisstevensonschool.org/ |access-date=29 October 2016 |website=robertlouisstevensonschool.org |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028211428/http://www.robertlouisstevensonschool.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> an in Merritt Island, Florida.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Stevenson Elementary School: FAQ's |language=en |work=Edline |url=http://www.edline.net/pages/RLStevenson_Elementary/About_Us/FAQ_s |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-date=26 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326142150/http://www.edline.net/pages/RLStevenson_Elementary/About_Us/FAQ_s |url-status=live }}</ref> Thare is an R. L. Stevenson middle schuil in [[Honolulu]], Hawaii, an in Saint Helena, California. Stevenson School in Pebble Beach, California, wis set up in 1952 an is still gaun as a college preparatory boardin schuil. Robert Louis Stevenson State Park near Calistoga, California, taks in the place whaur he an Fanny spent their honeymuin in 1880.<ref>"[http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=472 Robert Louis Stevenson SP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015234559/http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=472 |date=15 October 2017 }}". California Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved 18 July 2014.</ref> A street in Honolulu's Waikiki District, whaur Stevenson bade while he wis in the Hawaiian Islands, wis named efter his Samoan nem, Tusitala.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farrell |first=Joseph |title=Robert Louis Stevenson and his meeting with a princess in Hawaii |work=The National |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/17950082.robert-louis-stevenson-meeting-princess-hawaii/ |access-date=6 May 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703005509/https://www.thenational.scot/news/17950082.robert-louis-stevenson-meeting-princess-hawaii/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Samoa=== [[File:Stephenson_Museum_Apia_banner.jpg|thumb|RLS Museum, Samoa]] Stevenson's former hame at Vailima, Samoa, is nou a museum devotit tae the later years o his life. The Robert Louis Stevenson Museum shows the hoose as it wis at the time o his daith, alang wi twa ither biggins addit tae Stevenson's original ane, makkin the museum three times the size. The peth tae Stevenson's grave at the tap o Mount Vaea stairts at the museum.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Museum |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/robert-louis-stevenson-museum |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516185526/https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/robert-louis-stevenson-museum |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Fraunce=== The Chemin de Stevenson (GR 70) is a popular lang-distance fitpath in Fraunce that follaes rouchly the road Stevenson describit in ''Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes''. Thare are monie monuments an businesses named efter him alang the wey, amang them a fountain in the toun o Saint-Jean-du-Gard, whaur Stevenson selt his cuddy Modestine an took a stagecoach tae [[Alès]].<ref name="castle">{{Cite book |last=Castle |first=Alan |title=The Robert Louis Stevenson Trail |date=2007 |publisher=Cicerone |isbn=978-1-85284-511-7 |edition=2nd}}</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Count Girolamo Nerli - Robert Louis Stevenson, 1850 - 1894. Essayist, poet and novelist - Google Art Project.jpg|Portrait bi Girolamo Nerli, 1892 File:Robert Louis Stevenson and Kalakaua in the King's boathouse (PP-96-14-008).jpg|Wi Kalākaua in the King's boathoose File:Robert Louis Stevenson by Sargent.jpg|Portrait bi John Singer Sargent, 1887 File:Sargent - Robert Louis Stevenson and His Wife.jpg|Stevenson walks up an doon his dinin room in an 1885 portrait bi John Singer Sargent. His wife Fanny, sittin in an Indian dress, can be seen in the bottom richt corner. File:Robert Louis Stevenson's Photograph.jpg|Anither portrait bi Barnett in 1893, a wee bit different frae the mair weel-kent ane. File:Robert stevenson.JPG|Portrait bi William Blake Richmond, 1886 File:Robert Louis Stevenson c.1890 slnsw.jpg|Robert Louis Stevenson an his wife Fanny, Nan Tok an Natakanti, Butaritari Island, Kiribati, c. 1890 </gallery> ==Warks== ===Novels=== [[File:Kidnapped p58 (WBHole).jpg|thumb|upright|Illustration frae ''Kidnapped''. Caption: "Hoseason turned upon him with a flash" (chaipter VII, "I Go to Sea in the Brig "Covenant" of Dysart")]] * ''The Hair Trunk or The Ideal Commonwealth'' (1877): no feenisht an no published.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McCracken |first=Edd |date=20 March 2011 |title=Found: Louis Stevenson's missing masterpiece |work=Sunday Herald |location=Glasgow |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/found-louis-stevenson-s-missing-masterpiece-1.1091457 |access-date=20 March 2011 |archive-date=9 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309204423/http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/found-louis-stevenson-s-missing-masterpiece-1.1091457 |url-status=live }}</ref> An annotatit edition o the original manuscript, editit an introduced bi Roger G. Swearingen, wis published as ''The Hair Trunk or The Ideal Commonwealth: An Extravaganza'' in August 2014. * ''Treasure Island'' (1883): his first muckle success, a tale o [[Piracy|piracy]], buried traisure an adventure, that haes been filmed monie times. In a letter tae W. E. Henley in 1881 he gied the earliest title kent, "The Sea Cook, or Treasure Island: a Story for Boys". * ''Prince Otto'' (1885): Stevenson's third full-lenth narrative, an action romance set in the imaginar Germanic state o Grünewald. * ''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'' (1886): a novella aboot a dooble personality, adaptit monie times for stage an film. It wis influential in the growth o unnerstaundin o the subconscious mind an aw. It did this throu its story o a kind, clever doctor that turns intae a [[Psychopathy|psychopathic]] monster efter takkin a drug meant tae separate guid frae evil in a personality. * ''Kidnapped'' (1886): a historical novel that tells o the laddie David Balfour's ettle tae win his inheritance, an his alliance wi Allan Breck Stewart in the intrigues o the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] troubles in Scotland. * ''The Black Arrow'' (1888): a historical adventure novel an romance set in the Wars o the Roses. * ''The Master of Ballantrae'' (1889): a tale o revenge set in Scotland, America an Indie. * ''The Wrong Box'' (1889): written wi Lloyd Osbourne. A comic novel aboot a tontine; filmed in 1966, wi John Mills, Ralph Richardson an [[Michael Caine]]. * ''The Wrecker'' (1892): written wi Lloyd Osbourne. The last pairt wis filmed in 1957 as an episode o the television series ''Maverick'', wi James Garner an Jack Kelly, an full credit tae Stevenson an Osbourne. * ''Catriona'' (1893): also kent as ''David Balfour''; a sequel tae ''Kidnapped'' that tells o Balfour's faurer adventures. * ''The Ebb-Tide'' (1894): written wi Lloyd Osbourne. * ''Weir of Hermiston'' (1896): no feenisht at the time o Stevenson's daith; thocht tae hae promised great artistic growth. * ''St Ives'' (1897): no feenisht at the time o Stevenson's daith; feenisht bi Arthur Quiller-Couch. * ''Sophia Scarlet'': notes frae 1892 for a novel he niver feenisht, editit bi Robert Hoskins in ''Sophia Scarlet and Other Pacific Writings'' (Auckland: AUT Media, 2008) ===Collections o short stories=== [[File:Portrait of R. L. Stevenson at the age of thirty-seven.jpg|thumb|upright|{{center|Stevenson at 37}}]] *''New Arabian Nights'' (1882) (11 stories) *''More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter'' (1885) (written wi Fanny Van de Grift Stevenson) *''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'' (1887) (6 stories) *''Island Nights' Entertainments'' (1893) (3 stories) *''Fables'' (1896) (20 stories: "The Persons of the Tale", "The Sinking Ship", "The Two Matches", "The Sick Man and the Fireman", "The Devil and the Innkeeper", "The Penitent", "The Yellow Paint", "The House of Eld", "The Four Reformers", "The Man and His Friend", "The Reader", "The Citizen and the Traveller", "The Distinguished Stranger", "The Carthorses and the Saddlehorse", "The Tadpole and the Frog", "Something in It", "Faith, Half Faith and No Faith at All", "The Touchstone", "The Poor Thing" an "The Song of the Morrow") *''Tales and Fantasies'' (1905) (3 stories) *''South Sea Tales'' (1996) (6 stories: "The Beach of Falesá", "The Bottle Imp", "The Isle of Voices", "The Ebb-Tide: A Trio and Quartette", "The Cart-Horses and the Saddle-Horse" an "Something in It") ===Short stories=== This is a list o his short stories in the order they were written<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/|title=Robert Louis Stevenson|website=robert-louis-stevenson.org|accessdate=8 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208073658/https://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> (leavin oot the stories he wrote wi Fanny in ''More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter''). {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Title !Date !Collection !Notes |- |"An Old Song" |1875 |No collectit |Stevenson's first published fiction, in ''London'', 1877, wi nae name pit tae it. Republished in 1982 bi R. Swearingen. |- |"When the Devil Was Well" |1875 |No collectit |First published in 1921, bi the Boston Bibliophile Society. |- |"Edifying Letters of the Rutherford Family" |1877 |No collectit |No feenisht. No richtly a short story. First published in 1982 bi R. Swearingen. |- |"Will o' the Mill" |1877 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 ||First published in ''The Cornhill Magazine'', 1878 |- |"A Lodging for the Night" |1877 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''Temple Bar'' in 1877 |- |"The Sire De Malétroit's Door" |1877 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''Temple Bar'' in 1878 |- |"The Suicide Club" |1878 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''London'' in 1878. Three linkit stories: "Story of the Young Man with the Cream Tarts", "Story of the Physician and the Saratoga Trunk" an "The Adventure of the Hansom Cab". Pairt o the ''Later-day Arabian Nights''. |- |"The Rajah's Diamond" |1878 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''London'' in 1878. Fower linkit stories: "Story of the Bandbox", "Story of the Young Man in Holy Orders", "Story of the House with the Green Blinds" an "The Adventure of Prince Florizel and a Detective". Pairt o the ''Later-day Arabian Nights''. |- |"Providence and the Guitar" |1878 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''London'' in 1878 |- |"The Story of a Lie" |1879 |''Tales and Fantasies'', 1905 |First published in ''New Quarterly Magazine'' in 1879. |- |"The Pavilion on the Links" |1880 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''The Cornhill Magazine'' in 1880. Telt in 9 wee chaipters. Later pit in ''New Arabian Nights'', wi a few bits cut. In 1890 [[Arthur Conan Doyle|Conan Doyle]] cried it the first English short story. |- |"Thrawn Janet" |1881 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 |First published in ''The Cornhill Magazine'', 1881 |- |"The Body Snatcher" |1881 |''Tales and Fantasies'', 1905 |First published in the Christmas 1884 edition o ''The Pall Mall Gazette''. |- |"The Merry Men" |1882 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 |First published in ''The Cornhill Magazine'' in 1882. Later pit, wi chynges, in ''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables''. |- |"Diogenes" |1882 |No collectit |Twa sketches: "Diogenes in London" an "Diogenes at the Savile Club". |- |"The Treasure of Franchard" |1883 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 |First published in ''Longman's Magazine'', 1883 |- |"Markheim" |1884 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 |First published in the ''Broken Shaft. Unwin's Annual.'', 1885 |- |"Olalla" |1885 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 |First published in ''The Court and Society Review'', 1885 |- |"The Great North Road" |1885 |No collectit |No feenisht bi Stevenson. First published in ''Illustrated London News''/''The Cosmopolitan'', 1895. Feenisht bi Stuart Campbell in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dick |first1=Sandra |title=Scottish author's tale abandoned 140 years ago finally gets an ending |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/life_style/25562070.lost-robert-louis-stevenson-book-finally-ending/ |access-date=24 November 2025 |work=The Herald |date=24 November 2025 |location=Glasgow |page=3 |language=en}}</ref> |- |"The Story of a Recluse" |1885 |No collectit |No feenisht. First published by the Boston Bibliophile Society, 1921. Feenisht bi [[Alasdair Gray]] in 1985. |- |"[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]" |1886 |On its ain, 1886 |Novella. Whiles cried, mair seldom, a short novel.<ref>''Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and Other Tales'', Robert Louis Stevenson. Oxford World's Classics.</ref> |- |"The Misadventures of John Nicholson" |1887 |''Tales and Fantasies'', 1905 |Novella, wi the subtitle "A Christmas Story". First published in ''Yule Tide'', 1887 |- |"The Clockmaker" |1880s |No collectit |Ane o twa fables no pit in the 1896 collection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parfect |first=Ralph |date=2005 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson's "The Clockmaker" and "The Scientific Ape": Two Unpublished Fables |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/366388 |journal=English Literature in Transition, 1880–1920 |language=en |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=387–400 |doi=10.2487/Y008-J320-0428-0742 |issn=1559-2715}}</ref> |- |"The Scientific Ape" |1880s |No collectit |Ane o twa fables no pit in the 1896 collection. |- |"The Enchantress" |1889 |No collectit |First published in the hairst 1989 issue o ''The Georgia Review''. |- |"Adventures of Henry Shovel" |1891 |No collectit |No feenisht. First published in the ''Vailima Edition'', Vol. 25. Published alang wi three ither short fragments: "The Owl", "Cannonmills" an "Mr Baskerville and His Ward". |- |"The Bottle Imp" |1891 |''Island Nights' Entertainments'', 1893 |First published in ''Black and White'', 1891 |- |"The Beach of Falesá" |1892 |''Island Nights' Entertainments'', 1893 |Novella. First published in ''The Illustrated London News'' in 1892 |- |"The Isle of Voices" |1892 |''Island Nights' Entertainments'', 1893 |First published in ''National Observer'', 1893 |- |"The Waif Woman" |1892 |No collectit |No feenisht. First published in the ''Scribner's Magazine'', 1914 |- |"The Young Chevalier" |1893 |No collectit |No feenisht. First published in the ''Edinburgh Edition'', Vol. 26, 1897 |- |"Heathercat" |1894 |No collectit |No feenisht. First published in the ''Edinburgh Edition'', Vol. 20, 1897 |} ===Non-fiction=== [[File:Pen and Ink Sketch of Stevenson.jpg|thumb|upright|Pen-an-ink sketch bi Wyatt Eaton, 1888]] *{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Béranger, Pierre Jean de|short=x}}: first published in the 9t edition (1875–1889). *''Virginibus Puerisque, and Other Papers'' (1881), wi the essays ''Virginibus Puerisque i'' (1876); ''Virginibus Puerisque ii'' (1881); ''Virginibus Puerisque iii: On Falling in Love'' (1877); ''Virginibus Puerisque iv: The Truth of Intercourse'' (1879); ''Crabbed Age and Youth'' (1878); ''An Apology for Idlers'' (1877); ''Ordered South'' (1874); ''Aes Triplex'' (1878); ''El Dorado'' (1878); ''The English Admirals'' (1878); ''Some Portraits by Raeburn'' (no published afore); ''Child's Play'' (1878); ''Walking Tours'' (1876); ''Pan's Pipes'' (1878); ''A Plea for Gas Lamps'' (1878). *''Familiar Studies of Men and Books'' (1882), wi ''Preface, by Way of Criticism'' (no published afore); ''Victor Hugo's Romances'' (1874); ''Some Aspects of Robert Burns'' (1879); ''The Gospel According to Walt Whitman'' (1878); ''Henry David Thoreau: His Character and Opinions'' (1880); ''Yoshida-Torajiro'' (1880); ''François Villon, Student, Poet, Housebreaker'' (1877); ''Charles of Orleans'' (1876); ''Samuel Pepys'' (1881); ''John Knox and his Relations to Women'' (1875). *''Memories and Portraits'' (1887), a collection o essays. *''On the Choice of a Profession'' (1887) *''The Day After Tomorrow'' (1887) *''Memoir of Fleeming Jenkin'' (1888) *''Father Damien: an Open Letter to the Rev. Dr. Hyde of Honolulu'' (1890) *''A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa'' (1892) *''Vailima Letters'' (1895) *''Prayers Written at Vailima'' (1904) *''Essays in the Art of Writing'' (1905) *''Lay Morals and Other Papers'' (published efter his daith, in 1911, bi Chatto & Windus): the unrevised notes for a plannit treatise on ethics, written in Edinburgh in the spring o 1879 *''The New Lighthouse on the Dhu Heartach Rock, Argyllshire'' (1995): based on a manuscript o 1872, editit bi R. G. Swearingen. California. Silverado Museum. ===Poetry=== *''Moral Emblems'' (1882) *''A Child's Garden of Verses'' (1885): written for bairns but popular wi their faithers an mithers an aw. It includes sic favourites as "My Shadow" an "The Lamplighter", an is aften thocht tae gie a positive pictur o the writer's sickly bairnhood. *''Underwoods'' (1887), a collection o poetry written in baith English an [[Scots leid|Scots]]<ref name="rlsworks">{{Cite web|title=Works {{!}} Robert Louis Stevenson|url=http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/rlsworks/|access-date=2022-05-12|language=en-GB|archive-date=2022-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412020910/http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/rlsworks/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''Ballads'' (1891): includes "Ticonderoga: A Legend of the West Highlands" (1887), based on a weel-kent Scots ghaist story, an "Heather Ale", arguably Stevenson's maist famous poem *''Songs of Travel and Other Verses'' (1896) *''Poems Hitherto Unpublished'', 3 vol. 1916, 1916, 1921, Boston Bibliophile Society, republished in ''New Poems'' ===Plays=== *''Three Plays'' (1892), written wi William Ernest Henley. It includes the plays ''Deacon Brodie'', ''Beau Austin'' an ''Admiral Guinea''. ===Traivel writin=== [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson with the Native Chief Tui-Ma-Le-Alh-Fano.jpg|thumb|upright|Stevenson wi the native chief Tui-Ma-Le-Alh-Fano]] *''An Inland Voyage'' (1878): traivels wi a freend in a ''Rob Roy'' canoe frae [[Antwerp]] (Belgium) tae Pontoise, jist north o Paris. *''Edinburgh: Picturesque Notes'' (1878): a hymn o praise tae his birthplace, that gies Stevenson's ain introduction tae ilka pairt o the ceety, an some o the history ahint its different pairts an its maist famous biggins. *''Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes'' (1879): a twa-week ramble on his lane (wi Modestine tae cairy his gear) in the Cévennes muntains (sooth-central Fraunce), ane o the first buiks tae present hikin an campin as ploys for pleesure. It tells o him gettin ane o the first sleepin bags ever makkit. *''The Silverado Squatters'' (1883): an unconventional honeymuin trip tae a desertit minin camp in the Napa Valley wi his new wife Fanny an her son Lloyd. He saw afore its time that the California wine industry wad be ane tae reckon wi. *''Across the Plains'' (written in 1879–80, published in 1892): the second stage o his journey, bi train frae New York tae California (efter that ''The Silverado Squatters'' taks up the tale). It includes ither traivel essays an aw. *''The Amateur Emigrant'' (written 1879–80, published 1895): an account o the first stage o his journey tae California, bi ship frae Europe tae New York. Andrew Noble (''From the Clyde to California: Robert Louis Stevenson's Emigrant Journey'', 1985) thinks it is his finest wark. *''The Old and New Pacific Capitals'' (1882): an account o his stay in Monterey, California, an [[San Francisco]] frae August tae December 1879.<ref>Stevenson,&nbsp;Robert Louis. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_amateur_emigrant_The_old_and_new_pac/ul0h1ivRBYYC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA146 The Amateur Emigrant. The Silverado Squatters. The Silverado Diary]''.&nbsp;The Works of Robert Louis Stevenson, South Seas Edition, Volume IV. New York: Scribner's,&nbsp;1925. 146.</ref><ref>Stevenson, Robert Louis. ''[https://archive.org/details/bwb_S0-EEW-772/page/n10/mode/1up From Scotland to Silverado]''. Edited by James D. Hart. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of [[Harvard University Press]] 1966. vf.</ref> ::"[https://archive.org/details/sim_frasers-magazine_1880-11_22_131/page/647/mode/1up The Old Pacific Capital]", ''Fraser's Magazine''. November, 1880. 647–57. ::"[https://archive.org/details/sim_magazine-of-art-1878_1883_6/page/272/mode/1up A Modern Cosmopolis]", ''The Magazine of Art''. Mey, 1883. 272–6. *''Essays of Travel'' (London: Chatto & Windus, 1905) *Sawyers, June Skinner (ed.) (2002), ''Dreams of Elsewhere: The Selected Travel Writings of Robert Louis Stevenson'', The In Pin, Glasgow, {{isbn|1-903238-62-5}} ===Island literature=== Though they're no weel kent, his island fiction an non-fiction is amang the maist valuable an collectit o the 19t-century body o wark aboot the Pacific. *''In the South Seas'' (1896): a collection o Stevenson's articles an essays on his traivels in the Pacific. *''A Footnote to History, Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa'' (1892). ==See an aw== * [[Writers' Museum]] == Notes == <references group="note"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Soorces== *Graham Balfour (1901), ''The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson'', London: Methuen *Calder, Jenni (1980), ''RLS: A Life Study'', London: Hamish Hamilton, {{isbn|0-241-10374-6}} *{{Cite book |last=Callow |first=Philip |title=Louis: A Life of Robert Louis Stevenson |publisher=Constable |year=2001 |isbn=0-09-480180-0 |location=London}} *John Jay Chapman (1969), "Robert Louis Stevenson", in ''Emerson, and Other Essays''. New York: AMS Press, 1969, {{ISBN|0-404-00619-1}} (reprentit frae the edition o 1899) *David Daiches (1973), ''Robert Louis Stevenson and His World'', London: Thames and Hudson, {{ISBN|0-500-13045-0}} *Malcolm Elwin (1950), ''The Strange Case of Robert Louis Stevenson'', London: Macdonald. *Farrell, Joseph (2017), ''Robert Louis Stevenson in Samoa''. London: Maclehose Press. {{ISBN|978-0-85705-995-6}}. *J.C. Furnas (1952), ''Voyage to Windward: The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson'', London: Faber and Faber. *Claire Harman (2005), ''Robert Louis Stevenson: A Biography'', HarperCollins, {{ISBN|0-00-711321-8}} [reviewed bi Matthew Sturgis in ''The Times Literary Supplement'', 11 March 2005, page 8] * Knight, Alanna (ed.) (1986), ''R.L.S. in the South Seas: An Intimate Photographic Record'', Edinburgh: Mainstream. {{ISBN|978-185158013-2}} *McLynn, Frank (1993), ''Robert Louis Stevenson. A Biography''. London: Hutchinson. *Rosaline Masson (1912), ''Robert Louis Stevenson''. London: The People's Books. *——— (1923), ''The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson''. Edinburgh & London: W. & R. Chambers. *——— (ed.) (1923), ''I Can Remember Robert Louis Stevenson''. Edinburgh & London: W. & R. Chambers. *Ernest Mehew (2004), "Robert Louis Stevenson", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford: OUP. Retrieved 29 September 2008 * {{Cite book |last=Pinero |first=Arthur Wing |title=Robert Louis Stevenson: The Dramatist |date=1903 |publisher=Philosophical Institution of Edinburgh |location=London |author-link=Arthur Wing Pinero}} *Pope-Hennessy, James (1974), ''Robert Louis Stevenson. A Biography'', London: Cape. {{ISBN|0-224-01007-7}} *Reid, Julia (2009), ''Robert Louis Stevenson, Science, and the Fin de Siècle'', Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-23032-3 *Eve Blantyre Simpson (1898), ''Robert Louis Stevenson's Edinburgh Days'', London: Hodder & Stoughton. *——— (1912), ''The Robert Louis Stevenson Originals'', [Wi illustrations an facsimiles], London & Edinburgh: T. N. Foulis. * {{Cite book |last=Stephen |first=Leslie |title=Studies of a Biographer |publisher=Duckworth & Co. |year=1902 |volume=4 |location=London |pages=206–246 |chapter=Robert Louis Stevenson |author-link=Leslie Stephen}} ==Faurer readin== * Capus, Alex. ''Sailing by Starlight: In Search of Treasure Island. A Conjecture'', London, Haus Publishing, 2010. {{isbn|978-1-90659-878-5}} * Clunas, Alex, ''R.L. Stevenson, Precursor of the Post-Moderns?'', in Murray, Glen (ed.), ''Cencrastus'' No. 6, Autumn 1981, pp.&nbsp;9 – 11 * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Stevenson, Robert Lewis Balfour | volume= 25 |last= Gosse |first= Edmund William |author-link= Edmund William Gosse| pages = 907&ndash;910 }} * Hammond, J. R. ''A Robert Louis Stevenson Chronology'', Macmillan Press, 1997. {{isbn|978-0-333-63888-0}} * Hubbard, Tom (1996), "Debut at Antwerp: The [[Flanders]] Chapters of Robert Louis Stevenson's ''An Inland Voyage'', in Hubbard, Tom (2022), ''Invitation to the Voyage: Scotland, Europe and Literature'', Rymour, pp. 48 – 52, {{isbn|9-781739-596002}} * Hubbard, Tom (2009), "Writing Scottishly on Non-Scottish Matters", in Hubbard, Tom (2022), ''Invitation to the Voyage: Scotland, Europe and Literature'', Rymour, pp.&nbsp;135 – 138, {{isbn|9-781739-596002}} * Mintz, Steven. ''A Prison of Expectations: The Family in Victorian Culture'', New York University Press, 1983. * Shaw, Michael (ed.), ''A Friendship in Letters: Robert Louis Stevenson & J.M. Barrie'', Sandstone Press, Inverness, 2020, {{isbn|978-1-913207-02-1}} ==Freemit airtins== {{wikisource|works=or}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Library resources box}} * {{Gutenberg author |id=35}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Robert Louis Stevenson}} * {{Librivox author |id=115}} *[https://digital.nls.uk/rlstevenson/browse/archive/84240597 Early editions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224192822/https://digital.nls.uk/rlstevenson/browse/archive/84240597 |date=24 February 2024 }}, includin buiks, collectit an uncollectit essays an serialisations frae the National Library of Scotland *[http://www.bl.uk/people/robert-louis-stevenson Robert Louis Stevenson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922151730/http://www.bl.uk/people/robert-louis-stevenson |date=22 September 2021 }} at the British Library *Archive material at [https://explore.library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-explore/7440/robert_louis_stevenson_correspondence_and_literar Leeds University Library] * [https://rose.library.emory.edu/ Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library], Emory University: [http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/8zg0n Robert Louis Stevenson collection, circa 1890–1923]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * Edwin J. Beinecke Collection of Robert Louis Stevenson. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. * Robert Louis Stevenson Collection. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. {{Commonscat}} {{Makars}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stevenson, Robert Louis}} [[Category:Robert Louis Stevenson| ]] [[Category:1850 births]] [[Category:1894 daiths]] [[Category:19t-century Scots novelists]] [[Category:19t-century Scots poets]] [[Category:19t-century Scots writers]] [[Category:19t-century Breetish short story writers]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Breetish non-feection ootdoors writers]] [[Category:Fabulists]] [[Category:Lallans poets]] [[Category:Maritime writers]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Edinburgh Academy]] [[Category:Samoan writers]] [[Category:Scots childer's writers]] [[Category:Scots historical novelists]] [[Category:Scots horror writers]] [[Category:Scots novelists]] [[Category:Scots poets]] [[Category:Scots Presbyterians]] [[Category:Scots short story writers]] [[Category:Scots traivel writers]] [[Category:Victorian novelists]] [[Category:Writers frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Childer's poets]] [[Category:Writers o Gothic feection]] cfs69dujwd4lgkmf30pf4c0nn5bxx84 0 8707 927430 926680 2026-11-09T19:51:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 927430 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Archaeology''' is the study o human life throu the findin an analysin o the things fowk left ahint them. The archaeological record is makkit up o artefacts, biggins, biofacts, steids an cultural landscapes. Archaeology is coontit baith a social science an a branch o the humanities.<ref name=Renfrew_Bahn1991 /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Sinclair, A. |year=2016 |title=The Intellectual Base of Archaeological Research 2004–2013: A visualisation and analysis of its disciplinary links, networks of authors, and conceptual language |journal=Internet Archaeology |issue=42 |doi=10.11141/ia.42.8 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sinclair |first=A. |year=2022 |title=Archaeological Research 2014 to 2021: an examination of its intellectual base, collaborative networks and conceptual language using science maps |journal=Internet Archaeology |issue=59 |doi=10.11141/ia.59.10 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In North America it is maistly treatit as a branch o anthropology, but it can be coontit pairt o history or geographie an aw.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kristiansen |first1=Kristian |chapter=The Discipline of Archaeology |pages=3–46 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199271016.013.0001 |editor-first1=Chris |editor-first2=Barry |editor-first3=Rosemary A. |editor-last1=Gosden |editor-last2=Cunliffe |editor-last3=Joyce |title=The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-927101-6 }}</ref> Archaeologists study human prehistory an history, frae the first stane tools, makkit at Lomekwi in East Africa 3.3 million year syne, richt up tae recent decades.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roche |first1=Hélène |last2=Kent |first2=Dennis V. |last3=Kirwa |first3=Christopher |last4=Lokorodi |first4=Sammy |last5=Wright |first5=James D. |last6=Mortlock |first6=Richard A. |last7=Leakey |first7=Louise |last8=Brugal |first8=Jean-Philip |last9=Daver |first9=Guillaume |display-authors=6 |date=May 2015 |title=3.3&nbsp;million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi&nbsp;3, West Turkana, Kenya |journal=Nature |volume=521 |issue=7552 |pages=310–315 |doi=10.1038/nature14464 |pmid=25993961 |bibcode=2015Natur.521..310H |url=https://hal.science/hal-01159189 }}</ref> It is maist important for learnin aboot prehistoric societies, that left nae written records: prehistory covers mair nor 99% o the human past.<ref name=Renfrew_Bahn1991 /> The wird comes frae the Greek, an means "the study o auncient history".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-510815-6 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195108156.001.0001/acref-9780195108156 |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809084502/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195108156.001.0001/acref-9780195108156 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Methods== Archaeologists fin steids bi survey as weel as bi diggin. Aerial photographs taen at different times o the day can shaw the ootlines o biggins in the chynge o the shaddas, an aerial survey uises ultraviolet, infrared, grund-penetratin radar, lidar an thermography forby.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reeves |first=D. M. |year=1936 |title=Aerial photography and archaeology |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-antiquity_1936-10_2_2/page/102 |journal=American Antiquity |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=102–107 |doi=10.2307/275881 |jstor=275881 }}</ref> Flinders Petrie wirkit oot a wey o datin layers bi the pottery an ceramics fund in them, an it chynged the hale chronology o Egyptology.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir William Flinders Petrie 1853–1942 |publisher=Palestine Exploration Fund |year=2000 |url=http://www.pef.org.uk/profiles/sir-william-flinders-petrie-1853-1942 |access-date=19 November 2007 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514060319/http://www.pef.org.uk/profiles/sir-william-flinders-petrie-1853-1942 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mortimer Wheeler's disciplined wey o excavatin in the 1920s an 1930s brocht the science on faur, an he wirkit oot a grid system for excavation.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Renfrew |first1=Colin |title=Archaeology essentials: theories, methods, practice |last2=Bahn |first2=Paul G. |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-500-29159-7 |edition=3. |location=London |page=24}}</ref> ==History== In the early 15t century the Italian historian Flavio Biondo makkit a systematic guide tae the ruins an the lie o the laund o auncient Rome, an for that he's been cried an early foonder o archaeology.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Flavio Biondo |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=31 May 2021 |edition=Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Flavio-Biondo |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027152435/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Flavio-Biondo |url-status=live}}</ref> Archaeology grew oot o antiquarianism in Europe in the 19t century, an syne it haes become a discipline practised aw ower the warld; nation-states haes uised it tae shape particular views o the past.<ref name="Encyclopédie d'histoire numérique de l'Europe">{{cite web |title=Archaeology as a Central Issue in the Creation of Identity |website=Encyclopédie d'histoire numérique de l'Europe |url=https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/arts-in-europe/nationalist-speeches-art-during-19th-century/archaeology-a-central-issue-in-creation-identity |access-date=2022-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bueno |first=Christina |year=2016 |title=The Pursuit of Ruins: Archaeology, History, and the Making of Modern Mexico |location=Albuquerque |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |pages=25&nbsp;ff}}</ref> William Cunnington (1754–1810) is cried the faither o archaeological excavation: he stairtit diggin in Wiltshire frae aroon 1798, an he recordit Neolithic an Bronze Age barrows sae carefully that the terms he uised is still uised the day.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Everill, P. |year=2009 |title=Invisible pioneers |journal=British Archaeology |volume=108 |pages=40–43}}</ref> The army officer Augustus Pitt Rivers wis a major figure in makkin archaeology a rigorous science.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bowden, Mark |year=1984 |title=General Pitt Rivers: The father of scientific archaeology |publisher=[[Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum]] |isbn=0-947535-00-4}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Archaeology}} [[Category:Airchaeology| ]] [[Category:Anthropology]] [[Category:Auxiliary sciences o history]] 4dmbfoe7vytzqragdoc91ye1y5wtm9r 0 8752 927504 921445 2026-11-09T22:50:34Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; sequel trilogy brocht up tae date, soorced; opening line owerset wi the Inglis in a note 927504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox media franchise |title = ''Star Wars'' |image = Star Wars Logo.svg |imagesize = 250px |caption = The ''Star Wars'' logo as seen in aw films. |creator = [[George Lucas]] |origin = ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' (1977) |vgs = Leet o video gemmes '''Saga''':<br /><small>''[[Star Wars#Original trilogy|Original trilogy]]''</small> * {{nowrap|''[[Star Wars (film)|IV – A New Hope]]'' (1977)}} * {{nowrap|''[[The Empire Strikes Back|V – The Empire Strikes Back]]'' (1980)}} * {{nowrap|''[[Return of the Jedi|VI – Return of the Jedi]]'' (1983)}} <small>''[[Star Wars#Prequel trilogy|Prequel trilogy]]''</small> * {{nowrap|''[[Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace|I – The Phantom Menace]]'' (1999)}} * {{nowrap|''[[Star Wars Episode II: Attack o the Clones|II – Attack of the Clones]]'' (2002)}} * {{nowrap|''[[Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith|III – Revenge of the Sith]]'' (2005)}} <small>''[[Star Wars sequel trilogy|Sequel trilogy]]''</small> * {{nowrap|''[[Star Wars: The Force Awakens|VII – The Force Awakens]]'' (2015)}} * {{nowrap|''[[Star Wars: The Last Jedi|VIII – The Last Jedi]]'' (2017)}} * {{nowrap|''[[Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker|IX – The Rise of Skywalker]]'' (2019)}} <small>''[[Star Wars#Anthology series|Anthology films]]''</small> * {{nowrap|''[[Rogue One]]'' (2016)}} * {{nowrap|''Solo: A Star Wars Story'' (2018)}} '''Ither''': * {{nowrap|''The Clone Wars'' (2008)}} |tv = * {{nowrap|''The Clone Wars'' (2008–2014)}} * {{nowrap|''Rebels'' (2014–2018)}} '''Specials''' * {{nowrap|''Spark of Rebellion'' (2014)}} * {{nowrap|''The Siege of Lothal'' (2015)}} Legends * {{nowrap|''Droids'' (1985–1986)}} * {{nowrap|''Ewoks'' (1985–1986)}} * {{nowrap|''Clone Wars'' (2003–2005)}} Legends specials * {{nowrap|''Star Wars Holiday Special'' (1978)}} * {{nowrap|''Caravan of Courage'' (1984)}} * {{nowrap|''The Battle for Endor'' (1985)}} |radio = ''Star Wars'' |music = Muisic o ''Star Wars'' |toys = * Action figures * Die-casts an model toys * Chess an sodgers * Ither |otherlabel1 = Theme pairks |otherdata1 = * ''Star Tours'' * ''Jedi Training: Trials of the Temple'' * ''Star Tours–The Adventures Continue'' * ''Star Wars Land'' }} '''''Star Wars''''' is an American epic [[space opera]] franchise, centred on a film series creatit bi [[George Lucas]]. It follaes the adventures o a wheen o chairacters "a lang time syne in a galaxy faur, faur awa".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away".</ref> The franchise stairtit in 1977 wi the film ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' (later subtitled ''Episode IV: A New Hope'' in 1981),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inafarawaygalaxy.com/2015/12/when-did-star-wars-become-known-as-new.html|title=When did Star Wars become known as A New Hope? - In A Far Away Galaxy|author=James Ryan|publisher=|access-date=2017-05-25|archive-date=2018-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116101332/https://www.inafarawaygalaxy.com/2015/12/when-did-star-wars-become-known-as-new.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://screenprism.com/insights/article/was-star-wars-episode-iv-a-new-hope-originally-released-under-another-title|title=Why was "Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope" originally released under another title - ScreenPrism|author=ScreenPrism|publisher=|access-date=2017-05-25|archive-date=2018-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118100506/http://screenprism.com/insights/article/was-star-wars-episode-iv-a-new-hope-originally-released-under-another-title|url-status=dead}}</ref> that turned intae a warldwide pop culture phenomenon. It wis follaed bi the successfu sequels ''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]'' (1980) an ''[[Return of the Jedi]]'' (1983), an thir three films mak up the original ''Star Wars'' trilogy. A prequel trilogy cam oot atween 1999 an 2005, an critics an fans war mixed aboot it. A [[Star Wars sequel trilogy|sequel trilogy]] stairtit in 2015 wi ''[[Star Wars: The Force Awakens]]'', an it went on wi ''The Last Jedi'' in 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/12/15/570590142/star-wars-action-figures-paved-the-way-for-the-last-jedi-director|title=For 'Last Jedi' Director, The Journey To 'Star Wars' Began With Action Figures|date=December 15, 2017|author=Mandalit Del Barco|website=NPR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911164451/https://www.npr.org/2017/12/15/570590142/star-wars-action-figures-paved-the-way-for-the-last-jedi-director|archive-date=September 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> an ''The Rise of Skywalker'' in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/who-wrote-star-wars-the-rise-of-skywalker/|title=Exclusive: 'Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker' Final Writing Credits Revealed|date=November 15, 2019|first=Gregory|last=Lawrence|website=Collider|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909023348/https://collider.com/who-wrote-star-wars-the-rise-of-skywalker/|archive-date=September 9, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The first seiven films war aw nominatit for [[Academy Awards|Oscars]], an the first twa wan. They did weel at the box office, takkin in ower $7.5 billion atween them,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/series/StarWars.php | title = Star Wars – Box Office History | work = The Numbers | accessdate= June 17, 2010}}</ref> that makkit ''Star Wars'' the third heichest-grossin film series.<ref name="Numbers franchises">{{cite web |title=Movie Franchises |work=The Numbers |publisher=Nash Information Services |url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/series/franchisesW.php |accessdate=January 3, 2013 |archive-date=2013-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822015623/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/franchises/sort/World |url-status=dead }}</ref> Spin-off films include the animatit ''Star Wars: The Clone Wars'' (2008) ''[[Rogue One]]'' (2016) an ''Solo: A Star Wars Story'' (2018), the first anthology films. The series haes grown intae a muckle media franchise, wi beuks, televeesion series, computer an video gemmes an comic beuks, aw set in the same continuity as the films. Thir hae biggit up the series's fictional universe a guid deal. The warks that are nae langer canon come unner the ''Star Wars'' Legends label. ''Star Wars'' hauds a ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' title for the maist successfu film merchandisin franchise. In 2015 the hale franchise wis reckoned tae be worth $42 billion,<ref>{{cite web|last=Chew|first=Jonathan|url=http://fortune.com/2015/12/24/star-wars-value-worth/|title=Star Wars Franchise Worth More Than Harry Potter and James Bond, Combined|publisher=Fortune|date=December 24, 2015|accessdate=November 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Detrick|first=Paul|url=http://reason.com/reasontv/2015/11/20/star-wars-force-awakens-chris-taylor-han|title=The Star Wars Economy is Bigger Than You Think|magazine=Reason|date=November 20, 2015|accessdate=April 5, 2017}}</ref> that makkit ''Star Wars'' the second heichest-grossin media franchise o aw time. In 2012 [[The Walt Disney Company]] bocht [[Lucasfilm]] for $4.06 billion an got the richts tae distribute aa the ''Star Wars'' films efter that, stairtin wi ''The Force Awakens'' in 2015.<ref name="Schou">{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2012/12/21/walt-disney-completes-lucasfilm-acquisition|title=Mickey meets 'Star Wars': Walt Disney Co. completes acquisition of Lucasfilm|last=Schou|first=Solvej|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=December 21, 2012|accessdate=December 22, 2012|archive-date=2018-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123215710/http://www.ew.com/article/2012/12/21/walt-disney-completes-lucasfilm-acquisition/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The earlier distributor, [[20th Century Fox]], held the richts tae distribute the first twa ''Star Wars'' trilogies in cinemas an on hame video. It held them for ever for the original 1977 film, an till Mey 2020 for the prequel trilogy an the first twa sequels tae ''A New Hope''.<ref name="FOXrights">{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tangled-rights-could-tie-up-384541|title=Tangled Rights Could Tie Up Ultimate 'Star Wars' Box Set (Analysis)|last=Masters|first=Kim|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=October 30, 2012|accessdate=November 12, 2012}}</ref><ref name=DisneyFY13>{{cite web |title=The Walt Disney Company FY 2013 SEC Form 10-K Filing |url=http://thewaltdisneycompany.com/sites/default/files/reports/fy13-form-10k.pdf |website=The Walt Disney Company |accessdate=April 17, 2015 |page=13 |format=PDF |date=November 20, 2013 |quote=Prior to the Company's acquisition, Lucasfilm produced six ''Star Wars'' films (Episodes 1 through 6). Lucasfilm retained the rights to consumer products related to all of the films and the rights related to television and electronic distribution formats for all of the films, with the exception of the rights for ''Episode IV'', which are owned by a third-party studio. All of the films are distributed by a third-party studio in the theatrical and home video markets. The theatrical and home video distribution rights for these films revert to Lucasfilm in May 2020 with the exception of ''Episode IV'', for which these distribution rights are retained in perpetuity by the third-party studio. |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311190755/http://thewaltdisneycompany.com/sites/default/files/reports/fy13-form-10k.pdf |archivedate=March 11, 2015 |df= }} {{Cite web |url=http://thewaltdisneycompany.com/sites/default/files/reports/fy13-form-10k.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-05-25 |archive-date=2015-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311190755/http://thewaltdisneycompany.com/sites/default/files/reports/fy13-form-10k.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Bi 2015 Walt Disney Studios held the digital distribution richts tae aa the ''Star Wars'' films but ''A New Hope''.<ref name="DisneyFY13" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Vlessing|first1=Etan|title='Star Wars' Movie Franchise Headed to Digital HD|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/star-wars-movie-franchise-headed-786673|accessdate=April 7, 2015|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=April 6, 2015}}</ref> == Notes == <references group="note"/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Star Wars| ]] [[Category:1977 introductions]] [[Category:20th Century Fox films]] [[Category:Lucasfilm films]] [[Category:Disney franchises]] [[Category:Elstree Studios films]] [[Category:Science fiction films bi series]] [[Category:Adventur films bi series]] [[Category:Fantasy films bi series]] [[Category:Politics in feection]] [[Category:Wars in feection]] [[Category:Monomyths]] n43kyx2fgzlzlcig3wzpc636y6ycnhk 0 8806 927534 926993 2026-11-10T00:01:39Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin an grammar fixes, lang sentences split, quotes owerset 927534 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:JohnnyCash1969.jpg|thumb|Johnny Cash in 1969]] '''Johnny Cash''' (born '''J. R. Cash'''; 26 Februar 1932 – 12 September 2003) wis an [[Unitit States|American]] sangster-sangwriter. He is ane o the maist weel-kent an maist influential musicians o the 20t century. Maist o his muisic haes themes o sorrae, moral trauchle an redemption, especially the sangs frae the later pairt o his career.<ref name="Parales">{{cite news |last1=Pareles |first1=Jon |title=Pop Review; Johnny Cash, Austerely Direct From Deep Within |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/16/arts/pop-review-johnny-cash-austerely-direct-from-deep-within.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=February 26, 2019 |date=September 16, 1994 |archive-date=December 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226021711/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/16/arts/pop-review-johnny-cash-austerely-direct-from-deep-within.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mulligan">{{Citation|last=Mulligan|first=J.|title=Johnny Cash: American VI: Ain't No Grave|date=February 24, 2010|url=http://entertainment.ie/album-review/Johnny-Cash--American-VI-Ain%27t-No-Grave/6891.htm|website=Entertainment.ie|type=album review|access-date=March 22, 2010|archive-date=January 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127061702/http://entertainment.ie/album-review/Johnny-Cash--American-VI-Ain%27t-No-Grave/6891.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He wis kent for his deep bass-baritone vyce, a rebellious streak an the free concerts he gied in preesons.<ref name="Fox">{{Citation|last=Fox|first=JA|title=Hard time's never a 'circus'|date=October 17, 2005|url=http://www.baylor.edu/pr/bitn/news.php?action=story&story=37416|newspaper=The Boston Herald|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920020148/http://www.baylor.edu/pr/bitn/news.php?action=story&story=37416|publisher=Baylor University|access-date=March 22, 2010|archive-date=September 20, 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> Born tae puir cotton fermers in Kingsland, [[Arkansas]], Cash grew up on gospel muisic an sang on a local radio station at the heich schuil. He served fower year in the [[Unitit States Air Force]], maist o it in Wast Germany, an cam tae fame in the mid-1950s in the rockabilly scene in [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]]. He wore black on stage, that gat him the nem "the Man in Black". Wi mair nor 90 million records selt, he is ane o the best-sellin musicians o aw time.<ref>{{Citation|last=Holden|first=Stephen|title=Johnny Cash, Country Music Bedrock, Dies at 71|date=September 13, 2003|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/13/arts/johnny-cash-country-music-bedrock-dies-at-71.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=February 25, 2013|archive-date=November 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104172511/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/13/arts/johnny-cash-country-music-bedrock-dies-at-71.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Jones|first=Rebecca|date=January 14, 2014|title=More Johnny Cash material will be released says son|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-25725837|access-date=February 13, 2016|archive-date=March 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330162002/http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-25725837|url-status=live}}</ref> Few ither artists hae been inductit intae baith the [[Country Music Hall of Fame]] an the {{lang|en|[[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]}}.<ref name="RS Cash">{{cite news |title=Johnny Cash: Remembering the Incomparable Legend of Country, Rock and Roll |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/johnny-cash-remembering-the-incomparable-legend-of-country-rock-and-roll-244037/ |first=Anthony |last=DeCurtis |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=October 16, 2003 |archive-date=December 8, 2019 |access-date=April 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208035634/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/johnny-cash-remembering-the-incomparable-legend-of-country-rock-and-roll-244037/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His life story wis tellt in the 2005 film ''[[Walk the Line]]''.<ref name=BOM>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=walktheline.htm |title=Walk the Line (2005) |publisher=Boxofficemojo.com |access-date=April 14, 2012}}</ref> == Early life == Johnny Cash wis born J. R. Cash on 26 Februar 1932 in Kingsland, Arkansas,<ref>Ellis, A. (2004, 01). "The man in black: Johnny cash, 1932–2003". ''Guitar Player'', 38, 31–32, 34.</ref> tae Carrie Cloveree (née Rivers) an Ray Cash. He wis ane o sieven bairns: Roy, Margaret Louise, Jack, Reba, Joanne an Tommy, that becam a kintra sangster an aw.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/johnny-cash-9/ | title=Johnny Cash (1932–2003) | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Arkansas | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-date=January 23, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123230326/https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/johnny-cash-9/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.wkrn.com/news/local-news/celebrating-the-man-in-black-things-you-might-not-know-about-johnny-cash/ | title=Celebrating the Man in Black: Things you might not know about Johnny Cash | first=Erin | last=McCullough | work=WKRN-TV | date=February 26, 2023 | archive-date=May 4, 2025 | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504115850/https://www.wkrn.com/news/local-news/celebrating-the-man-in-black-things-you-might-not-know-about-johnny-cash/ | url-status=live }}</ref> His mither wantit tae cry him John an his faither wantit Ray, sae thay gied him juist the initials "J. R." insteid.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Streissguth|first=M.|year=2006 |url=https://archive.org/details/johnnycashbiogra00stre_0|url-access=registration|title=Johnny Cash: a biography|place=Philadelphia, PA|publisher=Da Capo|page=[https://archive.org/details/johnnycashbiogra00stre_0/page/6 6]|isbn=978-0-306-81591-1}}</ref> The Air Force wadna tak initials for a first nem, sae he becam John R. Cash, an later Johnny Cash whan he signed wi [[Sun Records]] in 1955.<ref name="Streissguth_profile">{{Cite book|last=Streissguth|first=M.|url=https://archive.org/details/johnnycashbiogra00stre_0|title=Johnny Cash: a biography|publisher=Da Capo|year=2006|isbn=9780306813689|place=Philadelphia, PA|page=[https://archive.org/details/johnnycashbiogra00stre_0/page/196 196]|url-access=registration}}</ref> In Mairch 1935, whan he wis three, the family flittit tae Dyess, Arkansas, a New Deal colony set up durin the Great Depression unner Preses [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]].<ref name=Bowden>{{cite news|last1=Bowden|first1=Bill|title=National Register accepts Johnny Cash boyhood home in Arkansas|url=http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2018/may/05/national-register-accepts-cash-boyhood-/|access-date=May 7, 2018|work=ArkansasOnline|publisher=Arkansas Democrat-Gazette|date=May 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505231153/http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2018/may/05/national-register-accepts-cash-boyhood-/|archive-date=May 5, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Frae the age o five, Cash wirkit in the cotton fields wi his family, singin wi thaim as thay wirkit. A spate on the ferm in his bairnheid becam his sang "Five Feet High and Rising".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cash |first1=Johnny |last2=Carr |first2=Patrick |title=Cash: The Autobiography |date=2003 |publisher=Harper Collins |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books |isbn=0-06-072753-5 |access-date=February 26, 2019 |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062708/https://books.google.com/books |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1944 his aulder brither Jack, that he wis gey close tae, wis near cuttit in twa bi a table saw at his wirk an deed o his wounds a week efter.<ref>{{Cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/photos/johnny-cash-his-life-in-photos-5694927/2-johnny-cash-aint-no-grave-600/ | title=Johnny Cash: His Life in Photos | magazine=Billboard | date=February 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cash |first1=Johnny |last2=Carr |first2=Patrick |title=Cash: The Autobiography |date=2003 |publisher=Harper Collins |pages=24–26 |url=https://books.google.com/books |isbn=0-06-072753-5 |access-date=February 26, 2019 |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062708/https://books.google.com/books |url-status=live }}</ref> Jack wis meant tae gae fishin wi Cash that day, but insistit on gaun tae wirk acause the family needit the siller. Cash aft spak o the guilt he felt ower it, an said he wis lookin forrit tae "meeting [his] brother in Heaven".<ref name="Streissguth_profile" /> He grew up on gospel muisic an the radio, an his mither an a freend leart him the guitar; he stairtit scrievin sangs at 12, an his heich tenor vyce later drapped tae a bass-baritone.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gross |first1=Terry |title=All I Did Was Ask: Conversations with Writers, Actors Musicians, and Artists |date=2004 |publisher=Hachette Books |page=31 |edition=Hardcover}}</ref> Cash jynt the Air Force on 7 Julie 1950, no lang efter the [[Korean War]] stairtit.<ref>{{cite web|first=William|last=Abbott|url=http://www.southernmusic.net/johnnycash.html|title=Johnny Cash&nbsp;– February 26, 1932&nbsp;– September 12, 2003|website=Southernmusic.net|access-date=December 31, 2011|archive-date=April 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414225853/http://www.southernmusic.net/johnnycash.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Efter his trainin in [[San Antonio]], Texas, he wis postit tae Landsberg in Wast Germany as a [[Morse code]] operator listenin in on Soviet Airmy transmissions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/so-was-johnny-cash-the-first-american-to-learn-of-joseph-stalins-death/ |title=So, Was Johnny Cash The First American To Learn Of Joseph Stalin's Death? |last=Murray |first=Robin |website=Clash Music |date=March 8, 2023 |publisher=mtc. |access-date=March 10, 2023 |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601023056/https://www.clashmusic.com/news/so-was-johnny-cash-the-first-american-to-learn-of-joseph-stalins-death |url-status=live }}</ref> He wis honourably dischairged as a staff sergeant on 3 Julie 1954 an gaed back tae Texas.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.war.gov/News/Feature-Stories/Story/Article/4157671/singer-johnny-cash-served-in-the-air-force-during-the-cold-war/ | title=Singer Johnny Cash Served in the Air Force During the Cold War | first=David | last=Vergun | work=United States Department of Defense | date=April 17, 2025 | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-date=January 26, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260126022532/https://www.war.gov/News/Feature-Stories/Story/Article/4157671/singer-johnny-cash-served-in-the-air-force-during-the-cold-war/ | url-status=live }}</ref> == Career == === Sun Records an the 1950s === In 1954 Cash an his wife Vivian flittit tae Memphis, whaur he pleyed wi the guitarist Luther Perkins an the bassist Marshall Grant, kent as the Tennessee Two. He gaed tae the Sun Records studio hopin for a recordin contract.<ref>{{cite web|title=Johnny Cash Biography and Interview|website=Achievement.org|publisher=American Academy of Achievement|url=https://www.achievement.org/achiever/johnny-cash/#interview|access-date=April 9, 2019|archive-date=January 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115050038/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/johnny-cash#interview|url-status=live}}</ref> He auditioned for Sam Phillips wi maistly gospel sangs, but Phillips tellt him he didna record gospel onymair. Cash wan him ower wi new sangs in his early rockabilly style, an his first Sun records, "Hey, Porter" an "Cry! Cry! Cry!", cam oot in 1955 an did weel on the kintra chairts. His neist record, "[[Folsom Prison Blues]]", gat intae the kintra tap five, an "I Walk the Line" wis nummer ane on the kintra chairts an gat intae the pop tap 20. === Columbia, Folsom Prison an San Quentin === In 1958 Cash left Sun for a weel-peyed contract wi Columbia Records, an becam ane o thair maist successfu artists. In the early 1960s he tourt wi the Carter Family, whaur he met June Carter. His version o "Ring of Fire" wis a crossower hit, nummer ane on the kintra chairts an in the pop tap 20. The mariachi-style horns on it war Cash's idea.<ref name=pc10>{{Pop Chronicles|10|3}}</ref> In the late 1950s Cash stairtit giein concerts in preesons, the first notable ane at San Quentin State Prison in California on 1 Januar 1958.<ref name="cash1958">[http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/inmate-merle-haggard-hears-johnny-cash-play-san-quentin-state-prison "Inmate Merle Haggard hears Johnny Cash play San Quentin State Prison"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410161423/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/inmate-merle-haggard-hears-johnny-cash-play-san-quentin-state-prison |date=April 10, 2016 }}, history.com; accessed June 24, 2014.</ref> Twa o thae concerts war released as ''At Folsom Prison'' (1968) an ''At San Quentin'' (1969), baith nummer ane on the ''Billboard'' kintra album chairt.<ref>Edwards, Leigh H. "Cash, Johnny." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press.</ref> ''At San Quentin'' haed the hit "A Boy Named Sue", that wis nummer ane on the kintra chairts an nummer twa on the pop chairts. In 1972 he pleyed at Österåker Preeson in Swaden an aw. === The Johnny Cash Show === Frae Juin 1969 tae Mairch 1971 Cash haed his ain televeesion shaw, ''The Johnny Cash Show'', on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] network, recordit at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville.<ref name="The Vintage News-2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/08/10/johnny-cashs-excellent-music-variety-tv-show-ran-58-episodes-but-was-canceled-in-a-rural-purge/|title=Johnny Cash's excellent music variety TV show ran 58 episodes but was canceled in a "rural purge"|date=August 10, 2017|work=The Vintage News|access-date=November 8, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> He brocht on guests frae ootside kintra muisic, amang thaim [[Bob Dylan]], [[Ray Charles]] an Joni Mitchell.<ref name="The Vintage News-2017" /> The shaw gied a muckle heeze tae [[Kris Kristofferson]]. Whan Cash sang his "Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down" on the shaw, he wadna chynge the wirds for the network, an sang the line "I'm wishin', Lord, that I was stoned" as it stuid.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Best of the Johnny Cash TV Show 1969–1971|volume=Disc 1 (of 2)|publisher=Reverse Angle Production|year=2007}}</ref> Bi the early 1970s Cash wis weel kent as the Man in Black, an even released a sang o that nem. He said he wore black for the puir an the hungert, for the "prisoner who has long paid for his crime", an for thaim betrayed bi age or drogs.<ref name="85-86">{{cite book |last1=Cash |first1=Johnny |last2=Carr |first2=Patrick |title=Cash: The Autobiography |date=2003 |publisher=Harper Collins |pages=85–86 |url=https://books.google.com/books |isbn=0060727535 |access-date=February 26, 2019 |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062708/https://books.google.com/books |url-status=live }}</ref> He wis freends wi ilka Preses o the Unitit States frae [[Richard Nixon]] on, but he wis closest tae [[Jimmy Carter]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cash |first1=Johnny |last2=Carr |first2=Patrick |title=Cash: The Autobiography |date=2003 |publisher=Harper Collins |url=https://books.google.com/books |isbn=0060727535 |access-date=February 26, 2019 |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062708/https://books.google.com/books |url-status=live }}</ref> His first autobiography, ''Man in Black'', cam oot in 1975 an selt 1.3 million copies; a second, ''Cash: The Autobiography'', follit in 1997. === American Recordings wi Rick Rubin === In 1980 Cash becam the youngest leevin inductee o the Country Music Hall of Fame, but his records did less weel in the 1980s, though he tourt wi [[Willie Nelson]], Waylon Jennings an Kris Kristofferson as the Highwaymen. Efter Columbia drapped him an a short spell wi Mercury, he wis offert a contract bi Rick Rubin's label American Recordings, better kent for rap an [[Haurd rock|haurd rock]]. Unner Rubin, Cash recordit ''American Recordings'' (1994) in his livin room wi juist his guitar, maistly covers o modren artists that Rubin pickit. It wis a muckle success wi critics an buyers, an wan a Grammy for Best Contemporary Folk Album.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/our-country/rick-rubin-remembers-johnny-cash-s--american-recordings---20-years-on-195915753.html | title=Rick Rubin Remembers Johnny Cash's 'American Recordings,' 20 Years On | first=Chris | last=Willman | work=Yahoo | date=April 25, 2014}}</ref> Cash wrate that his reception at the Glastonbury Festival in 1994 wis ane o the heichlichts o his career.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://variety.com/gallery/glastonbury-festival-10-best-moments-50-years/johnny-cash-2/ | title=The 10 Best Moments From Glastonbury Festival's 50 Year History | first=Ellise | last=Shafer | work=Variety | date=June 15, 2020 | archive-date=January 22, 2021 | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122011828/https://variety.com/gallery/glastonbury-festival-10-best-moments-50-years/johnny-cash-2/ | url-status=live }}</ref> === "Hurt" === Late in his career Cash released ''American III: Solitary Man'' (2000) an ''American IV: The Man Comes Around'' (2002), wi sangs o a mair sombre tone nor afore. ''American IV'' haed covers o late 20t-century rock sangs, amang thaim "Hurt" bi Nine Inch Nails an "Personal Jesus" bi Depeche Mode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/1331-american-iv-the-man-comes-around/|title=Johnny Cash, ''American IV: The Man Comes Around''|last=Carr|first=Eric|date=November 7, 2002|work=Pitchfork|access-date=May 12, 2017|archive-date=May 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506130157/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/1331-american-iv-the-man-comes-around/|url-status=live}}</ref> Trent Reznor o Nine Inch Nails said he wis dootfu at first aboot Cash coverin "Hurt", but wis impressed an muived whan he heard it.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.theninhotline.net/archives/articles/manager/display_article.php?id=11 |title=Geoff Rickly interviews Trent Reznor |magazine=Alternative Press |date=June 26, 2004 |access-date=October 15, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015203101/http://www.theninhotline.net/archives/articles/manager/display_article.php?id=11 |archive-date=October 15, 2017 }}</ref> The video for "Hurt" wis ruised bi critics an the public alike, an wan a Grammy Award.<ref>{{cite news |title=The 30 All-TIME Best Music Videos – Johnny Cash, 'Hurt' (2003) |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2011/07/28/the-30-all-time-best-music-videos/slide/johnny-cash-hurt-2003/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926214843/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2085389_2085359_2085375,00.html |url-status=live |archive-date=September 26, 2011 |magazine=Time |access-date=October 19, 2024 |first=Glen |last=Levy |date=July 26, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=100 Greatest Music Videos|url=https://www.nme.com/list/100-greatest-music-videos/217342/page/10|publisher=NME|access-date=December 15, 2012|date=June 2, 2011|archive-date=May 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510091711/http://www.nme.com/list/100-greatest-music-videos/217342/page/10|url-status=live}}</ref> == Personal life == [[File:JohnnyCashJuneCarterCash1969.jpg|thumb|right|Johnny Cash wi his second wife, June Carter Cash, in 1969]] On 18 Julie 1951, durin his basic trainin, Cash met Vivian Liberto, a 17-year-auld Italian-American, at a roller-skatin rink in San Antonio.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Hate Groups Went After Johnny Cash in the 1960s |url=https://www.history.com/news/why-hate-groups-went-after-johnny-cash-in-the-1960s |website=History |date=August 2, 2017 |access-date=November 7, 2018 |language=en |archive-date=March 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306173306/https://www.history.com/news/why-hate-groups-went-after-johnny-cash-in-the-1960s |url-status=live }}</ref> Efter three weeks thegither he wis postit tae Germany, an thay wrate hunders o luve letters. Thay mairit on 7 August 1954 an haed fower dochters: Rosanne (born 24 Mey 1955), Kathy (born 16 Aprile 1956), Cindy (born 29 Julie 1958) an Tara (born 24 August 1961). Thay divorced in 1966. Cash met June Carter o the Carter Family on tour. In 1968, 13 year efter thay first met backstage at the Grand Ole Opry, he proponed tae her on stage in London, Ontario,<ref>{{Citation|place=London, UK|last=Sweeting|first=Adam|date=September 12, 2003|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2003/sep/12/johnnycash|type=Obituary|title=Johnny Cash|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=January 26, 2009|archive-date=September 19, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919131745/http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2003/sep/12/johnnycash|url-status=live}}</ref> an thay mairit on 1 Mairch 1968 in Franklin, Kentucky. She haed greed tae mairy him aince he haed "cleaned up".<ref>{{cite book|last=Zwonitzer|first=Mark|title=Will You Miss Me When I'm Gone: The Carter Family and Their Legacy in American Music|url=https://archive.org/details/willyoumissmewhe0000zwon|url-access=registration|publisher=Simon & Schuster |year= 2002|isbn= 978-0-684-85763-3}}</ref> Thay haed ae son, John Carter Cash, born in 1970. Throu thair mairriage [[June Carter Cash|June]] tried tae keep him aff amphetamines, an stuid bi him throu aw his treatment.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.insp.com/stories/the-june-carter-cash-story/ | title=The June Carter Cash Story | work=INSP | last=Cah | first=Darlene | date=August 6, 2025 | access-date=January 27, 2026}}</ref> As his career teuk aff in the late 1950s, Cash stairtit drinkin a heap an becam addictit tae amphetamines an barbiturates. In Juin 1965 his camper caucht fire in Los Padres National Forest in California. The fire drave aff 49 o the 53 endangert [[Californie condor|condors]] there,<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.vcstar.com/story/entertainment/2016/10/26/johnny-cashs-first-wife-tells-of-romance-heartbreak-june-carter-vivian-cash-/92772320/ | title=The Man in Black's first wife, Vivian Cash, tells of romance, heartbreak | first=Brett | last=Johnson | work=Ventura County Star | date=October 26, 2016 | archive-date=January 9, 2026 | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260109124947/https://www.vcstar.com/story/entertainment/2016/10/26/johnny-cashs-first-wife-tells-of-romance-heartbreak-june-carter-vivian-cash-/92772320/ | url-status=live }}</ref> an he peyed the federal government 82,001 US dollars in a settlement.<ref>Williford, Stanley and Howard Hertel. "Singer Johnny Cash Pays $82,000 to U.S. in Fire Case", ''Los Angeles Times'', July 3, 1969, p. A3.</ref> Altho he haed an ootlaw image, he niver served a preeson sentence, but he wis held in jile for a nicht seiven times for misdemeanours. In 1965 he wis arrestit in [[El Paso, Texas]], wi hunders o pills in his guitar case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2013/oct/12/entertainment/la-et-ms-johnny-cash-calif/3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219065356/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/oct/12/entertainment/la-et-ms-johnny-cash-calif/3|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 19, 2013|title=Johnny Cash's dark California days|last=Hilburn|first=Robert|date=October 12, 2013|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=November 8, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035}}</ref> "I was taking the pills for awhile, and then the pills started taking me," he said in 1997.<ref>Gross (2004). p. 34</ref> In 1968 Cash gaed intae Nickajack Cave in Tennessee tae end his life unner the influence o drogs, but he passed oot. Whan he woke he chynged his mynd, an fund his wey oot bi follaein a faint licht an a breeze. June's family flittit intae his hoose tae help him come aff drogs, though Marshall Grant said he didna stop aw thegither till efter his son wis born.<ref name="Grant page 92">{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Marshall|title=I Was There When It Happened&nbsp;– My Life With Johnny Cash|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iwastherewhenith00mars/page/92 92, 177]|publisher=Cumberland House|year=2005|isbn=978-1-58182-510-7|url=https://archive.org/details/iwastherewhenith00mars/page/92}}</ref> He gaed back tae amphetamines in 1977 an wis in treatment mair nor aince, the last time in 1992.<ref name=Grant>{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Marshall|title=I Was There When It Happened&nbsp;– My Life With Johnny Cash|publisher=Cumberland House|year=2005|isbn=978-1-58182-510-7|url=https://archive.org/details/iwastherewhenith00mars}}</ref> Cash wis brocht up in the Christian faith. In 1944 he becam a Christian at the Central Baptist Kirk in Dyess an stairtit singin in public there,<ref>Stephen L. Betts, [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/johnny-cash-mothers-day-unlcouded-day-834181/ A Tribute to the Legacy of Johnny Cash in Word and Song] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251102194127/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/johnny-cash-mothers-day-unlcouded-day-834181/ |date=November 2, 2025 }}, rollingstone.com, USA, May 10, 2019</ref> an he wis baptised suin efter in the Tyronza River.<ref name="Man In Black">{{Citation|title=Man in Black|author=Johnny Cash|isbn=978-99924-31-58-0|publisher=Zondervan}}</ref> On 9 Mey 1971 he answert the altar ca at Evangel Temple in Nashville.<ref>Dave Urbanski, ''The Man Comes Around: The Spiritual Journey of Johnny Cash.'' Relevant Books, 2003, p.99.</ref> He wrate a Christian novel, ''Man in White'' (1986), an whan a reporter speired if it wis written frae a Baptist, Catholic or Jewish pynt o view, he said: "A'm a Christian. Dinna put me in another box."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "I'm a Christian. Don't put me in another box."</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cash |first1=Johnny |title=Man in White |date=2008 |publisher=Thomas Nelson |isbn=978-1595548368 |page=xiii |edition=Paperback |quote="I'm a Christian" [I said.] "Don't put me in another box."}}</ref> == Daith an legacy == In 1997 Cash wis diagnosed wi Shy–Drager syndrome, a form o multiple system atrophy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cash: The Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/cashautobiograph00cash |url-access=registration |last1=Cash |first1=Johnny |last2=Carr |first2=Patrick |date=1998 |orig-year=1997 |isbn=0061013579 |location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cashautobiograph00cash/page/400 400–403] |author-link=Johnny Cash}}</ref> The diagnosis wis later chynged tae autonomic neuropathy airisin frae diabetes. June deed on 15 Mey 2003, aged 73, efter complications frae hert surgery.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/16/arts/june-carter-cash-a-fixture-in-country-music-dies-at-73.html | title=June Carter Cash, a Fixture In Country Music, Dies at 73 | first=Ben | last=Ratliff | work=The New York Times | date=May 16, 2003 | url-access=limited | archive-date=February 28, 2024 | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228200738/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/16/arts/june-carter-cash-a-fixture-in-country-music-dies-at-73.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.npr.org/2003/05/15/1265360/singer-june-carter-cash-dies-at-73 | title=Singer June Carter Cash Dies at 73 | work=NPR | date=May 15, 2003 | archive-date=August 11, 2025 | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811030347/https://www.npr.org/2003/05/15/1265360/singer-june-carter-cash-dies-at-73 | url-status=live }}</ref> He recordit 60 sangs in the last fower month o his life, believin his muisic wis his ae reason for livin.<ref>Puterbaugh, Parke. "Essential Johnny Cash." ''Rolling Stone'', October 16, 2003: 78. International Index to Music Periodicals Full Text [ProQuest]. Web. June 12, 2016.</ref> Cash deed o complications frae diabetes at Baptist Hospital in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] on 12 September 2003, aged 71, less nor fower month efter his wife. [[George W. Bush|Preses Bush]] cawed him a "music legend and American icon".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement on the Death of Johnny Cash {{!}} The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-the-death-johnny-cash |access-date=2026-09-11 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}}</ref> He wis buried aside his wife in Hendersonville Memory Gardens, near his hame in Hendersonville, Tennessee.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-sep-16-et-cash16-story.html|title=An everyman luminary, Cash is laid to rest|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=September 16, 2003}}</ref> Cash wis inductit intae the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1977, the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1980 an the {{lang|en|Rock and Roll Hall of Fame}} in 1992. He wis inductit intae the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 2010 an the Memphis Music Hall of Fame in 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nashvillesongwritersfoundation.com/Site/inductee?entry_id=1493 | title=Johnny Cash | work=Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-date=November 17, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251117103446/https://nashvillesongwritersfoundation.com/Site/inductee?entry_id=1493 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://gospelmusichalloffame.org/hall-of-fame-inductees-and-honorees/johnny-cash | title=Johnny Cash | work=Gospel Music Hall of Fame | date=April 17, 2024 | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-date=February 12, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212163812/https://gospelmusichalloffame.org/hall-of-fame-inductees-and-honorees/johnny-cash | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://memphismusichalloffame.com/inductee/johnnycash/ | title=Johnny Cash | work=Memphis Music Hall of Fame | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-date=November 14, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114233305/https://memphismusichalloffame.com/inductee/johnnycash/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Forby Elvis Presley, he wis the anly artist inductit as a performer intae baith the Country Music Hall of Fame an the {{lang|en|Rock and Roll Hall of Fame}}.<ref name="RS Cash"/> In 2005 his life story wis tellt in the biographical film ''Walk the Line'', wi [[Joaquin Phoenix]] as Cash an Reese Witherspoon as June Carter.<ref name=BOM/> == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cash, Johnny}} [[Category:Johnny Cash| ]] [[Category:1932 births]] [[Category:2003 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century American sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:Male actors frae Arkansas]] [[Category:American autobiografers]] [[Category:American bass-baritones]] [[Category:American country guitarists]] [[Category:American country sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American folk guitarists]] [[Category:American folk sangsters]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American performers o Christian muisic]] [[Category:American Christians]] [[Category:American Christian writers]] [[Category:American acoustic guitarists]] [[Category:American male guitarists]] [[Category:Buirials in Tennessee]] [[Category:Cash–Carter faimily]] [[Category:Charly Records airtists]] [[Category:Columbia Records airtists]] [[Category:Country Music Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:Country muisickers frae Arkansas]] [[Category:Daiths frae diabetes]] [[Category:Disease-relatit daiths in Tennessee]] [[Category:Grammy Legend Awaird winners]] [[Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Awaird winners]] [[Category:Grand Ole Opry members]] [[Category:Guitarists frae Arkansas]] [[Category:Guitarists frae Tennessee]] [[Category:Kennedy Center honourees]] [[Category:Members o the Country Music Association]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Nashville, Tennessee]] [[Category:Native Americans' richts activists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Arkansas]] [[Category:Fowk frae Cleveland Coonty, Arkansas]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hendersonville, Tennessee]] [[Category:Rock and roll muisickers]] [[Category:American rockabilly muisickers]] [[Category:Southern gospel performers]] [[Category:Sun Records airtists]] [[Category:The Highwaymen (country supergroup) members]] [[Category:Unitit States Air Force airmen]] [[Category:20t-century American guitarists]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] 39lqqxpemoivo5degjocypiqzd7sbf9 927547 927534 2026-11-10T00:17:54Z Monospaced 75295 faimily 927547 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:JohnnyCash1969.jpg|thumb|Johnny Cash in 1969]] '''Johnny Cash''' (born '''J. R. Cash'''; 26 Februar 1932 – 12 September 2003) wis an [[Unitit States|American]] sangster-sangwriter. He is ane o the maist weel-kent an maist influential musicians o the 20t century. Maist o his muisic haes themes o sorrae, moral trauchle an redemption, especially the sangs frae the later pairt o his career.<ref name="Parales">{{cite news |last1=Pareles |first1=Jon |title=Pop Review; Johnny Cash, Austerely Direct From Deep Within |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/16/arts/pop-review-johnny-cash-austerely-direct-from-deep-within.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=February 26, 2019 |date=September 16, 1994 |archive-date=December 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226021711/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/16/arts/pop-review-johnny-cash-austerely-direct-from-deep-within.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mulligan">{{Citation|last=Mulligan|first=J.|title=Johnny Cash: American VI: Ain't No Grave|date=February 24, 2010|url=http://entertainment.ie/album-review/Johnny-Cash--American-VI-Ain%27t-No-Grave/6891.htm|website=Entertainment.ie|type=album review|access-date=March 22, 2010|archive-date=January 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127061702/http://entertainment.ie/album-review/Johnny-Cash--American-VI-Ain%27t-No-Grave/6891.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He wis kent for his deep bass-baritone vyce, a rebellious streak an the free concerts he gied in preesons.<ref name="Fox">{{Citation|last=Fox|first=JA|title=Hard time's never a 'circus'|date=October 17, 2005|url=http://www.baylor.edu/pr/bitn/news.php?action=story&story=37416|newspaper=The Boston Herald|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920020148/http://www.baylor.edu/pr/bitn/news.php?action=story&story=37416|publisher=Baylor University|access-date=March 22, 2010|archive-date=September 20, 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> Born tae puir cotton fermers in Kingsland, [[Arkansas]], Cash grew up on gospel muisic an sang on a local radio station at the heich schuil. He served fower year in the [[Unitit States Air Force]], maist o it in Wast Germany, an cam tae fame in the mid-1950s in the rockabilly scene in [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]]. He wore black on stage, that gat him the nem "the Man in Black". Wi mair nor 90 million records selt, he is ane o the best-sellin musicians o aw time.<ref>{{Citation|last=Holden|first=Stephen|title=Johnny Cash, Country Music Bedrock, Dies at 71|date=September 13, 2003|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/13/arts/johnny-cash-country-music-bedrock-dies-at-71.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=February 25, 2013|archive-date=November 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104172511/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/13/arts/johnny-cash-country-music-bedrock-dies-at-71.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Jones|first=Rebecca|date=January 14, 2014|title=More Johnny Cash material will be released says son|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-25725837|access-date=February 13, 2016|archive-date=March 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330162002/http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-25725837|url-status=live}}</ref> Few ither artists hae been inductit intae baith the [[Country Music Hall of Fame]] an the {{lang|en|[[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]}}.<ref name="RS Cash">{{cite news |title=Johnny Cash: Remembering the Incomparable Legend of Country, Rock and Roll |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/johnny-cash-remembering-the-incomparable-legend-of-country-rock-and-roll-244037/ |first=Anthony |last=DeCurtis |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=October 16, 2003 |archive-date=December 8, 2019 |access-date=April 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208035634/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/johnny-cash-remembering-the-incomparable-legend-of-country-rock-and-roll-244037/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His life story wis tellt in the 2005 film ''[[Walk the Line]]''.<ref name=BOM>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=walktheline.htm |title=Walk the Line (2005) |publisher=Boxofficemojo.com |access-date=April 14, 2012}}</ref> == Early life == Johnny Cash wis born J. R. Cash on 26 Februar 1932 in Kingsland, Arkansas,<ref>Ellis, A. (2004, 01). "The man in black: Johnny cash, 1932–2003". ''Guitar Player'', 38, 31–32, 34.</ref> tae Carrie Cloveree (née Rivers) an Ray Cash. He wis ane o sieven bairns: Roy, Margaret Louise, Jack, Reba, Joanne an Tommy, that becam a kintra sangster an aw.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/johnny-cash-9/ | title=Johnny Cash (1932–2003) | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Arkansas | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-date=January 23, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123230326/https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/johnny-cash-9/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.wkrn.com/news/local-news/celebrating-the-man-in-black-things-you-might-not-know-about-johnny-cash/ | title=Celebrating the Man in Black: Things you might not know about Johnny Cash | first=Erin | last=McCullough | work=WKRN-TV | date=February 26, 2023 | archive-date=May 4, 2025 | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504115850/https://www.wkrn.com/news/local-news/celebrating-the-man-in-black-things-you-might-not-know-about-johnny-cash/ | url-status=live }}</ref> His mither wantit tae cry him John an his faither wantit Ray, sae thay gied him juist the initials "J. R." insteid.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Streissguth|first=M.|year=2006 |url=https://archive.org/details/johnnycashbiogra00stre_0|url-access=registration|title=Johnny Cash: a biography|place=Philadelphia, PA|publisher=Da Capo|page=[https://archive.org/details/johnnycashbiogra00stre_0/page/6 6]|isbn=978-0-306-81591-1}}</ref> The Air Force wadna tak initials for a first nem, sae he becam John R. Cash, an later Johnny Cash whan he signed wi [[Sun Records]] in 1955.<ref name="Streissguth_profile">{{Cite book|last=Streissguth|first=M.|url=https://archive.org/details/johnnycashbiogra00stre_0|title=Johnny Cash: a biography|publisher=Da Capo|year=2006|isbn=9780306813689|place=Philadelphia, PA|page=[https://archive.org/details/johnnycashbiogra00stre_0/page/196 196]|url-access=registration}}</ref> In Mairch 1935, whan he wis three, the faimily flittit tae Dyess, Arkansas, a New Deal colony set up durin the Great Depression unner Preses [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]].<ref name=Bowden>{{cite news|last1=Bowden|first1=Bill|title=National Register accepts Johnny Cash boyhood home in Arkansas|url=http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2018/may/05/national-register-accepts-cash-boyhood-/|access-date=May 7, 2018|work=ArkansasOnline|publisher=Arkansas Democrat-Gazette|date=May 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505231153/http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2018/may/05/national-register-accepts-cash-boyhood-/|archive-date=May 5, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Frae the age o five, Cash wirkit in the cotton fields wi his faimily, singin wi thaim as thay wirkit. A spate on the ferm in his bairnheid becam his sang "Five Feet High and Rising".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cash |first1=Johnny |last2=Carr |first2=Patrick |title=Cash: The Autobiography |date=2003 |publisher=Harper Collins |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books |isbn=0-06-072753-5 |access-date=February 26, 2019 |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062708/https://books.google.com/books |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1944 his aulder brither Jack, that he wis gey close tae, wis near cuttit in twa bi a table saw at his wirk an deed o his wounds a week efter.<ref>{{Cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/photos/johnny-cash-his-life-in-photos-5694927/2-johnny-cash-aint-no-grave-600/ | title=Johnny Cash: His Life in Photos | magazine=Billboard | date=February 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cash |first1=Johnny |last2=Carr |first2=Patrick |title=Cash: The Autobiography |date=2003 |publisher=Harper Collins |pages=24–26 |url=https://books.google.com/books |isbn=0-06-072753-5 |access-date=February 26, 2019 |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062708/https://books.google.com/books |url-status=live }}</ref> Jack wis meant tae gae fishin wi Cash that day, but insistit on gaun tae wirk acause the faimily needit the siller. Cash aft spak o the guilt he felt ower it, an said he wis lookin forrit tae "meeting [his] brother in Heaven".<ref name="Streissguth_profile" /> He grew up on gospel muisic an the radio, an his mither an a freend leart him the guitar; he stairtit scrievin sangs at 12, an his heich tenor vyce later drapped tae a bass-baritone.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gross |first1=Terry |title=All I Did Was Ask: Conversations with Writers, Actors Musicians, and Artists |date=2004 |publisher=Hachette Books |page=31 |edition=Hardcover}}</ref> Cash jynt the Air Force on 7 Julie 1950, no lang efter the [[Korean War]] stairtit.<ref>{{cite web|first=William|last=Abbott|url=http://www.southernmusic.net/johnnycash.html|title=Johnny Cash&nbsp;– February 26, 1932&nbsp;– September 12, 2003|website=Southernmusic.net|access-date=December 31, 2011|archive-date=April 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414225853/http://www.southernmusic.net/johnnycash.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Efter his trainin in [[San Antonio]], Texas, he wis postit tae Landsberg in Wast Germany as a [[Morse code]] operator listenin in on Soviet Airmy transmissions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/so-was-johnny-cash-the-first-american-to-learn-of-joseph-stalins-death/ |title=So, Was Johnny Cash The First American To Learn Of Joseph Stalin's Death? |last=Murray |first=Robin |website=Clash Music |date=March 8, 2023 |publisher=mtc. |access-date=March 10, 2023 |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601023056/https://www.clashmusic.com/news/so-was-johnny-cash-the-first-american-to-learn-of-joseph-stalins-death |url-status=live }}</ref> He wis honourably dischairged as a staff sergeant on 3 Julie 1954 an gaed back tae Texas.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.war.gov/News/Feature-Stories/Story/Article/4157671/singer-johnny-cash-served-in-the-air-force-during-the-cold-war/ | title=Singer Johnny Cash Served in the Air Force During the Cold War | first=David | last=Vergun | work=United States Department of Defense | date=April 17, 2025 | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-date=January 26, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260126022532/https://www.war.gov/News/Feature-Stories/Story/Article/4157671/singer-johnny-cash-served-in-the-air-force-during-the-cold-war/ | url-status=live }}</ref> == Career == === Sun Records an the 1950s === In 1954 Cash an his wife Vivian flittit tae Memphis, whaur he pleyed wi the guitarist Luther Perkins an the bassist Marshall Grant, kent as the Tennessee Two. He gaed tae the Sun Records studio hopin for a recordin contract.<ref>{{cite web|title=Johnny Cash Biography and Interview|website=Achievement.org|publisher=American Academy of Achievement|url=https://www.achievement.org/achiever/johnny-cash/#interview|access-date=April 9, 2019|archive-date=January 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115050038/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/johnny-cash#interview|url-status=live}}</ref> He auditioned for Sam Phillips wi maistly gospel sangs, but Phillips tellt him he didna record gospel onymair. Cash wan him ower wi new sangs in his early rockabilly style, an his first Sun records, "Hey, Porter" an "Cry! Cry! Cry!", cam oot in 1955 an did weel on the kintra chairts. His neist record, "[[Folsom Prison Blues]]", gat intae the kintra tap five, an "I Walk the Line" wis nummer ane on the kintra chairts an gat intae the pop tap 20. === Columbia, Folsom Prison an San Quentin === In 1958 Cash left Sun for a weel-peyed contract wi Columbia Records, an becam ane o thair maist successfu artists. In the early 1960s he tourt wi the Carter Faimily, whaur he met June Carter. His version o "Ring of Fire" wis a crossower hit, nummer ane on the kintra chairts an in the pop tap 20. The mariachi-style horns on it war Cash's idea.<ref name=pc10>{{Pop Chronicles|10|3}}</ref> In the late 1950s Cash stairtit giein concerts in preesons, the first notable ane at San Quentin State Prison in California on 1 Januar 1958.<ref name="cash1958">[http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/inmate-merle-haggard-hears-johnny-cash-play-san-quentin-state-prison "Inmate Merle Haggard hears Johnny Cash play San Quentin State Prison"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410161423/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/inmate-merle-haggard-hears-johnny-cash-play-san-quentin-state-prison |date=April 10, 2016 }}, history.com; accessed June 24, 2014.</ref> Twa o thae concerts war released as ''At Folsom Prison'' (1968) an ''At San Quentin'' (1969), baith nummer ane on the ''Billboard'' kintra album chairt.<ref>Edwards, Leigh H. "Cash, Johnny." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press.</ref> ''At San Quentin'' haed the hit "A Boy Named Sue", that wis nummer ane on the kintra chairts an nummer twa on the pop chairts. In 1972 he pleyed at Österåker Preeson in Swaden an aw. === The Johnny Cash Show === Frae Juin 1969 tae Mairch 1971 Cash haed his ain televeesion shaw, ''The Johnny Cash Show'', on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] network, recordit at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville.<ref name="The Vintage News-2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/08/10/johnny-cashs-excellent-music-variety-tv-show-ran-58-episodes-but-was-canceled-in-a-rural-purge/|title=Johnny Cash's excellent music variety TV show ran 58 episodes but was canceled in a "rural purge"|date=August 10, 2017|work=The Vintage News|access-date=November 8, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> He brocht on guests frae ootside kintra muisic, amang thaim [[Bob Dylan]], [[Ray Charles]] an Joni Mitchell.<ref name="The Vintage News-2017" /> The shaw gied a muckle heeze tae [[Kris Kristofferson]]. Whan Cash sang his "Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down" on the shaw, he wadna chynge the wirds for the network, an sang the line "I'm wishin', Lord, that I was stoned" as it stuid.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Best of the Johnny Cash TV Show 1969–1971|volume=Disc 1 (of 2)|publisher=Reverse Angle Production|year=2007}}</ref> Bi the early 1970s Cash wis weel kent as the Man in Black, an even released a sang o that nem. He said he wore black for the puir an the hungert, for the "prisoner who has long paid for his crime", an for thaim betrayed bi age or drogs.<ref name="85-86">{{cite book |last1=Cash |first1=Johnny |last2=Carr |first2=Patrick |title=Cash: The Autobiography |date=2003 |publisher=Harper Collins |pages=85–86 |url=https://books.google.com/books |isbn=0060727535 |access-date=February 26, 2019 |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062708/https://books.google.com/books |url-status=live }}</ref> He wis freends wi ilka Preses o the Unitit States frae [[Richard Nixon]] on, but he wis closest tae [[Jimmy Carter]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cash |first1=Johnny |last2=Carr |first2=Patrick |title=Cash: The Autobiography |date=2003 |publisher=Harper Collins |url=https://books.google.com/books |isbn=0060727535 |access-date=February 26, 2019 |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062708/https://books.google.com/books |url-status=live }}</ref> His first autobiography, ''Man in Black'', cam oot in 1975 an selt 1.3 million copies; a second, ''Cash: The Autobiography'', follit in 1997. === American Recordings wi Rick Rubin === In 1980 Cash becam the youngest leevin inductee o the Country Music Hall of Fame, but his records did less weel in the 1980s, though he tourt wi [[Willie Nelson]], Waylon Jennings an Kris Kristofferson as the Highwaymen. Efter Columbia drapped him an a short spell wi Mercury, he wis offert a contract bi Rick Rubin's label American Recordings, better kent for rap an [[Haurd rock|haurd rock]]. Unner Rubin, Cash recordit ''American Recordings'' (1994) in his livin room wi juist his guitar, maistly covers o modren artists that Rubin pickit. It wis a muckle success wi critics an buyers, an wan a Grammy for Best Contemporary Folk Album.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/our-country/rick-rubin-remembers-johnny-cash-s--american-recordings---20-years-on-195915753.html | title=Rick Rubin Remembers Johnny Cash's 'American Recordings,' 20 Years On | first=Chris | last=Willman | work=Yahoo | date=April 25, 2014}}</ref> Cash wrate that his reception at the Glastonbury Festival in 1994 wis ane o the heichlichts o his career.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://variety.com/gallery/glastonbury-festival-10-best-moments-50-years/johnny-cash-2/ | title=The 10 Best Moments From Glastonbury Festival's 50 Year History | first=Ellise | last=Shafer | work=Variety | date=June 15, 2020 | archive-date=January 22, 2021 | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122011828/https://variety.com/gallery/glastonbury-festival-10-best-moments-50-years/johnny-cash-2/ | url-status=live }}</ref> === "Hurt" === Late in his career Cash released ''American III: Solitary Man'' (2000) an ''American IV: The Man Comes Around'' (2002), wi sangs o a mair sombre tone nor afore. ''American IV'' haed covers o late 20t-century rock sangs, amang thaim "Hurt" bi Nine Inch Nails an "Personal Jesus" bi Depeche Mode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/1331-american-iv-the-man-comes-around/|title=Johnny Cash, ''American IV: The Man Comes Around''|last=Carr|first=Eric|date=November 7, 2002|work=Pitchfork|access-date=May 12, 2017|archive-date=May 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506130157/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/1331-american-iv-the-man-comes-around/|url-status=live}}</ref> Trent Reznor o Nine Inch Nails said he wis dootfu at first aboot Cash coverin "Hurt", but wis impressed an muived whan he heard it.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.theninhotline.net/archives/articles/manager/display_article.php?id=11 |title=Geoff Rickly interviews Trent Reznor |magazine=Alternative Press |date=June 26, 2004 |access-date=October 15, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015203101/http://www.theninhotline.net/archives/articles/manager/display_article.php?id=11 |archive-date=October 15, 2017 }}</ref> The video for "Hurt" wis ruised bi critics an the public alike, an wan a Grammy Award.<ref>{{cite news |title=The 30 All-TIME Best Music Videos – Johnny Cash, 'Hurt' (2003) |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2011/07/28/the-30-all-time-best-music-videos/slide/johnny-cash-hurt-2003/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926214843/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2085389_2085359_2085375,00.html |url-status=live |archive-date=September 26, 2011 |magazine=Time |access-date=October 19, 2024 |first=Glen |last=Levy |date=July 26, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=100 Greatest Music Videos|url=https://www.nme.com/list/100-greatest-music-videos/217342/page/10|publisher=NME|access-date=December 15, 2012|date=June 2, 2011|archive-date=May 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510091711/http://www.nme.com/list/100-greatest-music-videos/217342/page/10|url-status=live}}</ref> == Personal life == [[File:JohnnyCashJuneCarterCash1969.jpg|thumb|right|Johnny Cash wi his second wife, June Carter Cash, in 1969]] On 18 Julie 1951, durin his basic trainin, Cash met Vivian Liberto, a 17-year-auld Italian-American, at a roller-skatin rink in San Antonio.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Hate Groups Went After Johnny Cash in the 1960s |url=https://www.history.com/news/why-hate-groups-went-after-johnny-cash-in-the-1960s |website=History |date=August 2, 2017 |access-date=November 7, 2018 |language=en |archive-date=March 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306173306/https://www.history.com/news/why-hate-groups-went-after-johnny-cash-in-the-1960s |url-status=live }}</ref> Efter three weeks thegither he wis postit tae Germany, an thay wrate hunders o luve letters. Thay mairit on 7 August 1954 an haed fower dochters: Rosanne (born 24 Mey 1955), Kathy (born 16 Aprile 1956), Cindy (born 29 Julie 1958) an Tara (born 24 August 1961). Thay divorced in 1966. Cash met June Carter o the Carter Faimily on tour. In 1968, 13 year efter thay first met backstage at the Grand Ole Opry, he proponed tae her on stage in London, Ontario,<ref>{{Citation|place=London, UK|last=Sweeting|first=Adam|date=September 12, 2003|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2003/sep/12/johnnycash|type=Obituary|title=Johnny Cash|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=January 26, 2009|archive-date=September 19, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919131745/http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2003/sep/12/johnnycash|url-status=live}}</ref> an thay mairit on 1 Mairch 1968 in Franklin, Kentucky. She haed greed tae mairy him aince he haed "cleaned up".<ref>{{cite book|last=Zwonitzer|first=Mark|title=Will You Miss Me When I'm Gone: The Carter Family and Their Legacy in American Music|url=https://archive.org/details/willyoumissmewhe0000zwon|url-access=registration|publisher=Simon & Schuster |year= 2002|isbn= 978-0-684-85763-3}}</ref> Thay haed ae son, John Carter Cash, born in 1970. Throu thair mairriage [[June Carter Cash|June]] tried tae keep him aff amphetamines, an stuid bi him throu aw his treatment.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.insp.com/stories/the-june-carter-cash-story/ | title=The June Carter Cash Story | work=INSP | last=Cah | first=Darlene | date=August 6, 2025 | access-date=January 27, 2026}}</ref> As his career teuk aff in the late 1950s, Cash stairtit drinkin a heap an becam addictit tae amphetamines an barbiturates. In Juin 1965 his camper caucht fire in Los Padres National Forest in California. The fire drave aff 49 o the 53 endangert [[Californie condor|condors]] there,<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.vcstar.com/story/entertainment/2016/10/26/johnny-cashs-first-wife-tells-of-romance-heartbreak-june-carter-vivian-cash-/92772320/ | title=The Man in Black's first wife, Vivian Cash, tells of romance, heartbreak | first=Brett | last=Johnson | work=Ventura County Star | date=October 26, 2016 | archive-date=January 9, 2026 | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260109124947/https://www.vcstar.com/story/entertainment/2016/10/26/johnny-cashs-first-wife-tells-of-romance-heartbreak-june-carter-vivian-cash-/92772320/ | url-status=live }}</ref> an he peyed the federal government 82,001 US dollars in a settlement.<ref>Williford, Stanley and Howard Hertel. "Singer Johnny Cash Pays $82,000 to U.S. in Fire Case", ''Los Angeles Times'', July 3, 1969, p. A3.</ref> Altho he haed an ootlaw image, he niver served a preeson sentence, but he wis held in jile for a nicht seiven times for misdemeanours. In 1965 he wis arrestit in [[El Paso, Texas]], wi hunders o pills in his guitar case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2013/oct/12/entertainment/la-et-ms-johnny-cash-calif/3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219065356/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/oct/12/entertainment/la-et-ms-johnny-cash-calif/3|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 19, 2013|title=Johnny Cash's dark California days|last=Hilburn|first=Robert|date=October 12, 2013|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=November 8, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035}}</ref> "I was taking the pills for awhile, and then the pills started taking me," he said in 1997.<ref>Gross (2004). p. 34</ref> In 1968 Cash gaed intae Nickajack Cave in Tennessee tae end his life unner the influence o drogs, but he passed oot. Whan he woke he chynged his mynd, an fund his wey oot bi follaein a faint licht an a breeze. June's faimily flittit intae his hoose tae help him come aff drogs, though Marshall Grant said he didna stop aw thegither till efter his son wis born.<ref name="Grant page 92">{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Marshall|title=I Was There When It Happened&nbsp;– My Life With Johnny Cash|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iwastherewhenith00mars/page/92 92, 177]|publisher=Cumberland House|year=2005|isbn=978-1-58182-510-7|url=https://archive.org/details/iwastherewhenith00mars/page/92}}</ref> He gaed back tae amphetamines in 1977 an wis in treatment mair nor aince, the last time in 1992.<ref name=Grant>{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Marshall|title=I Was There When It Happened&nbsp;– My Life With Johnny Cash|publisher=Cumberland House|year=2005|isbn=978-1-58182-510-7|url=https://archive.org/details/iwastherewhenith00mars}}</ref> Cash wis brocht up in the Christian faith. In 1944 he becam a Christian at the Central Baptist Kirk in Dyess an stairtit singin in public there,<ref>Stephen L. Betts, [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/johnny-cash-mothers-day-unlcouded-day-834181/ A Tribute to the Legacy of Johnny Cash in Word and Song] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251102194127/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/johnny-cash-mothers-day-unlcouded-day-834181/ |date=November 2, 2025 }}, rollingstone.com, USA, May 10, 2019</ref> an he wis baptised suin efter in the Tyronza River.<ref name="Man In Black">{{Citation|title=Man in Black|author=Johnny Cash|isbn=978-99924-31-58-0|publisher=Zondervan}}</ref> On 9 Mey 1971 he answert the altar ca at Evangel Temple in Nashville.<ref>Dave Urbanski, ''The Man Comes Around: The Spiritual Journey of Johnny Cash.'' Relevant Books, 2003, p.99.</ref> He wrate a Christian novel, ''Man in White'' (1986), an whan a reporter speired if it wis written frae a Baptist, Catholic or Jewish pynt o view, he said: "A'm a Christian. Dinna put me in another box."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "I'm a Christian. Don't put me in another box."</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cash |first1=Johnny |title=Man in White |date=2008 |publisher=Thomas Nelson |isbn=978-1595548368 |page=xiii |edition=Paperback |quote="I'm a Christian" [I said.] "Don't put me in another box."}}</ref> == Daith an legacy == In 1997 Cash wis diagnosed wi Shy–Drager syndrome, a form o multiple system atrophy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cash: The Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/cashautobiograph00cash |url-access=registration |last1=Cash |first1=Johnny |last2=Carr |first2=Patrick |date=1998 |orig-year=1997 |isbn=0061013579 |location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cashautobiograph00cash/page/400 400–403] |author-link=Johnny Cash}}</ref> The diagnosis wis later chynged tae autonomic neuropathy airisin frae diabetes. June deed on 15 Mey 2003, aged 73, efter complications frae hert surgery.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/16/arts/june-carter-cash-a-fixture-in-country-music-dies-at-73.html | title=June Carter Cash, a Fixture In Country Music, Dies at 73 | first=Ben | last=Ratliff | work=The New York Times | date=May 16, 2003 | url-access=limited | archive-date=February 28, 2024 | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228200738/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/16/arts/june-carter-cash-a-fixture-in-country-music-dies-at-73.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.npr.org/2003/05/15/1265360/singer-june-carter-cash-dies-at-73 | title=Singer June Carter Cash Dies at 73 | work=NPR | date=May 15, 2003 | archive-date=August 11, 2025 | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811030347/https://www.npr.org/2003/05/15/1265360/singer-june-carter-cash-dies-at-73 | url-status=live }}</ref> He recordit 60 sangs in the last fower month o his life, believin his muisic wis his ae reason for livin.<ref>Puterbaugh, Parke. "Essential Johnny Cash." ''Rolling Stone'', October 16, 2003: 78. International Index to Music Periodicals Full Text [ProQuest]. Web. June 12, 2016.</ref> Cash deed o complications frae diabetes at Baptist Hospital in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] on 12 September 2003, aged 71, less nor fower month efter his wife. [[George W. Bush|Preses Bush]] cawed him a "music legend and American icon".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement on the Death of Johnny Cash {{!}} The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-the-death-johnny-cash |access-date=2026-09-11 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}}</ref> He wis buried aside his wife in Hendersonville Memory Gardens, near his hame in Hendersonville, Tennessee.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-sep-16-et-cash16-story.html|title=An everyman luminary, Cash is laid to rest|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=September 16, 2003}}</ref> Cash wis inductit intae the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1977, the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1980 an the {{lang|en|Rock and Roll Hall of Fame}} in 1992. He wis inductit intae the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 2010 an the Memphis Music Hall of Fame in 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nashvillesongwritersfoundation.com/Site/inductee?entry_id=1493 | title=Johnny Cash | work=Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-date=November 17, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251117103446/https://nashvillesongwritersfoundation.com/Site/inductee?entry_id=1493 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://gospelmusichalloffame.org/hall-of-fame-inductees-and-honorees/johnny-cash | title=Johnny Cash | work=Gospel Music Hall of Fame | date=April 17, 2024 | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-date=February 12, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212163812/https://gospelmusichalloffame.org/hall-of-fame-inductees-and-honorees/johnny-cash | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://memphismusichalloffame.com/inductee/johnnycash/ | title=Johnny Cash | work=Memphis Music Hall of Fame | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-date=November 14, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114233305/https://memphismusichalloffame.com/inductee/johnnycash/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Forby Elvis Presley, he wis the anly artist inductit as a performer intae baith the Country Music Hall of Fame an the {{lang|en|Rock and Roll Hall of Fame}}.<ref name="RS Cash"/> In 2005 his life story wis tellt in the biographical film ''Walk the Line'', wi [[Joaquin Phoenix]] as Cash an Reese Witherspoon as June Carter.<ref name=BOM/> == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cash, Johnny}} [[Category:Johnny Cash| ]] [[Category:1932 births]] [[Category:2003 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century American sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:Male actors frae Arkansas]] [[Category:American autobiografers]] [[Category:American bass-baritones]] [[Category:American country guitarists]] [[Category:American country sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American folk guitarists]] [[Category:American folk sangsters]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American performers o Christian muisic]] [[Category:American Christians]] [[Category:American Christian writers]] [[Category:American acoustic guitarists]] [[Category:American male guitarists]] [[Category:Buirials in Tennessee]] [[Category:Cash–Carter faimily]] [[Category:Charly Records airtists]] [[Category:Columbia Records airtists]] [[Category:Country Music Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:Country muisickers frae Arkansas]] [[Category:Daiths frae diabetes]] [[Category:Disease-relatit daiths in Tennessee]] [[Category:Grammy Legend Awaird winners]] [[Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Awaird winners]] [[Category:Grand Ole Opry members]] [[Category:Guitarists frae Arkansas]] [[Category:Guitarists frae Tennessee]] [[Category:Kennedy Center honourees]] [[Category:Members o the Country Music Association]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Nashville, Tennessee]] [[Category:Native Americans' richts activists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Arkansas]] [[Category:Fowk frae Cleveland Coonty, Arkansas]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hendersonville, Tennessee]] [[Category:Rock and roll muisickers]] [[Category:American rockabilly muisickers]] [[Category:Southern gospel performers]] [[Category:Sun Records airtists]] [[Category:The Highwaymen (country supergroup) members]] [[Category:Unitit States Air Force airmen]] [[Category:20t-century American guitarists]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] 1q76pu092u1yocqe4paz2gqoa67phoe 0 9058 927541 926958 2026-11-10T00:10:00Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin an grammar fixes, lang sentences split, quotes owerset 927541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | show_name = Teletubbies | image = Teletubbies Logo.png | caption = | creator = [[Anne Wood]]<br/>[[Andrew Davenport]] | developer = [[Ragdoll Productions]]<br/>Darrall Macqueen Ltd<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c21media.net/nickelodeon-takes-teletubbies-reboot/|title=Nickelodeon takes Teletubbies reboot|publisher=C21 Media|date=6 November 2015|last=Franks|first=Nico|accessdate=27 May 2016}}</ref> | starring = <small>'''Original series:'''</small><br/>Dave Thompson<br/>Simon Shelton<br/>John Simmit<br/>Nikky Smedley<br/>Pui Fan Lee<br/><small>'''Revival series:'''</small><br/>Nick Kellington<br/>Rebecca Hyland<br/>Jeremiah Krage<br/>Rachelle Beinart | voices = <small>'''Original series:'''</small><br/>Toyah Willcox<br/>Eric Sykes<br/>Mark Heenehan<br/><small>'''Revival series:'''</small><br/>Jane Horrocks<br/>[[Jim Broadbent]]<br/>Fearne Cotton<br/>[[David Walliams]]<br/>Rochelle Humes<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/teletubbies2</ref> | narrated = Tim Whitnall<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-32201894|title=Teletubbies voices revealed for new series|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=7 April 2015|accessdate=27 May 2016}}</ref><br/>Daniel Rigby<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2015-06-16/from-bt-adverts-and-teletubbies-to-undercover---the-screen-journey-of-daniel-rigby|title=From BT adverts and Teletubbies to Undercover - the screen journey of Daniel Rigby|publisher=[[Radio Times]]|date=16 June 2015|last=Fullerton|first=Huw|accessdate=27 May 2016|archive-date=2017-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127204747/http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2015-06-16/from-bt-adverts-and-teletubbies-to-undercover---the-screen-journey-of-daniel-rigby|url-status=dead}}</ref> | opentheme = "Teletubbies say 'Eh-oh!'" | country = United Kingdom | language = English | num_episodes = 425 | list_episodes = List of Teletubbies episodes and videos | location = [[Stratford-upon-Avon]], [[Warwickshire]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/uh-oh--teletubbies-grassy-home-flooded---after-owner-becomes-sick-of-tourists-trying-to-visit-iconic-set-161625219.html#wFd1b6V|title=Uh-oh! Teletubbies grassy home flooded - after owner becomes sick of tourists trying to visit iconic set|publisher=Uk.news.yahoo.com|date=2 September 2013|accessdate=23 December 2015|archive-date=2020-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811102739/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/uh-oh--teletubbies-grassy-home-flooded---after-owner-becomes-sick-of-tourists-trying-to-visit-iconic-set-161625219.html#wFd1b6V|url-status=dead}}</ref> | executive_producer = David G. Hiller<br/>Vic Finch | runtime = 25 minutes | distributor = [[Pinewood Studios]]<ref name="InsiderMedia">{{cite news| title=Teletubbies joint venture|url=http://www.insidermedia.com/insider/southeast/47394-teletubbies-joint-venture-sale|date=14 February 2011|accessdate=4 January 2014|publisher=Insider Media}}</ref><br/>DHX Media<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/say-eh-oh-to-the-new-look-teletubbies/|title=Say 'Eh-Oh!' to the New-Look Teletubbies|publisher=DHX Media|date=3 June 2015|accessdate=28 May 2016|archive-date=2016-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816203839/http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/say-eh-oh-to-the-new-look-teletubbies/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br/>Viacom International<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nickpress.com/press-releases/2016/05/12/eh-oh-the-teletubbies-are-back-beloved-characters-return-in-all-new-preschool-series-on-nick-jr-channel-while-classic-original-episodes-launch-on-the-noggin-app|title=Eh-oh, the Teletubbies are back! Beloved characters return in all-new series on Nick Jr. channel|publisher=Viacom International, Inc.|date=12 May 2016|accessdate=28 May 2016|archive-date=2017-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506041711/http://www.nickpress.com/press-releases/2016/05/12/eh-oh-the-teletubbies-are-back-beloved-characters-return-in-all-new-preschool-series-on-nick-jr-channel-while-classic-original-episodes-launch-on-the-noggin-app|url-status=dead}}</ref> | network = [[CBeebies]] | picture_format = {{plainlist| * 480i (1997–2001) * 1080i (2015–present) }} | first_aired = <small>'''Original series:'''</small><br />{{Start date|1997|3|31|df=y}} – <br />{{End date|2001|2|16|df=y}}<br/> <small>'''Revival series:'''</small><br />{{Start date|2015|11|9|df=y}} – present | website = http://www.teletubbies.com }} '''''Teletubbies''''' is a Breetish [[pre-schuil]] [[bairns' televeesion series]] creatit bi [[Ragdoll Productions]]' [[Anne Wood]] an [[Andrew Davenport]] for the [[BBC]]. The programme follaes fower creatures o different colours kent as the Teletubbies, that are named for the telly screens on thair wames. Kent throu [[popular culture]] for the antennae that stick oot frae thair heids, the Teletubbies spik maistly in gibberish, an thay war designed tae leuk lik wee bairns.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bridging real world and toddler fantasy, Teletubbies reaches youngest audience|url=http://current.org/files/archive-site/ch/ch803t.html|accessdate=20 May 2016|work=Current.org|date=16 February 1998|last=Everhart|first=Karen|archive-date=2016-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817235434/http://current.org/files/archive-site/ch/ch803t.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kent for its heich production values, the series sune becam a commercial success in Britain an abroad. It wan several [[BAFTA|BAFTA]] awards an wis nominatit for twa [[Daytime Emmy Award|Daytime Emmys]] throughout its run.<ref name="BBC News Entertainment: Tubbies toast another three years">{{cite news|title=Tubbies toast another three years|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/287940.stm|accessdate=3 June 2015|work=BBC News|date=1 March 1999}}</ref><ref name="bafta-2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/awards/childrens/nominations/?year=2002|title=Past Winners and Nominees&nbsp;– Children's&nbsp;– Awards&nbsp;– 2002|publisher=[[BAFTA]]|accessdate=13 January 2010}}</ref> A single based on the shaw's theme sang reached nummer 1 in the [[UK Singles Chart]] in December 1997 an remained in the Tap 75 for 32 weeks, selling ower a million copies.<ref name="Spilsbury2012">{{cite book|author=Richard Spilsbury|title=Simon Cowell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzHagb095xgC&pg=PA16|date=1 July 2012|publisher=Heinemann Library|isbn=978-1-4329-6434-4|pages=16–}}</ref> Tho production on the first 365 episodes haed been annoonced cancelled in 2002,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/multi-platform/news/cbbc-wants-first-tenders/1177573.article|title=CBBC wants first tenders &#124; News &#124; Broadcast|publisher=Broadcast now.co.uk|date=29 June 2001|accessdate=10 July 2010}}</ref> sixty new episodes war ordered in 2014.<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/jun/13/bbc-cbeebies-orders-new-teletubbies-episodes|first=Mark|last=Sweeney|title=BBC’s CBeebies orders 60 new Teletubbies episodes|date=13 June 2014|work=www.theguardian.com|publisher=The Guardian}}</ref> Thay war shawn on [[CBeebies]] in the Unitit Kinrick an on Nick Jr. in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite news|title=Teletubbies Reboot Coming to Nickelodeon|url=http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2015/06/nickelodeon-gets-american-rights-for-bbc-teletubbies-reboot|date=12 June 2015|accessdate=20 May 2016|work=Complex|publisher=Complex Media, Inc.|archive-date=2017-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914130818/http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2015/06/nickelodeon-gets-american-rights-for-bbc-teletubbies-reboot|url-status=dead}}</ref> Re-runs o the oreeginal 1997–2001 series hae been shawn on telly channels aw ower the warld. == Plot == The programme takes place in a gressy, floral landscape populated bi rabbits wi bird calls audible in the background. The main shelter o the fower Teletubbies is an earth house kent as the "Tubbytronic Superdome" implanted in the grund an accessed throu a hole at the tap or an especially lairge semicircular door at the dome's fit. The creatures co-exist wi a nummer o strange contraptions sic as the Noo-noo, the group's anthropomorphic blue [[vacuum cleaner]], an the Voice Trumpets. The shaw's colourfu, psychedelic setting wis designed specifically tae appeal tae the attention spans o infants an unlock different sections o the mind whiles educatin young bairns o transitions that can be expected in life an aw. An assortment o rituals are performed throughout the course o every episode. Thir include the playful interactions atween the Teletubbies an the Voice Trumpets, an the mishaps caused bi the Noo-noo. Ithers are the footage o live bairns displayed on the screens in the Teletubbies' stomachs, an the magical event that occurs ance per episode. The event differs each time; it is eften caused inexplicably an is frequently strange yet whimsical. Each episode is closed bi the Voice Trumpets an the narrator tae the disappointed, reluctant, but eventually obedient Teletubbies, that bid fareweel tae the viewer as thay go back tae the Tubbytronic Superdome whiles the Sun baby sets. == Chairacters == ===Main chairacters=== *'''Tinky Winky''' (played bi Dave Thompson an Simon Shelton in the oreeginal series an bi Jeremiah Krage in the revival series)<ref name=Unmasked>{{cite news|title=The Teletubbies unmasked! The people behind the iconic children's TV characters|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2366611/The-Teletubbies-unmasked-The-people-iconic-childrens-TV-characters.html|accessdate=28 May 2016|work=Daily Mail|publisher=Daily Mail and General Trust|date=17 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Showreel: Jeremiah Krage|url=http://www.jeremiahkrage.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404182836/http://www.jeremiahkrage.com/|archivedate=4 April 2016|accessdate=22 April 2016|last=Krage|first=Jeremiah}}</ref> is the first Teletubby, as weel as the lairgest an auldest o the group. He is covered in purpie terrycloth an haes a [[triangle|triangular]] [[Antenna (radio)|antenna]] on his heid. He awmaist always cairies a reid bag. *'''Dipsy''' (played bi John Simmit in the oreeginal series an bi Nick Kellington in the revival series)<ref name="Zap2it Cast">{{cite web | url=http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/teletubbies/cast/EP00224776?aid=zap2it|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530124458/http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/teletubbies/cast/EP00224776?aid=zap2it|archivedate=30 May 2013|title=Teletubbies Cast - Zap2it|publisher=Zap2it}}</ref> is the second Teletubby. He is green an named efter his antenna, which resembles a dipstick. Dipsy is the maist stubborn o the Teletubbies, an will occasionally refuse tae go alang wi the others' group opinion. His face is notably darker than the rest o the Teletubbies, an the creators hae stated that he is black.<ref name="16things">{{cite news| title=Teletubbies: 16 things you didn't know|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/10903566/Teletubbies-16-things-you-didnt-know.html|date=24 December 2014|accessdate=5 April 2016|work=The Daily Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref> *'''Laa-Laa''' (played bi Nikky Smedley in the oreeginal series an bi Rebecca Hyland in the revival series)<ref name="Zap2it Cast" /> is the third Teletubby. She is yellae an haes a curly antenna. Laa-Laa is very sweet, likes tae sing an dance, an is eften shawn leukin oot for the ither Teletubbies. Her favorite toy is an orange rubber ball. *'''Po''' (played bi Pui Fan Lee in the oreeginal series an bi Rachelle Beinart in the revival series)<ref name="Zap2it Cast" /> is the fowert Teletubby, as weel as the shortest an youngest. She is reid an haes an antenna shaped lik a stick uised for blowing soap bubbles. Po normally speaks in a saft voice an haes been stated bi the shaw's creators tae be Cantonese.<ref name="16things" /> ===Supporting chairacters=== *The '''Noo-noo''' (operated bi Mark Dean in the oreeginal series)<ref name="Teletubbies Credits">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/teletubbies-all-together-teletubbies-playful-pals-and-delightful-days/oclc/60547993#details-allauthors|archivedate=30 June 2015|title=Teletubbies Authors}}</ref> is a conscientious vacuum cleaner that acts as baith the Teletubbies' guardian an housekeeper. He hardly ever ventures ootside the Tubbytronic Superdome, instead remainin indoors an constantly cleaning wi his sucker-lik neb. He communicates throu a series o slurping an sucking noises. *The '''Voice Trumpets''' (voiced bi Fearne Cotton, [[Jim Broadbent]] an Antonia Thomas in the revival series)<ref name="Teletubbies Characters">{{cite web | url=http://us.teletubbies.com/about-teletubbies/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528005723/http://us.teletubbies.com/about-teletubbies/|archivedate=28 May 2016|title=About Teletubbies: The Characters}}</ref> are several devices resembling periscopes that rise frae the grund an interact wi the Teletubbies, eften engaging in gemmes wi them an serving as supervisors. Thay are the anly residents o Teletubbyland that spik in complete sentences. *The '''Sun Baby''' (played bi Jess Smith in the oreeginal series)<ref name=TDT>{{cite news|title=The baby from Teletubbies reveals herself|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/11310883/The-baby-from-Teletubbies-reveals-herself.html|accessdate=23 December 2014|agency=Unknown|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|date=23 December 2014}}</ref> appears at the beginnin an end o each episode. She acts as a wake-up caw for the Teletubbies. *Numerous '''rabbits''' are foond throughout Teletubbyland, an are depicted bi several Flemish Giant rabbits. The Teletubbies enjoy watching them hop an play. The rabbits are the anly teep o Yird ainimal foond in the laund, an tak residence in rabbit holes an bushes. *The '''Tubby Phone''' (voiced bi Jane Horrocks)<ref name="Teletubbies Characters" /> is a character in the revival series, that transports the Teletubbies tae the modren warld. *The '''Tiddlytubbies''' (voiced bi Teresa Gallagher) are baby Teletubbies appearin in the revival series. Thair names are Mi-Mi, Daa Daa, Baa, Ping, RuRu, Nin, Duggle Dee an Umby Pumby.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dhx-media-announces-teletubbies-season-two-574465461.html|title=DHX Media Announces Teletubbies Season Two|publisher=PR Newswire|date=4 April 2016|accessdate=24 May 2016}}</ref> == Release == On 31 Mairch 1997, the first episode o ''Teletubbies'' aired on [[BBC2]]. It filled a timeslot previously held bi ''Playdays''. This schedule chynge initially received backlash frae parents, but the shaw wis nae moved.<ref name="Tegna">{{cite news| title=To Teletubby or not to Teletubby|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/to-teletubby-or-not-to-teletubby-1235645.html|date=12 October 1997|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=Tegna, Inc.|work=Tegna WTSP}}</ref> The programme's unconventional format quickly received attention frae the media, an it wis attracting twa million viewers per episode bi August.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/teletubbies-to-get-grown-up-help-with-their-baby-talk-1247240.html|title=Teletubbies to get grown-up help with their baby talk|publisher=The Independent|date=24 August 1997|accessdate=24 May 2016|last=McCann|first=Paul|archive-date=2017-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226014818/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/teletubbies-to-get-grown-up-help-with-their-baby-talk-1247240.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Februar 1998, ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' noted that it haed "reached cult status" in less nor a year on the air.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/120712794/|title=Padded sells|publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald|work=Newspapers.com|date=1 February 1998|accessdate=24 May 2016}}</ref> ''Teletubbies'' haes been aired in ower 120 countries in 45 different leids.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nickelodeon snaps up broadcast and on-demand rights to new Teletubbies|url=http://www.licensing.biz/news/read/nickelodeon-snaps-up-us-broadcast-and-on-demand-rights-to-new-teletubbies/042196|date=11 June 2015|accessdate=23 May 2016|work=Licensing.biz|publisher=NewBay Media|archive-date=2017-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630142506/http://www.licensing.biz/news/read/nickelodeon-snaps-up-us-broadcast-and-on-demand-rights-to-new-teletubbies/042196|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/teletubbies-will-return-to-tv-after-14-years-which-actor-will-star-201584|title=Teletubbies Will Return After 14 Years: See Which British Actor Will Star in New TV Show!|work=Us Weekly|publisher=Wenner Media LLC|date=4 August 2015}}</ref> In the Unitit States, the series airs on [[Nickelodeon]] as pairt o the Nick Jr. block.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/11/teletubbies-reboot_n_7561434.html|title=Nickelodeon Is Rebooting The 'Teletubbies'|publisher=Verizon Communications|work=The Huffington Post|date=11 June 2015|accessdate=24 June 2015|last=Whitney|first=Erin}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/major-tv-deal-for-brand-new-incarnation-of-hit-preschool-series/|title=DHX Media's ''Teletubbies'' heads to the US with Nick Jr. and the Noggin app|work=DHX Media|date=11 June 2015|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2017-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127183651/http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/major-tv-deal-for-brand-new-incarnation-of-hit-preschool-series/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Episodes are released throu the Nick Jr. mobile application an on-demand services an aw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2015/06/11/bbcs-teletubbies-reboot-picked-nickelodeon|title=Teletubbies reboot picked up by Nickelodeon|work=Entertainment Weekly|publisher=Time Inc.|date=11 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://us.teletubbies.com/about-teletubbies/where-to-watch/|title=Teletubbies: Where to Watch|work=Teletubbies.com|publisher=Viacom International, Inc.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523235523/http://us.teletubbies.com/about-teletubbies/where-to-watch/|archivedate=23 May 2016|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref> The oreeginal series is available as pairt o the Noggin subscription service in North Americae.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.streamingmedia.com/PressRelease/Noggin-Nickelodeons-Preschool-Video-Subscription-Service-Expands-to-New-Platforms-and-Adds-Eight-Premium-Series-to-Content-Slate_40093.aspx|title=Noggin, Nickelodeon's Preschool Video Subscription Service, Expands to New Platforms and Adds Eight Premium Series to Content Slate|work=Streaming Media|publisher=Viacom International, Inc.|date=11 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nutmegcreative.com/work/noggin-teletubbies/|title=Noggin's Teletubbies|work=Nutmeg Creative|accessdate=28 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528213348/http://nutmegcreative.com/work/noggin-teletubbies/|archivedate=28 May 2016}}</ref> It haed aired on PBS Kids until 2008. BBC Worldwide channels cairy the series in maist o Africae, Asia an Poland.<ref name="animation">{{cite web|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/dhx-inks-ten-teletubbies-broadcast-deals/|title=DHX inks ten ''Teletubbies'' broadcast deals|work=AnimationMagazine.net}}</ref> A Spaingie dub airs on Clan in Spain.<ref name="newswire">{{cite web|url=http://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/dhx-media-adds-10-more-broadcast-deals-for-the-new-teletubbies-573339351.html|title=DHX Media adds 10 more broadcast deals for the new ''Teletubbies''|work=Newswire.ca}}</ref> In Greece, the series airs on Nickelodeon Greece.<ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies - Nickelodeon Greece|url=http://www.nickelodeon.gr/seires/teletubbies|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506052613/http://www.nickelodeon.gr/seires/teletubbies|archivedate=6 May 2016|accessdate=23 May 2016|publisher=Viacom International, Inc.}}</ref> NPO Zappelin cairies the shaw in the Netherlands an MTVA airs it in Hungary.<ref name="animation" /> In Australia an New Zealand, the series airs on CBeebies Australia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbeebies.com/australia/teletubbies|title=Teletubbies - CBeebies Australia|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|date=|accessdate=30 June 2015|archive-date=2015-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812093452/http://www.cbeebies.com/australia/teletubbies|url-status=dead}}</ref> an ABC Kids. JimJam's Benelux feed airs the series an Ultra airs it in Serbia.<ref name="newswire" /> ''Teletubbies'' airs on SIC in Portugal an e-Junior in the Middle East an aw.<ref name="animation" /> == Promotion == === Merchandising === [[File:The Teletubbies are still here 2011 (6592747791).jpg|thumb|A kiddie ride at Chuck E. Cheese's featurin the ''Teletubbies'' characters.]] The toy company {{lang|en|Golden Bear Toys}} distributed the first line o ''Teletubbies'' dolls shortly efter the programme's debut.<ref>{{cite news| title=Start young, work hard and keep on trusting in success|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/yourbusiness/2876392/Start-young-work-hard-and-keep-on-trusting-in-success.html|date=9 February 2004|accessdate=14 April 2016|work=The Daily Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|last=Tyler|first=Richard}}</ref> Thay war sauld internationally, wi talking toys available in multiple leids.<ref>{{cite news| title=Achtung, Teletubby is teaching baby to speak German|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1313325/Achtung-Teletubby-is-teaching-baby-to-speak-German.html|date=5 January 2001|accessdate=14 April 2016|work=The Daily Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|last=Stokes|first=Paul}}</ref> [[Hasbro]] signed on tae develop a new range o products in 1998.<ref>{{cite news|title=Toy store pulls Teletubby doll|url=http://lubbockonline.com/stories/102398/LA0773.shtml#.V0rlNJMrI_U|date=23 October 1998|accessdate=25 May 2016|work=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal|publisher=Morris Communications|archive-date=2016-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701095359/http://lubbockonline.com/stories/102398/LA0773.shtml#.V0rlNJMrI_U|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1999, [[Microsoft|Microsoft UK]] released a set o interactive "ActiMates" toys based on the characters.<ref>{{cite news| title=Eh-oh! What is Bill Gates doing to our Tubbies?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/1999/jan/31/life1.lifemagazine3|date=31 January 1999|accessdate=29 May 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=McClellen|first=Jim|publisher=Guardian Media Group}}</ref> The Rasta Imposta company introduced ''Teletubbies'' costumes for childer an adults in the same year.<ref name="Blythe2011">{{cite book|author=Daniel Blythe|title=Collecting Gadgets and Games from the 1950s-90s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLhiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167|date=13 December 2011|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-84468-105-1|pages=167–}}</ref> Twa educational [[Video gemme|video game]]s featurin the characters war released throughout the series' run an aw.<ref>{{cite web| title=Teletubbies 2: Favourite Games|url=http://www.museumofplay.org/online-collections/22/66/109.10907|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528205014/http://www.museumofplay.org/online-collections/22/66/109.10907|archivedate=28 May 2016|publisher=The National Museum of Play|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Play with the Teletubbies: Early Childhood Game Review|url=http://www.ign.com/games/play-with-the-teletubbies/ps-15049|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528204915/http://www.ign.com/games/play-with-the-teletubbies/ps-15049|archivedate=28 May 2016|publisher=IGN|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref> ''Teletubbies'' dolls war the tap-selling Christmas toy in 1997.<ref>{{cite news| title=Top-selling Christmas toy from each of the past 30 years revealed|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/lifestyle/family/top-selling-christmas-toy-each-6940354|date=3 December 2015|accessdate=14 April 2016|work=Daily Mirror|publisher=Trinity Mirror}}</ref><ref name="Holland2004">{{cite book|author=Patricia Holland|title=Picturing Childhood: The Myth of the Child in Popular Imagery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TEsBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67|date=23 January 2004|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85771-564-7|pages=67–}}</ref> Demand outstripped supply at maist retailers, reportedly prompting monie shops tae ration them tae ane for ilka customer.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/30764.stm|title=Teletubbies bigger than Buzz|date=13 November 1997|accessdate=14 April 2016|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> In some cases, shoppers camped ootside stores overnicht in hopes o purchasing ''Teletubbies'' merchandise.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.dailypress.com/1998-03-29/features/9803270293_1_teletubby-items-toys-plush|title=Toy Stores Preparing For The Inevitable Craze For Teletubby Items|last=Lenz|first=Kimberly|date=29 March 1998|accessdate=14 April 2016|work=Daily Press|publisher=Tribune Publishing|archive-date=2017-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127183925/http://articles.dailypress.com/1998-03-29/features/9803270293_1_teletubby-items-toys-plush|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.tes.com/article.aspx?storycode=74716|title=Toy stories 1997|last=Ghouri|first=Nadene|date=26 December 1997|accessdate=14 April 2016|work=TES|publisher=TGP Capital}}</ref> Fights ower the toys broke oot amang parents an collectors on occasion.<ref name="Company2012">{{cite book|author=Official Charts Company|title=Million Sellers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zQDAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT311|date=20 November 2012|publisher=Music Sales Group|isbn=978-0-85712-882-9|pages=311–}}</ref><ref name="Brewer2013">{{cite book|author=Susan Brewer|title=Famous Character Dolls|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y95laWk98uoC&pg=PA64|year=2013|publisher=Casemate Publishers|isbn=978-1-84468-094-8|pages=64–}}</ref> Ower ane million dolls war sauld in Britain bi 25 December o that year, wi Golden Bear representatives estimating that sales coud hae reached three million if supplies haed been available.<ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies are top toy|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/teletubbies-are-top-toy-1.140411|date=24 December 1997|accessdate=14 April 2016|publisher=The Irish Times}}</ref> The plush toys war named "Toy of the Year" bi the British Association of Toy Retailers in 1998.<ref>{{cite web| title=Toy of the Year 1997: Eh-oh! It's the Teletubbies!|url=http://www.toyretailersassociation.co.uk/toy-year-1997|accessdate=14 April 2016|publisher=British Association of Toy Retailers}}</ref> Kids' meal tie-ins hae been released at fast-food restaurants throughout North Americae. In Mey 1999, [[Burger King]] distributed a set o sax ''Teletubbies'' plush toys.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fries with your Teletubby? Fast food titans fight for market share with toys|url=http://money.cnn.com/1999/05/21/busunu/fast_food_pkg/|date=21 May 1999|publisher=[[CNN|CNN Money]]|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2017-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517013702/http://money.cnn.com/1999/05/21/busunu/fast_food_pkg/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay included chicken nuggets shaped lik the characters on thair menu for a brief period o time an aw.<ref name="RubinRubin2008">{{cite book|author1=Jordan Rubin|author2=Nicki Rubin|title=Great Physician's Rx for Children's Health|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTBoaJPAIkoC&pg=PA7|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Thomas Nelson Inc|isbn=978-1-4185-7240-2|pages=7–}}</ref> Keychains modelled efter the characters war available at [[McDonald's]] in Apryle 2000.<ref>{{cite web| title=Time for Teletubbies...at McDonald's, April 2000|url=https://www.qsrmagazine.com/news/time-teletubbiesat-mcdonalds-april-2000|date=14 April 2000|publisher=QSR|work=QSR Magazine}}</ref> Thir promotions becam controversial amang adults that believed thay war intendit tae attract toddlers tae heich-fat food.<ref name="Schor2014">{{cite book|author=Juliet B. Schor|title=Born to Buy: The Commercialized Child and the New Consumer Cult|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VMCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT258|date=19 August 2014|publisher=Scribner|isbn=978-1-4391-3090-2|pages=258–}}</ref> Psychiatrist Alvin Francis Poussaint considered the deals "troubling."<ref>{{cite web| title=Is advertising to kids wrong? Marketers respond|url=http://kidscreen.com/2000/11/01/30304-20001101/|date=1 November 2000|publisher=[[Playback (magazine)|Kidscreen]]}}</ref> He voiced his opinion on the matter publicly, but did nae tak action against the companies.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.br-online.de/jugend/izi/english/e-elliott.htm|title=Television and the Teletubbies: A reflection from early childhood service providers in Australia|last=Elliott|first=Roslyn|publisher=Bayerischer Rundfunk}}</ref> Twa kiddie rides featurin the characters war manufactured bi Jolly Roger.<ref>{{cite web| title=New licensed character ride for Jolly Roger|url=http://yourguides.net/vending/companies/jolly-roger-amusement-rides-ltd/news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619235606/http://yourguides.net/vending/companies/jolly-roger-amusement-rides-ltd/news|archivedate=19 June 2010 |publisher=YourGuides|accessdate=29 May 2016}}</ref> Thay war available at select amusement parks an arcades, sic as Chuck E. Cheese's an Fantasy Island.<ref>{{cite web| title=Teletubbies Carousel Ride|url=http://www.photo-me.co.uk/retailers/kiddies-rides/carousels/teletubbies-carousel/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029125329/http://www.photo-me.co.uk/retailers/kiddies-rides/carousels/teletubbies-carousel/|archivedate=29 October 2014|publisher=Photo-Me|accessdate=29 May 2016}}</ref> Overseas ''Teletubbies'' merchandise sales throughout the 1990s delivered €136 million in profits for the BBC.<ref>{{cite news| title=Mini millionaires: Five who made their fortunes from children's cartoons|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/mini-millionaires-five-who-made-their-fortunes-from-childrens-cartoons-147125-Jun2011/|date=1 June 2011|accessdate=5 April 2016|work=TheJournal.ie|publisher=Distilled Media}}</ref> Bi the time o the programme's cancellation, ''Teletubbies'' toys haed generated ower £200 million in revenue for co-creautor Anne Wood alone.<ref>{{cite news| title=Ragdoll puts sales joint venture with BBC Worldwide on the market|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/jan/29/ragdoll-end-sales-joint-venture-bbc-worldwide|date=29 January 2013|accessdate=27 May 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=Sweney|first=Mark|publisher=Guardian Media Group}}</ref> In 2005, Chris Hastings an Ben Jones o ''The Daily Telegraph'' cried ''Teletubbies'' "the most lucrative show in BBC television history."<ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies top BBC overseas sales at £120m|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1499688/Teletubbies-top-BBC-overseas-sales-at-120m.html|date=2 October 2005|accessdate=5 April 2016|work=The Daily Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref> === Live events === Tae merk the tenth anniversary o the premiere o ''Teletubbies'', a series o events teuk place frae Mairch tae Apryle 2007.<ref name="tenth anniversary">{{cite news | author=Rusak, Gary | date=12 March 2007 | title=Teletubbies celebrate 10th anniversary in high style | publisher=KidScreen Magazine | url=http://www.kidscreen.com/articles/daily/20070312/teletubbies.html}}</ref> The characters headlined an invitation-anly event in [[London]] on 21 Mairch 2007. Thay appeared in [[New York City]]'s Times Square, Grand Central Terminal, an Apollo Theater. Thay war interviewed on ''The Today Show'' an aw, in an episode that included the first televised appearance o the actors wioot thair costumes. A partnership wis formed wi Isaac Mizrahi in which Mizrahi designed Teletubbies-inspired bags tae be auctioned off tae benefit charities. A new line o claedin wis launched at the Pop-Up Shop<ref name="popup shop">{{cite news | title=Teletubbies Pop-Up Shop | url=http://www.taketheteletubbiestest.com/love_it/ | access-date=2017-05-30 | archive-date=2016-01-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130042602/http://www.taketheteletubbiestest.com/love_it/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> an ither specialty stores. New York City mayor [[Michael Bloomberg|Mike Bloomberg]] annoonced 28 Mairch 2007 "Teletubbies Day" an gae the key tae the ceety tae the Teletubbies. Efter thair shaw in New York, the Teletubbies went on thair first live European tour, performing in London, [[Paris]], [[Bremen]], [[Darmstadt]], Halle, [[Hamburg]], [[Cologne|Köln]], an [[Hannover]].<ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies reunite for free tour|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/6014858/Teletubbies-reunite-for-free-tour.html|date=12 August 2009|accessdate=20 May 2016|work=The Daily Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref> In Januar 2016, costumed ''Teletubbies'' characters appeared at the American International Toy Fair.<ref>{{cite news|title=TOY FAIR 2016: Teletubbies join Character Options for toy unveiling|url=http://www.toynews-online.biz/news/read/toy-fair-2016-teletubbies-join-character-options-for-toy-unveiling/045926|date=26 January 2016|accessdate=17 April 2016|publisher=ToyNews|archive-date=2017-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212084124/http://www.toynews-online.biz/news/read/toy-fair-2016-teletubbies-join-character-options-for-toy-unveiling/045926|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Apryle 2016, the series' premiere on the Greek Nickelodeon channel wis advertised wi a series o appearances bi the Teletubbies at malls throughout [[Athens]].<ref>{{cite news| title=Eλάτε να γνωρίσετε τα Teletubbies από κοντά το Σάββατο 16/04 στο Avenue!|url=http://www.nickelodeon.gr/nea/story/3127/elate-na-gnorisete-ta-teletubbies-apo-konta-to-savvato-16-04-sto-avenue|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529191138/http://www.nickelodeon.gr/nea/story/3127/elate-na-gnorisete-ta-teletubbies-apo-konta-to-savvato-16-04-sto-avenue|archivedate=29 May 2016|date=13 April 2016|accessdate=29 May 2016|publisher=Viacom International, Inc.|work=Nickelodeon Greece}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Ραντεβού με τα Teletubbies|url=http://www.athinorama.gr/child/article/rantebou_me_ta_teletubbies__-2513592.html|date=16 April 2016|accessdate=23 May 2016|publisher=Athinorama}}</ref> This began wi a live shaw at Avenue Mall on 16 Apryle, which featurt baith the Teletubbies an a host frae the network.<ref>{{cite news|title=Τα TELETUBBIES αποκλειστικά για μια μέρα στην ΑΘήνα|url=https://pamebolta.gr/event/2016/04/14613/ta-teletubbies-apokleistika-gia-mia-mera-stin-athina|date=16 April 2016|accessdate=23 May 2016|publisher=Avenue Mall Athens|work=Pamebolta.gr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809010409/https://pamebolta.gr/event/2016/04/14613/ta-teletubbies-apokleistika-gia-mia-mera-stin-athina|archive-date=2016-08-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> Throughout Mey 2016, the characters appeared on various [[breakfast television|breakfast televeesion programmes]] tae promote the upcoming series' debut on Nickelodeon in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite news|title=Teletubbies Takeover Chicago's WGN Morning News|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/daily-southtown/community/chi-ugc-article-teletubbies-takeover-chicagos-wgn-morning-ne-1-2016-05-19-story.html|date=18 May 2016|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=The Chicago Tribune|archive-date=2016-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520113942/http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/daily-southtown/community/chi-ugc-article-teletubbies-takeover-chicagos-wgn-morning-ne-1-2016-05-19-story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Teletubbies return to TV|url=http://www.wtsp.com/entertainment/television/studio10/the-teletubbies-return-to-tv-1/198776346|date=18 May 2016|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=Tegna, Inc.|work=Tegna WTSP}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Reception == === Critical reception === The series received mixed reviews frae critics. Common Sense Media's Emily Ashby foond that "while the show's examples of cooperative play, wonder, and simple joys are gentle and pleasing, the creatures can still be a little grating to parents watching along."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/teletubbies-2016|title=Teletubbies TV Review - Common Sense Media|work=Common Sense Media|last=Ashby|first=Emily|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref> Caryn James o ''[[The New York Times]]'' stated in her review that the episodes "offer a genuinely appealing combination: cute and slightly surreal."<ref>{{cite news| title=TELEVISION REVIEW; Teletubbies Say Eh-Oh, And Others Say Uh-Oh|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/06/arts/television-review-teletubbies-say-eh-oh-and-others-say-uh-oh.html|date=6 April 1998|accessdate=5 June 2014|last=James|first=Caryn|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Upon the shaw's release, some critics feared that the characters' uise o babbling in place o complete sentences wad negatively affect young viewers' ability tae communicate. The ''Daily Mirror'' reportit in 1997 that monie parents objected tae its "goo-goo style" an "said the show was a bad influence on their children."<ref>{{cite news|title=TELETUBBIES: Are They Harmless Fun or Bad for Our Children?|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-61096732.html|work=Daily Mirror|date=23 May 1997|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040217/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-61096732.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref> Marina Krcmar, a professor o communication at the Wake Forest University, told interviewers in 2007 that "toddlers learn more from an adult speaker than they do from a program such as ''Teletubbies''."<ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies can't beat people in teaching first words|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-education-toddlers-teletubbies-idUSL2889488920070701|date=1 July 2007|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=Thomson Reuters|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Psychiatrist Aric Sigman haes expressed his belief that "''Teletubbies'' is as bad for your child as a violent video game."<ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies is as bad for your child as a violent video game, says leading psychologist|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1311139/Teletubbiesbad-child-violent-video-games.html|date=11 September 2010|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=Daily Mail and General Trust|work=Daily Mail}}</ref> Houiver, Paul McCann o ''The Independent'' defended this aspect o the shaw, statin that "''Teletubbies'' upsets those that automatically assume that progressive and creative learning is trendy nonsense. Those that believe that education should be strictly disciplined and functional, even when ye're 18 months old. Thankfully ''Teletubbies'' isna for them. It's for kids."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "''Teletubbies'' upsets those who automatically assume that progressive and creative learning is trendy nonsense. Those who believe that education should be strictly disciplined and functional, even when you're 18 months old. Thankfully ''Teletubbies'' isn't for them. It's for kids."</ref><ref name="Tegna" /> === Tinky Winky controversy === Tinky Winky stairtit a controversy in 1999 acause he cairies a bag that leuks gey lik a woman's handbag<!--not "purse", which has a different meaning in UK English-->. Houiver, he haed first been "outed" bi the academic an cultural critic Andy Medhurst in a letter o Julie 1997 tae ''The Face''.<ref>{{cite news| title=The Outing of Tinky Winky|url=http://priceonomics.com/the-outing-of-tinky-winky/|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=Priceonomics}}</ref> He aroused the interest o Jerry Falwell in 1999 when Falwell alleged that the character wis a "[[gay]] role model". Falwell issued an attack in his ''National Liberty Journal'', citing a ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]'' "In/Out" column which stated that [[lesbian]] comedian [[Ellen DeGeneres]] wis "out" as the chief naitional gay representative, while trendy Tinky Winky wis "in". He warned parents that Tinky Winky coud be a covert homosexual seembol. He said this wis acause "he is purple, the gay pride colour, and his antenna is shaped like a triangle: the gay pride symbol."<ref>{{cite news| title=Falwell Sees Gay in a Teletubby | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/11/us/national-news-briefs-falwell-sees-gay-in-a-teletubby.html|date=11 February 1999|accessdate=6 November 2010}}</ref> The BBC gied an offeecial response, expleenin that "Tinky Winky is simply a sweet, technological baby with a magic bag."<ref name="Kraidy2007">{{cite book|author=Kraidy|title=Hybridity, OR the Cultural Logic of Globalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7-c1qL_VMIC&pg=PA106|date=1 September 2007|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1100-2|pages=106–}}</ref> Ken Viselman o Itsy-Bitsy Entertainment commented, "He's no gay. He's no [[heterosexuality|straight]]. He's just a character in a children's series."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "He's not gay. He's not straight. He's just a character in a children's series."</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ms7azOI8UgC|pages=106–107|title=Hybridity, Or the Cultural Logic of Globalization|author=Marwan Kraidy|isbn=978-1-59213-144-0|year=2005}}</ref> In Mey 2007, Pols Ombudsman for Childer Ewa Sowińska revisited the matter, an planned tae order an investigation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6698753.stm|title=Poland targets 'gay' Teletubbies|author=Adam Easton|publisher=BBC News|date=28 May 2007}}</ref> "I noticed that he has a woman's handbag, but I didna realise he's a boy,"<ref group="note">In the source's Inglis translation: "I noticed that he has a woman's handbag, but I didn't realise he's a boy,"</ref> Sowińska said in a public statement. She asked her office's [[psychologist]]s tae leuk intae the allegations. Efter the research in late 2007, she stated: "The opinion of a leading [[sexologist]], that maintains that this series has no negative effects on a child's psychology, is perfectly credible. As a result I have decided that it is no longer necessary to seek the opinion of other psychologists."<ref group="note">In the source's Inglis translation: "The opinion of a leading sexologist, who maintains that this series has no negative effects on a child's psychology, is perfectly credible. As a result I have decided that it is no longer necessary to seek the opinion of other psychologists."</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Polish watchdog backs away from Teletubbies probe|publisher=CBC|date=30 May 2007|url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/tv/story/2007/05/30/teletubby-poland-noprobe.html}}</ref> Despite the objections, the ''Independent on Sunday''{{'}}s editors included Tinky Winky as the anly fictional character in the 2008 inaugural "Happy List", alongside 99 real-life adults recognised for makin Britain a better an happier place.<ref name=list2009>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-ios-happy-list-2008--the-100-816335.html|title=The IoS Happy List 2008 - the 100|work=The Independent|accessdate=24 May 2015|archive-date=2015-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925180156/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-ios-happy-list-2008--the-100-816335.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Cult follaein === Awtho the programme is aimed at childer atween the ages o ane an fower, it haed a substantial cult follaein wi aulder generations, mainly [[university]] an [[college]] [[student]]s.<ref name="Company2012"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Deconstructing Teletubbies: Differences between UK and US college students' reading of the children's television programme.|last=Gutenko|first=Gregory|publisher = College of Arts & Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City|location=Kansas City, Missouri, USA}}</ref><ref name="Brewer2010">{{cite book|author=Susan Brewer|title=Collecting Classic Girls' Toys|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J92wBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA153|date=19 July 2010|publisher=Remember When|isbn=978-1-78337-521-9|pages=153–}}</ref> The mixture o bricht colours, unusual designs, repetitive non-verbal dialogue, ritualistic format, an occasional forays intae physical comedy appealed tae monie fowk that saw the programme as haein psychedelic qualities.<ref>{{cite news| title=Uh-Oh! The 'Teletubbies' Are Making A Psychedelic Comeback|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/16/teletubbies-bbc-_n_5499988.html|date=16 June 2014|accessdate=27 May 2016|work=The Huffington Post|last=Toomer|first=Jessica|publisher=Verizon Communications}}</ref> === Awards an nominations === {| class="wikitable" style="width:99%" |- ! Year !! Presenter !! Award/Category !! Nominee !! Status !! Ref. |- | rowspan="3" | 1997 | [[Birmingham|City of Birmingham Awards]] | Best Midlands-Produced Childer's Television Production | rowspan="4" | [[Ragdoll Productions]] | rowspan="5" {{won}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbcworldwide.com/report/highligh/awards/page00.htm|title=BBC worldwide awards 97/98|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=27 May 2016}}</ref> |- | NHK Japan Prize | Grand Prize (Pre-School Eddication) | <ref>{{cite web|title=1997 Japan Prize Winners|url=http://www.nhk.or.jp/jp-prize/english/1997/gprix.html|work=NHK.or.jp|publisher=[[NHK]]|accessdate=12 January 2015|archive-date=2017-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127184531/http://www.nhk.or.jp/jp-prize/english/1997/gprix.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | Royal Television Society | Childer's Entertainment Award | <ref>{{cite web|title=Educational Television Award Winners 1997|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/educational-television-awards-1997|work=RTS.org.uk|publisher=Royal Television Society|accessdate=12 January 2015}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" | 1998 | [[BAFTA|British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] | Best Pre-School Programme | <ref name="bafta-1998">{{cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/awards/childrens/nominations/?year=1998|title=Past Winners and Nominees&nbsp;– Children's&nbsp;– Awards&nbsp;– 1998|publisher=[[BAFTA]]|accessdate=13 January 2010|archive-date=2012-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523180502/http://www.bafta.org/awards/childrens/nominations/?year=1998|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | Marketing Society Awards | New Product o the Year | Golden Bear Toys | <ref>{{cite news|title=Teletubbies win award|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-60918943.html|work=Birmingham Evening Mail|date=25 April 1998|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2016-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911025738/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-60918943.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref> |- | Online Film & Television Association | Best Childer's Series | rowspan="10" | [[Ragdoll Productions]] | rowspan="2" {{nominated}} | <ref name="Awards-17">{{cite news|title=Ragdoll Productions Awards|url=http://www.ragdoll.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Awards-17-Nov-15.pdf|work=Ragdoll.co.uk|date=17 November 2015|accessdate=30 December 2015|archive-date=2016-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701102800/http://www.ragdoll.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Awards-17-Nov-15.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | Television Critics Association | Outstanding Achievement in Childer's Programming | <ref name="Awards-17" /> |- | UK Independent Television Productions Awards | NATS Childer's Award | {{won}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/dhx-media-announces-licensing-deals-in-china-for-teletubbies-and-in-the-night-garden/|title=DHX Media Announces Licensing Deals in China for Teletubbies and In the Night Garden...|publisher=DHX Media|date=24 April 2014|accessdate=2 December 2014|archive-date=2017-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607181251/http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/dhx-media-announces-licensing-deals-in-china-for-teletubbies-and-in-the-night-garden/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" | 1999 | [[Daytime Emmy Award|Daytime Emmy Awards]] | Outstanding Pre-School Childer's Series | {{nominated}} | <ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies Nominated for Emmy Award|url=http://www.cwn.org.uk/business/a-z/r/ragdoll/1999/04/990408-emmy.htm|date=8 April 1999|accessdate=4 January 2014|publisher=Coventry & Warwickshire|last=Bates|first=Chris}}</ref> |- | Licensing Industry Merchandiser's Association | Oweraw License o the Year | rowspan="2" {{won}} | <ref>{{cite news|title=Itsy Bitsy fulfills license 'Po'-tential|url=https://business.highbeam.com/2012/article-1G1-54852759/itsy-bitsy-fulfills-license-potential|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=8 June 1999|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2016-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805013513/https://business.highbeam.com/2012/article-1G1-54852759/itsy-bitsy-fulfills-license-potential|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref> |- | Independent Television Productions Awards | Nickelodeon UK Childer's Award | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/agreements-signed-with-bbc-worldwide-asia-and-shanghai-v-pop-for-china/|title=Agreements signed with BBC Worldwide Asia and Shanghai V-Pop for China|publisher=DHX Media|date=24 April 2014|accessdate=2 December 2014|archive-date=2017-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712015309/http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/agreements-signed-with-bbc-worldwide-asia-and-shanghai-v-pop-for-china/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | Television Critics Association | Outstanding Achievement in Childer's Programming | {{nominated}} | <ref>{{cite news|title=TV Notes: WPXI to add anchor; where is Avedesian?|url=http://old.post-gazette.com/tv/19990615tv4.asp|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=15 June 1999|accessdate=30 December 2015|last=Owen|first=Rob|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065930/http://old.post-gazette.com/tv/19990615tv4.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" | 2000 | Independent Television Productions Awards | Audiocall Indie Childer's Award | {{won}} | <ref name="Publications2003">{{cite book|author=Europa Publications|title=The International Who's Who 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sR4Ch1dMe8IC&pg=PA1830|year=2003|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-217-6|pages=1830–}}</ref> |- | [[Daytime Emmy Award|Daytime Emmy Awards]] | Outstanding Pre-School Childer's Series | {{nominated}} | <ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies shortlisted for daytime Emmy|url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/teletubbies-shortlisted-for-daytime-emmy/1192638.article|date=29 March 2000|accessdate=4 January 2014|publisher=Broadcast}}</ref> |- | Royal Television Society | Eddication Award | rowspan="7" {{won}} | <ref>{{cite web|title=Educational Television Award Winners 2000|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/educational-television-awards-2000|work=RTS.org.uk|publisher=Royal Television Society|accessdate=12 January 2015}}</ref> |- | [[BAFTA|British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] | Outstanding Contreibution in Childer's Television and Film | [[Anne Wood]] | <ref>{{cite news| title=Children's favourites honoured|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1020282.stm|date=12 November 2000|accessdate=4 January 2014|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> |- | 2002 | [[BAFTA|British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] | Best Pre-School Live Action Series | rowspan="5" | [[Ragdoll Productions]] | <ref name="bafta-2002" /> |- | rowspan="2" | 2014 | rowspan="2" | Prix Jeunesse | "Most Edgy" Programme o the Last 50 Years | <ref name="PJWinners">{{cite news|title=PRIX 2014 Prize Winners|url=http://prixjeunesse.de/images/PDF/PRIX_2014_PrizeWinners.pdf|date=12 November 2000|accessdate=4 January 2014|publisher=Prix Jeunesse International|archive-date=2017-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127183415/http://prixjeunesse.de/images/PDF/PRIX_2014_PrizeWinners.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | Greatest Impact Programme o the Last 50 Years | <ref name="PJWinners" /> |} == Ither media == === In popular culture === * In episode 12 o ''The Vicar of Dibley'', Laa-Laa an Po are bridesmaids. Thay haud the wedding-dress train o Alice Springs Horton (née Tinker). * In an episode o ''[[The Simpsons]]'' titled "Hello Gutter, Hello Fadder", Homer dresses up lik a Teletubby tae entertain Maggie. * In the eleventh episode o the second series o ''The Chaser's War on Everything'', the possibility o Tinky Winky bein homosexual wis parodied when the Chaser's testit the Peel Hotel (in Collingwood, [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria|Victoria]])'s gaydar wi a Tinky Winky costumed figure that acted in a stereotypical homosexual fashion. * In 2012, during a full second an third series o tvN's ''Saturday Night Live Korea'', the programme wis referenced as ''Yeouido Teletubbies'' (여의도 텔레토비) tae portray the 2012 presidential election campaign. This experimental skit caused the popularity o SNL Korea's 'Crew', Kim Seul-gie an Kim Min-kyo that played the main candidates, tae rocket.<ref>[http://english.khan.co.kr/khan_art_view.html?code=710100&artid=201211071443357 Laugh and Enjoy a Satire of the Presidential Election, "Yeouido Teletubbies"], Kyunghyang Shinmun, 7 November 2012, Retrieved on 19 January 2013.</ref> === CD single === In December 1997, BBC Worldwide released a CD single frae the series, based on the shaw's theme sang, cried "Teletubbies say 'Eh-oh!'" It is the anly single frae ''Teletubbies'', makin the characters a one-hit wonder in the Unitit Kinrick. The sang wis written bi Andrew McCrorie-Shand an [[Andrew Davenport]], an produced bi McCrorie-Shand an Steve James. The single reached nummer 1 in the UK Singles Chart in December 1997, an remained in the Tap 75 for 32 weeks efter its release.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/37712.stm|title=Teletubbies top the charts|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=7 December 1997|accessdate=29 December 2008}}</ref> == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Fremmit airtins == {{Sister project links|v=no|s=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|d=Q41403|n=Category:Teletubbies|b=no}} * [https://www.facebook.com/teletubbies Official Facebook page] * [https://twitter.com/teletubbieshq Official Twitter page] * [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOk55dAgB8VnMlhaTEMeX5A Official YouTube channel] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/teletubbies/ ''Teletubbies'' on CBeebies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004150928/http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/teletubbies/ |date=2006-10-04 }} * [http://www.nickjr.com/teletubbies ''Teletubbies'' on NickJr.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529092202/http://www.nickjr.com/teletubbies/ |date=2017-05-29 }} * [http://www.nickpress.com/series/teletubbies ''Teletubbies'' on Nickelodeon Press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616121956/http://www.nickpress.com/series/teletubbies |date=2017-06-16 }} * {{AllMovie title|161778|Teletubbies}} * {{TV.com show|teletubbies}} * {{IMDb title|0142055}} {{portal bar|BBC|Nickelodeon|Television in the United Kingdom}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1990s Breetish bairns' televeesion series]] [[Category:1997 Breetish televeesion programme debuts]] [[Category:2000s Breetish bairns' televeesion series]] [[Category:2010s Nickelodeon shaws]] [[Category:BBC bairns' televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Feectional species an races]] [[Category:Nick Jr. shaws]] [[Category:PBS Kids shaws]] [[Category:Preschuil eddication televeesion series]] [[Category:Teletubbies]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes featurin puppetry]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot freendship]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi DHX Media]] [[Category:Televeesion series produced at Pinewood Studios]] [[Category:PBS netwirk shaws]] [[Category:S4C televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Treehouse TV shaws]] [[Category:Childer's televeesion series]] [[Category:2010s Breetish televeesion series]] lr2gaqhfqgud62oq1elxddqksx0aev8 0 9775 927292 911548 2026-11-09T12:38:53Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 addit stub tag 927292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sports rivalry | name = Edinburgh derby | other names = | image = The Meadows Park.jpg | caption = [[The Meadows (pairk)|The Meadows]], whaur the first Edinburgh derby wis played | city or region = [[Edinburgh]] | first contested = 25 December 1875<br />Friendly gemme<br />Hearts 1&ndash;0 Hibernian<br /> | teams involved = [[Heart of Midlothian F.C.]]<br />[[Hibernian F.C.]] | most wins = {{nowrap|<small>'''Competitive gemmes:'''</small> Hearts (150)<br/><small>'''Aw gemmes:''' </small>Hearts (292)}} | most player appearances = | top scorer = {{nowrap|<small>'''Competitive gemmes:'''</small> John Robertson (Hearts, 27)<br /><small>'''Aw gemmes:'''</small> Bobby Walker (Hearts, 33)}} | mostrecent = 27 December 2025<br />[[Scottish Premiership|Scots Premiership]]<br />Hibernian 3–2 Hearts | nextmeeting =10 February 2026<br />[[Scottish Premiership|Scots Premiership]]<br />Hearts v Hibernian | total = {{nowrap|<small>'''Competitive gemmes:'''</small> 343<br/><small>'''Aw gemmes:''' </small> 668}} | league = | series = | regularseason = | postseason = | largestvictory = | smallestvictory = | broadcasters = | stadiums = [[Tynecastle Park]] (Hearts)<br />[[Easter Road]] (Hibernian) | map_location = United Kingdom Edinburgh | map_label1 = Tynecastle Park | map_mark1 = Dark Red 800000 pog.svg | map_label2 = Easter Road | map_mark2 = Green 008000 pog.svg | coordinates1 = {{coord|55|56|21|N|3|13|56|W|type:landmark|display=inline}} | coordinates2 = {{coord|55|57|42|N|3|9|56|W|type:landmark|display=inline}} }} The '''Edinburgh derby''' is the name gied tae ony gemme atween the twa mucklest fitba teams in [[Edinburgh]]: [[Hert o Midlowden F.C.|Hearts]] an [[Hibernian F.C.|Hibernian]]. This is ane o the auldest rivalries in fitba athort the warld, gangin back tae the clubs' funndin in the 1870s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-05-13|title=Derby pioneers: How Hearts helped Hibs in the late 19th century|url=https://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/hibs/latest-hibs-news/derby-pioneers-how-hearts-helped-hibs-in-the-late-19th-century-1628293|access-date=2025-12-11|website=The Scotsman|language=en}}</ref> == Soorces == {{Reflist}}{{Stub/Scotland}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Edinburgh Derby}} [[Category:Scotland fitbaw derbies]] [[Category:Heart of Midlothian F.C.]] [[Category:Hibernian F.C.]] [[Category:Sport in Edinburgh]] [[Category:Recurrin sportin events established in 1875]] m7fj4ws5bhre68198fwalf552g6l55h 0 9856 927412 903445 2026-11-09T18:33:00Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 addit stub tag 927412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Hert | Latin = cor | Greek = kardía (καρδία) | Image = Heart rotating.gif | Caption = The hert is locatit at the centre o the chest. The muscle mass is greater on the left side an the apex o the hert is pyntit slichtly tae the left. | Image2 = Heart anterior exterior view.jpg | Caption2 = Anatomical illustration o a human hert | Precursor = | System = [[Circulatory seestem|Circulatory]] | Artery = [[Right coronary artery]], [[left coronary artery]], [[anterior interventricular artery]] | Vein = [[Superior vena cava]], [[inferior vena cava]], richt [[pulmonary veins]], left pulmonary veins | MeshName = Heart | MeshNumber = A07.541 | Dorlands = four/000047428.htm | DorlandsID =Heart }} The '''hert''' or '''hairt''' is an [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]] fund in aw vertebrates. It is a gey strang muscle, aboot the size o a nieve. It pumps [[bluid]] throu tubes cried [[bluid vessel]]s. Its raiglar contractions is whan the hert thrimmles on the bluid oot intae ither pairts o the bouk.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How your heart works|url=https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/how-a-healthy-heart-works|access-date=2025-03-24|website=British Heart Foundation|language=en}}</ref> == References == <references />{{Stub/Science}}{{Commonscat|Hearts}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Human Hert}} [[Category:Hert]] 3hknxbg8wiyp2xwjss7tqy6uzjyh26u 0 10353 927460 905807 2026-11-09T20:45:09Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead frae en, soorced 927460 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Doors electra publicity photo.JPG|thumb|The Doors in 1966]] '''The Doors''' war an American [[rock muisic|rock]] baund formed in [[Los Angeles]] in 1965. The baund wis vocalist [[Jim Morrison]], keybuird player [[Ray Manzarek]], guitarist Robby Krieger an drummer John Densmore. They are coontit ane o the maist innovative, influential an eclectic rock baunds in history, maistly for thair experiments wi a great range o muisical styles an for Morrison's poetic lyrics an voice. The group is aften cited as a major representative o the counterculture o the 1960s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Weil |first=Martin |url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-05-20/entertainment/39395480_1_jim-morrison-the-doors-drummer-john-densmore |title=Ray Manzarek, Keyboardist and Founding Member of the Doors, Dies at 74 |date=May 20, 2013 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=December 14, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216143023/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/ray-manzarek-keyboardist-and-founding-member-of-the-doors-dies-at-74/2013/05/20/8ebd6b56-c197-11e2-bfdb-3886a561c1ff_story.html |archive-date=December 16, 2013}}</ref> The baund split up in 1973, twa year efter Morrison deed. == Members == * [[Jim Morrison]]: vocals * [[Ray Manzarek]]: electric organ an bass keybuird * Robby Krieger: guitar * John Densmore: drums == History == The baund teuk its nem frae the title o [[Aldous Huxley]]'s buik ''The Doors of Perception''. Huxley's title comes frae a line bi the poet an painter [[William Blake]]: "If the doors of perception were cleansed every thing would appear to man as it is, infinite."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-10|title=The Doors took their name from the title of Aldous Huxley's book 'The Doors of Perception'|url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/02/10/the-doors-took-their-name-from-the-title-of-aldous-huxleys-book-the-doors-of-perception/|access-date=2023-01-23|website=thevintagenews|language=en}}</ref> In Juin 1966 the baund signed a contract wi the record label Elektra, rin bi Jac Holzman, for at least sax albums. In Julie that year, at a gig at the Whisky a Go Go, Morrison, that haed taen LSD, makkit up new lyrics in the middle section o the sang "The End": "Father? Yes, son? I want to kill you. Mother, I want to fuck you all night long." The heid o the Whisky a Go Go pit the Doors oot efter it.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-16|title=How Jim Morrison got The Doors from Whiskey a Go Go|url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/jim-morrison-the-doors-fired-whisky-a-go-go/|access-date=2023-01-23|website=faroutmagazine.co.uk|language=en-US}}</ref> In October 1967 the baund's first album, ''The Doors'', an the single "Light My Fire" baith gaed gowd, at the same time as thair second album, ''Strange Days'', cam oot. Morrison deed on 3 Julie 1971. == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Doors, The}} [[Category:Coontercultur o the 1960s]] [[Category:Elektra Records airtists]] [[Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Awaird winners]] [[Category:Muisical groups frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Muisical quartets]] [[Category:Muisical trios]] [[Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees]] 4adjnft57facwvmhjkpyehrn1jcypp6 0 11482 927548 794338 2026-11-10T00:18:38Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 addit stub tag 927548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Coonty Mayo |other_name = {{Pad top italic|Contae Mhaigh Eo}} |image_shield = Mayococologo.png |motto = ''Dia is Muire Linn''{{spaces|2}}<small>([[Erse leid|Erse]])</small><br/>"God an [[Mary (mither o Jesus)|Mary]] be wi us" |image_map = Island of Ireland location map Mayo.svg |area_total_km2 = 5586 |area_rank = [[Leet o Erse coonties bi aurie|3rd]] |seat_type = [[Coonty toun|Coonty seat]] |seat = [[Castlebar]] |blank_name_sec1 = [[Vehicle registration plates o Ireland|Caur plates]] |blank_info_sec1 = MO |population = 130638 |population_rank = [[Leet o Erse coonties bi population|16t]] |population_as_of = 2011 |government_type = [[Mayo County Council|Coonty Cooncil]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Dáil Éireann]] |subdivision_name3 = [[Mayo (Dáil Éireann constituency)|Mayo]] |subdivision_type4 = EU Parliament |subdivision_name4 = [[North-Wast (European Parliament constituency)|North-Wast]] |subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state|Country]] |subdivision_name = [[Republic o Ireland|Ireland]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Ireland|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Connacht]] |website = {{URL|www.mayococo.ie}} }} '''Coonty Mayo''' ({{lang-gle|Contae Mhaigh Eo}}) is ane o the twenty-sax coonties o the [[Republic o Ireland]] an ane o the [[Coonties o Ireland|thirty-twa coonties]] o [[Ireland]]. It is locatit in the province o [[Connacht]]. The coonty wis named efter the village o [[Mayo, Coonty Mayo|Mayo]] ({{derive|Irish|Maigh Eo|plain of the yew trees}}), which is now generally kent as [[Mayo Abbey]]. The population o the coonty is 123,839 according to the 2006 census. The coonty's main touns ar [[Castlebar]] an [[Ballina, Coonty Mayo|Ballina]], respectively locatit in the centre an in the north east o the coonty. {{Stub/IrishRepublic}}{{Ireland coonties}} [[Category:Coonty Mayo| ]] [[Category:Connacht|Mayo]] [[Category:Coonties o the Republic o Ireland|Mayo]] orvngn793pvim5f5pjhw7yyvcss7hdb 0 11683 927291 627928 2026-11-09T12:38:08Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 {{unsoorced}} 927291 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:2009 Mercedes-Benz E350.jpg|right|250px|2009 Mercedes-Benz E350 (US, W211)]]{{Unsoorced}} The '''Mercedes-Benz E-Class''' is a range o [[executive caur|executive-size]] caurs manufactured bi [[Mercedes-Benz]] in various ingine an body configurations. The E initially stood for ''Einspritzmotor'', (German for fuel injection); a new featur in volume production vehicles at the time that the E-Cless first appeared, wi the E as a suffix tae the ingine nomenclature (e.g. 230E) in the 1950s. It wisna until the launch o the facelifted [[Mercedes-Benz W124|W124]] that the E wis uised as a prefix (i.e. E220) an the model referred tae offeecially as the E-Class (or ''E-Klasse''). At this time aw Mercedes caurs uised fuel injection an the company felt it wisna necessar tae add this as a distinguishing featur. Due tae the E-Class's size an durability, the caurs an aa frequently serve as taxis in European kintras. Aulder models lik the W123 an W124 ar uised in [[Malaysie]] as inter-state taxis, an the W211 is uised in [[Singapore]] as a taxi. Mercedes-Benz an aa offers special-purpose vehicles (e.g. police or ambulance modifications) frae the factory. {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Mercedes-Benz vehicles|E-Class]] 20jynbznz2rk7be8fwvyh9voscghmjg 0 11742 927597 905483 2026-11-10T01:37:55Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox automobile | image = Daf600arievdvliet.jpg | name = DAF 600 | manufacturer = [[DAF Trucks|DAF]] | production = 1959–1963<br />30,591 made | assembly = Netherlands: [[Eindhoven]] | successor = [[DAF Daffodil|DAF 750]] | class = Sma faimily caur | body_style = Saloon | layout = Front ingine, rear-wheel drive | engine = {{cvt|590|cc|cuin|1|abbr=on}} flat-twin | transmission = Variomatic | wheelbase = {{convert|2050|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} | length = {{convert|3610|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} | height = {{convert|1440|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} | designer = Johan van der Brugghen }} The '''DAF 600''' is a sma faimily caur that the Dutch motor company [[DAF Trucks|DAF]] makkit frae 1959 till 1963. It wis DAF's first production passenger caur. The 600 wis first shawn at the [[Amsterdam]] Motor Show in Februar 1958<ref name=AlleAutosder50er >{{cite book |last=Gloor |first=Roger |title=Alle Autos der 50er Jahre 1945 - 1960|edition=1st|year= 2007 |publisher=Motorbuch Verlag |location=Stuttgart |isbn=978-3-613-02808-1}}</ref> an wis in production bi 1959, awthou the firm haed published the first details o the caur at the end o 1957. ==Production== [[File:DAF_1958,_SFA001002574.jpg|left|thumb|Shawn as the "DAF ''De Luxe''" at a caur show in Eindhoven, the Netherlands, 2 Februar 1958]] [[file:NL-HaNA_2.24.01.04_0_910-2387_Huub_van_Doorne.jpg|thumb|Mayor Truus Smulders-Beliën in ane o the first DAF 600s]] In 1959 the first twa DAF 600 caurs off the line were gien tae Truus Smulders-Beliën, the first Dutch woman tae be a mayor, an tae the chair o the Dutch motorin club. Smulders-Beliën haed been chosen acause she wis weel kent an it seemed she haed ordered ane. When they got in touch wi her, she greed, efter it cam oot that it wis her staff that haed ordered it. She hadnae kent aboot the order, an the mayor haed nae drivin licence.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vaessens|first= Thomas|title=De DAF, zélfs vrouwen kunnen er in rijden| trans-title = The DAF; even women could drive it | language = nl | url=https://historiek.net/daf-geschiedenis-personenauto-vrouwen/76189/|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Historiek }}</ref> Frae 1959 till 1963, 30,591 caurs were makkit in aw. DAF developed the ingine itsel: an air-cooled, fower-stroke, flat-twin [[Petrol ingine|petrol ingine]] o {{cvt|590|cc|cuin|1}}. Its maximum pouer is {{cvt|22|hp-metric|kW|1|abbr=on}} at 4,000&nbsp;rpm. Bigger versions were developed later, an the ingine bade available in DAFs till the [[DAF 46]] gaed oot o production in 1976. ==Variomatic transmission== The 600 wis the first production caur, efter the ''Clyno'' o the 1920s, tae hae a continuously variable transmission (CVT) system: the innovative DAF ''Variomatic''.<ref> {{cite book |title=20th Century Cars |author=Hilton Holloway, Martin Buckley |isbn=1-84222-835-8 | year=2002 | publisher=Carlton }}</ref> The DAF Variomatic uises the ingine speed, throu centrifugal weights, tae shift the transmission, an an ingine manifold vacuum helps it alang. It is the only caur ever makkit that gaed faster if the driver simply eased aff the accelerator, gently an gradually, ance it wis at tap speed. This raised the manifold vacuum, that helped the variable pulleys shift tae an even heicher ratio. The ingine speed bides the same, but the transmission pits up the caur's speed: in the DAF 600, frae {{convert|60|mi/h|km/h|}} tae near {{convert|70|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, gien eneuch time an a level road. The Variomatic allooed mair ingine brakin. A switch on the dashboard turned roond the action o the vacuum on the pulley's diaphragm, sae that it socht a lower ratio wi mair manifold vacuum. ==Gallery== <gallery widths=200 heights=140> File:DAF img 2284.jpg File:DAF img 2286.jpg File:1959 DAF 600 2cylinder Boxer engine 4stroke 590cc air cooled.JPG </gallery> ==References== {{Commons category|DAF 600}} {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA140 |title=Belt Drive Shifts Dutch Economy Car |journal=Popular Mechanics |issue=December 1959 |pages=140–142 |author=Harry Walton }} [[Category:DAF vehicles|600]] [[Category:Rear wheel drive vehicles]] [[Category:Vehicles wi CVT transmission]] [[Category:Sedans]] [[Category:1950s automobiles]] [[Category:1960s automobiles]] [[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1958]] puywwhz17be0ist939zsx3bm56mm595 0 12194 927603 877822 2026-11-10T01:45:49Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{No footnotes|date=July 2013}} {{Infobox automobile | image = Westfield seight front.jpg | name = Westfield SEiGHT | manufacturer = [[Westfield Sportscars]] | production = 1991–2010 | class = [[Sports caur]] | layout = Front ingine, rear-wheel drive | body_style = Clubman | engine = Rover V8 | transmission = Rover SD1, Borg Warner T5, or Rover R380 | length = {{convert|3340|mm|in||abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|1610|mm|in||abbr=on}} | weight = Frae {{convert|657|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} }} The '''SEiGHT''' (said aither as S-8 or 'Sayt') is a sports caur that [[Westfield Sportscars]] maks as a kit or as a factory-biggit vehicle. It is based on the weel-kent [[Lotus Seven]] concept, creatit bi [[Colin Chapman]]. His design philosophy wis tae strip a caur design doon tae the bare essentials for "the ultimate in drivin experience". Apairt frae a few differences in the luik, sic as a bulge in the bonnet tae hoose the big ingine, it uises the same widebody chassis as the SEi, that haes a smaller ingine. Whit maks a caur a SEiGHT is its pouerplant: a V8 ingine. At the stairt, the kit wis only available frae the factory as a rowin chassis, unlik ither Westfield kits that can be bocht in component form. Later in the production run, Westfield let customers buy the SEiGHT in component form an aw, lettin them hae the full experience o the build. Westfield stapt makkin the SEiGHT in December 2010. == Pouerplant == The Rover V8 ingine o the SEiGHT ranges frae 3.5 litre units, that first cam frae the Rover SD1, tae bored an stroked 5.2 litre units. There are 3.9 fuel-injectit versions an aw, that are currently fittit in the factory-biggit vehicles, an TVR Power ingines o 4.2 litres. For the maist pairt the V8 is a Rover unit, an alloy block that is lichter nor the cast-airn blocks o monie V8s. Ane example haes been biggit aroon an alloy version o the Chevrolet sma block, wi a displacement o 6.6 litres. ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Westfield SEiGHT}} *[http://www.westfield-sportscars.co.uk Westfield Sportscars offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907194329/https://westfield-sportscars.co.uk/ |date=2019-09-07 }} *[http://www.seight.com An enthusiast site wi mair detail nor the offeecial site] *[http://www.westfield-build.com A detailed build diary o a SEiGHT] *[http://www.chevroletwestfield.co.uk A gallery site o a SEiGHT fittit wi a 400ci alloy sma block] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807172917/http://www.chevroletwestfield.co.uk/ |date=2008-08-07 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Westfield Seight}} [[Category:Westfield vehicles|S]] 1txu4iogjlpbl07qe7xa2k612vcafkw 0 12262 927399 896955 2026-11-09T17:23:30Z ~2026-59625-25 139985 927399 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:20100731 kia enterprise 01.jpg|thumb|250px|Kia Enterprise front]] [[Image:20100731 kia enterprise 02.jpg|thumb|250px|Kia Enterprise rear]] The '''Kia Enterprise''' is a full-size luxury sedan produced by South Korean automaker Kia Motors between 1997 and 2002. === Overview === Developed under the project name '''T3''', the Enterprise succeeded the Kia Potentia as the brand's flagship sedan. It was heavily based on the second-generation Mazda Sentia (HE platform) due to Kia's technical partnership with Mazda at the time. === Specifications & Design === * '''Body style:''' 4-door notchback executive sedan. * '''Layout:''' Front-engine, rear-wheel drive (FR layout). * '''Suspension:''' Independent multi-link suspension on both front and rear axles. * '''Powertrain:''' Offered with Mazda-derived V6 petrol engines, including 2.5-liter, 3.0-liter, and 3.6-liter variants paired with an automatic transmission. === Successor === Production ended in October 2002, and the model was officially replaced by the '''Kia Opirus''' (also sold as the Amanti in North America) in early 2003.   {{Kia Motors}} {{Kia}} [[Category:Kia vehicles|Enterprise]] [[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1998]] [[Category:1990s automobiles]] [[Category:2000s automobiles]] q0l63rycjxv0cqc12ddhtyhvzmo3q82 927400 927399 2026-11-09T17:24:00Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-59625-25, chynged back tae last version bi CiphriusKane 895223 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:20100731 kia enterprise 01.jpg|thumb|250px|Kia Enterprise front]] [[Image:20100731 kia enterprise 02.jpg|thumb|250px|Kia Enterprise rear]] The '''Enterprise''' is a sedan built bi [[Kia Motors]], an like many ither caurs frae Kia, it is based on anither vehicle - the Enterprise is based on the [[Mazda Sentia]]. It wis first available for sale in 1998. It wis pouered bi ane o twa [[Mazda]] sourced petrol ingines wi 2.5, 3.0 an 3.6 litres, which proved tae be unremarkable in performance but excellent for reliability. The Enterprise hae a [[FR layoot]] wi [[Multilink]] front an rear suspension. In 2002, it wis replaced bi the [[Kia Opirus]] {{Kia Motors}} {{Kia}} [[Category:Kia vehicles|Enterprise]] [[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1998]] [[Category:1990s automobiles]] [[Category:2000s automobiles]] mmv54tb8l3lj7nuis2od0b2piunfu61 0 12263 927601 826125 2026-11-10T01:41:52Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox automobile | name = Citroën U23 | image = Citroen U 23 BW 1.jpg | caption = Citroën U23 (1949) | manufacturer = [[Citroën]] | aka = Citroën Type 23 | production = 1935–1969 | designer = Flaminio Bertoni | engine = {{cvt|1911|cc|cuin}} I4 (petrol)<br />{{cvt|1767|cc|cuin}} I4 (diesel) | transmission = 4-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] | wheelbase = {{cvt|3380|mm|in|-1}} (1935–1940)<br />{{cvt|3750|mm|in|-1}} (1940–1969) | length = {{cvt|5080|mm|in|-1}} (1935–1940)<br />{{cvt|5580|mm|in|-1}} (1940–1969) | width = {{cvt|1960|mm|in|-1}} | successor = Citroën 350 tae 850 | sp = uk }} The '''Citroën U23''', or '''Citroën Type 23''', wis a licht (2-ton) [[Larrie|larrie]] that [[Citroën]] brocht oot in 1935. The ingine cowlin an front body luikit lik the [[Citroën Traction Avant]]'s, but the U23 haed a conventional rear-wheel-drive layoot. Production lastit till 1969, an aboot a million were makkit. The larrie haed a 1911&nbsp;cc fower-cylinder petrol ingine, an a 1767&nbsp;cc fower-cylinder [[Diesel ingine|diesel ingine]] wis offered frae 1936. Ane o the main customers wis the [[Fraunce|French]] militar, that ordered lairge nummers o Type 23s efter the declaration o [[Warld War II]]. Bi the time o the German invasion, mair nor 12,000 haed been delivered in less nor ten month. Aboot 6,000 were pit intae German service efter the French defeat o Juin 1940.<ref>German Military Vehicles of World War II, Jean-Denis G.G. Lepage, p. 95</ref> [[Bus]] an coach versions, cried the Type 23 RU, were introduced in 1941. The U23 wis gien a major restyle in the mid-1950s. It got a wide horizontal grille wi the heidlamps in it, that were mountit on the wings afore. It wis replaced bit bi bit bi the Citroën 350 tae 850 range, cried ''Belphégor'' an aw, that haed come oot in 1964, though U23 production cairried on till 1969.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} <gallery widths=200 heights=150> File:Citroen U 23 (1).jpg|Type 23 RU File:Citroën Type 23 - Coupe Florio 2013 (avant)1.jpg|Restyled Type 23 </gallery> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commons category|Citroën Type 23}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Citroen U23}} [[Category:Citroën vehicles|U23]] [[Category:Larries]] [[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1935]] {{stub}} gljw87vb6qjtf5sd49f09yfu5exzb5x 0 12862 927573 874529 2026-11-10T01:05:15Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead updatit, soorced 927573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Metallica | image = Metallica at The O2 Arena London 2008.jpg | caption = Metallica at The O2 Arena in 2008. Frae left tae richt:<br> [[Kirk Hammett]], [[Lars Ulrich]], [[James Hetfield]] an Robert Trujillo | image_size = 250 | landscape = yes | background = group_or_band | origin = Los Angeles, California, Unitit States | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Hivy metal]] * [[thrash metal]] * {{nowrap|[[Haurd rock|haurd rock]]}} * [[speed metal]] }} | years_active =1981–the day | label = Elektra, Vertigo, Megaforce, {{nowrap|Warner Bros.}} | associated_acts = [[Megadeth]], Echobrain, <br>Spastik Children, Leather Charm,<br> [[Exodus (baund)|Exodus]], Trauma,<br> [[Flotsam and Jetsam]], San Francisco Symphony,<br> Black Label Society, [[Ozzy Osbourne]],<br> Suicidal Tendencies, [[Lou Reed]] | current_members = [[James Hetfield]]<br/>[[Lars Ulrich]]<br/>[[Kirk Hammett]]<br/>Robert Trujillo | past_members =Ron McGovney<br/>[[Dave Mustaine]]<br/>[[Cliff Burton]]<br/>Jason Newsted }} '''Metallica''' ({{pron-en|mɛˈtælɨkə}}) is an American [[hivy metal]] baund. It wis formed in [[Los Angeles]] in 1981 bi the vocalist an guitarist [[James Hetfield]] an the drummer [[Lars Ulrich]], an haes been based in [[San Francisco]] for maist o its career.<ref name="SF">{{cite news|last1=Pereira|first1=Alyssa|title=Metallica's Black Album turns 25: Here's how local record stores reacted to its sales in 1991|url=https://www.sfgate.com/music/article/Metallica-s-Black-Album-turns-25-9139432.php|access-date=April 20, 2018|work=San Francisco Chronicle|date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=April 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421031609/https://www.sfgate.com/music/article/Metallica-s-Black-Album-turns-25-9139432.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MetallicaOfficial">{{cite web|title=Band History|url=https://www.metallica.com/band/history|website=Metallica official website|access-date=April 20, 2018|archive-date=October 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030210257/http://metallica.com/band/history|url-status=live}}</ref> It stairtit whan Hetfield answert an advert that Ulrich haed pit in a local paper. The baund's fast tempos, instrumentals an aggressive playin makkit them ane o the "big fower" baunds o [[thrash metal]], alang wi [[Slayer]], [[Megadeth]] an [[Anthrax (American baund)|Anthrax]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Cosmo|title=Get Thrashed: The Story of Thrash Metal|url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/movie_review/get-thrashed-the-story-of-thrash-metal.htm|work=Stylus Magazine|date=May 7, 2007|accessdate=January 3, 2008|archive-date=2008-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225230004/http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/movie_review/get-thrashed-the-story-of-thrash-metal.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The line-up the day is the foonders an main sangwriters, Hetfield an Ulrich, the lang-time lead guitarist [[Kirk Hammett]], an the bassist Robert Trujillo. Umwhile members are the bassists Ron McGovney, [[Cliff Burton]] an Jason Newsted, an the guitarist [[Dave Mustaine]], that formed Megadeth efter he wis sacked frae Metallica in 1983. Metallica first fund commercial success wi thair third album, ''[[Master of Puppets]]'' (1986), that is aften cited as ane o the best metal albums o aw time. Thair fift album, ''[[Metallica (album)|Metallica]]'' (1991), kent as ''The Black Album'' an aw, wis a turnin pynt: it moved awa frae thrash metal an reached a mair mainstream audience. Efter tryin oot different genres, the baund gaed back tae thrash wi thair nint album, ''[[Death Magnetic]]'' (2008), an thair latest album, ''72 Seasons'', cam oot in 2023. In 2009 Metallica wis inductit intae the {{lang|en|[[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]}}. Metallica is ane o the maist commercially successfu baunds o aw time, wi mair nor 163 million albums selt warldwide as o 2023.<ref name="sold">{{cite news|last=Trapp|first=Philip|title=What Metal Band Has Sold the Most Albums?|url=https://loudwire.com/what-metal-band-sold-most-albums/|work=Loudwire|date=September 25, 2023|access-date=June 5, 2025|archive-date=January 26, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126042222/https://loudwire.com/what-metal-band-sold-most-albums/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the third best-sellin muisic artist syne Nielsen SoundScan stairtit trackin sales in 1991,<ref name="Album Sales 1">{{cite magazine|last1=Trust|last2=Caulfield|first1=Gary|first2=Keith|title=Eminem Marks Sales, Hot 100 Milestones|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/chart-alert/5944789/eminem-marks-sales-hot-100-milestones|magazine=Billboard|date=March 21, 2014|access-date=September 7, 2014|archive-date=April 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410123748/https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/chart-alert/5944789/eminem-marks-sales-hot-100-milestones|url-status=live}}</ref> wi 58 million albums selt in the Unitit States as o 2017.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|title=Billboard 200 Chart Moves: Metallica's 'Hardwired' Hits 1 Million Sold in the U.S.|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/billboard-200-chart-metallica-hardwired/|magazine=Billboard|date=July 7, 2017|access-date=July 7, 2017|archive-date=July 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709123812/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7857905/billboard-200-chart-metallica-hardwired|url-status=live}}</ref> The baund haes wan nine [[Grammy Awards]], an wis the first baund tae hae five albums in a raw debut at nummer ane on the ''[[Billboard 200]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003850675#/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003850675 |title=Metallica scores fifth streight number 1 album |publisher=Billboard |date= |accessdate=2010-04-12 |archive-date=2008-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918052559/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003850675#/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003850675 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a record later matched bi the Dave Matthews Band.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/dave-matthews-big-debuts-at-no-1-on-billboard-1003981948.story#/news/dave-matthews-big-debuts-at-no-1-on-billboard-1003981948.story |title=Dave Matthews big debutes at number 1 |publisher=Billboard |date= |accessdate=2010-04-12}}</ref> The 1991 album ''Metallica'' haes selt ower 15 million copies in the Unitit States an 22 million warldwide,<ref name="Top 100 Albums">{{cite web|title=Top 100 Albums|publisher=RIAA.com|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTop100|accessdate=December 2, 2007|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mqv3Gpco?url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTop100|url-status=dead}}</ref> an in December 2009 it becam the best-sellin album o the SoundScan era, passin Shania Twain's ''Come On Over'' (1997).<ref>[http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspxmode=Article&newsitemID=132493&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+blabbermouth+%28Blabbermouth.net%27s+Daily+Headlines%29 Blabbermouth Daily Headlines]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As o December 2009 the baund haed selt 52,271,000 albums in the Unitit States alane.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-battle-of-the-rock-bands-part-1004076944.story?tag=hpfeed#/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-battle-of-the-rock-bands-part-1004076944.story?tag=hpfeed |title=BILLBOARD TOP SELLERS IN SOUNDSCAN ERA: Ask Billboard: Battle Of The Rock Bands, Part 2 |access-date=2010-10-26 |archive-date=2010-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203134434/http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-battle-of-the-rock-bands-part-1004076944.story?tag=hpfeed#/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-battle-of-the-rock-bands-part-1004076944.story?tag=hpfeed |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Awards == {{Main|Leet o awards an nominations receivit bi Metallica}} Grammy Awards:<ref name="Grammy Award winners – Metallica">{{cite web |title=Grammy Award winners – Metallica |publisher=Grammy.com |url=http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/Winners/Results.aspx?title=&winner=Metallica&year=0&genreID=0&hp=1 |accessdate=2007-12-05 |archive-date=2007-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209101613/http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/Winners/Results.aspx?title=&winner=Metallica&year=0&genreID=0&hp=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 1990: Best Metal Performance – "One" * 1991: Best Metal Performance – "Stone Cold Crazy" * 1992: Best Metal Performance – ''[[Metallica (album)|Metallica]]'' * 1999: Best Metal Performance – "Better than You" * 2000: Best Hard Rock Performance – "Whiskey in the Jar" * 2001: Best Rock Instrumental Performance – "The Call of Ktulu" wi Michael Kamen an the San Francisco Symphony * 2004: Best Metal Performance – "St. Anger" * 2009: Best Metal Performance – "My Apocalypse" * 2009: Best Recording Package - ''[[Death Magnetic]]'' MTV Video Music Awards: * 1992: Best Metal Video – "Enter Sandman" * 1996: Best Metal Video – "Until It Sleeps" American Music Awards: * 1996: Favorite Artist: Heavy Metal/Hard Rock: Metallica – ''Load'' * 1996: Favorite Metal/Hard Rock Song – "Until It Sleeps" ''Billboard'' Music Awards: * 1997: {{lang|en|Billboard Rock and Roll Artist of the Year}} – Metallica (RIAA Diamond Award) * 1999: Catalogue Artist of the Year – Metallica * 1999: Catalogue Album of the Year – ''Metallica'' ''Kerrang!'' Awards: * 2003: Hall of Fame – Metallica == Baund members == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ;Current members * [[James Hetfield]] – [[Sangster|lead vocals]], rhythm guitar <small>(1981–the day)</small> * [[Lars Ulrich]] – drums, percussion <small>(1981–the day)</small> * [[Kirk Hammett]] – lead guitar, backing vocals <small>(1983–the day)</small> * Robert Trujillo – [[bass guitar|bass]], backing vocals <small>(2003–the day)</small> {{col-2}} ;Umwhile members * Ron McGovney – bass <small>(1982)</small> * [[Dave Mustaine]] – lead guitar, backing vocals <small>(1982–1983)</small> * [[Cliff Burton]] – bass, backing vocals <small>(1982–1986)</small> * Jason Newsted – bass, backing vocals <small>(1986–2001)</small> {{col-end}} === Timeline === <div class="left" > <timeline> ImageSize = width:800 height:400 PlotArea = left:110 bottom:120 top:0 right:30 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = mm/dd/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1981 till:07/16/2010 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy Colors = id:bass value:brightgreen legend:Bass&nbsp;guitar id:bass;vocals value:purple legend:Bass&nbsp;guitar,&nbsp;backing&nbsp;vocals id:drums;percussion value:yellow legend:Drums,&nbsp;percussion id:rhythm;vocals value:red legend:Rhythm&nbsp;guitar,&nbsp;lead&nbsp;vocals id:guitar;vocals value:brightblue legend:Lead&nbsp;guitar,&nbsp;backing&nbsp;vocals id:lines value:black legend:Studio&nbsp;albums Legend = orientation:vertical position:bottom columns:2 ScaleMajor = increment:2 start:1981 ScaleMinor = increment:1 start:1982 LineData = at:07/25/1983 color:black layer:back at:07/27/1984 color:black layer:back at:03/03/1986 color:black layer:back at:08/25/1988 color:black layer:back at:08/13/1991 color:black layer:back at:06/04/1996 color:black layer:back at:11/18/1997 color:black layer:back at:06/05/2003 color:black layer:back at:08/12/2008 color:black layer:back BarData = bar:Hetfield text:"James Hetfield" bar:Lars text:"Lars Ulrich" bar:Ron text:"Ron McGovney" bar:Mustaine text:"Dave Mustaine" bar:Cliff text:"Cliff Burton" bar:Kirk text:"Kirk Hammett" bar:Newsted text:"Jason Newsted" bar:Trujillo text:"Robert Trujillo" PlotData= width:10 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4) bar:Hetfield from:01/01/1981 till:end color:rhythm;vocals bar:Lars from:01/01/1981 till:end color:drums;percussion bar:Ron from:01/01/1982 till:06/01/1982 color:bass bar:Mustaine from:01/01/1982 till:04/01/1983 color:guitar;vocals bar:Cliff from:06/01/1982 till:09/27/1986 color:bass;vocals bar:Kirk from:04/02/1983 till:end color:guitar;vocals bar:Newsted from:09/28/1986 till:01/17/2001 color:bass;vocals bar:Trujillo from:02/24/2003 till:end color:bass;vocals </timeline> </div> == Discografie == {{Main|Metallica discografie}} === Studio albums === * ''Kill 'Em All'' (1983) * ''Ride the Lightning'' (1984) * ''[[Master of Puppets]]'' (1986) * ''...And Justice for All'' (1988) * ''[[Metallica (album)|Metallica]]'' (1991) * ''Load'' (1996) * ''ReLoad'' (1997) * ''St. Anger'' (2003) * ''[[Death Magnetic]]'' (2008) * ''Hardwired... to Self-Destruct'' (2016) * ''72 Seasons'' (2023) == References == {{reflist|2}} == Sources == * {{Cite book|last=Christe|first=Ian|title=Sound of the Beast: The Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal|url=https://archive.org/details/soundofbeastcomp0000chri|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2003|isbn=0-380-81127-8|ref=harv|postscript=}} * {{cite book|author=Steffan Chirazi and Metallica|title=So What!: The Good, The Mad, and The Ugly|publisher=Broadway|year=2004|isbn=0767918819}} * {{cite book|author=Glenn T. Pillsbury|title=Damage Incorporated: Metallica and the Production of Musical Identity|url=https://archive.org/details/damageincorporat00unse|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=9780415973748}} ==Fremmit airtins== {{commonscat}} * [http://www.metallica.com/ Official wabsteid] * [http://www.metontour.com/ Metallica on tour] [[Category:1980s muisic groups]] [[Category:1990s muisic groups]] [[Category:2000s muisic groups]] [[Category:2010s muisic groups]] [[Category:Atlantic Records airtists]] [[Category:Hivy metal muisical groups frae Californie]] [[Category:Thrash metal muisical groups frae Californie]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Kerrang! Awards winners]] [[Category:American hard rock muisical groups]] [[Category:Metallica|*]] [[Category:Muisical groups established in 1981]] [[Category:Muisical groups frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Muisic o the San Francisco Bay Area]] [[Category:Muisical quartets]] [[Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:Speed metal muisical groups]] [[Category:American thrash metal muisical groups]] m183ca1mmz7qd26dkfdn0cgsxx6zzah 0 12895 927356 918492 2026-11-09T15:34:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Tunis | official_name = Ceety o Tunis | native_name = <span style="line-height:130%;font-size:90%">{{lang|ar|تونس}}</span> | native_name_lang = ar | settlement_type = Ceety | image_skyline = AvenueHabibBourguibaTunis.JPG | image_alt = View o Tunis | image_caption = Central esplanade o the Avenue Habib Bourguiba. | image_flag = Flag commune of Tunis.SVG | flag_alt = Flag o Tunis | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = Coat o airms o Tunis | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Tunisia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|36|48|N|10|11|E|display=inline}} | subdivision_type = [[Kintra]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Tunisie}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Tunisie|Govrenorate]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Tunis Govrenorate|Tunis]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Seifallah Lasram | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 212.63 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = <ref name="ins"/> | population_total =1 056 247<ref name="ins">[http://rgph2014.ins.tn/fr/resultats Recensement de 2014 (Institut national de la statistique)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029170649/http://rgph2014.ins.tn/fr/resultats |date=2014-10-29 }}</ref> | population_as_of = 2014 | population_demonym = ''Tunisois''<br />({{lang-aeb|تونسي, Tounsi}}) | population_note = | population_urban = 2 294 547 | population_metro = 2 643 695 | population_density_km2 = 9406.01 | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = 1000 | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = {{ URL | http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn }} | footnotes = }} '''Tunis''' ({{lang-ar|<big>تونس</big>}}, ''Tūnis'') is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an lairgest ceety o [[Tunisie]] an an' a' the [[Tunis Govrenorate]], wi a population o 1,200,000 in 2008 an ower 3,980,500 in the greater Tunis aurie. Situatit on a lairge [[Mediterranean Sea]] gulf (the [[Gulf o Tunis]]), ahint the [[Lake o Tunis]] an the port o [[La Goulette]] (Halq al Wadi), the ceety extends alang the coastal plain an the hills that surroond it. At the centre o mair modren development (colonial era an efter) lies the auld [[Medina quarter|medina]]. ayont this section lie the suburbs o [[Carthage]], La Marsa, an Sidi Bou Said. The medina is foond at the centre o the ceety: a dense agglomeration o alleys an covered passages, full o intense scents an colours, boisterous an active tred, a surfeit o guids on affer rangin frae [[laither]] tae [[plastic]], [[tin]] tae the finest [[filigree]], tourist souvenirs tae the wirks o tiny crafts shops. Juist throu the Sea Gate (cried the ''Bab el Bahr'' an the ''Porte de France'' an aa) begins the modren ceety, or Ville Nouvelle, transversed bi the grand Avenue Habib Bourguiba (aften referred tae bi popular press an traivel guides as "the Tunisian [[Champs-Élysées]]"), whaur the colonial-era buildings provide a clear contrast tae smawer, aulder structures. As the caipital ceety o the kintra, Tunis is the centre o Tunisian commercial activity, as well as the focus o poleetical an administrative life in the kintra. The expansion o the Tunisian economy in the last decades is reflectit in the boomin development o the ooter ceety whaur ane can see clearly the social challenges brocht aboot bi rapid modrenisation in Tunisie. == Etymology == ''Tunis'' is the transcription o the [[Arabic leid|Arabic]] name ''تونس'' which can be pronoonced as "Tūnus‎", "Tūnas", or "Tūnis". Aw three variations wur mentioned bi the Arab geographer [[Yaqut al-Hamawi|al-Rumi Yaqout]] in his ''[[Mu'jam Al-Buldan|Mu'jam al-Bûldan]]'' (''Dictionary o Kintras''). Different explanations exist for the oreegin o the name ''Tunis''. Some scholars relate it tae the Phoenician goddess ''[[Tanit]]h'' ('Tanit or Tanut), as mony auncient ceeties wur named efter patron deities.<ref name="adrian"> {{cite book | last = Room | first = Adrian | title = Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites | url = https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl02edroom | publisher = McFarland | year = 2006 | page = [https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl02edroom/page/385 385] | isbn = 0786422483 }} </ref><ref> {{cite book | last = Taylor | first = Isaac | title = Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature | publisher = BiblioBazaar, LLC | year = 2008 | page = 281 | isbn = 0559296681 }} </ref> Some Arab scholars proposed that the name derives frae Arabic roots or identified it wi the oreeginal toun o ''Tarshish''.<ref name="ej-brill"> {{cite book | last = Houtsma | first = Martijn Theodoor | title = E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936 | publisher = Brill | year = 1987 | page = 838 | isbn = 9004082654 }} </ref> Ithers claim that it oreeginatit frae ''Tynes'', which wis mentioned bi Diodoros an Polybius in the course o descriptions resemblin present-day Al-Kasba; ane o Tunis's suburbs.<ref name="ej-brill"/><ref name="hann-war"> {{cite book | authors = Livy, John Yardley, Dexter Hoyos | title = Hannibal's War: Books Twenty-one to Thirty | url = https://archive.org/details/hannibalswarbook00livy | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2006 | page = [https://archive.org/details/hannibalswarbook00livy/page/n753 705] | isbn = 0192831593 }} </ref> Anither possibility is that it wis derived frae the [[Berber leids|Berber]] verbal ruit ''ens'' which means "tae lie doun" or "tae pass the nicht".<ref name="peter-ross"> {{cite book | first1 = Peter M. | last1 = Rossi | first2 = Wayne Edward | last2 = White | title = Articles on the Middle East, 1947-1971: A Cumulation of the Bibliographies from the Middle East Journal | publisher = Pierian Press, [[University of Michigan]] | year = 1980 | page = 132 }} </ref> Gien the variations o the precise meanin ower time an space, the term ''Tunis'' can possibly mean "camp at nicht", "camp", or "stop". Thare are forby some mentions in auncient Roman soorces o sic names o nearbi touns as ''Tuniza'' (currently [[El Kala]]), ''Thunusuda'' (currently [[Sidi Meskine]]), ''Thinissut'' (currently [[Bouregba Bir]]), and ''Thunisa'' (currently [[Ras Jebel]]). As aw o thir Berber villages wur situatit on Roman roads, thay undoubtitly served as a rest-stations or stops.<ref name="Sebag54">Paul Sebag, ''Tunis. Histoire d’une ville'', éd. L’Harmattan, 1998, p. 54</ref> ==History== {{Main|History o Tunis}} == Climate == [[File:Port circulaire laurier rose.jpg|thumb|right|Umwhile Carthaginian port]] [[File:Golfe de Tunis et port de Sidi Bou Saïd.jpg|thumb|left|Tunis bay]] Tunis haes a warm-simmer [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Koppen climate classification]] ''Csa''),<ref>http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif</ref> characterized bi a het an dry saison an a cuil an rainy saison. The local climate is forby affectit somewha bi the latitude o the ceety, the moderatin influence o the Mediterranean an the terrain o the hills. {{Weather box |location = Tunis |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 25.2 |Feb record high C = 29.8 |Mar record high C = 35.2 |Apr record high C = 33.0 |May record high C = 39.0 |Jun record high C = 45.2 |Jul record high C = 46.7 |Aug record high C = 46.8 |Sep record high C = 44.4 |Oct record high C = 36.9 |Nov record high C = 31.6 |Dec record high C = 25.9 |Jan high C = 15.7 |Feb high C = 16.5 |Mar high C = 18.1 |Apr high C = 20.7 |May high C = 24.9 |Jun high C = 29.0 |Jul high C = 32.6 |Aug high C = 32.7 |Sep high C = 29.7 |Oct high C = 25.2 |Nov high C = 20.5 |Dec high C = 16.7 |year high C = 23.52 |Jan mean C = 11.5 |Feb mean C = 12.0 |Mar mean C = 13.2 |Apr mean C = 15.6 |May mean C = 19.3 |Jun mean C = 23.2 |Jul mean C = 26.3 |Aug mean C = 26.8 |Sep mean C = 24.4 |Oct mean C = 20.4 |Nov mean C = 15.9 |Dec mean C = 12.5 |year mean C = 18.43 |Jan low C = 8.2 |Feb low C = 8.4 |Mar low C = 9.3 |Apr low C = 10.4 |May low C = 13.7 |Jun low C = 17.3 |Jul low C = 20.0 |Aug low C = 20.8 |Sep low C = 19.0 |Oct low C = 15.5 |Nov low C = 11.3 |Dec low C = 9.2 |year low C = 13.26 |Jan record low C = -1.7 |Feb record low C = -1.0 |Mar record low C = 0.4 |Apr record low C = 2.6 |May record low C = 5.9 |Jun record low C = 9.6 |Jul record low C = 12.9 |Aug record low C = 13.4 |Sep record low C = 12.1 |Oct record low C = 5.5 |Nov record low C = 2.4 |Dec record low C = -0.4 |Jan precipitation mm = 59.3 |Feb precipitation mm = 57.0 |Mar precipitation mm = 47.2 |Apr precipitation mm = 38.0 |May precipitation mm = 22.6 |Jun precipitation mm = 10.4 |Jul precipitation mm = 3.1 |Aug precipitation mm = 7.1 |Sep precipitation mm = 32.5 |Oct precipitation mm = 65.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 56.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 66.8 |year precipitation mm = 465.5 |Jan precipitation days = 9 |Feb precipitation days = 8 |Mar precipitation days = 8 |Apr precipitation days = 6 |May precipitation days = 4 |Jun precipitation days = 2 |Jul precipitation days = 1 |Aug precipitation days = 1 |Sep precipitation days = 4 |Oct precipitation days = 7 |Nov precipitation days = 7 |Dec precipitation days = 8 |year precipitation days = 65 |unit precipitation days = |Jan sun = 145.7 |Feb sun = 165.3 |Mar sun = 198.4 |Apr sun = 225.0 |May sun = 282.1 |Jun sun = 309.0 |Jul sun = 356.5 |Aug sun = 328.6 |Sep sun = 258.0 |Oct sun = 217.0 |Nov sun = 174.0 |Dec sun = 148.8 |year sun = 2808.4 |source 1 = [[Warld Meteorological Organization]],<ref name="weather1">{{cite web | url =http://worldweather.wmo.int/123/c00243.htm | title =Weather Information for Tunis-Carthage | accessdate =2010-01-21 | publisher =WMO | archive-date =2020-11-19 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20201119103801/http://worldweather.wmo.int/123/c00243.htm | url-status =dead }}</ref> [[Hong Kong Observatory]] for data of avg. precipitation days and sunshine hours<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/africa/mor_al/tunis_e.htm|title=Climatological Information for Tunis, Tunisia|publisher=Hong Kong Observatory|access-date=2013-05-04|archive-date=2019-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023174449/http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/africa/mor_al/tunis_e.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |source 2 = NOAA (extremes)<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web |url = ftp://dossier.ogp.noaa.gov/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/TS/60715.TXT |title = TUNIS-CARTHAGE Climate Normals 1961-1990 |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |accessdate = November 6, 2012}}</ref> |date=February 2011}} == Politics == === Capital=== [[File:Kasbah-Kassus.jpg|right|thumb|Kasbah Square comprisin the finance meenistry an the prime meenistry o Tunisie]] Tunis haes been the caipital o Tunisie syne 1159. Unner Airticles 43 an 24 o the [[Constitution o Tunisie|Constitution o 1959]],<ref>{{fr icon}} [http://www.jurisitetunisie.com/tunisie/codes/constitution/menup.html Constitution de la République tunisienne (Jurisite Tunisie)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124063600/http://jurisitetunisie.com/tunisie/codes/constitution/menup.html |date=2010-11-24 }}</ref> Tunis an its suburbs host the naitional institutions: the Presidential Palace, which is kent as [[Carthage Palace]], residence o the [[Preses o Tunisie|Preses o the Tunisian Republic]], the [[Chamber o Deputies o Tunisie|Chamber o Deputies]] an the [[Chamber o Cooncillors o Tunisie|Chamber o Councillors]] an parliament, the Constitutional Cooncil an the main judicial institutions, the [[Bardo Naitional Museum]] an various ither govrenment depairtments an public bodies. === Municipality === ==== Institutions ==== [[File:Mairie de Tunis.jpg|left|thumb|Ceety Hall]] The Ceety Cooncil is componed o 60 members includin 20 assistants electit bi the cooncil efter takin office. The Ceety Cooncil meets fower times a year but mey meet bi special request o the mayor. The cooncil's regulatory responsibilities include the municipal budget, biggin development, an actions tae be unnertaken unner the Naitional Development Plan.<ref name="CONM">{{fr}} [http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_conseilmunicipal.htm Conseil municipal (Municipalité de Tunis)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725140349/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_conseilmunicipal.htm |date=2010-07-25 }}</ref> It forby provides advice on aw projects tae be implementit bi the state, the govrenorate or a public body. Unlik ither mayors in Tunisie, the mayor o Tunis is appointit bi decree o the Preses o the Republic frae amang the members o the Ceety Cooncil. [[Abbes Mohsen]] is the current Mayor o Tunis, an haes been in office syne 2000 when he succeedit [[Mohamed Ali Bouleymane]]. He wis re-electit an confirmed in his post efter the municipal elections o 2005.<ref>{{fr}} [http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_conseilmunicipal_maire.htm Maire de Tunis (Municipalité de Tunis)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616183041/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_conseilmunicipal_maire.htm |date=2010-06-16 }}</ref> In addition tae the municipal institutions, each o the fifteen destricts haes a municipal cooncil meetin each month in the presence o electit offeecials an representatives o the admeenistrations, tae address the issues o the day. ==== Budget ==== The 2008 budget adoptit bi the Ceety Cooncil is structured as follaes: 61.61 million dinars for the operation an 32,516 million dinars for investment.<ref name="BDG">{{fr}} [http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_budget.htm Budget de la municipalité de Tunis pour l’année 2008 (Municipalité de Tunis)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416052724/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_budget.htm |date=2009-04-16 }}</ref> It reflects the improved financial situation o the municipality, the year 2007 wis a year registerin a surplus in resoorces that alloued the dounset o debts o the municipality an the strengthenin o its credibility wi respect its suppliers an public an private pairtners. Revenues are generatit bi the proceeds o taxes on biggins an vacant lots, fees for the rental of municipal property, income frae the operation o the public, advertisin, an that the fact that the municipality haes caipital shares in some companies. On the expenditure side, proveesion is made for the consolidation o [[hygiene]] an cleanliness, the state o the environment an urban design, infrastructure maintenance, rehabilitation an renovation o facilities, an strengthenin the logistics an means o wirk an transport.<ref name="BDG" /> ====Administrative deevisions==== [[File:Tunis subdivisions.svg|right|thumb|Cairt o the arrondissements o Tunis]] The ceety o Tunis, whose size haes increased significantly durin the seicont hauf o the 20t century, nou extends ower several govrenorates in the [[Tunis Govrenorate]] wi the surroondin auries extendin ower pairts o the govrenorates o [[Ben Arous Govrenorate|Ben Arous]], [[Ariana Govrenorate|Ariana]] an [[Manouba Govrenorate|Manouba]]. The municipality o Tunis is dividit intae 15 municipal destricts:<ref>{{fr}} [http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/plan_ensemble.htm Plan d’ensemble (Municipalité de Tunis)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106122516/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/plan_ensemble.htm |date=2009-01-06 }}.</ref> Thir include El Bab Bhar, Bab Souika, Cité El Khadra, Jelloud Jebel El Kabaria, El Menzah, El Ouardia, Ettahrir, Ezzouhour, Hraïria, Medina, El Omrane, El Omrane Heicher Séjoumi, Sidi El-Bashir an Sidi Hassine. == Demography == [[File:Theatre Municipal de Tunis.jpg|thumb|right|Tunis]] [[File:Tunis mosque 1899.jpg|thumb|right|Muslims in Tunis attend the mosque in 1899.]] [[File:Tunismarketseller.jpg|thumb|right|A [[souk]] shopkeeper]] {| class="wikitable centre" border="1" |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" ! Year !! Municipality !! Metropolitan aurie |- | 1891 | {{Formatnum:114121}} | |- | 1901 | {{Formatnum:146276}} | |- | 1911 | {{Formatnum:162479}} | |- | 1921 | {{Formatnum:171676}} | {{Formatnum:192994}} |- | 1926 | {{Formatnum:185996}} | {{Formatnum:210240}} |- | 1931 | {{Formatnum:202405}} | {{Formatnum:235230}} |- | 1936 | {{Formatnum:219578}} | {{Formatnum:258113}} |- | 1946 | {{Formatnum:364593}} | {{Formatnum:449820}} |- | 1956 | {{Formatnum:410000}} | {{Formatnum:561117}} |- | 1966 | {{Formatnum:468997}} | {{Formatnum:679603}} |- | 1975 | {{Formatnum:550404}} | {{Formatnum:873515}} |- |colspan="3"|''Sources :'' Paul Sebag, ''Tunis. Histoire d'une ville'', éd. L’Harmattan, 1998 |} [[File:Old Man in Tunis.jpg|left|thumb|Auld man in Tunis]] In the years follaein unthirldom, the population o the metropolitan aurie continues tae grow: the increase o 21.1% frae 1956 tae 1966 an bi 28.5% frae 1966 tae 1975 (55.6% atween 1956 an 1975).<ref>Paul Sebag, ''op. cit.'', p. 608</ref> This steady growthe is accompanied bi chynges which affect the naitur o the dounset o the caipital. Decolonization led tae the exodus o some minorities whose nummers are dwindlin ivery year. The gaps creatit bi thair departure are abundantly filled bi Tunisians who are emigratin tae Tunis frae ither pairts o the kintra. At the beginnin o the 21st century, the metropolitan aurie o Tunis exceeds 2,000,000 indwallers. Efter unthirldom, the Tunisian govrenment implementit a plan tae cope wi population growthe o the ceety an kintra, a seestem o faimily plannin, tae attempt tae lawer the rate o population growthe. Housomeivver, atween 1994 an 2004, the population o the govrenorate o Tunis grew mair nor 1.03% per annum. It represents, in the 2004 census, 9.9% o the tot population o Tunisie.<ref>{{fr}} [http://www.ins.nat.tn/fr/rgph2.php?Code_indicateur=0302024 Population, répartition proportionnelle et taux d’accroissement par gouvernorat (Institut national de la statistique)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207015845/http://www.ins.nat.tn/fr/rgph2.php?Code_indicateur=0302024 |date=2013-12-07 }}</ref> As in the rest o Tunisie, [[literacy]] in the region o Tunis haes evolved rapidly durin the seicont hauf o the 20t century an reaches a level slichtly heicher than the naitional average. Housomeivver eddication is anerlie exceedit bi the neighbouring govrenorate o Ariana which haes mony institutions o eddication. == Sport == At the beginnin o the 20t century a nummer o sports institutions wur establisht in Tunis, parteecularly in schuil an college settings. In 1905 the Muslim Association o Tunisie brocht thegither students frae Lycée Alaoui an Sadiki College tae organize geemnastics. A regional geemnastics competeetion wis held in Tunis in 1912 wi the participation o thoosans o French geemnasts. Fitbaa made its appearance in the caipital on 15 September 1904, follaed bi the formal creation o the kintra’s first league, the Racing Club Tunis, on 11 Mey 1905. It teuk some time tae run properly but suin organized meetins atween the teams in schools. The first teuk place on 9 Juin 1907, atween teams frae Lycée Alaoui an Lycée Carnot (1–1). But fitbaa is no the anerlie discipline tae emerge. Atween 1928 an 1955 the ceety competit for nine editions o the Grand Prix o Tunis, whaur notable drivers sic as [[Marcel Lehoux]], [[Achille Varzi]], [[Tazio Nuvolari]] an [[Rudolf Caracciola]] teuk pairt. The Grand Prix o Tunis haes re-emerged syne 2000.<ref>{{fr}} [http://stream1.m6.fr.ipercast.net/m6.fr/videonum2/07/11/23/turbo__grd-prix-tunis-__20071123__43354432_Stream.wmv « Grand Prix historique de Tunis : un rendez-vous magique », ''Turbo'', M6, 23 novembre 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224221312/http://stream1.m6.fr.ipercast.net/m6.fr/videonum2/07/11/23/turbo__grd-prix-tunis-__20071123__43354432_Stream.wmv |date=2009-02-24 }}</ref> The ceety haes forby held the [[Mediterranean Gemmes]] twice, in 1967 an 2001, an the internaitional tennis tournament, the [[Tunis Open]], which is includit in the [[ATP Challenger Series]]. The 2005 Warld Championship final for men in [[team handbaw]] wis played in Tunis, on 6 Februar. In tot the govrenorate o Tunis registered 24,095 licences for various clubs in the municipal aurie in 2007.<ref>{{fr}} [http://www.sport.tn/fo/fr/global.php?menu1=12 Statistiques du sport en Tunisie (Ministère de la jeunesse, des sports et de l’éducation physique)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216082358/http://www.sport.tn/fo/fr/global.php?menu1=12 |date=2008-12-16 }}</ref> {| class="sortable wikitable centre" |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" ! Club !! Stadium !! Foondation !! Championships<br />o Fitbaa !! Championships<br />o volleybaw !! Championships<br />o handbaw !! Championships<br />o basketbaw |- | [[Club Africain]] | [[Stade El Menzah]] | 1920 | 12 | 7 | 8 | 1 |- | [[Espérance Sportive de Tunis]] | [[Stade El Menzah]] | 1919 | 20 | 15 | 24 | 3 |- | [[Stade Tunisien]] | [[Stade Chedli Zouiten]] | 1948 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |} [[File:CA - Radès.jpg|right|290px|thumb|7 November Radès Stadium]] [[File:Tunisia - Netherlands (Stade de Radès) 3.jpg|thumb|290px|left|[[Tunisie naitional fitbaa team]] playin]] The [[Esperance Sportive de Tunis]] (EST), [[Club Africain]] (CA), an [[Stade Tunisien]] are the major sports clubs in the ceety. A seembolic cless difference is present atween the EST's an the CA's supporters, despite thair playin at the same stadium. The EST is supportit bi the wealthy bourgeois an middle classes, while the CA, a poorer club, is supportit bi the masses an wirkin cless generally.<ref>Franck Moroy, ''Football et politique. Le derby tunisois Espérance sportive de Tunis - Club Africain'', éd. Institut d’études politiques, Aix-en-Provence, 1997</ref> The first true sports facilities wur managed unner the French protectorate, as illustratit bi the development o the Ksar Said racecourse an construction o the [[Stade Chedli Zouiten]] in the neighborhuid o Belvedere, which haed lang been the main stadium in the caipital afore bein supplantit bi the Olympic stadium, [[Stade El Menzah]], whaur EST an CA play thair fitbaa the day. The Olympic stadium an veelage urie wis biggit tae accommodate the Mediterranean Gemmes in 1967. A 60,000-seat stadium wis forby biggit in Radès for the Mediterranean Gemmes in 2001 at an estimatit cost o 170 million dinars, wi nearly hauf o the loans financed bi [[Republic o Korea|Sooth Korea]]n businessmen. The Olympic veelage wis financed bi an investment estimatit at 50 million dinars.<ref>{{fr}} [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN07083combietocan0 Abdelaziz Barrouhi, Combien ça coûte ? , ''Jeune Afrique''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615085854/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN07083combietocan0 |date=2009-06-15 }}</ref> In 2008, the govrenment annoonced the stairt o construction o a lairge sports complex that will include several sports academies, a 20,000-seat stadium, an a soummin centre. Kent as Tunis Sports Ceety, it will expand aroond the lake o Tunis, on the road tae [[La Marsa]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mosaiquefm.net/Tsawer/displayimage.php?pid=5970&fullsize=1 |title=Modélisation de la future Tunis Sports City (Mosaïque FM) |access-date=2011-01-24 |archive-date=2008-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519102557/http://www.mosaiquefm.net/Tsawer/displayimage.php?pid=5970&fullsize=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Internaitional relations== ===Twin touns — Sister ceeties=== Tunis is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:<ref name="Tunis">{{cite web|url=http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_cooperation1.htm|title=Cooperation Internationale|publisher=© 2003-2009 City of Tunis Portal|language=French|accessdate=2009-07-31|archive-date=2008-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508191341/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_cooperation1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| |- |valign="top"| *{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Belgrade]], [[Serbie]] *{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], [[Algerie]] *{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Cologne]], [[Germany]] *{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Rabat]], [[Morocco]]<ref name="Tunis"/> *{{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]], [[Jordan]]<ref name="Tunis"/> *{{flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], [[Fraunce]] *{{flagicon|France}} [[Marseille]], [[Fraunce]] *{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Montreal]], [[Canadae]]<ref name="Tunis"/> *{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]] *{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]] |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| *{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Roum]], [[Italy]]<ref name="Tunis"/> *{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Stockholm]], [[Swaden]]<ref name="Tunis"/> *{{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Doha]], [[Qatar]]<ref name="Tunis"/> *{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]]<ref name="Tunis"/> *{{flagicon|Chile}} [[Santiago]], [[Chile]]<ref name="Tunis"/> *{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Vienna]], [[Austrick]] *{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]] *{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabie]] *{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]] *{{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait Ceety]], [[Kuwait]] |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Leet o African caipitals}} [[Category:Tunis| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Africae]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Tunisie]] [[Category:Barbary Wars]] [[Category:Mediterranean port ceeties an touns in Tunisie]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 2nt millennium BC]] [[Category:Populatit places in Tunis Govrenorate]] 5sp7bucoanq9w3vhvfovcubn19oyt80 0 14546 927643 831105 2026-11-10T02:04:19Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 927643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=October 2020}} [[File:Flag of Malaysia.svg|thumb|250px|right|Banner o Malaysie]] The '''[[banner]] o [[Malaysie]]''', forby kent as the '''''Jalur Gemilang''''' ([[Malay leid|Malay]] for "Stripes o Excellence"),<ref>http://www.dfa.gov.za/foreign/bilateral/malaysia.html</ref> comprises a field o 14 alternatin reid an white stripes alang the [[Banner terminology|flee]] an a blue [[Banner terminology|canton]] bearin a [[Star an crescent|crescent an a 14-pynt star]] kent as the ''Bintang Persekutuan'' (Federal Star). The 14 stripes, o equal width, represent the equal status in the federation o the [[States o Malaysie|13 member states]] an the federal govrenment, while the 14 pynts o the star represent the unity atween these entities<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia Flag|url=http://all.talkmalaysia.com/the-malaysian-flag/|publisher=TalkMalaysia.com|accessdate=2009-09-15|archive-date=2010-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015055303/http://all.talkmalaysia.com/the-malaysian-flag/|url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref>. The [[star an crescent|crescent]] represents [[Islam]], the kintra's [[State releegion|offeecial releegion]]; the blue canton seembolizes the unity o the Malaysian fowk; the yellae o the star an crescent is the ryal colour o the [[Malay rulers]].<ref>Flags Of The World [http://www.fotw.net/flags/my.html#des Malaysia: Description]</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Flags of Malaysia}} [[Category:Naitional banners|Malaysie]] [[Category:Banners o Malaysie|*]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Malaysie]] [[Category:Malaysian patriotic sangs|Jalur Gemilang]] {{stub/Asie}} {{stub/Banner}} e9zo3n0hjqpz0zn2h0jglu1ri18n8uo 0 14701 927630 851054 2026-11-10T01:59:02Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Ettadhamen-Mnihla |native_name = التضامن |type = Commune an toun |image_skyline = Baladia cite ettadhamen.png |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Tunisie]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Tunisie|Governorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Ariana Govrenorate|Ariana Governorate]] |area_total_km2 = 24 |population_as_of = 2022 |population_total = 203304 |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 2041 }} '''Ettadhamen-Mnihla''' is a former municipality in the [[Ariana Govrenorate|Ariana Governorate]], pairt o the urban area o [[Tunis]]. In 2016 it wis split intae twa separate municipalities, Ettadhamen an Mnihla.<ref>{{Cite web |title=تاريخ الإحداث |url=https://www.commune-mnihla.tn/la-municipalite-2/tarykh-alahdath |language=ar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911010841/https://www.commune-mnihla.tn/la-municipalite-2/tarykh-alahdath |archive-date=2024-09-11 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=commune-mnihla.tn}}</ref> In 2004 the municipality haed a population o 118,487.<ref>{{fr}} [http://www.ins.nat.tn/fr/rgph2.1.commune.php?code_modalite=24412&Code_indicateur=0301007&Submit3=Envoyer Recensement de 2004 (Institut national de la statistique)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209032526/http://www.ins.nat.tn/fr/rgph2.1.commune.php?code_modalite=24412&Code_indicateur=0301007&Submit3=Envoyer |date=2015-12-09 }}</ref> ==See an aa== *[[Leet o ceeties in Tunisie|Leet o cities in Tunisie]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{coord|36.8333|N|10.1167|E|source:kolossus-itwiki|display=title}} {{Communes o Tunisie}} [[Category:Populatit places in Tunisie]] [[Category:Communes o Tunisie]] {{stub/Ceety}} 1kavsk52jfyf8047kbzm40nszzkoerv 0 15530 927699 923507 2026-11-10T04:24:36Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 {{unsoorced}}, acause A remuived the anely reference that wis here, it didnae haes ony uissfu information 927699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}}{{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Qasr al Hallabat |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = Toun<!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Qasr Al-Hallbat complex.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Releegions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|32|4|N|36|22|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Qasr al Hallabat''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]]. The toun is named efter the [[Umayyad]] castle locatit thare. An aa locatit in the toun is the [[Qasr Hammam As Sarah]]. It is locaedt north-east o the caipital o [[Amman]]. ==Castle== The complex o Qasr al-Hallabat is locatit in Jordan's eastren desert. Oreeginally a [[Auncient Rome|Roman]] fortress biggit unner Emperor [[Caracalla]] tae pertect its indwallers frae [[Bedouin]] tribes, this site dates oe the seicont an third century AD, awtho thare is trace evidence o [[Nabatean]] presence at the site. It wis ane o mony on the Roman hghway, [[Via Nova Traiana]], a route that connected [[Damascus]] tae [[Aqaba]] bi wey o [[Petra]] an [[Amman]]. Howsomever,, bi the aicht century, the Umayyad [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik]] ordered for the Roman structures tae be demolished in order tae redevelop this military site an its neighboring territory tae acome ane o the grandest o aw Umayyad desert complexes. Guided bi the extant plan, he incorporated a [[mosque]] (foond 15 meters frae the southeast o the main structur), a complicated watter seestem includin five [[cisterns]] an a considerably lairge watter [[reservoir]], an a bathhouse. Furthermair, situated tae the wast o the palace remains an enclosed structur probably uised for agricultural purposes sic as cultivating olive trees an/or grapevines. While an earlier ane-layered ofuitprint o the agricultural structur still stands the day, three wall sections o the mosque, includin the [[mihrab]] in the southren wall, remain intact. The main palace is biggit o black [[basalt]] an limestone an haes a square floorplan wi touers at each corner. Grand in stature, the principal structures war faur enhanced wi decorative mosaics depicting an assortment o ainimals, detailed frescoes an heichly crafted stucco carvings. The site remains tae be completely restored. Approximately 1400 meters east o the palace stands the remains o the mosque at Qusayr al-Hallabat. Small in scale, it measures 10.70 bi 11.80 meters an is biggit o layered [[limestane|limestone]]. Inside, twa arching rocks divide the mosque intae three sections. A roondit mauldin extends the perimeter o the space at the heicht o 2.10 meters. Similar tae [[Qusayr 'Amra]] an Qasr Hammam as Sarah, three tunnel vaults support the ruif o the structur. Encircling the mosque frae the north, wast, an east stood a 3.30-meter wide portico. <gallery> Image:Qasr Al-Hallabat mosque.jpg|mosque Image:Qasr Al-Hallabat, entrance courtyard.jpg |entrance courtyard Image:Qasr Al Hallabat, mosaic floor.jpg |floor mosaic Image:Qasr Al Hallabat, inscribed block.jpg |inscribed block </gallery> ==Freemit airtins== {{commons}} *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/qasr-al-hallabat/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Qasr al Hallabat in the MSN Encarta atlas] *[http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=4643 Archnet entry for Qasr al Hallabat and Qasr as Sarah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120082209/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=4643 |date=2010-11-20 }} *[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199005/qasr.al-hallabat.htm A history of the excavation of Qasr al Hallabat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103140215/http://saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199005/qasr.al-hallabat.htm |date=2010-01-03 }} ==References== <references /> {{Amman Govrenorate}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] [[Category:Umayyad pailaces]] 4wcubjwe6k6onvkc58sh75uviv0ojmt 0 15841 927702 923129 2026-11-10T04:45:49Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 remuivin interwiki links 927702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Kraków | other_name = Cracow | image_skyline = Collage of views of Cracow.PNG | imagesize = | image_caption = [[Main Merkat Square o Kraków|Main Mercat Square]], [[Wawel Castle]], [[Kraków barbican|Barbican]], [[St. Mary's Basilica (Kraków)|St. Mary's Basilica]], [[Saints Peter an Paul Kirk (Kraków)|St. Peter an Paul Kirk]], [[Collegium Maius]] | image_flag = Flag of Krakow.svg | image_shield = POL Kraków COA.svg | pushpin_map = Poland | pushpin_label_position = bottom | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flag|Poland}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships o Poland|Voivodeship]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Lesser Poland]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|Coonty]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Kraków Coonty]] | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = [[Aleksander Miszalski]] | leader_title2 = First Deputy of the Mayor | leader_name2 = [[Stanisław Mazur]] | established_title = Ceety richts | established_date = 5 Juin 1257 | area_total_km2 = 327 | population_as_of = 31 December 2011 | population_total = 759,137 | population_metro = 1,395,893 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = Cracovian | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 | coordinates = {{coord|50|3|41|N|19|56|18|E|region:PL|display=inline,title}} | elevation_m = 219 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 30-024 to 31–962 | area_code = +48 12 | website = [http://www.krakow.pl/ www.krakow.pl] }} '''Kraków''' ({{IPA-pl|ˈkrakuf|-|Pl-Krak%C3%B3w.ogg}}), awso '''Cracow''', ''or'' '''Krakow''', is the seicond lairgest and [[Leet o ceeties bi time o continuous habitation|ane o the auldest ceeties]] in [[Poland]]. Situatit on the [[Vistula River]] ({{lang-pl|Wisła}}) in the [[Lesser Poland]] region, the ceety dates back tae the 7t century.<ref name="History">The Municipality Of Kraków [[Press secretary|Press Office]], 1996–2007, in participation with ACK Cyfronet of the [[AGH University of Science and Technology]], {{cite web|title=Our City. History of Krakow, archaeological findings|url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/?id=dzieje.html|accessdate=2007-09-11|archive-date=2007-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219135248/http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/?id=dzieje.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kraków haes traditionally been ane o the leadin centres o Pols academic, cultural an airtistic life an is one o Poland's maist important economic centres. It wis the caipital o Poland frae 1038 tae 1596; the caipital o the [[Grand Duchy o Cracow|Grand Duchy o Kraków]] frae 1846 tae 1918; an the caipital o [[Kraków Voivodeship]] frae the 14t century tae 1999. It is nou the caipital o the [[Lesser Poland Voivodeship]]. == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Poland}} === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Kraków is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]], or maintains close relations, wi mair nor 30 ceeties aroond the warld:<ref name="Twin">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/?LANG=UK&MENU=l&TYPE=ART&ART_ID=16|title=Kraków otwarty na świat|publisher=www.krakow.pl|accessdate=2009-07-19|last=|first=}}</ref> {|style="width:100%" |- |width=35%| {{flagicon|France}} [[Bordeaux]], Fraunce <small>''(syne 1993)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakie]] <small><ref name="Twin"/><ref name="Bratislawa">{{cite web|url=http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns|title=''Bratislava City - Twin Towns''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2003-2008 Bratislava-City.sk|accessdate=2008-10-26}}</ref></small><br /> {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Budapest]], Hungary <small>''(syne 2005)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge, Mass.]], USA <small>''(syne 1989)''<ref name="dept">[http://www.cambridgema.gov/deptann.cfm?story_id=1597 "A Message from the Peace Commission: Information on Cambridge's Sister Cities,"] February 15, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-12. Also in: Richard Thompson, [http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/10/12/looking_to_strengthen_family_ties_with_sister_cities/?page=full "Looking to strengthen family ties with 'sister cities',"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213617/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/10/12/looking_to_strengthen_family_ties_with_sister_cities/?page=full |date=2016-03-03 }} ''Boston Globe'', October 12, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-12.</ref></small><br /> {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Curitiba]], [[Brazil]] <small>''(syne 1993)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Cusco]], [[Peru]] <small><ref name="Twin"/><ref name="cuidadhermanas">{{cite web|url=http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6|title=Ciudades Hermanas (Sister Cities)|publisher=Municipalidad del Cusco|language=Spanish|accessdate=2009-09-23|archive-date=2009-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803122352/http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6|url-status=dead}}</ref></small><br /> {{flagicon|UK}} [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, [[UK]] <small>''(syne 1995)'' <ref name="Edinburgh">{{cite web |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |title=''Edinburgh - Twin and Partner Cities'' |accessdate=2008-12-21 |publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 The City of Edinburgh Council, City Chambers, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ Scotland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328001653/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |archivedate=2008-03-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref></small><br /> {{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Fes]], [[Morocco]] <small>''(syne 2004)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Florence]], Italy <small>''(syne 1992)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Frankfurt]], Germany <small>''(syne 1991)''<ref name="Twin"/><ref name="Frankfurt">{{cite web|url=http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=502645|title=''Frankfurt -Partner Cities''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 [http://www.frankfurt.de/ Stadt Frankfurt am Main]|accessdate=2008-12-05|archive-date=2007-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107080201/http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=502645|url-status=dead}}</ref></small><br /> {{flagicon|Swaden}} [[Gothenburg|Göteborg]], Swaden <small>''(syne 1990)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> |width=32%| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Grozny]], Roushie <small>''(syne 1997)'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://grozny-virtual.su/|title=Grozny Official Website|accessdate=2008-11-01 |publisher={{fontcolor|Green|(in [[Roushie leid|{{fontcolor|Green|Russian}}]])}} [[copyright|©]] 2000-2008 сайт Грозный Виртуальный при перепечатке материалов в онлайн проектах}}</ref></small><br /> {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Innsbruck]] in Austrick <small>''(syne 1998)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]] <small>''(syne 1993)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] {{flagicon|Chile}} [[La Serena, Chile|La Serena]], [[Chile]] <small>''(syne 1995)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Leipzig]], Germany <small>''(syne 1995)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><ref name="Leipzig">{{cite web|url=http://www.leipzig.de/int/en/int_messen/partnerstaedte/krakow/|title=Leipzig - International Relations|publisher=© 2009 Leipzig City Council, Office for European and International Affairs|accessdate=2009-07-17|archive-date=2009-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629111302/http://www.leipzig.de/int/en/int_messen/partnerstaedte/krakow/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br /> {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Leuven]], Belgium <small>''(syne 1991)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]] <small>''(syne 1995)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Milan]], Italy <small>''(syne 2003)''<ref name="Twin"/><ref name="Milan">{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/ContentLibrary/In%20Comune/In%20Comune/Citt%20Gemellate|title=''Milano - Città Gemellate''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano)|accessdate=2008-12-05|archive-date=2014-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410020744/http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FContentLibrary%2FIn%20Comune%2FIn%20Comune%2FCitt%20Gemellate|url-status=dead}}</ref></small><br /> {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Nuremberg]], Germany <small>''(syne 1991)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|France}} [[Orléans]], Fraunce <small>''(syne 1992)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> |width=33%| {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Pécs]], Hungary <small>''(syne 1998)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Rochester, New York|Rochester, NY]], USA <small>''(syne 1973)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Quito]], [[Ecuador]] <small><ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saunt Petersburg|St Petersburg]], Roushie <small>''(syne 2006)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|USA}} [[San Francisco|San Francisco, CA]], USA <small>''(syne 2009)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Seville]], Spain <small>''(syne 2002)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Solothurn]], Swisserland <small>''(syne 1990)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]]<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Veliko Turnovo]], Bulgarie <small>''(syne 1975)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Vilnius]], [[Lithuanie]]<small><ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]], [[Croatie]] <small>''(syne 1975)''<ref name="Twin"/><ref name="CloseRelations">{{cite web |url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/wizytowka/?id=wspolpraca.html |title=Foreign co-operation |accessdate=2007-11-01 |archive-date=2007-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215030234/http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/wizytowka/?id=wspolpraca.html |url-status=dead }} from the municipality official website</ref><ref name="Zagreb Twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www1.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html|title=Intercity and International Cooperation of the City of Zagreb|publisher=© 2006-2009 City of Zagreb|accessdate=2009-06-23|archive-date=2017-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707200910/http://www1.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Krakow}} [[Category:Kraków| ]] [[Category:Ceety coonties o Poland]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Lesser Poland Voivodeship]] [[Category:Galicie (Eastren Europe)]] [[Category:Umwhile naitional caipitals]] [[Category:Historic Jewish commonties]] [[Category:European Caipitals o Cultur]] {{Stub/Poland}} {{Stub/Ceety}} 02mwzov7shahyu8u8wz8k4ktl0mlje9 0 16438 927416 823064 2026-11-09T18:40:55Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 "See an aw" isnae uissfu it anely haes ane raedlink sae A remuived it. Addit stub tag an aw. 927416 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Al Khums''' ({{lang-ar|'''الخمس '''}}) is a toun in [[Al Murgub Destrict]] on the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] coast o [[Libie]].<ref>Staff (1972) "Al Khums" ''Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary'' (3rd ed.) Merriam, Springfield, Mass., p. 33, [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11616186 OCLC 11616186]</ref> Atween 1983 an 1995 it wis the admeenistrative centre o the [[Al Khums Destrict]]. Approximately 3.2&nbsp;km (2 mile) tae the east is the auncient Roman ceety o [[Leptis Magna]].<ref>Mathuisieulx, Vicomte de (1904) "An Expedition to Tripoli" ''Bulletin of the American Geographical Society'' 36(12): pp. 736-744, p. 738</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://maps.msn.com/%28qdgvp13tec1ah3jarldl2heb%29/map.aspx?lats1=32.649722&lons1=14.264444&alts1=14&regn1=2 MSN Map]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Stub/Libie}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Al Khums}} [[Category:Al Khums| ]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Libie]] [[Category:Tripolitanie]] [[Category:Populatit places in Libie]] myhdyuo0uf2orllnnxtx845cfo2wu65 0 16897 927414 926175 2026-11-09T18:37:53Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 927414 wikitext text/x-wiki Paris haes ane [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|sister ceety]] an numerous pairtner ceeties.<ref name="partners1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974|work=Mairie de Paris|title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération|accessdate=14 October 2007|archive-date=2010-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122093109/http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587|url-status=dead|language=fr}}</ref><ref name="partners2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp|work=Mairie de Paris|title=International relations : special partners|accessdate=14 October 2007|archive-date=2008-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225090448/http://www.v1.paris.fr/EN/city_government/international/special_partners.asp|url-status=dead|language=fr}}</ref> ===Sister ceety=== * {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Roum]], Italy, syne 1956 :{{fr icon}} ''Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris.'' :{{it icon}} ''Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi.'' :"Anerlie Paris is wirthy o Rome; anerlie Roum is wirthy o Paris."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784|title=Twinning with Rome|work=Mairie de Paris|archive-date=8 Jun 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608151440/http://www.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/twinning-with-rome/rub_8139_stand_29903_port_18784 |url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref> ===Pairtner ceeties=== {| |- |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], Algerie, syne 2003.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Athens]], Greece, syne 2000.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], Cheenae, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Beirut]], Lebanon, syne 1992.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], Germany, syne 1987.<ref name="partners1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/index.en.html|title=Berlin's international city relations|publisher=Berlin Mayor's Office|accessdate=1 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822100321/http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/index.en.html|archivedate=2008-08-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentinae, syne 1999.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]], Egyp, syne 1985.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Caracas]], Venezuela, syne 1991.<ref name="partners2"/> * {{Flagicon|Morocco}} [[Casablanca]], Morocco, syne 2004.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Unitit States}} [[Chicago]], Unitit States, syne 1996.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Copenhagen]], Denmark, syne 2005.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|the United Arab Emirates}} [[Dubai]], [[Unitit Arab Emirates|UAE]], syne 2002.<ref name="Dubai Partner Cities">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dubaicityguide.com/site/features/index.asp?id=3149|title=Dubai Partner Cities|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-date=2013-05-30|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6GzbJaldM?url=http://www.dubaicityguide.com/site/features/index.asp?id=3149|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Geneva]], Swisserland, syne 2002.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesie, syne 1995.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Kyoto]], Japan, syne 1958.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Lisbon]], Portugal, syne 1998.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|UK}} [[London]], Unitit Kinrick, syne 2001.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Madrid]], Spain, syne 2000.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico Ceety]], Mexico, since 1999.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Montreal]], Canadae, syne 2006.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], Roushie, syne 1992.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|India}} [[Mumbai]], Indie, syne 1987.<ref name="partners1"/> |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Porto Alegre]], Brazil, syne 2001.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Prague]], Czech Republic, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Prague Partner Cities">{{Cite web|url=http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/72647_Partnerska-mesta|title=Prague Partner Cities|publisher=2009 [http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/ Magistrát hl. m. Prahy]|language=Czech|accessdate=2 July 2009}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Quebec Ceety]], Canadae, syne 2003.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Morocco}} [[Rabat]], Morocco, syne 2004.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil, syne 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |publisher=Paris.fr |date=17 March 2010 |accessdate=15 June 2010 |archive-date=2010-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718050920/http://www.paris.fr/portail/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]], Saudi Arabie, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Saunt Petersburg]], Roushie, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Yemen}} [[Sana'a]], Yemen, syne 1987.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|United States}} [[San Francisco]], Unitit States, syne 1996.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Chile}} [[Santiago]], Chile, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[São Paulo]], Brazil, syne 2004.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="São Paulo">{{Cite web |url=http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 |title=Prefeitura.Sp - Descentralized Cooperation |access-date=2011-04-23 |archive-date=2008-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224222805/http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="São Paulo2">[http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/cidadesirmas/index.php?p=1066 International Relations - São Paulo City Hall - Official Sister Cities]</ref> * {{Flagicon|South Korea}} [[Seoul]], Sooth Korea, syne 1991.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], Bulgarie, syne 1998.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Australia}} [[Sydney]], Australie, syne 1998.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Georgia}} [[Tbilisi]], Georgie, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Tel Aviv]], Israel, syne 1985.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Albania}} [[Tirana]], Albanie.<ref name="International relations">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf|title=Twinning Cities: International Relations|accessdate=23 June 2009|work=Municipality of Tirana|publisher=www.tirana.gov.al|format=PDF|archive-date=2008-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216035358/http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], Japan, syne 1982.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunis]], Tunisie, syne 2004.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]], Poland, syne 1999.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Washington, D.C.]], Unitit States, syne 2000.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Washington DC">{{Cite web|url=http://os.dc.gov/os/cwp/view,a,1206,q,522336.asp|title=Protocol and International Affairs|publisher=DC Office of the Secretary|accessdate=12 July 2008|archive-date=2008-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513185356/http://os.dc.gov/os/cwp/view%2Ca%2C1206%2Cq%2C522336.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]], Armenie, syne 1998.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic <ref name="partners1"/> |} ==Ither ceeties cawin thairsels Paris== Paris o the Middle East - Beirut <ref>{{cite web|work=http://www.familysecuritymatters.org/publications/id.8437/pub_detail.asp|accessdate=04/04/2011}}</ref> Paris o the Orient - Shanghai <ref>{{cite web|work=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/aug/05tjs.htm|accessdate=04/04/2011}}</ref> Paris o the Orient - Manilla <ref>{{cite web|work=http://www.johnmayo.com/saigon.htm|accessdate=04/04/2011}}</ref> Paris o Sooth Americae - Buenos Aires ==See an aw== [[Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Fraunce]] ==References== <references/> [[Category:Leets o twin touns an sister ceeties|Fraunce]] [[Category:Fraunce-relatit lists|Twin touns]] ppwmo88o344cnkb4auc3e43gwz0qspn 927415 927414 2026-11-09T18:39:01Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 lists -> leets, made references more modern {{Reflist}} template 927415 wikitext text/x-wiki Paris haes ane [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|sister ceety]] an numerous pairtner ceeties.<ref name="partners1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974|work=Mairie de Paris|title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération|accessdate=14 October 2007|archive-date=2010-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122093109/http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587|url-status=dead|language=fr}}</ref><ref name="partners2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp|work=Mairie de Paris|title=International relations : special partners|accessdate=14 October 2007|archive-date=2008-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225090448/http://www.v1.paris.fr/EN/city_government/international/special_partners.asp|url-status=dead|language=fr}}</ref> ===Sister ceety=== * {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Roum]], Italy, syne 1956 :{{fr icon}} ''Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris.'' :{{it icon}} ''Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi.'' :"Anerlie Paris is wirthy o Rome; anerlie Roum is wirthy o Paris."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784|title=Twinning with Rome|work=Mairie de Paris|archive-date=8 Jun 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608151440/http://www.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/twinning-with-rome/rub_8139_stand_29903_port_18784 |url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref> ===Pairtner ceeties=== {| |- |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], Algerie, syne 2003.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Athens]], Greece, syne 2000.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], Cheenae, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Beirut]], Lebanon, syne 1992.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], Germany, syne 1987.<ref name="partners1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/index.en.html|title=Berlin's international city relations|publisher=Berlin Mayor's Office|accessdate=1 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822100321/http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/index.en.html|archivedate=2008-08-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentinae, syne 1999.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]], Egyp, syne 1985.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Caracas]], Venezuela, syne 1991.<ref name="partners2"/> * {{Flagicon|Morocco}} [[Casablanca]], Morocco, syne 2004.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Unitit States}} [[Chicago]], Unitit States, syne 1996.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Copenhagen]], Denmark, syne 2005.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|the United Arab Emirates}} [[Dubai]], [[Unitit Arab Emirates|UAE]], syne 2002.<ref name="Dubai Partner Cities">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dubaicityguide.com/site/features/index.asp?id=3149|title=Dubai Partner Cities|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-date=2013-05-30|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6GzbJaldM?url=http://www.dubaicityguide.com/site/features/index.asp?id=3149|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Geneva]], Swisserland, syne 2002.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesie, syne 1995.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Kyoto]], Japan, syne 1958.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Lisbon]], Portugal, syne 1998.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|UK}} [[London]], Unitit Kinrick, syne 2001.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Madrid]], Spain, syne 2000.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico Ceety]], Mexico, since 1999.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Montreal]], Canadae, syne 2006.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], Roushie, syne 1992.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|India}} [[Mumbai]], Indie, syne 1987.<ref name="partners1"/> |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Porto Alegre]], Brazil, syne 2001.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Prague]], Czech Republic, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Prague Partner Cities">{{Cite web|url=http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/72647_Partnerska-mesta|title=Prague Partner Cities|publisher=2009 [http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/ Magistrát hl. m. Prahy]|language=Czech|accessdate=2 July 2009}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Quebec Ceety]], Canadae, syne 2003.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Morocco}} [[Rabat]], Morocco, syne 2004.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil, syne 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |publisher=Paris.fr |date=17 March 2010 |accessdate=15 June 2010 |archive-date=2010-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718050920/http://www.paris.fr/portail/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]], Saudi Arabie, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Saunt Petersburg]], Roushie, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Yemen}} [[Sana'a]], Yemen, syne 1987.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|United States}} [[San Francisco]], Unitit States, syne 1996.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Chile}} [[Santiago]], Chile, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[São Paulo]], Brazil, syne 2004.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="São Paulo">{{Cite web |url=http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 |title=Prefeitura.Sp - Descentralized Cooperation |access-date=2011-04-23 |archive-date=2008-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224222805/http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="São Paulo2">[http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/cidadesirmas/index.php?p=1066 International Relations - São Paulo City Hall - Official Sister Cities]</ref> * {{Flagicon|South Korea}} [[Seoul]], Sooth Korea, syne 1991.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], Bulgarie, syne 1998.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Australia}} [[Sydney]], Australie, syne 1998.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Georgia}} [[Tbilisi]], Georgie, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Tel Aviv]], Israel, syne 1985.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Albania}} [[Tirana]], Albanie.<ref name="International relations">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf|title=Twinning Cities: International Relations|accessdate=23 June 2009|work=Municipality of Tirana|publisher=www.tirana.gov.al|format=PDF|archive-date=2008-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216035358/http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], Japan, syne 1982.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunis]], Tunisie, syne 2004.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]], Poland, syne 1999.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Washington, D.C.]], Unitit States, syne 2000.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Washington DC">{{Cite web|url=http://os.dc.gov/os/cwp/view,a,1206,q,522336.asp|title=Protocol and International Affairs|publisher=DC Office of the Secretary|accessdate=12 July 2008|archive-date=2008-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513185356/http://os.dc.gov/os/cwp/view%2Ca%2C1206%2Cq%2C522336.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]], Armenie, syne 1998.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic <ref name="partners1"/> |} ==Ither ceeties cawin thairsels Paris== Paris o the Middle East - Beirut <ref>{{cite web|work=http://www.familysecuritymatters.org/publications/id.8437/pub_detail.asp|accessdate=04/04/2011}}</ref> Paris o the Orient - Shanghai <ref>{{cite web|work=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/aug/05tjs.htm|accessdate=04/04/2011}}</ref> Paris o the Orient - Manilla <ref>{{cite web|work=http://www.johnmayo.com/saigon.htm|accessdate=04/04/2011}}</ref> Paris o Sooth Americae - Buenos Aires ==See an aw== [[Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Fraunce]] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Leets o twin touns an sister ceeties|Fraunce]] [[Category:Fraunce-relatit leets|Twin touns]] et88tjf98t8e6hagdajbdv1j3mzymet 927530 927415 2026-11-09T23:59:29Z Atlantic306 30244 found a better archive link 927530 wikitext text/x-wiki Paris haes ane [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|sister ceety]] an numerous pairtner ceeties.<ref name="partners1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974|work=Mairie de Paris|title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération|accessdate=14 October 2007|archive-date=2010-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905002448/http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974|url-status=dead|language=fr}}</ref><ref name="partners2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp|work=Mairie de Paris|title=International relations : special partners|accessdate=14 October 2007|archive-date=2008-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225090448/http://www.v1.paris.fr/EN/city_government/international/special_partners.asp|url-status=dead|language=fr}}</ref> ===Sister ceety=== * {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Roum]], Italy, syne 1956 :{{fr icon}} ''Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris.'' :{{it icon}} ''Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi.'' :"Anerlie Paris is wirthy o Rome; anerlie Roum is wirthy o Paris."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784|title=Twinning with Rome|work=Mairie de Paris|archive-date=8 Jun 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608151440/http://www.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/twinning-with-rome/rub_8139_stand_29903_port_18784 |url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref> ===Pairtner ceeties=== {| |- |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], Algerie, syne 2003.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Athens]], Greece, syne 2000.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], Cheenae, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Beirut]], Lebanon, syne 1992.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], Germany, syne 1987.<ref name="partners1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/index.en.html|title=Berlin's international city relations|publisher=Berlin Mayor's Office|accessdate=1 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822100321/http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/index.en.html|archivedate=2008-08-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentinae, syne 1999.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]], Egyp, syne 1985.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Caracas]], Venezuela, syne 1991.<ref name="partners2"/> * {{Flagicon|Morocco}} [[Casablanca]], Morocco, syne 2004.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Unitit States}} [[Chicago]], Unitit States, syne 1996.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Copenhagen]], Denmark, syne 2005.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|the United Arab Emirates}} [[Dubai]], [[Unitit Arab Emirates|UAE]], syne 2002.<ref name="Dubai Partner Cities">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dubaicityguide.com/site/features/index.asp?id=3149|title=Dubai Partner Cities|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-date=2013-05-30|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6GzbJaldM?url=http://www.dubaicityguide.com/site/features/index.asp?id=3149|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Geneva]], Swisserland, syne 2002.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesie, syne 1995.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Kyoto]], Japan, syne 1958.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Lisbon]], Portugal, syne 1998.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|UK}} [[London]], Unitit Kinrick, syne 2001.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Madrid]], Spain, syne 2000.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico Ceety]], Mexico, since 1999.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Montreal]], Canadae, syne 2006.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], Roushie, syne 1992.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|India}} [[Mumbai]], Indie, syne 1987.<ref name="partners1"/> |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Porto Alegre]], Brazil, syne 2001.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Prague]], Czech Republic, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Prague Partner Cities">{{Cite web|url=http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/72647_Partnerska-mesta|title=Prague Partner Cities|publisher=2009 [http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/ Magistrát hl. m. Prahy]|language=Czech|accessdate=2 July 2009}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Quebec Ceety]], Canadae, syne 2003.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Morocco}} [[Rabat]], Morocco, syne 2004.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil, syne 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |publisher=Paris.fr |date=17 March 2010 |accessdate=15 June 2010 |archive-date=2010-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718050920/http://www.paris.fr/portail/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]], Saudi Arabie, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Saunt Petersburg]], Roushie, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Yemen}} [[Sana'a]], Yemen, syne 1987.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|United States}} [[San Francisco]], Unitit States, syne 1996.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Chile}} [[Santiago]], Chile, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[São Paulo]], Brazil, syne 2004.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="São Paulo">{{Cite web |url=http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 |title=Prefeitura.Sp - Descentralized Cooperation |access-date=2011-04-23 |archive-date=2008-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224222805/http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="São Paulo2">[http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/cidadesirmas/index.php?p=1066 International Relations - São Paulo City Hall - Official Sister Cities]</ref> * {{Flagicon|South Korea}} [[Seoul]], Sooth Korea, syne 1991.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], Bulgarie, syne 1998.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Australia}} [[Sydney]], Australie, syne 1998.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Georgia}} [[Tbilisi]], Georgie, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Tel Aviv]], Israel, syne 1985.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Albania}} [[Tirana]], Albanie.<ref name="International relations">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf|title=Twinning Cities: International Relations|accessdate=23 June 2009|work=Municipality of Tirana|publisher=www.tirana.gov.al|format=PDF|archive-date=2008-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216035358/http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], Japan, syne 1982.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunis]], Tunisie, syne 2004.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]], Poland, syne 1999.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Washington, D.C.]], Unitit States, syne 2000.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Washington DC">{{Cite web|url=http://os.dc.gov/os/cwp/view,a,1206,q,522336.asp|title=Protocol and International Affairs|publisher=DC Office of the Secretary|accessdate=12 July 2008|archive-date=2008-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513185356/http://os.dc.gov/os/cwp/view%2Ca%2C1206%2Cq%2C522336.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]], Armenie, syne 1998.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic <ref name="partners1"/> |} ==Ither ceeties cawin thairsels Paris== Paris o the Middle East - Beirut <ref>{{cite web|work=http://www.familysecuritymatters.org/publications/id.8437/pub_detail.asp|accessdate=04/04/2011}}</ref> Paris o the Orient - Shanghai <ref>{{cite web|work=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/aug/05tjs.htm|accessdate=04/04/2011}}</ref> Paris o the Orient - Manilla <ref>{{cite web|work=http://www.johnmayo.com/saigon.htm|accessdate=04/04/2011}}</ref> Paris o Sooth Americae - Buenos Aires ==See an aw== [[Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Fraunce]] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Leets o twin touns an sister ceeties|Fraunce]] [[Category:Fraunce-relatit leets|Twin touns]] 0t492gpfrsrh4ebvodskbptxq21gu37 0 17573 927376 804432 2026-11-09T15:45:33Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead rewritten frae soorces 927376 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg|thumb|René Descartes. Portrait bi [[Frans Hals]], 1648.]] '''René Descartes''' (31 Mairch 1596 – 11 Februar 1650) wis a [[Fraunce|French]] [[philosopher]], [[mathematics|mathematician]] an scientist. His wark laid the foonds o mathematics an modren philosophy, an influenced the growth o early modren science. He brocht the separate fields o [[geometry]] an [[algebra]] thegither intae [[analytic geometry]], set oot a systematic method o inquiry that becam influential in early modren philosophy, an contributit muckle tae [[epistemology]], the philosophy o mind an [[metaphysics]]. His best-kent philosophical statement is ''[[Cogito ergo sum]]'' ("A think, sae A am"). His ''Meditations on First Philosophy'' an ither philosophical warks are still studied, an he is creditit as the faither o analytic geometry; the [[Cartesian coordinate system]] is named efter him. == Descartes an science == In his ''Discourse on the Method'' (1637), Descartes set oot his idea o the [[scienteefic method|scientific method]]. He wrate an aw on shapes (''La Géométrie''), on licht (''Dioptrique'') an on the wather (''Les Météores''). He devised a wey o describin shapes bi notin coordinates, an a theory o whit a rainbow is. His physics wis important for later thinkers sic as [[Isaac Newton]]. == Descartes an philosophy == In his ''Meditations on First Philosophy'' (1641), Descartes uised his method tae leuk at philosophical questions. Tae find principles that coud be kent as true athoot ony dout, he rejectit ony idea that coud be doutit an then built them back up tae get a firm foond for real knawledge. This method is sometimes cried methodological [[skepticism]], or Cartesian doubt.<ref>{{cite web|last=Copenhaver|first=Rebecca|title=Forms of skepticism|url=http://www.lclark.edu/~rebeccac/forms.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050108095032/http://www.lclark.edu/~rebeccac/forms.html|archive-date=8 January 2005|access-date=15 August 2007}}</ref> He reasoned that he himsel maun exist, acause he wis aware o thinkin: gif he wis thinkin, he maun be real. He pit this in [[Laitin leid|Laitin]] as "[[Cogito ergo sum]]". He thocht he coud shaw that God exists an aw, in the same wey that he wis shuir he wis thinkin. Descartes said that God wis the same as infinity, an that gif God exists then the warld maun exist an aw, acause God is guid an wadna lat us think the warld is real gin it wisna. Descartes concludit that a body is makkit o twa different things: the mynd that thinks, an the bouk that is separate frae the process o thocht but joined tae it. This is cried "[[dualism]]". He drew on ideas relatit tae [[Plato]], whaur maist thinkers o his time drew on [[Aristotle]]. He is aften cried a rationalist, acause he luikit inside his ain mynd for answers tae his questions. == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|René Descartes}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Descartes, Rene}} [[Category:René Descartes| ]] [[Category:1596 births]] [[Category:1650 daiths]] [[Category:17t-century French writers]] [[Category:17t-century Laitin-leid writers]] [[Category:17t-century French mathematicians]] [[Category:17t-century philosophers]] [[Category:Buirials at the Aibey o Saint-Germain-des-Prés]] [[Category:Christian philosophers]] [[Category:Consciousness researchers an theorists]] [[Category:Creetics o ainimal richts]] [[Category:Daiths frae pneumonia]] [[Category:Early modren filosofers]] [[Category:Enlichtenment philosophers]] [[Category:French expatriates in Swaden]] [[Category:French expatriates in the Netherlands]] [[Category:French mathematicians]] [[Category:French muisic theorists]] [[Category:French philosophers]] [[Category:French scientists]] [[Category:French Roman Catholics]] [[Category:History o neuroscience]] [[Category:Humor researchers]] [[Category:Infectious disease daiths in Swaden]] [[Category:Leid creators]] [[Category:Leiden Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Metaphysicians]] [[Category:Naitural filosofers]] [[Category:Fowk frae Indre-et-Loire]] [[Category:Fowk o the Dutch Gowden Age]] [[Category:Filosofers o mynd]] [[Category:Filosofers o science]] [[Category:Rationalists]] [[Category:Roman Catholic filosofers]] [[Category:Varsity o Poitiers alumni]] [[Category:Epistemologists]] 0xj6h2njfxb8ssiwa8szje6ygk8p6wj 927380 927376 2026-11-09T15:49:56Z Monospaced 75295 "A think, therefore A am": Scots is a leid, no a lower register, sae a formal line stays formal 927380 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg|thumb|René Descartes. Portrait bi [[Frans Hals]], 1648.]] '''René Descartes''' (31 Mairch 1596 – 11 Februar 1650) wis a [[Fraunce|French]] [[philosopher]], [[mathematics|mathematician]] an scientist. His wark laid the foonds o mathematics an modren philosophy, an influenced the growth o early modren science. He brocht the separate fields o [[geometry]] an [[algebra]] thegither intae [[analytic geometry]], set oot a systematic method o inquiry that becam influential in early modren philosophy, an contributit muckle tae [[epistemology]], the philosophy o mind an [[metaphysics]]. His best-kent philosophical statement is ''[[Cogito ergo sum]]'' ("A think, therefore A am"). His ''Meditations on First Philosophy'' an ither philosophical warks are still studied, an he is creditit as the faither o analytic geometry; the [[Cartesian coordinate system]] is named efter him. == Descartes an science == In his ''Discourse on the Method'' (1637), Descartes set oot his idea o the [[scienteefic method|scientific method]]. He wrate an aw on shapes (''La Géométrie''), on licht (''Dioptrique'') an on the wather (''Les Météores''). He devised a wey o describin shapes bi notin coordinates, an a theory o whit a rainbow is. His physics wis important for later thinkers sic as [[Isaac Newton]]. == Descartes an philosophy == In his ''Meditations on First Philosophy'' (1641), Descartes uised his method tae leuk at philosophical questions. Tae find principles that coud be kent as true athoot ony dout, he rejectit ony idea that coud be doutit an then built them back up tae get a firm foond for real knawledge. This method is sometimes cried methodological [[skepticism]], or Cartesian doubt.<ref>{{cite web|last=Copenhaver|first=Rebecca|title=Forms of skepticism|url=http://www.lclark.edu/~rebeccac/forms.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050108095032/http://www.lclark.edu/~rebeccac/forms.html|archive-date=8 January 2005|access-date=15 August 2007}}</ref> He reasoned that he himsel maun exist, acause he wis aware o thinkin: gif he wis thinkin, he maun be real. He pit this in [[Laitin leid|Laitin]] as "[[Cogito ergo sum]]". He thocht he coud shaw that God exists an aw, in the same wey that he wis shuir he wis thinkin. Descartes said that God wis the same as infinity, an that gif God exists then the warld maun exist an aw, acause God is guid an wadna lat us think the warld is real gin it wisna. Descartes concludit that a body is makkit o twa different things: the mynd that thinks, an the bouk that is separate frae the process o thocht but joined tae it. This is cried "[[dualism]]". He drew on ideas relatit tae [[Plato]], whaur maist thinkers o his time drew on [[Aristotle]]. He is aften cried a rationalist, acause he luikit inside his ain mynd for answers tae his questions. == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|René Descartes}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Descartes, Rene}} [[Category:René Descartes| ]] [[Category:1596 births]] [[Category:1650 daiths]] [[Category:17t-century French writers]] [[Category:17t-century Laitin-leid writers]] [[Category:17t-century French mathematicians]] [[Category:17t-century philosophers]] [[Category:Buirials at the Aibey o Saint-Germain-des-Prés]] [[Category:Christian philosophers]] [[Category:Consciousness researchers an theorists]] [[Category:Creetics o ainimal richts]] [[Category:Daiths frae pneumonia]] [[Category:Early modren filosofers]] [[Category:Enlichtenment philosophers]] [[Category:French expatriates in Swaden]] [[Category:French expatriates in the Netherlands]] [[Category:French mathematicians]] [[Category:French muisic theorists]] [[Category:French philosophers]] [[Category:French scientists]] [[Category:French Roman Catholics]] [[Category:History o neuroscience]] [[Category:Humor researchers]] [[Category:Infectious disease daiths in Swaden]] [[Category:Leid creators]] [[Category:Leiden Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Metaphysicians]] [[Category:Naitural filosofers]] [[Category:Fowk frae Indre-et-Loire]] [[Category:Fowk o the Dutch Gowden Age]] [[Category:Filosofers o mynd]] [[Category:Filosofers o science]] [[Category:Rationalists]] [[Category:Roman Catholic filosofers]] [[Category:Varsity o Poitiers alumni]] [[Category:Epistemologists]] trmj82viyvpm6f8bq61a9pn8s3dtspw 0 18093 927352 906948 2026-11-09T15:26:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927352 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Trauma''' (formerly '''Thanatos''') is a Pols daith metal baund formed in 1986 in [[Elblag]]. The baund plays energetic technical muisic wi an emphasis on colorful guitar techniques an extremely accurate kick fast on drums. Trauma haes ranked amang the tap baunds in the Pols daith metal scene. ==Current members== *Artur "Chudy" Chudewniak (2002–2006, 2010-) - vocals *Jarosław "Mister" Misterkiewicz (1988-) - guitar *Dawid "Davidian" Rutkowski (2010-) - bass *Arkadiusz "Maly" Sinica (1990-) - drums ==Umwhile members== *Pawel "Firana" Krajnik (1998–2010) - bass *Robert "Kopec" Jarymowicz (2006–2008, 2010) - vocals *Przemysław "Ozzy" Özgan - Concert Guitar *Piotr Zienkiewicz (1992–2002) - vocals *Wojciech "Bubi" Sukow (1989–1992) - bass *Patryk "Patrix" Krajnik (2000–2004) - guitar *Filip "Fill" Musiatowicz (2005–2007) - guitar *Skocz (1992) - vocals *Arkadiusz Furdal (1994–1999) - guitar *Pawel Kapla (1996–1998) - bass ==Discography== ===As Thanatos=== * Deo Optimo Maximo (DEMO) - 1989 * Oot o Sanity (DEMO) - 1990 ===As Trauma=== * Invisible Reality (DEMO) - 1992 * Comedy Is Ower - 1995 * Daimonion - 1998 * Suffocated In Slumber - 2000 * Crash Test (LIVE) - 2001 * Imperfect Lik A God - 2003 * Determination - 2005 * Hamartia (EP) - 2006 * Neurotic Mass - 2007 * Archetype o Chaos - 2010 ==Sources== * http://www.metal-archives.com/band.php?id=3579 * http://www.trauma.art.pl/index.php/en {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725072343/http://www.trauma.art.pl/index.php/en |date=2010-07-25 }} * https://web.archive.org/web/20121003211336/http://www.metalstorm.net/bands/band.php?band_id=1193&bandname=Trauma [[Category:Pols daith metal muisical groups]] cgogzv8cetvfu32gq4ymrgi75j8s05p 0 18361 927448 911537 2026-11-09T20:29:14Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; Unsoorced tag added (nae soorces in sco or en) 927448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}} {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Monolit | image = Monolit ,concert in Mostar.jpg | caption = Monolit in concert in Mostar | image_size = 250 | genre = [[Thrash metal]] | origin = [[Mostar]], [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] | years_active = 1988–2008 | label = One Records | website = http://www.myspace.com/monolitband | current_members = Predrag Glogovac<br/>Slobodan Ernjakovic | past_members = Zlatko Mehić (deceased)<br/>Marin Bago<br/>Drazan Nastic | background=group_or_band }} '''Monolit''' wis a [[thrash metal]] baund frae [[Mostar]], [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]], formed in 1988 bi Predrag Glogovac, Zlatko Mehić, Slobodan Ernjaković an Marin Bago. It is kent as ane o the first thrash metal baunds in umwhile [[Yugoslavie]]. ==Biography== Tho a baund cried Monolit wis aroond in the mid 1980s, an even makkit some demo recordins, that line-up split up ower creative differences. The new Monolit wis foondit in Mostar in 1988, an the same year they recordit thair first three-sang demo, that wis weel received bi fans an critics. In 1990 they recordit a second three-sang demo. It wis a wee bit different frae thair hivier earlier wark, but the new soond wis walcomed in aa the important muisic magazines in [[Yugoslavie]], an the baund's followin grew. In 1991 they haed eneuch material recordit for thair first album, an they played at the biggest metal festival in [[Sarajevo]], afore 2,500 fans. In 1992, wi war spreadin ower the kintra, the baund split up. Whan twa o the members met again in 2006, for the first time syne the [[Bosnie War]], they peyed tribute tae a lost freend. They recordit "Kletva" again in memory o the baund's drummer an foondin member, Zlatko Mehić (Zuba), that wis killt in the war in 1993. The baund decidit tae cairry on, tho Predrag bides in [[Norawa]] an Slobodan in [[Canadae]]. Monolit released its first album, ''Arcana Balkanica'', a collection o auld an new sangs, in 2008. In 2012 a German label released ''Deimos Tapes'', sangs recordit atween 1988 an 1992 an remastered, wi twa new recordins as bonus tracks. ==Baund members== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ;Current * Slobodan Ernjakovic – lead vocals, [[guitar]] (1988–1992, 2006–2008) * Predrag Glogovac – [[Electric guitar|guitar]] (1988–1992, 2006–2008) {{col-2}} ;Umwhile *Zlatko Mehić (deceased) – drums (1988–1993) *Marin Bago – [[bass guitar]] (1988–1993) *Drazan Nastic – lead vocals (1991) {{col-end}} ==Discography== ===Albums=== *''Arcana Balkanica'' (2008) *''Deimos Tapes'' (2012) ===Demos=== *''Demo'' (3 tracks) (1988) *''Demo'' (3 tracks) (1990) ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.myspace.com/monolitband MySpace.com] * [http://bosnian-metal.blogspot.com/2010/05/monolit.html Bosnian-metal.blogspot.com] * [http://www.metal-archives.com/band.php?id=119160 Metal-archives.com] [[Category:Bosnie an Herzegovinae hivy metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Thrash metal muisical groups]] {{stub/Muisic}} 2j4oc9coqznxcnilazgpqul42g9mrej 927450 927448 2026-11-09T20:36:26Z Monospaced 75295 Addit a review that confirms the baund an its years 927450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Monolit | image = Monolit ,concert in Mostar.jpg | caption = Monolit in concert in Mostar | image_size = 250 | genre = [[Thrash metal]] | origin = [[Mostar]], [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] | years_active = 1988–2008 | label = One Records | website = http://www.myspace.com/monolitband | current_members = Predrag Glogovac<br/>Slobodan Ernjakovic | past_members = Zlatko Mehić (deceased)<br/>Marin Bago<br/>Drazan Nastic | background=group_or_band }} '''Monolit''' wis a [[thrash metal]] baund frae [[Mostar]], [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]], formed in 1988 bi Predrag Glogovac, Zlatko Mehić, Slobodan Ernjaković an Marin Bago.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scuderi |first=Gustavo |date=22 July 2023 |title=Album Review – Aortha / Monolit (2023) |url=https://theheadbangingmoose.com/tag/aortha/ |website=The Headbanging Moose |access-date=9 November 2026}}</ref> It is kent as ane o the first thrash metal baunds in umwhile [[Yugoslavie]]. ==Biography== Tho a baund cried Monolit wis aroond in the mid 1980s, an even makkit some demo recordins, that line-up split up ower creative differences. The new Monolit wis foondit in Mostar in 1988, an the same year they recordit thair first three-sang demo, that wis weel received bi fans an critics. In 1990 they recordit a second three-sang demo. It wis a wee bit different frae thair hivier earlier wark, but the new soond wis walcomed in aa the important muisic magazines in [[Yugoslavie]], an the baund's followin grew. In 1991 they haed eneuch material recordit for thair first album, an they played at the biggest metal festival in [[Sarajevo]], afore 2,500 fans. In 1992, wi war spreadin ower the kintra, the baund split up. Whan twa o the members met again in 2006, for the first time syne the [[Bosnie War]], they peyed tribute tae a lost freend. They recordit "Kletva" again in memory o the baund's drummer an foondin member, Zlatko Mehić (Zuba), that wis killt in the war in 1993. The baund decidit tae cairry on, tho Predrag bides in [[Norawa]] an Slobodan in [[Canadae]]. Monolit released its first album, ''Arcana Balkanica'', a collection o auld an new sangs, in 2008. In 2012 a German label released ''Deimos Tapes'', sangs recordit atween 1988 an 1992 an remastered, wi twa new recordins as bonus tracks. ==Baund members== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ;Current * Slobodan Ernjakovic – lead vocals, [[guitar]] (1988–1992, 2006–2008) * Predrag Glogovac – [[Electric guitar|guitar]] (1988–1992, 2006–2008) {{col-2}} ;Umwhile *Zlatko Mehić (deceased) – drums (1988–1993) *Marin Bago – [[bass guitar]] (1988–1993) *Drazan Nastic – lead vocals (1991) {{col-end}} ==Discography== ===Albums=== *''Arcana Balkanica'' (2008) *''Deimos Tapes'' (2012) ===Demos=== *''Demo'' (3 tracks) (1988) *''Demo'' (3 tracks) (1990) ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.myspace.com/monolitband MySpace.com] * [http://bosnian-metal.blogspot.com/2010/05/monolit.html Bosnian-metal.blogspot.com] * [http://www.metal-archives.com/band.php?id=119160 Metal-archives.com] [[Category:Bosnie an Herzegovinae hivy metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Thrash metal muisical groups]] {{stub/Muisic}} rl1zsdvkurciqxpz9db68u822rpbwje 0 18363 927595 912640 2026-11-10T01:23:15Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | name = Sounds of a Playground Fading | type = studio | artist = [[In Flames]] | released = {{Start date|2011|06|15|df=y}} <small>(see [[#Release dates|release dates]])</small> | recorded = 11 October 2010 &ndash; 25 Januar 2011 | studio = IF Studios, [[Gothenburg]], [[Swaden]] | genre = [[Alternative metal]] | length = 53:58 | label = [[Century Media Records|Century Media]], Razzia | producer = Roberto Laghi, [[Anders Fridén]] | prev_title = A Sense of Purpose | prev_year = 2008 | next_title = Siren Charms | next_year = 2014 | misc = {{Singles | name = Sounds of a Playground Fading | type = studio | single1 = Deliver Us | single1date = 7 Mey 2011 | single2 = Where the Dead Ships Dwell | single2date = 14 November 2011 | single3 = Ropes | single3date = 5 Februar 2013 }} }} {{Album ratings |MC = 68/100<ref name="MC">{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/sounds-of-a-playground-fading/in-flames|title=Metacritic Review|publisher=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=4 July 2021}}</ref> |rev1 = [[AllMusic]] |rev1Score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}<ref name="AllMusic review">{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/sounds-of-a-playground-fading-mw0002138582 |title=Sounds of a Playground Fading In Flames &#124; AllMusic |first=James Christopher |last=Monger |work=allmusic.com |year=2011 |access-date=20 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215165657/http://www.allmusic.com/album/sounds-of-a-playground-fading-mw0002138582 |archive-date=15 December 2012 }}</ref> |rev2 = ''Kerrang!'' |rev2score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="Kerrang! review">{{cite journal |title=In Flames - Sounds of a Sell-Out Review |journal=Kerrang!}}</ref> | rev3 = ''Metal Hammer'' | rev3Score = {{Rating|6|7}}<ref name="Metal Hammer Review by Thorsten Zahn">{{cite magazine |title=In Flames review |url=http://www.metal-hammer.de/reviews/album-des-monats/article100888/In-Flames.html |magazine=[[Metal Hammer]] |accessdate=16 June 2011 |archive-date=29 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729120310/http://www.metal-hammer.de/reviews/album-des-monats/article100888/in-flames-sounds-of-a-playground-fading.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | rev4 = ''Metal Storm'' | rev4Score = {{Rating|6|10}}<ref name="Metal Storm review">{{cite journal |title=In Flames - Sounds Of A Playground Fading review |journal=[[Metal Storm (webzine)|Metal Storm]]}}</ref> | rev5 = Sputnikmusic | rev5Score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref name="Sputnikmusic Review">{{cite web |title=In Flames review |url=https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/43990/In-Flames-Sounds-Of-A-Playground-Fading/ |website=Sputnikmusic |accessdate=16 June 2011 }}</ref> | rev6 = Earshot.at | rev6Score = {{Rating|5.5|7}}<ref name="Earshot.at Review">{{cite web |title=In Flames - Sounds Of A Playground Fading Review |url=http://www.earshot.at/?review=5948 |work=Earshot.at |accessdate=9 June 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304234201/http://www.earshot.at/?review=5948 |url-status=live }}</ref> }} '''''Sounds of a Playground Fading''''' is the tent studio album bi the Swadish [[Hivy metal muisic|hivy metal]] baund [[In Flames]]. It wis released on 15 Juin 2011.<ref name="blab1">{{cite web| title = In Flames Signs with Century Media Records| work = [[Blabbermouth.net]]| publisher = [[Roadrunner Records|Roadrunner]]| date = 28 March 2011| url = http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=155956| access-date = 28 March 2011| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110810135527/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=155956| archive-date = 10 August 2011}}</ref> It is the first album In Flames recordit athoot thair foondin guitarist, [[Jesper Strömblad]], that left the baund in Februar 2010,<ref>{{cite web|title=JESPER STRÖMBLAD LEAVES IN FLAMES|url=http://www.myspace.com/inflames/blog/529042917|publisher=In Flames Myspace Blog|accessdate=1 February 2011|author=Jesper Strömblad|others=Anders, Peter, Daniel & Björn|date=12 February 2010}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> an that maks it the only In Flames release athoot twa guitarists. The album wis reissued in 2014 wi five extra tracks.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/de/In-Flames-Sounds-Of-A-Playground-Fading/release/6211453 |title=In Flames – Sounds of a Playground Fading (2014, Digipak, CD) |website=[[Discogs]] |date=20 October 2014 |access-date=10 April 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703213952/https://www.discogs.com/de/In-Flames-Sounds-Of-A-Playground-Fading/release/6211453 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Backgrund == Accordin tae [[Anders Fridén|Anders]], the album haes wider vocal registers an fewer [[Daith groul|growls]] than afore.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kim|title=Sounds Of A Playground Fading|url=https://kimkahn.blogspot.com/2011/01/sounds-of-playground-fading.html|publisher=Kim bloggar|accessdate=1 February 2011|date=14 January 2011|archive-date=8 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708045157/http://kimkahn.blogspot.com/2011/01/sounds-of-playground-fading.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Forby, some o its sangs "gang gey near ''against'' the [[Haurd rock|haurd rock]] formula" (owerset).<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "pretty much go ''against'' the hard rock formula."</ref><ref name="blab1"/> The hale album wis written bi [[Björn Gelotte]]. Accordin tae the report frae the studio, the guitar solos, unlike on maist ither albums, coud be plannit aforehaund, an this wirkit faur better. == Release an promotion == The baund shawed the cover airt, the track leet an the first single, "Deliver Us", on thair offeecial [[Facebook]] page in Aprile an Mey 2011. Syne, on 3 Juin 2011, aol.com streamed the hale album on its muisic network.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kim|title=In Flames - Sounds Of A Playground Fading - Streaming|url=http://www.metalcallout.com/metal-news/in-flames-sounds-of-a-playground-fading-streaming.html|publisher=Metal CallOut|accessdate=3 June 2011|date=3 June 2011|archive-date=2 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902195211/http://www.metalcallout.com/metal-news/in-flames-sounds-of-a-playground-fading-streaming.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In Flames played the album on thair European tour, wi support frae Noctiferia,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rocbloc.com/2011/05/19/in-flames-announces-fall-european-tour/ |title=RocBloc &#124; News: In Flames announces fall European tour |website=www.rocbloc.com |access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref> as pairt o the "Defenders of the Faith III" tour wi the baunds Trivium, {{lang|en|Rise to Remain}}, [[Ghost (Swadish baund)|Ghost]] an Insense.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loudersound.com/metal-hammer|title=Metal Hammer &#124; Louder|website=Metal Hammer Magazine|access-date=13 November 2019|archive-date=24 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724101234/http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/john-bush-rejoins-anthrax-for-sonisphere/|url-status=live}}</ref> On thair North American tour they played wi Trivium an aw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/in-flames-trivium-north-american-tour-dates-announced/|title=In Flames, Trivium: North American Tour Dates Announced|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105005744/http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/in-flames-trivium-north-american-tour-dates-announced/|website=[[Blabbermouth]]|date=7 November 2011|archive-date=5 January 2015|access-date=4 July 2021}}</ref> Fower muisic videos were filmed. The videos for the lead single, "Deliver Us",<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTiQ75HY0DA | title=IN FLAMES - Deliver Us (OFFICIAL VIDEO) | website=[[YouTube]] | date=20 May 2011 }}</ref> an for "Where the Dead Ships Dwell"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylfn0o66jwM | title=IN FLAMES - Where the Dead Ships Dwell (OFFICIAL VIDEO) | website=[[YouTube]] | date=28 October 2011 }}</ref> were baith released in 2011, while "Ropes"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDexCGGuIs0 | title=In Flames - "Ropes" | website=[[YouTube]] | date=30 May 2013 }}</ref> an "Sounds of a Playground Fading"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_CLA2M54gtw | title=IN FLAMES - Sounds of a Playground Fading (OFFICIAL VIDEO) | website=[[YouTube]] | date=19 September 2013 }}</ref> were also filmed but no released till 2013. The track "Deliver Us" wis uised on the soondtrack o the 2013 video gemme ''Saints Row IV''. == Reception == ''Sounds of a Playground Fading'' got maistly guid reviews. The review aggregator Metacritic gied the album 68 oot o 100, based on sax professional critics.<ref name="MC"/> == Commercial performance == ''Sounds of a Playground Fading'' entered the US ''Billboard'' 200 album chart at nummer 27, the ''Top Hard Rock'' chart at nummer 2, the ''Top Rock'' chart at nummer 7 an the ''Top Independent'' chart at nummer 5. It entered the ''Media Control German Albums'' chart at nummer 1 an aw, an the ''Billboard Canadian Albums'' chart at nummer 12.<ref name="billboard200">{{cite web | url = http://www.billboard.com/charts/hard-rock-albums#/album/in-flames/sounds-of-a-playground-fading/1502312 | title = ''Sounds of a Playground Fading chart position'' | accessdate = 2011-07-07 | publisher = [[billboard.com]] |date=July 2011}}</ref> == Track leet == Aa the muisic wis written bi [[Björn Gelotte]] an aa the lyrics bi [[Anders Fridén]]. Aa the sangs were arranged bi In Flames.<ref>{{cite web|title=In Flames - In The Studio Episode #2| date=28 April 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2vbxZMS6Uo&feature=feedu|publisher=In Flames Youtube Channel|accessdate=5 May 2011|archive-date=24 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624184253/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2vbxZMS6Uo&feature=feedu|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Track listing | title1 = Sounds of a Playground Fading | length1 = 4:44 | title2 = Deliver Us | length2 = 3:31 | title3 = All for Me | length3 = 4:31 | title4 = The Puzzle | length4 = 4:34 | title5 = Fear Is the Weakness | length5 = 4:07 | title6 = Where the Dead Ships Dwell | length6 = 4:27 | title7 = The Attic | length7 = 3:18 | title8 = Darker Times | length8 = 3:25 | title9 = Ropes | length9 = 3:42 | title10 = Enter Tragedy | length10 = 3:59 | title11 = Jester's Door | length11 = 2:38 | title12 = A New Dawn | length12 = 5:52 | title13 = Liberation | length13 = 5:10 | total_length = 53:58 }} {{Track listing | headline = Japanese edeetion | title14 = Deliver Us (Instrumental Version) | length14 = 3:31 | total_length = 57:29 }} {{Track listing | headline = iTunes deluxe edeetion | title14 = Darker Times (Eagleclaw Remix) | length14 = 5:45 | title1 = Deliver Us | length1 = 3:31 | note1 = muisic video | total_length = 59:43 }} {{Track listing | headline = Deluxe edeetion DVD | title1 = Recording 'Sounds of a Playground Fading' | length1 = 27:28 | note1 = studio report }} {{Track listing | headline = 2014 reissue | title14 = Darker Times (Eagleclaw Remix) | length14 = 5:45 | title15 = The Puzzle (Big Chocolate Remix) | length15 = 3:43 | title16 = Where the Dead Ships Dwell (Casper Remix) | length16 = 4:05 | title17 = Where the Dead Ships Dwell (The Qemists Remix) | length17 = 5:12 | title18 = Where the Dead Ships Dwell (Kristof Bathory – Dawn of Ashes Remix) | length18 = 4:46 | total_length = 77:29 }} == Personnel == ;In Flames *[[Anders Fridén]] – vocals *[[Björn Gelotte]] – guitars *Peter Iwers – bass *Daniel Svensson – drums, percussion *Niclas Engelin – guitars (creditit only; he didnae play on the album) ;Production *Anders Björler – filmin, editin an directin ("In the Studio" studio report) *Johannes Bergion – cello on "A New Dawn" *Roberto Laghi – producer *Örjan Örnkloo – keyboards an samples *Dave Correia – album cover airt == Release dates == {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Region !Date |- | [[Swaden]] | {{Start date|df=yes|2011|06|15}} |- | [[Germany]], [[Austrick]], [[Swisserland]], [[Norawa]]<ref name="blab2">{{cite web| title = In Flames: New Album Artwork, Track Listing Revealed| work = [[Blabbermouth.net]]| publisher = [[Roadrunner Records|Roadrunner]]| date = 13 April 2011| url = http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=156750| access-date = 13 April 2011| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110417015541/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=156750| archive-date = 17 April 2011}}</ref> | {{Start date|df=yes|2011|06|17}} |- | [[Europe]] (except Spain, Italy, Finland, Hungary)<ref name="blab2"/> | {{Start date|df=yes|2011|06|20}} |- | North Americae, Spain, Italy<ref name="blab2"/> | {{Start date|df=yes|2011|06|21}} |- | Finland, Hungary<ref name="blab2"/> | {{Start date|df=yes|2011|06|22}} |- | [[Austrailie]], [[New Zealand]]<ref name="blab2"/> | {{Start date|df=yes|2011|06|24}} |} == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:2011 albums]] [[Category:Century Media Records albums]] [[Category:In Flames albums]] 746lgz0gyxnrwiia6wmjheygewtrmb1 0 18673 927618 818724 2026-11-10T01:55:17Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ither uises|Vyatsky}} {{Infobox Russian inhabited locality | en_name = Vyatskoye | ru_name = Вятское |inhabloc_cat = Selo |pushpin_map = Russia |federal_subject=[[Khabarovsk Krai]] | pop_2010census=1193 |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> |coordinates = {{Coord|48|44|N|135|43|E|display=inline}} }} [[File:Vyatskoye map.jpg|thumb|350px|Whaur Vyatskoye is in Khabarovsk Krai]] [[File:Vyatskoye.gif|thumb|350px|Landsat7 picter o Vyatskoye village an the camp]] '''Vyatskoye''' ({{lang-ru|Вя́тское}}), whiles cried ''Viatsk'' or ''Viatskoe'', is a sma fishin [[Teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|village]] in Khabarovsky District, [[Khabarovsk Krai]], Roushie. It is on the east side o the [[Amur River]], {{convert|70|km|mi}} northeast o [[Khabarovsk]]. The 76th Radio Technical Brigade is stationed thare. ==History== The first fowk that bade thare war likly various Tungusic peoples. Vyatskoye, alang wi [[Khabarovsk]] an [[Vladivostok]], wis haundit ower tae Imperial Roushie bi the Qing dynasty as pairt o Ooter [[Manchurie]] in the 1860 Convention of Peking. Durin [[Warld War II]] thare wis a camp near Vyatskoye for the Soviet 88th Brigade, a unit o Korean an Chinese guerrillas. [[Kim Il-sung]], the later leader o [[North Korea]], wis stationed thare as a captain in the Soviet [[Reid Airmy]], in command o a battalion. Accordin tae some sources his faimily wis thare an aw.<ref name="Sheets">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1671983 |publisher=National Public Radio|date=12 February 2004|title=A Visit to Kim Jong Il's Russian Birthplace}} [http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2004/02/20040212_me_16.mp3 audio file]</ref> The same sources say his son [[Kim Jong-il]] wis born thare on 16 Februar 1941. The North Korean government claims, tho, that Kim Jong-il wis born on [[Paektu Muntain]] in Japanese Korea a year later, on 16 Februar 1942. Fowk in the toun claim that his brither Shura Kim (whiles cried the first Kim Pyong-il) fell intae a well an deed, an wis buried thare.<ref name="Sergeyevna">{{Cite news|author=Chung Byoung-sun|date=22 August 2002|title=Sergeyevna Remembers Kim Jong Il|newspaper=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|url=http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200208/200208220040.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021124073259/http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200208/200208220040.html|archivedate=24 November 2002|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ither sources, on the ither haund, claim that Kim Jong-il's sibling drooned in a puil in [[Pyongyang]] in 1947. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Landwart localities in Khabarovsk Krai]] {{stub/Roushie}} mmmdxeq77z1ix0cflt9916p8v6v9nfu 0 18833 927511 882949 2026-11-09T23:01:45Z Kent Wang 138357 Exterior of Palácio dos Condes de Castro Guimarães 14.jpg 927511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Municipality PT |official_name = Cascais |image_flag = Pt-csc1.png |image_shield = CSC.png |image_skyline = Baía de Cascais - Palacetes.jpg |image_caption = Cloods reflectit aff the sunset in the Bay o Cascais, wi the ceety o Cascais |image_location = LocalCascais.svg |region = [[Lisboa Region|Lisbon]] |subregion = [[Grande Lisboa]] |metro = [[Lisbon Metropolitan Aurie|Lisbon]] |district = [[Lisbon Destrict|Lisbon]] |parishes = [[#Geography|4]] |leader_name = Carlos Carreiras |leader_party = [[Social Democratic Pairty (Portugal)|PSD]]-[[Fowkpairty (Portugal)|CDS]] |latd = 38 | latm = 42 | lats = |longd = 9 | longm = 25 | longs = |elevation = |elevation_min = |elevation_max = |area_total = 97.40 |population_as_of = 2011 |population_total = 206,479 |patron = [[Anthony o Padua|Saint Anthony]] |postal_code = 2750 |area_code = 214 |website = [https://www.cascais.pt/ www.cascais.pt] }} '''Cascais''' is a coastal toun an municipality in [[Portugal]], 30 kilometres wast o [[Lisbon]], wi aboot 35,000 residents. It is a cosmopolitan suburb o the Portuguese caipital an ane o the richest [[Municipalities o Portugal|municipalities in Portugal]]. The umwhile fishin veelage gained fame as a resort for Portugal's [[ryal family]] in the late 19t century an early 20t century. Nouadays, it is a popular vacation spot for baith Portuguese an foreign tourists. It is locatit in the Estoril Coast (named efter [[Estoril]], a [[ceevil parish]]), in the [[Greater Lisbon]] subregion.<ref>{{citation|title=Lisbon|author= Matthew Hancock|year= 2004|publisher=Rough Guides|url=http://books.google.com/?id=KqbLAJJ4LvkC&pg=PA168&lpg=PA168&dq=Cascais|id=ISBN 1-84353-315-4|isbn=9781843533153}}</ref> It haes an airport for [[general aviation]] servin the [[Lisbon Region]] in Tires (S. Domingos de Rana), [[Cascais Aerodrome|Aeroporto Municipal de Cascais]]. == History == [[File:Cascais beach 4.JPG|thumb|250px|left|''Praia dos Pescadores'', a beach in the centre o Cascais.]] The coastal dounset o Cascais oreeginatit in the 12t century, dependin admeenistratively on the toun o [[Sintra]], locatit tae the north. In its humble beginnins, Cascais lived frae the products o the sea an land, but aaready in the 13t century, its fish production served the caipital [[Lisbon]], locatit nearbi. Durin the 14t century, the population increased tae the ootside o the waws o its castle. Its prosperity led tae the admeenistrative unthirldom frae Sintra in 1364. The veelage an its surroondins wur awned bi a feudal laird; the maist famous o them wis [[João das Regras]] (dee'd 1404), a lawyer an professor o the [[University o Coimbra|University o Lisbon]] that wis involved in the ascension o [[John I o Portugal|Keeng John I]] tae pouer as the first King o the [[Hoose o Aviz]]. Syne the [[Middle Ages]], Cascais lived frae fishin, maritime commerce (it wis a stap for ships sailin tae Lisbon), an frae agricultur, producin [[wine]], [[olive ile]], [[cereal]]s, an [[fruit]]s. Due tae its location close tae the [[Tagus]] estuary, it wis an aa seen as a strategic post in the defence o Lisbon. Aroond 1488, [[John II o Portugal|Keeng John II]] biggit a sma fortress in the veelage, locatit bi the sea. This medieval fortress wis no enough tae repel the invasion an in 1580, Spainyie troops led bi the Duke o Alba teuk the veelage durin the conflict that led tae the [[Struggle for the throne o Portugal|union o the Portuguese an Spainyie crouns]]. The fortress wis enlairged towards the end o the 16t century bi [[Philip II o Spain|Keeng Philip I]] (Philip II o Spain), turnin it intae a teepical renaissance [[citadel]] wi the characteristic flat profile an starn-shaped [[floorplan]]. Various fortresses wur biggit on the coast aroond Cascais durin the 17t century, an mony o them still exist. In 1755, the great [[Lisbon earthquake]] destroyed a lairge portion o the veelage. Aroond 1774, the [[Marquis o Pombal]], prime-meenister o [[José I o Portugal|Keeng José I]], teuk protective measures for the commercialisation o the wine o [[Carcavelos]] an established the Ryal Factory o Oo in the veelage, which existit till the early 19t century. Durin the [[Peninsular War|invasion o Portugal bi Napoleonic troops]] in 1807, the citadel o Cascais wis occupee'd bi the [[French fowk|French]], wi [[Andoche Junot|General Junot]] stayin some time in the veelage. This situation o decadence stairtit tae chynge when [[Luís I o Portugal|Keeng Luís II]] decidit tae turn the citadel o Cascais intae his simmer residence. Frae 1870 tae 1908, the Ryal Family came tae Cascais tae enjoy the sea, turnin the somnolent fishin veelage intae a cosmopolitan address. The citadel gained [[electric licht]] in 1878, the first in the kintra, thanks tae King Luís. The veelage gained better roads tae Lisbon an Sintra, a [[casino]], a [[bullrin|bullfecht rin]], a [[Sports club|sport club]], an impruivements in the basic infrastructure for the population. The railwey arrived in 1889. Mony noble families biggit bonnie manions in Cascais, as can still be seen in the centre an surroondins o the toun. [[File:Cascais beach 2.JPG|thumb|250px|left|''Praia da Rainha'', a beach in the centre o Cascais.]] [[File:Cascais 5.JPG|thumb|250px|right|Centre o Cascais.]] In 1896, [[Carlos I o Portugal|Keeng Carlos I]], a lover o aw maritime activities, instawed in the citadel the first oceanographic laboratory in Portugal. The King hissel led a tot o 12 scienteefic expeditions tae the coast, anerlie endit in 1908 wi his assassination in Lisbon. Anither important step in the touristic development o the aurie wis gien in the first hauf o the 20t century in neighbourin [[Estoril]], in which a casino wis biggit an the infrastructur for luxury vacations wis creatit aroond Monte Estoril. Due tae Portugal's [[Neutrality (internaitional relations)|neutrality]] in [[Warld War II]] an the toun's elegance an ryal past, Cascais became hame tae mony o the exiled ryal families o Europe, includin those o [[Spain]], [[Hoose o Savoy|Italy]], [[Hungary]] an [[Bulgarie]]. Nouadays, Cascais an its surroondins are a famous vacation spot for the Portuguese an foreigners, aimin at baith the "jet-set" an normal tourism, who seek tae enjoy its beaches. [[File:Cascais (Portugal).jpg|thumb|right|Centre o Cascais.]] [[File:Cascais Farol Casa Santa Maria.jpg|thumb|The Farol de Santa Marta an the Casa de Santa Maria.]] [[File:Exterior of Palácio dos Condes de Castro Guimarães 14.jpg|thumb|The Museum Conde Castro Guimarães in Cascais.]] == Tourism == The day, thare is a lairge [[Marina|yacht harbour]] an several sma saund beaches in an aroond toun. Cascais is easily reached frae Lisbon bi caur, (A5 Lisboa-Cascais heich-gate), or bi frequent inexpensive commuter trains. It haes the ruins o a castle, an airt an sea museum, as well as pairks an the chairmin cobbled streets o the historic centre. The toun haes mony hotels an tourist apairtments as well as mony guid restaurants o varyin cost. It is a fine base tae uise for those visitin Lisbon an its environs who prefer tae stay ootside o the ceety yet in an equally urban an sophisticatit environment. Cascais is surroondit bi popular beaches, sic as [[Guincho Beach]] tae the wast, an the lush [[Sintra]] muntains tae the north. Some o its shoreline is cliff-y, attractin tourists for its seascapes an ither naitural sichts sic as the [[Boca do Inferno]]. It is an aa becomin a popular golf destination, wi ower 10 [[Gowf|gowf courses]] nearby. [[Surfin]], [[sailin]], [[windsurfin]], an [[kitesurfin]] are an aa popular in the region aroond Cascais due tae favourable wather, wind, an sea conditions. In 2007, Cascais wis the offeecial host o the ISAF Warld Championship in sailin for dinghies an racin yachts. The municipality an aa hosts internaitional [[tennis]] an motorcyclin events an hostit for mony years the [[FIA]] F1 Portugal Grand Prix. The famous [[Estoril Casino]] is ane o the lairgest in Europe. Near the casino is the ''"Hotel Palácio"'' (Palace Hotel), a [[5-star]] hotel whaur scenes o the [[James Bond]] movie ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'' wur shot. == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Portugal}} === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Cascais is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Salvador, Bahia]], [[Brazil]], syne 1985 *{{Flagicon|France}} [[Biarritz]], [[Fraunce]], syne 1986 *{{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Vitória, Brazil|Vitória]], [[Brazil]], syne 1986 *{{Flagicon|Palestine}} [[Gaza]], [[State o Palestine|Palestine]] *{{Flagicon|São Tomé and Príncipe}} [[Santana, São Tomé an Príncipe]], syne 1986 || *{{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Atami]], [[Japan]], syne 1990 *{{Flagicon|China}} [[Wuxi]], [[Cheenae]], syne 1993 *{{Flagicon|Cape Verde}} [[Sal, Cape Verde]], syne 1993 *{{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Guarujá]], [[Brazil]], syne 2000 *{{Flagicon|Mozambique}} [[Xai-Xai]], [[Mozambique]], syne 2000 |} == References == ;Notes {{Reflist}} {{Portal|Portugal}} {{Commons|Cascais}} [[Category:Cascais| ]] [[Category:Municipalities o Portugal]] [[Category:Populatit places in Lisbon District]] [[Category:Municipalities o Lisbon District]] [[Category:Touns in Portugal]] [[Category:Seaside resorts in Portugal]] [[Category:Marinas in Portugal]] srsftv97zy9mgetl0ovb9mzy7hbwu5k 0 18865 927697 849942 2026-11-10T04:17:18Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 we dinnae ask people tae see anither wiki jist acause we'r tae lazy tae scrive a etymology section. Jist remuiving awthegither until a body scrieves ane that is suitable. 927697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name =Yerazgavors |native_name =Երազգավորս |settlement_type = Toun |pushpin_map =Armenia |mapsize =150px |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Armenie]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Marz (Province)]] |subdivision_name1 =[[Shirak Province|Shirak]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_total_km2 = |area_footnotes = |population_as_of = 2008 |population_total =1395 |population_density_km2 = |timezone =&nbsp; |utc_offset = +4 |timezone_DST =&nbsp; |utc_offset_DST = +5 |coordinates = {{coord|40|42|N|43|46|E|region:AM|display=inline}} |elevation_m = |area_code = |website = }} '''Yerazgavors''' ({{lang-hy|Երազգավորս}}, an aa [[Romanize]]d as '''Erazgavors'''; umwhile, '''Aralykh''') is a toun in the [[Shirak Province]] o [[Armenie]]. In [[892]], King [[Smbat I]] wis crouned at Yerazgavors. The new toun wis relocatit a few km further east frae its oreeginal location. == References == *{{GEOnet2|32FA881E67A73774E0440003BA962ED3}} *[http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-17&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=x World Gazeteer: Armenia]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} &ndash; World-Gazetteer.com *{{ArmenianCensus|194}} {{Shirak}} [[Category:Populatit places in Shirak Province]] 288ubksc8wza7yw7tr6uenlcnv6yk0h 0 18907 927346 821307 2026-11-09T15:04:34Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead follaes the leid pattern 927346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Serbie | nativename = {{lang|sr-Cyrl|српски}} / {{lang|sr-Latn|srpski}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-sh|sr̩̂pskiː|}} | map = Map of Serbian language - official or recognized.PNG | mapcaption = {{legend|#004DFF|Kintras whaur Serbie is an offeecial leid.}} {{legend|#88C4FF|Kintras whaur it is recognised as a minority leid.}} | states = [[Serbie]], [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]], [[Montenegro]], [[Croatie]], an Serb diaspora | ethnicity = [[Serbs]] | region = | speakers = {{circa}} 8 million in the Balkans | date = 2016 | ref = <ref>Includin, as o 2016, 6.33 million in Serbie (88% o the population), 1.08 million in Bosnie an Herzegovina (30.8%), 265,000 in Montenegro (42.8%), 100,000 in Kosovo, 52,000 in Croatie, an 24,000 in North Macedonie ''Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics'', 2nd ed.</ref> | speakers2 = 0.5–1.5 million abroad<ref>{{ethnologue16}}</ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Balto-Slavic leids|Balto-Slavic]] | fam3 = [[Slavic leids|Slavic]] | fam4 = [[Sooth Slavic leids|Sooth Slavic]] | fam5 = Wastren | fam6 = [[Serbo-Croatie]] | fam7 = ''[[Shtokavian dialect|Shtokavian]]'' | fam8 = ''Neo-Shtokavian'' | fam9 = ''Eastren Herzegovinian'' | iso1 = sr | iso2 = srp | iso3 = srp | glotto = serb1264 | glottorefname = Serbian Standard | lingua = pairt o 53-AAA-g | script = [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Serbie Cyrillic alphabet|Serbie alphabet]])<br>[[Laitin script|Latin]] ([[Gaj's Laitin alphabet|Gaj's alphabet]])<br>Yugoslav Braille | nation = {{SRB}}<br>{{BIH}} (co-offeecial)<br>{{KOS}} (co-offeecial) | minority = {{CRO}}<br>{{MNE}}<br>{{HUN}}<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/hu_de.pdf Ec.Europa.eu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130221600/http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/hu_de.pdf |date=2007-11-30 }}</ref><br>{{SVK}}<ref>[http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society-article.php?yyyy=2010&mm=02&dd=09&nav_id=65083 B92.net] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110174015/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society-article.php?yyyy=2010&mm=02&dd=09&nav_id=65083 |date=2013-11-10 }}</ref><br>{{CZE}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=1834 |title=Minority Rights Group International : Czech Republic : Czech Republic Overview |publisher=Minorityrights.org |date= |accessdate=2012-10-24 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026011833/http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=1834 |archivedate=2012-10-26 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vlada.cz/assets/ppov/rnm/dokumenty/mezinarodni-dokumenty/duvodova_zprava_vlada_2005.pdf |title=Národnostní menšiny v České republice a jejich jazyky |trans-title=National Minorities in Czech Republic and Their Language |publisher=Government of Czech Republic |page=2 |quote=Podle čl. 3 odst. 2 Statutu Rady je jejich počet 12 a jsou uživateli těchto menšinových jazyků: [...], srbština a ukrajinština |language=Czech |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315225857/http://www.vlada.cz/assets/ppov/rnm/dokumenty/mezinarodni-dokumenty/duvodova_zprava_vlada_2005.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-15 |df= }}</ref><br>{{MKD}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4021 |title=Minority Rights Group International : Macedonia : Macedonia Overview |publisher=Minorityrights.org |date= |accessdate=2012-10-24 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026011843/http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4021 |archivedate=2012-10-26 |df= }}</ref><br>{{ROM}} | agency = Buird for Staundartisation o the Serbie Leid | notice = IPA }} '''Serbie''' ({{lang-sr-cyr|{{Unicode|српски}}}}, Serbie Laitin: ''srpski'', {{IPA-sh|sr̩̂p.skiː|pron}}) is a staundart form o [[Serbo-Croatie]],<ref>David Dalby, ''Linguasphere'' (1999/2000, Linguasphere Observatory), pg. 445, 53-AAA-g, "Srpski+Hrvatski, Serbo-Croatian".</ref><ref>Benjamin W. Fortson IV, ''Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction'', 2nd ed. (2010, Blackwell), pg. 431, "Because of their mutual intelligibility, Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are usually thought of as constituting one language called Serbo-Croatian."</ref><ref>Václav Blažek, "On the Internal Classification of Indo-European Languages: Survey" [http://www.phil.muni.cz/linguistica/art/blazek/bla-003.pdf retrieved 20 Oct 2010], pp. 15-16.</ref> a Sooth Slavic leid o the [[Indo-European leids|Indo-European]] faimily, spak bi [[Serbs]]<ref>E.C. Hawkesworth, "Serbian-Croatian-Bosnian Linguistic Complex", also B Arsenijević, "Serbia and Montenegro: Language Situation". Both in the ''Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics'', 2nd edition, 2006.</ref> in [[Serbie]], [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]], [[Montenegro]], [[Croatie]] an neebourin kintras. It is spak bi aboot 8 million fowk in the Balkans.<ref>[http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/language/about/serbian.html Kwintessential.co.uk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501142728/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/language/about/serbian.html |date=2016-05-01 }}</ref> The main dialect o Serbie, that the leeterary an staundart leid is based on, is Shtokavian, that is the basis o staundart [[Croatie leid|Croatie]], [[Bosnie leid|Bosnie]] an [[Montenegrin leid|Montenegrin]] an aw.<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Serbian_Croatian_Bosnian_or_Montenegrin_Many_In_Balkans_Just_Call_It_Our_Language_/1497105.html Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Or Montenegrin? Or Just 'Our Language'?], ''Radio Free Europe'', February 21, 2009</ref> Whether the ither main dialect, Torlakian, is a Serbie dialect or a transitional dialect atween [[Bulgarie leid|Bulgarie]] an Serbie is disputit. Staundart Serbie is based on the Šumadija-Vojvodina an Eastren Herzegovinian subdialects o Shtokavian. Apairt frae Shtokavian, the Torlak dialect, transitional tae Macedonie an Bulgarie, is spak in the sooth-east o Serbie. But it haes nae leeterary tradeetion an is thocht o as a law-prestige dialect. Serbie is the anerly European leid wi active digraphia: it uises baith the [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] an the [[Laitin alphabet|Laitin]] alphabets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.effectivelanguagelearning.com/language-guide/serbian-language|title=Serbian Language|website=Effective Language Learning|access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> The Serbie Cyrillic alphabet wis devised in 1814 bi the Serbie linguist Vuk Karadžić, that creatit it on phonemic principles. The Laitin alphabet wis designed bi the Croatie linguist Ljudevit Gaj in 1830, an is uised bi the ither staundart forms o Serbo-Croatie an aw. == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Serbian language}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Serbian Leid}} [[Category:Leids o Serbie]] [[Category:Leids o Montenegro]] [[Category:Leids o Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] [[Category:Leids o Hungary]] [[Category:Leids o Romanie]] [[Category:Leids o the Republic o Macedonie]] [[Category:Sooth Slavic leids]] [[Category:SVO leids]] {{Stub/Europe}} {{Stub/Leid}} fbme2o4hjjm8i5b1ihnrsw1bi4zfnnj 0 19050 927607 866236 2026-11-10T01:47:35Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Israel village | name = Givat Washington | image = File:גבעת וושינגטון חינוך.jpg | hebname = {{Script/Hebrew|גִבְעַת וָשִינְגְטוֹן}} | founded = 1946 | founded_by = The [[Jews|Jewish]] community o [[Washington, D.C.]] | country = {{ISR}} | district = center | subdistrict = Rehovot | council = [[Hevel Yavne Regional Cooncil|Hevel Yavne]] | popyear = {{Israel populations|Year}} | population = {{Israel populations|Bet Rabban}} | population_footnotes = {{Israel populations|reference}} | pushpin_map=Israel center ta | pushpin_mapsize=250 | coordinates = {{coord|31|49|3|N|34|43|44|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Givat Washington''' ({{lang-he-n|גִבְעַת וָשִינְגְטוֹן}}, ''Washington Hill''), or '''Beit Raban''' ({{lang-he-n|בֵּית רַבָּן}}, ''Hoose o Raban''), is a religious youth village in central [[Israel]]. It is near [[Kvutzat Yavne]] an comes unner the jurisdiction o the [[Hevel Yavne Regional Cooncil]]. In {{Israel populations|Year}} it haed a population o {{Israel populations|Bet Rabban}}.{{Israel populations|reference}} ==History== The village wis foondit in 1946 bi the [[Jews|Jewish]] community o [[Washington, D.C.]], an at first it wis a place o eddication for young survivors o the [[Holocaust]]. It nou haes a secondary schuil, a midrasha, an ulpan an an academic college. Thare is student hoosin an aw, an the college students mak up maist o the fowk that bide in the village the day. The Mizmor School of Music wis stairtit in 2010, an it gies a three-year programme led bi Daniel Zamir.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/jewish-world/jewish-news/new-school-offers-music-training-in-a-religious-setting New school offers music training in a religious setting], [[Jerusalem Post]]</ref> The Pardes School of Art at Givat Washington is an airt schuil for members o the religious community.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/opinion/my-word-homing-in-on-corona-era-art-685424 My Word: Homing in on corona-era art], [[Jerusalem Post]]</ref> The Lycée français Guivat-Washington, a French heich schuil, is in Givat Washington an aw. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.washington.ac.il/ Washington College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004121211/http://www.washington.ac.il/ |date=2011-10-04 }} {{he icon}} {{Geographic Location |Centre = Givat Washington |North = Kfar Aviv |Northeast = Aseret |East = Misgav Dov |Southeast = Neve Mivtah |South = Bitzaron |Southwest = [[Gan Yavne]] |West = [[Kvutzat Yavne]] }} [[Category:Hevel Yavne Regional Cooncil]] [[Category:Youth veelages in Israel]] [[Category:Releegious Israeli communities]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1946]] {{stub/Israel}} 90hexd9b3b92s0zllsev6r5smqcaayj 0 20861 927625 893743 2026-11-10T01:57:44Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Antti Puhakka | image = Kymäläinen, Makkonen ja Puhakka.jpg | caption = The Finnish naitional romantic poets Olli Kymäläinen, Pietari Makkonen an Antti Puhakka, in an aquarelle bi Johan Knutson | birth_date = {{birth date|1816|4|24|df=y}} | death_date = {{death date and age|1893|3|30|1816|4|24|df=y}} }} '''Antti Puhakka''' (24 Aprile 1816 – 30 Mairch 1893) wis a [[Finns|Finnish]] naitional romantic [[poet]] frae Kontiolahti in Finnish Karelie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dbgw.finlit.fi/matr/tiedot.php?id=849 |title=Finnish Literature Society - Author Database - Antti Puhakka |year=2008 |publisher=[[Finnish Literature Society]] |access-date=2008-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172400/http://dbgw.finlit.fi/matr/tiedot.php?id=849 |archive-date=2011-07-18 }}</ref> He wis kent for uisin the [[Kalevala]] metre in his [[poetry|poems]]. Puhakka couldnae read nor write till he wis 21, but ance he haed learnt tae write, he wrote near 20,000 lines o [[poetry]]. He becam a member o the Finnish Literature Society later on. Antti Puhakka wis electit tae the Diet o Finland fower times efter 1862, representin the laund-awnin peasants, an becam a popular politeecian in [[Finland]].<ref>{{Cite book| title = History Of Finnish Literature| first = Jaakko | last = Ahokas| page = 88| publisher = [[RoutledgeCurzon]]| isbn = 0-7007-0380-2| year = 1997}}</ref> His best-kent [[poetry|poems]] are "Tuhman Jussin juttureissu" an "Surulaulu 1850 vuoden kiellosta." ==References== <references/> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Puhakka, Antti}} [[Category:1816 births]] [[Category:1893 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kontiolahti]] [[Category:Finnish writers]] [[Category:Finnish poets]] [[Category:Finnish-leid writers]] [[Category:Finnish politeecians]] [[Category:19t-century writers]] [[Category:Imperial Roushie poets]] h3oeq8a79k251hkkw5wsgeguroj2p07 0 21521 927704 920781 2026-11-10T04:55:47Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 attemptin tae mend Scots; afore A remuive {{fixscots}}, a body wi Scots as a mither tongue sud check iss first 927704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots|date=October 2020}} The '''age o consent''' is the age whan a bodie can legally gree tae [[sexual intercoorse]].<ref name="ADVERT">{{cite web|url=http://www.avert.org/age-of-consent.htm|title=What is the Age of Consent to Sexual Intercourse?|author=<!--Staff writer(s)-->|website=|publisher=AVERT|accessdate=2 February 2015|language=en|archive-date=2015-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015200317/http://www.avert.org/age-of-consent.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> It disnae mak a bodie an adult in law, isnae the [[age o majority]] an aw.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Garner |first1=Bryan A. |title=A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514236-5 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=35dZpfMmxqsC&pg=PA38 |language=en}}</ref> In the [[Unitit Kinrick]], the age o consent is 16 yeir auld; this is the warldwide average.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/rightsite/433_457.htm#to_have_sex|title=The Convention on the Rights of the Child|author=<!--Staff writer(s)-->|website=|publisher=UNICEF|accessdate=2 February 2015|language=en|archive-date=2019-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428232541/https://www.unicef.org/rightsite/433_457.htm#to_have_sex|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Dugan">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/confused-messages-an-emotive-debate-reignites-about-the-uks-age-of-consent-8945535.html|title=‘Confused’ messages: an emotive debate reignites about the UK’s age of consent|author=Emily Dugan|date=17 November 2013|work=|publisher=independent.co.uk|accessdate=8 February 2015|language=en|archive-date=2015-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510065338/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/confused-messages-an-emotive-debate-reignites-about-the-uks-age-of-consent-8945535.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{stub}} {{Short pages monitor}}<!-- This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special:Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template:Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well.--> bgz2oo0zlyun75giwbgg6p2d72z3hv9 927706 927704 2026-11-10T09:08:58Z Monospaced 75295 Mak sense o second sentence; drap Fix Scots 927706 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''age o consent''' is the age whan a bodie can legally gree tae [[sexual intercoorse]].<ref name="ADVERT">{{cite web|url=http://www.avert.org/age-of-consent.htm|title=What is the Age of Consent to Sexual Intercourse?|author=<!--Staff writer(s)-->|website=|publisher=AVERT|accessdate=2 February 2015|language=en|archive-date=2015-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015200317/http://www.avert.org/age-of-consent.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> It disnae mak a bodie an adult in law, the age o consent an the [[age o majority]] can differ.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Garner |first1=Bryan A. |title=A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514236-5 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=35dZpfMmxqsC&pg=PA38 |language=en}}</ref> In the [[Unitit Kinrick]], the age o consent is 16 yeir auld; this is the warldwide average.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/rightsite/433_457.htm#to_have_sex|title=The Convention on the Rights of the Child|author=<!--Staff writer(s)-->|website=|publisher=UNICEF|accessdate=2 February 2015|language=en|archive-date=2019-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428232541/https://www.unicef.org/rightsite/433_457.htm#to_have_sex|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Dugan">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/confused-messages-an-emotive-debate-reignites-about-the-uks-age-of-consent-8945535.html|title=‘Confused’ messages: an emotive debate reignites about the UK’s age of consent|author=Emily Dugan|date=17 November 2013|work=|publisher=independent.co.uk|accessdate=8 February 2015|language=en|archive-date=2015-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510065338/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/confused-messages-an-emotive-debate-reignites-about-the-uks-age-of-consent-8945535.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{stub}} {{Short pages monitor}}<!-- This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special:Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template:Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well.--> th73cei2s04xsp6w2nq4tgl066bnwxq 0 21532 927353 833345 2026-11-09T15:29:27Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Fylke | name = Troms | other_name = Romssa fylka | idnumber = 19 | capital = [[Tromsø]] | governor = [[Svein Ludvigsen]] | governor_date = 2006 | governor_party = [[Conservative Pairty o Norawa|Høyre]] | mayor = Terje Olsen | mayor_date = 2007 | mayor_party = [[Conservative Pairty o Norawa|Høyre]] | region = Nord-Norge | arearank = 4 | area = 25877 | arealand = 24884 | areapercent = 8.18 | population_as_of = 2008 | populationrank = 15 | population = 155,061 | populationpercent = 3.33 | populationdensity = 6 | populationincrease = 2.0 | gdp_as_of = 2001 | gdprank = 15 | gdppercent = 2.11 | gdpcapita = 211,955 | incomecapita = 133,300 | coatofarms = Troms_våpen.svg | munwebpage = www.tromsfylke.no | language = [[Norse leid|Neutral]] | demonym = Tromsværing }} {{Audio|Troms.ogg|'''Troms'''}} or '''Romsa''' ([[Sami leid]]) is a [[Coonties o Norawa|coonty]] in [[North Norawa]], borderin [[Finnmark]] tae the northeast an [[Nordland]] in the soothwast. To the sooth is [[Norrbotten Län]] in [[Swaden]] an further sootheast is a shorter border wi the [[Regions o Finland|region]] o [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]] in [[Finland]]. Tae the wast is the [[Norse Sea]] ([[Atlantic Ocean]]). The entire coonty, which wis established in 1866, is locatit north o the [[Airctic circle]]. == General information == === Name === Until 1919 the coonty wis umwhile kent as ''[[Tromsø amt]]''. On 1 Julie 2006, the Northren Sami name for the coonty, ''Romsa'', wis grantit offeecial status alang wi Troms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stedsnavn.org/|title=Offisielt samisk namn for Troms|publisher=Statens navnekonsulenter|accessdate=9 January 2006|language=Norwegian|archive-date=2007-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626225723/http://www.stedsnavn.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The coonty (an the ceety o [[Tromsø]]) is namit efter the island [[Tromsøya]] on which it is locatit ([[Auld Norse]] ''Trums''). Several theories exist as tae the [[etymology]] o Troms. Ane theory haulds "Troms-" tae derive frae the auld (uncompundit) name o the island ([[Auld Norse]]: ''Trums''). Several islands an rivers in Norawa hae the name ''Tromsa'', an the names o these are probably derivit frae the wird ''straumr'' which means "(strang) stream". (The oreeginal form must then hae been ''Strums'', for the missin ''s'' see [[Indo-European s-mobile]].) Anither theory haulds that Tromsøya wis oreeginally cried ''Lille Tromsøya'' (Little Tromsøya), acause o its proximity tae the hintle bigger island the day cried [[Kvaløya]], that accordin tae this theory wis earlier cried "Store Tromsøya" due tae a characteristic muntain kent as ''Tromma'' (the Drum). The muntain's name in [[Sami leids|Sámi]], ''Rumbbučohkka'', is identical in meanin, an it is said tae hae been a sacred muntain for the Sámi in pre-Christian times. The Sámi name o the island, ''Romsa'', is assumit tae be a loan frae Norse - but accordin tae the phonetical rules o the Sami leid the frontal ''t'' haes disappeared frae the name. Housomeivver, an alternative form - ''Tromsa'' - is in informal uise. There is a theory that haulds the Norse name o Tromsø derives frae the Sámi name, though this theory lacks an explanation for the meanin o ''Romsa''. A common misunnerstaundin is that Tromsø's Sámi name is ''Romssa'' wi a double "s". This, housomeivver, is the accusative an [[genitive form]] o the noun uised when, for example, writin "Tromsø Municipality" (Roms''s''a Suohkan). === Coat o airms === The [[coat o airms]] o Troms wis made bi Hallvard Trætteberg (1898–1987), an adoptit bi ryal resolution on 15 Januar 1960. The offeecial [[blazon]] in Norse ("På rød bunn en gull griff") translates tae "On a field Gules a [[griffin]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Attitude (heraldry)#Rampant|segreant]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> [[Or (heraldry)|Or]]."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arkivverket.no/webfelles/kommunevaapen/vaapen/troms.html |title=Arkivverket.no |access-date=2012-01-17 |archive-date=2012-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322022251/http://www.arkivverket.no/webfelles/kommunevaapen/vaapen/troms.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Trætteberg chose tae hae the griffin as [[Chairge (heraldry)|chairge]] acause that animal wis the seembol o the mighty [[Norse clans|clan]] o Bjarne Erlingsson on [[Bjarkøy]] in the 13t century.<ref>[http://www.arkivverket.no/webfelles/kommunevaapen/h_linjer.html Arkivverket.no] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411033807/http://arkivverket.no/webfelles/kommunevaapen/h_linjer.html |date=2016-04-11 }}</ref> == Demographics == The ''[[Kven fowk|Kven]]'' residents o ''Troms'' are lairgely descendants o [[Finland|Finnish]] immigrants who arrivit in the aurie afore the 19t century frae [[Finland]] acause o war an [[faimin]]. They settled mainly in the northeastren pairt o Troms, in the municipalities o [[Kvænangen]], [[Nordreisa]], [[Skjervøy]], [[Gáivuotna - Kåfjord]] an [[Storfjord]], an some an aw reached [[Balsfjord]] an [[Lyngen]]. == Municipalities == Troms coonty currently haes a total o 25 municipalities: {| class="wikitable" border="1" !colspan=3|Municipalities o Troms |- !colspan=2|Key |rowspan=2|[[File:Troms Municipalities.png|560px]] |- |width=150 valign=middle|<ol> <li>[[Balsfjord]] <li>[[Bardu]] <li>[[Berg, Norawa|Berg]] <li>[[Bjarkøy]] <li>[[Dyrøy]] <li>[[Gratangen]] <li>[[Harstad]] <li>[[Ibestad]] <li>[[Gáivuotna - Kåfjord]] <li>[[Karlsøy]] <li>[[Kvæfjord]] <li>[[Kvænangen]] <li>[[Lavangen]] |width=150 valign=middle|<ol start=14> <li>[[Lenvik]] <li>[[Lyngen]] <li>[[Målselv]] <li>[[Nordreisa]] <li>[[Salangen]] <li>[[Skånland]] <li>[[Skjervøy]] <li>[[Sørreisa]] <li>[[Storfjord]] <li>[[Torsken]] <li>[[Tranøy]] <li>[[Tromsø]] </ol> |} == See an aw == * [[Hålogalandsallmenningen]] == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.visitnorway.com/templates/NTRDestinationArticle.aspx?id=192914 Visitnorway.com Troms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928030611/http://www.visitnorway.com/templates/NTRDestinationArticle.aspx?id=192914 |date=2007-09-28 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071109180933/http://www.visittroms.no/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcmecategory&id=198&Itemid=162&lang=en Troms touring association] {{Coonties o Norawa}} {{coord|69.3333|N|9.31667|E|source:kolossus-itwiki|display=title}} [[Category:Troms| ]] [[Category:Umwhile coonties o Norawa]] 8e6vcy2gjnckfzn70fw9f6zgp3jlsj7 0 32201 927398 904333 2026-11-09T16:55:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Wadi Musa |native_name = وادي موسى |other_name = "Valley o Moses" |nickname = |settlement_type = Toun <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Wadi Musa, Jordan.jpg |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = Wadi Musa |image_flag = |pushpin_map = Jordan |pushpin_label_position = |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = Govrenorate |subdivision_name1 = [[Ma'an Govrenorate]] |government_type = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |leader_title = |leader_name = |area_magnitude = 1 E8 |area_total_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2004 |population_total = |population_metro = |population_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.mma.gov.jo/MunicipalDB/rptMunicipalOrganization.aspx Ministry of Municipal Affairs]</ref> |timezone =[[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] +2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = +3 |coordinates = {{coord|30|19|12|N|35|28|43|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |area_code = +(962)3 |elevation_m = 850 |elevation_ft = |elevation_footnotes = |website = }} '''Wadi Musa''', ("وادي موسى" in Arabic, translatit as "Valley o [[Moses]]"), is a toun locatit in the [[Ma'an Govrenorate]] in soothren [[Jordan]] east o [[Petra]] at latitude 30.317N an langitude 35.483E. It is the nearest toun tae the airchaeological steid o [[Petra]] an hosts mony hotels an restaurants for tourists visitin this place. Approximately 2 kilometers frae the main toun, there is an important [[Bedouin]] settlement. ==Demographics== The census o 2004 shows that the population o Petra Depairtment, which includes Wadi Musa an 18 ither veelages, wi Wadi Musa being its admeenistrative center, haed a total population o 23,840 inhabitants. The male tae female ratio wis 51.56 tae 48.44, Jordanian citizens made up 93.5% o the population o Wadi Musa.<ref>[http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home/census2004/cen04_3.pdf/table_3_1.pdf 2004 Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722071314/http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home/census2004/cen04_3.pdf/table_3_1.pdf |date=2011-07-22 }}</ref> The estimated population o Wadi Musa in 2009 is 26,100. ==Oreegin o the Name== The name Wadi Musa means '''Valley o Moses''' in Arabic, it wis reportit that prophet [[Moses]] passed through the valley an struck watter frae the rock for his follaeers at the steid o ('''Ain Musa''') '''Moses watter Spring''' (Moses's Well) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.igougo.com/story-s1215572-Petra-Visiting_Moses_Well_and_an_ancient_mountain_cistern.html |title=Visiting Moses' Well |access-date=2019-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222014652/http://www.igougo.com/story-s1215572-Petra-Visiting_Moses_Well_and_an_ancient_mountain_cistern.html |archive-date=2014-02-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. The [[Nabateans]] built channels that carriet watter frae this spring tae the ceety o Petra. Wadi Musa wis elk-namit the '''Guardian o Petra''' an aw. [[Aaron]], the brither o Moses, wis buriet in the nearbi [[Munt Hor]]. ==Economy== The toun is aboot 250 Km frae [[Amman]], Jordan's caipital, an 100 Km north o the port ceety o [[Aqaba]]. Wi mair nor 50 hotels an mony tourist restaurants, its economy is amaist entirely teed tae tourism. The campus o the '''College of Archaeology, Tourism & Hotel Management''' o [[Al-Hussein Bin Talal University]] is locatit in Wadi Musa. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Gallery== <gallery> Image:Wadi Musa Valley.jpg|Wadi Musa Valley Image:Petra Visitors Center.jpg|Petra Visitors Center </gallery> {{Coord|30|19|11.96|N| 35|28|42.37|E|type:city_source:frwiki|display=title}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Ma'an Govrenorate]] mwdornriloxz5z5ejmdqdex0u3ge9ip 0 32271 927556 894619 2026-11-10T00:23:27Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 927556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Gadabay | type = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Azerbaijan|Rayon]] | image_map = Gadabay District in Azerbaijan 2021.svg | map_caption = Map o Azerbaijan showin Gadabay rayon | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[Azerbaijan]] | population_as_of = 2010 est. | population_total = 94,200 | area_total_km2 = 1,290 | area_code_type = Telephone code | area_code = 232 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 2100 | seat_type = Caipital | seat = [[Gadabay (ceety)|Gadabay]] }} '''Gadabay''' ({{lang-az|Gədəbəy}}; {{lang-ru|Гедабек, Гедабекский район}}, ''Gadabek''; mair common traditional Roushie spellin Кедабек, Кедабекский район) is a [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Azerbaijan|rayon]] o [[Azerbaijan]] renouned for its tatties an its gowd fields. The famous [[Siemens AG|Siemens company]] wirkit here in the Tsarist era claimin that they wur exportin [[copper]]. Housomeivver it haes been racently revealt that in fact they wur acqually secretly exportin [[gowd]]. The gowd minin operation haes racently resumit<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anglo-Asian Mining Website|url=http://www.aamining.com/contribute/gedabek.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105223405/http://www.aamining.com/contribute/gedabek.php|archive-date=2010-01-05|access-date=2026-11-09|language=en}}</ref> ==Demographics== ===Ethnic Groups=== * [[Azeris]] 99,29% * Ither 0,71% (maistly ethnic Roushies, some o wham belangs the [[Molokan]] releegious minority, bidin in veelages lik [[Slavyanka, Azerbaijan|Slavyanka]]) ===Releegion=== * [[Muslim]] 99,9% * Ither 0,1% ===Language=== * [[Azerbaijani leid]] 100% ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Azerbaijan}} {{Gadabay Rayon}} {{coord missing|Azerbaijan}} {{Stub/Azerbaijan}} [[Category:Destricts o Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Gadabay Rayon| ]] izqmm5c3qlm81ze5ob1mcn9wxv7d7ea 927557 927556 2026-11-10T00:23:37Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 927557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Gadabay | type = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Azerbaijan|Rayon]] | image_map = Gadabay District in Azerbaijan 2021.svg | map_caption = Map o Azerbaijan showin Gadabay rayon | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[Azerbaijan]] | population_as_of = 2010 est. | population_total = 94,200 | area_total_km2 = 1,290 | area_code_type = Telephone code | area_code = 232 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 2100 | seat_type = Caipital | seat = [[Gadabay (ceety)|Gadabay]] }} '''Gadabay''' ({{lang-az|Gədəbəy}}; {{lang-ru|Гедабек, Гедабекский район}}, ''Gadabek''; mair common traditional Roushie spellin Кедабек, Кедабекский район) is a [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Azerbaijan|rayon]] o [[Azerbaijan]] renouned for its tatties an its gowd fields. The famous [[Siemens AG|Siemens company]] wirkit here in the Tsarist era claimin that they wur exportin [[copper]]. Housomeivver it haes been racently revealt that in fact they wur acqually secretly exportin [[gowd]]. The gowd minin operation haes racently resumit.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anglo-Asian Mining Website|url=http://www.aamining.com/contribute/gedabek.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105223405/http://www.aamining.com/contribute/gedabek.php|archive-date=2010-01-05|access-date=2026-11-09|language=en}}</ref> ==Demographics== ===Ethnic Groups=== * [[Azeris]] 99,29% * Ither 0,71% (maistly ethnic Roushies, some o wham belangs the [[Molokan]] releegious minority, bidin in veelages lik [[Slavyanka, Azerbaijan|Slavyanka]]) ===Releegion=== * [[Muslim]] 99,9% * Ither 0,1% ===Language=== * [[Azerbaijani leid]] 100% ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Azerbaijan}} {{Gadabay Rayon}} {{coord missing|Azerbaijan}} {{Stub/Azerbaijan}} [[Category:Destricts o Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Gadabay Rayon| ]] twh2w6v4w2c1p9hfcy282288ytw2x8w 0 33429 927550 890776 2026-11-10T00:19:36Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 remuived section that didnae haes ony content, addit stub tag 927550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Govisümber Province | native_name = Говьсүмбэр аймаг<br>{{MongolUnicode|ᠭᠣᠪᠢ}}{{MongolUnicode|ᠰᠦᠮᠪᠦᠷ}}{{MongolUnicode|ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ}} | native_name_lang = mn | settlement_type = [[Provinces o Mongolie|Province]] | image_skyline = At Choir Mongolia (11532660476).jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Railwey station at Choir | image_flag = Mn flag govisümber aimag.svg | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Mn coa govisümber aimag.svg | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Govisümber in Mongolia.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|46|30|N|108|30|E|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = Mongolie | established_title = Established | established_date = {{Start date|1994}} | founder = | seat_type =Capital | seat =[[Choir, Mongolia|Choir]] | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 5541.80 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 16924 | population_as_of = 2016 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[UTC+08:00]] | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = +976 7054xxxx | registration_plate_type = | registration_plate = ГС_ | iso_code = MN-064 | website = http://www.govisumber.gov.mn/ }} '''Govisümber''' ({{lang-mn|Говьсүмбэр}}, literally [[Gobi]]-[[Sümber]]) is ane o the 21 [[Provinces o Mongolie|aimags]] (provinces) o [[Mongolie]]. It is locatit in the centre o the kintra. Its caipital is [[Choir, Mongolie|Choir]]. {{Stub/Asie}}[[File:Mongolia Govisumber sum map.png|thumb|right|250px|Sums o Govisümber]] {| class="wikitable" |+ The [[Sums o Mongolie|Sums]] o Govisümber Aimag<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statis.mn/portal/content_files/comppmedia/cxls0x239.xls |title=Govisümber Aimag Statistical Office |access-date=2012-05-11 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722220419/http://www.statis.mn/portal/content_files/comppmedia/cxls0x239.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! Sum ! [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] ! Population (2003) ! Population (2008) ! Aurie (km²) ! Density (/km²) ! Sum centre population (2002) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gate1.pmis.gov.mn/govisumber/index.php?m63 |title=Govisümber aimag official site |access-date=2012-05-11 |archive-date=2007-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070924203447/http://gate1.pmis.gov.mn/govisumber/index.php?m63 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Bayantal, Govisümber|Bayantal]] || {{lang|mn|Баянтал }}||838||851||916.06||0.92||120 |- | [[Shiveegovi, Govisümber|Shiveegovi]]|| {{lang|mn|Шивээговь }}||2,685||2,745||857.55 ||3.20||1,800 |- | [[Sümber, Govisümber|Sümber]] || {{lang|mn|Сүмбэр }}||8,996||9,719||3768.19||2.58||7,998 * (2006<ref>[http://pmis.gov.mn/govi-sumber/www/content.php?id=25 Govisümber Aimag offeecial steid]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>) |- |} ^* - The aimag caipital [[Choir, Mongolie|Choir]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{Geographic location |Centre = Govisumber Province |North = |Northeast = [[Khentii Province]] |East = |Southeast = [[Dornogovi Province]] |South = |Southwest = [[Dundgovi Province]] |West = |Northwest = [[Tov Province]] }} {{Provinces o Mongolie}} [[Category:Govisümber Province| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Mongolie]] fwxijblt6d0e9g4ij6iqpih5mt4jmry 0 35015 927467 893784 2026-11-09T20:54:11Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; soorces addit 927467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist |name = Björn Strid |image = Björn Strid 2019 (2).jpg |caption = Björn "Speed" Strid in 2019 |background = solo_singer |birth_name = Björn Ove Ingemar Strid |alias = Speed |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|9|10}} |birth_place =[[Helsingborg]], [[Swaden]] |occupation = [[Muisicker|Musician]], [[sangwriter]] |genre = [[Melodic daith metal]], [[thrash metal]], classic rock |years_active = 1995&ndash;the day |associated_acts = [[Soilwork]]<br>[[Coldseed]]<br>[[Disarmonia Mundi]]<br>[[Terror 2000]]<br>Zero Tolerance<br>[[Darkane]]<br>Highball Shooters<br>The Night Flight Orchestra<br>Blinded In Bliss }} '''Björn Ove Ingemar "Speed" Strid''' (born 10 September 1978) is a [[Swaden|Swadish]] sangster, best kent as the frontman o the [[melodic daith metal]] baund [[Soilwork]] an the classic rock baund The Night Flight Orchestra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karadimitris |first=Chris |date=16 February 2015 |title=Soilwork (Bjorn 'Speed' Strid) |url=http://noisefull.com/interviews/soilwork-bjorn-speed-strid-0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110302/http://noisefull.com/interviews/soilwork-bjorn-speed-strid-0 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |accessdate=9 October 2015 |website=Noisefull}}</ref> He haes sung wi [[Disarmonia Mundi]], [[Terror 2000]],<ref>{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p431297|pure_url=yes}}|title=Biography: Terror 2000|last=Rivadavia|first=Eduardo |publisher=[[AllMusic|Allmusic]]|accessdate=15 March 2010}}</ref> [[Coldseed]] an ithers an aw, an maist notably wi Soilwork.<ref>{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p413327|pure_url=yes}}|title=Biography: Soilwork|last=Huey|first=Steve|publisher=[[AllMusic|Allmusic]]|accessdate=15 March 2010}}</ref> In 2023 Jake Richardson o ''Loudwire'' pit him on his leet o the "10 Best Clean Singers in Metalcore".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Jake RichardsonJake |date=2023-04-17 |title=10 Best Clean Singers in Metalcore |url=https://loudwire.com/best-clean-singers-metalcore/ |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Loudwire |language=en}}</ref> He sang on the demo recordins o [[Darkane]] afore Lawrence Mackrory jyned that baund for thair first album. He makkit a guest appearance on the [[Destruction (baund)|Destruction]] track "The Alliance of Hellhoundz", alang wi monie ither weel-kent metal sangsters. He sang on Zero Tolerance's "Prime Time Mind Surgery", the Phoenix metal baund Howitzer's "245", an the Danish baund [[Mercenary (baund)|Mercenary]]'s "Redefine Me", frae thair album ''The Hours That Remain''. He sang on "Collapsing" bi the Seattle baund [[Demon Hunter]], frae thair album ''The World Is a Thorn'' (2010), an on "The Great Pandemonium" frae the pouer metal baund [[Kamelot]]'s ''Poetry for the Poisoned''. Strid haes a wide vocal style, an can switch quick atween deep growls, heicher screams an clean, harmonious singin. He grew up in Swaden, an got the nickname "Speed" frae his fellae students for the "extreme" muisic he wis kent tae lik. He co-foondit Soilwork in 1995 unner the nem Inferior Breed, that wis chynged tae Soilwork ance the baund's soond stairtit tae tak shape. He is the anly member that haes been wi the baund the hale time, an he writes maist o its lyrics. He haes said that [[Judas Priest]]'s ''Killing Machine'' (released in the US as ''Hell Bent for Leather'') is his favourite album,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bjorn Strid |url=http://www.disarmoniamundi.com/band/bjorn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726221145/http://www.disarmoniamundi.com/band/bjorn |archive-date=26 July 2010 |website=disarmoniamundi.com}}</ref> but mair recently he haes named [[Iron Maiden]]'s ''The Number of the Beast'' as his favourite.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Soilwork members - Speed |url=http://www.soilwork.org/members_speed.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705002022/http://www.soilwork.org/members_speed.php |archive-date=5 July 2007 |website=soilwork.org}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.myspace.com/speedstrid Official MySpace] * [http://www.metal-temple.com/interview.asp?id=217 An interview wi Bjorn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203130044/http://www.metal-temple.com/interview.asp?id=217 |date=2007-12-03 }} * [http://www.disarmoniamundi.com The official Disarmonia Mundi website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Strid, Bjorn}} [[Category:1978 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Swadish hivy metal sangsters]] [[Category:Swadish male sangsters]] [[Category:Fowk frae Helsingborg]] qc0cvsw8k3qin0d2254twmiy8pparss 1 35435 927468 285277 2026-11-09T20:56:36Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} {{Translatit page|en|Björn Strid|version=1370945453}} bi32z88cuw1ecodryfm0c79tpj5u44p 0 36252 927696 695960 2026-11-10T04:12:19Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 927696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox Ingland coonty | official_name = Shropshire | flag_image = [[File:Flag of Shropshire.svg|200px]] | flag_link = Banner o Shropshire | motto = "Floreat Salopia"<br />("Mey Shropshire flourish") | locator_map = [[File:Shropshire UK locator map 2010.svg|200px|Shropshire within Ingland]] | coordinates = {{Coord|52|37|N|2|43|W|region:GB_type:adm1st|display=title, inline}} | region = [[Wast Midlands (region)|Wast Midlands]] | established_date = [[Historic coonties o Ingland|Auncient]] | lord_lieutenant_office = Laird Lieutenant o Shropshire | lord_lieutenant_name = Algernon Eustace Heber-Percy | high_sheriff_office = Heich Shirra o Shropshire | high_sheriff_name = Rhoderick M Swire <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=62229 |pages=4814–4814|date=15 March 2018 |nolink=y}}</ref> (2018/19) | area_total_km2 = 3487 | area_total_rank = 13t | ethnicity = <small>Figures for [[Shropshire Cooncil|Shropshire UA]]:</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/interactive/2011/may/19/ethnic-breakdown-england-wales|work = The Guardian|date = 19 May 2011|title = Ethnic breakdown of England and Wales mapped|last = Rogers|first = Simon}}</ref><br>93.8% White, Breetish<br>1.9% White, ither<br>1.5% S. Asie<br>0.9% Mixed<br>0.6% White, Erse<br>0.6% Black | unitary_council = [[Shropshire Council]] | admin_hq = [[Shrewsbury]] | iso_code = GB-SHR | ons_code = 00GG | gss_code = E06000051 | nuts_code = UKG22 | districts_map = [[File:New Shropshire Ceremonial Numbered.png|150px]] | districts_key = {{Colorsample|#FFFF99}} [[Unitar authorities o Ingland|Unitar]] | districts_list = # Shropshire # {{nowrap|[[Telford and Wrekin]]}} | MPs = [[Pairlamentar constituencies in Shropshire|Leet o MPs]] | police = [[West Mercia Police]] | website = {{URL|www.shropshire.gov.uk}} }} '''Shropshire''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|ʃ|r|ɒ|p|ʃ|ər}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|r|ɒ|p|ʃ|ɪər}}; alternatively '''Salop''';<ref name="autogenerated1">Blandings: English Counties – broken link<!-- Bot generated title --></ref> abbreviated, in print only, '''Shrops'''<ref>[http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/SHROPS SHROPS – What does SHROPS stand for? Acronyms and abbreviations by the Free Online Dictionary]. Acronyms.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved on 25 August 2011.</ref>) is a [[Coonties o Ingland|coonty]] in the [[Wast Midlands (region)|Wast Midlands region]] o Ingland. It borders [[Wales]] tae the wast, [[Cheshire]] tae the north, [[Staffordshire]] tae the east, [[Worcestershire]] tae the sooth-east an [[Herefordshire]] tae the sooth. A [[unitary authority]] ([[Shropshire Council]]) wis creatit on 1 Aprile 2009, takkin ower frae the previous [[coonty cooncil]] an 5 destrict cooncils, an covers maist o the coonty. The burgh o [[Telford an Wrekin]], includit in Shropshire for [[Ceremonial coonties o Ingland|ceremonial purposes]], haes been a separate unitary authority syne 1998.<ref>[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20031221093252/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/downloads/UK_LADUACty.pdf statics.gov website]{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.shropshire.gov.uk Shropshire Council] *{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Shropshire}} *[http://www.shropshirestar.com Shropshire Star] *[http://www.shropshirelive.com shropshirelive.com] {{Shropshire}} {{Ingland coonties}} {{Wast Midlands}} {{Unitary authorities o Ingland}} [[Category:Shropshire| ]] [[Category:Unitary authorities o Ingland]] [[Category:Local govrenment destricts o the Wast Midlands (region)]] [[Category:NUTS 3 statistical regions o the Unitit Kinrick]] e175fc473nr9kfpxrgl6rahiv2ajq8g 0 36584 927524 927251 2026-11-09T23:55:35Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin fixes, lang sentences split, twa quotes owerset wi the Inglis in notes, cite fix, broken characters fixed 927524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tennis biography |name = Rafael Nadal |fullname = Rafael Nadal Parera |image= Nadal Japan Open 2011.jpg |caption = Rafael Nadal in 2011 |country = {{flagicon|Spain}} Spain |nickname = ''Rafa''<br />''The King of Clay''<br />''The Matador''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/sport/tennis/australian-open/the-man-from-majorca-breathes-the-sweet-scent-of-victory/2009/02/02/1233423135781.html |title=The man from Majorca breathes scent of victory | last=Niall | first=Jake | work=The Age | date=3 February 2009 | accessdate=5 April 2010 | location=Melbourne}}</ref> |residence = [[Manacor]], Majorca, [[Balearic Islands]], Spain |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|6|3}} |birth_place = Manacor, Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain |height = 1.85 m (6&nbsp;ft 1&nbsp;in) |weight = {{convert|85|kg|lb st|abbr=on}} |turnedpro = 2001 |retired = 19 November 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/rafael-nadal-retirement-longform-tribute|title=Rafael Nadal: The Warrior Next Door|date=19 November 2024|website=ATPTour|last=Schlecht|first=Neil Edward|access-date=20 November 2024|archive-date=19 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119233212/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/rafael-nadal-retirement-longform-tribute|url-status=live}}</ref> |plays = Corrie-haundit (twa-haundit backhaund) |careerprizemoney = US$134,946,100<ref name="career-prize-money-leaders">{{cite web |title=ATP Prize Money Leaders|url=http://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/career_prize.pdf}}</ref> *<small>&nbsp;3rd&nbsp;aa-time&nbsp;leader&nbsp;in&nbsp;earnins</small> |singlesrecord = 1080–228 (82.6%) |singlestitles = 92 <small>(5t in the Open Era)</small> |highestsinglesranking = No. '''1''' (18 August 2008) |AustralianOpenresult = '''W''' (2009) |FrenchOpenresult = '''W''' (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020) |Wimbledonresult = '''W''' (2008, 2010) |USOpenresult = '''W''' (2010, 2013, 2017, 2019) |Othertournaments = Aye |MastersCupresult = F (2010, 2013) |Olympicsresult = [[File:Gold medal.svg|20px]] '''Gowd medal''' (2008) |doublesrecord = {{#property:P555}} |doublestitles = 11 |currentdoublesranking = |highestdoublesranking = No. 26 (8 August 2005) |grandslamsdoublesresults = Aye |AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 3R (2004, 2005) |WimbledonDoublesresult = 2R (2005) |USOpenDoublesresult = SF (2004) |OthertournamentsDoubles = Aye |OlympicsDoublesresult = [[File:Gold medal.svg|20px]] '''Gowd medal''' (2016) |Team=yes |DavisCupresult = '''W''' (2004, 2008, 2009, 2011) | medaltemplates-expand = yes | medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry | {{ESP}} }} {{MedalSport|Men's Tennis}} {{MedalGold|[[2008 Simmer Olympics|2008 Beijing]]|Singles}} {{MedalGold|[[2016 Simmer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]]|Doobles}} }} '''Rafael''' "'''Rafa'''" '''Nadal Parera''' ({{IPA-ca|rəfəˈɛɫ nəˈðaɫ pəˈɾeɾə|lang}}, {{IPA-es|rafaˈel naˈðal paˈɾeɾa|lang}}; born 3 Juin 1986) is a Spaingie umwhile professional [[tennis]] player. He wis rankit warld No. 1 in men's singles bi the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for 209 weeks, an feenished as year-end No. 1 five times. Nadal wan 92 ATP Tour singles titles, amang thaim 22 major titles, includin a record 14 French Open titles, as weel as 36 Masters titles an twa Olympic gowd medals. He is ane o three men tae complete the career Golden Slam in singles. He is widely regardit as ane o the greatest [[clay court]] player in history{{efn|See<ref name="TIME Why Djoikovic's">{{cite news |last=Dodds |first=Eric |title=Why Djokovic’s French Open Loss Is A Win for Men’s Tennis |url=http://keepingscore.blogs.time.com/2013/06/07/why-djokovics-french-open-loss-is-a-win-for-mens-tennis/ |accessdate=11 June 2013 |work=Time |date=7 June 2013 |archive-date=2013-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610014527/http://keepingscore.blogs.time.com/2013/06/07/why-djokovics-french-open-loss-is-a-win-for-mens-tennis/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="LA Times Rafael Nadal wins record eighth">{{cite news |last=Chu |first=Henry |title=Rafael Nadal wins a record eig"hth French Open tennis title |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jun/09/sports/la-sp-french-open-men-20130610 |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=9 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu The king and his court">{{cite news |title=The king and his court |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/the-king-and-his-court/article4801157.ece |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="SB Nation French Open results 2013">{{cite news |last=Rothstein |first=Ethan |title=French Open results 2013: Rafael Nadal advances to final with 5-set victory over Novak Djokovic |url=http://www.sbnation.com/tennis/2013/6/7/4405760/french-open-tennis-2013-results-scores-roland-garros-novak-djokovic-rafael-nadal-semifinal |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=SB Nation |date=7 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="NY Times Nadal Embraces History">{{cite news |last=Bishop |first=Greg |title=Nadal Embraces History With a Record Seventh Title on the Clay of Roland Garros |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/sports/tennis/nadal-finishes-off-djokovic-for-seventh-french-open-title.html?_r=1&ref=tennis |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=11 June 2012}}</ref>}} an wis nicknamed "The King of Clay."{{efn|See<ref name="Plain Dealer King of Clay">{{cite news |title='King of Clay' Rafael Nadal outlasts Novak Djokovic in stirring French Open semifinal |url=http://www.cleveland.com/sports/index.ssf/2013/06/king_of_clay_rafael_nadal_outl.html |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |date=7 June 2013 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name="LA Times French Open 2013">{{cite news |last=McMahon |first=James| title=French Open 2013: Breaking Down Why Rafael Nadal is so Dominant on Clay |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1666425-french-open-2013-breaking-down-why-rafael-nadal-is-so-dominant-on-clay |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=8 June 2013|agency=Bleacher Report}}</ref><ref name="NBC Sports Nadal Shakes Off">{{cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Pritha |title=Nadal Shakes Off Protessters, Ferrer to Win French Open |url=http://www.nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/52148421 |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=NBC Sports |date=9 June 2013 |agency=Reuters |archive-date=2013-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612103854/http://www.nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/52148421 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="USA Today Nadal takes down Djokovic">{{cite news |last=Robson |first=Douglas |title=Nadal takes down Djokovic, reaches French Open final |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2013/06/07/rafael-nadal-novak-djokovic-french-open-mens-semifinals/2400029/|accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=USA Today |date=7 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Boston Herald Rafael Nadal overcomes">{{cite news |title=Rafael Nadal overcomes doubts to win 8th French title |url=http://bostonherald.com/sports/other/tennis/2013/06/rafael_nadal_overcomes_doubts_to_win_8th_french_title |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Boston Herald |date=10 June 2013 |agency=Associated Press |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108192340/http://bostonherald.com/sports/other/tennis/2013/06/rafael_nadal_overcomes_doubts_to_win_8th_french_title |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Fox Sports Nadal roars back">{{cite news |last=Evans |first=Richard |title=Nadal roars back to King of Clay throne |url=http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/rafael-nadal-retakes-king-of-clay-title-with-french-open-win-060610 |accessdate=11 June 2013 |work=Fox Sports |date=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2010-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704182501/http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/rafael-nadal-retakes-king-of-clay-title-with-french-open-win-060610 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} His growth intae a threat on aa surfaces established him as ane o the greatest players in tennis,{{efn|See<ref name="Atlantic Greatest Mens' Tennis Player">{{cite news |last=St. John |first=Allen |title=The Greatest Men's Tennis Player of All Time Is at the French Open |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/06/the-greatest-mens-tennis-player-of-all-time-is-at-the-french-open/258262/|accessdate=11 June 2013|newspaper=The Atlantic|date=7 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="LA Times Where Rafael Nadal Fits">{{cite news |last=Eckstein |first=Jeremy |title=Where Rafael Nadal Fits in the Greatest of All Time Debate |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1666069-whose-legacy-is-greatest-rafael-nadal-roger-federer-or-pete-sampras |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=9 June 2013 |agency=Bleacher Report}}</ref><ref name="HuffPost Could Rafa Nadal Be the Greatest">{{cite news |last=Goldring |first=Fred |title=Could Rafa Nadal Be the Greatest Tennis Player of All Time? |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/fred-goldring/nadal-french-_b_871946.html |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Huffington Post |date=6 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="WP Who's the best">{{cite news |last=Bowen |first=Fred |title=Who's the best tennis player of all time? |url=http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-08-31/lifestyle/35270499_1_tennis-player-bjorn-borg-roy-emerson |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=31 August 2011 |archive-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613014812/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-08-31/lifestyle/35270499_1_tennis-player-bjorn-borg-roy-emerson |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Business Insider Rafael Nadal is Challenging">{{cite news |last=Gaines |first=Cork |title=Rafael Nadal Is Challenging Roger Federer for the Title Of 'Greatest of All Time'|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/chart-why-rafael-nadal-is-making-case-as-the-greatest-of-all-time-2013-6 |accessdate=11 June 2013 |work=Business Insider |date=10 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Chattanooga Nadal may now argue">{{cite news |last=Wiedmer |first=Mark |title=Wiedmer: Nadal may now argue for best ever |url=http://timesfreepress.com/news/2013/jun/10/nadal-may-now-argue-for-best-ever/ |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Chattanooga Times Free Press |date=10 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="ESPN Becker questions">{{cite news |last=Palmer |first=Kevin |title=Becker questions whether Federer is greatest ever |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/177649.html |accessdate=11 June 2013 |publisher=ESPN |date=4 November 2012 |archive-date=2013-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105222423/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/177649.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Fox Sports">{{cite news |title=Roger Federer is greatest player of all time says Australian tennis legend Rod Laver |url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/tennis/roger-federer-is-greatest-player-of-all-time-says-australian-tennis-legend-rod-laver/story-e6frf4mu-1226418545853#.UbdoXpwQNxV |accessdate=11 June 2013 |work=Fox Sports |date=6 July 2012}}</ref>}} wi some considering Nadal tae be the greatest player o aa time.<ref name="ftw.usatoday.com">{{cite news |last=Chase |first=Chris |url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/01/roger-federer-rafael-nadal-australian-open/ |title=Roger Federer just made Rafael Nadal's case for greatest of all time |work=USA Today |date=24 January 2014 |accessdate=16 June 2014 |archive-date=2017-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211161047/http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/01/roger-federer-rafael-nadal-australian-open |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Heveldt |first1=Guy |last2=Walker |first2=Nick |last3=Smith |first3=Elliott |title=Tennis: Nadal will overtake Federer - Sampras |url=http://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/auckland/news/spten/299691324-tennis--nadal-will-overtake-federer---sampras |work=Newstalk ZB |date=26 January 2014 |accessdate=24 June 2014 |archive-date=2014-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020025909/http://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/auckland/news/spten/299691324-tennis--nadal-will-overtake-federer---sampras |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Andre Agassi picks Rafael Nadal ahead of Roger Federer as tennis's greatest all-time player |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/rafaelnadal/10816170/Andre-Agassi-picks-Rafael-Nadal-ahead-of-Roger-Federer-as-tenniss-greatest-all-time-player.html |accessdate=8 June 2014 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=8 May 2014}}</ref> For near twa decades Nadal wis a leadin figure in men's tennis alangside [[Roger Federer]] an [[Novak Djokovic]], the "Big Three". Early in his career he wis ane o the maist successfu teenagers in ATP Tour history, reachin No. 2 in the warld an winnin 16 titles afore he turned 20, includin his first major title at the 2005 French Open. He becam warld No. 1 for the first time in 2008 efter beatin Federer in a historic Wimbledon final, his first major off clay, an follaed it wi Olympic singles gowd at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Bi beatin Djokovic in the 2010 US Open final, he becam the youngest man in the Open Era at the time tae complete a career Grand Slam, at 24. Nadal wan major singles titles in 10 year in a raw frae 2005 tae 2014, an again ilka year frae 2017 tae 2020. He wan 11 doubles titles an aw, includin an Olympic gowd medal at the 2016 Rio Olympics. At the 2022 Australian Open he brak his joint record wi Djokovic an Federer for the maist Grand Slam men's singles titles. He wis a member o the winnin [[Spain Davis Cup team]] five times, an he wis nemmed the [[Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year|Laureus World Sportsman of the Year]] in 2011 an 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.laureus.com/awards/2011|title=Awards 2011|publisher=Laureus World Sports Awards|accessdate=13 August 2014|archive-date=2015-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701234042/http://www.laureus.com/awards/2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> He retired efter playin for Spain at the 2024 Davis Cup Finals. Bi 2015 Nadal haed wan a record 28 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 titles at the time.<ref name="ESPN Cinc">{{cite news |title=Nadal captures Cincinnati crown |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/231081.html |accessdate=19 July 2014 |work=ESPN |date=18 August 2013 |archive-date=2015-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110093810/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/231081.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Tworld Cinc">{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisworldusa.org/Rafael-Nadal-beats-Isner-to-win-26th-Masters-1000-title-in-Cincinnati-articolo12228.html |title=Rafael Nadal beats Isner to win 26th Masters 1000 title in Cincinnati |publisher=Tennisworldusa.org |date=18 August 2013 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |title=Rafael Nadal wins Madrid Masters after Kei Nishikori retires |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27368033 |work=BBC Sport |date=11 May 2014 |accessdate=24 June 2014}}</ref> In 2014 he an Mats Wilander war the anly twa male players in history that haed wan at least twa Grand Slam titles on three different surfaces: haurd court, gress an clay.<ref name=surface>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/09/36-US-Open-Week-2/US-Open-Monday-Final-Nadal-Completes-Career-Slam.aspx|title=US Open Final - Nadal Completes Career Grand Slam - Tennis - ATP World Tour|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> Bi winnin the 2014 French Open, Nadal becam the first male player tae win a single Grand Slam tournament nine times. He wis the first tae win at least ae Grand Slam tournament ten year in a raw an aw. This brak the record o aicht year in a raw that wis shared bi [[Björn Borg]], [[Pete Sampras]] an [[Roger Federer]]. In 2012 he set the record for the maist titles in a raw at a particular tournament, winnin his echt straucht Monte-Carlo Masters. ==Early life== Rafael Nadal wis born in [[Manacor]], Balearic Islands, Spain, tae Sebastián Nadal, a businessman that ains an insurance company, a gless an windae company, Vidres Mallorca, an manages his ain restaurant, Sa Punta. His mither is Ana María Parera, a housewife. He haes a younger sister named María Isabel. His uncle, Miguel Ángel Nadal, is a retired professional [[association fitbaw|footballer]], that played for [[RCD Mallorca]], [[FC Barcelona]], an the [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spanish naitional team]].<ref name="times">{{cite news | first=Christopher | last=Clarey | title=Rafael Nadal, Barely 19, He's Got Game, Looks and Remarkably Good Manners | date=6 June 2005 | work=[[The New York Times]] | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/06/sports/tennis/06nadal.html|accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref> Nadal supports fitba clubs [[Real Madrid]] an RCD Mallorca.<ref>{{cite news | title=Sportsround meets Rafael Nadal | date=11 November 2006 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_6130000/newsid_6135900/6135996.stm |publisher=BBC Sports | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> Recognizing that Nadal haed a naitural talent for tennis, anither uncle, [[Toni Nadal]], a umwhile professional tennis player, introduced him tae tennis whan he wis three year auld.<ref name="Rajaraman">{{cite web|url=http://www.insidetennis.com/archive/0608_french_open_nadal.html|first=Aarthi|last=Rajaraman|title=At Home with Humble yet Ambitious Nadal|date=1 June 2008|work=Inside Tennis|accessdate=5 April 2010|archive-date=2010-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609141023/http://www.insidetennis.com/archive/0608_french_open_nadal.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> At age aicht, Nadal won an unner-12 regional tennis championship at a time whan he wis a promising fitba player an aw.<ref name="timesonline">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article708386.ece|title=The Big Interview: Rafael Nadal|work=The Sunday Times|date=23 April 2006|first=Alison|last=Kervin|accessdate=5 April 2010|location=London|archive-date=2011-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907070717/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article708386.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> This pushed Toni Nadal tae intensify training, an at that time he encouraged Nadal tae play left-handed for a naitural advantage on the tennis court, as he noticed Nadal played forehand shots wi twa haunds.<ref name="timesonline"/> This mey be due tae the fact he is ambidextrous, playin tennis wi his left haund, an writing wi his right.<ref>{{cite news | title = Rafael Nadal | url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150602193546/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx | archivedate = 2015-06-02 | publisher = ATP | accessdate = 22 February 2014 | url-status = bot: unknown }}</ref> When Nadal wis 12, he won the Spanish an European tennis teetles in his age group an wis playin tennis an fitba aa the time.<ref name="timesonline"/> Nadal's faither gart him choose atween fitba an tennis sae that his schuil wirk wad nae deteriorate entirely. Nadal said: "I chose tennis. Football had to stop straight away."<ref name="timesonline"/> When he wis 14, the Spanish tennis federation requestit that he leave Mallorca an muive tae [[Barcelona]] tae continue his tennis training. Nadal's faimily turned doun this request, partly acause thay feared it wad hurt his eddication.<ref name="timesonline"/> The ither reason wis that Toni said: "A dinnae want tae believe that ye hae tae go tae America, or other places, tae be a good athlete. Ye can dae it frae yer home."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "I don't want to believe that you have to go to America, or other places to be a good athlete. You can do it from your home."</ref><ref name="Rajaraman"/> The decision tae stay hame meant that Nadal received less financial support frae the federation; insteid, Nadal's faither covered the costs. In Mey 2001, he defeatit umwhile Grand Slam tournament champion Pat Cash in a clay-court exhibition match.<ref name="times"/> Nadal turned professional at the age o 15,<ref name="rafarenaissance">{{cite news|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/DEUCE-Tennis/DEUCE-May-2010/Rafael-Nadal.aspx |title=The Rafa Renaissance | work=atpworldtour | first=Joel | last=Drucker | date=18 May 2010}}</ref> an participatit in twa events on the [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] junior circuit. In 2002, at the age o 16, Nadal reached the semifeenals o the Boy's Singles tournament at Wimbledon, in his first ITF junior event.<ref name="ITFTennis">{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100007935|title=ITF Tennis – Juniors – Player Activity|accessdate=15 June 2012|archive-date=2013-07-19|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IET2x3WX?url=http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100007935|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bi the age o 17, he beat [[Roger Federer]] the first time thay played an acame the youngest man tae reach the third roond at Wimbledon syne [[Boris Becker]]. At 18, he helped pace Spain ower the US in the junior [[Davis Cup]] in his second, an feenal, appearance on the ITF junior circuit. At 19, Nadal won the French Open the first time he played it, a feat nae accomplished in Paris for mair nor 20 years. He eventually won it the first fower times he played at Roland Garros.<ref name="rafarenaissance"/> In 2003, he haed won the ATP Newcomer of the Year Award. Early in his career, Nadal acame kent for his habit o bitin the trophies he won.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1653408,00.html |title=10 Questions for Rafael Nadal |accessdate=14 September 2010 |work=Time |first=Nathan |last=Thornburgh |date=15 August 2007 |archive-date=2013-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812171900/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1653408,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Tennis career== ===2002–2004=== In Aprile 2002, at 15 years an 10 month, the warld No. 762 Nadal won his first [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] match, defeatin Ramón Delgado, an acame the ninth player in the [[Open Era]] tae dae sae afore the age o 16.<ref name="Tennis.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.tennis.com/features/general/features.aspx?id=10488 |title=Wimbledon 2006: The Duel |last=Tignor |first=Stephen |date=20 June 2006 |work=Tennis Magazine |accessdate=8 November 2008 |archive-date=2013-07-19 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IET4ENJL?url=http://www.tennis.com/players-rankings/features/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The follaein year, Nadal won twa Challenger teetles an finished the year in the tap 50. At his Wimbledon debut in 2003, Nadal acame the youngest man tae reach the third roond syne [[Boris Becker]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite news | first=Christopher | last=Clarey |title=Wimbledon Tennis: An unusual comfort zone | date=26 June 2003 | url =http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/26/sports/26iht-tennis_ed3__12.html | work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref> Nadal reached the third roond o the 2004 Australian Open whaur he lost in three sets against Australian Lleyton Hewitt. Interestingly, haed he won, he wad hae faced Roger Federer in the next roond.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-01-24/hewitt-sets-up-federer-clash/124708 |title=Hewitt sets up Federer clash |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=24 November 2012}}</ref> Later that year, Nadal played his first match against warld No. 1 Roger Federer at the 2004 Miami Masters, an won in straucht sets, afore losin tae [[Fernando González]] in the fowert roond. He wis ane o the sax players that defeatit Federer that year (alang wi Tim Henman, Albert Costa, Gustavo Kuerten, Dominik Hrbatý, an [[Tomáš Berdych]]). He missed maist o the clay court saison, includin the French Open, acause o a stress fracture in his left ankle.<ref name="times"/> Nadal, at 18 years an sax month, acame the youngest player tae register a singles veectory in a [[Davis Cup]] feenal for a winning naition.<ref name="telenadkno1">{{cite news | first=Emily | last=Benammar | title=Rafael Nadal: All you need to know | date=8 July 2008 | url =http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/atptour/2305040/Rafael-Nadal-All-you-need-to-know.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | accessdate =5 April 2010 | location=London}}</ref> Bi beatin warld No. 2 [[Andy Roddick]], he helped Spain clinch the 2004 teetle ower the Unitit States in a 3–2 win. He finished the year rankit warld No. 51. ===2005: First Grand Slam title=== At the 2005 Australian Open, Nadal lost in the fowert roond tae eventual runner-up Lleyton Hewitt. Twa month later, Nadal reached the feenal o the 2005 Miami Masters, an despite bein twa pynts frae a straucht-sets veectory, he wis defeatit in five sets bi warld No. 1 Roger Federer. Baith performances war considered tae be breakthroughs for Nadal.<ref>{{cite news | title=Brave Hewitt battles past Nadal | date=24 January 2005 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4200919.stm |publisher=BBC Sports | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Nadal proves to be the real deal | date=5 April 2005 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4412667.stm |publisher=BBC Sports | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> He then dominatit the spring clay court saison. He won 24 consecutive singles matches, which broke [[Andre Agassi]]'s Open Era record o consecutive match wins for a male teenager.<ref>{{cite news | title=Teen Nadal gives Spain reign over French Open | date=5 June 2006 | url =http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/french/2005-06-05-day-14_x.htm | agency=Associated Press |work=USA Today | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> Nadal won the Torneo Conde de Godó in Barcelona an beat 2004 French Open runner-up Guillermo Coria in the feenals o the 2005 Monte Carlo Masters an the 2005 Rome Masters. Thir victories raised his ranking tae warld No. 5<ref name="ranking2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx?t=rh |title=ATP Rankings History: Rafael Nadal |accessdate=6 April 2010 |publisher=ATP Tour }}</ref> an pit him amang the favourites at his career-first French Open. On his 19t birthday, Nadal defeatit Federer in the 2005 French Open semifeenals, bein ane o anly fower players that defeatit the tap-seedit player that year (alang wi [[Marat Safin]], Richard Gasquet, an David Nalbandian). Twa days later, he defeatit Mariano Puerta in the feenal, acomin the second male player efter Mats Wilander tae win the French Open on his first attempt. He acame the first teenager tae win a Grand Slam singles teetle syne [[Pete Sampras]] won the 1990 US Open at age 19 an aw.<ref name="times"/> Winning the French Open improved Nadal's ranking tae warld No. 3.<ref name="ranking2005"/> Three days efter his veectory in Paris, Nadal's 24-match winning streak wis snapped in the first roond o the grass coort Gerry Weber Open in Halle, Germany, whaur he lost tae the German Alexander Waske.<ref>{{cite news | title=Waske snaps Nadal's winning streak | date=10 June 2005 | url =http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2005/06/10/2003258798 | agency=Associated Press | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> He then lost in the second roond o 2005 Wimbledon tae Gilles Müller o Luxembourg. Immediately efter Wimbledon, Nadal won 16 consecutive matches an three consecutive tournaments, bringin his ranking tae warld No. 2 on 25 Julie 2005. Nadal stairtit his North American summer haurd-court saison bi defeatin Agassi in the feenal o the 2005 Canada Masters, but lost in the first roond o the 2005 Cincinnati Masters. Nadal wis seedit second at the 2005 US Open, whaur he wis upset in the third roond bi warld No. 49 James Blake in fower sets. In September, he defeatit Coria in the feenal o the China Open in Beijing an won baith o his [[Davis Cup]] matches against Italy. In October, he won his fowert ATP Masters Series teetle o the year, defeatin Ivan Ljubičić in the feenal o the 2005 Madrid Masters. He then suffered a fit injury that preventit him frae competin in the year-endin Tennis Masters Cup.<ref>{{cite news | first=Julian | last=Linden | title=Foot injury delays Rafael Nadal's comeback | date=5 January 2006 | url =http://www.rediff.com/sports/2006/jan/05nadal.htm | agency=Reuters| accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> Baith Nadal an Federer won eleven singles teetles an fower ATP Masters Series teetles in 2005. Nadal broke Mats Wilander's previous teenage record o nine in 1983.<ref name=2005eleven>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/tennis/1/en/2008news/nadal_newno1.asp|title=Rafael Nadal No. 1 Tribute|accessdate=7 July 2009|date=18 August 2008|work=ATP World Tour}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> Nine o Nadal's teetles war on clay, an the remainder war on haurd courts. Nadal won 79 matches, second anly tae Federer's 81. Nadal won the Golden Bagel Award for 2005, wi eleven 6–0 sets during the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sidespinproductions.com/news9.php |title=Nadal Grabs the Golden Bagel |accessdate=6 April 2010 |date=11 December 2005 |publisher=SideSpin Productions }}</ref> He earned the heichest year-end ranking ever bi a Spaniard an the ATP Maist Improved Player o the Year award an aw. ===2006: Second French Open title=== Nadal missed the Australian Open acause o a fit injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4561684.stm|title=Champion Safin out of Aussie Open|work=BBC Sport|date=10 January 2006|accessdate=13 November 2008}}</ref> In Februar, he lost in the semifeenals o the first tournament he played, the Open 13 tournament in [[Marseille]], Fraunce. Twa weeks later, he handed Roger Federer his first loss o the year in the feenal o the Dubai Duty Free Men's Open (in 2006, Rafael Nadal an [[Andy Murray]] war the anly twa men that defeatit Federer). Tae complete the spring haurd-court saison, Nadal wis upset in the semifeenals o the Pacific Life Open in Indian Wells, California, bi James Blake, an wis upset in the second roond o the 2006 Miami Masters. On European [[clay court|clay]], Nadal won aa fower tournaments he entered an 24 consecutive matches. He defeatit Federer in the feenal o the Masters Series Monte Carlo in fower sets. The follaein week, he defeatit [[Tommy Robredo]] in the feenal o the Open Sabadell Atlántico tournament in [[Barcelona]]. Efter a ane-week break, Nadal won the Masters Series Internazionali BNL d'Italia in Rome, defeatin Federer in a fift-set tiebreaker in the feenal efter saving twa match pynts. Wi this win he equalled [[Björn Borg]]'s tally o 16 ATP teetles won as a teenager. Nadal broke Argentinian Guillermo Vilas's 29-year male record o 53 consecutive clay-court match victories bi winning his first roond match at the French Open. Vilas presentit Nadal wi a trophy, but commentit later that Nadal's feat wis less impressive than his ain acause Nadal's winning streak covered twa years an wis accomplished bi adding easy tournaments tae his schedule.<ref>{{cite web| first=Greg | last=Garber | title=With Vilas in stands, Nadal makes history | date=31 May 2006 | url =http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french06/news/story?id=2462389&lpos=spotlight&lid=tab4pos1 | work=ESPN Tennis/French06|publisher=ESPN |accessdate=13 November 2008}}</ref> Nadal went on tae play Federer in the feenal o the French Open. The first twa sets o the match war hardly competitive, as the rivals traded 6–1 sets. Nadal won the third set easily an served for the match in the fowert set afore Federer broke him an forced a tiebreaker. Nadal won the tiebreaker an acame the first player tae defeat Federer in a Grand Slam tournament feenal.<ref>{{cite web| first=Greg | last=Garber | title=Roger's reign on hold with Nadal's dominance | date=12 June 2006 | work=ESPN Tennis/French06|publisher=ESPN | url =http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french06/news/story?id=2479425 | accessdate =13 November 2008 }}</ref> [[File:Image-Nadal photographié-cropped.jpg|thumb|left|upright|2006 [[French Open|Roland Garros]] champion]] Nadal injured his shouder while playin a quarterfeenal match against Lleyton Hewitt at the Artois Championships, played on grass at the Queen's Club in Lunnon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D03EEDA1131F934A25755C0A9609C8B63|title=Shoulder Forces Nadal To Quit London Match|date=17 June 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=13 November 2008}}</ref> Nadal wis unable tae complete the match, which ended his 26-match winning streak. Nadal wis seedit second at Wimbledon, but wis twa pynts frae defeat against American qualifier Robert Kendrick in the second roond afore coming back tae win in five sets. In the third roond, Nadal defeatit warld No. 20 [[Andre Agassi]] in straucht sets at Agassi's last career match at Wimbledon. Nadal won his next three matches in straucht sets an aw, which set up his first Wimbledon feenal, which wis against Federer, that haed won this tournament the three previous years. Nadal wis the first Spanish man syne Manuel Santana in 1966, tae reach the Wimbledon feenal, but Federer won the match in fower sets tae win his fowert consecutive Wimbledon teetle. During the lead up tae the US Open, Nadal played the twa Masters Series tournaments in North Americae. He wis upset in the third roond o the Rogers Cup in Toronto an the quarterfeenals o the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters in [[Cincinnati]]. Nadal wis seedit second at the US Open, but lost in the quarterfeenals tae warld No. 54 Mikhail Youzhny o Roushie in fower sets. Nadal played anly three tournaments the remainder o the year. Joachim Johansson, rankit warld No. 690, upset Nadal in the second roond o the Stockholm Open. The follaein week, Nadal lost tae [[Tomáš Berdych]] in the quarterfeenals o the year's last Masters Series tournament, the Mutua Madrileña Masters in Madrid. During the roond-robin stage o the year-endin Tennis Masters Cup, Nadal lost tae James Blake but defeatit Nikolay Davydenko an Robredo. Acause o thae twa victories, Nadal qualified for the semifeenals, whaur he lost tae Federer. This wis Nadal's third loss in nine career matches wi Federer. Nadal went on tae acome the first player syne [[Andre Agassi]] in 1994–95 tae feenish the year as the warld No. 2 in consecutive years. ===2007: Third French Open title=== {{Main|2007 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal stairtit the year bi playin in sax haurd-court tournaments. He lost in the semifeenals an first roond o his first twa tournaments an then lost in the quarterfeenals o the Australian Open tae eventual runner-up [[Fernando González]]. Efter anither quarterfeenal loss at the Dubai Tennis Championships, he won the 2007 Indian Wells Masters, afore [[Novak Djoković]] defeatit him in the quarterfeenals o the 2007 Miami Masters. He haed comparatively mair success efter returning tae Europe tae play five clay-court tournaments. He won the teetles at the Masters Series Monte Carlo, the Open Sabadell Atlántico in Barcelona, an the Masters Series Internazionali BNL d'Italia in Rome, afore losin tae Roger Federer in the feenal o the Masters Series Hamburg. This defeat ended his 81-match winning streak on clay, which is the male Open Era record for consecutive wins on a single surface. He then rebounded tae win the French Open for the third straucht year, defeatin Federer ance again in the feenal. Atween the tournaments in Barcelona an Rome, Nadal defeatit Federer in the "Battle o Surfaces" exhibition match in Mallorca, Spain, wi the tennis court bein hauf grass an hauf clay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebattleofsurfaces.com/ |title=The Battle of Surfaces |accessdate=4 April 2007 |archive-date=2019-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124221707/http://www.thebattleofsurfaces.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal played the Artois Championships at the Queen's Club in Lunnon for the second consecutive year. As in 2006, Nadal wis upset in the quarterfeenals. Nadal then won consecutive five-set matches during the third an fowert roonds o Wimbledon afore bein beaten bi Federer in the five-set feenal. This wis Federer's first five-set match at Wimbledon syne 2001.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6280788.stm|title=Wimbledon 2007|publisher=BBC Sport |first=Caroline|last=Cheese|date=7 July 2007|accessdate=13 November 2008}}</ref> In Julie, Nadal won the clay court Mercedes Cup in [[Stuttgart]], which proved tae be his last teetle o the year. He played three important tournaments during the North American summer haurd court saison. He wis a semifeenaleet at the Masters Series Rogers Cup in Montreal afore losin his first match at the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters in [[Cincinnati]]. He wis the second-seedit player at the US Open, but wis defeatit in the fowert roond bi David Ferrer. Efter a month-lang break frae tournament tennis, Nadal played the Mutua Madrileña Masters in Madrid an the BNP Paribas Masters in Paris. David Nalbandian upset him in the quarterfeenals an feenal o thae tournaments. Tae end the year, Nadal won twa o his three roond robin matches tae advance tae the semifeenals o the Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai, whaur Federer defeatit him in straucht sets. During the second hauf o the year, Nadal battled a knee injury suffered during the Wimbledon feenal. In addition, thare war rumors at the end o the year that the fit injury he suffered during 2005, caused lang-term damage, which war gien credence bi coach [[Toni Nadal]]'s claim that the problem wis "serious". Nadal an his spokesman strangly denied this, houiver, wi Nadal himsel calling the story "totally false".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7117076.stm|title=Nadal plays down foot injury fear |work=BBC Sport Tennis|first=Piers|last= Newbury|date=28 November 2007|accessdate =11 February 2009 }}</ref> ===2008: French Open, Wimbledon, Olympic gowd an warld No. 1=== {{Main|2008 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal began the year in Indie, whaur he wis comprehensively beaten bi Mikhail Youzhny in the feenal o the Chennai Open. Nadal then reached the semifeenals o the Australian Open for the first time. [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] defeatit Nadal in the semifeenal o 2008 Australian Open. Nadal reached the feenal o the Miami Masters for the second time an aw. During the spring clay-court saison, Nadal won fower singles teetles an defeatit Roger Federer in three feenals. He beat Federer at the Masters Series Monte Carlo for the third straucht year, capturing his [[Open Era]] record fowert consecutive teetle thare. He won in straucht sets, despite Federer's holding a 4–0 lead in the second set.<ref name="therivalry">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/Rivalries/Nadal-Federer-Rivalry.aspx|title= Roger & Rafa: The Rivalry|date=14 March 2013|publisher=ATPtennis.com|accessdate=11 April 2013}}</ref> Nadal then won his fowert consecutive teetle at the Open Sabadell Atlántico tournament in [[Barcelona]]. A few weeks later, Nadal won his first teetle at the Masters Series Hamburg, defeatin Federer in the three-set feenal. He then won the French Open, acomin the fift man in the [[Open Era]] tae win a Grand Slam singles teetle wioot losin a set.<ref>{{cite news | title = Men's Grand Slam Titles Without Losing A Set | url = http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/09/sports/TEN-Mens-Grand-Slam-Titles-No-Lost-Sets.php | agency=Associated Press | work=International Herald Tribune. Sports | date=9 June 2008 | accessdate =9 August 2008}}</ref> He defeatit Federer in the feenal for the third straucht year, but this wis the maist lopsided o aa thair matches, as Nadal anly lost fower gemmes an gae Federer his first bagel syne 1999.<ref name="therivalry"/> This wis Nadal's fowert consecutive French teetle, tying [[Björn Borg]]'s aa-time record. Nadal acame the fowert male player during Open era tae win the same Grand Slam singles tournament fower consecutive years (the others bein Borg, [[Pete Sampras]], an Federer). [[File:236 - Centre Court - R Nadal.JPG|thumb|left|Nadal against Andreas Beck in the 2008 Wimbledon Championships first roond]] Nadal then played Federer in the feenal o Wimbledon for the third consecutive year, in the maist anticipatit match o [[Federer–Nadal rivalry|thair rivalry]].<ref name="wim2008pre">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2008/07/05/wimbledon-federer-nadal.html|title= Federer, Nadal set for Wimbledon showdown|agency=Associated Press| work=CBCSport|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=5 June 2008| accessdate=11 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name="nadaledge">{{cite web| url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon08/columns/story?columnist=ubha_ravi&id=3473804|title= Nadal enters Wimbledon final with clear mental edge|first= Ravi |last= Ubha |publisher=ESPN |date=5 June 2008| accessdate=11 February 2009 }}</ref> Nadal entered the feenal on a 23-match winning streak, includin his first career grass-court teetle at the Artois Championships staged at the Queen's Club in Lunnon prior tae Wimbledon. Federer haed won his record fift grass-court teetle at the Gerry Weber Open in Halle, an then reached the Wimbledon feenal wioot losin a set. Unlik thair previous twa Wimbledon feenals, tho, Federer wis nae the prohibitive favorite, an mony analysts picked Nadal tae win.<ref name="nadaledge"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/blog/index?entryID=3474615&name=bodo_peter | title= Karma on Nadal's side|first= Bodo |last= Peter |publisher=ESPN |date=5 June 2008| accessdate=11 February 2009}}</ref> Thay played the langest (in terms o time on coort, nae in terms o nummers o gemmes) feenal in Wimbledon history, an acause o rain delays, Nadal won the fift set 9–7 in near-darkness. The match wis widely lauded as the greatest Wimbledon feenal ever, wi some tennis critics even calling it the greatest match in tennis history.<ref name="asgoodasitgets">{{cite news|work=International Herald Tribune (Associated Press)|title=Federer-Nadal rivalry as good as it gets|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/07/07/sports/TEN-On-Tennis-Rafa---Roger.php|date=7 July 2008|accessdate=14 February 2009|archive-date=2008-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080823030306/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/07/07/sports/TEN-On-Tennis-Rafa---Roger.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="greatestmatchever">{{cite news|first = Bruce|last = Jenkins|title = The Greatest Match Ever|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/07/06/SPP711KSLR.DTL|date = 7 July 2008|accessdate = 7 August 2008|work = The San Francisco Chronicle|archive-date = 2009-02-11|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211000035/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F07%2F06%2FSPP711KSLR.DTL|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="McEnroe">{{cite news | first = Richard|last= Alleyne | title = Wimbledon 2008: John McEnroe hails Rafael Nadal victory as greatest final ever | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/2305019/Wimbledon-2008-John-McEnroe-hails-Rafael-Nadal-victory-as-greatest-final-ever.html|date = 7 July 2008 | accessdate =7 August 2008 | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London}}</ref><ref name="wertheimgreatest">{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/jon_wertheim/07/09/wertheim.mailbag/index.html|first=Jon|last=Wertheim|title=Without a doubt, it's the greatest|work=Sports Illustrated|date=9 July 2008|accessdate=4 April 2009|archive-date=2013-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813175621/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/jon_wertheim/07/09/wertheim.mailbag/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Alistair Magowan|title=Roger v Rafa – the best final ever?| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7493099.stm|publisher=BBC Sport |date =7 July 2008| accessdate =8 July 2008}}</ref> Bi winning his first Wimbledon teetle, Nadal acame the third man in the open era tae win baith the French Open an Wimbledon in the same year, efter [[Rod Laver]] in 1969, an Borg in 1978–80. Federer later accomplished this the follaein year. He wis the second [[Spainyarts|Spaniard]] tae win Wimbledon an aw. He ended Federer's record streak o five consecutive Wimbledon teetles an 65 straucht wins on grass courts an aw. This wis the first time that Nadal won twa Grand Slam tournaments back-tae-back an aw. Efter Wimbledon, Nadal extendit his winning streak tae a career-best 32 matches. He won his second Rogers Cup teetle in Toronto, an then got tae the semifeenals o the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters in [[Cincinnati]]. As a result, Nadal clinched the US Open Series an, combined wi Federer's early-roond losses in baith o thae tournaments, feenally earned the warld No. 1 ranking on 18 August, offeecially endin Federer's record fower-an-a-hauf-year reign at the tap. At the [[2008 Simmer Olympics|2008 Beijing Olympics]], Nadal defeatit [[Novak Djoković]] in the semifeenals an [[Fernando González]] o Chile in the feenal tae win his first Olympic gowd medal. Nadal acame the first male player rankit in the tap five tae win the gowd medal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.com/news/news.aspx?id=142024|title=Nadal wins Olympic gold over Gonzalez|publisher=Tennis.com|date=17 August 2008|accessdate=5 April 2009|archive-date=2009-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615205322/http://tennis.com/news/news.aspx?id=142024|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the US Open, Nadal wis the tap-seedit player for the first time at a Grand Slam tournament. He did nae lose a set during his first three matches, defeatin qualifiers in the first an second roonds an Viktor Troicki in the third roond. He then needed fower sets tae defeat baith Sam Querrey in the fowert roond an Mardy Fish in the quarterfeenals. In the semifeenals, he lost tae eventual runner up, Andy Murray. Later in the year in [[Madrid]], Nadal helped Spain defeat the Unitit States in the [[Davis Cup]] semifeenals. At the Mutua Madrileña Masters in Madrid, Nadal lost in the semifeenals tae Gilles Simon. Houiver, his performance at the event guaranteed that he wad acome the first Spaniard during the open era tae feenish the year as the warld No. 1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atptennis.com/1/en/2008news/nadalno1.asp|title=Nadal Clinches Year End No. 1 For First Time|publisher=ATPtennis.com|date=18 August 2008|accessdate=20 October 2008|archive-date=2008-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022030531/http://www.atptennis.com/1/en/2008news/nadalno1.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 24 October at the Campoamor theatre in Oviedo, Spain, Nadal wis gien the Prince o Asturias Award for Sports, in recognition o his achievements in tennis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fpa.es/en/awards/2008/rafael-nadal-1/ |title=2008 Prince of Asturias Award for Sports |accessdate=5 April 2010 |publisher=Fundación Principe de Asturias |archive-date=2013-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824003930/http://www.fpa.es/en/awards/2008/rafael-nadal-1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Twa weeks efter the Madrid Masters at the BNP Paribas Masters in Fraunce, Nadal reached the quarterfeenals, whaur he faced Nikolay Davydenko. Nadal lost the first set 6–1, afore retiring in the second wi a knee injury.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/tennisNews/idUKLV49845520081031|title= UPDATE 2-Tennis-Knee injury forces Nadal to retire in Paris|first= Julien|last= Pretot|agency= Reuters|accessdate= 5 April 2009|date= 31 October 2008|archive-date= 2019-08-22|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190822004126/https://uk.reuters.com/article/tennis-men-masters-nadal/update-2-tennis-knee-injury-forces-nadal-to-retire-in-paris-idUKLV49845520081031|url-status= dead}}</ref> The follaein week, Nadal annoonced his widrawal frae the year-endin Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai, citing tendinitis o the knee. On 10 November, Nadal widrew frae Spain's Davis Cup feenal against Argentina, as his knee injury haed nae healed completely.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://tennis.com/news/news.aspx?id=151554.asp| title=Nadal withdraws from Masters Cup| date=3 November 2008| publisher=Tennis.com| accessdate=4 November 2008| archive-date=2009-06-15| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615204253/http://tennis.com/news/news.aspx?id=151554.asp| url-status=dead}}</ref> ===2009: Australian Open title an defeat in Paris=== {{Main|2009 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal's first offeecial ATP tour event for the year wis the 250 series Qatar Open in [[Doha]]. Efter his first-roond match wi Fabrice Santoro, Nadal wis awairdit the 2008 ATP World Tour Champion trophy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nadal, Murray, Federer Off the Mark in 2009|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2009/01/dohatuesday.aspx|date=6 January 2009|accessdate=15 June 2012|publisher=ATP World Tour}}</ref> Nadal eventually lost in the quarterfeenals tae [[Gaël Monfils]]. Nadal entered an won the tournament's doubles event an aw, wi pairtner Marc López, defeatin the warld No. 1 doubles team o Daniel Nestor an [[Nenad Zimonjić]] in the feenal. As notit bi statistician Greg Sharko, this wis the first time syne 1990 the warld No. 1 singles player haed played the warld No. 1 doubles player in a feenal.<ref>{{cite web|title=DEUCE Australian Open 2009 Shark Bites|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/DEUCE-Tennis/DEUCE-Australian-Open-2009/Shark-Bites.aspx|date=16 January 2009|accessdate=15 June 2012|first=Greg|last=Sharko|publisher=ATP World Tour}}</ref> At the 2009 Australian Open, Nadal won his first five matches wioot dropping a set, afore defeatin compatriot [[Fernando Verdasco]] in the semifeenals in the second langest match in Australian Open history at 5 oors an 14 meenits.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/aus09/columns/story?columnist=ubha_ravi&id=3871740|title=One for the record books|publisher=ESPN|first=Ravi|last=Ubha|date=30 January 2009|accessdate=20 June 2012}}</ref> This win set up a championship match wi Roger Federer, thair first meetin ever in a haurd-court Grand Slam tournament an thair [[Federer–Nadal rivalry#Analysis|nineteent meetin overall]]. Nadal defeatit Federer in five sets tae earn his first haurd-court Grand Slam singles teetle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.australianopen.com/en_AU/players/cmatch/atpn409.html|title=Rafael Nadal Completed Matches, 2009 Australian Open|publisher=Tennis Australia|date=30 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2009-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202120557/http://www.australianopen.com/en_AU/players/cmatch/atpn409.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He acame the first Spaniard tae win the Australian Open an the fowert male tennis player—efter [[Jimmy Connors]], Mats Wilander, an [[Andre Agassi]]—tae win Grand Slam singles teetles on three different surfaces. Wi this win Nadal becam the first male tennis player tae haud three Grand Slam singles teetles on three different surfaces at the same time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennishead.net/on-tour/Features/2009/record-breaking-rafa-notches-up-another-first|title=Record-breaking Rafa Notches Up Another First|publisher=Tennishead|date=4 February 2009|accessdate=4 February 2009|archive-date=2009-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716191125/http://www.tennishead.net/on-tour/Features/2009/record-breaking-rafa-notches-up-another-first/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament in [[Rotterdam]], Nadal lost in the feenal tae second-seedit Andy Murray in three sets. During the feenal, Nadal cried a trainer tae attend tae a tendon problem wi his right knee, which notably affectit his play in the feenal set.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/feb/16/tennis-andy-murray-rafael-nadal |title=Murray takes title to complete hat-trick over crocked Nadal |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=16 February 2009 |accessdate=16 February 2009 | first=Simon | last=Cambers}}</ref> Awtho this knee problem wis nae associatit wi Nadal's right knee tendonitis, it wis serious eneuch tae cause him tae widraw frae the Barclays Dubai Tennis Championships a week later.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7895679.stm| title=Injured Nadal pulls out of Dubai |publisher=BBC Sport |date=19 February 2009 |accessdate=19 February 2009 }}</ref> In Mairch, Nadal helped Spain defeat Serbia in a [[Davis Cup]] World Group first-roond tie on clay in [[Benidorm]], Spain. Nadal defeatit [[Janko Tipsarević]] an Novak Djokovic. The win ower warld No. 3 Djokovic wis Nadal's twalt consecutive Davis Cup singles match win an boostit his career win–loss record against Djokovic tae 11–4, includin 6–0 on clay.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal beats Djokovic to help Spain clinch win|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/29580139/|agency=Associated Press|publisher=NBC Sports|accessdate=13 June 2010|date=8 March 2009|archive-date=2012-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011224054/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/29580139/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rogers|first=Iain|title=Nadal beats Djokovic to put Spain through|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCATRE5270T420090308?sp=true|agency=Reuters|accessdate=13 June 2010|date=8 March 2009|archive-date=2012-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525063244/http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCATRE5270T420090308?sp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the 2009 Indian Wells Masters, Nadal won his thirteent Masters 1000 series tournament. In the fowert roond, Nadal saved five match pynts, afore defeatin David Nalbandian for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|last=Oberjuerge|first=Paul|title=Nadal Shows Why He's No. 1, and Safina Shows Why She Isn't|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/20/sports/tennis/20nadal.html|accessdate=9 July 2010|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=19 March 2009}}</ref> Nadal defeatit [[Juan Martín del Potro]] in the quarterfeenals an [[Andy Roddick]] in the semifeenals, afore defeatin Murray in the feenal. The next ATP tour event wis the 2009 Miami Masters. Nadal advanced tae the quarterfeenals, whaur he again faced Argentinian del Potro, this time losin the match. This wis the first time del Potro haed defeatit Nadal in five career matches.<ref>[http://www.atpworldtour.com/tennis/3/en/players/headtohead/?player1=Del+Potro%2C+Juan+Martin&player2=nadal Head to Head Player Details]</ref> Nadal began his European clay court saison at the 2009 Monte Carlo Masters, whaur he won a record fift consecutive singles teetle thare.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8007021.stm|title=Nadal seals fifth Monte Carlo win |date=19 April 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=20 April 2009}}</ref> He defeatit Novak Djokovic in the feenal for his fift consecutive win, a record in the open era. Nadal is the first male player tae win the same ATP Master series event for five consecutive years. Nadal then competit in the ATP 500 event in Barcelona. He advanced tae his fift consecutive Barcelona feenal, whaur he faced David Ferrer. Nadal went on tae beat Ferrer tae record five consecutive Barcelona victories.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8019528.stm|title=Nadal storms to Barcelona victory |date=26 April 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=26 April 2009}}</ref> At the Rome Masters, Nadal reached the feenal, whaur he defeatit Novak Djokovic tae improve his overall record tae 13–4 an clay record tae 8–0 against the Serb.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8031729.stm|title=Nadal regains Rome Masters title |date=3 May 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=6 May 2009}}</ref> He acame the first player tae win fower Rome teetles. [[File:Nadal Miami 2009 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Nadal at 2009 Sony Ericsson Open, Miami, Florida, United States]] Efter winning twa clay-court Masters, he participatit in the Madrid Open. He lost tae Roger Federer in the feenal. This wis the first time that Nadal haed lost tae Federer syne the semifeenals o the 2007 Tennis Masters Cup. On 19 Mey, the ATP World Tour annoonced that Nadal wis the first player oot o aicht tae qualify for the 2009 ATP World Tour Finals, tae be played at the O2 Arena in Lunnon.<ref>{{cite news|last=Herman|first=Martyn|title=Nadal seals spot for ATP season finale in London|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCATRE54I3JX20090519|agency=Reuters|accessdate=13 June 2010|date=19 May 2009|archive-date=2012-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525063306/http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCATRE54I3JX20090519|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bi beatin Lleyton Hewitt in the third roond o 2009 French Open, Nadal (2005–09 French Open) set a record o 31 consecutive wins at Roland Garros, beatin the previous record o 28 bi [[Björn Borg]] (1978–81 French Open). Nadal haed won 32 consecutive sets at Roland Garros (syne winning the last 2 sets at the 2007 French Open feenal against Federer). This wis the second-langest winning streak in the tournament's history, behind Björn Borg's record o 41 consecutive sets. This run came tae an end on 31 Mey 2009, whan Nadal lost tae eventual runner-up, Robin Söderling in the 4t roond. This wis Nadal's first an, till 2015, anly loss at the French Open. Efter his surprise defeat at Roland Garros, Nadal widrew frae the AEGON Championships. It wis confirmed that Nadal wis sufferin frae tendinitis in baith o his knees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=4245078 |title=Rafael Nadal has problems in both knees, will try to rehab in time for Wimbledon |publisher=ESPN |date=9 June 2009 |accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> On 19 Juin, Nadal widrew frae the 2009 Wimbledon Championship, citing his recurring knee injury.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8085394.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Champion Nadal out of Wimbledon | date=19 June 2009 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref> He wis the first champion nae tae defend the teetle syne Goran Ivanišević in 2001.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> Roger Federer went on tae win the teetle, an Nadal consequently dropped back tae warld No. 2 on 6 Julie 2009. Nadal later annoonced his widrawal frae the Davis Cup. On 4 August, Nadal's uncle, Toni Nadal, confirmed that Nadal wad return tae play at the Rogers Cup in Montreal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gototennisblog.com/2009/08/04/rafael-nadal-on-his-return-to-montreal-roger-federer-and-davis-cup/ |title=Rafael Nadal returns to tennis at Montreal Masters |date=4 August 2009 |work=GOTOTENNIS |accessdate=5 August 2009 |archive-date=2009-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806204201/http://www.gototennisblog.com/2009/08/04/rafael-nadal-on-his-return-to-montreal-roger-federer-and-davis-cup/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thare, in his first tournament syne Roland Garros, Nadal lost in the quarterfeenals tae [[Juan Martín del Potro]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=tennis/09/08/15/manual_073518.html |title=Nadal Suffers Montreal Setback |date=15 August 2009 |work=Sporting Life |location=UK |accessdate=15 August 2009 |archive-date=2012-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118065911/http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=tennis%2F09%2F08%2F15%2Fmanual_073518.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wi this loss, he relinquished the No. 2 spot tae Andy Murray on 17 August 2009, ranking ootside the tap twa for the first time syne 25 Julie 2005. In the quarterfeenals o the US Open he defeatit Fernando Gonzálezin a rain-delayed encounter.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8249729.stm|title=Nadal finishes Gonzalez with ease |date=12 September 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=13 September 2009}}</ref> Houiver, lik his previous US Open campaign, he fell in the semifeenals, this time losin tae eventual champion Juan Martín del Potro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8253542.stm|title=Del Potro thrashes Nadal in semis |date=13 September 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=13 September 2009}}</ref> Despite the loss, he regained the No. 2 ranking efter Andy Murray's early exit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edinburghnews.scotsman.com/tennis/Tennis-Nadal-knees-hold-up.5629994.jp|title=Tennis: Nadal knees hold up as he regains No. 2 spot with victory|date=9 September 2009|work=The Edinburgh Paper|accessdate=13 September 2009|archive-date=2011-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615114206/http://edinburghnews.scotsman.com/tennis/Tennis-Nadal-knees-hold-up.5629994.jp|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the World Tour Finals, Nadal lost aa three o his matches against Robin Söderling, Nikolay Davydenko, an [[Novak Djokovic]] respectively wioot winning a set. In December, Nadal participatit in the second Davis Cup feenal o his career. He defeatit [[Tomáš Berdych]] in his first singles rubber tae gie the Spanish Davis Cup Team thair first pynt in the tie. Efter the [[Spain Davis Cup team|Spanish Davis Cup team]] haed secured its fowert [[Davis Cup]] veectory, Nadal defeatit Jan Hájek in the first Davis Cup dead rubber o his career. The win gae Nadal his 14t consecutive singles veectory at Davis Cup (his 13t on clay). Nadal finished the year as No. 2 for the fowert time in five years. Nadal won the Golden Bagel Award for the third time in 2009, wi nine 6–0 sets during the year. In daein sae he set a new record o Award wins, syne matched anly bi Novak Djokovic. ===2010: Back tae No. 1 an career Grand Slam=== {{Main|2010 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal began the year bi pairteecipatin in the Capitala World Tennis Championship in [[Abu Dhabi]], Unitit Arab Emirates. He defeatit compatriot David Ferrer tae reach his second feenal in the exhibition tournament. In the feenal, Nadal defeatit Robin Söderling in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8437851.stm|title=Rafael Nadal wins Abu Dhabi exhibition title |date=2 January 2010|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=4 January 2010}}</ref> Nadal participatit in an Australian Open warm-up tournament, the Qatar ExxonMobil Open ATP 250 event in Doha, whaur he lost in the feenals tae Nikolay Davydenko.<ref name="bbcqatar"/><ref name="bbcqatar">{{cite news | title=Davydenko shocks Nadal in final | date=9 January 2010 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8450315.stm | work=The British Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate =9 January 2010}}</ref> In the Australian Open, Nadal defeatit Peter Luczak, Lukáš Lacko, Philipp Kohlschreiber, an [[Ivo Karlović]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8474055.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Champion Nadal reaches round four | date=22 January 2010 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref> In the quarterfeenals, Nadal pulled oot at 3–0 doun in the third set against [[Andy Murray]], haein lost the first twa sets.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8478297.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Murray through after Nadal injury | date=26 January 2010 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref> Efter examining Nadal's knees, doctors told him that he should tak twa weeks o rest, an then twa weeks o rehabilitation. Nadal reached the semifeenals in singles at the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, whaur he wis the defendin champion; houiver, eventual champion Ivan Ljubičić defeatit him in three sets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnpparibasopen.org/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/ATP-Saturday2-Ljubicic-Shows-Fight-In-SF-Comeback.aspx |title=Ljubicic Shows Heart in semi-final Win Over Nadal |publisher=BNP Paribas Open |date=20 March 2010 |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2010-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323001822/http://www.bnpparibasopen.org/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/ATP-Saturday2-Ljubicic-Shows-Fight-In-SF-Comeback.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> He an countryman López won the doubles teetle, tho, as wildcard entrants against nummer ane seeds Daniel Nestor an [[Nenad Zimonjić]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnpparibasopen.org/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/ATP-Saturday2-Nadal-Lopez-Take-Doubles-Title.aspx |title=Lopez/Nadal Upset Top Seeds To Take Doubles Title |publisher=BNP Paribas Open |date=20 March 2010 |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2017-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183003/http://www.bnpparibasopen.org/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/ATP-Saturday2-Nadal-Lopez-Take-Doubles-Title.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> This boostit his doubles ranking 175 places<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Rankings/Doubles.aspx?d=22.03.2010&r=1&c=# |title=Emirates ATP Doubles Ranking on 22.03.2010 |publisher=Atpworldtour.com |accessdate=6 April 2013}}</ref> tae warld nummer 66, whauras he wis 241st afore Indian Wells.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx |title=Tennis – ATP World Tour – Tennis Players – Rafael Nadal |publisher=ATP World Tour |accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> Efter Indian Wells, Nadal reached the semifeenals o the Sony Ericsson Open, whaur he lost tae eventual champion [[Andy Roddick]] in three sets.<ref>{{cite news | title=Roddick edges Nadal in three sets | date=3 April 2010 | publisher=ESPN News | url =http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=5050939 | agency=Associated Press | accessdate =5 April 2010}}</ref> Nadal reached the feenal o the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters in Monaco, efter beatin fellae Spaniard David Ferrer in the semifeenals. This wis Nadal's first tour feenal syne [[Doha]] earlier in the year. He won the feenal in straucht sets ower his compatriot [[Fernando Verdasco]]. He lost 14 gemmes throughout aa five matches, the fewest he haed ever lost en route tae a championship, an the feenal wis the shortest Masters 1000 feenal in terms o gemmes. Wi this win, Nadal acame the first player in the open era tae win a tournament teetle for sax straucht years.<ref>{{cite news | title=Unstoppable Nadal Captures Sixth Straight Title | date=18 April 2010 | publisher=ATP World Tour | url=http://www.monte-carlorolexmasters.com/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/Sunday-Singles-Final.aspx | work=James Buddell | accessdate=18 April 2010 | archive-date=2010-04-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421003655/http://www.monte-carlorolexmasters.com/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/Sunday-Singles-Final.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> Unlik in previous years, Nadal next chose tae skip the Barcelona tournament (despite bein that event's five-time defendin champion), an his next tournament wis the 2010 Internazionali BNL d'Italia. He defeatit Philipp Kohlschreiber, Victor Hănescu, an Stanlias Wawrinka, aa in straucht sets, tae win his 57th straucht match in Aprile. In the semis, he faced a resilient Ernests Gulbis, that defeatit Roger Federer earlier in the tournament an teuk Nadal tae three sets for the first time this clay-court saison. Nadal eventually prevailed in 2 oors an 40minutes. He then defeatit compatriot David Ferrer in the feenal for his fift teetle at Rome tae equal [[Andre Agassi]]'s record o winnin 17 ATP Masters teetles. [[File:Nadal 2010 Madrid 01.jpg|thumb|left|Nadal at the 2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open, Madrid, Spain]] Nadal then entered the 2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open, whaur he haed finished runner-up the previous year. Bein ane o the tap aicht seeds, he received a bye in the first roond. In the second roond, he defeatit qualifier Oleksandr Dolgopolov, Jr. in straucht sets. He then played the sax-fit-nine-inch American John Isner. Nadal comfortably came throu in straucht sets. He defeatit [[Gaël Monfils]] in the quarterfeenals an his countryman Nicolás Almagro in the next roond, that wis playin in his first Masters 1000 semifeenal. The first set o his match against Almagro wad be juist the second set he lost on clay up tae this pynt in 2010. Nadal then defeatit longtime rival Roger Federer, avenging his 2009 feenals loss tae Federer. The win gae him his 18t Masters teetle, breaking the aa-time record. He acame the first player tae win aa three clay-court Masters teetles in a single year an the first player tae win three consecutive Masters events. Nadal moved back tae No. 2 the follaein day. Entering the French Open, mony war expecting anither Nadal-Federer feenal. Houiver, this acame impossible whan rival Robin Söderling defeatit Federer in the quarterfeenals.<ref>{{cite news | title=Soderling Stuns Federer For Semi-final Berth; Battle For No. 1 Intensifies | date=1 June 2010 | publisher=ATP World Tour | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/05/Roland-Garros/Roland-Garros-Tuesday2-Soderling-Stuns-Federer.aspx | work=James Buddell | accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> The failure o Federer tae reach the semifeenals allowed Nadal tae regain the warld No. 1 ranking if he war tae win the tournament. Nadal advanced tae the feenal an defeatit Soderling. The win gae Nadal his seivent Grand Slam tournament teetle, tying him wi [[John McEnroe]], John Newcombe, an Mats Wilander on the aa-time leet, an allaed Nadal tae reclaim the poseetion o warld No. 1, denyin his biggest rival [[Roger Federer]] the aa-time record for weeks at No. 1.<ref>{{cite news | title=Nadal Sets Up Soderling Re-Match; Bidding For Fifth Title & Return To No. 1 | date=4 June 2010 | publisher=ATP World Tour | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/05/Roland-Garros/Roland-Garros-Friday-2-Nadal-Eyes-Fifth-Title.aspx | work=James Buddell | accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Nadal Reclaims No. 1 Ranking With Fifth Roland Garros Title | date=6 June 2010 | publisher=ATP World Tour | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/05/Roland-Garros/Roland-Garros-Final-Nadal-Wins-Fifth-Title.aspx | work=ATP Staff | accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> Bi this win, Nadal acame the first man tae win the three Masters series on clay an the French Open. The veectory at Roland Garros merked the second time (2008) that Nadal haed won the French Open wioot dropping a single set (tying the record held bi Björn Borg). Wi the win in Paris he booked his place at the World Tour Finals in Lunnon an aw, an acame the first player tae win five French Open teetles in sax years. In Juin, Nadal entered the AEGON Championships, which he haed won in 2008, at the prestigious Queen's Club. He played singles an doubles at this grass court tournament as a warmup for Wimbledon. Bein ane o the tap aicht seeds, he received a bye in the first roond. In the second roond, whaur he played his first match on grass syne winning Wimbledon 2008, he defeatit Marcos Daniel. In the third roond, he played Denis Istomin o Uzbekistan, whom he defeatit tae advance tae the quarterfeenals. Houiver, he wis defeatit bi compatriot [[Feliciano López]]. At the Wimbledon Championships, Nadal beat [[Kei Nishikori]] an Robin Haase in the openin roonds. He defeatit Philipp Petzschner in the third roond, winning efter five sets o play. During his match wi Petzschner, Nadal wis warned twice for allegedly receivin coachin frae his coach an uncle, [[Toni Nadal]], resultin in a 2000 US dollars fine bi Wimbledon officials.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon10/news/story?id=5337651|title=Nadal fined for receiving coaching|publisher=ESPN |agency=Associated Press|date=28 June 2010|accessdate=15 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Brooks|first=Xan|title=Wimbledon 2010: Rafael Nadal v Tomáš Berdych – as it happened|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2010/jul/04/wimbledon-2010-rafael-nadal-tomas-berdych|date=4 July 2010|accessdate=6 June 2010|location=London|work=The Guardian|quote=During the final match at Wimbledon 2010 between Nadal and Tomáš Berdych, someone, allegedly Toni Nadal, yelled "I love you, Rafa!"}}</ref> He defeatit Paul-Henri Mathieu o Fraunce in the roond o 16 an in the quarterfeenals, he beat Robin Söderling o Swaden in fower sets. He defeatit Andy Murray in straucht sets tae reach his fowert Wimbledon feenal. Nadal won the 2010 Wimbledon men's title bi defeatin [[Tomáš Berdych]] in straucht sets. Efter the win, Nadal said that winning Wimbledon wis "mair than a dream" for him. He thanked the crowd for bein baith kynd an supportive tae him an his adversary during the match an in the semifeenal against Andy Murray.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gkNZrTZDvv_4f2PAU2cXA-kRxarg|title=AFP: Nadal reclaims Wimbledon crown in style|last=Millard|first=Robin|date=4 July 2010|agency=Agence France-Presse|accessdate=4 July 2010|archive-date=2010-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707095210/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gkNZrTZDvv_4f2PAU2cXA-kRxarg|url-status=dead}}</ref> The win gae him a second Wimbledon teetle an an aicht career major teetle<ref name="BBC-8784861">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8784861.stm|title=Wimbledon 2010: Rafael Nadal beats Berdych in final|date=4 July 2010|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=4 July 2010|first=Piers|last=Newbery}}</ref> juist past the age o 24.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://thetennistimes.com/rafael-nadal-2010-wimbledon-champion/ | work=The Tennis Times | title=Tennis News: Nadal is Champion Again! | date=22 January 2010 | accessdate=22 May 2010 | archive-date=2010-07-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707023650/http://thetennistimes.com/rafael-nadal-2010-wimbledon-champion/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> The win gae Nadal his first "Old World Triple" an aw. The last person tae achieve this wis [[Björn Borg]] in 1978 ("Old World Triple" is a term gien tae winning the Italian Open, French Open, an Wimbledon in the same year). In his first haurd-court tournament syne Wimbledon, Nadal advanced tae the semifeenals o the Rogers Cup, alang wi No. 2 Novak Djokovic, No. 3 Roger Federer, an No. 4 Andy Murray, efter coming back frae a ane-set deficit tae defeat Philipp Kohlschreiber.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tennistalk.com/en/match_report/Rogers_Cup/2010/Rafael_Nadal_-_Philipp_Kohlschreiber|title=Nadal rallies to reach Rogers Cup semifinal|work=Tennis Talk|date=14 August 2010|accessdate=14 August 2010|archive-date=2010-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118103647/http://www.tennistalk.com/en/match_report/Rogers_Cup/2010/Rafael_Nadal_-_Philipp_Kohlschreiber|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the semifeenal, defendin champion Murray defeatit Nadal, acomin the anly player tae triumph ower the Spaniard twice in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/13761191/murray-upsets-nadal-in-rogers-cup-semifinal|title=Murray upsets Nadal in Rogers Cup semifinal|work=CBS Sports|date=14 August 2010|accessdate=14 August 2010|archive-date=2011-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911171111/http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/13761191/murray-upsets-nadal-in-rogers-cup-semifinal|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal competit in the doubles an aw, wi Djokovic, in a ane-time, heich-profile pairtnership o the warld No. 1 an No. 2, the first sic team syne the [[Jimmy Connors]] an Arthur Ashe team in 1976.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.tennisty.com/tennis-players-updates/nadal-and-djokovic-to-play-double-together/ |title=Nadal and Djokovic to play double together |publisher=News.tennisty.com |accessdate=11 December 2010 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716210527/http://news.tennisty.com/tennis-players-updates/nadal-and-djokovic-to-play-double-together/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Houiver, Nadal an Djokovic lost in the first roond tae Canadians [[Milos Raonic]] an Vasek Pospisil. The next week, Nadal wis the tap seed at the Cincinnati Masters, losin in the quarterfeenals tae 2006 Australian Open feenaleet Marcos Baghdatis. At the 2010 US Open, Nadal wis the tap seed for the second time in three years. He defeatit Teymuraz Gabashvili, Denis Istomin, Gilles Simon, nummer 23 seed [[Feliciano López]], nummer 8 seed [[Fernando Verdasco]], an nummer 12 seed Mikhail Youzhny, aa wioot dropping a set, tae reach his first US Open feenal. He acame anly the aicht man in the Open Era tae reach the feenal o aa fower majors, an at age 24 the second youngest ever tae dae sae, behind anly Jim Courier. In the feenal, he defeatit [[Novak Djokovic]], which completit the [[Grand Slam (tennis)#Career Grand Slam|Career Grand Slam]] for Nadal; he acame the second male efter [[Andre Agassi]] tae complete a Career Golden Slam an aw.<ref name=goldenslam>{{cite news|url=http://www.tsn.ca/tennis/story/?id=333700|title=Nadal Captures U.S. Open To Complete Career Grand Slam|publisher=The Sports Network (TSN)|date=14 September 2010|accessdate=12 June 2012|quote=Nadal...also owns an Olympic gold medal, which makes him one of only two men to corral the career Golden Slam, with the great Agassi being the other.|archive-date=2013-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109202116/http://www.tsn.ca/tennis/story/?id=333700|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal's US Open veectory meant that he acame the first man tae win majors on clay, grass, an haurd court in the same year an aw. He wis the first tae win the French Open, Wimbledon, an the US Open in the same year syne [[Rod Laver]] in 1969. Nadal an Mats Wilander are the anly male players tae win at least twa Grand Slams each on clay, grass, an hardcourts in thair careers.<ref name=surface/> Nadal acame the first left-handed man tae win the US Open syne [[John McEnroe]] in 1984 an aw.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8992563.stm|title=Rafael Nadal wins US Open to seal career Grand Slam |date=14 September 2010|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=14 September 2010}}</ref> Nadal's veectory clinched the year-end No. 1 ranking for 2010 an aw, makin Nadal anly the third player (efter Ivan Lendl in 1989 an Roger Federer in 2009) tae regain the year-end nummer ane ranking efter haein lost it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/09/Other/Nadal-ATP-World-Tour-Champion.aspx |title=Nadal Clinches Year-End No. 1 For Second Time |publisher=Atpworldtour.com |date=16 September 2010 |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref> [[File:Rafa Nadal 7738 2 Japan Open Tennis Tokio 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|Nadal serving in Tokyo]] Nadal began his Asian tour at the 2010 PTT Thailand Open in [[Bangkok]] whaur he reached the semifeenals, losin tae compatriot [[Guillermo García-López]]. Nadal wis able tae regroup, an at the 2010 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships in Tokyo (debut), he defeatit Santiago Giraldo, [[Milos Raonic]], an Dmitry Tursunov. In the semifeenals against Viktor Troicki, Nadal saved twa match pynts in the deciding set tiebreaker tae win it 9–7 in the end. In the feenal, Nadal comfortably defeatit [[Gaël Monfils]] for his seivent teetle o the saison. Nadal next played in the 2010 Shanghai Rolex Masters in Shanghai, whaur he wis the tap seed, but lost tae warld No. 12 Jürgen Melzer in the third roond, snapping his record streak o 21 consecutive Masters quarterfeenals. On 5 November, Nadal annoonced that he wis pulling oot o the Paris Masters due tae tendinitis in his left shouder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/11/Other/Nadal-Withdraws-From-Paris.aspx |title=Nadal withdraws from fatigue at the Paris |publisher=Atpworldtour.com |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref> On 21 November 2010, in Lunnon, Nadal won the Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal wins Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award|date=20 November 2010|url=http://www.tennis.com/articles/templates/news.aspx?articleid=8843|publisher=Tennis.com (Associated Press)|accessdate=20 June 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> At the 2010 ATP Warld Tour Finals in Lunnon, Nadal defeatit Roddick<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/atptour/8152867/ATP-World-Tour-Finals-Rafael-Nadal-defeats-Andy-Roddick-in-nervy-encounter-at-Londons-O-Arena.html|title=ATP World Tour Finals: Rafael Nadal defeats Andy Roddick in nervy encounter at London's O² Arena |accessdate=22 November 2010}}</ref> in the first match, Djokovic in the second match, an Berdych in the third match. This saw him advance tae the semifeenals for the third time in his career. This wis the first time that Nadal achieved three wins in the roond-robin stage. In the semifeenal, he defeatit Murray in a haurd-focht match tae reach his first feenal at the tournament. In anly thair second meetin o the year, Federer beat Nadal in the feenal. Efter the match, Nadal stated, "Roger is probably the more complete player o the world. A'm no gaun tae say A lost that match because A wis tired."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "Roger is probably the more complete player of the world. I'm not going to say I lost that match because I was tired."</ref> This wis a reference tae his marathon veectory ower Murray on Saturday. "I tried my best this afternoon, but Roger was simply better than me."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/i-tried-my-best-roger-was-better-me |title=Nadal after end of the ATP World Tour Finals final "I tried my best, but Roger was better than me" |publisher=Rafaelnadal.com |accessdate=11 December 2010 |archive-date=2010-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218024516/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/i-tried-my-best-roger-was-better-me |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal ended the 2010 saison haein won three Grand Slams an three Masters 1000 tournaments, an haein regained the No. 1 ranking. Next up for Nadal wis a twa-match exhibition against Federer for the Roger Federer Foundation. The first match teuk place in [[Zürich]] on 21 December 2010, an the second in Madrid the next day. ===2011: Saxt French Open title=== {{Main|2011 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal stairtit 2011, bi pairteecipatin in the Mubadala World Tennis Championship in [[Abu Dhabi]], Unitit Arab Emirates. He defeatit [[Tomáš Berdych]] tae reach his third feenal in the exhibition tournament. In the feenal, he won ower his main rival Roger Federer. At the Qatar ExxonMobil Open ATP 250 event in [[Doha]], Qatar, Nadal barely struggled past his first three opponents, Karol Beck, Lukáš Lacko, an Ernests Gulbis, citin fiver as the primary reason for his puir performance. He fell in straicht sets tae a resurgent Nikolay Davydenko in the semifeenals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.live-tennis.com/category/Tennis-News/Rafael-Nadal-struggles-with-fever-in-Doha-201101080008/|title=Rafael Nadal – Nadal struggles with fever in Doha|publisher=Live-tennis.com|date=8 January 2011|accessdate=3 June 2011|archive-date=2019-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402073346/https://www.live-tennis.com/category/tennis-news/rafael-nadal-struggles-with-fever-in-doha-201101080008/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He an countryman López won the doubles teetle bi defeatin the Italian duo Daniele Bracciali an [[Andreas Seppi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-wins-doubles-will-delay-trip-australia|title=Rafa wins doubles will delay trip australia|work=The official nadal website|date=7 January 2011|accessdate=7 January 2011|archive-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101031917/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-wins-doubles-will-delay-trip-australia|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Rafael Nadal at the 2011 Australian Open14.jpg|thumb|left|Nadal at the 2011 Australian Open]] In the first roond o the Australian Open, Nadal defeatit Marcos Daniel. In the second roond, he beat upcoming qualifier Ryan Sweeting. In the third roond, he wis testit bi emergin player Bernard Tomic o Australie, but Nadal wis victorious in straucht sets. He went on tae defeat Marin Čilić o Croatie, in the fowert roond. He suffered an apparent hamstring injury against felloae Spaniard David Ferrer early in the pair's quarterfeenal match an ultimately lost in straicht sets, sicweys endin his effort tae win fower major tournaments in a row.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gleeson|first=Michael|title=Rafa slammed: run at history falls short as Ferrer KOs ailing ace|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=27 January 2011|url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/australian-open/rafa-slammed-run-at-history-falls-short-as-ferrer-kos-ailing-ace-20110126-1a5hr.html|accessdate=27 January 2011}}</ref> On 7 Februar 2011, in [[Abu Dhabi]], Unitit Arab Emirates, Nadal won the [[Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year|Laureus World Sportsman of the Year]] for the first time. He cam in ahead o footballer [[Lionel Messi]], [[Sebastian Vettel]], Spain's [[Andres Iniesta]], [[Los Angeles Lakers|Lakers]] basketball player [[Kobe Bryant]], an [[Filipino fowk|Filipino]] boxer Manny Pacquiao.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal, Vonn win top Laureus awards|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/02/08/laureus.nadal.vonn.awards/index.html|date=8 February 2011|accessdate=20 June 2012|publisher=CNN|archive-date=2018-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924191932/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/02/08/laureus.nadal.vonn.awards/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Mairch, Nadal helped Spain defeat Belgium in a 2011 Davis Cup World Group first-roond tie on haurd indoor courts in the Spiroudome in [[Charleroi]], Belgium. Nadal defeatit Ruben Bemelmans.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rafael Nadal Wins in Davis Cup in Belgium, Gives Spain Lead|date=4 March 2011|url=http://latiNo.foxnews.com/latino/sports/2011/03/04/rafael-nadal-wins-davis-cup-belgium-gives-spain-lead/|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=4 March 2011|publisher=Fox News Channel|archive-date=2011-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307092454/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/sports/2011/03/04/rafael-nadal-wins-davis-cup-belgium-gives-spain-lead/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter Spain's veectory in three matches, Nadal won a second dead rubber against Olivier Rochus.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rafael Nadal Wins Second Match in Davis Cup, Helps Spain Dominate Belgium|date=6 March 2011|url=http://latiNo.foxnews.com/latino/sports/2011/03/07/rafael-nadal-wins-second-match-davis-cup-helps-spain-dominate-belgium/|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=6 March 2011|publisher=Fox News Channel|archive-date=2013-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812205953/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/sports/2011/03/07/rafael-nadal-wins-second-match-davis-cup-helps-spain-dominate-belgium/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the 2011 BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, Nadal defeatit upcoming qualifier Rik de Voest in his first match. In the third roond, he beat qualifier Ryan Sweeting He then defeatit qualifier Somdev Devvarman in the fowert roond. In the quarterfeenals, Nadal haed a haurd time against Croatian [[Ivo Karlović]], an in the semifeenals he met Juan Martín del Potro. The last three confrontations atween the players war in favor o del Potro, but despite some difficulties, Nadal won in straucht sets. He reached his third feenal at Indian Wells, an lost against Novak Djokovic.<ref>{{cite news|title=Djokovic beats Nadal to win BNP Paribas Open|date=20 March 2011|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ap-indianwells|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=20 March 2011|archive-date=2012-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311063523/http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ap-indianwells|url-status=dead}}</ref> The next day, Nadal an Djokovic played a friendly match in [[Bogotá]], Colombia, which Nadal won.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal beats Djokovic in Colombia's most important tennis match ever|date=21 March 2011|url=http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/sports/15046-nadal-beats-djokovic-in-colombias-most-important-tennis-match-ever.html|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=21 March 2011|archive-date=2011-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325082047/http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/sports/15046-nadal-beats-djokovic-in-colombias-most-important-tennis-match-ever.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal stairtit the 2011 Sony Ericsson Open wi a win ower [[Kei Nishikori]] then met his compatriot [[Feliciano López]] in the third roond, whom he defeatit. In the fowert roond, he defeatit Alexandr Dolgopolov. In the quarterfeenals, Nadal haed the first real test o the tournament whan he met the warld No. 7 Tomáš Berdych, that he defeatit in three sets. In the semifeenals, Nadal met his main rival Roger Federer, thair first meetin in a semifeenal syne the 2007 Masters Cup. Nadal won in straucht sets. For the second time in twa weeks, Nadal faced Novak Djokovic in the feenal. As in the Indian Wells tournament, Nadal won the first set, an Djokovic the second. The third set ended in a tiebreak, wi Djokovic winning.<ref>{{cite news|title=HARD FINAL IN MIAMI|date=4 April 2011|url =http://rafaelnadal.com/content/hard-final-miami|agency=Associated Press|accessdate =4 April 2011 }}{{dead link|date=June 2011}}</ref> This wis the first time Nadal reached the feenals o Indian Wells an Miami in the same year. Nadal began his clay-court saison bi winning the 2011 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters wi the loss o juist ane set. Nadal defeatit Jarkko Nieminen, Richard Gasquet, Ivan Ljubičić, an Andy Murray tae reach his seivent consecutive feenal in Monte Carlo. In the feenal, Nadal avenged his defeat bi David Ferrer in the quarterfeenals o the 2011 Australian Open. He acame the first man tae win the same tournament seiven times in a row at the ATP level in the open era.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal won seven tournaments in a row at the ATP|date=17 April 2011|url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=17 April 2011|archive-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101024426/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal chalked up his 37th straucht win at the clay-court event, whaur he haes nae lost syne the 2003 Monte Carlo Masters. It wis his 44th career teetle an 19t at a Masters event.<ref>{{cite news|title=The last loss in Monte Carlo was in 2003|date=17 April 2011|url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=17 April 2011|archive-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101024426/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|url-status=dead}}</ref> It wis his first teetle syne winning the Japan Open. Nadal shares third place wi [[Björn Borg]] an Manuel Orantes in the leet o players wi the maist teetles on clay.<ref>{{cite news|title=NADAL WINS 7TH STRAIGHT MONTECARLO TITLE|date=17 April 2011|url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=17 April 2011|archive-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101024426/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|url-status=dead}}</ref> Juist a week later, Nadal won his saxt Barcelona Open crown, winning the 2011 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell feenal against Ferrer in straucht sets. In daein sae, Nadal acame the first man in the open era tae hae won twa tournaments at least sax times each. Nadal wis then the leader in terms o matches won in the year, wi 29. He did nae gain ony pynts for this veectory, houiver, as anly fower ATP 500 tournaments can be countit taewart a players ranking at ane time. The pynts will gang intae effect 8 August 2011, whan the result o the 2010 Legg Mason Tennis Classic expires.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx?t=rb|title=Ranking Breakdown Rafael Nadal|date = 9 June 2011|work= ATP Worldtour|accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref> At the 2011 Mutua Madrid Open in Mey, he defeatit Marcos Baghdatis, haed a walkover against [[Juan Martín del Potro]], an defeatit Michaël Llodra an Roger Federer, afore losin the feenal tae Novak Djokovic in twa sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/09/sports/tennis/09madrid.html|title=Djokovic Tops Nadal in Another Final|date= 8 May 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=7 June 2011}}</ref> Nadal again lost in straucht sets tae Novak Djokovic in the Rome Masters final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2011/may/15/novak-djokovic-rafael-nadal-rome|title=Novak Djokovic rolls on with defeat of Rafael Nadal in Rome final|date= 15 May 2011|work=The Guardian|accessdate=7 June 2011|location=London|first=Kevin|last=Mitchell}}</ref> This merked the first time that Nadal haes lost twice on clay tae the same player in a single saison.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2011-05-15-italian-open_N.htm|title=Djokovic beats Nadal in Rome in French Open warm-up|date= 17 May 2011|work=USA Today|accessdate=7 June 2011}}</ref> Houiver, Nadal retained his No. 1 rankin during the clay-coort saison an won his saxt French Open teetle bi defeatin Roger Federer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french11/news/story?id=6628276|title=Rafael Nadal wins sixth French Open|date= 6 June 2011|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=7 June 2011}}</ref> During the first three roonds o Wimbledon, Nadal beat Michael Russell, Ryan Sweeting, an Gilles Müller. He then faced Juan Martín del Potro in the fowert roond an Mardy Fish in the quarterfeenals, defeatin baith players in fower sets. His semifeenal opponent wis warld No. 4 Andy Murray. Nadal lost the first set, then won the next three. This set up a feenal against warld No. 2 Novak Djokovic, that haed beaten Nadal in aa fower o thair matches in 2011 (aa in Masters feenals). Efter dropping the third set, Djokovic defeatit Nadal in the fowert. This wis the first Grand Slam tournament feenal that Nadal haed lost tae someone ither than Roger Federer an his first loss at Wimbledon syne his five-set loss tae Federer in the 2007 feenal. The loss ended Nadal's winning streak in Grand Slam feenals at seiven, preventin him frae tying the Open-Era record o aicht victories in a row set bi [[Pete Sampras]]. Djokovic's success at the tournament meant that the Serb ascended tae warld No. 1 for the first time an aw, breaking the dominance o Federer an Nadal on the poseetion, which ane o them haed held for every week syne 2 Februar 2004. Nadal fell tae warld No. 2 in the rankings for the first time syne Juin 2010. Efter restin for a month frae a fit injury sustained during Wimbledon, he contestit the 2011 Rogers Cup, whaur he wis shocked bi Croatian Ivan Dodig in a third-set tiebreak. He next played in the 2011 Cincinnati Masters, whaur he lost tae Mardy Fish in the quarterfeenals. At the 2011 US Open, Nadal defeatit Andrey Golubev in straicht sets an advanced tae the third roond efter Frenchman [[Nicolas Mahut]] retired. Efter defeatin David Nalbandian on 4 September, Nadal collapsed in his post-match press conference due tae severe cramps.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/14783093.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Nadal collapses in front of media | date=4 September 2011}}</ref> Nadal lost tae Novak Djokovic in the feenal in fower sets. Efter the US Open, Nadal reached the feenal o the Japan Open Tennis Championships. Nadal, that wis the 2010 champion, wis defeatit bi Andy Murray. At the Shanghai Masters, Nadal wis tap seed wi the absence o Novak Djokovic, but wis upset in the third roond bi No. 23 rankit Florian Mayer in straucht sets. At the 2011 ATP World Tour Finals, Nadal wis defeatit bi Roger Federer in the roond-robin stage, in ane o the quickest matches atween the twa, lasting juist 60 meenits. In the follaein match, Nadal wis defeatit bi Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, an wis eliminatit frae the tournament. In the Davis Cup feenal in December, Nadal haed a quick straucht-set win ower Juan Mónaco in his first match. In his second match against Juan Martín del Potro, Nadal did nae win a single service gemme in the first set but came back tae win the match.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/home.aspx |title=Davis Cup site |publisher=Daviscup.com |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-date=2012-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608021306/http://www.daviscup.com/en/home.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal ended his tennis saison wi the Mubadala World Tennis Championship, an exhibition tournament nae affiliatit wi the ATP. The tournament, normally held in early Januar, wis held frae 29 tae 31 December 2011. Nadal haed a bye intae the semifeenals an played against David Ferrer, that defeatit Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the quarterfeenals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mubadalawtc.com/NewsDetails/11-12-28/LEGENDS_LOOK_FORWARD_TO_MUBADALA_WORLD_TENNIS_CHAMPIONSHIP_FOR_THE_START_OF_GLOBAL_TENNIS_SEASON.aspx|title=Legends Look Forward to Mubadala World Tennis Championship for the Start of Global Tennis Season|date=28 December 2011}}{{dead link|date=January 2012}}</ref> Ferrer won the match in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mubadalawtc.com/NewsDetails/11-12-30/DJOKOVIC_DOMINATES_TO_SECURE_PLACE_IN_FINAL_AGAINST_IMPRESSIVE_FERRER.aspx|title=Djokovic dominates to secure place in final against impressive Ferrer|date=30 December 2011|access-date=2015-06-03|archive-date=2012-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114134639/http://www.mubadalawtc.com/NewsDetails/11-12-30/DJOKOVIC_DOMINATES_TO_SECURE_PLACE_IN_FINAL_AGAINST_IMPRESSIVE_FERRER.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal wis then relegatit tae the third place match against Roger Federer. Nadal won in straucht sets. ===2012: Seivent French Open title=== {{Main|2012 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} [[File:Nadal Monte Carlo 2012.JPG|thumb|right|Nadal during the finals of the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters]] Nadal began his ATP World Tour saison at the Qatar Open. He beat Philipp Kohlschreiber an qualifier Denis Gremelmayr in roonds ane an twa an then won against seivent-seedit Mikhail Youzhny.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=reu-mendoha|title=Federer and Nadal stay on course for final showdown|publisher=Yahoo Sports|date=5 January 2012|access-date=2015-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609105054/https://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news/?slug=reu-mendoha|archive-date=2025-06-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the semifeenal he lost tae Gaël Monfils in twa sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/ten/news?slug=ap-qataropen|title=Monfils tops Nadal, faces Tsonga in final|date=6 January 2012|publisher=Yahoo Sports|access-date=2015-06-03|archive-date=2003-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030213071930/http://sports.yahoo.com/ten/news?slug=ap-qataropen|url-status=dead}}{{failed verification|date=April 2012}}</ref> In the Australian Open Nadal began the tournament bi breezing past qualifier Alex Kuznetsov o Unitit States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/ten/news?slug=ap-australianopen-nadal|title=Nadal eases to 1st-round win at Australian Open|date=16 January 2012|publisher=Yahoo Sports}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The second roond against Tommy Haas, that haes never won a set against Rafael, wis tighter, but Nadal again advanced in three straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/ten/news?slug=afp-tennis_aus_open_men_20120118|title=Nadal beats Haas as Federer puts feet up at Aussie Open|date=18 January 2012|publisher=Yahoo Sports}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He defeatit Feliciano López in the fowert roond, then won in his quarterfeenal an semifeenal matches against Tomáš Berdych an Roger Federer respectively. Bi daein sae, he haes reached the feenals o aa fower majors consecutively. In the feenal, on 29 Januar, he wis beaten bi Novak Djokovic in a five-set match that lastit 5 oors an 53 meenits, the langest ever match for a Grand Slam teetle. The pair set a new warld record, breaking the latest langest major singles feenal atween Mats Wilander an Ivan Lendl, which lastit 4 oors an 54 meenits, at the US Open in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/aus12/story/_/id/7515950/2012-australian-open-novak-djokovic-outlasts-rafael-nadal-longest-grand-slam-final|title=Longest Men's Singles Championship Final|date=30 January 2012|publisher=ESPN Sports}}</ref> Nadal got tae the semifeenals in Indian Wells, whaur he wis beaten in straucht sets bi eventual champion Roger Federer. He reached the semifeenals in Miami an aw, but widrew acause o knee problems. As the clay court saison stairtit, Nadal wis seedit 2nt at the 2012 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters. He defeatit Jarkko Nieminen, Mikhael Kukushkin, [[Stanislas Wawrinka]], an Gilles Simon afore topping warld No. 1 Novak Djokovic tae win his 8t consecutive Monte Carlo trophy. This ended a streak o seiven straucht feenal losses tae Djokovic, which began at the 2011 Indian Wells Masters feenal. A day efter the Monte Carlo Masters Final, Nadal traveled tae Barcelona whaur he received a bye in the first roond. His tremendous record on clay continued as he beat compatriot David Ferrer in a haurd focht feenal tae clinch his seivent teetle in aicht years at the Barcelona Open. The Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open did nae gang very well for Nadal. He beat Nikolay Davydenko, ane o the few players tae haud a positive heid tae heid record ower Nadal, in straucht sets. He then lost tae [[Fernando Verdasco]], that he held a 13–0 record against in the third roond 7–5 in the third, efter blowing a 4–0 feenal set lead. Nadal statit that he wis very unhappy wi the new blue-coloured clay an threatened nae tae attend in the future if the surface wis nae changed back tae red clay. Several ither players (sic as Novak Djokovic) voiced seemilar criticism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.incyprus.com.cy/en-gb/tennis/4172/27612/stars-not-happy-with-madrid |title=Stars not happy with Madrid |publisher=Incyprus.com.cy |date=11 May 2012 |accessdate=24 November 2012 |archive-date=2013-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825034412/http://www.incyprus.com.cy/en-gb/tennis/4172/27612/stars-not-happy-with-madrid |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the last tournament afore the French Open, Nadal went tae the Internazionali BNL d'Italia in Rome. He advanced tae his 7t feenal efter defeatin Florian Mayer, Marcel Granollers, Tomáš Berdych, an David Ferrer aa in straucht sets, setting up anither feenals showdown wi warld nummer ane Novak Djokovic. Nadal defeatit Djokovic in a tight straucht sets encounter. This wis his second veectory ower Novak Djokovic in 2012 an his third teetle o the saison, as weel as his 6t Rome teetle overall. At the 2012 French Open, Nadal dropped anly 30 gemmes against his first five opponents, wioot losin a set. In the semifeenal he faced a friend an compatriot in David Ferrer. Unlik thair previous twa encounters in Barcelona an Rome, Nadal showed awmaist no flaws, dismantling Ferrer tae set up anither championship teetle fecht wi warld No. 1 Novak Djokovic. This merked the first time whaur twa opposing players faced ilk ither in fower consecutive Grand Slam tournament feenals. Thay acame the anly players tae hae faced the same opponent in the feenals o aa fower Majors an aw. Nadal won the first twa sets afore Djokovic claimed the third. Play wis suspended in the fowert set due tae rain. When the match resumed the follaein day, Nadal won whan Djokovic dooble faultit on match pynt, sealing a record 7t Roland Garros teetle for Nadal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCABRE85A0LW20120611?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true|title=Nadal wins record seventh French Open|agency=Reuters|first=Toby|last=Davis|date=11 June 2012|accessdate=11 June 2012|archive-date=2013-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105222136/http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCABRE85A0LW20120611?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref> Throughout the tournament, Nadal lost anly ane set, occurring in the feenal. Bi winning his seivent teetle<ref>{{cite news|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/french-open-2012/top-stories/Rafael-Nadal-beats-Novak-Djokovic-to-win-record-seventh-French-Open-title/articleshow/14026658.cms|title=Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win record seventh French Open title|date=11 June 2012 | work=The Times of India}}</ref> at Roland Garros, Nadal surpassed Borg's overall teetles record<ref name=RG7>{{cite news|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2012/06/23/Roland-Garros-Final-Nadal-Beats-Djokovic-To-Make-History.aspx|title=Nadal Tops Djokovic To Break Borg's Paris Record|publisher=ATP World Tour|date=11 June 2012|accessdate=11 June 2012}}</ref> tae acome the maist successfu tennis player in French Open history.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18395750|title=Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win seventh French Open|publisher=BBC Sport|first=Mike|last=Henson|date=11 June 2012|accessdate=11 June 2012}}</ref> Nadal anly lost a tot o three sets in the 2012 clay court saison. In his first grass court tournament o the saison at Halle, Nadal advanced tae quarterfeenals, whaur he lost tae Philipp Kohlschreiber.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Rafael-Nadal-bombs-out-in-quarterfinals-at-Halle/articleshow/14152923.cms|title= Rafael Nadal bombs out in quarterfinals at Halle|date=15 June 2012 | work=The Times of India}}</ref> At Wimbledon, Nadal beat Thomaz Bellucci in the first roond. He then met Lukáš Rosol in the second roond, a player that wis then rankit 100th in the warld an haed never advanced beyond the first qualifying roond in his five previous Wimbledons. In ane o the biggest upsets in Grand Slam history, Rosol defeatit Nadal in five sets. This wis the first time syne the Wimbledon 2005 championships that Nadal haed failed tae progress past the 2nt roond o a Grand Slam tournament.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rafael Nadal falls to shock Wimbledon defeat by Lukas Rosol|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18627648|accessdate=28 June 2012|publisher=BBC News|date=28 June 2012}}</ref> In Julie 2012, Nadal widrew frae the 2012 Olympics due tae tendinitis in his knee, which subsequently led tae him pulling oot o baith the Rogers Cup an Cincinnati Masters an aw. On 15 August, Nadal annoonced his widrawal frae the US Open in New York, as he felt he still wis nae healthy eneuch tae compete.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/354475/Rafa-Nadal-withdraws-from-Paris-and-London-tournaments|title= Nadal withdraws from Paris and London tournaments|accessdate=26 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/news/tennis/2012/07/features/london-olympics-nadal-pulls-out-with-injury.aspx|title=Reigning Champion Nadal Withdraws From London Olympics|accessdate=19 July 2012}}</ref> On 11 September 2012, Nadal fell tae a warld No. 4 ranking, his lowest syne 2010, as 2012 US Open winner Andy Murray climbed tae No. 3.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livetennisguide.com/2012/09/11/rafael-nadal-falls-as-andy-murray-climbs-in-atp-rankings/ |title=Rafael Nadal falls, as Andy Murray climbs in ATP Rankings |publisher=Livetennisguide.com |accessdate=24 November 2012 |archive-date=2017-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803171825/http://www.livetennisguide.com/2012/09/11/rafael-nadal-falls-as-andy-murray-climbs-in-atp-rankings/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal ended 2012 rankit No. 4 in the warld, the first time in aicht years that he haes nae been rankit 1st or 2nt at the end o the year. ===2013: Echt French Open, second US Open title, back tae No. 1=== {{Main|2013 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Twa weeks prior tae the 2013 Australian Open, Nadal offeecially widrew frae the tournament citing a painch virus.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/8786752/rafael-nadal-pulls-australian-open-due-virus | title=Rafael Nadal out of Aussie Open | publisher=ESPN | date=28 December 2012 | accessdate=29 December 2012}}</ref> Nadal's widrawal subsequently saw him drop oot o the ATP's Tap Four for the first time syne 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-01-28/nadal-out-of-top-four-serena-williams-rises-on-rankings |title=Nadal Out of Top Four, Serena Williams Rises on Rankings |date=28 January 2013 |work=Business Week}}</ref> Playin in his first tournaments in South Americae syne 2005, Nadal cam back at the Latin American Golden Swing, stairtin his 2013 saison at the 2013 VTR Open in Chile.<ref>{{cite web|last=Clarke|first=Patrice|title=Rafael Nadal Smart to Make Long-Awaited Return on Clay at 2013 ATP VTR Open|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1506335-rafael-nadal-smart-to-make-long-awaited-return-on-clay-at-2013-atp-vtr-open|publisher=Bleacher Report|accessdate=1 February 2013}}</ref> Thare he advanced tae the feenal wioot dropping a set but wis beaten bi Argentine warld No. 73 journeyman Horacio Zeballos. He lost in the doubles feenal an aw (wi Juan Mónaco). At the 2013 Brasil Open, at [[São Paulo]], Nadal struggled in the openin roonds, dropping sets tae Berlocq an qualifier Alund. Despite the poor clay surface, which wis the subject o player complaints, he reached the feenal, whaur he defeatit David Nalbandian.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21036474| title=Rafael Nadal to make comeback from knee injury at Brazil Open | work=BBC Sport | date=15 January 2013 | accessdate=27 January 2013}}</ref> In the teetle match o the 2013 Abierto Mexicano Telcel in Acapulco, Nadal defeatit warld No. 4 David Ferrer, losin juist twa gemmes in the match. Nadal then returned tae the American haurd courts efter a year, playin the Indian Wells Masters as the fift seed. He lost anly ane set, an defeatit warld No. 2 [[Roger Federer]] an warld No. 6 [[Tomáš Berdych]] in the matches leadin up tae the feenal. Nadal recovered frae bein ane set doun in the feenal, tae defeat Juan Martín del Potro. This wis his third Indian Wells Masters teetle an his first hardcourt teetle syne October 2010, an left Nadal the player wi the maist Masters 1000s wins. Efter widrawing frae Miami, Nadal attemptit tae defend his teetle at the 2013 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, but, despite reachin the feenal for the ninth consecutive year, he wis beaten bi Djokovic in straucht sets. He then won at the 2013 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell ower Almagro, in straucht sets. This wis his 8t veectory thare, makin him the first man tae win twa different tournaments aicht or mair times each. It wis his fowert teetle o the saison an aw, an his saxt consecutive feenal. Nadal won his 23rd ATP Masters 1000 tournament at the 2013 Mutua Madrid Open, beatin Wawrinka, despite previously haein been twa pynts frae defeat in his quarterfeenal against David Ferrer. The blue clay that haed troubled him the previous year thare haed been exchanged for the traditional red clay. In Mey, he won his record 24t Masters 1000 teetle, beatin Roger Federer for his 7t championship at the 2013 Rome Masters. It wis his 6t teetle o the saison an his aicht consecutive feenal. Thir victories raised his ranking tae warld No. 4. Nadal won the 2013 French Open efter beatin Djokovic in the [[Big Four (tennis)#2013 French Open semifinal|semifinal]] an Ferrer in the feenal. His match wi Djokovic wis widely considered ane o the greatest clay court matches ever played, as Nadal came back frae doun a break in the fift set tae tak oot a haurd-focht 4-oor, 37-meenit veectory. Houiver, acause o the nuances o how rankings are calculatit (includin an improvement in performance bi the then warld No. 5 David Ferrer at the French Open), Nadal's warld ranking dropped frae No. 4 tae No. 5, wi Ferrer replacing him at No. 4. Nadal then lost his first-roond match at the 2013 Wimbledon Championships in straucht sets tae unseedit Belgian Steve Darcis (rankit No. 135), makin it the second time in a row he failed tae reach the third roond at Wimbledon an the first ever time Nadal haed lost in the first roond o a Grand Slam. Darcis is the lowest-rankit player ever tae beat Nadal in a Grand Slam tournament. In August 2013, Nadal won the semifeenal match in Montreal, denying Djokovic his fowert Rogers Cup teetle.<ref name="CO2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2013/08/32/Montreal-Saturday-Djokovic-Nadal.aspx |title=Nadal Edges Djokovic In Montreal Thriller, Faces Raonic in Final |publisher=ATP World Tour |date=30 September 2011 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref> Nadal proceeded tae win the teetle efter beatin [[Milos Raonic]] in the feenal in straucht sets. This wis Nadal's 25t Masters 1000 teetle an third teetle at the Canadian Open.<ref name="TGaM">{{cite web|author=Canada |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/more-sports/rafael-nadal-dominates-milos-raonic-in-rogers-cup-final/article13704194/ |title=Rafael Nadal dominates Milos Raonic in Rogers Cup final |publisher=Theglobeandmail.com |date=11 August 2013 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref> He won his 26t ATP Masters 1000 in Cincinnati on Sunday 18 August efter beatin John Isner in the feenal.<ref name="ESPN Cinc"/> Nadal concluded a brilliant North American haurd court saison wi his 4t haurd court teetle o the year, defeatin Djokovic at the 2013 US Open feenal in fower sets. This brocht his Slam count tae 13 an gae Nadal a male tennis record paycheck o 3.6 million US dollars.<ref>{{cite web |last=Newbery |first=Piers |title=Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win second US Open title |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/24027678 |work=BBC Sport |date=10 September 2013 |accessdate=19 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Not the real prizemoney: Rafael Nadal and Serena Williams lament tax impact on record purse |url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/tennis/not-the-real-prizemoney-rafael-nadal-and-serena-williams-lament-tax-impact-on-record-purse-20130910-2thqc.html |accessdate=19 July 2014 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=10 September 2013}}</ref> Later in September, Nadal helped Spain secure thair Davis Cup World Group Playoff spot for 2014, wi a veectory against Sergiy Stakhovsky an a doubles win wi Marc Lopez. In October, he reached the feenal o the China Open, guaranteeing he wad acome warld nummer ane for the third time efter losin it in Julie 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rafael Nadal reaches China Open final to become world number one |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/24409808 |work=BBC Sport |date=5 October 2013 |accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> In the feenal, he wis beaten bi Djokovic in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Novak Djokovic beats Rafael Nadal in China Open final |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/24418035 |work=BBC Sport |date=6 October 2013 |accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> At the 2013 Shanghai Rolex Masters, Nadal reached the semi-feenals but wis defeatit bi Del Potro. In November 2013, Nadal played his feenal event o the saison in Lunnon at the 2013 ATP Warld Tour Finals whaur he secured the year end Warld Nummer Ane spot. Nadal beat David Ferrer, Stanislas Wawrinka an Tomáš Berdych in the Roond Robin stage tae set up a semi feenal an veectory ower Roger Federer. Nadal met Djokovic in the feenal, losin in straicht sets. ===2014: Nint French Open title an struggles wi form=== {{Main|2014 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} [[File:IBI14 Rafa Nadal.jpg|thumb|Nadal during a press conference at the 2014 Internazionali BNL d'Italia]] Rafael Nadal began his 2014 saison at the Qatar Open in Doha, defeatin Lukáš Rosol in the first roond<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-01/nadal-evens-the-ledger-against-rosol-in-doha/5180650?section=sport Rafael Nadal beats Czech Republic player Lukas Rosol to advance to second round of Qatar Open], ''ABC Grandstand Sport (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)'', 1 January 2014</ref> an he won the teetle efter defeatin [[Gaël Monfils]] in the feenal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rafael Nadal beats Gael Monfils to win Qatar title |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/25606655 |accessdate=19 July 2014 |work=BBC Sport |date=4 January 2014}}</ref> It wis annoonced in Februar 2014 that "After compiling one of the greatest comeback seasons on the ATP World Tour in 2013, World No. 1 Rafael Nadal is a contender to be nominated for the Laureus World Comeback of the Year Award."<ref>{{cite news | title = Nadal a Possible Nominee for Laureus Award | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/02/8/Nadal-Laureus-Nomination.aspx | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222171023/http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/02/8/Nadal-Laureus-Nomination.aspx | archivedate = 22 February 2014 | publisher = ATP | accessdate = 22 February 2014 }}</ref> At the Australian Open, he defeatit [[Roger Federer]] tae reach his third Australian Open feenal, improving his career record against Federer tae 23–10. This merked Nadal's 11t consecutive veectory in a Major semifeenal (second anly tae Borg's aa-time record o 14), an advanced him tae his 19t Major feenal, tyin him wi Lendl for second aa-time behind Federer's 24. It merked Nadal's saxt consecutive veectory ower Federer in a Major an aw. In the feenal, he faced [[Stanislas Wawrinka]], against whom he entered the match wi a 12-0 record, haein won aa o thair previous 26 sets. Efter losin the first set, Nadal suffered a back injury doun 2-0 in the second set, an awtho he won a set, he lost the match in fower sets. The first tournament he played efter that wis the inaugural Rio Open which he won efter defeatin Alexandr Dolgopolov in the feenal extendin his record o ATP 500 teetles tae 15. Houiver, at the Indian Wells Masters, Dolgopolov wad avenge his loss, defeatin Nadal in three sets in the third roond. He reached the feenal o the Miami Masters afore fawin tae [[Novak Djokovic]] in straucht sets. Nadal began his clay court saison wi a quarterfeenal loss tae David Ferrer in the Monte-Carlo Masters. He wis stunned bi Nicolas Almagro in the quarterfeenals o the Barcelona Open. Nadal won the Madrid Open efter [[Kei Nishikori]] retired in the third set.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> On 8 Juin 2014, Nadal defeatit Novak Djokovic in the Men's Singles French Open final tae win his 9t French Open teetle an a 5t straicht win at Roland Garros. Nadal dropped the first set but came back in the gemme tae win the next three sets tae lift the trophy. Nadal equaled Pete Sampras' tot o 14 Grand Slam wins, the second heichest nummer o single Grand Slam titles efter Roger Federer.<ref name="2014 French open">{{cite news |last1=Newbery |first1=Piers |title=Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win ninth French Open title |url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/27753534 |date=8 June 2014 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Nadal lost in the second roond o the Halle Open tae Dustin Brown the follaein week.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/11070600/rafael-nadal-falls-halle-1st-match-french |title=Rafael Nadal ousted in Halle |date=12 June 2014 |accessdate=14 June 2014 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Nadal then entered the Wimbledon Championships in a bid tae win the tournament for the third time an tae win his 15t Grand Slam teetle overall. In the first three roonds he faced Martin Kližan, Lukáš Rosol (tae whom he suffered a shock defeat at the same stage o the tournament twa years earlier) an Mikhail Kukushkin. In each o thir matches he lost the first set afore takin command an winnin them in fower sets. In the fowert roond he faced Australian teenager Nick Kyrgios (rankit 143 places lawer than Nadal) an again lost the first set. Despite winning the second set, he wis unable tae turn the tide an eventually lost in fower sets.<ref name="Wimbledon 2014">{{cite news |last1=Newbery |first1=Piers |title=Rafael Nadal beaten by Nick Kyrgios at Wimbledon |url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/28118239 |date=1 July 2014 |accessdate=1 July 2014 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Nadal widrew frae the American swing due tae a wrist injury. He cam back at the 2014 China Open. He wis defeatit bi Martin Klizan in three sets. At the 2014 Shanghai Rolex Masters, he suffered frae appendicitis, therefore he eventually went doun bi [[Feliciano López|Feliciano Lopez]] in straucht sets. Later, he wis upset bi Borna Coric at the quarterfeenals o the 2014 Swiss Indoors. Efter the loss, he annoonced that he will skip the rest o the saison. ===2015: Struggles on clay=== {{main|2015 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal began the year as the defendin Champion at Qatar, but suffered a shocking three set defeat tae Michael Berrer in roond ane o the Qatar Open.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30702154 |title=Rafael Nadal suffers shock defeat by Michael Berrer in Doha |date=6 January 2015 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> He won the doubles teetle wi Juan Monaco. At the Australian Open, Nadal beat Mikhail Youzhny in the first roond in straucht sets, afore prevailing in a tough five-setter against American Tim Smyczek in the second roond, despite bein visibly unwell at times during the gemme. He then beat Dudi Sela an Kevin Anderson in straucht sets tae advance tae his 28t career quarterfeenal. Nadal lost in straucht sets tae [[Tomáš Berdych]] in the quarterfeenal, sicweys endin a 17-match winning streak against the seivent-seedit Czech.<ref>{{cite news |last=Newbery |first=Piers |title=Rafael Nadal beaten by Tomas Berdych at Australian Open |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30996172 |accessdate=24 May 2015 |work=BBC Sport |date=27 January 2015}}</ref> Nadal lost in the semifeenal tae Fabio Fognini at the Rio Open, afore gaun on tae win his 46th career clay-court teetle against Juan Monaco at the Argentina Open.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/31687217 |title=Rafael Nadal: Argentina Open win equals clay-court title record |date=1 March 2015 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> In Mey, Nadal lost in the quarterfeenals o the Rome Masters tae [[Stan Wawrinka]] in straucht sets. On Juin 3rd, his 29t birthday, Nadal lost tae Novak Djokovic in the quarterfeenals o the French Open, endin his winning streak o 39 consecutive victories in Paris syne his defeat bi Robin Söderling in 2009. Efter the tournament, Nadal will drop tae nummer 10 in the ATP-rankings, his lowest ranking in ower a decade. ===2016–2024: Mair majors an retiral=== In 2017 Nadal wan his tent title at Monte Carlo, the maist wins bi ony player at a single tournament in the Open Era.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/39686964|title=Monte Carlo Masters: Rafael Nadal beats Albert Ramos-Vinolas for record 10th title|date=23 April 2017|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=12 February 2018|archive-date=23 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523224227/http://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/39686964|url-status=live}}</ref> At the 2019 US Open he beat Daniil Medvedev in the final for his fowert US Open title an his 19t major.<ref>{{cite news|title=US Open 2019: Rafael Nadal beats Daniil Medvedev to win 19th Grand Slam title |work=BBC Sport |date=9 September 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/49629579 |access-date=10 September 2019 |archive-date=10 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910010653/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/49629579 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020 he wan his 13t French Open, beatin Djokovic in straucht sets in the final, an wi that his 20t Grand Slam title, equallin Federer's record for men's singles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/nadal-wins-13th-french-open-155926111.html|title=King Nadal continues Paris reign with record-equalling 20th Slam|website=uk.sports.yahoo.com|date=11 October 2020|access-date=13 December 2020|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026160419/https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/nadal-wins-13th-french-open-155926111.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/rafael-nadal-wins-his-20th-grand-slam-title-with-french-open-victory-11602431520|title=Rafael Nadal Wins His 20th Grand Slam Title With French Open Victory|first=Joshua|last=Robinson|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=11 October 2020|via=wsj.com|access-date=13 December 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022185740/https://www.wsj.com/articles/rafael-nadal-wins-his-20th-grand-slam-title-with-french-open-victory-11602431520|url-status=live}}</ref> He wan the Australian Open for the second time in 2022, his 21st major title, comin back frae twa sets doon tae beat Medvedev in the final. Wi this he brak the record for the maist men's singles major titles.<ref>{{cite news|last=Braidwood |first=Jamie |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/australian-open-final-result-nadal-medvedev-b2003655.html |title=Rafael Nadal produces epic comeback to defeat Daniil Medvedev and win record-breaking Australian Open title |work=The Independent |date=30 January 2022 |access-date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130141512/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/australian-open-final-result-nadal-medvedev-b2003655.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Efter years o injuries, on 10 October 2024 Nadal annoonced that he wad retire efter playin for Spain at the Davis Cup Finals in Málaga in November.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jurejko |first=Jonathan |title=Rafael Nadal retires: 22-time Grand Slam champion confirms retirement from tennis aged 38 |website=BBC Sport |date=2024-10-10 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/articles/ckgv9n5jj8jo |access-date=2024-10-10}}</ref> ==Rivalries== {{see also|Big Four (tennis)}} ===Nadal vs. Federer=== {{Main|Federer–Nadal rivalry}} [[File:Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal at the 2006 Wimbledon Championships.jpg|thumb|Nadal an Federer during the 2006 Wimbledon Championships final]] [[Roger Federer|Federer]] an Nadal hae been playin ilk ither syne 2004, an thair rivalry is a significant pairt o baith men's careers.<ref name="asgoodasitgets"/><ref name="moveoverborgmac">{{cite news|first=Paul|last=Weaver|title = Move over McEnroe and Borg, this one will run and run in the memory|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jul/07/wimbledon.tennis4|work=The Guardian|location=London|date = 7 July 2008|accessdate =14 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name="asgoodassportgets">{{cite news|first = Martin|last = Flanagan|title = Federer v Nadal as good as sport gets|work = The Age|location = Melbourne|url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/tennis/federer-v-nadal-as-good-as-|access-date = 2015-06-03|archive-date = 2013-08-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130814212515/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=N409&oId=F324|url-status = dead}}</ref> Thay held the tap twa rankings on the ATP Tour frae Julie 2005 until 14 August 2009, whan Nadal fell tae warld No. 3 (Andy Murray acame the new No. 2).<ref>{{cite news|first = Richard|last = Jago|title = Murray reaches world No.2|date = 15 August 2009|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/aug/15/andy-murray-montreal-masters-jo-wilfried-tsonga|work=The Observer|accessdate =16 August 2010|location=London}}</ref> Thay are the anly pair o men tae hae ever finished fower consecutive calendar years at the tap.<ref>{{cite web|title=Roger Federer Ranking History|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Roger-Federer.aspx?t=rh|publisher=Association of Tennis Professionals|accessdate=9 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rafael Nadal|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx?t=rh|publisher=Associate of Tennis Professionals|accessdate=9 February 2013}}</ref> Nadal ascended tae No. 2 in Julie 2005 an held this spot for a record 160 consecutive weeks afore surpassing Federer in August 2008.<ref name="nadalnum1">{{cite web|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25978842/|title=It's official: Nadal will pass Federer for No. 1|date=1 August 2008|publisher=NBC Sports (Associated Press)|accessdate=14 February 2009|archive-date=2008-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019231656/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25978842/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay hae played 33 times, an Nadal leads thair heid-tae-heid series 23–10 overall an 9–2 in Grand Slam tournaments. Fifteen o thair matches hae been on clay, which is statistically Nadal's best surface.<ref name="FedEx ATP Reliability Index">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Reliability-Zone/Reliability-Clay-Career-List.aspx|title=FedEx ATP Reliability Index|accessdate=1 April 2012|archive-date=2013-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212601/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Reliability-Zone/Reliability-Clay-Career-List.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Federer haes a winning record on grass (2–1) an indoor haurd courts (4–1) while Nadal leads the outdoor haurd courts bi 8–2 an clay bi 13–2.<ref name="atp-headtohead">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/Rivalries/Nadal-Federer-Rivalry.aspx|title=Head to Head player details|publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=14 April 2013}}</ref> As tournament seedings are based on rankings, 20 o thair matches hae been in tournament feenals, includin an aa-time record 8 Grand Slam tournament feenals.<ref name="atp-therivalry">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/Rivalries/Nadal-Federer-Rivalry.aspx|title= Rafa & Roger: The Rivalry|date=18 March 2012|publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=15 June 2012}}</ref> Frae 2006 tae 2008, thay played in every French Open an Wimbledon feenal, an met in the teetle match o the 2009 Australian Open an the 2011 French Open an aw.<ref name="atp-therivalry"/> Nadal won sax o the aicht, losin the first twa Wimbledon feenals. Three o thir matches war five set-matches (2007 an 2008 Wimbledon, 2009 Australian Open), an the 2008 Wimbledon feenal haes been lauded as the greatest match ever bi mony lang-time tennis analysts.<ref name="greatestmatchever"/><ref name="McEnroe-greatestmatch">{{cite news|first = Richard|last = Alleyne|title = Wimbledon 2008: John McEnroe hails Rafael Nadal victory as greatest final ever|work=The Telegraph|url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/2305019/Wimbledon-2008-John-McEnroe-hails-Rafael-Nadal-victory-as-greatest-final-ever.html|date = 7 July 2008|accessdate =14 February 2009|location=London}}</ref><ref name="wertheim-greatestmatch">{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/jon_wertheim/07/09/wertheim.mailbag/index.html|title=Without a doubt, it's the greatest|last=Wertheim|first=Jon|date=9 July 2008|work=Tennis Mailbag|accessdate=14 February 2009|archive-date=2013-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813175621/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/jon_wertheim/07/09/wertheim.mailbag/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="tignor-greatestmatch">{{cite web|url=http://tennisworld.typepad.com/thewrap/2008/07/w-report-cards.html|title=W: Report Cards|last=Tignor|first=Steve|work=Concrete Elbow|publisher=Tennis.com|date=8 July 2008|accessdate=14 February 2009}}</ref> ===Nadal vs. Djokovic=== {{Main|Djokovic–Nadal rivalry}} [[Novak Djokovic]] an Nadal hae met 43 times (mair nor ony ither players in the Open Era) wi Nadal haein a 23–20 advantage.<ref name="CO2013"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Featured Columnist |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1800155-analyzing-importance-of-novak-djokovics-china-open-win-vs-rafael-nadal |title=Analyzing Importance of Novak Djokovic's China Open Win vs. Rafael Nadal |publisher=Bleacherreport.com |date=6 October 2013 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="FEDEX ATP HEAD 2 HEADs">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=N409&oId=D643|title=FEDEX ATP HEAD 2 HEADs|accessdate=19 August 2011}}</ref> Nadal leads on grass 2–1 an clay 14–5, but Djokovic leads on haurd courts 14–7.<ref name="CO2013"/><ref name="FEDEX ATP HEAD 2 HEADs"/> In 2009, this rivalry wis listit as the third greatest o the previous 10 years bi ATPwarldtour.com.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2009/12/Decade-In-Review-Rivalries.aspx|title=RIVALRIES OF THE DECADE|accessdate=19 August 2011}}</ref> Djokovic is ane o anly twa players tae hae at least ten match wins against Nadal (the ither bein Federer) an the anly person tae defeat Nadal seiven consecutive times an twa times consecutively on clay. The twa earlier shared the record for the langest match played in a best o three sets (4 oors an 3 meenits), at the 2009 Mutua Madrid Open semifeenals. This held until the match atween [[Roger Federer]] an [[Juan Martín del Potro]] in the London 2012 Olympics Semifinal, which is the langest best-of-three-set match bi time (at 4 oors an 26 meenits).<ref name=OlympicEpic>{{cite web|url= http://www.worldtennismagazine.com/archives/7566|title= Roger Federer’s History-Making Olympic Epic Over Juan Martin del Potro|author= Walker, Randy|publisher= World Tennis Magazine|date= 3 August 2012|accessdate= 4 August 2012|archive-date= 2018-07-25|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111408/http://www.worldtennismagazine.com/archives/7566|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/federer-edges-epic-encounter.html |title= Federer edges epic encounter |publisher= London2012.com |date= 3 August 2012 |accessdate= 4 August 2012 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120805000153/http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/federer-edges-epic-encounter.html |archive-date= 2012-08-05 }}</ref> Thay hae played in a record 12 Masters Series feenals an aw. In the 2011 Wimbledon feenal, Djokovic won in fower sets for his first Slam feenal ower Nadal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/04/sports/tennis/2011-wimbledon-mens-final-novak-djokovic-defeats-rafael-nadal.html?amp=&pagewanted=all|title=Djokovic Overwhelms Nadal for Wimbledon Title|accessdate=3 July 2011 | work=The New York Times|first=Christopher|last=Clarey|date=3 July 2011}}</ref> Djokovic defeatit Nadal in the 2011 US Open Final an aw. In 2012, Djokovic defeatit Nadal in the Australian Open feenal for a third consecutive Slam feenal win ower Nadal. This wis the langest Grand Slam tournament feenal in Open era history at 5 hrs, 53 mins.<ref>{{cite news|author=Paul Gittings|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2012-01-29/tennis/sport_tennis_tennis-djokovic-nadal-australia_1_mallorcan-djokovic-nadal-victory?_s=PM:TENNIS|title=Djokovic beats Nadal in marathon classic to win Australian Open|publisher=CNN|date=29 January 2012|accessdate=8 June 2012|archive-date=2013-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303015240/http://articles.cnn.com/2012-01-29/tennis/sport_tennis_tennis-djokovic-nadal-australia_1_mallorcan-djokovic-nadal-victory?_s=PM:TENNIS|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal won thair last three 2012 meetins in the feenal o Monte Carlo Masters, Rome Masters an French Open in Aprile, in Mey an in Juin 2012, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18150412|title= Rafael Nadal|accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref> In 2013, Djokovic defeatit Nadal in straucht sets in the feenal at Monte Carlo, endin Nadal's record aicht consecutive teetles thare, but Nadal got revenge at the French Open in an epic five-setter 9–7 in the fift. In August 2013, Nadal won in Montreal, denying Djokovic his fowert Rogers Cup teetle.<ref name="CO2013"/> Nadal defeatit Djokovic in the 2013 US Open Final an aw. In thair third clash o 2014 Nadal defeatit Djokovic in the 2014 French Open feenal. ===Nadal vs. Murray=== {{Main|Murray–Nadal rivalry}} [[File:Murray and Nadal Tokyo (1) (1).jpg|thumbnail|Nadal an Murray in Tokyo]] Nadal an [[Andy Murray]] hae met on 21 occasions syne 2007, wi Nadal leadin 15–6. Nadal leads 6–1 on clay, 3–0 on grass an 6–5 on haurd courts (includin 5–3 in outdoor courts, but Murray leads 2–1 on indoor haurd courts). The pair ance met regularly at [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] level, wi aicht oot o thair twinty-ane meetins coming in slams. Nadal leads thaim 6–2 (3–0 at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], 1–0 at the French Open, 1–1 at the Australian Open & 1–1 at the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=N409&oId=MC10|title=Nadal v Murray Head to Head|publisher=atpworldtour.com|accessdate=6 August 2012}}</ref> Seiven o thir aicht appearances hae been at quarterfeenal an semifeenal level, makin the rivalry an important pairt o baith men's careers. Thay hae never met in a Slam feenal, houiver, Murray leads 3–1 in [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] feenals, wi Nadal winning at Indian Wells in 2009<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7958375.stm|title=Nadal blows Murray away in final|work=BBC Sport|date=22 March 2009|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> an Murray winnin in Rotterdam the same year,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7891311.stm|title=Murray beats Nadal to take title|work=BBC Sport|date=15 February 2009|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> Tokyo<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/15231444|title=Andy Murray defeats Rafael Nadal in Japan Open final|work=BBC Sport|date=9 October 2011|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> in 2011, an Madrid in 2015. Murray lost three consecutive Grand Slam semifeenals tae Nadal in 2011 frae the French Open tae the US Open. Remarkably, o the past 19 Grand Slam drawsheets, thay hae been drawn in the same hauf 16 times. The pair did nae meet in 2012, haein been scheduled tae meet in the semifeenal o the Miami Masters afore Nadal widrew wi injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/17560498|title=Andy Murray to play Djokovic in Miami final after Nadal withdraws|work=BBC Sport|date=1 April 2012|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> ==Playin style== [[File:Rafael Nadal at the 2010 US Open 06.jpg|thumbnail|left|Nadal's forehand]] Nadal generally plays an aggressive, behind-the-baseline gemme foondit on hivy topspin groundstrokes, consistency, speedy footwork an tenacious coort coverage, sicweys makin him an aggressive counterpuncher.<ref name="ESPN">{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon08/columns/story?columnist=garber_greg&id=3472238|title=Nadal Has Improved Virtually Every Aspect of His Game|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=3 July 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> Kent for his athleticism an speed aroond the court, Nadal is an excellent defender<ref name="about bio">{{cite news | first=Jeff | last=Cooper | title=Rafael Nadal&nbsp;– Game Profile | url=http://tennis.about.com/od/playersmale/a/nadalgp.htm | accessdate=30 July 2007 | archive-date=2016-11-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107033909/http://tennis.about.com/od/playersmale/a/nadalgp.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> that hits well on the run, biggin winning plays frae seemingly defensive poseetions. He plays very fine dropshots an aw, which wirk especially well acause his hivy topspin eften forces opponents tae the back o the court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/yourgame/instructionarticles/netgame/netgame.aspx?id=123244|title=Rafael Nadal's Drop Volley|work=Tennis Magazine|date=27 March 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2009-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026221750/http://www.tennis.com/yourgame/instructionarticles/netgame/netgame.aspx?id=123244|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Nadal 4 Monte Carlo 2007.jpg|thumb|Nadal playin on clay]] Nadal employs a semi-wastren grip forehand, eften wi a "lasso-whip" follae throu, whaur his left arm hits throu the baw an feenishes abuin his left shouder. This is unlik a mair traditional feenish athort the body or aroond his opposite shouder.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.elitetennistraining.com/free-online-tennis-lessons/gripping-the-tennis-racquet/ | title=How To Hold A Tennis Racket | accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.essentialtennis.com/category/video/grips/ | title=Essential Tennis - Rafael Nadal’s Forehand Grip Revealed | accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Nadal's forehand groundstroke form allows him tae hit shots wi hivy topspin – mair sae than mony o his contemporaries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/27/sports/tennis/27tennis.html |title=More and More Players Deliver Slap to Classic Forehand|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=27 June 2006|accessdate=30 January 2009 | first=Christopher | last=Clarey}}</ref> San Francisco tennis researcher John Yandell uised a heich-speed video camera an special software tae count the average nummer o revolutions o a tennis ball hit full force bi Nadal. While Nadal's shots tend tae laund short o the baseline, the characteristically heich bounces his forehands achieve tend tae mitigate the advantage an opponent wad normally gain frae capitalizing on a short ball.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/yourgame/instructionarticles/forehand/forehand.aspx?id=56544|title=The Forehand of Rafael Nadal|work=Tennis Magazine|date=15 December 2006|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2009-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304142514/http://tennis.com/yourgame/instructionarticles/forehand/forehand.aspx?id=56544|url-status=dead}}</ref> Awtho his forehand is based on hivy topspin, he can hit the ball deep an flat wi a mair orthodox follae throu for clean winners. {{rquote|right|"The first guys we did were Sampras an Agassi. They were hitting forehands that in general were spinning about 1,800 to 1,900 revolutions per meenit. Federer is hitting with an amazing amount of spin, too, right? 2,700 revolutions per meenit. Well, we measured one forehand Nadal hit at 4,900. His average was 3,200."|John Yandell, San Francisco-based tennis researcher.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ripped. (Or Torn Up?) |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/magazine/21nadal-t.html |work=[[The New York Times]] | first=Cynthia | last=Gorney | date=17 June 2009 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref>}} Nadal's serve wis initially considered a waik pynt in his gemme. His improvements in baith first-serve pynts won an break pynts saved syne 2005, tho, hae allowed him tae consistently compete for an win major teetles on faster surfaces. Nadal relies on the consistency o his serve tae gain a strategic advantage in pynts, rather than gaun for service winners.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/2304937/Rafael-Nadal-determined-to-keep-one-step-ahead-of-Roger-Federer.html|title=Rafael Nadal Determined to Keep One Step Ahead of Roger Federer|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=6 July 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009 | first=Clive | last=White}}</ref> Houiver, afore the 2010 US Open, he altered his service motion, arrivin in the trophy pose earlier an pullin the racket lawer during the trophy pose. Afore the 2010 U.S. Open, Nadal modified his service grip tae a mair continental ane. Thir twa changes in his serve increased his average speed bi aroond 10&nbsp;mph during the 2010 US Open, maxing oot at 135&nbsp;mph (217&nbsp;km), allouin him tae win mair free pynts on his serve.<ref>{{cite web|author=Tony Kurdzuk/The Star-Ledger |url=http://www.nj.com/sports/njsports/index.ssf/2010/09/rafael_nadal_has_gotten_a_grip.html |title=12 September 2010 |work=The Star-Ledger |accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref> Houiver, syne the 2010 US Open, Nadal's serve speed haes dropped back doun tae previous levels an haes again been citit as a need for improvement.<ref>{{cite web|author=Timothy Rapp |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1044134-rafael-nadal-rafa-must-improve-serve-to-beat-novak-djokovic |title=Rafael Nadal: Rafa Must Improve Serve to Beat Novak Djokovic |publisher=Bleacher Report |date= 30 January 2012|accessdate=3 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Thomas Skuzinski |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/815240-2011-us-open-biggest-weaknesses-in-the-top-8-men#/articles/815240-2011-us-open-biggest-weaknesses-in-the-top-8-men/page/5 |title=Rafael Nadal's Serve, and 7 Other Weak Shots Among the Top 8 Men |publisher=Bleacher Report |date= 22 August 2011|accessdate=3 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Naharnet Newsdesk |url=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/14931 |title=Beaten Nadal Vows to Turn Tables on Djokovic |publisher=Naharnet |date= 13 September 2011|accessdate=3 May 2012}}</ref> Nadal is a clay court specialeet in the sense that he haes been extremely successfu on that surface. Syne 2005, he won nine times at Roland Garros, aicht times at Monte Carlo an seiven at Rome. Houiver, Nadal haes shed that label due tae his success on ither surfaces. This includes holding simultaneous Grand Slam tournament teetles on grass, haurd courts, an clay on twa separate occasions, winning aicht Masters series teetles on hardcourt, an winning the Olympic gowd medal on hardcourt.<ref name="ESPN"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/aus09/columns/story?columnist=harwitt_sandra&id=3876694|title=No limit to what Nadal can accomplish|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=1 February 2009|accessdate=1 February 2009}}</ref> Despite praise for Nadal's talent an skill, some hae questioned his longevity in the sport, citing his big an playin style as conducive tae injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen07/news/story?id=2996956|title=Style of play catching up with Rafa?|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=30 August 2007|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> Nadal himsel haes admittit tae the physical toll haurd courts place on [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP Tour]] players, calling for a reevaluatit tour schedule featurin fewer haurd court tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.com/tournaments/2009/australianopen/australianopen.aspx?id=163626|title=Oz Champ Nadal Wants Changes in Tennis Schedule|work=Tennis Magazine|date=2 February 2009|accessdate=2 February 2009|archive-date=2009-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615164042/http://tennis.com/tournaments/2009/australianopen/australianopen.aspx?id=163626|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Public image== ===Equipment an endorsements=== [[File:Nadal vs Federer RG 2007.jpg|thumb|Nike sleeveless shirt wi matching headband & wrist bands and Babolat AeroPro Drive GT at [[French Open|Roland Garros]] 2007]] Nadal haes been sponsored bi [[Kia Motors]] syne 2006. He haes appeared in advertising campaigns for Kia as a global ambassador for the company. In Mey 2008, Kia released a claymation viral ad featurin Nadal in a tennis match wi an alien.<ref>[http://paultan.org/archives/2008/05/24/kias-bizarre-nadal-versus-alien-video/ Kia Nadal versus Alien Video].</ref> In Mey 2015, Nadal extendit his partnership wi Kia for anither five years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rafael Nadal and Kia Motors double up for another five years|url=http://www.hyundaimotorgroup.com/MediaCenter/News/Press-Releases/kia-motor-Rafael-Nadal-support-eng-150504.hub|website=Hyundai Motor Group|accessdate=25 May 2015|archive-date=2015-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525181424/http://www.hyundaimotorgroup.com/MediaCenter/News/Press-Releases/kia-motor-Rafael-Nadal-support-eng-150504.hub|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nike serves as Nadal's clothing an shae sponsor. Nadal's signature on-court attire entailed a variety o sleeveless shirts paired wi 3/4 lenth capri pants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/fashion/08/fall/49256|title=The Beefcake in the Backcourt|work=New York|date=17 August 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> For the 2009 saison, Nadal adoptit mair-traditional on-court apparel. Nike encouraged Nadal tae update his leuk in order tae reflect his new status as the sport's tap player at that time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/aus09/columns/story?columnist=tandon_kamakshi&id=3837536&campaign=rss&source=TENNISHeadlines|title=Rafa Needs More Than a New Look|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=17 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> The chynge wis meant tae associate Nadal wi a style that, while less distinctive than his "pirate" leuk, wad be mair widely emulatit bi consumers an aw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/article/123520|title=Rafael Nadal to Launch New, More Traditional Image at US Open|work=Sports Business Daily|date=1 August 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2008-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202122241/http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/article/123520|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/28854928|title=Nadal's Wardrobe Malfunction|publisher=CNBC|date=26 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> At warmup tournaments in Abu Dhabi an Doha, Nadal played matches in a polo shirt specifically designed for him bi Nike,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cornedbeefhash.wordpress.com/2009/01/20/fashion-focus-rafa-after-a-hiccup-finally-grows-up/|title=Fashion Focus: Rafael Nadal|publisher=Tennis Served Fresh|date=20 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> paired wi shorts cut abuin the knee. Nadal's new, mair conventional style carried ower tae the 2009 Australian Open, whaur he wis outfittit wi Nike's Bold Crew Men's Tee<ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.nike.com/index.jsp?sitesrc=USLP&country=US&lang_locale=en_US#l=shop,pdp,ctr-inline/cid-1/pid-204467/pgid-204469|title=Nike Bold New Tennis Crew|publisher=Nike Store|date=30 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> an Nadal Lang Check Shorts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.nike.com/index.jsp?sitesrc=USLP&country=US&lang_locale=en_US#l=shop,pdp,ctr-inline/cid-1/pid-204474/pgid-204476|title=Nadal Long Check Shortsbhnu|publisher=Nike Store|date=30 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cornedbeefhash.wordpress.com/2009/01/24/rafas-costume-change-part-deux/|title=Rafa's Costume Change|publisher=Tennis Served Fresh|date=24 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/uploadedImages/Features/Photo_Galleries/TENNIS_Gallery/2009_01_22_pg22.jpg|title=Emperor's New Clothes|work=Tennis Magazine|date=24 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2009-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205003824/http://www.tennis.com/uploadedImages/Features/Photo_Galleries/TENNIS_Gallery/2009_01_22_pg22.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal wears Nike's Air CourtBallistec 2.3 tennis shuin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tenniswarehouse-europe.com/descpageMSNIKEH-NMACBT.html |title=Nike Air CourtBallistec 1.3 |accessdate=5 September 2007 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224005406/http://tenniswarehouse-europe.com/descpageMSNIKEH-NMACBT.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> bearing various customizations throughout the saison, includin his nickname "Rafa" on the right shae an a stylized bull logo on the left. He acame the face o Lanvin's ''L'Homme Sport'' cologne in Aprile 2009.<ref>{{cite web |author=Marie-Helene Wagner |url=http://www.mimifroufrou.com/scentedsalamander/2009/03/lanvin_lhomme_sport_2009_front.html |title=Lanvin L'Homme Sport (2009): Fronted by Rafael Nadal |publisher=Mimifroufrou.com |date=3 March 2009 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2019-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402082901/http://www.mimifroufrou.com/scentedsalamander/2009/03/lanvin_lhomme_sport_2009_front.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal uses an AeroPro Drive racquet wi a 4{{frac|1|4}}-inch L2 grip. {{As of|2010|alt=As of the 2010 season}}, Nadal's racquets are paintit tae resemble the new Babolat AeroPro Drive wi Cortex GT racquet in order tae mercat a current model which Babolat sells.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tt.tennis-warehouse.com/showthread.php?t=154451|title=Nadal Doesn't Use an APDC|publisher=Talk Tennis|date=1 September 2007|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2014-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129163905/http://tt.tennis-warehouse.com/showthread.php?t=154451|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen04/news/story?id=1872892|title=The Tennis Racket|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=2 September 2004|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> Nadal uses no replacement grip, an insteid wraps twa overgrips aroond the haundle. He uised Duralast 15L strings until the 2010 saison, whan he switched tae Babolat's new, black-coloured, RPM Blast string. Nadal's rackets are ayeweys strung at {{convert|55|lb|abbr=on}}, regairdless o which surface or conditions he is playin on.{{Citation needed|daye=January 2011|date=January 2011}} {{As of|2010|January}}, Nadal is the international ambassador for Quely, a company frae his native [[Mallorca]] that manufactures biscuits, bakery an chocolate coatit products; he haes consumed thair products ever syne he wis a young bairn.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-nadal-quelys-embassador |title=Rafa Nadal is Quely's embassador |publisher=Rafaelnadal.com |date=21 December 2009 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2011-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208130450/http://rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-nadal-quelys-embassador |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2010, luxury watchmaker Richard Mille annoonced that he haed developed an ultra-licht wristwatch in collaboration wi Nadal cried the Richard Mille RM027 Tourbillon watch.<ref name="watchmaker">{{cite news | first=Rob | last=Corder | title=Rafael Nadal to wear $525,000 Richard Mille watch | date=5 April 2010 | publisher=Professional Jeweller}}</ref> The watch is makkit o titanium an lithium an is valued at 525,000 US dollars; Nadal wis involved in the design an testin o the watch on the tennis court.<ref name="watchmaker"/> During the 2010 French Open, Men's Fitness reportit that Nadal wore the Richard Mille watch on the court as pairt o a sponsorship deal wi the Swiss watchmaker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mensfitness.com/sports_and_recreation/athletes/224|title=Nadal Wears $525K Watch at French Open|publisher=mensfitness.com|accessdate=6 July 2010}}</ref> Nadal replaced [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] as the new face o Emporio Armani Underwear an Armani Jeans for the spring/summer 2011 collection.<ref name="TS">{{cite web |url=http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_28805.shtml |title=Rafael Nadal strips to his undies for Armani |publisher=Typicallyspanish.com |date=20 January 2011 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2012-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330060410/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_28805.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> This wis the first time that the label haes chosen a tennis player for the job; association fitba haes ruled lately prior tae Ronaldo, [[David Beckham]] graced the ads syne 2008.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cowles |first=Charlotte |url=http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2010/12/raphael_nadal_replaces_cristia.html |title=Rafael Nadal Replaces Cristiano Ronaldo as the New Face of Emporio Armani Underwear |work=New York |accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref> Armani said that he selectit Nadal as his latest male unnerwear model acause "...he is ideal as he represents a healthy and positive model for youngsters."<ref name="TS"/> In Juin 2012, Nadal jynt the group o sports endorsers o the PokerStars online poker cardroom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tennis Champion Rafael Nadal Joins Team PokerStars |url=http://www.pokernews.com/news/2012/06/tennis-champion-rafael-nadal-joins-team-pokerstars-12909.htm |work=Poker News |accessdate=19 July 2014}}</ref> In December 2013, Nadal won a charity poker tournament against retired Brazilian fitba player [[Ronaldo]] an fower ither competitors.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/tennis/article-2761579/Ronaldo-challenges-Rafael-Nadal-live-head-head-poker-duel.html "Ronaldo challenges Rafael Nadal to live head-to-head poker duel"]. ''Daily Mail''. Retrieved 29 September 2014</ref> ===In popular culture=== In Februar 2010, Rafael Nadal wis featurt in the muisic video o [[Shakira]]'s "Gypsy".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3-GiVIE8gc |title=Music video for "Gypsy" by Shakira featuring Rafael Nadal |publisher=YouTube |accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvH5KbwjCoo |title=Shakira – Gypsy |publisher=YouTube |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2018-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408001342/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvH5KbwjCoo |url-status=dead }}</ref> an pairt o her album release ''She Wolf''. In expleenin why she chose Nadal for the video, Shakira wis quotit as saying in an interview wi the ''Latin American Herald Tribune'': "I thought that maybe I needed someone I could in some way identify with. And Rafael Nadal is a person that has been totally committed to his career since he was very young. Since he was 17, I believe."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=352754&CategoryId=13003 |title=Shakira: I Chose Nadal for Video Because I "Identify with Him" |work=Latin American Herald Tribune |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2019-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519190554/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=352754&CategoryId=13003 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Source: Penny Newton |url=http://www.mtv.com.au/news/3347ebee-shakira-gypsy-mtv-exclusive/ |title=Shakira's Sexy New Video ''Gypsy'' |publisher=MTV |date=24 February 2010 |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2012-06-04 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68AHQTnyt?url=http://www.mtv.com.au/news/3347ebee-shakira-gypsy-mtv-exclusive/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Asteroid=== 128036 Rafaelnadal is a [[Asteroid belt|main belt]] asteroid discovered in 2003 at the Observatorio Astronómico de Mallorca an named efter Nadal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2008/07/nadalasteroid.aspx|title=Asteroid Named After Rafael Nadal|publisher=ATP World Tour|date=13 July 2012|accessdate=12 June 2012}}</ref> ==Off the court== ===Fitba=== Nadal is an avid fan o association fitba club [[Real Madrid]]. On 8 Julie 2010, it wis reportit that he haed acome a shareholder o [[RCD Mallorca]], his local club bi birth, in an attempt tae assist the club frae debt.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE66727020100708 | agency=[[Reuters]] | title=Soccer-Rafa Nadal becomes shareholder at troubled Real Mallorca | date=9 July 2010 | access-date=2015-06-03 | archive-date=2010-07-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712103356/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE66727020100708 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal reportedly ains 10 percent an wis offered the role o vice preses, but he rejectit that offer.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.realmallorca.co.uk/news/club/2010/sale-of-the-club-completed | work=[[Real Mallorca]] | title=Sale of the club completed | date=7 September 2010 | access-date=2015-06-03 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224025502/http://www.realmallorca.co.uk/news/club/2010/sale-of-the-club-completed | archive-date=2019-12-24 }}</ref> His uncle Miguel Ángel Nadal, acame assistant coach unner [[Michael Laudrup]]. Nadal remains a passionate [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] supporter; ''ESPN.com'' writer Graham Hunter wrote, "He's as ''Merengue'' as [Real Madrid icons] [[Raúl (fitbawer)|Raúl]], [[Iker Casillas]] and [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]." Shortly efter acquiring his interest in Mallorca, Nadal cried oot [[UEFA]] for apparent hypocrisy in ejecting the club frae the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League for excessive debts. He said throu a club spokesperson: "Well, if thae are the criteria upon which UEFA is operating, then European competition will only comprise two or three clubs because all the rest are in debt, too."<ref name=Football>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/sports/soccer/news/_/id/5542102/rafael-nadal-tries-save-mallorca-football-club |title=Rafa to the rescue |first=Graham |last=Hunter |publisher=[[ESPN]] |date=9 September 2010 |accessdate=21 December 2010}}</ref> He is a fervent supporter o the [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spanish naitional team]]. He wis ane o anly sax people nae affiliatit wi the team or the [[Ryal Spaingie Fitbaw Federation|naitional federation]] allowed intae the team's locker room immediately follaein Spain's veectory in the 2010 FIFA World Cup Final.<ref name=Football/> ===Chairity wark=== Nadal teuk pairt in Thailand's "A Million Trees for the King" project, planting a tree in honour o Keeng Bhumibol Adulyadej on a veesit tae Hua Hin during his Thailand Open 2010. "For me it's an honour to part of this project", said Nadal. "It's a very good project. I want to congratulate the Thai people and congratulate the King for this unbelievable day. I wish all the best for this idea. It's very, very nice."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/10/39/Bangkok-Nadal-Plants-Tree.aspx |title=Nadal Lends Hand To Million Trees Project |publisher=ATP World Tour |date=28 September 2010 |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref> ====Fundación Rafa Nadal==== The creation o the Fundación Rafa Nadal teuk place in November 2007, an its offeecial presentation wis in Februar 2008, at the Manacor Tennis Club in Mallorca, Spain. The foundation will focus on social wirk an development aid parteecularly on childhood an youth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundacionrafanadal.org/ |title=Rafa Nadal Foundation |publisher=Fundacionrafanadal.com |accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref> On deciding why tae stairt a foundation, Nadal said "This can be the beginning of my future, when I retire and have mair time, [...] I am doing very well and I owe society, [...] A month-and-a-half ago I was in [[Chennai]], in India. The truth is we live great here....I can contribute something with my image..." Nadal wis inspired bi the Red Cross benefit match against malaria wi Real Madrid goalkeeper [[Iker Casillas]], recalling, "We raised an amount of money that we would never have imagined. I have to thank Iker, my project partner, that went all out for it, [...] That is why the time has come to set up my own foundation and determine the destination of the money." Nadal's mither, Ana Maria Parera, chairs the charitable organisation an faither Sebastian is vice-chairman. Coach an uncle Toni Nadal an his agent, umwhile tennis player Carlos Costa, are involved an aw. Roger Federer haes gien Nadal advice on getting involved in philanthropy. Despite the fact that poverty in Indie struck him parteecularly haurd, Nadal wants tae stairt bi helpin "people close by, in the [[Balearic Islands]], in Spain, and then, if possible, abroad."<ref>{{cite news |agency=Deutsche Presse-Agentur |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/185574,rafael-nadal-launches-foundation--feature.html |title=Rafael Nadal launches foundation |publisher=Earth Times News |date=13 February 2008 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2019-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519231644/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/185574,rafael-nadal-launches-foundation--feature.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 16 October 2010, Nadal traveled tae Indie for the first time tae veesit his tennis academy for unnerprivileged childer at Anantapur Sports Village, in the Anantapur City, Andhra Pradesh. His foundation haes worked in the Anantapur Educational Center project an aw, in collaboration wi the Vicente Ferrer Foundation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-and-his-foundation-india |title=Rafa and his foundation in India |publisher=The Official Rafa Nadal Website |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2011-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001054734/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-and-his-foundation-india |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rafa in India to promote tennis school |first=Sreenivas |last=Janyala |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rafa-in-india-to-promote-tennis-school/698828/ |work=The Indian Express |location=Mumbai |date=18 October 2010}}</ref> ===Personal life=== Nadal lived wi his parents an younger sister Maria Isabel in a five-story apartment biggin in thair hometown o Manacor, Mallorca. In Juin 2009, Spanish newspaper ''La Vanguardia'', an then ''[[The New York Times]]'', reportit that his parents, Ana Maria an Sebastian, haed separated. This news came efter weeks o speculation in Internet posts an message boards ower Nadal's personal issues as the cause o his setback.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon09/columns/story?columnist=garber_greg&id=4280346 | publisher=ESPN | title=Personal woes affecting Rafa? | date=23 July 2009}}</ref> Nadal haes revealed himsel tae be [[Agnosticism|agnostic]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/writers/jon_wertheim/07/16/nadal.interview/index.html | work=Sports Illustrated | title=Q&A with Rafael Nadal | date=16 July 2010 | access-date=2015-06-03 | archive-date=2013-11-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105222559/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/writers/jon_wertheim/07/16/nadal.interview/index.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> As a young boy, he wad rin hame frae schuil tae watch Goku in his favorite Japanese anime, ''Dragon Ball''. [[CNN]] released an article aboot Nadal's childhood inspiration, an cried him "the Dragon Ball of tennis" due tae his unorthodox style "from another planet."<ref>{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Christopher|title=Rafael Nadal: The 'Dragon Ball' of tennis|url=http://www.cnngo.com/tokyo/play/rafael-nadal-dragon-ball-tennis-216638|accessdate=31 December 2011|newspaper=CNN International|date=8 October 2010}}</ref> In addition tae tennis an fitba, Nadal enjoys golf an poker.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Smith |title=Away from tennis court, Rafael Nadal seeks a golf course |work=The Miami Herald |date=28 March 2012}}</ref> In Aprile 2014 he played the warld's nummer 1 female poker player, Vanessa Selbst, in a poker gemme in Monaco.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/RafaelNadal/status/454703137358901248/photo/1 |title=Twitter / RafaelNadal: Great experience playing with |publisher=Twitter.com |date=11 April 2014 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref> Nadal's autobiography, ''Rafa'' (Hyperion, 2012, ISBN 1401310923), written wi assistance frae John Carlin, wis published in August 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/usopen11/story/_/id/6896793/us-open-twenty-things-learn-rafael-nadal-autobiography|title=U.S. Open – Twenty things we learn in Rafael Nadal's autobiography|last=Tandon|first=Kamakshi|date=26 August 2011|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=31 May 2013}}</ref> ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> <references group="note"/> ==References== {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == *{{official website|http://www.rafaelnadal.com}} *{{twitter|RafaelNadal|Rafael Nadal}} *{{Facebook|Nadal|Rafael Nadal}} *{{ATP|N409|Rafael Nadal}} *{{ITF male profile|100007935|Rafael Nadal}} *{{DavisCup player|100007935|Rafael Nadal}} {{Tap ten tennis players|atpsingles=y}} {{navboxes|title=Rafael Nadal in the Grand Slam toornaments |list1= {{Australian Open men's singles champions}} {{French Open men's singles champions}} {{Wimbledon men's singles champions}} {{US Open men's singles champions}} {{Tennis Career Grand Slam Champions}} {{Tennis men grand slam three and over}} {{Men's tennis players who won two or more Grand Slam singles titles in one calendar year}} }} {{navboxes|title=Rafael Nadal achievements |list1= {{Tennis Warld ATP Nummer Anes (men)}} {{Footer Olympic Champions Tennis Men}} {{Laureus World Sportsman of the Year}} {{Spanish Sportsman of the Year}} {{Top ten tennis players|atpsingles=y}} {{Top ten male singles tennis players of countries belonging to Tennis Europe}} {{Top ten Spanish male singles tennis players}} }} {{ATP Masters Series tournament winners}} {{ATP Masters Series tournament doubles winners}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nadal, Rafael}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:French Open champions]] [[Category:Laureus Warld Sports Awairds winners]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Olympic gowd medallists for Spain]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in tennis]] [[Category:Olympic tennis players o Spain]] [[Category:Fowk frae Manacor]] [[Category:Rafael Nadal| ]] [[Category:Spaingie agnostics]] [[Category:Spaingie fitbaw chairmen an investors]] [[Category:Spaingie male tennis players]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2004 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] 9fdjqgbnm8j0rrgqz92j1mz3yto9nns 0 38142 927443 876703 2026-11-09T20:23:39Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; career, television roles an personal life, soorced 927443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = John Hannah | image = John Hannah by Gage Skidmore.jpg | caption = Hannah at the San Diego Comic-Con International in Julie 2010. | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|4|23|df=y}} | birth_place = [[East Kilbride]], [[Scotland]] | occupation = Actor | years_active = 1987–present | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Joanna Roth]]|20 January 1996}} |children = 2 }} '''John David Hannah''' (born 23 Aprile 1962 in [[East Kilbride]]) is a Scots film an television actor. He cam tae notice in [[Richard Curtis]]'s ''[[Four Weddings and a Funeral]]'' (1994). For it he wis nominatit for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, alang wi [[Simon Callow]], that played his pairtner in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BAFTA nominations for 'Four Weddings'|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/02/13/BAFTA-nominations-for-Four-Weddings/1672792651600/|access-date=2022-01-23|website=UPI|language=en}}</ref> His films include ''Sliding Doors'' (1998), the ''Mummy'' series (1999–2008) an ''The Auschwitz Escape'' (2021), an he haes been in monie television series.<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Hannah|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001314/|access-date=2022-01-23|website=IMDb}}</ref> He haed the lead role in ''McCallum'' (1995–1998) an ''Rebus'' (2000–2001). He played Jack Roper in ''New Street Law'' (2006–2007), Jake Osbourne in ''Cold Blood'' (2007–2008), Quintus Lentulus Batiatus in ''Spartacus'' (2010–2011) an Jack Cloth in ''A Touch of Cloth'' (2012–14). He wis a regular as the scientist Holden Radcliffe in the American television series ''Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goldman|first=Eric|date=2016-05-18|title=Marvel's Agents of SHIELD: "Ascension" Review|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2016/05/18/marvels-agents-of-shield-ascension-review|access-date=2022-01-23|website=IGN|language=en}}</ref> He wis ane o three bairns; his faither wis a tool maker an his mither wrocht in a ginger factory. He is mairit on the actor Joanna Roth, an they hae twins, Gabriel an Astrid.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Evans|first=Interview by Busola|date=2014-10-24|title=John Hannah: My family values|url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/oct/24/john-hannah-my-family-values|access-date=2022-01-23|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hannah, John}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Scots male film actors]] [[Category:Scots male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Fowk frae East Kilbride]] [[Category:Scots male stage actors]] [[Category:Scots male Shakespearean actors]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Claremont High School (East Kilbride)]] {{Stub/Scotland}} {{Stub/Actor}} {{commons category|John Hannah (actor)}} {{wikiquote}} 9y3m3guna9761hb4434qimhfwlzuvha 0 40401 927417 850903 2026-11-09T18:46:20Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 {{unsoorced}}, addit stub tag 927417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = Cosío |settlement_type =Toun |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = Cosio en Aguascalientes.jpg |mapsize = |map_caption = Municipality location in Aguascalientes |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Mexico <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize =280 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Aguascalientes]] |subdivision_type2 = Municipality |subdivision_name2 = [[Cosío Municipality|Cosío]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of =2005 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 4,609 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|22|22|N|102|18|W|region:MX|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }}{{Unsoorced}} '''Cosío''' is a toun in the [[Mexico|Mexican state]] o [[Aguascalientes]]. It serves as the municipal seat o the [[municipalities o Mexico|municipality]] o [[Cosío Municipality|Cosío]]. It reportit a 2005 Census population o 4,609. ==Freemit airtins== *http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/estado/m_cos.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011045925/http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/estado/m_cos.html |date=2004-10-11 }} {{Stub/Mexico}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Cosio}} [[Category:Populatit places in Aguascalientes]] {{Municipalities o Aguascalientes}} hq9ebrk1tfb30xvfnegscr5b9bvcmkv 0 43152 927538 905932 2026-11-10T00:07:08Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 impruivin citations, impruivin trash owersettit title an correctin parameter frae "trans_title" which disnae exist 927538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Korean name|[[Park (name)|Park]]}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Park Geun-hye | native_name = 박근혜 |native_name_lang = ko |image = Park Geun-hye (8724400493) (cropped).jpg{{!}}border |office = [[Leet o Preses o Sooth Korea|11t]] [[Preses o Sooth Korea]] |primeminister = [[Chung Hong-won]]<br/>[[Lee Wan-koo]]<br/>[[Choi Kyoung-hwan]] {{small|(Actin)}}<br/>[[Hwang Kyo-ahn]] |term_start = 25 Februar 2013 |term_end = 10 Mairch 2017<br/>{{small|Suspended 9 December 2016 – 10 Mairch 2017}} |predecessor = [[Lee Myung-bak]] |successor = [[Hwang Kyo-ahn]] {{small|(Actin)}} |office2 = Leader o the [[Saenuri Pairty]] |term_start2 = 17 Dizember 2011 |term_end2 = 15 Mey 2012 |predecessor2 = Hong Jun-pyo |successor2 = Hwang Woo-yea |term_start2 = 23 Mairch 2004 |term_end2 = 10 Julie 2006 |predecessor2 = Choe Byeong-ryeol |successor2 = [[Kang Jae-sup]] |office3 = [[First Lady o Sooth Korea]] |president3 = [[Park Chung-hee]] |term_start3 = 16 August 1974 |term_end3 = 26 October 1979 |predecessor3 = [[Yuk Young-soo]] |successor3 = Hong Gi |office4 = Memmer o the [[Naitional Assembly o Sooth Korea|Naitional Assembly]] |constituency4= [[:en:List of members of the 19th National Assembly of South Korea|Proportional Representation No. 11]] |term_start4 = 30 Mey 2012 |term_end4 = 10 Dizember 2012 |constituency5 = [[Dalseong]] |term_start5 = 3 Aprile 1998 |term_end5 = 29 Mey 2012 |predecessor5 = Kim Suk-won |successor5 = Lee Jong-jin |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|2|2|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Daegu]], [[Sooth Korea]] |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[Saenuri Pairty]] |alma_mater = [[Sogang University]]<br>[[University o Grenoble]] |parents = [[Park Chung-hee]](faither)<br>[[Yuk Young-soo]](mither) |spouse = nane |religion = |signature = }} {{Infobox Korean name |width = 130px |hangul = 박근혜 |hanja = {{linktext|朴|槿|惠|}} |rr = Bak Geunhye |mr = Pak Kŭnhye |hangeulgye = 선덕화 |hanjagye = {{linktext|善|德|華|}} |rrgye = Seondeokhwa |mrgye = Sŏndŏkhwa }} '''Park Geun-hye''' ({{IPA-ko|pak ɡɯn hjɛː}}; born 2 Februar 1952) is the umwhile eleivent [[Preses o Sooth Korea]]. She is the first wumman tae be electit as [[Leet o Preses o Sooth Korea|Preses in Sooth Korea]], an is servin the 18t presidential term.<ref name="New Pres Dec 19 2012">{{cite web|last=Guray|first=Geoffrey Lou|title=South Korea Elects First Female President -- Who Is She?|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2012/12/south-korea-1.html|publisher=PBS NewsHour|accessdate=19 December 2012|date=2012-12-19|archive-date=2012-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219212942/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2012/12/south-korea-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She wis the chairwumman o the conservative Grand Naitional Pairty (GNP) atween 2004 an 2006 an atween 2011 an 2012 (the GNP chyngit its name tae "[[Saenuri Party]]" in Februar 2012). Pairk is a member o the [[National Assembly o Sooth Korea|Korean Naitional Assembly]] who haed servit fower consecutive parliamentar terms as a constituency representative atween 1998 an 2012, an stairtit her fift term as a proportional representative frae Juin 2012. She is generally considered tae be the maist influential politeecian in Sooth Korea syne the "three Kims" ([[Kim Young-sam]], [[Kim Dae-jung]], an [[Kim Jong-pil]]).<ref name="2009 survey by Herald Business">{{cite news|url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=100&oid=016&aid=0000311268 |title=역시 박근혜! 지지율 29% 1위…5월보다 다소 하락 |date=14 July 2009|accessdate=13 May 2012|language=Korea|work=Herald Business(헤럴드 경제)|author=Sin Su-jeong(신수정)|url-status=live|trans-title=Park Geun-hye topped wi a 29% approval rate, slight decline frae Mey}}</ref> On 9 December 2016, Park wis [[Impeachment o Park Geun-hye|impeached]] bi the [[Naitional Assembly (South Korea)|Naitional Assembly]] on chairges relatit tae influence peddlin bi a tap aide.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/09/world/asia/south-korea-president-park-geun-hye-impeached.html |title=South Korea Parliament Votes to Impeach President Park Geun-hye|date=December 9, 2016| work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Choe Sang-hun |accessdate=December 9, 2016}}</ref> Her presidential pouers an duties hae been suspendit syne the ratification o the impeachment proposal, an [[Prime Meenister o Sooth Korea|Prime Meenister]] [[Hwang Kyo-ahn]] haes assumed thae pouers an duties as Actin Preses.<ref name="Yonhap">{{Cite web |url= http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2015/05/21/0301000000AEN20150521002600315.html |title=Park names Justice Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn as new PM |date=21 May 2015 |publisher=[[Yonhap]] |accessdate=21 May 2015}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Park Geun-hye}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Park, Geun-hye}} [[Category:1952 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Childer o naitional leaders]] [[Category:Preses o Sooth Korea]] [[Category:First Ladies o Sooth Korea]] [[Category:Members o the Naitional Assembly o Sooth Korea]] [[Category:Park Chung-hee]] [[Category:Fowk frae Daegu]] [[Category:Saenuri Pairty politeecians]] [[Category:Sogang Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Sooth Korean weemen in politics]] iv9ahyt2xuapkdklgciiiv3sbk22n4l 0 43714 927413 850138 2026-11-09T18:36:12Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 addit stub tag. Soorces are formattit vera strangely an aw. 927413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name =Geghamasar |native_name =Գեղամասար |pushpin_map =Armenia |mapsize =150px |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Armenie]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Marz (Province)]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Gegharkunik Province|Gegharkunik]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_total_km2 = |area_footnotes = |population_as_of = 2008 |population_total =1152 |population_density_km2 = |timezone =&nbsp; |utc_offset = +4 |timezone_DST =&nbsp; |utc_offset_DST = +5 |coordinates = {{coord|40|18|42|N|45|40|48|E|region:AM|display=inline}} |elevation_m = |area_code = |website = }} '''Geghamasar''' ({{lang-hy|Գեղամասար}}; umwhile, '''Shishkaya''', '''Gukarrich''') is a toun in the [[Gegharkunik Province]] o [[Armenie]]. The toun's kirk dates tae the 16t century. == References == *{{GEOnet2|32FA881E6FB83774E0440003BA962ED3}} *[http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-17&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=x World Gazeteer: Armenia]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} &ndash; World-Gazetteer.com *{{ArmenianCensus|146}} *{{RediscoveringArmenia|48}} {{Gegharkunik}}{{Stub/Armenie}} [[Category:Populatit places in Gegharkunik Province]] 200qciq6esp92lzhpeep7g4njfaf4mj 0 44093 927525 927256 2026-11-09T23:56:14Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin an grammar fixes, lang sentences split, quotes owerset, format fixes 927525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tennis biography |name=Maria Sharapova |nickname=Masha(diminutive) |image=Maria Sharapova, December 2008.jpg |image_size= 200px |caption= |country={{flag|Roushie}} |residence=[[Bradenton, Florida]], <br>[[Unitit States]] |birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|4|19}} |birth_place=[[Nyagan]], [[Roushie SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] |height=1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)<ref name="wtatennis">{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/page/Player/Stats/0,,12781~9499,00.html|title=WTA &#124; Players &#124; Stats &#124; Maria Sharapova|publisher=Wtatennis.com|accessdate=January 25, 2012}}</ref> |weight={{convert|59|kg|lb}}<ref name="wtatennis"/> |turnedpro=19 Aprile 2001 |retired=26 Februar 2020<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova retirement|url=https://www.news.com.au/sport/tennis/tennis-world-reacts-to-maria-sharapovas-retirement-at-age-32/news-story/419212fbad96319d3dc694971d752229|work=news.com.au|date=February 26, 2020|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref> |plays=Richt-haundit (twa-haundit backhaund) |careerprizemoney=[[Unitit States dollar|US$]]38,777,962 |singlesrecord=645–171 (79.0%) |singlestitles=36 WTA, 4 ITF |highestsinglesranking=No. '''1''' (22 August 2005) |AustralianOpenresult='''W''' ([[:en:2008 Australian Open – Women's Singles|2008]]) |FrenchOpenresult='''W''' ([[:en:2012 French Open – Women's Singles|2012]]) |Wimbledonresult='''W''' ([[:en:2004 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles|2004]]) |USOpenresult='''W''' ([[:en:2006 US Open – Women's Singles|2006]]) |Othertournaments=Yes |WTAChampionshipsresult='''W''' ([[:en:2004 WTA Tour Championships - Singles|2004]]) |Olympicsresult = [[Image:Silver medal.svg|20px]] Siller medal ([[:en:Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|2012]]) |doublesrecord=23–17 |doublestitles=3 WTA |highestdoublesranking=No. 41 (14 Juin 2004) |AustralianOpenDoublesresult= 2R (2003, 2004) |FrenchOpenDoublesresult= |WimbledonDoublesresult= |USOpenDoublesresult= 2R (2003) }} {{MedalTop}} {{MedalSport | Weemen's [[:en:Tennis at the Summer Olympics|tennis]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{flag|Roushie}}}} {{MedalSilver | [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 London]] | [[:en:Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Singles]]}} {{MedalBottom}} '''Maria Yuryevna Sharapova''' ({{lang-rus|Мари́я Ю́рьевна Шара́пова|p=mɐˈrʲijə ˈjʉrʲjɪvnə ʂɐˈrapəvə|a=Maria_sharapova.ogg}}; born 19 Aprile 1987) is a [[Roushies|Roushie]] umwhile professional [[tennis]] player. She wis rankit warld No. 1 in weemen's singles bi the [[Weemen's Tennis Association]] (WTA) for 21 weeks. Sharapova wan 36 WTA Tour singles titles, amang thaim five major titles, an the 2004 WTA Tour Championships. She is ane o ten weemen tae win the career Grand Slam in singles. She bade in the [[Unitit States]] frae 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/usopen/8728691/US-Open-2011-Elena-Baltacha-warns-Heather-Watson-of-the-extreme-intensity-of-Maria-Sharapova.html|title=US Open 2011: Elena Baltacha warns Heather Watson of the extreme intensity of Maria Sharapova|work=The Telegraph|author=Simon Briggs|date=August 28, 2013|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> As a teenage sensation, Sharapova brak throu tae the tap o the sport bi winnin Wimbledon in 2004 at the age o 17, beatin the twa-time defendin champion [[Serena Williams]]. She then wan the 2004 Tour Finals, an becam warld No. 1 for the first time in August 2005, aged 18, the first Roushie wumman tae tap the singles rankins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Archive/Notes&Netcords/2012/july16.pdf|title=Notes& Netcords|date=July 16, 2012|publisher=WTA|accessdate=May 19, 2013|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Maria-Sharapova-reclaims-world-number-one-ranking/tabid/415/articleID/257186/Default.aspx|title=Maria Sharapova reclaims world number one ranking|publisher=MediaWorks TV|work=3News|date=June 8, 2012|accessdate=May 4, 2013|archive-date=2013-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728161149/http://www.3news.co.nz/Maria-Sharapova-reclaims-world-number-one-ranking/tabid/415/articleID/257186/Default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> She wan the 2006 US Open an the 2008 Australian Open, but she haed recurrin injuries, an she gaed in an oot o the tap 10 aroond 2010. Efter strugglin on clay for maist o her career, she wan the 2012 French Open tae complete the career Grand Slam an win back the No. 1 rankin. Shortly efter, she wan an Olympic siller medal in weemen's singles at the [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Lunnon Olympics]]. She wan the French Open again in 2014, her fift major title. Sharapova failed a drug test at the 2016 Australian Open, testin positive for meldonium, a substance that the World Anti-Doping Agency haed banned frae 1 Januar 2016. On 8 Juin 2016 the [[International Tennis Federation]] banned her frae playin tennis for twa year.<ref>{{cite news|title= Maria Sharapova failed drugs test at Australian Open|url= https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/35750285 |publisher=BBC|date=March 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/news/225826.aspx|title=Press release: Tennis Anti-Doping Programme statement regarding Maria Sharapova|website=www.itftennis.com|access-date=2016-03-17|archive-date=2019-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108212426/https://www.itftennis.com/news/225826.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Maria Sharapova banned for two years for failed drugs test but will appeal|url= https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/36482288|publisher=BBC|date= June 8, 2016}}</ref> But on 4 October 2016 the ban wis cut tae 15 month, as the Court of Arbitration for Sport foond that she haed committit "no significant fault".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5949604/title/cas-reduce-sharapova-suspension-to-15-months |title=CAS Reduce Sharapova Suspension to 15 Months |publisher=WTATennis |access-date= 2016-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/04/tennis/tennis-sharapova-cas-drugs/ |title=Maria Sharapova's drugs ban cut to 15 months on appeal|date=October 4, 2016 |publisher=CCN|access-date= 2016-10-04}}</ref> She cam back tae the WTA Tour in Aprile 2017 an retired in 2020. Sharapova haes been featurt in a feck o modellin assignments, includin a featur in the ''[[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue]]''. She appeared in mony advertisements, includin thaim for Nike, Prince, an Canon, bein the face o several fashion houses, maist notably Cole Haan. Syne Februar 2007, she haes been a goodwill ambassador for the {{lang|en|United Nations Development Programme}}, concerned speceefically wi the {{lang|en|Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme}}. In Juin 2011, she wis named ane o the "30 Legends of Women's Tennis: Past, Present and Future" bi ''Time'',<ref>{{cite news|title=30 Legends of Women's Tennis: Past, Present and Future – Maria Sharapova|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2079150_2079148_2079118,00.html|work=Time|accessdate=August 19, 2011|author=William Lee Adams|date=June 22, 2011|archive-date=2012-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228142231/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2079150_2079148_2079118,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an in Mairch 2012 wis named ane o the "100 Greatest of All Time" bi Tennis Channel. Accordin tae ''Forbes'', she wis the heichest-peyed female athlete in the warld for 11 year in a raw.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Badenhausen |first=Kurt |date=August 12, 2015 |title=The World's Highest-Paid Female Athletes 2015 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2015/08/12/the-worlds-highest-paid-female-athletes-2015/#2782d7397b11 |access-date=2015-08-12 |website=Forbes}}</ref> In 2025 she wis inductit intae the International Tennis Hall of Fame.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2025 |title=Sharapova, Bryan bros. to be inducted into HOF |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/46052235/maria-sharapova-bryan-brothers-inducted-tennis-hall-fame |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Early life== Maria Sharapova wis born on 19 Aprile 1987 in [[Nyagan]], [[Roushie SFSR]]. Her parents, Yuri an Yelena, are frae [[Gomel]], [[Byeloroushie Soviet Socialist Republic|Belarussian SSR]]. Concerned aboot the regional effecks o the 1986 [[Chernobyl disaster|Chernobyl nuclear accident]], thay left thair homeland shortly afore Sharapova wis born.<ref name="ITH_2007_08_13">{{cite web|url=http://lenta.ru/lib/14164248/|publisher=Lenta.ru|script-title=ru:Шарапова, Мария|trans-title=Sharapova, Maria|language=Roushie|accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref> ===Introduction tae tennis=== In 1989, whan Sharapova wis twa, the faimily flittit tae [[Sochi]], [[Krasnodar Krai]], [[Roushie]]. Ance yonder, her faither Yuri befreindit Aleksandr Kafelnikov, whase son Yevgeny wad gang on tae win twa Grand Slam singles titles an acome Roushie's first warld No. 1 rankit tennis player. Aleksandr gied Sharapova her first tennis racquet in 1991 whan she wis fower, whaurupn she began practicin raiglar-lik wi her faither at a local pairk.<ref name="times">{{cite news|author=Paul Kimmage|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article3177376.ece|title=The Big Interview: Maria Sharapova|work=The Times|date=January 13, 2008|accessdate=2008-07-23|location=London|archive-date=2008-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918015756/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article3177376.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maria teuk her first tennis lessons wi veteran Roushie coach Yuri Yutkin. He wis instantly impressed whan he saw her play, notin her "exceptional haun-ee coordination".<ref name="Article">{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-11732071-masha-was-a-star-at-four.do|author=Will Stewart|work=London Evening Standard|location=UK|title='Masha' was a star at four|date=July 2, 2004|accessdate=2010-06-12|archive-date=2011-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707185603/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-11732071-masha-was-a-star-at-four.do|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Stairt o professional trainin=== In 1993, at the age o sax, Sharapova attendit a tennis clinic in Moscow run bi [[Martina Navratilova]]. She recommendit professional trainin at the [[Nick Bollettieri|Nick Bollettieri Tennis Academy]] in [[Bradenton, Florida]], whilk haed previously trained players lik [[Andre Agassi]], [[Monica Seles]], an [[Anna Kournikova]].<ref name="times"/> Wi him bein skint, Yuri Sharapov borraed the sum that wad enable him an his dochter, neither o wham coud spik the Inglis, tae traivel tae the Unitit States o Americae, whilk thay finally did in 1994.<ref name="Article" /> Visa restrictions preventit Sharapova's mither frae jynin thaim for twa year.<ref name="ITH_2007_08_13"/> Arrivin in Florida wi savings o 700, US dollars<ref name="Article" /> Sharapova's faither teuk various law-paying jobs, includin dishwashing, tae fund her lessons tilt she wis auld eneuch tae be admit tae the academy. Afore she entert the IMG business, she trained wi Rick Macci, in the Rick Macci Tennis Academy. She wis then offered a deal frae IMG whilk forced her tae chynge academies. Oreeginally, she did train wi Rick Macci, but efter the deal wi IMG, she coudnae see Rick Macci ony mair. In 1995, she wis signed bi IMG, that greed tae pey the annual tuition fee o 35,000 US dollars for Sharapova tae stey at the Academy, allouin her tae finally enroll at the age o 9.<ref name="times"/> ==Tennis career== ===Junior an early career=== Sharapova first hit the tennis scene in November 2000, when she won the Eddie Herr International Junior Tennis Championships in the girls' 16 division at the age o juist 13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eddieherr.com/PastChampions.htm|publisher=Eddie Herr Official Website|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725075033/http://www.eddieherr.com/PastChampions.htm|archivedate=2012-07-25|title=Eddie Herr Past Champions|accessdate=June 12, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> She wis then gien a special distinction, the Rising Star Award, which is awairdit anly tae players o exceptional promise.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317171129/http://www.eddieherr.com/2009/PlayerPacket09.pdf|archivedate=2012-03-17|url=http://www.eddieherr.com/2009/PlayerPacket09.pdf|publisher=Eddie Herr Official Website|title=Eddie Herr International Special Awards|accessdate=June 12, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova played her first professional match in 2001 on her 14t birthday on Aprile 19, an played her first WTA tournament at the Pacific Life Open in 2002, winnin a match afore losin tae [[Monica Seles]]. Due tae restrictions on how mony professional events she coud play, Sharapova went tae hone her gemme in junior tournaments, whaur she reached the finals o the girls' singles events at the Australian Open an Wimbledon in 2002. She wis the youngest girl ever tae reach the final o the Australian Open junior championship at 14 years an 9 month.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/5567102/Wimbledon-2009-Maria-Sharapova-20-facts-you-didnt-know.html|title=Wimbledon 2009: Maria Sharapova – 20 facts you didn't know|author=Nick Collins|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=June 24, 2009|accessdate=July 19, 2010}}</ref> Sharapova reached No. 6 in the [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] junior warld singles ranking on October 21, 2002. In aw, she won three junior singles tournaments an wis runner-up at five, includin twa junior Grand Slam events. Her win-loss record in junior competeetion wis 47–9.<ref>[http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100013223 ITF Tennis Player Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616051543/http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100013223 |date=2013-06-16 }}, ITF Juniors</ref> <u>Junior Grand Slam results:</u><br/> Australian Open: F (2002)<br/> French Open: 3R (2002)<br/> Wimbledon: F (2002)<br/> US Open: 2R (2001) ===Junior Grand Slam tournament finals=== ====Singles: 2 finals (2 runners-up)==== {|class="sortable wikitable" !Outcome !Year !width=200|Championship !Surface !width=200|Opponent !width=125|Score |-bgcolor=FFFFCC |bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||2002||[[Australian Open]]||Haurd||{{flagicon|CZE}} Barbora Strýcová||0–6, 5–7 |-bgcolor=CCFFCC |bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||2002||[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]||Gress||{{flagicon|RUS}} Vera Dushevina||6–4, 1–6, 2–6 |} ===2003: First tournament titles=== Frae 2003, Sharapova played a full saison an climbed fast intae the tap 50 bi the end o the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Rankings_Stats/Singles_Numeric_2003.pdf|author=Liz Schroeder|publisher=WTA|title=WTA Tour Singles Ranking 2003|date=November 10, 2003|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=2017-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928193303/http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Rankings_Stats/Singles_Numeric_2003.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> She played her first matches at baith the Australian Open an the French Open, but failed tae win a match in aither. Then, as a wildcard at Wimbledon, she defeatit 11t seed Jelena Dokić,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/wimbledon_2003/3028488.stm|title=Sharapova dismisses Dokic|publisher=BBC|date=June 28, 2003|accessdate=May 12, 2013}}</ref> her first win ower a tap-20 player, tae reach the fowert roond, whaur she lost in three sets tae [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]]. Bi the end o September, Sharapova haed already captured her first WTA title at a smawer event, the Japan Open Tennis Championships, afore winnin her second in her final toornament o the saison, the Bell Challenge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2003-11-02-quebec_x.htm|title=Sharapova handed Bell Challenge title|work=USA Today Co.|date=November 2, 2003|accessdate=May 12, 2013}}</ref> Tae cap off her first full saison as a professional, she wis awairdit the WTA Newcomer o the Year honour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/scontent/article/3010014/title/wta-awards|title=WTA Awards|accessdate=May 18, 2013}}</ref> ===2004: Wimbledon champion an rise tae fame=== Sharapova wis defeatit in the third roond o the Australian Open bi saxt seed [[Anastasia Myskina]]. She later reached the semifinals at the Cellular South Cup, whaur she lost tae eventual champion Vera Zvonareva.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2004-02-20-roundup_x.htm|title=Federer upset in Rotterdam; Roddick falls at Kroger|date=February 20, 2004|work=USA Today|accessdate=May 29, 2013}}</ref> During the spring clay-court saison, Sharapova entered the tap 20 on the WTA warld rankings as a result o reachin the third roond o the Qatar Telecom German Open an the Internazionali BNL d'Italia. Baith war Tier I events. At the latter event, she defeatit a player rankit in the tap 10 for the first time wi a straucht-sets win ower warld No. 10 an 2004 French Open finalist [[Elena Dementieva]]. Later that clay-court saison, she went on tae mak the quarterfinals o a Grand Slam for the first time at the French Open, losin thare tae Paola Suárez.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/06/01/1086058856148.html|title=Suarez strikes another blow for Argentina|publisher=The Age|date=June 2, 2004|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> [[File:Maria Sharapova at Wimbledon (2004) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Sharapova at Wimbledon in 2004]] Sharapova won the third title o her career at the Wimbledon warm-up DFS Classic, defeatin Tatiana Golovin in the final. Seedit 13t an aged 17 at Wimbledon, she reached her first Grand Slam semifinal bi defeatin Ai Sugiyama. Thare, she defeatit fift seed an umwhile champion [[Lindsay Davenport]]. In the final, Sharapova upset tap seed an defendin champion [[Serena Williams]] tae win her first Grand Slam singles title, an acome the third-youngest woman tae win the Wimbledon title, behind anly Lottie Dod an [[Martina Hingis]]. Sharapova becam the second Roushie woman (efter [[Anastasia Myskina]] haed won the year's previous major at [[French Open|Roland Garros]]) tae win a Grand Slam singles title an aw. The victory wis hailed bi the media as "the most stunning upset in memory",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A25495-2004Jul3.html|title=Sharapova Wins Wimbledon After Improbable Journey|work=[[The Washington Post]]|author=Liz Clarke|date=April 7, 2004|accessdate=June 20, 2010}}</ref> wi ither writers commentin on her arrival as a serious challenger tae the [[Williams sisters|Williams']] dominance at Wimbledon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/birth-of-a-superstar-6968574.html|title=Birth of a superstar|publisher=London Evening Standard|author=Adrian Warner|date=February 7, 2004|accessdate=June 20, 2010|archive-date=2012-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025031315/http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/birth-of-a-superstar-6968574.html}}</ref> She entered the tap 10 in the rankings for the first time as a result o the win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=1834581|title=Sharapova vaults into top 10|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=July 6, 2004|accessdate=May 19, 2013}}</ref> Follaein her Wimbledon win, attention an interest in Sharapova in the media greatly increased, a rise in popularity dubbed "Maria Mania."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/08/27/commentary/column_sportsbiz/sportsbiz/index.htm|title=Maria Mania: no stopping her now|publisher=CNN|author=Chris Isidore|date=August 30, 2004|accessdate=June 20, 2010|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224172851/http://money.cnn.com/2004/08/27/commentary/column_sportsbiz/sportsbiz/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> She won three o sax matches in her preparations for the US Open. At the US Open itself, she reached the third roond, afore bein eliminated bi Mary Pierce.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/3628366.stm|title=Pierce shocks Sharapova|publisher=BBC|date=September 4, 2004|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> In order tae regain confidence, Sharapova played an won consecutive titles in Asia in the faw, the Hansol Korea Open Tennis Championships an the Japan Open Tennis Championships. In October, Sharapova defeatit [[Venus Williams]] en route tae makin the final o a Tier I event for the first time at the Zurich Open, losin in the final tae Alicia Molik.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/25/1098556329960.html?from=storylhs|title=Molik stuns Sharapova in Zurich final|publisher=The Age|date=October 25, 2004|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> She then played her first matches at the year-endin [[WTA Tour Championships]]. Thare, she won twa o her three roond-robin matches (includin a win ower US Open champion [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]]) in order tae advance tae the semifinals, whaur she defeatit Myskina. In the final, she defeatit Serena Williams, efter trailing 4–0 in the final set.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4015111.stm|title=Sharapova wins season's finale|publisher=BBC|date=November 16, 2004|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> ===2005: Rise tae warld No. 1 ranking=== Sharapova stairtit the year at the Australian Open, whaur she defeatit fift seed [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]] tae reach the second Grand Slam semifinal o her career. Sharapova held match pynts in the third set o her semifinal match, afore losin tae eventual champion [[Serena Williams]]. In Februar, Sharapova won back-tae-back toornaments, the Toray Pan Pacific Open an the Qatar Total Open, allouin her tae reach number 3 in the warld rankings for the first time. In the semifinals o the Tier I Pacific Life Open, Sharapova wis defeatit bi [[Lindsay Davenport]], the first time she haed failed tae win a gemme in a match.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4363185.stm|title=Sharapova humiliated by Davenport|publisher=BBC|date=March 18, 2005|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> She defeatit umwhile warld No. 1 players [[Justine Henin]] an [[Venus Williams]] tae reach the final at the Tier I NASDAQ-100 Open, whaur she lost tae [[Kim Clijsters]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/01/sports/tennis/01tennis.html?n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fS%2fSharapova%2c%20Maria&_r=0|title=Sharapova Rights Her Game vs. Venus Williams|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Sandra Harwitt|date=April 1, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A21225-2005Apr2.html|title=Clijsters's Dream Continues|work=[[The Washington Post]]|author=Amy Shipley|date=April 3, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova reached the semifinals o a clay-court tournament for the first time at the Italian Open, whaur she lost tae Patty Schnyder. Sharapova wad hae acome warld No. 1 for the first time haed she won the tournament.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4544729.stm|title=Sharapova edges nearer to summit|publisher=BBC|date=May 13, 2005|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> Sharapova then reached the quarterfinals o the French Open for the second consecutive year, afore losin tae eventual champion Henin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2005/jun/01/tennis.frenchopen2005|title=Henin reduces Sharapova to dust|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|author=Stephen Bierley|date=June 1, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> On gress, Sharapova won her third title o the year when she successfully defended her title at the DFS Classic, defeatin Jelena Janković in the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4085880.stm|title=Sharapova keeps Birmingham title|publisher=BBC|date=June 12, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> As the defendin champion at Wimbledon, Sharapova reached the semifinals wioot dropping a set an losin a service gemme juist ance, extendin her winnin streak on gress tae 24 matches. Houiver, she wis then beaten bi eventual champion [[Venus Williams]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4639341.stm|title=Williams ends Sharapova's defence|publisher=BBC|date=June 30, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova haed far fewer pynts tae defend, an sae she becam the first Roushie woman tae haud the warld No. 1 ranking on August 22, 2005.<ref name="wtacareer">{{cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/qa-sharapovas-first-business-aims-for-the-sweet-spot/479274.html|title=Q&A: Sharapova's First Business Aims for the Sweet Spot|work=The Moscow Times|date=April 26, 2013|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Her reign lasted anly ane week, houiver, as Davenport reclaimed the tap ranking efter winnin the Pilot Pen Tennis tournament.<ref name="wtacareer"/> As the tap seed at the US Open, Sharapova lost in the semifinals tae [[Kim Clijsters]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4228310.stm|title=Clijsters battles past Sharapova|publisher=BBC|date=September 9, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> meanin she haed lost tae the eventual champion in every Grand Slam o the saison. Houiver, she ance again leapfrogged Davenport tae tak the warld No. 1 ranking on September 12, 2005. She retained it for sax weeks, but efter playin few tournaments while injured, she again relinquished the ranking tae Davenport.<ref name="wtacareer"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/17404-davenport-regains-no-1-ranking|title=Davenport regains No. 1 ranking|publisher=NDTV|date=August 27, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013|archive-date=2014-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610183939/http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/17404-davenport-regains-no-1-ranking|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tae conclude the year, Sharapova failed tae defend her title at the year-end Sony Ericsson Championships in Los Angeles, defeatin Davenport in ane o her roond-robin matches, but ultimately losin in the semifinals tae eventual champion [[Amélie Mauresmo]]. ===2006: US Open champion=== [[File:MariaSharapova (cropped).JPG|thumb|upright|Sharapova celebrating efter winnin the 2006 US Open]] Sharapova stairtit 2006 bi losin in the semifinals o the Australian Open in three sets tae Henin,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen06/news/story?id=2579411|title=Sharapova, Henin-Hardenne advance to Open final|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=September 8, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> an losin a rematch several weeks later at the Dubai Tennis Championships, haein defeatit umwhile warld No. 1 [[Martina Hingis]] an warld No. 3 [[Lindsay Davenport]] in earlier roonds o the tournament. Sharapova claimed her first title in nine month at the Tier I tournament in Indian Wells, defeatin Hingis in the semifinals an [[Elena Dementieva]] in the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4818828.stm|title=Sharapova into all-Russian final|publisher=BBC|date=March 18, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-03-19/sports/0603190381_1_pacific-life-open-title-indian-wells-james-blake|title=Sharapova wins Pacific Life|work=Chicago Tribune|date=March 19, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013|archive-date=2014-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606211142/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-03-19/sports/0603190381_1_pacific-life-open-title-indian-wells-james-blake|url-status=dead}}</ref> She reached the final in Miami afore losin tae Kuznetsova.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2006/apr/02/tennis.richardevans|title=Kuznetsova quiets Sharapova scream on the way to title|publisher=The Guardian|date=April 2, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova returned for the French Open. Thare, efter saving match pynts in defeatin Mashona Washington in the first roond, she wis eliminated bi [[Dinara Safina]] in the fowert roond.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/sports/tennis/04french-wire.html?_r=0|title= Sharapova Falls at French Open |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 4, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> On gress, Sharapova wis unsuccessful in her attempt tae win in Birmingham for the third consecutive year, losin in the semifinals tae Jamea Jackson.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/5091134.stm|title= Sharapova suffers surprise defeat |publisher=BBC|date=June 17, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Despite that, she wis amang the title favorites at Wimbledon, whaur the eventual champion Mauresmo ended up beatin her in the semifinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/sport/content/200607/s1680842.htm|title=Mauresmo survives lapse to reach Wimbledon final|publisher=ABC|date=July 7, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova claimed her second title o the year at the Tier I Acura Classic, defeatin Clijsters for the first time in the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2006-08-06-acura-classic_x.htm|title=Sharapova outlasts Clijsters in Acura final|date=August 6, 2006|work=USA Today|accessdate=May 31, 2013}}</ref> As the third seed at the US Open, Sharapova defeatit tap seed Mauresmo for the first time in the semifinals,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/open/2006-09-08-day-12_x.htm?POESPOISVA|title=Sharapova stops No. 1 Mauresmo, will meet Henin-Hardenne in U.S. Open final|date=September 8, 2006|work=USA Today|accessdate=May 31, 2013}}</ref> an then follaed up bi beatin second seed [[Justine Henin]] tae win her second Grand Slam singles title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen06/news/story?id=2581102|title=Sharapova drops Henin-Hardenne to win U.S. Open title|date=September 12, 2006|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=May 31, 2013}}</ref> That hairst, Sharapova won titles in back-tae-back weeks at the Zurich Open an the Generali Ladies Linz. Bi winnin aw three o her roond-robin matches at the WTA Tour Championships, she extendit her win streak tae 19 matches, afore it wis snapped in the semifinals bi eventual champion Henin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2006-11-26/sports/0611250235_1_maria-sharapova-justine-henin-hardenne-wta-championships|title=Henin-Hardenne came up aces|publisher=Sun Sentinel|date=November 26, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013|archive-date=2014-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606204706/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2006-11-26/sports/0611250235_1_maria-sharapova-justine-henin-hardenne-wta-championships|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova wad hae finished the saison as warld No. 1 haed she won the event. As it wis, she feenished rankit warld No. 2, her best year-end feenish yet. ===2007: Shoulder injury an faw frae the tap 5=== Sharapova wis the tap seed at the Australian Open due tae tap-rankit [[Justine Henin]]'s withdrawal. Efter bein twa pynts awa frae defeat in the first roond agin Camille Pin, she gaed on tae win till the final o the tournament for the first time. Thare she wis routed bi [[Serena Williams]], then rankit warld No. 81. Efter winnin till the final, Sharapova recaptured the warld No. 1 rankin.<ref name="wtacareer"/> She held it for seiven week, surrenderin it back tae Henin efter failin tae defend her title at the Pacific Life Open, insteid losin in the fowert roond tae Vera Zvonareva efter strauchlin wi a hamstring injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/6326809.stm|title=Leg injury forces Sharapova out|publisher=BBC|date=February 3, 2007|accessdate=June 2, 2013}}</ref> The follaein fortnight, she defeatit [[Venus Williams]] in the third roond o the Sony Ericsson Open,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/03/25/us-tennis-miami-idUSL2308180420070325|title=Sharapova sets up Venus showdown in rainy Miami|publisher=Reuters|date=March 27, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113408/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/03/25/us-tennis-miami-idUSL2308180420070325|url-status=dead}}</ref> afore bein beaten again bi Serena Williams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://voices.yahoo.com/serena-williams-defeats-maria-sharapova-today-key-270447.html|title=Serena Williams Defeats Maria Sharapova Today in Key Biscayne|publisher=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo]]|author=Verdell A. Wright|date=March 27, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013|archive-date=2014-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729030341/http://voices.yahoo.com/serena-williams-defeats-maria-sharapova-today-key-270447.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A shoulder injury forced Sharapova tae miss maist o the clay-court saison for the second consecutive year. As a result, her anly tune-up for the French Open wis the İstanbul Cup,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/6689561.stm|title=Sharapova battles to Istanbul win|publisher=BBC|date=May 24, 2007|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> whaur she lost in the semifinals tae Aravane Reza&iuml;. She reached the semifinals o the French Open for the first time in her career, afore losin tae [[Ana Ivanovic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/jun/07/tennis.frenchopen2007|title=Ivanovic stuns Sharapova to set up Henin showdown|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=June 7, 2007|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> On gress, Sharapova wis runner-up tae Jelena Janković at the DFS Classic.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/6762093.stm|title=Jankovic seals win over Sharapova|publisher=BBC|date=June 17, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Follaein that, she experienced her earliest Wimbledon loss syne 2003 bi losin in the fowert roond tae eventual champion Venus Williams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/jul/04/tennis.wimbledon1|title=Henin sends Serena crashing out|publisher=The Guardian|date=July 4, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova clinched the US Open Series bi defendin her title at the Acura Classic, her anly championship o the year, an reachin the semifinals in Los Angeles.<ref name="wtacareer"/> In her US Open title defence, Sharapova wis upset in her third-roond match tae 30t seed [[Agnieszka Radwańska]].<ref name="radwanska">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6974187.stm|title=Sharapova loses to teen Radwanska|publisher=BBC|date=September 1, 2007|accessdate=July 23, 2008}}</ref> It wis her earliest exit at a Grand Slam singles tournament syne the 2004 US Open, whaur she lost in the same roond.<ref name="wtacareer"/> Follaein the US Open loss, Sharapova did nae play again until the Kremlin Cup in October, whaur she lost her openin match tae [[Victoria Azarenka]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7038379.stm|title=Sharapova crashes out in Moscow|publisher=BBC|date=October 10, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Shortly efter this, she fell oot o the tap 5 in the warld rankings for the first time syne 2004. She qualified for the aicht-woman year-end Sony Ericsson Championships acause o a withdrawal bi Venus Williams afore the stairt o the tournament.<ref name="wtacareer"/> Despite haein nae previously won a match in twa month, Sharapova topped her roond-robin group at the tournament, efter winnin aw three o her matches, defeatin [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]], Ana Ivanovic, an Daniela Hantuchová. She then defeatit [[Anna Chakvetadze]] in the semifinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/nov/11/tennis.news|title=Sharapova straight in|author=Richard Evans |date=November 11, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> In the final, she lost tae warld No. 1 Henin in a match that lasted 3 oors an 24 meenits. Sharapova reached the tap five again tae end the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=3149968|title=Strong finish for Sharapova; stronger return by Davenport|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=Joel Drucker|date=December 13, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> ===2008: Australian Open champion an second shoulder injury=== Sharapova wis seedit fift at the Australian Open, but wis nae considered a favorite. Housomeiver, she defeatit umwhile warld No. 1 [[Lindsay Davenport]] in the second roond, an then warld No. 1 Henin in the quarterfinals,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7201953.stm|title=Brilliant Sharapova hammers Henin|publisher=BBC|date=January 22, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> endin the latter's 32-match winnin streak.<ref>{{cite news|last=Clarey|first=Christopher|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/24/sports/tennis/24tennis.html?fta=y|title=Sharapova Reaches the Final Again and Hopes for a Better Outcome|work=The New York Times |date=January 24, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> She proceeded tae the finals bi defeatin Jelena Janković in the semifinals, an defeatit [[Ana Ivanovic]] in the final tae win her third Grand Slam title, haein nae dropped a set aw tournament. Efter the Australian Open, Sharapova extendit her winnin streak tae 18 matches. This run encompassed twa wins includin at the Tier I Qatar Total Open. Her winnin streak wis ended in the semifinals o the Pacific Life Open bi Kuznetsova. In Aprile, Sharapova won the Bausch & Lomb Championships, haein survived her langest-ever match, at 3 oors an 26 meenits lang, in the third roond against Anabel Medina Garrigues.<ref name="epicbattle">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7341970.stm|title=Sharapova wins epic battle|publisher=BBC|date=April 11, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> The follaein week, at the Family Circle Cup, she lost in the quarterfinals tae [[Serena Williams]], her fowert consecutive loss tae the American.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/othersports/2004359654_digs19.html|title=Tennis: Serena Williams beats Maria Sharapova 4th time in a row|work=The Seattle Times|date=April 19, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In Mey, Sharapova regained the warld No. 1 ranking acause o Henin's suddent retirement frae professional tennis an request tae the [[Weemen's Tennis Association|WTA]] that her ain ranking be removed immediately.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=tennis&id=3397722|title=Sharapova to take over top ranking from retired Henin|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=May 15, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> As the tap-seedit player at the French Open Sharapova wis within twa pynts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french08/news/story?id=3415126|title=Sharapova needs 8–6 win in third set to overcome Rodina|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=May 28, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> o bein knocked oot bi Evgeniya Rodina in the first roond, afore eventually winnin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/8184486/Sharapova-a-long-way-from-Grand-Slam-form|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215040319/http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/8184486/Sharapova-a-long-way-from-Grand-Slam-form|archivedate=2009-02-15|title=Sharapova a long way from Grand Slam form|publisher=Fox News Channel|date=May 28, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result o losin tae eventual finalist [[Dinara Safina]] in the fowert roond (efter serving for the match),<ref>{{cite news|last=Clarey|first=Christopher|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/03/sports/tennis/03tennis.html|title=Sharapova Roars, but She Is Silenced by Safina Once Again|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 3, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> she relinquished her No. 1 ranking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=3424588|title=Sharapova to drop from top spot after French Open|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=June 3, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> Her dip in form continued at Wimbledon, whaur she lost in the second roond tae warld No. 154 Alla Kudryavtseva. This wis her earliest loss at Wimbledon, an at ony Grand Slam in awmaist five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon08/columns/story?columnist=garber_greg&id=3462202|title=Sharapova loss just the start of a chaotic day at Wimbledon|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=June 27, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> Sharapova withdrew frae the Rogers Cup tournament in August follaein a shoulder injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2008/07/30/rogers-cup-three.html|title=Sharapova withdraws from Rogers Cup|publisher=CBC|date=July 31, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> An MRI scan revealed that she haed been sufferin frae a rotator cuff tear syne Aprile. This forced her oot o aw tournaments for the rest o the saison, includin the Beijing Olympics, the US Open, an the WTA Tour Championships.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics/tennis/7536416.stm|title=Sharapova to miss US Open & Games|publisher=BBC|date=August 1, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In spite o that, she still finished the year rankit warld No. 9. In October, efter a failed attempt tae rehabilitate the shoulder, Sharapova haed surgery tae repair the tear.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/columnist/brennan/2011-06-30-Brennan-maria-sharapova-wimbledon-final_n.htm|title=Sharapova back at last where she belongs|work=USA Today|author=Christine Brennan|date=June 30, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> ===2009: Shoulder surgery an rehabilitation=== Sharapova did nae attempt tae defend her Australian Open title, as she continued tae recover frae surgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/sport/tennis/sharapova-out/2009/01/11/1231608525444.html|title=Sharapova out after shoulder fails to recover|publisher=Fairfax Digital|work=The Age|author=Linda Pearce|date=January 12, 2009|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> She returned tae the sport in Mairch, in the doubles tournament at the BNP Paribas Open, but she an pairtner Elena Vesnina lost in the first roond. Efter this, Sharapova withdrew frae further singles tournaments, resultin in her staundin in the warld rankings bein severely affected. She dropped oot o the tap 100 for the first time in sax years in Mey, the nadir bein warld No. 126.<ref name="wtatennis" /> [[File:Maria Sharapova at 2009 Roland Garros, Paris, France.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Sharapova made the quarterfinals o the French Open, her best Grand Slam performance o 2009]] Playin her first singles tournament in nearly ten month, Sharapova reached the quarterfinals o the clay-court Warsaw Open in Mey, losin tae finalist Alona Bondarenko.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=4192265|title=Bondarenko wins in straight sets|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=May 21, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> The follaein week, in her first Grand Slam appearance syne her surgery, she reached the quarterfinals o the French Open, afore her run wis ended bi Dominika Cibulková.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/frenchopen/5430320/French-Open-2009-Maria-Sharapova-and-the-curse-of-the-cover-stars.html|title=French Open 2009: Maria Sharapova and the curse of the cover stars |work=The Daily Telegraph|author=Mark Hodgkinson|date=June 2, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> During the summer gress-court saison, Sharapova played in Birmingham, losin in the semifinals tae Li Na.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=4256242|title=Sharapova broken six times in loss|date=June 13, 2009|publisher=[[ESPN]]|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova then played at Wimbledon as the 24t seed. She wis upset in the second roond bi Gisela Dulko in three sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/5624035/Wimbledon-2009-Maria-Sharapova-suffers-shock-defeat-by-Gisela-Dulko.html|title=Wimbledon 2009: Maria Sharapova suffers shock defeat by Gisela Dulko|last=Hodgkinson|first=Mark|date=June 24, 2009|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=May 18, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova enjoyed considerable success in the summer months, reachin the quarterfinals at the Bank o the Wast Classic, the semifinals at the LA Weemen's Tennis Championships, an finishin runner-up at the Rogers Cup tae [[Elena Dementieva]]. At the 2009 US Open, Sharapova wis seedit 29t. She foond her wey intae the third roond, defeatin Tsvetana Pironkova an Christina McHale aw in straucht sets. She wis stunned in the third roond bi American teenager Melanie Oudin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen09/news/story?id=4448907|title=Oudin's run continues; Safina exits early|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=September 6, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> It wis the second time in Sharapova's career that she lost tae a teenager at a [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]], haein lost tae [[Agnieszka Radwańska]] during the same event in 2007. The loss saw Sharapova's rankin gang doun tae No. 32.<ref name="wtatennis" /> The final stretch o the saison brocht Sharapova her first title o the year in Tokyo, efter opponent Jelena Janković retired efter bein doun 2–5 tae Sharapova in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SPORT/10/03/tennis.sharapova.jankovic.venus/|title= Sharapova lands Tokyo title as Jankovic quits |publisher=CNN|date=October 3, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Bi virtue o that result, she wis the recipient o a bye at the China Open, but failed tae capitalize on it, losin tae Peng Shuai in the third roond.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/oct/07/maria-sharapova-china-open-shuai|title=Tired Maria Sharapova knocked out of China Open by Peng Shuai|publisher=The Guardian|date=October 7, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> She ultimately finished the saison at warld No. 14, haein improved frae No. 126 when she stairtit her comeback frae injury.<ref name="wtatennis" /> ===2010: Comeback an struggles wi form=== Efter playin twa exhibition tournaments in Asia, Sharapova offeecially began her saison at the Australian Open, whaur she wis upset in her first-roond match against Maria Kirilenko. The loss meant that for the first time syne 2003, Sharapova haed lost her openin match at a Grand Slam event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/australianopen/7016124/Australian-Open-2010-Maria-Sharapova-dumped-out-by-Maria-Kirilenko.html|author=Mark Hodgkinson|work=The Telegraph|title=Australian Open 2010: Maria Sharapova dumped out by Maria Kirilenko|date=January 18, 2010|accessdate=June 12, 2010|location=London}}</ref> She then rebounded bi winnin a smawer American event, the Cellular South Cup, her 21st career WTA title an first o the year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8526723.stm|title=Maria Sharapova beats Sofia Arvidsson in Memphis final|date=January 21, 2010|work=BBC Sport |accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref> At the BNP Paribas Open, Sharapova lost in the third roond tae Zheng Jie, aggravating a bruised bane on her right elbow in the process. This resulted in her eventual withdrawal frae the Sony Ericsson Open<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SPORT/tennis/03/18/tennis.sharapova.injury.elbow/index.html|publisher=CNN|title=Sharapova suffers fresh setback after elbow injury|date=March 18, 2010|accessdate=June 12, 2010}}</ref> an the Family Circle Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usta.com/Global/Pro_Tennis/Pro_Tennis/Wire/2010/04/09/Serena_Williams_Sharapova_withdraw_from_Family_Circle_Cup.aspx|publisher=United States Tennis Association|title=Serena Williams, Sharapova withdraw from Family Circle Cup|date=April 9, 2010|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=2010-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413075534/http://www.usta.com/Global/Pro_Tennis/Pro_Tennis/Wire/2010/04/09/Serena_Williams_Sharapova_withdraw_from_Family_Circle_Cup.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Returning at the 2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open, Sharapova lost in the first roond tae Lucie Šafářová. She continued her French Open preparation at the Internationaux de Strasbourg as a wildcard, advancing tae the final, whaur she beat Kristina Barrois. This wis her first title on reid clay an 22nt oweraw title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/sports/tennis/2010/05/24/257792/Sharapova-wins.htm|work=The China Post|location=Taiwan (ROC)|title=Sharapova wins second 2010 title at Strasbourg|date=May 24, 2010|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=2012-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925202148/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/sports/tennis/2010/05/24/257792/Sharapova-wins.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the French Open, Sharapova's brief clay saison culminatit wi a third-roond loss tae fower-time champion [[Justine Henin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/frenchopen/7785938/French-Open-2010-Justine-Henin-defeats-Maria-Sharapova.html|title=French Open 2010: Justine Henin defeats Maria Sharapova|publisher=The Telegraph|date=May 30, 2010|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova began her preparations for Wimbledon at the Aegon Classic. She advanced tae the final for the fowert time, whaur she lost tae [[Li Na]]. As the 16t seed at Wimbledon, Sharapova lost in the fowert roond tae warld No. 1 an eventual champion [[Serena Williams]], despite haein three set pynts in the openin set.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/tennis/tournaments/story/0,25174,18898_6236218,00.html|title=Sharapova tests Serena|work=Sky Sports|date=June 29, 2010|accessdate=July 3, 2010|archive-date=2010-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701033332/http://www.skysports.com/tennis/tournaments/story/0%2C25174%2C18898_6236218%2C00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The match wis seen as anither encouraging performance for Sharapova, wi some statin thair belief that she wis approachin the form that wad see her contending for Grand Slams ance mair.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/serena-forced-into-top-gear-to-tame-sharapova-2013078.html|title=Serena forced into top gear to tame Sharapova|author=Chris McGrath|work=The Independent|location=UK|date=June 29, 2010|accessdate=July 3, 2010|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224182144/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/serena-forced-into-top-gear-to-tame-sharapova-2013078.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova hersel stated that she felt that she wis "in a much better spot than I was last year."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://straightsets.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/28/serena-williams-avoids-flashback-beats-sharapova/|title=Serena Williams Avoids Flashback, Beats Sharapova|author=John Martin|work=The New York Times|date=June 28, 2010|accessdate=July 3, 2010}}</ref> During the US Open Series, Sharapova reached twa finals in a raw, losin tae [[Victoria Azarenka]] at the Bank o the Wast Classic,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2010-08-01-bank-of-the-west-classic_N.htm|title=Azarenka rolls past Sharapova to win Bank o the Wast title|publisher=USA Today|date=February 8, 2010|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> an tae [[Kim Clijsters]] at the Western & Southern Financial Group Women's Open.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cincytennis.com/clijsters_wins/|title=Clijsters Storms Back to Win 2010 Women's Open|publisher=WTA|accessdate=June 14, 2013|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224182310/http://www.cincytennis.com/clijsters_wins/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the latter match, Sharapova held three match pynts while leadin 5–3 on Clijsters's serve late in the second set, but coud nae convert them. At the U.S. Open, Sharapova wis the 14t seed. She got tae the fowert roond, whaur she played tap seed an 2009 finalist [[Caroline Wozniacki]] an lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen10/news/story?id=5539423|title=Maria Sharapova loses in 4th round|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=September 7, 2010|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova's last twa tournaments o the saison ended in disappointment. She played in the Toray Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo, whaur she wis upset in the first roond bi 39-year-auld Kimiko Date-Krumm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2010-09-27-pan-pacific-open_N.htm|title=Japan's Date Krumm ousts Sharapova at Pan Pacific Open|work=USA Today|date=September 29, 2010|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Her last tournament o the year wis the China Open, whaur she lost in the second roond tae fellae Roushie Elena Vesnina.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/oct/07/maria-sharapova-china-open-shuai|title=Tired Maria Sharapova knocked out of China Open by Peng Shuai|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=October 7, 2010|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> She ended the year at number 18 in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/photos/article/2213795/title/2010-year-end-top-20|title=2010: Year-End Top 20|publisher=WTA|date=November 10, 2010|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> ===2011: Return tae the tap 10=== It wis annoonced that Sharapova wad bring in Thomas Högstedt as a coach for the 2011 saison, joining Michael Joyce.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2010/12/sharapova-hires-hogstedt-to-co-coach-with-joyce/26210/|title=Sharapova hires Hogstedt to co-coach with Joyce|author=Matthew Cronin|publisher=TENNIS.com|date=December 4, 2010|accessdate=October 23, 2014|archive-date=2016-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032712/http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2010/12/sharapova-hires-hogstedt-to-co-coach-with-joyce/26210/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On December 5, Sharapova won an exhibition match against warld No. 2 Vera Zvonareva in Monterrey, Mexico. In Sharapova's first offeecial Australian Open warm-up tournament at the 2011 ASB Classic in Auckland, New Zealand, she wis seedit first. She lost tae the Hungarian veteran an eventual champion Gréta Arn in the quarterfinals. Efter the ASB Classic, Sharapova decidit tae split up wi Joyce, endin a successfu cooperation that haes brocht her twa Grand Slam victories an the Warld No. 1 ranking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.ria.ru/sports/20110116/162167367.html|title=Sharapova's long-time coach leaves job|publisher=RIA Novosti|date=January 16, 2011|accessdate=October 23, 2014|archive-date=2014-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023230658/http://en.ria.ru/sports/20110116/162167367.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova participated in the first Grand Slam o the saison at the Australian Open, whaur she wis the 14t seed, but lost tae [[Andrea Petkovic]] in the fowert roond.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/sports/20110123/162258814.html|title=Russia's Sharapova loses out to Germany's Petkovic in Australian Open|author=Anton Denisov|date=January 23, 2011|accessdate=July 5, 2011|archive-date=2011-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110327084430/http://en.rian.ru/sports/20110123/162258814.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She haed tae pull oot o the 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships an 2011 Qatar Ladies Open acause o a lug infection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/blog/_/name/espntennis/month/february-2011|title=Work to do for Roddick and the Americans|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=Ravi Ubha|date=February 16, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova returned tae the tour in Mairch bi takin pairt in the 2011 BNP Paribas Open, whaur she wis seedit 16t. She defeatit umwhile warld No. 1 [[Dinara Safina]], in the fowert roond en route tae the semifinal, whaur she lost tae warld No. 1 [[Caroline Wozniacki]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/wozniacki-wins-bnp-paribaas-open_n_838169.html|title= Wozniacki Wins BNP Paribas Open, Beats Marion Bartoli In Finals |work=The Huffington Post|author=Beth Harris|date=March 20, 2011|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> At the 2011 Sony Ericsson Open in Key Biscayne, Sharapova defeatit 26t seed Alexandra Dulgheru in the quarterfinals, in a match lasting 3 oors an 28 meenits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/sports/20110330/163283242.html|title=Russia's Sharapova moves into semis at Miami tennis tournament|publisher=RIA Novosti|date=March 30, 2011|accessdate=June 14, 2013|archive-date=2012-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329023553/http://www.en.rian.ru/sports/20110330/163283242.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the semifinals, Sharapova teuk her Australian Open reprisal on Germany's [[Andrea Petkovic]] bi defeatin her. In the final, she wis defeatit bi [[Victoria Azarenka]], despite a late comeback in the second set.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/aus12/story/_/id/7513049/2012-australian-open-victoria-azarenka-routs-maria-sharapova-win-title|title=Victoria Azarenka routs Sharapova|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=January 29, 2011|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> Wi this result, Sharapova returned tae the tap 10 for the first time syne Februar 2009.<ref name="wtatennis"/> During the clay-court saison, Sharapova participated in 2011 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open, whaur she lost tae Dominika Cibulková in the third roond, an the 2011 Internazionali BNL d'Italia, whaur she wis seedit seivent. She defeatit tap seed Caroline Wozniacki in the semifinals an saxt seed Samantha Stosur in the final tae tak hame the title, merking her biggest clay-court victory tae date.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2360583/title/sharapovas-greatest-clay-court-triumph|title=Sharapova's Greatest Clay Court Triumph|publisher=WTA|date=May 15, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> At the 2011 French Open, Sharapova wis seedit seivent. She defeatit French wildcard [[Caroline Garcia]] in the second roond, despite trailing 3–6, 1–4, afore winnin the last 11 gemmes o the match. In the quarterfinals, she defeatit 15t seed [[Andrea Petkovic]], merking her first Grand Slam semifinal syne her comeback frae the career-threatening shoulder injury. She then lost tae saxt seed an eventual champion [[Li Na]], in the semifinals, endin her clay saison wi a win-loss record o 12–2.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322014754/http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/news/articles/2011-06-02/201106021307029251097.html|archivedate=2012-03-22|url=http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/news/articles/2011-06-02/201106021307029251097.html|title=Li sweeps Sharapova aside for tilt at title|author=Louisa Baker|date=June 2, 2011|accessdate=June 4, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> At the 2011 Wimbledon Championships, Sharapova haed nae dropped a set entering the final, afore losin tae aicht seed [[Petra Kvitová]] in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/14002512|title=Wimbledon 2011: Petra Kvitova beats Maria Sharapova to title|publisher=BBC|author=Piers Newbery|date=July 2, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> This merked her first final in ower three years at a Grand Slam event. Sharapova stairtit her summer haurd-court saison at the 2011 Bank o the Wast Classic in Stanford, California. In a heichly anticipatit match, Sharapova lost tae the eventual champion [[Serena Williams]] in the quarterfinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2405569/title/serena-shines-in-qfs-lisicki-awaits-in-sfs|title=Serena Shines In QFs, Lisicki Awaits In SFs|publisher=WTA|date=July 29, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In her next event at the 2011 Rogers Cup in Toronto, Canadae, Sharapova lost tae Galina Voskoboeva in the third roond, merking her 100th career loss.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2417634/title/stosur-dismisses-li-tough-day-for-faves|title=Stosur Dismisses Li, Tough Day For Faves|publisher=WTA|date=August 11, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> [[File:Maria Sharapova 2011.jpg|thumb|right|Sharapova at the Western & Southern Open, August 2011]] Sharapova then contested the 2011 Western & Southern Open in [[Cincinnati]], Ohio. As the fowert seed, she received a bye intae the second roond. On the wey tae her fowert final o the year, she beat Anastasia Rodionova,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2422838/title/bartoli-back-on-track-serena-edges-hradecka|title=Bartoli Back On Track, Serena Edges Hradecka |publisher=WTA|date=August 16, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> 14t seed [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2425089/title/hantuchova-gets-past-bartoli-zvonareva-next|title=Hantuchova Gets Past Bartoli, Zvonareva Next|publisher=WTA|date=August 18, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> tenth seed Samantha Stosur,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2426294/title/zvonareva-sharapova-to-clash-in-semifinals|title=Zvonareva & Sharapova to clash in semifinals|publisher=WTA|date=August 19, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> an 2nt seed Vera Zvonareva.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2427204/title/former-world-no1s-to-collide-in-cincinnati|title=Former world No. 1s to Collide in Cincinnati|publisher=WTA|date=August 20, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In the final, she defeatit fellae umwhile warld No. 1 Jelena Janković, in 2 oors an 49 meenits, makin it the langest WTA tour final o the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20110821/SPT/308210027/Sharapova-wins-women-s-title?odyssey|title=Sharapova wins women's title|publisher=Cincinnati.com|author=Shannon Russell|date=August 22, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> She subsequently moved up tae warld No. 4, her heichest ranking syne August 2008 an the heichest syne her comeback frae her shoulder injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2428859/title/ranking-watch-maria-moves-up-to-no4|title=Ranking Watch: Maria Moves Up To No. 4|publisher=WTA|date=August 22, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova entered the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], whaur she wis seedit third. She beat Heather Watson, an Anastasiya Yakimova, tae reach the third roond. She wis then upset bi Flavia Pennetta. Houiver, acause o the faw o [[Kim Clijsters]] an Vera Zvonareva in the rankings, Sharapova climbed tae warld No. 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Maria-Sharapova-Shocked-Out-of-US-Open,-More-From-.aspx|title=Maria Sharapova Shocked Out of US Open, More From New York|publisher=Tennisnow|date=September 2, 2011|accessdate=September 2, 2011|archive-date=2015-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706213624/http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Maria-Sharapova-Shocked-Out-of-US-Open,-More-From-.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova's next tournament wis the 2011 Toray Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo, Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/sports/topics/AJ2011093012822|title=Sharapova limps out of Pan Pacific Open|publisher=The Asahi Shimbun Company|author=Rob Smaal|date=September 30, 2011|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2014-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221231212/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/sports/topics/AJ2011093012822|url-status=dead}}</ref> As second seed, she received a bye intae the second roond, whaur she beat Tamarine Tanasugarn. She then beat 13t seed Julia Görges, afore retiring against Petra Kvitová in the quarterfinal, 3–4, efter slipping on the baseline, sufferin an ankle injury. This forced her tae withdraw frae the 2011 China Open the follaein week an aw. Sharapova then flew tae Istanbul tae prepare for the 2011 WTA Tour Championships, her first time qualifying syne 2007. During the WTA Tour Championships, Sharapova withdrew during the roond-robin stage efter defeats against Samantha Stosur an [[Li Na]], as a result o the ankle injury she haed suffered in Tokyo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/sports/20110929/167244910.html|title=Ankle injury forces Sharapova to retire in Tokyo QF against Kvitova|publisher=RIA Novosti|date=September 29, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sharapova ended the year as No. 4 in the warld, her first tap-10 feenish syne 2008 an first tap-5 feenish syne 2007. ===2012: Career Grand Slam, return tae warld No. 1 an Olympic siller medal=== Sharapova withdrew frae the 2012 Brisbane International acause o her ongangin ankle injury.<ref>{{cite web|last=Musall|first=Jeff|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ycn-10746909|title=Maria Sharapova Withdraws from Brisbane, Still on for Australian Open: Fan Reaction – Tennis – Yahoo! Sports|publisher=Sports.yahoo.com|date=April 20, 2011|accessdate=January 25, 2012|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HXaiB2Dt?url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ycn-10746909|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her first tournament o the saison wis the 2012 Australian Open, whaur she wis seedit fowert. Sharapova advanced tae the final roond conceding five gemmes, defeatin Gisela Dulko, Jamie Hampton, an 30t seed [[Angelique Kerber]], compatriot [[Ekaterina Makarova]] an warld No. 2 [[Petra Kvitová]]. She lost tae [[Victoria Azarenka]] in twa sets. As a result her ranking improved tae warld No. 3. She then played in the Paris, whaur she lost in the quarterfinals tae eventual champion Angelique Kerber. As a result her ranking improved tae warld No. 2. [[File:Flickr - Carine06 - Maria Sharapova (1).jpg|thumb|left|Sharapova at the 2012 Summer Olympics, Julie 2012]] At the Indian Wells, efter battling for ower three oors, Sharapova defeatit compatriot Maria Kirilenko tae set up a semifinal meetin wi [[Ana Ivanovic]]. Sharapova advanced tae the final efter Ivanovic retired due tae a hip injury. In the final, she played warld No. 1 Victoria Azarenka in a rematch o the Australian Open final, but lost again in straucht sets. Sharapova's next tournament wis the 2012 Sony Ericsson Open, whaur she wis seedit 2nt an received a bye. In the final, Sharapova lost in straucht sets tae 5t seedit [[Agnieszka Radwańska]]. This wis her third loss o the year in finals oot o fower tournaments played sae far. In the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix in Stuttgart, Sharapova wis seedit second. She haed a bye in the first roond, an advanced tae the third roond efter Alizé Cornet retired in the second set. She won her first title o the year in Stuttgart efter defeatin warld number ane Victoria Azarenka. In daein sae, Sharapova defeatit three current Grand Slam title holders tae win the tournament. Sharapova then played on the 2012 Mutua Madrid Open, a premier mandatory event. In the third roond, Sharapova's opponent Lucie Šafářová wis unable tae compete an withdrew frae the tournament, earnin Sharapova a walkover intae the quarterfinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2012/05/10/sharapova-serena-reach-madrid-open-quarters/|title=Sharapova, Serena reach Madrid Open quarters|publisher=Fox News|date=May 10, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2015-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407103236/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2012/05/10/sharapova-serena-reach-madrid-open-quarters/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She wis then beaten bi eventual champion [[Serena Williams]] in straucht sets. As the defendin champion an second seed at the Italian Open, Sharapova haed a bye in the first roond. In the semifinals, Sharapova defeatit Angelique Kerber tae advance tae the final for the second year in a row. In the final, Sharapova saved match pynt for a 2-oor 52 meenit win ower [[Li Na]] for her 26t career title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18138072|title=Maria Sharapova |publisher=BBC|date=May 20, 2013|accessdate=May 21, 2012}}</ref> This merked the fowert time Sharapova haed successfully defended a title. Sharapova wis seedit second at the French Open, whaur she defeatit Alexandra Cadanțu, [[Petra Kvitová]] on her wey tae the finals, allouin her tae regain the warld No. 1 ranking. In the final, she defeatit Sara Errani for her first French Open title. Sharapova becam anly the tenth woman tae complete a Career Grand Slam wi the French Open victory.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/sharapova-savours-her-sweetest-triumph-as-reward-for-comeback-7834856.html|title=Sharapova savours her 'sweetest triumph' as reward for comeback|date=June 11, 2012|work=The Independent|accessdate=June 11, 2012|archive-date=2012-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615110556/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/sharapova-savours-her-sweetest-triumph-as-reward-for-comeback-7834856.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the tournament, Sharapova wis asked bi the Roushie Olympic Committee tae cairy the Roushie banner in the [[2012 Simmer Olympics|Olympic Gemmes]], makin her the first female banner bearer for Roushie in Olympic history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbssports.com/olympics/blog/eye-on-olympics/19352136/maria-sharapova-to-carry-russian-flag-in-opening-ceremony|title=Maria Sharapova to carry Russian flag in opening ceremony|publisher=CBS Sports|author=Reid Cherner|date=June 14, 2012|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova then extendit her win streak tae 15 matches when she competit in the Wimbledon Championships as the tap seed thare for the first time in her career. Houiver, she wis upset in the fowert roond bi 15t-seedit [[Sabine Lisicki]], whom she beat in last year's semifinals. As a result, she lost her No. 1 ranking tae Victoria Azarenka. She played in the [[Tennis at the 2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Summer Olympic Gemmes]] in Lunnon, her first Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/olympics/summer/2012/tennis/story/_/id/8229534/2012-london-olympics-serena-williams-maria-sharapova-play-gold-medal|title=Serena, Maria Sharapova in final|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=August 3, 2012|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In the quarterfinals, Sharapova defeatit fellae umwhile No. 1 [[Kim Clijsters]] tae advance tae the semifinals, whaur she faced her compatriot, Maria Kirilenko. Sharapova defeatit Kirilenko tae reach the Olympic final, whaur she lost tae Serena Williams,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/tennis/9452056/London-2012-Olympics-Serena-Williams-storms-to-gold-medal-as-she-thrashes-Maria-Sharapova-in-womens-final.html|title=London 2012 Olympics: Serena Williams storms to gold medal as she thrashes Maria Sharapova in women's final |accessdate=August 4, 2012}}</ref> merking her worst defeat bi the American. Wi this performance, Sharapova owerteuk Agnieszka Radwańska as warld No. 2. Sharapova wis seedit third at the US Open, but haed no haurd-court tune-ups efter the Olympics due tae a painch virus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/aug/27/sports/la-sp-sn-sharapova-not-pregnant-20120827|title=Maria Sharapova isn't pregnant, denies Istanbul wedding rumor|work=Los Angeles Times|author=Diane Pucin|date=August 27, 2012|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In the fowert roond, Nadia Petrova teuk it tae a third set an wis winnin tilt a rain delay. Efter the delay, Sharapova came back an bure the gree. In the quarterfinals, she faced [[Marion Bartoli]], that wis 4–0 up afore a rain delay, whilk delayed the match a hale day. Sharapova then came back frae a set doun tae win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/espnw/more-sports/8342222/2012-us-open-maria-sharapova-once-again-reigns-rain|title=Maria Sharapova reigns after rain|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=Jane McManus|date=September 6, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2012-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907134135/http://espn.go.com/espnw/more-sports/8342222/2012-us-open-maria-sharapova-once-again-reigns-rain|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the semifinals Sharapova lost tae warld No. 1 Victoria Azarenka. Sharapova's next tournament wis the Toray Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo. She got tae the quarterfinals, losin tae [[Samantha Stosur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/172129.html|title=Sharapova and Azarenka out in Tokyo|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=September 27, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224184335/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/172129.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the China Open she wis seedit second. In the finals she wis again defeatit bi Azarenka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.cntv.cn/program/sportsscene/20121008/104625.shtml|title=Azarenka overwhelms Sharapova to win China Open|publisher=China Central Television|date=October 8, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2013-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104184818/http://english.cntv.cn/program/sportsscene/20121008/104625.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova's next tournament wis the year-end championships in Istanbul, whaur she wis seedit second. She defeatit Sara Errani, [[Agnieszka Radwańska]], an [[Samantha Stosur]] in the roond-robin matches. In the semifinals, Sharapova beat Azarenka, bringin thair head-tae-head meetins tae 7–5 in Azarenka's favour. Awtho Sharapova got tae the final, Azarenka clinched the year-end No. 1 rankin wi her twa roond-robin wins. She lost tae Serena Williams for the 13t consecutive time in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtachampionships.com/page/Scores/0,,12910,00.html|title=Scores|publisher=WTA|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2013-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810072751/http://www.wtachampionships.com/page/Scores/0,,12910,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===2013: Third shoulder injury=== Sharapova's first scheduled toornament o the 2013 saison wis the Brisbane International, whaur she wis seedit second. Houiver, she withdrew frae the tournament afore it began, citin a collarbone injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/8798746/maria-sharapova-withdraws-brisbane-international-due-collarbone-pain|title=Maria Sharapova skips Brisbane|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=January 1, 2013|accessdate=March 22, 2013}}</ref> She stairtit her saison at the Australian Open seedit second. She defeatit Olga Puchkova an Misaki Doi in the first twa roonds wioot losin a gemme in aither match. It wis the first time a player haed won in back-tae-back double bagels at a Grand Slam tournament syne the 1985 Australian Open.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/3042968/title/once-in-a-lifetime-for-sharapova|title=Once In A Lifetime For Sharapova|publisher=WTA|date=January 16, 2013|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova then defeatit [[Venus Williams]], Kirsten Flipkens, an [[Ekaterina Makarova]], whaur in losin anly nine gemmes she broke [[Monica Seles]]' record o fewest gemmes dropped heidin intae a Grand Slam semifinal.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21133423 Maria Sharapova and Li Na reach Australian Open semi-finals], BBC Sport, Retrieved 22 January 2013</ref> She lost tae [[Li Na]] in the semifinals. [[File:Maria Sharapova - Roland-Garros 2013 - 002.jpg|thumb|right|Sharapova at the French Open, Mey 2013]] She reached the semifinals at the Qatar Total Open, losin tae [[Serena Williams]] for the 10t straucht time in her career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/436019/20130216/serena-williams-maria-sharapova-wta-qatar-victoria.htm|title= Qatar Total Open: Williams Blasts Sharapova as New World Number One Rolls into Doha Final |publisher=International Business Times|author=Martin Baccardax|date=February 16, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> Her next tournament wis Indian Wells, whaur she wis seedit second. She received a bye intae the second roond an successfully reached the final wioot dropping a set, whaur she faced 2011 Indian wells champion an umwhile warld No. 1 [[Caroline Wozniacki]]. Efter an oor an twenty-ane meenits, Sharapova won the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/9062961/maria-sharapova-wins-indian-wells-title-caroline-wozniacki|title=Maria Sharapova wins Indian Wells|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=Martin Baccardax|date=March 17, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> This wis Maria's 28t career title an second at Indian Wells. Her win pit her at No. 2 in the warld behind [[Serena Williams]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.si.com/2013/03/17/sharapova-wins-indian-wells-bnp-wozniacki/|title=Maria Sharapova dominates Caroline Wozniacki for second Indian Wells title|publisher=SI.com|date=March 17, 2013|accessdate=March 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ubitennis.com/english/sport/tennis/2013/03/21/862125-sharapova_aims_coast_coast_double.shtml|title=Sharapova aims for coast-to-coast double|publisher=Ubisporting|date=March 23, 2013|accessdate=March 22, 2013|archive-date=2014-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606213820/http://www.ubitennis.com/english/sport/tennis/2013/03/21/862125-sharapova_aims_coast_coast_double.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/03/17/sharapova-sails-past-wozniacki-in-indian-wells-final/|title=Sharapova sails past Wozniacki in Indian Wells final|publisher=Fox News|date=March 17, 2013|accessdate=March 22, 2013|archive-date=2015-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326045302/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/03/17/sharapova-sails-past-wozniacki-in-indian-wells-final/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maria then competit at the Sony Open. Ance again she reached the final wioot dropping a set an faced warld No. 1 [[Serena Williams]]. Maria stairtit the match strang, winnin the first set. Houiver, Serena won the second an dominated the third set. This wis Maria's 11t consecutive loss against Serena.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/12/serena-williams-maria-sharapova-madrid-final_n_3262472.html|title= Serena Williams Beats Maria Sharapova To Win Madrid Open 2013, Retain No. 1 Ranking |author=Joseph Wilson|work=The Huffington Post|date=May 12, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1636598-serena-williams-vs-maria-sharapova-world-no-1-will-dominate-madrid-open-final|title=Serena Williams vs. Maria Sharapova: World No. 1 Will Dominate Madrid Open Final|publisher=Bleacher Report|author=Patrick Clarke|date=May 11, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> Next, she played at the indoor clay event in Stuttgart, whaur she wis the defendin champion. Maria wis tap seed an haed a bye in the first roond. Her first three matches war lang three-setters: she first beat warld No. 25 Lucie Šafářová, dropping the second set on a tiebreak, then [[Ana Ivanovic]], then in the semifinals she won against third seed [[Angelique Kerber]]. In the final, in what wis her ninth victory against the Cheenese oot o 14 matches, she beat second seed warld No. 5 [[Li Na]] in straucht sets tae win her 29t career title.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova beats Li Na to retain Stuttgart title|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/22331232|accessdate=April 28, 2013}}</ref> A week later, she competit at the Madrid Open, reachin the final, again wioot dropping a set. She faced [[Serena Williams]] for the 15t time, losin for the 12t consecutive time in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Sports_News/2013/05/12/Serena-Williams-repeats-as-Madrid-Open-champion/UPI-57451368363562/|title=Serena Williams repeats as Madrid Open champion|publisher= United Press International|date=May 12, 2013|accessdate=June 2, 2013}}</ref> Next, she played in Roum, whaur she wis seedit second an haed a bye in the first roond. She beat 16t seed Sloane Stephens in straucht sets (wi the loss o juist three gemmes) in the third roond. She then did nae play her quarterfinal match against seivent seed Sara Errani, an retired frae the tournament due tae a viral illness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/17/sport/tennis/djokovic-nadal-tennis-sharapova|title=Djokovic loses at Rome Masters, hurting French Open preparations|publisher=CNN|date=May 18, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/05/17/serena-azarenka-reach-semis-sharapova-pulls-out-in-rome/|title=Serena, Azarenka reach semis; Sharapova pulls out in Rome|publisher=Fox News|date=May 17, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013|archive-date=2015-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407103228/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/05/17/serena-azarenka-reach-semis-sharapova-pulls-out-in-rome/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the 2013 French Open, Sharapova reached the final again, beatin Azarenka in three sets in the semifinals, but thare she lost in straucht sets tae [[Serena Williams]]. At Wimbledon she wis comprehensively beaten in the second roond bi qualifier Michelle Larcher de Brito. Sharapova then returned tae the tour at the 2013 Western & Southern Open, whaur she lost her openin match tae Sloane Stephens in three sets. A week later Sharapova withdrew frae the U.S. Open citing a shoulder injury, which prematurely ended her saison.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova withdraws from the U.S. Open|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2013/08/21/maria-sharapova-withdraws-us-open/2683231/|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=22 August 2013}}</ref> ===2014: Comeback an second French Open title=== {{main|2014 Maria Sharapova tennis season}} Sharapova haed nae played syne August 2013 due tae a recurring shoulder injury an cam back at the 2014 Brisbane International.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova to make tennis comeback at Brisbane International|url=http://www.news.com.au/sport/tennis/maria-sharapova-to-make-tennis-comeback-at-brisbane-international/story-fndkzym4-1226759913966|publisher=News.com.au|accessdate=14 November 2013|archive-date=2016-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032712/http://www.news.com.au/sport/tennis/maria-sharapova-to-make-tennis-comeback-at-brisbane-international/story-fndkzym4-1226759913966|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova advanced tae the semi-finals whaur she wis beaten in straucht sets bi [[Serena Williams]]. At the 2014 Australian Open Sharapova, rankit 3rd, wis knocked oot o the tournament in the 4t roond bi the 20t seed, an eventual finalist, Dominika Cibulkova. Sharapova lost the match in 3 sets. Sharapova then participated in GDF Suez whaur she wis upset in the semifinals tae fellae Roushie an eventual tournament winner Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova in three sets. In Mairch, playin in the Indian Wells Masters, she wis beaten bi 22-year-auld Italian Camila Giorgi in the third roond, in three sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.si.com/2014/03/10/maria-sharapova-camila-giorgi-indian-wells/ |title=Maria Sharapova ousted by Camila Giorgi in third round at Indian Wells &#124; Beyond The Baseline |publisher=Tennis.si.com |date= |accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref> Therefore, due tae the WTA ranking seestem, this wad mean anither drop in ranking, bringin her tae warld No. 7. In Aprile, she won Stuttgart Open, her first title o the year an 30t o her career bi defeatin [[Ana Ivanovic]] in three sets. Stuttgart is the anly tournament Sharapova haes won three times. In Mey, Maria won the Madrid Open, her second title o the year an first in [[Madrid]], defeatin [[Simona Halep]] in three sets. Wi nine clay titles, she joins Venus Williams as the third maist successfu active player on the surface.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Sharapova-wins-Madrid-Open-title/articleshow/34985579.cms|title=Sharapova wins Madrid Open title|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=May 11, 2014}}</ref> Sharapova then competit in the Italian Open in Roum, whaur she reached the third roond. She lost tae [[Ana Ivanovic]] in straucht sets. Sharapova wis seedit 7t at 2014 French Open an defeatit Ksenia Pervak, Tsvetana Pironkova, an Paula Ormaechea in the first 3 roonds, aw in straucht sets. In the fowert roond she defeatit Samantha Stosur, reeling off nine straucht gemmes frae a set an 3–4 doun. This merked her 14t win in 16 meetins wi the Australian. In the quarters, she defeatit [[Garbiñe Muguruza|Garbine Muguruza]], again coming back frae a set doun, tae reach the semifinals at the French for the fowert consecutive year. In the semi-finals, she defeatit [[Eugenie Bouchard]], ance again coming back frae a set doun, tae reach her third consecutive [[French Open]] final. In the final, she defeatit [[Simona Halep]] in three sets tae win her second French Open title an fift oweraw Major title. This wis the first time syne 2001 whaur a third set wis contested in the final. The match teuk juist ower three oors, an haes been describit as ane o the best weemen's finals in recent years. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Meyers|first1=Nalia-Jean|title=Maria Sharapova Wins French Open|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/08/sports/tennis/maria-sharapova-wins-french-open.html?_r=0|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=June 7, 2014}}</ref> The 2014 Wimbledon Championships will be her next tournament as Sharapova chose nae tae play a warm-up event afore the third Grand Slam o the saison gets underway.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/tennis/article-2654515/Maria-Sharapova-hops-London-Underground-seeing-boyfriend-Grigor-Dimitrov-beat-James-Ward-Queens-Club.html#ixzz34HRs4TtE Maria Sharapova hops on the London Underground] Dailymail. 10-06-2014. Retrieved 11-06-2014.</ref> At the 2014 Wimbledon Championships, Sharapova reached the fowert roond, whaur she lost tae German [[Angelique Kerber]], the ninth seed, in three sets. Sharapova then played the 2014 Rogers Cup in [[Montreal]] whaur she wis the 4t seed. She received a first roond bye an faced [[Garbiñe Muguruza|Garbine Muguruza]] in her opener, she won in 3 sets. In the follaein roond she lost in 3 sets tae Muguruza's compatriot, [[Carla Suárez Navarro|Carla Suarez Navarro]]. At the 2014 Western & Southern Open, Sharapova wis seedit 5t an defeatit Madison Keys efter haein a first roond bye. She then went on tae defeat Pavlyuchenkova an newly crowned warld no.2 [[Simona Halep]] tae reach the last fower. She faced Ivanovic again but lost in a roller coaster three-setter despite haein twa match pynts. Sharapova then travelled tae New York for the US Open whaur she wis the 5t seed. She defeatit compatriot Maria Kirilenko an Romanian Alexandra Dulgheru afore overcoming 26t seedit German [[Sabine Lisicki]] in roond 3 tae set up a clash wi [[Caroline Wozniacki]] in the roond o 16. Sharapova lost tae the Dane in 3 sets. Sharapova next played the inaugural 2014 Wuhan open whaur she wis seedit 4t. Efter receiving a first roond bye she defeatit compatriot Svetlana Kuznetsova in 3 sets an next faced Timea Bacsinszky. Awtho Sharapova won thair 2 previous encounters she wis stunned bi Timea in 2 tight sets sicweys endin her campaign at the premier 5 tournament. The follaein week Sharapova played the China Open in Beijing a Premier Mandatory-level tournament. Reachin the final wioot dropping a set, Sharapova defeatit warld No. 9 Ana Ivanovic in the semis. In the final Sharapova met reigning Wimbledon champion an warld No. 3 Petra Kvitova. Sharapova won the match in 2 oors 30 meenits, defeatin the Czech in three sets. Bi virtue o the win, Sharapova's ranking rose frae No. 4 tae No. 2 in the warld an she secured hersel the second seeding for the WTA year end Championship. Sharapova closed in on the year end number ane ranking spot an aw, bein juist 467 pynts behind Williams. Maria wis rankit No. 2 heidin intae the WTA Tour Championships, wi a chance o owertakin [[Serena Williams]] as warld No. 1. She wis drawn in the white group, wi [[Petra Kvitova]], [[Agnieszka Radwanska]] an [[Caroline Wozniacki]]. Her first match wis a three set loss tae Wozniacki. Maria lost her 2nt roond robin match tae Kvitova in straucht sets an aw; her first loss tae Petra syne 2011. Maria still haed a chance o makin the Semis, houiver she needed tae beat Radwanska in twa sets, an Wozniacki needed tae beat Petra in straucht sets as weel. She ended her year wi a win against Radwanska in three sets, finishin 3rd oweraw in the White group. She ended the year as warld No. 2, behind [[Serena Williams]]. ===2015: Fowert Australian Open final=== {{main|2015 Maria Sharapova tennis season}} Sharapova kicked off her 2015 saison at the Brisbane International whaur she wis tap seed an received a bye in the first roond. Sharapova defeatit Yaroslava Shvedova an Carla Suarez Navarro. In the semi finals Sharapova faced Elina Svitolina, beatin her in straucht sets. Reachin the final wioot dropping a set, Sharapova played an intense match against second seed Ana Ivanovic but came throu in three sets. This wis Sharapova's 10t win ower Ivanovic an bi winnin her 34th title, it meant that Sharapova haes won at least ane title every year for 13 consecutive years. It wis juist her second title in Australie sae far, an for baith she beat Ivanovic. Sharapova's next tournament wis the 2015 Australian Open, whaur she beat Petra Martić an fellae countrywoman Alexandra Panova (despite haein twa match pynts against her) in the first twa roonds. She then beat Zarina Diyas an Peng Shuai in straucht sets. Thare, she beat seivent-seedit [[Eugenie Bouchard]] an fellae Roushie [[Ekaterina Makarova]] in straucht sets tae mak her fowert Australian Open final, whaur she lost tae [[Serena Williams]] in straucht sets, worsening her record against her tae 2–17. In Februar, follaein her participation in the Fed Cup, Sharapova played in Acapulco, whaur she beat Shelby Rogers, Mariana Duque Mariño an Magdaléna Rybáriková tae advance the semifinals. Sharapova later withdrew frae her match against [[Caroline Garcia]], citing a painch virus. Next, in Indian Wells, she beat Yanina Wickmayer an [[Victoria Azarenka]] in straucht sets, afore losin tae defendin champion Flavia Pennetta in the fowert roond in three sets. Efter receiving a bye in the first roond o the Miami Open, Sharapova lost in the second roond tae fellae Roushie Daria Gavrilova in straucht sets. It wis her earliest exit frae the tournament syne her first appearance in Miami in 2003. Sharapova began her clay saison in Stuttgart whaur she wis the three time defendin champion. Efter receiving a first roond bye, she lost in the second roond tae [[Angelique Kerber]] in three sets. This snapped Sharapova's win streak at the tournament an merked her first ever loss at the tournament, haein won it three times in a row (2012, 2013, & 2014). The loss snapped a 64 match win streak on clay whaur Sharapova won the first set an went on tae win the match. The last time Sharapova lost a match on clay efter winnin the first set wis against [[Dinara Safina]] in the fowert roond at the 2008 French Open. As a result o the loss Sharapova lost the No. 2 ranking tae [[Simona Halep]]. Sharapova's next clay court tournament wis the Madrid Open whaur she wis the defendin champion. She advanced tae the semifinals. Thare, she wis beaten bi Svetlana Kuznetsova for the first time syne 2008. Sharapova's next tournament wis be the Italian Open in Roum whaur she wis seedit 3rd. She beat [[Victoria Azarenka]] in the quarterfinals in straucht sets tae set up a re-match wi Daria Gavrilova. She beat Gavrilova in straucht sets tae advance tae the final, whaur she faced [[Carla Suárez Navarro|Carla Suarez Navarro]]. Efter losin the first set, Sharapova managed tae claim the next twa sets an her third Roum title. Bi winnin Roum, Sharapova reclaimed the No. 2 ranking ower Halep. ===2016–2020: Suspension, comeback an retiral=== Efter her failed drug test at the 2016 Australian Open, Sharapova wis suspendit frae tennis, an she cam back tae the WTA Tour in Aprile 2017. She won her first match back on 26 Aprile at the Porsche Grand Prix in Stuttgart, a tournament she haed wan three times afore, beatin Roberta Vinci in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sharapova soars past Vinci in Stuttgart opener.|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/maria-sharapova-soars-past-roberta-vinci-stuttgart-opener-porsche-tennis-grand-prix|publisher=WTA|access-date=2017-04-26|date=April 26, 2017}}</ref> Her last match wis a straucht-sets defeat bi Donna Vekić in the first roond o the 2020 Australian Open,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/australian-open-2020-maria-sharapova-vs-donna-vekic-result-return-a9293766.html|title =Maria Sharapova unsure if she will return to Australian Open after first-round defeat by Donna Vekic|date=January 21, 2020|work=The Independent|access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref> an on 26 Februar 2020 she annoonced her retiral frae tennis in an essay in ''Vanity Fair'' an ''Vogue''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2020/02/maria-sharapova-steps-away-from-the-game|title=Exclusive: "Tennis—I'm Saying Goodbye." After 28 Years and Five Grand Slams, Maria Sharapova Steps Away From The Game|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=February 26, 2020}}</ref> ==Fed Cup== Sharapova haes lived in the Unitit States syne muivin thare at the age o seiven, but retains her Roushie citizenship, an is therefore eligible tae play in the [[Fed Cup]] for Roushie.<ref name="pravda">{{cite web|url=http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/11-10-2005/9051-sharapova-0/|title=Maria Sharapova unwilling to trade her Russian citizenship for anything|publisher=Pravda|date=October 11, 2005|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Houiver, pickin her for the Roushie Fed Cup team haes caused controversy in the past. This wis acause o the behaviour o Sharapova's faither during her matches on the WTA Tour, combined wi a perceived lack o commitment bi her tae the Fed Cup. Efter Sharapova haed beaten fellae Roushie [[Anastasia Myskina]] at the 2004 WTA Tour Championships, Myskina criticized Sharapova's faither. She said: "He was just yelling and screaming instructions to her and I thought he just might jump right on the court at one point in the match." At the Fed Cup semifinals twa weeks later, Myskina stated she wad stap playin for Roushie if Sharapova jynt the Roushie team the follaein saison. She said: "If she joins our team next season ye willnae see me there for sure. His behaviour is totally incorrect, simply rude. A dinnae want to be around people like him."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "If she joins our team next season you won't see me there for sure. His behaviour is totally incorrect, simply rude. I don't want to be around people like him."</ref> Larisa Neiland, assistant tae Roushie Fed Cup captain Shamil Tarpishchev, added: "Her father's behaviour (at the WTA Tour Championships) was simply outrageous. A just dinnae see how he could work with the rest of us."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "Her father's behaviour (at the WTA Tour Championships) was simply outrageous. I just don't see how he could work with the rest of us."</ref> Houiver Tarpishchev himsel played doun the problem, insisting: "I feel that things will calm down soon and we'll have Myskina, Sharapova, Kuznetsova and everyone else playing for Russia."<ref name="myskina">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4040243.stm|title=Myskina stands by Fed Cup threat|publisher=BBC|date=November 25, 2004|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> At the end o 2005, Sharapova stated she wis nou keen tae mak her Fed Cup debut<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4326784.stm|title=Sharapova keen to play for Russia|publisher=BBC|date=October 10, 2005|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> an wis set tae play against Belgium in Aprile 2006, but withdrew.<ref name="sharapovadelays">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4788132.stm|title=Sharapova delays debut for Russia|publisher=BBC|date=March 8, 2006|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> She later withdrew frae ties against Spain in Aprile 2007<ref name="missfedcup">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6520271.stm|title=Sharapova to miss Fed Cup debut|publisher=BBC|date=April 2, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> an against the Unitit States in Julie 2007 acause o injuries.<ref name="pulloutangers">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6288526.stm|title=Sharapova pull-out angers Russia|publisher=BBC|date=July 10, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> The latter withdrawal led tae Roushie's captain saying she wad be "ineligible for selection" for the Fed Cup final in September.<ref name="forfedcup">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6904802.stm|title=Russia drop Sharapova for Fed Cup|publisher=BBC|date=July 16, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Houiver, Sharapova wis at the final, cheering frae the sidelines an actin as a "hitting partner" in practices. This led some o her Roushie teammates tae imply that she wis attending anly tae enable her tae play at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Rules state that players must hae "shown commitment" tae Fed Cup in order tae play. [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]] said, "She said she wanted to be our practice partner but if ye cannae play how then can ye practice?"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "She said she wanted to be our practice partner but if you can't play how then can you practice?"</ref><ref name="rowover">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6999113.stm|title=Row over Sharapova's Fed Cup show|publisher=BBC|date=September 17, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova finally played her first Fed Cup match in Februar 2008, in Roushie's quarterfinal tie against Israel.<ref name="Fedcupdebut" >{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/tennis/sharapova-set-to-make-fed-cup-debut/2008/01/22/1200764265448.html|title=Sharapova set to make Fed Cup debut|work=The Age|accessdate=May 4, 2013|date=January 23, 2008}}</ref> She won baith her singles rubbers, against Tzipora Obziler an Shahar Pe'er, helpin Roushie tae a 4–1 victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fedcup.com/en/results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100010107|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630213658/http://www.fedcup.com/en/results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100010107|archivedate=2008-06-30|publisher=Fed Cup|title=Fed Cup: Israel vs. Russia tie|date=February 2–3, 2008|accessdate=June 12, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> For the semifinals, she wis gien permission tae skip the tie, wi Tarpishchev annooncin that she will be on the team for the final.<ref name="theage">{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/tennis/sharapova-set-to-make-fed-cup-debut/2008/01/22/1200764265448.html|publisher=The Age Company Ltd.|work=The Age|accessdate=September 6, 2011|date=January 23, 2008|title=Sharapova set to make Fed Cup debut}}</ref> Houiver, the date o the final coincided wi the lay-off frae her shoulder injury, an sicweys she did nae play.<ref name="theage" /> In the 2011 first-roond tie, Sharapova played Virginie Razzano o Fraunce an lost. Sharapova wis supposed tae play Alizé Cornet but she wis sufferin frae a viral illness. Teammate Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova played an defeatit Cornet tae secure the 3–2 win for Roushie against Fraunce. Sharapova continued tae participate in 2012 an helped Roushie tae a 3–2 win against Spain in the first-roond tie. Sharapova defeatit Silvia Soler Espinosa in the first rubber, but wis unable tae play her second rubber due tae illness. In 2015, Sharapova helped Roushie earn a place in the semifinals efter beatin Pole Urszula Radwanska in the first tie an her sister [[Agnieszka Radwanska]] in the second tie. ==Playin style== Sharapova is an aggressive baseliner wi pouer, depth, an angles on her forehaund an backhaund.<ref name="profile">Jeff Cooper. [http://tennis.about.com/od/playersfemale/a/sharapovagp.htm Maria Sharapova – Tennis Game Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208143919/http://tennis.about.com/od/playersfemale/a/sharapovagp.htm |date=2016-12-08 }}, About.com. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> She is ane o the few players on the WTA tour that aften uises the reverse forehaund. Insteid o uisin a tradeetional volley or owerheid smash, she wad as leif hit a pouerfu "swingin" volley whan approachin the net or attackin lobs.<ref>Douglas Robson. [http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/wimb/2007-06-24-volleys_N.htm Swinging, midcourt volley becomes key weapon among pros], ''USA Today'', June 25, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> Sharapova is thocht tae hae guid speed aroond the court, inspecially conseederin her heicht.<ref name="profile"/> At the beginnin o 2008, some observers noted that Sharapova haed developpit her game, shawin improved movement an footwork an the addition o a drop shot an sliced backhaund tae her repertoire o shots.<ref>Steve Bierley. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jan/23/tennis.australianopen2008 Sharapova adds variety to end Henin run], ''The Guardian'', January 23, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thetennistimes.com/maria-sharapova/|title=Maria Sharapova Scouting report|publisher=Thetennistimes.com|accessdate=August 7, 2011|archive-date=2011-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007231236/http://thetennistimes.com/maria-sharapova/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite her powerful game, Sharapova's greatest asset is considered tae be her mental toughness an competitive spirit, wi Nick Bollettieri statin that she is "tough as nails". Haw-o-famer [[John McEnroe]] said o Sharapova, "she's one of the best competitors in the history of the sport."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/07/04/1088879371559.html|author=Linda Pearce|work=The Age |title=Sharapova's arrival a victory for mental toughness|date=July 5, 2004|accessdate=June 12, 2010|location=Melbourne}}</ref> Sharapova is kent for on-court "grunting", which reached a recorded 101 decibels during a match at Wimbledon in 2005.<ref name="grunting">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4118708.stm|title=Why do women tennis stars grunt?|author=Megan Lane|publisher=BBC|date=June 22, 2005|accessdate=July 23, 2008}}</ref> During her second roond match in Birmingham in 2003, Sharapova wis asked tae tone doun the level o her grunt efter opponent Nathalie Dechy complained tae the umpire. Sharapova responded that her grunting wis "a natural instinct."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/06/12/878185.htm|title=Scream queen Sharapova warned to silence screams|date=June 12, 2003|accessdate=July 4, 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Monica Seles]] suggestit that gruntin is involuntary an a pairt o tennis.<ref name="GruntTelegraph">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1523117/Grunting-is-just-part-of-my-game-claims-Sharapova.html|title=Grunting is just part of my game, claims Sharapova|author=Catriona Davies|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=September 24, 2008|accessdate=October 19, 2008}}</ref> When questioned bi the media aboot her grunting, Sharapova urged the media tae "just watch the match."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4649550.stm|title=Beaten Sharapova turns on media|publisher=BBC|date=January 26, 2006|accessdate=June 2, 2008}}</ref> Her defensive gemme haes been worked on bi her new coach, an this haes reflected in her results, makin consecutive semi-finals at premier mandatory events on the tour. Later in her career, Sharapova added drop shots tae her repertoire an aw, makin for a mair unpredictable gemme style. ===Serve=== [[File:Maria Sharapova at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships 12 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sharapova at The Championships, Wimbledon in 2009.]] Early in her career Sharapova's first an second serves war regarded as powerful,<ref name="profile"/> an she wis believed tae possess ane o the best deliveries on the Tour.<ref name="Serve1" /> Syne the beginnin o 2007, houiver, problems wi her shoulder hae reduced the effectiveness o her serve.<ref name="Serve1">{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=3046996|author=Joel Drucker|publisher=ESPN Tennis|title=Lingering injuries or limitations coming to light for Sharapova|date=October 3, 2007|accessdate=June 12, 2010}}</ref> The shoulder injury nae anly resulted in her inconsistent first serves, but in her hitting heich nummers o double faults an aw.<ref>[http://www.tennis.com/features/general/features.aspx?id=108430 "Bottom line for the top women, 2007"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124055318/http://www.tennis.com/features/general/features.aspx?id=108430 |date=2007-11-24 }}, Tennis.com. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> Twa-time US Open singles champion [[Tracy Austin]] believes that Sharapova eften loses confidence in the rest o her gemme when she experiences problems wi her serve an consequently produces mair unforced errors an generally plays mair tentatively.<ref name="austin">{{cite web|author=Tracy Austin|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25396610/|title=Austin: Sharapova loss a win for Venus and Serena|work=NBC Sports|date=June 27, 2008|accessdate=July 23, 2008|archive-date=2008-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714023402/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25396610/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tennis writer Joel Drucker remarked that her serve wis the "catalyst for her entire game", an that her struggles wi it left her "unmasked."<ref name="Serve1" /> In her return frae layoff in 2008 tae 2009, she uised an abbreviated motion, which wis somewhat less powerful, an tho producin aces gae a very heich number o double faults an aw. Efter her early loss at the 2009 US Open, Sharapova returned tae a mair elangatit motion, seemilar tae her pre-surgery serve. She haes syne been able tae produce speeds greater than afore, includin a 121&nbsp;mph serve hit at the Birmingham tournament in 2010 – the fastest serve o her career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/7841792/Wimbledon-2010-Maria-Sharapova-fighting-fit-at-last-and-ready-to-reclaim-her-SW19-crown.html|title=Wimbledon 2010: Maria Sharapova fighting fit at last and ready to reclaim her SW19 crown|author=Mark Hodgkinson|date=June 21, 2010|accessdate=June 21, 2010|work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> Houiver syne her shoulder operation Sharapova haes been unable tae control her serve. This haes led tae numerous faults, as she is unable tae feel hou muckle pouer she is generating.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/aug/09/sports/sp-la-women-tennis9|work=Los Angeles Times|first=Diane|last=Pucin|title=Maria Sharapova can't control her serve|date=August 9, 2009}}</ref> The new action led tae an elbow injury, but unner Thomas Högstedt it haes improved but can still be erratic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.optimumtennis.net/maria-sharapova-serve.htm|title=Maria Sharapova Serve Analysis – A Look Behind the Sharapova Serve Technique|publisher=Optimumtennis.net|accessdate=January 25, 2012|archive-date=2015-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216153525/http://www.optimumtennis.net/maria-sharapova-serve.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> This improvement in serving can be seen in the 2013 Australian Open an follaein tournaments whaur Maria Sharapova committed fewer double faults than in previous years. ===Surfaces=== Acause she predicates her gemme on power, Sharapova's preferred surfaces early in her career war the fast-playin haurd an gress courts, as evident throu her 25 victories on haurd court an gress court. This is maist notable when she won the 2004 Wimbledon, 2006 U.S. Open an 2008 Australian Open crowns, whaur she haed her career breakthrough an played her best tennis, respectively. Sharapova initially wis nae as weel suitit tae the slower clay courts as she is on haurd an gress courts. Sharapova admitted in 2007 that she wis nae as comfortable wi her movement on clay compared wi ither court surfaces. She ance describit hersel as lik a "cow on ice" efter a match on clay,<ref name="cow">Barry Flatman. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article1867693.ece Sharapova: a cow on ice?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322090351/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |date=2020-03-22 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2024-09-29 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170402233443/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |archive-date=2017-04-02 |url-status=bot: unknown}}, ''The Times'', May 31, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> due tae her inability tae slide. Later in her career, she showed improvement on this surface wi respect tae experience, as evidenced wi her first WTA reid clay title at the 2010 Internationaux de Strasbourg, 7 years syne playin on the WTA circuit. She won her first French Open title an capturt the career grand slam at the 2012 French Open. As o 2014 she leads the WTA tour o active players wi the heichest winnin percentage on clay, wi an 84.25% winnin rate.<ref name="tennis.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2014/04/dont-have-cow/51317/#.U2WX28JOVwU |title=tennis.com – Don't Have a Cow |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2016-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032712/http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2014/04/dont-have-cow/51317/#.U2WX28JOVwU |url-status=dead }}</ref> Syne her shoulder injury, her best surface haes acome clay ower gress & haurd courts. Wi her victory at the 2014 French Open, she haes nou won the French Open twice, which is mair times than she haes won ony ither slam. Her last 3 Grand Slam Finals hae aw been at the French Open (3 consecutive finals frae 2012–2014). ==Personal life== ===Relationships=== Sharapova haes dated [[Maroon 5]] sangster [[Adam Levine]]. The couple dated for a short time in 2005 efter meetin at Sharapova's 18t birthday pairty. Houiver, the couple broke up suin. In 2008, Sharapova briefly dated American telly producer Charlie Ebersol but the pair split suin efter. In 2011, Sharapova wis engaged tae Slovenian professional basketball player Sasha Vujačić.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tmz.com/2010/10/21/maria-sharapova-sasha-vujacic-engaged-proposed-los-angeles-lakers/|title=Maria Sharapova & Sasha Vujacic – Engaged|publisher=TMZ|date=October 21, 2010|accessdate=October 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=5713080|title=Maria Sharapova betrothed to guard|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=October 21, 2010|accessdate=October 22, 2010}}</ref> The twa haed been datin syne 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/sports_blog/2009/11/lakers-sasha-vujacic-maria-sharapova-dating.html|title=The Fabulous Forum: Are Sasha Vujacic and Maria Sharapova dating?|work=The Los Angeles Times|date=November 3, 2009|accessdate=June 18, 2010}}</ref> On August 31, 2012, Sharapova confirmed that the pair haed ended the engagement an separated during early 2012. Later that year, she began datin Bulgarian tennis player [[Grigor Dimitrov]]. The twa confirmed thair relationship efter the 2013 Madrid Open. ===Public profile=== Sharapova haes lived in the Unitit States syne muivin thare at the age o seiven. Forby a hame in Bradenton, Florida, she haes a residence in Manhattan Beach, California.<ref name="peoplemagazine">{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,1183711,00.html|title=Celebrity Q & A – Maria Sharapova|publisher=People Magazine|date=April 17, 2006|author=Kathy Ehrich-Dowd|access-date=2015-06-09|archive-date=2008-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223093250/http://www.people.com/people/article/0%2C26334%2C1183711%2C00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Frae 2005 tae 2011, Sharapova wis named tae the Forbes Celebrity 100, which attempts tae compile the tap 100 maist powerful celebrities o that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/profile/maria-sharapova|title=The Celebrity 100|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=June 28, 2011}}</ref> Sharapova haes said different things on how lang she intends tae maintain her tennis career. Follaein the retirement o 25-year-auld [[Justine Henin]] in 2008, Sharapova said, "If I was 25 and I'd won so many Grand Slams, I'd quit too."<ref name="henin">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7401565.stm|title=Henin is best of her generation|publisher=BBC|date=May 15, 2008|accessdate=July 23, 2008}}</ref> In an interview efter the 2008 Australian Open, she balked at the idea o playin for anither ten years, saying that she hoped tae hae a "nice husband and a few kids" bi then.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/22856899/|title=Billie Jean King's text inspired Sharapova|agency=Associated Press|publisher=NBC Sports|date=January 26, 2008|accessdate=October 24, 2008|archive-date=2008-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607055611/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/22856899/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Houiver in an interview afore her 2012 Australian Open semifinal, Sharapova changed her stance, saying she intendit tae continue playin tennis for as lang as she enjoyed playin the game. Sharapova stated "A'm sure when A was 17 years old and someone said, ye'll be playing for another eight years, it would be like, ye're no going to see me at a press conference at 25 years old. But years go on. A missed a year in ma career—A didnae play that year. A've said this, just before the tournament, a few weeks before, A woke up and A was just so happy to be going back on the court. A felt so fresh, full of energy, just with a really good perspective. Times change, obviously. A see masel playing this sport for many more years because it's something that gives me the most pleasure in ma life. A think it helps when ye know ye're good at something, and ye can always improve it. It obviously helps with the encouragement."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "I'm sure when I was 17 years old and someone said, you'll be playing for another eight years, it would be like, you're not going to see me at a press conference at 25 years old. But years go on. I missed a year in my career—I didn't play that year. I've said this, just before the tournament, a few weeks before, I woke up and I was just so happy to be going back on the court. I felt so fresh, full of energy, just with a really good perspective. Times change, obviously. I see myself playing this sport for many more years because it's something that gives me the most pleasure in my life. I think it helps when you know you're good at something, and you can always improve it. It obviously helps with the encouragement."</ref> At the 2004 US Open, Sharapova, alang wi several ither Roushie female tennis players, wore a black ribbon in observance o the tragedy efter the Beslan schuil hostage crisis, whilk teuk place anly days afore.<ref name="espn">{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen04/news/story?id=1874900|title=Sharapova puts loss in perspective|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=David Boroff|date=September 6, 2004|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In 2005, she donated aroond 50,000 US dollars tae thaim that wis affeckit bi the crisis.<ref name="wtacareer"/> On Februar 14, 2007, Sharapova wis appyntit a goodwill ambassador for the {{lang|en|[[UNDP|United Nations Development Programme]]}} (UNDP) an donated 210,000 US dollars tae UNDP Chernobyl-recovery projects. She stated at the time that she wis planning tae traivel back tae the aurie efter Wimbledon in 2008,<ref name="usatoday">{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2007-08-13-799623401_x.htm|title=Maria Sharapova plans 1st trip back to Chernobyl since family fled|publisher=USAToday|author=Beth Harris|date=August 13, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> tho it didn't happen, as she haed tae traivel back tae the US acause o shoulder injury.<ref name="wimbledon">{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629223721/http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/news/interviews/2010-06-28/201006281277743223156.html|archivedate=2010-06-29|url=http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/news/interviews/2010-06-28/201006281277743223156.html|title=Interview with Sharapova|publisher=WTA|accessdate=May 4, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> She fulfilled the trip in late Juin – early Julie 2010. Sharapova haes helped tae promote the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] in [[Sochi]], Roushie,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/sport/interview-with-maria-sharapova/|publisher=TV-Novosti|work=Roushie Today|accessdate=May 4, 2013|title=Interview with Maria Sharapova|date=May 11, 2007}}</ref> an wis the first torch bearer in the torch-lichtin ceremony during the openin festivities. In addition, wi Angela Haynes, Maria Kirilenko, Nicole Vaidišová, Rennae Stubbs, Governor [[Jeb Bush]] an Jennifer Capriati, Sharapova participated in an exhibition in Tampa in December 2004, raisin money for the Florida Hurricane Relief Fund. In Julie 2008, Sharapova sent a message on DVD tae the memorial service o cancer victim Emily Bailes, that haed performed the coin toss aheid o the 2004 Wimbledon final that Sharapova haed gane on tae win.<ref name="bbcnews">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/west_midlands/7489565.stm|title=Service held for Wimbledon girl|publisher=BBC|date=July 4, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> ==Endorsements== [[File:Maria Sharapova, December 2008.jpg|thumb|Sharapova at offeecial unveilin o her Canon PowerShot Diamond lineup]] Sharapova's tennis success an appearance hae enabled her tae secure commercial endorsements that greatly exceed the value o her tournament winnins.<ref name="marcganis">Marc Ganis, the president of SportsCorp Ltd., a sports-industry consultant in Chicago, said, "Never underestimate the importance of physical beauty to an athlete's endorsement opportunities. Other than performance on the court, it may be the single most important asset." ''The New York Times''. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/03/sports/tennis/03endorse.html?fta=y Serving Their Clients], September 7, 2006</ref><ref name="hbswk">"It does not hurt that Sharapova is regarded as one of the most beautiful athletes in the world." [http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5607.html Marketing Maria: Managing the Athlete Endorsement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025025827/http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5607.html |date=2015-10-25 }}, Harvard Business School Lessons from the classroom, Sara Jane Gilbert, October 29, 2007. Retrieved on June 1, 2008.</ref> In Mairch 2006, Forbes magazine listed her as the heichest-peyed female athlete in the warld, wi annual earnins o ower 18 million US dollars,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2006/03/22/woods-sharapova-nike_cx_lr_0322athletes_2.html|title=The World's Best-Paid Athletes|work=[[Forbes]]|date=March 22, 2006}}</ref> the majority o which wis frae endorsements an sponsorships. She haes topped that leet every year syne, even efter her 2007 shoulder injury.<ref>{{cite web|title = World's Highest-Paid Women Athletes|url =http://www.topendsports.com/world/lists/earnings/women-paid.htm|accessdate =May 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/22/women-athletes-endorsements-biz-sports-cx_tvr_kb_0722athletes.html|title=Top-Earning Female Athletes|work=[[Forbes]]|date=July 22, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2010/08/18/top-earning-female-athletes-business-sportsmoney-female-athletes.html|title=The World's Highest-Paid Athletes|work=[[Forbes]]|date=August 18, 2010}}</ref> In 2011, ''Forbes'' listed Sharapova as No. 29 in thair leet o 50 tap-peyed athletes, the anly woman on the leet.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kurt Badenhausen |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106040824/http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2011/05/31/the-worlds-highest-paid-athletes/2/ |archivedate=2012-11-06 |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2011/05/31/the-worlds-highest-paid-athletes/ |title=The World's Highest-Paid Athletes |work=[[Forbes]] |date=April 18, 2012 |accessdate=May 5, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, she wis listed as No. 15, an wis jynt in the tap 20 bi [[Li Na]] at No. 16 an [[Serena Williams]] at No. 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2012/06/18/mayweather-tops-list-of-the-worlds-100-highest-paid-athletes/|title=Mayweather Tops List Of The World's 100 Highest-Paid Athletes|work=[[Forbes]]|author=Kurt Badenhausen|date=June 18, 2012|accessdate=May 5, 2013}}</ref> In Aprile 2005, ''People'' named her ane o the 50 maist beautiful celebrities in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|title = PEOPLE's 50 Most Beautiful People|url = http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1046248_1054061,00.html|date = April 27, 2005|accessdate = May 5, 2013|archive-date = 2016-05-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160504191335/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1046248_1054061,00.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> In 2006, ''Maxim'' rankit Sharapova the hettest athlete in the warld for the fowert consecutive year. She posed in a sax-page bikini photoshuit spread in the 2006 [[Valentine's Day]] issue o the ''[[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue]]'', alangside 25 supermodels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/swimsuit/coverfeatured/10256/index.htm|title=2006 SWIMSUIT COVER|work=Sports Illustrated|date=September 4, 1995|accessdate=May 5, 2013|archive-date=2014-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209072152/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/swimsuit/coverfeatured/10256/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a poll run bi Britain's ''FHM'' magazine, she wis voted the seivent maist eligible bachelorette,<ref name="newscomau">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,23663,21300664-10388,00.html|work=News.com.au|title=Rod's daughter most eligible|date=February 28, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013|archive-date=2007-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303091807/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,23663,21300664-10388,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> based on baith "wealth and looks." Immediately efter her win at the 2004 Wimbledon Championship, mobile phone company Motorola signed Sharapova tae endorse thair mobile phone line.<ref name=nytdress/> Additionally, she appeared in commercials for [[Land Rover]] an [[Canon Inc.|Canon]], as weel as approved o namesake items bi watch brand Tag Heuer an jeweller Tiffany.<ref name=nytdress/> Tiffany provides Sharapova wi earrings frae the "Tiffany for Maria Sharapova" collection at the fower major events, that are retailed globally an aw.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://press.tiffany.com/News/NewsItem.aspx?id=130 |title=Tiffany & Co. For The Press &#124; News &#124; Maria Sharapova to Wear Tiffany Earrings at the 2011 French Open &#124; United States |publisher=Tiffany & Co. |date=May 11, 2011 |accessdate=June 11, 2012 |archive-date=2013-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108004447/http://press.tiffany.com/News/NewsItem.aspx?id=130 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She starred in an award winnin campaign for the sports claedin brand Nike, "Pretty", in the simmer o 2006. She signed a sponsorship deal in Januar 2007 wi Gatorade an Tropicana,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Issues/2007/01/Issue-72/Sponsorships-Advertising-Marketing/Pepsico-Inks-Sharapova-To-Promote-Gatorade-Tropicana-Brands.aspx |title=PepsiCo Inks Sharapova To Promote Gatorade, Tropicana Brands |publisher=SportsBusiness Journal |date=January 3, 2007 |accessdate=September 10, 2014 }}</ref> which ended in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/mariasharapova/5163203/Maria-Sharapova-loses-tennis-fizz-as-Pepsi-end-deal.html |title=Maria Sharapova loses tennis fizz as Pepsi end deal |publisher=The Telegraph |date=April 16, 2009 |first=Rod |last=Gilmour |accessdate=September 10, 2014 }}</ref> In 2007, Sharapova wis featurt in a nummer o Canon USA's commercials for the PowerShot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.letsgodigital.org/en/14539/maria-sharapova/|title=Maria Sharapova in Canon PowerShot commercial|publisher=LetsGoDigital|accessdate=May 5, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova haes been depicted in mony tennis-relatit video gemmes an aw. Some o the titles include the ''Top Spin series'', ''Virtua Tennis'' series, an ''Grand Slam Tennis'' series. During the layoff due tae her shoulder surgery, sensing the fleeting naitur o a professional athlete's career, Sharapova decidit tae focus on developin her nem as a brand. She began bi meetin wi her sponsors mair extensively tae further her brand.<ref name=nytdress/> In Januar 2010, it wis annoonced that Sharapova haed renewed her contract wi Nike, signin an 8-year deal for 70 million US dollars. This is the maist lucrative deal ever for a sportswoman, dwarfing the previous record, which wis Venus Williams' 43 million US dollars deal wi Reebok.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2010/jan/12/maria-sharapova-nike-deal|title=Maria Sharapova signs £43m deal with Nike|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Simon Cambers|accessdate=May 5, 2013|date=January 12, 2010}}</ref> Follaein in the fitsteps o tennis players that stairtit claedin lines lik Fred Perry an René Lacoste, Sharapova launched her ain tennis apparel line, the "Nike Maria Sharapova Collection", in 2010. The collection includes dresses that she designed for aw the major tournaments, in collaboration wi Nike an Cole Haan.<ref name=cnn-ms>{{cite web| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/01/27/sport/tennis/tennis-sharapova-grand-slam-design/index.html | publisher=CNN | title=Grand slam designs: Maria Sharapova's fashion statement | date=January 27, 2012|accessdate=May 19, 2013}}</ref> She haed previously foond that the outfits gien tae her bi Nike did nae suit her frame an war worn bi ower mony ither players.<ref name=nytdress/> She comes up wi design ideas an sketches in a process that begins 18 month afore the event.<ref name=cnn-ms/> She receives royalties frae the sale o the collection. The dresses are coordinated tae be available simultaneously wi the correspondin major tournament.<ref name=nytdress/> The collection is worn bi ither WTA players, includin Sofia Arvidsson, [[Eugenie Bouchard]], Kai-Chen Chang, Andrea Hlaváčková, Madison Keys, Anastasia Pivovarova as weel as junior players sic as Indy De Vroome.<ref name=cnn-ms/> Sharapova haed earlier collaboratit wi Nike on the "little black dress" that she wore for her nicht matches at the 2006 US Open.<ref name=nytdress/> The dress featurt a roond crystal studded collar an wis inspired bi [[Audrey Hepburn]].<ref name=nytdress>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/26/fashion/maria-sharapovas-campaign-to-establish-herself-as-a-brand.html?pagewanted=all | work=[[The New York Times]] | first=Eric | last=Wilson | title=Maria Sharapova's Campaign to Establish Herself as a Brand | date=May 25, 2011|accessdate=May 5, 2013}}</ref> The dress wis well publicized an received but wis nae mass-produced.<ref name=nytdress/><ref name=cnn-ms/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/sectionfront/life/sharapovas-little-black-dress-provokes-a-big-racket-at-us-open-448646/ | work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | first=MacKenzie | last=Carpenter | title=Sharapova's little black dress provokes a big racket at U.S. Open | date=September 1, 2006 | accessdate=May 5, 2013 | archive-date=2013-08-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828155914/http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/sectionfront/life/sharapovas-little-black-dress-provokes-a-big-racket-at-us-open-448646/ | url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, she designs shoes an handbags for Cole Haan, for which her signature ballerina flats are ane o the biggest sellers o the entire brand.<ref name=nytdress/> Sharapova uised the Prince Triple Threat Hornet for pairt o 2003 an then uised several different Prince racquets until the US Open. She gae the racquet she uised in the 2004 Wimbledon final tae Regis Philbin when taping ''Live with Regis and Kelly''. Sharapova began uisin the Prince Shark OS at that tournament specially designed for her.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/Reviews/PSHKOS/PSHKOSReview.html|title=Prince Shark Racquet Review|accessdate=June 18, 2012|publisher=Tennis Warehouse|archive-date=2008-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327130507/http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/Reviews/PSHKOS/PSHKOSReview.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She then switched tae the Prince O3 White racquet in Januar 2006. She switched tae the Prince O3 Speedport Black in Julie 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://princetennis.com/tennis/files/teamPrincePlayer.aspx?plyid=89|title=Tennis Racquets, Tennis Footwear, String, EXO3 Racquet|publisher=Prince Tennis|accessdate=August 31, 2010|archive-date=2008-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022085350/http://www.princetennis.com/tennis/files/teamPrincePlayer.aspx?plyid=89|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter bein wi Prince for ten years,<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228161310/http://tennis.com/articles/templates/gear.aspx?articleid=9327&zoneid=24 |archivedate=2010-12-28 |url=http://tennis.com/articles/templates/gear.aspx?articleid=9327&zoneid=24 |title=Gear – Maria Sharapova’s New Head for the New Year? |publisher=TENNIS.com |date=December 21, 2010 |accessdate=June 11, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sharapova began endorsing Head racquets in 2011 an uses the Head YOUTEK IG Instinct.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.head.com/tennis/news.php?region=us&id=758|title=Performance meets Style – Maria Sharapova joins the HEAD team!|publisher=Head Tennis|date=January 3, 2011|accessdate=January 18, 2011|archive-date=2015-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713071147/http://www.head.com/tennis/news.php?region=us&id=758|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/player.html?ccode=SHARAPOVA|title=Maria Sharapova|publisher=Tennis Warehouse|date=January 18, 2011|accessdate=January 18, 2011|archive-date=2015-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527060103/http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/player.html?ccode=SHARAPOVA|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova signed a three-year deal tae be brand ambassador for Porsche in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Harley|first=Michael|title=Porsche picks Maria Sharapova as brand ambassador|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2013/04/23/porsche-picks-maria-sharapova-as-brand-ambassador/|accessdate=2013-08-25}}</ref> ==Sugarpova== ''Sugarpova'' is a candy line creaut bi Maria Sharapova an candy veteran Jeff Rubin, foonder o internaitional retailer IT'SUGAR.<ref name="Sugarpova Candy: Sharapova's Sweet Taste of Success">{{cite web|title=Sugarpova Candy: Sharapova's Sweet Taste of Success|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-17/sugarpova-candy-sharapovas-sweet-taste-of-success|accessdate=22 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Sharapova's Sugarpova lolly range 'smacks of irresponsible marketing'">{{cite news|title=Sharapova's Sugarpova lolly range 'smacks of irresponsible marketing'|url=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/food/sharapovas-sugarpova-lolly-range-smacks-of-irresponsible-marketing/story-fneuz8zj-1226552023463|accessdate=22 January 2013|archive-date=2016-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032712/http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/food/sharapovas-sugarpova-lolly-range-smacks-of-irresponsible-marketing/story-fneuz8zj-1226552023463|url-status=dead}}</ref> Accordin tae the Sugarpova wabsteid, "Sugarpova is a premium candy line that reflects the fun, fashionable, sweet side of international tennis sensation Maria Sharapova."<ref name="sugarpova.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sugarpova.com/about/ |title=International Shipping {{!}} Sugarpova |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2017-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803094456/http://www.sugarpova.com/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The line currently consists o 12 different flavors that range frae Flirty, tae Smitten Sour, tae Splashy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://shop.sugarpova.com/ |title=International Shipping {{!}} Sugarpova |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2014-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328022826/http://shop.sugarpova.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A portion o aw proceeds gaes tae the Maria Sharapova Foundation, Sharapova's charity.<ref name="sugarpova.com"/> Sugarpova wis launched warldwide in 2013 throu IT'SUGAR an Selfridges stores. Accordin tae her agent, Sharapova seriously considered changing her last nem tae "Sugarpova" for the 2013 US Open, but ultimately decidit against it.<ref>{{cite web|title=No name switch for Maria Sharapova|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/usopen13/story/_/id/9584846/2013-us-open-maria-sharapova-nixes-sugarpova-name-change|date=August 20, 2013|accessdate=August 20, 2013}}</ref> Houiver, some reports suggest that she applied tae a Florida Court tae that effect.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova wants to change her name|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2013/08/20/maria-sharapova-wants-to-change-her-name|date=August 20, 2013|accessdate=August 20, 2013}}</ref> ==Career statistics== {{Main|Maria Sharapova career statistics}} ===Grand Slam tournaments=== ====Singles performance timeline==== {{Performance key}} {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center |- !width=145|Tournament!!2003!!2004!!2005!!2006!!2007!!2008!!2009!!2010!!2011!!2012!!2013!!2014!!2015!!width=65|{{Tooltip| SR | Strike Rate}} !!width=65|{{Tooltip| W–L | Win–Loss}}!!width=65|Win % |- |align=left|'''[[Australian Open]]''' |bgcolor=afeeee|1R |bgcolor=afeeee|3R | style="background:yellow;"|SF | style="background:yellow;"|SF | style="background:thistle;"|F |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' |A |bgcolor=afeeee|1R |bgcolor=afeeee|4R | style="background:thistle;"|F | style="background:yellow;"|SF |bgcolor=afeeee|4R | style="background:thistle;"|F |1 / 12 |48–11 |81.36% |- |align=left|'''[[French Open]]''' |bgcolor=afeeee|1R |bgcolor=ffebcd|QF |bgcolor=ffebcd|QF |bgcolor=afeeee|4R | style="background:yellow;"|SF |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |bgcolor=ffebcd|QF |bgcolor=afeeee|3R | style="background:yellow;"|SF |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' | style="background:thistle;"|F |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |2 / 13 |53–11 |82.81% |- |align=left|'''[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]''' |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' | style="background:yellow;"|SF | style="background:yellow;"|SF |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |bgcolor=afeeee|2R |bgcolor=afeeee|2R |bgcolor=afeeee|4R | style="background:thistle;"|F |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |bgcolor=afeeee|2R |bgcolor=afeeee|4R | |1 / 12 |42–11 |79.25% |- |align=left|'''[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]''' |bgcolor=afeeee|2R |bgcolor=afeeee|3R | style="background:yellow;"|SF |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' |bgcolor=afeeee|3R |A |bgcolor=afeeee|3R |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |bgcolor=afeeee|3R | style="background:yellow;"|SF |A |bgcolor=afeeee|4R | |1 / 10 |32–9 |78.38% |- !style=text-align:left|Win–Loss !4–4 !15–3 !19–4 !20–3 !16–4 !11–2 !7–3 !8–4 !16–4 !21–3 !12–3 !16–3 ! !5 / 46 !172–41 !80.25% |} <small> ''Note: At the 2003 Australian Open an 2003 French Open, Sharapova won three qualifyin roond matches at each toornament in order tae enter the main draw.'' </small> == Notes == <references group="note"/> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sharapova, Maria}} [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Eastren Orthodox Christians frae Roushie]] [[Category:Expatriate sportsfowk in the Unitit States]] [[Category:French Open champions]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bradenton, Florida]] [[Category:Fowk frae Nyagan]] [[Category:Roushie expatriates in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Roushie female models]] [[Category:Roushie female tennis players]] [[Category:Roushie fowk o Belaroushie strynd]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic tennis players o Roushie]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in tennis]] [[Category:Olympic siller medallists for Roushie]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in weemen's singles]] a9zwje69ybx9daruv02rr2qn6at7d3f 0 44180 927673 875418 2026-11-10T03:14:13Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{linkrot}} [[File:Symbolfumg.jpg|thumb|300px|right|''Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais'']] The '''University o Minas Gerais''' ({{lang-pt|Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais}}), foondit in 1927,<ref>[http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latin-american-university-rankings/2011 Latin American University Rankings] {{en}}</ref> is a kenspeckle centre fur teachin an resairch in [[Minas Gerais]], [[Brazil]].<ref>[http://oglobo.globo.com/educacao/mat/2007/06/03/296016878.asp Complete leet o the best Brazilian varsities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029082258/http://oglobo.globo.com/educacao/mat/2007/06/03/296016878.asp |date=2008-10-29 }} {{pt icon}}</ref> The university is amang the lairgest an maist presteegious in Brazil.<ref>[http://oglobo.globo.com/educacao/mat/2008/09/08/federais_dominam_ranking_das_melhores_universidades_do_brasil_segundo_novo_conceito_do_mec-548127764.asp] {{pt icon}}</ref> == Notes == <references/> {{Commonscat|Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais}} {{coord|19.871904|S|43.966248|W|type:edu_region:BR-MG|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Minas Gerais, Universidade Federal de}} [[Category:1927 establishments in Brazil]] [[Category:Eddicational institutions established in 1927]] [[Category:Varsities an colleges in Minas Gerais|Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais]] [[Category:Federal varsities o Brazil]] {{Stub/Brazil}} f1zco4po62mo0nhdhvcd4894zekpa8t 927674 927673 2026-11-10T03:14:21Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mr.Murdoch78 flittit page [[Varsity o Minas Gerais]] til [[University o Minas Gerais]] 927673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{linkrot}} [[File:Symbolfumg.jpg|thumb|300px|right|''Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais'']] The '''University o Minas Gerais''' ({{lang-pt|Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais}}), foondit in 1927,<ref>[http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latin-american-university-rankings/2011 Latin American University Rankings] {{en}}</ref> is a kenspeckle centre fur teachin an resairch in [[Minas Gerais]], [[Brazil]].<ref>[http://oglobo.globo.com/educacao/mat/2007/06/03/296016878.asp Complete leet o the best Brazilian varsities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029082258/http://oglobo.globo.com/educacao/mat/2007/06/03/296016878.asp |date=2008-10-29 }} {{pt icon}}</ref> The university is amang the lairgest an maist presteegious in Brazil.<ref>[http://oglobo.globo.com/educacao/mat/2008/09/08/federais_dominam_ranking_das_melhores_universidades_do_brasil_segundo_novo_conceito_do_mec-548127764.asp] {{pt icon}}</ref> == Notes == <references/> {{Commonscat|Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais}} {{coord|19.871904|S|43.966248|W|type:edu_region:BR-MG|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Minas Gerais, Universidade Federal de}} [[Category:1927 establishments in Brazil]] [[Category:Eddicational institutions established in 1927]] [[Category:Varsities an colleges in Minas Gerais|Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais]] [[Category:Federal varsities o Brazil]] {{Stub/Brazil}} f1zco4po62mo0nhdhvcd4894zekpa8t 0 44183 927686 320853 2026-11-10T03:38:00Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[University o Minas Gerais]] 927686 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[University o Minas Gerais]] 9tfitiebhrhm7i3s1fqb3en2rhtpfr9 0 44954 927690 827895 2026-11-10T03:48:30Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 parameter "month" disnae exist 927690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Victoria de Las Tunas |other_name = <small>(Las Tunas)</small> |native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = [[Municipalities o Cuba|Municipality]] |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Las Tunas CF9A5628.jpg |imagesize = 280 |image_caption = Las Tunas |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |city_logo = |citylogo_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Cuba |pushpin_label_position = none |pushpin_map_caption = Location o Victoria de Las Tunas in [[Cuba]] |pushpin_mapsize = 280 <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cuba}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Cuba|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Las Tunas Province|Las Tunas]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = Establisht |established_date = 1759<ref name=guije/> |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes =<ref name=statoids/> |area_total_km2 = 891 |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2004 |population_footnotes = <ref name=atenas/> |population_note = |population_total = 171957 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_demonym = Tunero/a <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Eastren Time Zone|EST]] |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|20|57|35|N|76|57|16|W|region:CU|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = 92 <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 75100-75500 |area_code = +53 31 |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} <!--Infobox ends--> '''Las Tunas'''<ref name=statoids/><ref>{{es icon}} [http://www.tunet.cult.cu/pagsec/institut/histor/index.htm Historical site of the city of Las Tunas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116182605/http://www.tunet.cult.cu/pagsec/institut/histor/index.htm |date=2012-11-16 }}</ref><ref>Source: ''Mapa de Carreteras de Cuba'' (Road map of Cuba). Ediciones GEO, [[Havana]] 2011 - ISBN 959-7049-21-X</ref> is a ceety an municipality in central-eastren [[Cuba]]. It is the caipital o the [[Las Tunas Province]] an wis namit ''Victoria de Las Tunas'' frae 1869 tae 1976.<ref>{{es icon}} [http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Las_Tunas_%28Municipio%29#Origen_y_evoluci.C3.B3n.C2.A0_del_nombre.C2.A0_de_Las_Tunas Las Tunas: origin and evoltion of the name] ([[EcuRed]])</ref> ==Geografie== The municipality is dividit intae the [[barrio]]s o Primero, Segundo, Antonio Machado, Arenas, Caisimú, Cauto del Paso, Cuaba, Curana, Dumañuecos, Ojo de Agua, Oriente, Palmarito, Playuelas an San José de la Plata.<ref name="guije">{{es icon}} {{cite web |url=http://www.guije.com/pueblo/municipios/ovictoria/index.htm |title=Victoria de Las Tunas |author=Guije.com |accessdate=2007-10-06}}</ref> The ceety o Victoria de las Tunas is locatit in alang the [[Carretera Central (Cuba)|Carretera Central]] (heich-gate), atween the ceeties o [[Camagüey]], [[Holguín]] an [[Bayamo]]. ==History== The ceety wis foondit in 1796 aroond the Pairish o San Jerónimo. In 1853, efter a Ryal Decree, it receivit the title o "ceety". In 1976, follaein the suppression o the [[Oriente Province]] an its split up, Las Tunas became the caipital o the new an homonym province. ==Demografics== In 2004, the municipality o Victoria de Las Tunas haed a population o 187,438.<ref name="atenas">{{es icon}} {{cite web |url=http://www.atenas.inf.cu/todo/Estadisticas/TABLA%20No_3balance.htm |title=2004 Population trends, by Province and Municipality |author=Atenas.cu |year=2004 |accessdate=2007-10-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927111826/http://www.atenas.inf.cu/todo/Estadisticas/TABLA+No_3balance.htm |archivedate=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wi a total aurie o {{convert|891|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name="statoids">{{cite web |url=http://www.statoids.com/ycu.html |title=Municipios of Cuba |author=Statoids |year=2003 |accessdate=2007-10-06}}</ref> it haes a population densitie o {{convert|210.4|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}. ==Climate== {{Weather box|location = Victoria de las Tunas, Cuba |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan high C = 28 |Feb high C = 29 |Mar high C = 30 |Apr high C = 31 |May high C = 31 |Jun high C = 32 |Jul high C = 33 |Aug high C = 33 |Sep high C = 32 |Oct high C = 31 |Nov high C = 29 |Dec high C = 28 |Jan low C = 19 |Feb low C = 19 |Mar low C = 20 |Apr low C = 21 |May low C = 22 |Jun low C = 23 |Jul low C = 24 |Aug low C = 24 |Sep low C = 23 |Oct low C = 23 |Nov low C = 21 |Dec low C = 20 |date=December 2011}} ==See an aw== {{Portal|Cuba}} *[[Municipalities o Cuba]] *[[Leet o ceeties in Cuba]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{es icon}} [http://www.guije.com/pueblo/aoriente/victoria/index.htm Ceety wabpage] {{Provinces o Cuba|+capitals|province=Las Tunas}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Las Tunas}} [[Category:Populatit places in Las Tunas Province]] f9ln7avnc4m0hgjuwxk5m3vge4f9fas 0 45476 927703 638537 2026-11-10T04:49:18Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 927703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Roushie destrict |en_name=Pavlovo-Posadsky Destrict |ru_name=Павлово-Посадский район |image_map=Location of Pavlovskiy Posad Region (Moscow Oblast).svg |map_caption=Location o Lukhovitsky Destrict in Moscow Oblast |lats |longs |image_flag=Flag of Pavlovo-Posadsky rayon (Moscow oblast).png |flag_caption |image_coa= |coa_caption |anthem_ref |holiday |holiday_ref |federal_subject=[[Moscow Oblast]] |federal_subject_ref=<ref name="MoscowO_admlaw" /> |adm_data_as_of=July 2010 |adm_ctr_type=[[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|toun]] |adm_ctr_name=[[Pavlovsky Posad]] |adm_ctr_ref=<ref name="MoscowO_admlaw" /> |no_of_cities_towns=1 |no_of_urban-type_settlements=1 |selsoviet_type1=landwart dounset |no_of_selsoviets_type1=4 |no_of_rural_localities=58 |counts_ref=<ref name="MoscowO_admlist">Resolution #123-PG</ref> |mun_data_as_of=June 2011 |mun_formation1=Pavlovo-Posadsky Municipal Destrict |mun_formation1_ref=<ref name="MoscowOPavlovo-PosadskyD_mun" /> |mun_formation1_no_of_urban_settlements=2 |mun_formation1_no_of_rural_settlements=4 |mun_formation1_counts_ref=<ref name="MoscowOPavlovo-PosadskyD_mun" /> |mun_formation1_leader_title= |mun_formation1_leader_title_ref= |mun_formation1_leader_name= |mun_formation1_leader_name_ref= |mun_formation1_representative_body= |mun_formation1_representative_body_ref= |area_of_what=municipal destrict |area_as_of=June 2011 |area_km2=566.34 |area_km2_ref=<ref name="MoscowOPavlovo-PosadskyD_mun" /> |pop_2010census=83520 |urban_pop_2010census=82.2% |rural_pop_2010census=17.8% |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census" /> |pop_latest= |pop_latest_date= |pop_latest_ref= |established_date= |established_date_ref= |prev_name1 |prev_name1_date |prev_name1_ref |newspaper= |newspaper_ref= |website=http://www.pavpos.ru/ |website_ref |commonscat= |date=August 2011 }} '''Pavlovo-Posadsky Destrict''' ({{lang-ru|Па́влово-Поса́дский райо́н}}) is an administrative<ref name="MoscowO_admlaw">Law #12/2001-OZ</ref> an municipal<ref name="MoscowOPavlovo-PosadskyD_mun">Law #41/2005-OZ</ref> destrict ([[raion]]), ane o the [[admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow Oblast|thirty-sax]] in [[Moscow Oblast]], [[Roushie]]. It is locatit in the east o the [[oblast]].<!-- and borders with [[ District]] in the north, [[ District]] in the east, [[ District]] in the south, and [[ District]] in the west.--> The aurie o the destrict is {{convert|566.34|km2|sp=us}}.<ref name="MoscowOPavlovo-PosadskyD_mun" /> Its [[admeenistrative centre]] is the [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Rousie|toun]] o [[Pavlovsky Posad]].<ref name="MoscowO_admlaw" /> Population: 83,520 ([[Roushie Census (2010)|2010 Census]]);<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> {{ru-census|p2002=102,311|p1989=40,173}} The population o Pavlovsky Posad accoonts for 76.3% o the destrict's total population.<ref name="2010Census" /> ==Notable fowk== *[[Vasily o Pavlovsky Posad|Holy Vasily]], Roushie Orthodox saunt ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== *{{RussiaAdmMunRef|mos|adm|law}} *{{RussiaAdmMunRef|mos|adm|list}} *{{RussiaAdmMunRef|mos|mun|list|pavlovo-posadsky}} {{Moscow Oblast}} [[Category:Destricts o Moscow Oblast]] __NOTOC__ 2pk5a16wkru2yr5jhnxdcw1p4fmsjo2 0 45643 927407 926725 2026-11-09T17:41:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox deity | type = Greek | name = Zeus | god_of = {{unbulleted list|King o the gods|God o the sky, lichtnin, thunner, law an order}} | member_of = the Twal Olympians | image = Zeus Otricoli Pio-Clementino Inv257.jpg | caption = The Zeus of Otricoli, a late Hellenistic or early [[Roman Empire|Imperial]] bust efter a Greek statue o the 4t century BC<ref>''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'', s.v. Zeus, p. 342.</ref> | abode = [[Mount Olympus]] | planet = [[Jupiter]] | symbol = Thunnerbolt, eagle | parents = [[Cronus]] an Rhea | siblings = Hestia, [[Hades]], [[Hera]], [[Poseidon]] an [[Demeter]] | consort = [[Hera]] | children = See [[#Hera an Zeus's ither pairtners|ablow]] | Roman_equivalent = Jupiter }} '''Zeus''' ({{lang|grc|Ζεύς}}) is the heid deity o the Greek pantheon. He is a sky an thunner god in auncient Greek religion an [[Greek meethologie|mythology]], an he rules as king o the gods on [[Mount Olympus]]. In maist traditions, Zeus is the youngest bairn o [[Cronus]] an Rhea. Him an his brithers, [[Poseidon]] an [[Hades]], owercam an pit doun their faither's generation o gods, the [[Titan (meethologie)|Titans]],<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D1 ''Apollod.'' 1.2.1]</ref> an claimed rule ower the cosmos thegither. Zeus got the sky, Poseidon the sea, an Hades the unnerwarld, wi the solid yird, that wis lang the domain o [[Gaia (meethologie)|Gaia]], open tae aw three at ance. Zeus is mairit on his sister [[Hera]], an he is uisually said tae be the faither o her bairns [[Ares]], Eileithyia, [[Hebe (meethologie)|Hebe]] an [[Hephaestus]].<ref name="Hamilton1942">{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Edith|title=Mythology |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company|Back Bay Books]] |location=New York |date=1942 |edition=1998 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mythologytimeles00hami_1/page/467 467] |isbn=978-0-316-34114-1 |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/mythologytimeles00hami_1/page/467}}</ref><ref name=":h79">Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> At the oracle o Dodona, his consort wis said tae be Dione,<ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/zeus-e12216820 s.v. Zeus].</ref> an the ''[[Iliad]]'' says that he wis faither tae [[Aphrodite]] bi her.{{refn|name="aphrodite"|Thare are twa main stories o Aphrodite's beginnins that dinnae agree: [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' says she wis born frae the faem o the sea efter Cronos castratit Uranus, sae she is Uranus's dochter, while Homer's ''[[Iliad]]'' maks Aphrodite the dochter o Zeus an Dione.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad|Il.]]'', Book V.</ref> A spikker in [[Plato]]'s ''Symposium'' pits it that they were twa separate feegurs: [[Aphrodite#Aphrodite Ourania and Aphrodite Pandemos|Aphrodite Ourania an Aphrodite Pandemos]].<ref>[[Plato]], ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' 180e.</ref>}} Accordin tae the ''[[Theogony]]'', Zeus's first wife wis Metis, an she bore him [[Athena]].<ref name=":hsdm">[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:886-900 886{{ndash}}900].</ref> Zeus wis notorious an aw for his luve affairs. Thir gied him monie bairns, gods an heroes baith, amang them Apollo, Artemis, Hermes, [[Persephone]], [[Dionysus]], [[Perseus]], [[Heracles]], [[Helen o Troy|Helen o Troy]], Minos an the [[Muse]]s.<ref name="Hamilton1942"/> He wis respectit as a sky faither that wis heid o the gods<ref>[[Homeric Hymns]].</ref> an gied the ither gods their roles:<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]''.</ref> "Even the gods who are not his natural children address him as Father, and all the gods rise in his presence."<ref>[[Walter Burkert|Burkert]], ''Greek Religion''.</ref><ref>See, e.g., [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad|Il.]]'', I.503 & 533.</ref> He wis equatit wi monie foreign wather gods, sae that Pausanias coud say "That Zeus is king in heaven is a saying common to all men".<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.24.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 2.24.4].</ref> Amang his symbols are the thunnerbolt an the [[Eagle|eagle]].<ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', s.v. Zeus.</ref> Forby his Indo-European heritage, the classical "cloud-gaitherer" ([[Greek leid|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Νεφεληγερέτα}}, ''Nephelēgereta'')<ref>{{LSJ|nefelhgere/ta^|Νεφεληγερέτα|ref}}.</ref> taks some o his iconography frae the cultures o the auncient Near East an aw, sic as the sceptre. In auncient Rome, Zeus wis identified wi the god Jupiter. == Nem == The god's nem in the nominative is {{lang|grc|Ζεύς}} (''Zeús''). It is inflectit lik this: vocative: {{lang|grc|Ζεῦ}} (''{{Lang|grc-Latn|Zeû}}''); accusative: {{lang|grc|Δία}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|Día}}); genitive: {{lang|grc|Διός}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|Diós}}); dative: {{lang|grc|Διί}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|Dií}}). Diogenes Laërtius quotes Pherecydes of Syros as spellin the nem {{lang|grc|Ζάς}}.<ref name="DioL1.11">{{cite book |title=Lives of Eminent Philosophers |first=Diogenes |last=Laërtius |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D11 |chapter=1.11 |editor1-first=R. D. |editor1-last=Hicks |date=1972 |orig-date=1925}} {{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0257%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D11 |title=Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers |chapter=1.11 |language=el}}</ref> The earliest attestit forms o the nem are the Mycenaean Greek {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀇𐀸}}}}, ''di-we'' (dative) an {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀇𐀺}}}}, ''di-wo'' (genitive), written in the Linear B syllabic script.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Linear B word di-we |url=http://www.palaeolexicon.com/ShowWord.aspx?Id=16703}} {{cite web |title=The Linear B word di-wo |url=http://www.palaeolexicon.com/ShowWord.aspx?Id=16635 |website=Palaeolexicon: Word study tool of Ancient languages}}</ref> ''Zeus'' is the Greek continuation o ''*Dyēus'', the nem o the Proto-Indo-European god o the daytime sky, that wis cried {{lang|ine-x-proto|Dyeus ph₂tēr}} ("Sky Faither") an aw.<ref name="Zeus">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Zeus |title=American Heritage Dictionary |chapter=Zeus |access-date=3 July 2006}}</ref><ref>[[Robert S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', [[Brill Publishers]], 2009, p. 499.</ref> The god is kent unner this nem in the ''Rigveda'' (Vedic Sanskrit ''Dyaus/Dyaus Pita'') an in [[Laitin|Latin]] (compare ''Jupiter'', frae ''Iuppiter'', that comes frae the Proto-Indo-European vocative {{lang|ine-x-proto|dyeu-ph₂tēr}}),<ref>{{OEtymD|Jupiter}}</ref> an it comes frae the ruit *''dyeu''- ("tae shine", an in its monie derivatives, "sky, heiven, god").<ref name="Zeus"/> [[Albainien leid|Albanian]] {{lang|sq|Zoj-z}} an Messapic {{lang|cms|Zis}} are clear equivalents an cognates o ''Zeus''. In the Greek, Albanian an Messapic forms, the original cluster ''*di̯'' gaed throu affrication tae ''*dz''.<ref name="Hyllested&Joseph">{{cite book |last1=Hyllested |first1=Adam |last2=Joseph |first2=Brian D. |editor1-last=Olander |editor1-first=Thomas |title=The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective |date=2022 |doi=10.1017/9781108758666 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781108758666 |chapter=Albanian |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzKAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |page=232 |s2cid=161016819 |url=https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/143059 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126131443/https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/143059 |archive-date=2025-11-26 |access-date=2026-09-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Søborg |first=Tobias Mosbæk |title=Sigmatic Verbal Formations in Anatolian and Indo-European: A Cladistic Study |publisher=[[University of Copenhagen]], Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics |date=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzBdzgEACAAJ |page=74}}.</ref> Zeus is the anerly deity in the Olympic pantheon whase nem haes sic a clear Indo-European etymology.<ref>{{cite book |last=Burkert |title=Greek Religion |date=1985 |page=[https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/321 321] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=0-674-36280-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/321}}</ref> [[Plato]], in his ''Cratylus'', gies a folk etymology o Zeus meanin "cause of life always to all things", acause o puns atween ither titles o Zeus (''Zen'' an ''Dia'') an the Greek wirds for life an for "because of".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ceOQKf0ZvFMC "Plato's ''Cratylus''{{-"}}] by Plato, ed. by David Sedley, Cambridge University Press, 6 November 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ceOQKf0ZvFMC&dq=Plato's%20Cratylus&pg=PA91 p. 91]</ref> This etymology, alang wi Plato's hale method o finnin etymologies, isnae backit bi modren scholarship.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/makersofhellascr00geej/mode/2up|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makersofhellascr00geej/mode/2up/page/n303/mode/2up?view=theater 554–555]|title=The Makers of Hellas|publisher=C. Griffin, Limited |last1=Jevons |first1=Frank Byron|year=1903}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1xn5Bb-CacC|title=Limiting the Arbitrary|isbn=1556197497|last1=Joseph|first1=John Earl|year=2000|publisher=John Benjamins }}</ref> [[Diodorus Siculus]] wrote that Zeus wis cried Zen an aw, acause fowk believed he wis the cause o life (zen).<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.72|title=Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, Books I-V, book 5, chapter 72|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> Lactantius, on the ither haund, wrote that he wis cried Zeus an Zen no acause he is the giver o life, but acause he wis the first o the bairns o [[Cronus]] tae live.<ref>[[Lactantius]], ''Divine Institutes'' [https://topostext.org/work/543#1.11.1 1.11.1].</ref> Zeus wis cried bi monie ither names or surnames, kent as epithets. Some epithets are the names o local gods that hae come doun tae us, gods that were gaithered intae the myth o Zeus.<ref name=Hewitt1908>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/310320 |first=Joseph William |last=Hewitt |journal=Harvard Studies in Classical Philology |volume=19 |year=1908 |pages=61–120 |title=The Propitiation of Zeus |doi=10.2307/310320 |jstor=310320 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Mythology == === Birth === In [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' ({{circa|730}} – 700 BC), [[Cronus]], efter he castrates his faither Uranus,<ref>See Gantz, pp. 10&ndash;11; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:139-172 159&ndash;83].</ref> becomes the heid ruler o the cosmos an weds his sister Rhea. Wi her he faithers three dochters an three sons: Hestia, [[Demeter]], [[Hera]], [[Hades]], [[Poseidon]], an last o aw "wise" Zeus, the youngest o the sax.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA67 p. 67]; Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/66/mode/2up?view=theater p. 67]; Tripp, [https://archive.org/details/crowellshandbook00trip/page/604/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Zeus, p. 605]; Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/8/mode/2up?view=theater p. 9, table 12]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 453&ndash;8]. So too [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.5 1.1.5]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#68.1 68.1].</ref> He swallaes ilka bairn as suin as it is born, for his parents, [[Gaia (meethologie)|Gaia]] an Uranus, hae foretauld that ane o his ain bairns will owerthraw him ae day, as he owerthrew his faither.<ref>Gantz, p. 41; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA67 p. 67&ndash;8]; Grimal, [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/466/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Zeus, p. 467]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 459&ndash;67]. Compare with [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.5 1.1.5], who gives a similar account, and [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.1 70.1&ndash;2], who does not mention Cronus's parents, but rather says that it was an oracle who gave the prophecy.</ref> This gies Rhea "unceasing grief",<ref>Cf. [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.6 1.1.6], who says that Rhea was "enraged".</ref> an whan she is cairyin her saxt bairn, Zeus, she gangs tae her parents, Gaia an Uranus, for a plan tae save her bairn an bring retribution on Cronus.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 41; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=zeus-bio-1 s.v. Zeus]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 468&ndash;73].</ref> As her parents tell her, she gangs tae Lyctus in [[Crete]], whaur she gies birth tae Zeus,<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA74 p. 74]; Gantz, p. 41; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 474&ndash;9].</ref> an she hauns the new-born bairn ower tae Gaia tae bring up. Gaia taks him tae a cave on Mount Aegaeon (Aegeum).<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA74 p. 74]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 479&ndash;84]. According to Hard 2004, the "otherwise unknown" Mount Aegaeon can "presumably ... be identified with one of the various mountains near Lyktos".</ref> Rhea syne gies Cronus, in place o a bairn, a stane happit in swaddlin claes, an he swallaes it at ance, no kennin that it isnae his son.<ref>Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/66/mode/2up?view=theater p. 67]; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=zeus-bio-1 s.v. Zeus]; Gantz, p. 41; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 485&ndash;91]. For iconographic representations of this scene, see [[Louvre]] [https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010270223 G 366]; Clark, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2gtmbI-v35sC&pg=PA20 p. 20, figure 2.1] and [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/247308 06.1021.144]; ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-74814fdcbeca1-e 15641]; [[Beazley Archive]] [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/D550FF52-B336-4E6F-80BF-822C069CCE23 214648]. According to [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.41.6 9.41.6], this event occurs at Petrachus, a "crag" nearby to [[Chaeronea]] (see West 1966, p. 301 on line 485).</ref> Tho Hesiod gies Lyctus as Zeus's birthplace, he is the anerly soorce tae say sae,<ref>West 1966, p. 291 on lines 453–506; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75].</ref> an ither writers gie ither places. The poet Eumelos of Corinth (8t century BC), accordin tae John the Lydian, thocht Zeus wis born in Lydia,<ref>Fowler 2013, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 35], [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 50]; [[Eumelus of Corinth|Eumelus]] [https://archive.org/details/L497GreekEpicFragmentsVIIVcBC/page/n235/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 2 West, pp. 224, 225] [= [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA109 fr. 10 Fowler, p. 109] = ''PEG'' fr. 18 (Bernabé, p. 114) = [[John the Lydian|Lydus]], ''De Mensibus'' 4.71]. According to West 2003, [https://archive.org/details/L497GreekEpicFragmentsVIIVcBC/page/n235/mode/2up?view=theater p. 225 n. 3], in this version he was born "probably on [[Mount Sipylos|Mt. Sipylos]]".</ref> while the Alexandrian poet Callimachus ({{circa|310|240 BC}}), in his ''Hymn to Zeus'', says he wis born in Arcadia.<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA391 p. 391]; Grimal, [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/466/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Zeus, p. 467]; [[Callimachus]], ''Hymn to Zeus'' (1) [https://archive.org/details/callimachuslycop00calluoft/page/36/mode/2up?view=theater 4&ndash;11 (pp. 36&ndash;9)].</ref> [[Diodorus Siculus]] (fl. 1st century BC) seems at ae pynt tae gie Mount Ida as his birthplace, but efter says he wis born in Dicte,<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA391 p. 391]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.2 70.2], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.6 70.6].</ref> an the mythographer Apollodorus (first or seicont century AD) says the same, that he wis born in a cave in Dicte.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.6 1.1.6].</ref> In the seicont century AD, Pausanias wrote that it wad be impossible tae coont aw the fowk that claimed Zeus wis born or brocht up amang them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pausanias, Description of Greece, Messenia, chapter 33, section 1 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.33.1 |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> === Infancy === [[File:Idäische Grotte 01.JPG|thumb|The "Cave of Zeus" on Mount Ida, Crete]] The ''Theogony'' says naething o Zeus's upbringin but that he grew up fast,<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 41; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 492&ndash;3]: "the strength and glorious limbs of the prince increased quickly".</ref> but ither soorces gie fuller accoonts. Accordin tae Apollodorus, Rhea, efter giein birth tae Zeus in a cave in Dicte, gies him tae the nymphs Adrasteia an Ida, dochters o Melisseus, tae nurse.<ref>West 1983, p. 122; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.6 1.1.6].</ref> They feed him on the milk o the she-goat Amalthea,<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA612 p. 612 n. 53 to p. 75]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.7 1.1.7].</ref> while the Kouretes gaird the cave an beat their spears on their shields sae that [[Cronus]] cannae hear the bairn greetin.<ref>Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/216/mode/2up?view=theater p. 216]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.7 1.1.7].</ref> Diodorus Siculus gies a lik accoont: efter the birth, Rhea gangs tae Mount Ida an gies the new-born Zeus tae the Kouretes,<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.2 7.70.2]; see also [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#65.4 7.65.4].</ref> that tak him tae some nymphs (no named), an they bring him up on a mixter o hinny an milk frae the goat Amalthea.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.2 7.70.2&ndash;3].</ref> He tells an aw o the Kouretes "rais[ing] a great alarum", an sae begowkin Cronus,<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#65.4 7.65.4].</ref> an that whan the Kouretes were cairyin the new-born Zeus, his umbilical cord fell awa at the river Triton.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.4 7.70.4].</ref> Hyginus, the author o the ''Fabulae'', tells a version whaur Cronus casts Poseidon intae the sea an Hades tae the Unnerwarld insteid o swallaein them. Whan Zeus is born, Hera, that wisnae swallaed either, asks Rhea tae gie her the young Zeus, an Rhea gies Cronus a stane tae swallae.<ref>Gantz, p. 42; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#139 139].</ref> Hera gies him tae Amalthea, that hings his cradle frae a tree, whaur he isnae in heiven, on the yird or in the sea, sae that whan Cronus gangs luikin for Zeus efterhaund, he cannae fin him.<ref>Gantz, p. 42; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#139 139].</ref> Hyginus says an aw that Ida, Althaea an Adrasteia, that are uisually taen tae be the bairns o Oceanus, are whiles cried the dochters o Melisseus an the nurses o Zeus.<ref>Smith and Trzaskoma, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA191 p. 191 on line 182]; West 1983, p. 133 n. 40; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 182 (Smith and Trzaskoma, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA158 p. 158]).</ref> Accordin tae a fragment o Epimenides, the nymphs Helice an Cynosura are the young Zeus's nurses. Cronus gangs tae Crete tae luik for Zeus, an Zeus, tae hide himsel, turns himsel intae a snake an his twa nurses intae bears.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75&ndash;6]; Gantz, p. 42; [[Epimenides]] [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/192/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 23 Diels, p. 193] [= Scholia on [[Aratus]], 46]. Zeus later marks the event by placing the constellations of the Dragon, the Greater Bear and the Lesser Bear in the sky.</ref> Accordin tae Musaeus, efter Zeus is born, Rhea gies him tae [[Themis]]. Themis in turn gies him tae Amalthea, that awns a she-goat, an the goat nurses the young Zeus.<ref>Gantz, p. 41; Gee, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NPsh5CsJprYC&pg=PA131 p. 131&ndash;2]; Frazer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=n6uUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 p. 120]; [[Musaeus of Athens|Musaeus]] [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/180/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 8 Diels, pp. 181&ndash;2] [= [[Eratosthenes]], ''[[Catasterismi]]'' 13 (Hard 2015, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7IMSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 p. 44]; Olivieri, [https://archive.org/details/mythographigrae00olivgoog/page/n39/mode/2up?view=theater p. 17])]; [[Musaeus of Athens|Musaeus]] ''apud'' [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[De astronomia]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.13.6 2.13.6]. According to Eratosthenes, Musaeus considers the she-goat to be a child of [[Helios]], and to be "so terrifying to behold" that the [[Titans]] ask for it to be hidden in one of the caves in Crete; hence Earth places it in the care of Amalthea, who nurses Zeus on its milk.</ref> Antoninus Liberalis, in his ''Metamorphoses'', says that Rhea gies birth tae Zeus in a halie cave in Crete, fou o halie bees, that become the bairn's nurses. Tho the cave is forbidden grund tae mortals an gods alike, a gang o thieves sets oot tae steal hinny frae it. Whan they see Zeus's swaddlin claes, their bronze armour "split[s] away from their bodies", an Zeus wad hae killed them gin the Moirai an [[Themis]] hadnae stepped in; insteid he turns them intae different kinds o birds.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75]; [[Antoninus Liberalis]], [https://topostext.org/work/216#19 19].</ref> === Comin tae pouer === [[File:Fresco_of_the_enthroned_Zeus,_crowned_by_Victory.jpg|thumb|A fresco o Zeus/Jupiter on his throne, Pompeii, Hoose o the Dioscuri, 62–79 CE]] Accordin tae the ''Theogony'', efter Zeus comes tae manhood, Cronus is gart bock up the five bairns an the stane "by the stratagems of Gaia, but also by the skills and strength of Zeus", likly in the opposite order, the stane first, syne ilk o the five bairns in the opposite order tae the wey he swallaed them.<ref>Gantz, p. 44; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 492&ndash;7].</ref> Zeus syne sets up the stane at Delphi, sae that it can be "a sign thenceforth and a marvel to mortal men".<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 498&ndash;500].</ref> Neist Zeus sets free the [[Cyclops|Cyclopes]], that gie him his thunnerbolt in return, oot o thankfuness; Gaia haed hidden it afore.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 44; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 501&ndash;6]. The Cyclopes presumably remained trapped below the earth since being put there by [[Uranus]] (Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]).</ref> Syne the Titanomachy begins, the war atween the Olympians, led bi Zeus, an the Titans, led bi Cronus, for rule ower the universe, wi Zeus an the Olympians fechtin frae [[Mount Olympus]] an the Titans frae Mount Othrys.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 45; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 630&ndash;4].</ref> The battle gangs on for ten year wi nae clear winner, till, on Gaia's advice, Zeus sets free the Hundred-Handers, that were jiled ablow the yird, lik the Cyclopes.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 624&ndash;9], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 635&ndash;8]. As Gantz, p. 45 notes, the ''Theogony'' is ambiguous as to whether the Hundred-Handers were freed before the war or only during its tenth year.</ref> He gies them nectar an ambrosia an heartens them,<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 639&ndash;53].</ref> an they gree tae help him in the war.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:654-686 654&ndash;63].</ref> Zeus syne maks his last attack on the Titans, hurlin bolts o lichtnin on them while the Hundred-Handers attack wi showers o rocks, an at lang last the Titans are defeatit. Zeus banishes them tae Tartarus an gies the Hundred-Handers the job o guairdin them.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:687-728 687&ndash;735].</ref> Apollodorus gies a lik accoont: whan Zeus comes tae manhood, he gets the help o the Oceanid Metis, that gies Cronus an emetic an gars him bock up the stane an Zeus's five brithers an sisters.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA69 p. 69]; Gantz, p. 44; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.1 1.2.1].</ref> Zeus syne fechts a lik war o ten year against the Titans, till, as Gaia foretells, he sets free the Cyclopes an the Hundred-Handers frae Tartarus, efter first killin their jiler, Campe.<ref name="p. 69">Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA69 p. 69]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.1 1.2.1].</ref> The Cyclopes gie him his thunnerbolt, Poseidon his trident an Hades his helmet o invisibility, an the Titans are defeatit an the Hundred-Handers makkit their guairds.<ref name="p. 69"/> Accordin tae the ''[[Iliad]]'', efter the battle wi the Titans, Zeus shares the warld wi his brithers, Poseidon an Hades, bi drawin lots: Zeus gets the sky, Poseidon the sea an Hades the unnerwarld, an the yird an Olympus are left as common grund.<ref>Gantz, p. 48; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA76 p. 76]; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/zeus-e12216820 s.v. Zeus]; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:15.184-15.219 15.187&ndash;193]; so too [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.1 1.2.1]; cf. ''[[Homeric Hymn]] to Demeter'' (2), [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:2 85&ndash;6].</ref> === Hera an Zeus's ither pairtners === [[File:Wall painting - wedding of Zeus and Hera - Pompeii (VI 8 3) - Napoli MAN 9559 - 01.jpg|thumb|The waddin o Zeus an Hera on an auncient fresco frae Pompeii]] Accordin tae Hesiod, Zeus taks Metis, ane o the [[Oceanid]] dochters o Oceanus an Tethys, as his first wife. But whan she is gaun tae gie birth tae a dochter, [[Athena]], he swallaes her hale on the advice o Gaia an Uranus, for it haed been foretauld that efter bearin a dochter she wad bear a son that wad owerthraw him as king o gods an mortals; it is frae inside him that Metis gies Zeus her coonsel. In time Athena is born, comin oot o Zeus's heid, but the foretauld son never comes.<ref>Gantz, p. 51; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA77 p. 77]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:886-900 886&ndash;900]. Yasumura, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7cXUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 p. 90] points out that the identity of the foretold son's father is not made clear by Hesiod, and suggests, drawing upon a version given by a scholiast on the ''Iliad'' (see below), that a possible interpretation would be that the Cyclops Brontes was the father.</ref> In Hesiod's accoont, Zeus's seicont wife is [[Themis]], ane o the Titan dochters o Uranus an Gaia, an wi her he haes the Horae, named as Eunomia, Dike an Eirene, an the three Moirai: Clotho, Lachesis an Atropos.<ref>Gantz, p. 51; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 901&ndash;6]. Earlier, at [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:207-239 217], Hesiod instead calls the Moirai daughters of Nyx.</ref> Neist he ligs wi the Oceanid Eurynome, an becomes faither o the three Charites: Aglaea, Euphrosyne an Thalia.<ref>Gantz, p. 54; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 907&ndash;11].</ref> Syne Zeus pairtners his sister [[Demeter]], an [[Persephone]] is born.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/68/mode/2up?view=theater p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 912&ndash;4].</ref> His neist union is wi the Titan [[Mnemosyne]]: as the stairt o the ''Theogony'' tells, Zeus ligs wi Mnemosyne in Piera ilka nicht for nine nichts, an the nine Muses are born.<ref>Gantz, p. 54; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:53-62 53&ndash;62], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 915&ndash;7].</ref> His neist pairtner is the Titan [[Leto]], an wi her he faithers the twins Apollo an Artemis, that are born on the island o Delos, accordin tae the ''Homeric Hymn to Apollo''.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 918&ndash;20]; ''[[Homeric Hymn]] to [[Apollo]]'' (3), [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:89-130 89&ndash;123]. The account given by the ''Homeric Hymn to Apollo'' differs from Hesiod's version in that Zeus and Hera are already married when Apollo and Artemis are born (Pirenne-Delforge and Pironti, p. 18).</ref> In Hesiod's accoont, it is anerly than that Zeus taks his sister [[Hera]] as his wife.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 921].</ref> Tho Hera is Zeus's last wife in Hesiod's version, in ither accoonts she is his first an anerly wife.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78].</ref> In the ''Theogony'' the pair hae three bairns, [[Ares]], [[Hebe (meethologie)|Hebe]] an Eileithyia.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 921&ndash;3]; so too [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.1 1.3.1]. In the ''Iliad'', [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]] is called the sister of Ares ([http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.401-4.445 4.440&ndash;1]), and Parada, s.v. Eris, p. 72 places her as a daughter of Zeus and Hera.</ref> Hesiod says that Hera brings furth [[Hephaestus]] on her ain efter Athena is born frae Zeus's heid,<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79]; Gantz, p. 74; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 924&ndash;9]; so too [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.5 1.3.5].</ref> but ither versions, Homer's amang them, mak Hephaestus a bairn o Zeus an Hera an aw.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79]; Gantz, p. 74; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.568 1.577&ndash;9], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.270-14.311 14.293&ndash;6], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.312-14.351 14.338], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.295-8.342 8.312]; Scholia bT on [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', 14.296; see also [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.5 1.3.5].</ref> ==== Pairtners an bairns ==== Zeus's pairtners in Hesiod's ''Theogony'', in order, an their bairns bi him, as abuin: * Metis: [[Athena]] * [[Themis]]: the Horae an the Moirai * Eurynome: the Charites * [[Demeter]]: [[Persephone]] * [[Mnemosyne]]: the nine [[Muse]]s * [[Leto]]: Apollo an Artemis * [[Hera]]: [[Ares]], [[Hebe (meethologie)|Hebe]] an Eileithyia Some o his ither bairns, wi their mithers: * Dione: [[Aphrodite]]<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D5%3Acard%3D363 5.370]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.1 1.3.1]</ref> * Maia: Hermes<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA80 p. 80]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:938-962 938].</ref> * [[Semele]]: [[Dionysus]]<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA80 p. 80]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:938-962 940].</ref> * [[Danaë]]: [[Perseus]]<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.312-14.351 14.319&ndash;20]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=perseus-bio-1 s.v. Perseus (1)].</ref> * [[Alcmene]]: [[Heracles]]<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA244 p.244]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:938-962 943].</ref> * Leda: [[Helen o Troy|Helen]]<ref>Gantz, pp. 318&ndash;9. Helen is called the daughter of Zeus in [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.191-3.224 3.199], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.381-3.420 3.418], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.421 3.426], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:4.183-4.218 4.184], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:4.219-4.264 4.219], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:23.181-23.230 23.218], and she has the same mother (Leda) as Castor and Pollux in ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.225-3.263 3.236&ndash;8].</ref> * Europa: Minos an [[Rhadamanthus]]<ref>Gantz, p. 210; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/minos-e805850 s.v. Minos]; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.312-14.351 14.32&ndash;33]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.173.xml fr. 89 Most, pp. 172&ndash;5] [= fr. 140 Merkelbach-West, p. 68].</ref> === Prometheus an Zeus's quarrels wi humans === Whan the gods met at Mecone tae settle whit portions they wad get efter a sacrifice, the Titan [[Prometheus]] set oot tae swick Zeus sae that [[Bodie|humans]] wad get the better portions. He sacrificed a muckle [[Owse|ox]] an pairtit it intae twa heaps. In ae heap he pit aw the meat an maist o the fat, an happit it wi the ox's ugsome stamack; in the ither heap he buskit up the banes wi fat. Prometheus syne bade Zeus choose, an Zeus chose the heap o banes. This set the pattren for sacrifices: humans keep the fat for theirsels an burn the banes for the gods. Zeus, raged at Prometheus's swickery, forbade humans the uise o fire. But Prometheus stole fire frae Olympus in a fennel stalk an gied it tae humans. This raged Zeus mair, an he punished Prometheus bi bindin him tae a craig, whaur an eagle ate at his liver aw the time, an the liver grew back ilka nicht. Prometheus wis set free frae his misery at lang last bi [[Heracles]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:507-544 507-565]</ref> Syne Zeus, angert at humans, sets oot tae gie mankind a gift tae punish them for the boon they haed got. He bids [[Hephaestus]] mak the first wumman oot o yird, a "beautiful evil" whase bairns' bairns wad torment the human race. Efter Hephaestus dis this, a wheen ither gods help tae mak her. Hermes names the wumman Pandora. Pandora wis gien in mairriage tae Prometheus's brither [[Epimetheus (meethologie)|Epimetheus]]. Zeus gied her a jar that held monie ills. Pandora appent the jar an let oot aw the ills, that makkit mankind miserable. Anerly hope wis left inside the jar.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Works and Days]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg002.perseus-eng1:59-82 60&ndash;105].</ref> Whan Zeus wis on the tap o Mount Olympus, he wis scunnert at human sacrifice an ither signs o the ill-daein o humans. He set oot tae wipe oot mankind, an flooded the warld wi the help o his brither [[Poseidon]]. Efter the flood, anerly Deucalion an Pyrrha were left.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/141#1.216 1.216&ndash;1.348]</ref> This flood story is a common motif in mythology.<ref>{{cite book|last=Leeming|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQFtlva3HaYC&pg=PA138|title=Flood {{pipe}} The Oxford Companion to World Mythology|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780195156690|pages=138|access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref> == Roles an epithets == [[File:Bust of Zeus.jpg|thumb|A Roman marble colossal heid o Zeus, 2nd century AD (British Museum)<ref>The bust below the base of the neck is eighteenth century. The head, which is roughly worked at back and must have occupied a [[Niche (architecture)|niche]], was found at [[Hadrian's Villa]], [[Tivoli, Italy|Tivoli]] and donated to the British Museum by [[John Thomas Barber Beaumont]] in 1836. BM 1516. (British Museum, ''A Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities'', 1904).</ref>]] Zeus haed a dominant role, presidin ower the [[Auncient Greece|Greek]] Olympian pantheon. He wis faither tae monie o the heroes an wis pairt o monie o their local cults. Tho the Homeric "cloud collector" wis the god o the sky an thunner lik his coonterpairts in the Near East, he wis the supreme cultural artefact an aw; in some weys he wis the embodiment o Greek [[Releegion|religious]] beliefs an the archetypal Greek deity. The wey fowk thocht o Zeus differed widely frae place tae place. Local kinds o Zeus aften hae little in common wi ilk ither but the nem. They held sway ower different airts o life an were wirshipped in different weys; for example, some local cults thocht o Zeus as a chthonic yird-god raither than a god o the sky. Thir local gods were gaithered bit bi bit, throu conquest an religious syncretism, intae the Homeric conception o Zeus. Local or unco versions o Zeus were gien epithets {{mdash}} surnames or titles that set different conceptions o the god apairt.<ref name=Hewitt1908/> Thir epithets or titles gied wecht tae different sides o his wide-rangin authority: *'''Zeus Aegiduchos''' or '''Aegiochos''': uisually taen as Zeus the bearer o the Aegis, the godly shield wi the heid o [[Medusa]] on it,<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D172 1.202], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D2%3Acard%3D155 2.157], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D2%3Acard%3D369 2.375]; [[Pindar]], ''Isthmian Odes'' [https://topostext.org/work/21#4.50 4.99]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[De astronomia]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.13.7 2.13.7].</ref> tho ithers derive it frae "goat" ({{lang|grc|αἴξ}}) an ''okhē'' ({{lang|grc|οχή}}), meanin Zeus's nurse, the godly goat Amalthea.<ref>Spanh. ''ad Callim. hymn. in Jov'', 49</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Schmitz | first = Leonhard | contribution = Aegiduchos | editor-last = Smith | editor-first = William | title = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology | volume = I | page = 26 | place = Boston | year = 1867 | contribution-url = http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0035.html | title-link = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology | access-date = 19 October 2007 | archive-date = 11 February 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211114659/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0035.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> *'''Zeus Agoraeus''' (Ἀγοραῖος): Zeus as patron o the mercat (agora) an punisher o crookit traders. *'''Zeus Areius''' (Αρειος): aither "warlike" or "the atoning one". *'''Zeus Eleutherios''' (Ἐλευθέριος): "Zeus the freedom giver", a cult wirshipped in Athens.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hanson|first=Victor Davis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C|title=Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power|date=18 December 2007|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-42518-8|language=en}}</ref> *'''Zeus Horkios''': Zeus as keeper o aiths. Leears that were fund oot were gart dedicate a votive statue tae Zeus, aften at the sanctuary at Olympia. *'''Zeus Olympios''' (Ολύμπιος): Zeus as king o the gods an patron o the Panhellenic Games at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]]. *'''Zeus Panhellenios''' ("Zeus of All the Greeks"): wirshipped at the temple o Aeacus on Aegina. *'''Zeus Xenios''' (Ξένιος), '''Philoxenon''' or '''Hospites''': Zeus as the patron o hospitality (''xenia'') an guests, avenger o wrangs done tae strangers. [[File:Jupiter Smyrna Louvre Ma13.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|Zeus haudin a thunnerbolt: the Zeus de Smyrne, fund in Smyrna in 1680<ref>The sculpture was presented to [[Louis XIV]] as [[Aesculapius]] but restored as Zeus, ca. 1686, by [[Pierre Granier]], who added the upraised right arm brandishing the [[thunderbolt]]. Marble, middle 2nd century CE. Formerly in the "Allée Royale", (Tapis Vert) in the [[Gardens of Versailles]], now conserved in the [[Louvre Museum]] ([http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=27483 Official online catalog])</ref>]] == Wirship == [[File:Marble eagle with open wings, from the sanctuary of Zeus Hypsistos, Archaeological Museum, Dion (7080054119).jpg|thumb|upright|A marble eagle frae the sanctuary o ''Zeus Hypsistos'', Archaeological Museum of Dion]] The main centre whaur aw the Greeks cam thegither tae honour their heid god wis [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]]. Their festival ilka fower year haed the famous Games. Thare wis an altar tae Zeus an aw, makkit no o stane but o ase, frae the remains o the beasts sacrificed thare ower monie centuries. Ootwith the main sanctuaries shared atween ceety-states, thare wis nae wey o wirshippin Zeus that wis shared exactly ower the Greek warld. Some kinds o ritual were held in common but, for example sacrificin a white beast on a raised altar. Maist oracle sites were dedicatit tae Apollo, the heroes, or goddesses lik [[Themis]], but a few were dedicatit tae Zeus. Some foreign oracles an aw, sic as the oracle o Baʿal at [[Baalbek|Heliopolis]], were associatit wi Zeus in Greek or wi [[Jupiter]] in Latin. The cult o Zeus at Dodona in Epirus, whaur thare is evidence o religious activity frae the seicont millennium BC on, wis centred on a halie aik. Whan the ''[[Odyssey]]'' wis makkit (aboot 750 BC), divination wis done thare bi barefit priests cried ''Selloi'', that lay on the grund an watched the rustlin o the leaves an brainches.<ref>''Odyssey'' 14.326-7</ref> Bi the time [[Herodotus]] wrote aboot Dodona, priestesses cried peleiades ("doos") haed taen the place o the men priests. Zeus's consort at Dodona wisnae [[Hera]] but the goddess Dione, whase nem is a feminine form o "Zeus". The oracle o Ammon at the Siwa Oasis in the Wastren Desert o [[Egyp|Egypt]] lay ootwith the Greek warld afore [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s day, but it wis awready weel kent tae the Greeks in the archaic era: [[Herodotus]] mentions fowk consultin Zeus Ammon in his accoont o the Persian War. Zeus Ammon wis speicially favoured at [[Sparta]], whaur thare wis a temple tae him bi the time o the Peloponnesian War.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D18 3.18].</ref> == Ither gods == Zeus wis identified wi the Roman god Jupiter, an in the syncretic classical imagination (see {{lang|la|interpretatio graeca}}) he wis associatit wi ither gods, sic as the [[Egyptian meethologie|Egyptian]] Ammon an the Etruscan Tinia. Alang wi [[Dionysus]], he teuk ower the role o the heid Phrygian god Sabazios in the syncretic god kent in Rome as Sabazius. The Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes pit up a statue o Zeus Olympios in the Judean Temple in Jerusalem.<ref>2 Maccabees 6:2</ref> Hellenisin Jews cried this statue Baal Shamen (in Inglis, Lord of Heaven).<ref>David Syme Russel. ''Daniel''. (Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1981) 191.</ref> == References == {{reflist|30em}} === Soorces === {{Refbegin|30em}} * [[Antoninus Liberalis]], ''The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis: A Translation with a Commentary'', edited and translated by Francis Celoria, Routledge, 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-415-06896-3}}. [https://topostext.org/work/216 Online version at ToposText]. * [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. {{ISBN|0-674-99135-4}}. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * Bernabé, Alberto, ''[[Poetae epici Graeci]]: Testimonia et fragmenta, Pars I'', [[Bibliotheca Teubneriana]], Stuttgart and Leipzig, Teubner, 1996. {{ISBN|978-3-815-41706-5}}. [https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110936995 Online version at De Gruyter]. * ''Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity, Volume 15'', Tuc-Zyt, editors: Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, [[Brill Publishers|Brill]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-90-04-14220-6}}. [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/brill-s-new-pauly Online version at Brill]. * Caldwell, Richard, ''Hesiod's Theogony'', Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (1 June 1987). {{ISBN|978-0-941051-00-2}}. [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * [[Callimachus]], ''Callimachus and Lycophron, with an English Translation by A. W. Mair; Aratus, with an English Translation by G. R. Mair'', London: W. Heinemann, New York: G. P. Putnam, 1921. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL129/1921/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive]. * [[Hermann Alexander Diels|Diels, Hermann A.]], ''Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker'', Volume II, Berlin, Weidmann, 1912. [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''Diodorus Siculus: The Library of History''. translated by C. H. Oldfather, twelve volumes, [[Loeb Classical Library]], Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]]; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html Online version by Bill Thayer]. * [[Robert Fowler (academic)|Fowler, R. L.]] (2000), ''Early Greek Mythography: Volume 1: Text and Introduction'', Oxford University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0198147404}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC Google Books]. * [[Robert Fowler (academic)|Fowler, R. L.]] (2013), ''Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary'', Oxford University Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-198-14741-1}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ Google Books]. * [[James George Frazer|Frazer, James George]], ''Fastorum Libri Sex: The ''Fasti'' of Ovid. Volume 3: Commentary on Books 3 and 4'', Cambridge University Press, 2015. {{ISBN|978-1-108-08248-8}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=n6uUBgAAQBAJ Google Books]. * [[Timothy Gantz|Gantz, Timothy]], ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2). * Gee, Emma, ''Ovid, Aratus and Augustus: Astronomy in Ovid's ''Fasti, Cambridge University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-521-65187-5}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NPsh5CsJprYC Google Books]. * [[Pierre Grimal|Grimal, Pierre]], ''The Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-631-20102-1}}. [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * [[William Hansen (classicist)|Hansen, William]], ''Handbook of Classical Mythology'', [[ABC-Clio]], 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-576-07226-4}}. * Hard, Robin (2004), ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"'', Psychology Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-415-18636-0}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC Google Books]. * Hard, Robin (2015), ''Eratosthenes and Hyginus: Constellation Myths, With Aratus's Phaenomena'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2015. {{ISBN|978-0-19-871698-3}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7IMSBwAAQBAJ Google Books]. * [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'', in ''Hesiod: The Shield, Catalogue of Women, Other Fragments'', edited and translated by [[Glenn W. Most]], [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 503, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2007, 2018. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99721-9}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL503/2018/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''Hesiod, Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia'', edited and translated by [[Glenn W. Most]], [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 57, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2018. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99720-2}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL057/2018/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150823032802/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Hesiod]], ''[[Works and Days]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg002.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 2 ''to Demeter'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1-39 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 3 ''to Apollo'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:1-46 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Homer]], ''The Iliad with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, Ph.D. in Two Volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''[[De astronomia]]'', in ''The Myths of Hyginus'', edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. [https://topostext.org/work/207 Online version at ToposText]. * [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''[[Fabulae]]'', in ''The Myths of Hyginus'', edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. [https://topostext.org/work/206 Online version at ToposText]. * [[Lactantius]], ''Lactantius: [[Divine Institutes]]'', translated by Anthony Bowen and Peter Garnsey, Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, 2003. [https://archive.org/details/lactantiusdivine0000lact/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae]] (LIMC). VIII.1: Thespiades &ndash; Zodiacus'', Zürich and Munich, Artemis Verlag, 1997. {{ISBN|3760887511}}. [https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20VIII-1%20Thespiades-Zodiacus%20/mode/2up Internet Archive]. * March, Jenny, ''Cassell's Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', Casell & Co, 2001. {{ISBN|0-304-35788-X}}. [https://archive.org/details/casselldictionar00jenn/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * Merkelbach, R., and [[Martin Litchfield West|M. L. West]], ''Fragmenta Hesiodea'', [[Clarendon Press]] Oxford, 1967. {{ISBN|978-0-19-814171-6}}. * Olivieri, Alexander, ''Pseudo-Eratosthenis: Catasterismi'', [[Bibliotheca Teubneriana]], Leipzig, Teubner, 1897. [https://archive.org/details/mythographigrae00olivgoog/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', edited and translated by Brookes More, Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co., 1922. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. [https://topostext.org/work/141 Online version at ToposText]. * Parada, Carlos, ''Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology'', Jonsered, Paul Åströms Förlag, 1993. {{ISBN|978-91-7081-062-6}}. * [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Pindar]], ''Odes'', Diane Arnson Svarlien, 1990. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. [https://topostext.org/work/18 Online version at ToposText]. * Pirenne-Delforge, Vinciane, and Gabriella Pironti, ''The Hera of Zeus'', Cambridge University Press, 2022. {{ISBN|978-1-108-88847-9}}. * [[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]], ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', London (1873). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0104 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * Smith, Scott R., and Stephen M. Trzaskoma, ''Apollodorus' ''Library'' and Hyginus' ''Fabulae'': Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology'', Hackett Publishing, Indianapolis/Cambridge, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-87220-821-6}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC Google Books]. * [[Edward Tripp|Tripp, Edward]], ''Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology'', Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). {{ISBN|0-690-22608-X}}. [https://archive.org/details/crowellshandbook00trip/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1966), ''Hesiod: Theogony'', Oxford University Press, 1966. {{ISBN|0-19-814169-6}}. * [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1983), ''The Orphic Poems'', [[Clarendon Press]] Oxford, 1983. {{ISBN|978-0-19-814854-8}}. * [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (2003), ''Greek Epic Fragments: From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC'', [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 497, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99605-2}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL497/2003/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * Yasumura, Noriko, ''Challenges to the Power of Zeus in Early Greek Poetry'', Bloomsbury Academic, London, 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-472-51968-9}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mVoDAAAAQBAJ Google Books]. {{Refend}} {{commons|Zeus}} [[Category:Zeus| ]] [[Category:Deities in the Iliad]] [[Category:Greek gods]] [[Category:Greek meethologie]] [[Category:Twal Olympians]] [[Category:Meethological keengs]] [[Category:Savior gods]] [[Category:Sky an wather gods]] [[Category:Thunner gods]] [[Category:Juistice gods]] 7seu7o2y92yy0ujggg2mbnvrymnar00 927531 927407 2026-11-09T23:59:45Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin an grammar fixes, lang sentences split, format fixes 927531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox deity | type = Greek | name = Zeus | god_of = {{unbulleted list|King o the gods|God o the sky, lichtnin, thunner, law an order}} | member_of = the Twal Olympians | image = Zeus Otricoli Pio-Clementino Inv257.jpg | caption = The Zeus of Otricoli, a late Hellenistic or early [[Roman Empire|Imperial]] bust efter a Greek statue o the 4t century BC<ref>''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'', s.v. Zeus, p. 342.</ref> | abode = [[Mount Olympus]] | planet = [[Jupiter]] | symbol = Thunnerbolt, eagle | parents = [[Cronus]] an Rhea | siblings = Hestia, [[Hades]], [[Hera]], [[Poseidon]] an [[Demeter]] | consort = [[Hera]] | children = See [[#Hera an Zeus's ither pairtners|ablow]] | Roman_equivalent = Jupiter }} '''Zeus''' ({{lang|grc|Ζεύς}}) is the heid deity o the Greek pantheon. He is a sky an thunner god in auncient Greek religion an [[Greek meethologie|mythology]], an he rules as king o the gods on [[Mount Olympus]]. In maist traditions, Zeus is the youngest bairn o [[Cronus]] an Rhea. Him an his brithers, [[Poseidon]] an [[Hades]], owercam an pit doun their faither's generation o gods, the [[Titan (meethologie)|Titans]],<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D1 ''Apollod.'' 1.2.1]</ref> an claimed rule ower the cosmos thegither. Zeus got the sky, Poseidon the sea, an Hades the unnerwarld, wi the solid yird, that wis lang the domain o [[Gaia (meethologie)|Gaia]], open tae aw three at ance. Zeus is mairit on his sister [[Hera]], an he is uisually said tae be the faither o her bairns [[Ares]], Eileithyia, [[Hebe (meethologie)|Hebe]] an [[Hephaestus]].<ref name="Hamilton1942">{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Edith|title=Mythology |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company|Back Bay Books]] |location=New York |date=1942 |edition=1998 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mythologytimeles00hami_1/page/467 467] |isbn=978-0-316-34114-1 |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/mythologytimeles00hami_1/page/467}}</ref><ref name=":h79">Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> At the oracle o Dodona, his consort wis said tae be Dione,<ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/zeus-e12216820 s.v. Zeus].</ref> an the ''[[Iliad]]'' says that he wis faither tae [[Aphrodite]] bi her.{{refn|name="aphrodite"|Thare are twa main stories o Aphrodite's beginnins that dinnae agree: [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' says she wis born frae the faem o the sea efter Cronos castratit Uranus, sae she is Uranus's dochter, while Homer's ''[[Iliad]]'' maks Aphrodite the dochter o Zeus an Dione.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad|Il.]]'', Book V.</ref> A spikker in [[Plato]]'s ''Symposium'' pits it that they were twa separate feegurs: [[Aphrodite#Aphrodite Ourania and Aphrodite Pandemos|Aphrodite Ourania an Aphrodite Pandemos]].<ref>[[Plato]], ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' 180e.</ref>}} Accordin tae the ''[[Theogony]]'', Zeus's first wife wis Metis, an she bore him [[Athena]].<ref name=":hsdm">[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:886-900 886{{ndash}}900].</ref> Zeus wis notorious for his luve affairs an aw. Thir gied him monie bairns, gods an heroes baith, amang them Apollo, Artemis, Hermes, [[Persephone]], [[Dionysus]], [[Perseus]], [[Heracles]], [[Helen o Troy|Helen o Troy]], Minos an the [[Muse]]s.<ref name="Hamilton1942"/> He wis respectit as a sky faither that wis heid o the gods<ref>[[Homeric Hymns]].</ref> an gied the ither gods their roles.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]''.</ref> "Even the gods who are not his natural children address him as Father, and all the gods rise in his presence."<ref>[[Walter Burkert|Burkert]], ''Greek Religion''.</ref><ref>See, e.g., [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad|Il.]]'', I.503 & 533.</ref> He wis equatit wi monie foreign wather gods, sae that Pausanias coud say "That Zeus is king in heaven is a saying common to all men".<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.24.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 2.24.4].</ref> Amang his symbols are the thunnerbolt an the [[Eagle|eagle]].<ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', s.v. Zeus.</ref> Forby his Indo-European heritage, the classical "cloud-gaitherer" ([[Greek leid|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Νεφεληγερέτα}}, ''Nephelēgereta'')<ref>{{LSJ|nefelhgere/ta^|Νεφεληγερέτα|ref}}.</ref> taks some o his iconography frae the cultures o the auncient Near East an aw, sic as the sceptre. In auncient Rome, Zeus wis identified wi the god Jupiter. == Nem == The god's nem in the nominative is {{lang|grc|Ζεύς}} (''Zeús''). It is inflectit lik this: vocative: {{lang|grc|Ζεῦ}} (''{{Lang|grc-Latn|Zeû}}''); accusative: {{lang|grc|Δία}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|Día}}); genitive: {{lang|grc|Διός}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|Diós}}); dative: {{lang|grc|Διί}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|Dií}}). Diogenes Laërtius quotes Pherecydes of Syros as spellin the nem {{lang|grc|Ζάς}}.<ref name="DioL1.11">{{cite book |title=Lives of Eminent Philosophers |first=Diogenes |last=Laërtius |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D11 |chapter=1.11 |editor1-first=R. D. |editor1-last=Hicks |date=1972 |orig-date=1925}} {{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0257%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D11 |title=Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers |chapter=1.11 |language=el}}</ref> The earliest attestit forms o the nem are the Mycenaean Greek {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀇𐀸}}}}, ''di-we'' (dative) an {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀇𐀺}}}}, ''di-wo'' (genitive), written in the Linear B syllabic script.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Linear B word di-we |url=http://www.palaeolexicon.com/ShowWord.aspx?Id=16703}} {{cite web |title=The Linear B word di-wo |url=http://www.palaeolexicon.com/ShowWord.aspx?Id=16635 |website=Palaeolexicon: Word study tool of Ancient languages}}</ref> ''Zeus'' is the Greek continuation o ''*Dyēus'', the nem o the Proto-Indo-European god o the daytime sky, that wis cried {{lang|ine|Dyeus ph₂tēr}} ("Sky Faither") an aw.<ref name="Zeus">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Zeus |title=American Heritage Dictionary |chapter=Zeus |access-date=3 July 2006}}</ref><ref>[[Robert S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', [[Brill Publishers]], 2009, p. 499.</ref> The god is kent unner this nem in the ''Rigveda'' (Vedic Sanskrit ''Dyaus/Dyaus Pita'') an in [[Laitin|Latin]] (compare ''Jupiter'', frae ''Iuppiter'', that comes frae the Proto-Indo-European vocative {{lang|ine|dyeu-ph₂tēr}}).<ref>{{OEtymD|Jupiter}}</ref> It comes frae the ruit *''dyeu''- ("tae shine", an in its monie derivatives, "sky, heiven, god").<ref name="Zeus"/> [[Albainien leid|Albanian]] {{lang|sq|Zoj-z}} an Messapic {{lang|cms|Zis}} are clear equivalents an cognates o ''Zeus''. In the Greek, Albanian an Messapic forms, the original cluster ''*di̯'' gaed throu affrication tae ''*dz''.<ref name="Hyllested&Joseph">{{cite book |last1=Hyllested |first1=Adam |last2=Joseph |first2=Brian D. |editor1-last=Olander |editor1-first=Thomas |title=The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective |date=2022 |doi=10.1017/9781108758666 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781108758666 |chapter=Albanian |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzKAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |page=232 |s2cid=161016819 |url=https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/143059 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126131443/https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/143059 |archive-date=2025-11-26 |access-date=2026-09-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Søborg |first=Tobias Mosbæk |title=Sigmatic Verbal Formations in Anatolian and Indo-European: A Cladistic Study |publisher=[[University of Copenhagen]], Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics |date=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzBdzgEACAAJ |page=74}}.</ref> Zeus is the anerly deity in the Olympic pantheon whase nem haes sic a clear Indo-European etymology.<ref>{{cite book |last=Burkert |title=Greek Religion |date=1985 |page=[https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/321 321] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=0-674-36280-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/321}}</ref> [[Plato]], in his ''Cratylus'', gies a folk etymology o Zeus meanin "cause of life always to all things". It rests on puns atween ither titles o Zeus (''Zen'' an ''Dia'') an the Greek wirds for life an for "acause o".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ceOQKf0ZvFMC "Plato's ''Cratylus''{{-"}}] by Plato, ed. by David Sedley, Cambridge University Press, 6 November 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ceOQKf0ZvFMC&dq=Plato's%20Cratylus&pg=PA91 p. 91]</ref> This etymology, alang wi Plato's hale method o finnin etymologies, isnae backit bi modren scholarship.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/makersofhellascr00geej/mode/2up|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makersofhellascr00geej/mode/2up/page/n303/mode/2up?view=theater 554–555]|title=The Makers of Hellas|publisher=C. Griffin, Limited |last1=Jevons |first1=Frank Byron|year=1903}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1xn5Bb-CacC|title=Limiting the Arbitrary|isbn=1556197497|last1=Joseph|first1=John Earl|year=2000|publisher=John Benjamins }}</ref> [[Diodorus Siculus]] wrote that Zeus wis cried Zen an aw, acause fowk believed he wis the cause o life (zen).<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.72|title=Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, Books I-V, book 5, chapter 72|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> Lactantius, on the ither haund, wrote that he wis cried Zeus an Zen no acause he is the giver o life, but acause he wis the first o the bairns o [[Cronus]] tae live.<ref>[[Lactantius]], ''Divine Institutes'' [https://topostext.org/work/543#1.11.1 1.11.1].</ref> Zeus wis cried bi monie ither names or surnames, kent as epithets. Some epithets are the names o local gods that hae come doun tae us, gods that were gaithered intae the myth o Zeus.<ref name=Hewitt1908>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/310320 |first=Joseph William |last=Hewitt |journal=Harvard Studies in Classical Philology |volume=19 |year=1908 |pages=61–120 |title=The Propitiation of Zeus |doi=10.2307/310320 |jstor=310320 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Mythology == === Birth === In [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' ({{circa|730}} – 700 BC), [[Cronus]], efter he castrates his faither Uranus,<ref>See Gantz, pp. 10&ndash;11; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:139-172 159&ndash;83].</ref> becomes the heid ruler o the cosmos an weds his sister Rhea. Wi her he faithers three dochters an three sons: Hestia, [[Demeter]], [[Hera]], [[Hades]], [[Poseidon]], an last o aw "wise" Zeus, the youngest o the sax.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA67 p. 67]; Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/66/mode/2up?view=theater p. 67]; Tripp, [https://archive.org/details/crowellshandbook00trip/page/604/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Zeus, p. 605]; Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/8/mode/2up?view=theater p. 9, table 12]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 453&ndash;8]. So too [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.5 1.1.5]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#68.1 68.1].</ref> He swallaes ilka bairn as suin as it is born, for his parents, [[Gaia (meethologie)|Gaia]] an Uranus, hae foretauld that ane o his ain bairns will owerthraw him ae day, as he owerthrew his faither.<ref>Gantz, p. 41; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA67 p. 67&ndash;8]; Grimal, [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/466/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Zeus, p. 467]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 459&ndash;67]. Compare with [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.5 1.1.5], who gives a similar account, and [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.1 70.1&ndash;2], who does not mention Cronus's parents, but rather says that it was an oracle who gave the prophecy.</ref> This gies Rhea "unceasing grief",<ref>Cf. [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.6 1.1.6], who says that Rhea was "enraged".</ref> an whan she is cairyin her saxt bairn, Zeus, she gangs tae her parents, Gaia an Uranus, for a plan tae save her bairn an bring retribution on Cronus.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 41; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=zeus-bio-1 s.v. Zeus]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 468&ndash;73].</ref> As her parents tell her, she gangs tae Lyctus in [[Crete]], whaur she gies birth tae Zeus,<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA74 p. 74]; Gantz, p. 41; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 474&ndash;9].</ref> an she hauns the new-born bairn ower tae Gaia tae bring up. Gaia taks him tae a cave on Mount Aegaeon (Aegeum).<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA74 p. 74]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 479&ndash;84]. According to Hard 2004, the "otherwise unknown" Mount Aegaeon can "presumably ... be identified with one of the various mountains near Lyktos".</ref> Rhea syne gies Cronus, in place o a bairn, a stane happit in swaddlin claes, an he swallaes it at ance, no kennin that it isnae his son.<ref>Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/66/mode/2up?view=theater p. 67]; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=zeus-bio-1 s.v. Zeus]; Gantz, p. 41; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 485&ndash;91]. For iconographic representations of this scene, see [[Louvre]] [https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010270223 G 366]; Clark, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2gtmbI-v35sC&pg=PA20 p. 20, figure 2.1] and [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/247308 06.1021.144]; ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-74814fdcbeca1-e 15641]; [[Beazley Archive]] [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/D550FF52-B336-4E6F-80BF-822C069CCE23 214648]. According to [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.41.6 9.41.6], this event occurs at Petrachus, a "crag" nearby to [[Chaeronea]] (see West 1966, p. 301 on line 485).</ref> Tho Hesiod gies Lyctus as Zeus's birthplace, he is the anerly soorce tae say sae,<ref>West 1966, p. 291 on lines 453–506; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75].</ref> an ither writers gie ither places. The poet Eumelos of Corinth (8t century BC), accordin tae John the Lydian, thocht Zeus wis born in Lydia,<ref>Fowler 2013, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 35], [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 50]; [[Eumelus of Corinth|Eumelus]] [https://archive.org/details/L497GreekEpicFragmentsVIIVcBC/page/n235/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 2 West, pp. 224, 225] [= [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA109 fr. 10 Fowler, p. 109] = ''PEG'' fr. 18 (Bernabé, p. 114) = [[John the Lydian|Lydus]], ''De Mensibus'' 4.71]. According to West 2003, [https://archive.org/details/L497GreekEpicFragmentsVIIVcBC/page/n235/mode/2up?view=theater p. 225 n. 3], in this version he was born "probably on [[Mount Sipylos|Mt. Sipylos]]".</ref> while the Alexandrian poet Callimachus ({{circa|310|240 BC}}), in his ''Hymn to Zeus'', says he wis born in Arcadia.<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA391 p. 391]; Grimal, [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/466/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Zeus, p. 467]; [[Callimachus]], ''Hymn to Zeus'' (1) [https://archive.org/details/callimachuslycop00calluoft/page/36/mode/2up?view=theater 4&ndash;11 (pp. 36&ndash;9)].</ref> [[Diodorus Siculus]] (fl. 1st century BC) seems at ae pynt tae gie Mount Ida as his birthplace, but efter says he wis born in Dicte.<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA391 p. 391]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.2 70.2], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.6 70.6].</ref> The mythographer Apollodorus (first or second century AD) says the same, that he wis born in a cave in Dicte.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.6 1.1.6].</ref> In the second century AD, Pausanias wrote that it wad be impossible tae coont aw the fowk that claimed Zeus wis born or brocht up amang them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pausanias, Description of Greece, Messenia, chapter 33, section 1 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.33.1 |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> === Infancy === [[File:Idäische Grotte 01.JPG|thumb|The "Cave of Zeus" on Mount Ida, Crete]] The ''Theogony'' says naething o Zeus's upbringin but that he grew up fast,<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 41; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 492&ndash;3]: "the strength and glorious limbs of the prince increased quickly".</ref> but ither soorces gie fuller accoonts. Accordin tae Apollodorus, Rhea, efter giein birth tae Zeus in a cave in Dicte, gies him tae the nymphs Adrasteia an Ida, dochters o Melisseus, tae nurse.<ref>West 1983, p. 122; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.6 1.1.6].</ref> They feed him on the milk o the she-goat Amalthea,<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA612 p. 612 n. 53 to p. 75]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.7 1.1.7].</ref> while the Kouretes gaird the cave an beat their spears on their shields sae that [[Cronus]] cannae hear the bairn greetin.<ref>Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/216/mode/2up?view=theater p. 216]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.7 1.1.7].</ref> Diodorus Siculus gies a lik accoont: efter the birth, Rhea gangs tae Mount Ida an gies the new-born Zeus tae the Kouretes.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.2 7.70.2]; see also [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#65.4 7.65.4].</ref> They tak him tae some nymphs (no named), an they bring him up on a mixter o hinny an milk frae the goat Amalthea.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.2 7.70.2&ndash;3].</ref> He tells o the Kouretes "rais[ing] a great alarum" an aw, an sae begowkin Cronus,<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#65.4 7.65.4].</ref> an that whan the Kouretes were cairyin the new-born Zeus, his umbilical cord fell awa at the river Triton.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.4 7.70.4].</ref> Hyginus, the author o the ''Fabulae'', tells a version whaur Cronus casts Poseidon intae the sea an Hades tae the Unnerwarld insteid o swallaein them. Whan Zeus is born, Hera, that wisnae swallaed either, asks Rhea tae gie her the young Zeus, an Rhea gies Cronus a stane tae swallae.<ref>Gantz, p. 42; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#139 139].</ref> Hera gies him tae Amalthea, that hings his cradle frae a tree, whaur he isnae in heiven, on the yird or in the sea, sae that whan Cronus gangs luikin for Zeus efterhaund, he cannae fin him.<ref>Gantz, p. 42; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#139 139].</ref> Hyginus says that Ida, Althaea an Adrasteia, that are uisually taen tae be the bairns o Oceanus, are whiles cried the dochters o Melisseus an the nurses o Zeus an aw.<ref>Smith and Trzaskoma, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA191 p. 191 on line 182]; West 1983, p. 133 n. 40; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 182 (Smith and Trzaskoma, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA158 p. 158]).</ref> Accordin tae a fragment o Epimenides, the nymphs Helice an Cynosura are the young Zeus's nurses. Cronus gangs tae Crete tae luik for Zeus, an Zeus, tae hide himsel, turns himsel intae a snake an his twa nurses intae bears.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75&ndash;6]; Gantz, p. 42; [[Epimenides]] [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/192/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 23 Diels, p. 193] [= Scholia on [[Aratus]], 46]. Zeus later marks the event by placing the constellations of the Dragon, the Greater Bear and the Lesser Bear in the sky.</ref> Accordin tae Musaeus, efter Zeus is born, Rhea gies him tae [[Themis]]. Themis in turn gies him tae Amalthea, that awns a she-goat, an the goat nurses the young Zeus.<ref>Gantz, p. 41; Gee, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NPsh5CsJprYC&pg=PA131 p. 131&ndash;2]; Frazer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=n6uUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 p. 120]; [[Musaeus of Athens|Musaeus]] [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/180/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 8 Diels, pp. 181&ndash;2] [= [[Eratosthenes]], ''[[Catasterismi]]'' 13 (Hard 2015, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7IMSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 p. 44]; Olivieri, [https://archive.org/details/mythographigrae00olivgoog/page/n39/mode/2up?view=theater p. 17])]; [[Musaeus of Athens|Musaeus]] ''apud'' [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[De astronomia]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.13.6 2.13.6]. According to Eratosthenes, Musaeus considers the she-goat to be a child of [[Helios]], and to be "so terrifying to behold" that the [[Titans]] ask for it to be hidden in one of the caves in Crete; hence Earth places it in the care of Amalthea, who nurses Zeus on its milk.</ref> Antoninus Liberalis, in his ''Metamorphoses'', says that Rhea gies birth tae Zeus in a halie cave in Crete, fou o halie bees, that become the bairn's nurses. Tho the cave is forbidden grund tae mortals an gods alike, a gang o thieves sets oot tae steal hinny frae it. Whan they see Zeus's swaddlin claes, their bronze armour "split[s] away from their bodies", an Zeus wad hae killed them gin the Moirai an [[Themis]] hadnae stepped in; insteid he turns them intae different kinds o birds.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75]; [[Antoninus Liberalis]], [https://topostext.org/work/216#19 19].</ref> === Comin tae pouer === [[File:Fresco_of_the_enthroned_Zeus,_crowned_by_Victory.jpg|thumb|A fresco o Zeus/Jupiter on his throne, Pompeii, Hoose o the Dioscuri, 62–79 CE]] Accordin tae the ''Theogony'', efter Zeus comes tae manhood, Cronus is gart bock up the five bairns an the stane "by the stratagems of Gaia, but also by the skills and strength of Zeus". This wis likly in the opposite order: the stane first, syne ilk o the five bairns in the opposite order tae the wey he swallaed them.<ref>Gantz, p. 44; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 492&ndash;7].</ref> Zeus syne sets up the stane at Delphi, sae that it can be "a sign thenceforth and a marvel to mortal men".<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 498&ndash;500].</ref> Neist Zeus sets free the [[Cyclops|Cyclopes]], that gie him his thunnerbolt in return, oot o thankfuness; Gaia haed hidden it afore.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 44; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 501&ndash;6]. The Cyclopes presumably remained trapped below the earth since being put there by [[Uranus]] (Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]).</ref> Syne the Titanomachy begins, the war atween the Olympians, led bi Zeus, an the Titans, led bi Cronus, for rule ower the universe, wi Zeus an the Olympians fechtin frae [[Mount Olympus]] an the Titans frae Mount Othrys.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 45; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 630&ndash;4].</ref> The battle gangs on for ten year wi nae clear winner, till, on Gaia's advice, Zeus sets free the Hundred-Handers, that were jiled ablow the yird, lik the Cyclopes.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 624&ndash;9], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 635&ndash;8]. As Gantz, p. 45 notes, the ''Theogony'' is ambiguous as to whether the Hundred-Handers were freed before the war or only during its tenth year.</ref> He gies them nectar an ambrosia an heartens them,<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 639&ndash;53].</ref> an they gree tae help him in the war.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:654-686 654&ndash;63].</ref> Zeus syne maks his last attack on the Titans, hurlin bolts o lichtnin on them while the Hundred-Handers attack wi showers o rocks, an at lang last the Titans are defeatit. Zeus banishes them tae Tartarus an gies the Hundred-Handers the job o guairdin them.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:687-728 687&ndash;735].</ref> Apollodorus gies a lik accoont: whan Zeus comes tae manhood, he gets the help o the Oceanid Metis, that gies Cronus an emetic an gars him bock up the stane an Zeus's five brithers an sisters.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA69 p. 69]; Gantz, p. 44; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.1 1.2.1].</ref> Zeus syne fechts a lik war o ten year against the Titans, till, as Gaia foretells, he sets free the Cyclopes an the Hundred-Handers frae Tartarus, efter first killin their jiler, Campe.<ref name="p. 69">Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA69 p. 69]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.1 1.2.1].</ref> The Cyclopes gie him his thunnerbolt, Poseidon his trident an Hades his helmet o invisibility, an the Titans are defeatit an the Hundred-Handers makkit their guairds.<ref name="p. 69"/> Accordin tae the ''[[Iliad]]'', efter the battle wi the Titans, Zeus shares the warld wi his brithers, Poseidon an Hades, bi drawin lots. Zeus gets the sky, Poseidon the sea an Hades the unnerwarld, an the yird an Olympus are left as common grund.<ref>Gantz, p. 48; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA76 p. 76]; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/zeus-e12216820 s.v. Zeus]; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:15.184-15.219 15.187&ndash;193]; so too [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.1 1.2.1]; cf. ''[[Homeric Hymn]] to Demeter'' (2), [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:2 85&ndash;6].</ref> === Hera an Zeus's ither pairtners === [[File:Wall painting - wedding of Zeus and Hera - Pompeii (VI 8 3) - Napoli MAN 9559 - 01.jpg|thumb|The waddin o Zeus an Hera on an auncient fresco frae Pompeii]] Accordin tae Hesiod, Zeus taks Metis, ane o the [[Oceanid]] dochters o Oceanus an Tethys, as his first wife, but whan she is gaun tae gie birth tae a dochter, [[Athena]], he swallaes her hale on the advice o Gaia an Uranus. It haed been foretauld that efter bearin a dochter she wad bear a son that wad owerthraw him as king o gods an mortals. It is frae inside him that Metis gies Zeus her coonsel. In time Athena is born, comin oot o Zeus's heid, but the foretauld son never comes.<ref>Gantz, p. 51; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA77 p. 77]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:886-900 886&ndash;900]. Yasumura, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7cXUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 p. 90] points out that the identity of the foretold son's father is not made clear by Hesiod, and suggests, drawing upon a version given by a scholiast on the ''Iliad'' (see below), that a possible interpretation would be that the Cyclops Brontes was the father.</ref> In Hesiod's accoont, Zeus's second wife is [[Themis]], ane o the Titan dochters o Uranus an Gaia, an wi her he haes the Horae, named as Eunomia, Dike an Eirene, an the three Moirai: Clotho, Lachesis an Atropos.<ref>Gantz, p. 51; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 901&ndash;6]. Earlier, at [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:207-239 217], Hesiod instead calls the Moirai daughters of Nyx.</ref> Neist he ligs wi the Oceanid Eurynome, an becomes faither o the three Charites: Aglaea, Euphrosyne an Thalia.<ref>Gantz, p. 54; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 907&ndash;11].</ref> Syne Zeus pairtners his sister [[Demeter]], an [[Persephone]] is born.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/68/mode/2up?view=theater p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 912&ndash;4].</ref> His neist union is wi the Titan [[Mnemosyne]]: as the stairt o the ''Theogony'' tells, Zeus ligs wi Mnemosyne in Piera ilka nicht for nine nichts, an the nine Muses are born.<ref>Gantz, p. 54; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:53-62 53&ndash;62], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 915&ndash;7].</ref> His neist pairtner is the Titan [[Leto]], an wi her he faithers the twins Apollo an Artemis, that are born on the island o Delos, accordin tae the ''Homeric Hymn to Apollo''.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 918&ndash;20]; ''[[Homeric Hymn]] to [[Apollo]]'' (3), [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:89-130 89&ndash;123]. The account given by the ''Homeric Hymn to Apollo'' differs from Hesiod's version in that Zeus and Hera are already married when Apollo and Artemis are born (Pirenne-Delforge and Pironti, p. 18).</ref> In Hesiod's accoont, it is anerly than that Zeus taks his sister [[Hera]] as his wife.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 921].</ref> Tho Hera is Zeus's last wife in Hesiod's version, in ither accoonts she is his first an anerly wife.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78].</ref> In the ''Theogony'' the pair hae three bairns, [[Ares]], [[Hebe (meethologie)|Hebe]] an Eileithyia.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 921&ndash;3]; so too [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.1 1.3.1]. In the ''Iliad'', [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]] is called the sister of Ares ([http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.401-4.445 4.440&ndash;1]), and Parada, s.v. Eris, p. 72 places her as a daughter of Zeus and Hera.</ref> Hesiod says that Hera brings furth [[Hephaestus]] on her ain efter Athena is born frae Zeus's heid,<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79]; Gantz, p. 74; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 924&ndash;9]; so too [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.5 1.3.5].</ref> but ither versions, Homer's amang them, mak Hephaestus a bairn o Zeus an Hera an aw.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79]; Gantz, p. 74; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.568 1.577&ndash;9], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.270-14.311 14.293&ndash;6], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.312-14.351 14.338], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.295-8.342 8.312]; Scholia bT on [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', 14.296; see also [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.5 1.3.5].</ref> ==== Pairtners an bairns ==== Zeus's pairtners in Hesiod's ''Theogony'', in order, an their bairns bi him, as abuin: * Metis: [[Athena]] * [[Themis]]: the Horae an the Moirai * Eurynome: the Charites * [[Demeter]]: [[Persephone]] * [[Mnemosyne]]: the nine [[Muse]]s * [[Leto]]: Apollo an Artemis * [[Hera]]: [[Ares]], [[Hebe (meethologie)|Hebe]] an Eileithyia Some o his ither bairns, wi their mithers: * Dione: [[Aphrodite]]<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D5%3Acard%3D363 5.370]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.1 1.3.1]</ref> * Maia: Hermes<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA80 p. 80]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:938-962 938].</ref> * [[Semele]]: [[Dionysus]]<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA80 p. 80]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:938-962 940].</ref> * [[Danaë]]: [[Perseus]]<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.312-14.351 14.319&ndash;20]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=perseus-bio-1 s.v. Perseus (1)].</ref> * [[Alcmene]]: [[Heracles]]<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA244 p.244]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:938-962 943].</ref> * Leda: [[Helen o Troy|Helen]]<ref>Gantz, pp. 318&ndash;9. Helen is called the daughter of Zeus in [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.191-3.224 3.199], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.381-3.420 3.418], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.421 3.426], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:4.183-4.218 4.184], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:4.219-4.264 4.219], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:23.181-23.230 23.218], and she has the same mother (Leda) as Castor and Pollux in ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.225-3.263 3.236&ndash;8].</ref> * Europa: Minos an [[Rhadamanthus]]<ref>Gantz, p. 210; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/minos-e805850 s.v. Minos]; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.312-14.351 14.32&ndash;33]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.173.xml fr. 89 Most, pp. 172&ndash;5] [= fr. 140 Merkelbach-West, p. 68].</ref> === Prometheus an Zeus's quarrels wi humans === Whan the gods met at Mecone tae settle whit portions they wad get efter a sacrifice, the Titan [[Prometheus]] set oot tae swick Zeus sae that [[Bodie|humans]] wad get the better portions. He sacrificed a muckle [[Owse|ox]] an pairtit it intae twa heaps. In ae heap he pit aw the meat an maist o the fat, an happit it wi the ox's ugsome stamack; in the ither heap he buskit up the banes wi fat. Prometheus syne bade Zeus choose, an Zeus chose the heap o banes. This set the pattren for sacrifices: humans keep the fat for theirsels an burn the banes for the gods. Zeus, raged at Prometheus's swickery, forbade humans the uise o fire, but Prometheus stole fire frae Olympus in a fennel stalk an gied it tae humans. This raged Zeus mair, an he punished Prometheus bi bindin him tae a craig, whaur an eagle ate at his liver aw the time, an the liver grew back ilka nicht. Prometheus wis set free frae his misery at lang last bi [[Heracles]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:507-544 507-565]</ref> Syne Zeus, angert at humans, sets oot tae gie mankind a gift tae punish them for the boon they haed got. He bids [[Hephaestus]] mak the first wumman oot o yird, a "beautiful evil" whase bairns' bairns wad torment the human race. Efter Hephaestus dis this, a wheen ither gods help tae mak her. Hermes names the wumman Pandora. Pandora wis gien in mairriage tae Prometheus's brither [[Epimetheus (meethologie)|Epimetheus]]. Zeus gied her a jar that held monie ills. Pandora appent the jar an let oot aw the ills, that makkit mankind miserable. Anerly hope wis left inside the jar.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Works and Days]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg002.perseus-eng1:59-82 60&ndash;105].</ref> Whan Zeus wis on the tap o Mount Olympus, he wis scunnert at human sacrifice an ither signs o the ill-daein o humans. He set oot tae wipe oot mankind, an flooded the warld wi the help o his brither [[Poseidon]]. Efter the flood, anerly Deucalion an Pyrrha were left.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/141#1.216 1.216&ndash;1.348]</ref> This flood story is a common motif in mythology.<ref>{{cite book|last=Leeming|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQFtlva3HaYC&pg=PA138|title=Flood {{pipe}} The Oxford Companion to World Mythology|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780195156690|pages=138|access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref> == Roles an epithets == [[File:Bust of Zeus.jpg|thumb|A Roman marble colossal heid o Zeus, 2nd century AD (British Museum)<ref>The bust below the base of the neck is eighteenth century. The head, which is roughly worked at back and must have occupied a [[Niche (architecture)|niche]], was found at [[Hadrian's Villa]], [[Tivoli, Italy|Tivoli]] and donated to the British Museum by [[John Thomas Barber Beaumont]] in 1836. BM 1516. (British Museum, ''A Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities'', 1904).</ref>]] Zeus haed a dominant role, presidin ower the [[Auncient Greece|Greek]] Olympian pantheon. He wis faither tae monie o the heroes an wis pairt o monie o their local cults. Tho the Homeric "cloud collector" wis the god o the sky an thunner lik his coonterpairts in the Near East, he wis the supreme cultural artefact an aw. In some weys he wis the embodiment o Greek [[Releegion|religious]] beliefs an the archetypal Greek deity. The wey fowk thocht o Zeus differed widely frae place tae place. Local kinds o Zeus aften hae little in common wi ilk ither but the nem. They held sway ower different airts o life an were wirshipped in different weys; for example, some local cults thocht o Zeus as a chthonic yird-god raither than a god o the sky. Thir local gods were gaithered bit bi bit, throu conquest an religious syncretism, intae the Homeric conception o Zeus. Local or unco versions o Zeus were gien epithets {{mdash}} surnames or titles that set different conceptions o the god apairt.<ref name=Hewitt1908/> Thir epithets or titles gied wecht tae different sides o his wide-rangin authority: *'''Zeus Aegiduchos''' or '''Aegiochos''': uisually taen as Zeus the bearer o the Aegis, the godly shield wi the heid o [[Medusa]] on it.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D172 1.202], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D2%3Acard%3D155 2.157], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D2%3Acard%3D369 2.375]; [[Pindar]], ''Isthmian Odes'' [https://topostext.org/work/21#4.50 4.99]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[De astronomia]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.13.7 2.13.7].</ref> Ithers derive it frae "goat" ({{lang|grc|αἴξ}}) an ''okhē'' ({{lang|grc|οχή}}), meanin Zeus's nurse, the godly goat Amalthea.<ref>Spanh. ''ad Callim. hymn. in Jov'', 49</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Schmitz | first = Leonhard | contribution = Aegiduchos | editor-last = Smith | editor-first = William | title = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology | volume = I | page = 26 | place = Boston | year = 1867 | contribution-url = http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0035.html | title-link = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology | access-date = 19 October 2007 | archive-date = 11 February 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211114659/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0035.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> *'''Zeus Agoraeus''' (Ἀγοραῖος): Zeus as patron o the mercat (agora) an punisher o crookit traders. *'''Zeus Areius''' (Αρειος): aither "warlike" or "the atoning one". *'''Zeus Eleutherios''' (Ἐλευθέριος): "Zeus the freedom giver", a cult wirshipped in Athens.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hanson|first=Victor Davis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C|title=Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power|date=18 December 2007|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-42518-8|language=en}}</ref> *'''Zeus Horkios''': Zeus as keeper o aiths. Leears that were fund oot were gart dedicate a votive statue tae Zeus, aften at the sanctuary at Olympia. *'''Zeus Olympios''' (Ολύμπιος): Zeus as king o the gods an patron o the Panhellenic Games at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]]. *'''Zeus Panhellenios''' ("Zeus of All the Greeks"): wirshipped at the temple o Aeacus on Aegina. *'''Zeus Xenios''' (Ξένιος), '''Philoxenon''' or '''Hospites''': Zeus as the patron o hospitality (''xenia'') an guests, avenger o wrangs done tae strangers. [[File:Jupiter Smyrna Louvre Ma13.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|Zeus haudin a thunnerbolt: the Zeus de Smyrne, fund in Smyrna in 1680<ref>The sculpture was presented to [[Louis XIV]] as [[Aesculapius]] but restored as Zeus, ca. 1686, by [[Pierre Granier]], who added the upraised right arm brandishing the [[thunderbolt]]. Marble, middle 2nd century CE. Formerly in the "Allée Royale", (Tapis Vert) in the [[Gardens of Versailles]], now conserved in the [[Louvre Museum]] ([http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=27483 Official online catalog])</ref>]] == Wirship == [[File:Marble eagle with open wings, from the sanctuary of Zeus Hypsistos, Archaeological Museum, Dion (7080054119).jpg|thumb|upright|A marble eagle frae the sanctuary o ''Zeus Hypsistos'', Archaeological Museum of Dion]] The main centre whaur aw the Greeks cam thegither tae honour their heid god wis [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]]. Their festival ilka fower year haed the famous Games. Thare wis an altar tae Zeus an aw, makkit no o stane but o ase, frae the remains o the beasts sacrificed thare ower monie centuries. Ootwith the main sanctuaries shared atween ceety-states, thare wis nae wey o wirshippin Zeus that wis shared exactly ower the Greek warld. Some kinds o ritual were held in common but, for example sacrificin a white beast on a raised altar. Maist oracle sites were dedicatit tae Apollo, the heroes, or goddesses lik [[Themis]], but a few were dedicatit tae Zeus. Some foreign oracles an aw, sic as the oracle o Baʿal at [[Baalbek|Heliopolis]], were associatit wi Zeus in Greek or wi [[Jupiter]] in Latin. The cult o Zeus at Dodona in Epirus, whaur thare is evidence o religious activity frae the second millennium BC on, wis centred on a halie aik. Whan the ''[[Odyssey]]'' wis makkit (aboot 750 BC), divination wis done thare bi barefit priests cried ''Selloi'', that lay on the grund an watched the rustlin o the leaves an brainches.<ref>''Odyssey'' 14.326-7</ref> Bi the time [[Herodotus]] wrote aboot Dodona, priestesses cried peleiades ("doos") haed taen the place o the men priests. Zeus's consort at Dodona wisnae [[Hera]] but the goddess Dione, whase nem is a feminine form o "Zeus". The oracle o Ammon at the Siwa Oasis in the Wastren Desert o [[Egyp|Egypt]] lay ootwith the Greek warld afore [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s day, but it wis awready weel kent tae the Greeks in the archaic era. [[Herodotus]] mentions fowk consultin Zeus Ammon in his accoont o the Persian War. Zeus Ammon wis specially favoured at [[Sparta]], whaur thare wis a temple tae him bi the time o the Peloponnesian War.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D18 3.18].</ref> == Ither gods == Zeus wis identified wi the Roman god Jupiter, an in the syncretic classical imagination (see {{lang|la|interpretatio graeca}}) he wis associatit wi ither gods, sic as the [[Egyptian meethologie|Egyptian]] Ammon an the Etruscan Tinia. Alang wi [[Dionysus]], he teuk ower the role o the heid Phrygian god Sabazios in the syncretic god kent in Rome as Sabazius. The Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes pit up a statue o Zeus Olympios in the Judean Temple in Jerusalem.<ref>2 Maccabees 6:2</ref> Hellenisin Jews cried this statue Baal Shamen (in Inglis, Lord of Heaven).<ref>David Syme Russel. ''Daniel''. (Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1981) 191.</ref> == References == {{reflist|30em}} === Soorces === {{Refbegin|30em}} * [[Antoninus Liberalis]], ''The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis: A Translation with a Commentary'', edited and translated by Francis Celoria, Routledge, 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-415-06896-3}}. [https://topostext.org/work/216 Online version at ToposText]. * [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. {{ISBN|0-674-99135-4}}. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * Bernabé, Alberto, ''[[Poetae epici Graeci]]: Testimonia et fragmenta, Pars I'', [[Bibliotheca Teubneriana]], Stuttgart and Leipzig, Teubner, 1996. {{ISBN|978-3-815-41706-5}}. [https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110936995 Online version at De Gruyter]. * ''Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity, Volume 15'', Tuc-Zyt, editors: Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, [[Brill Publishers|Brill]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-90-04-14220-6}}. [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/brill-s-new-pauly Online version at Brill]. * Caldwell, Richard, ''Hesiod's Theogony'', Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (1 June 1987). {{ISBN|978-0-941051-00-2}}. [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * [[Callimachus]], ''Callimachus and Lycophron, with an English Translation by A. W. Mair; Aratus, with an English Translation by G. R. Mair'', London: W. Heinemann, New York: G. P. Putnam, 1921. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL129/1921/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive]. * [[Hermann Alexander Diels|Diels, Hermann A.]], ''Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker'', Volume II, Berlin, Weidmann, 1912. [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''Diodorus Siculus: The Library of History''. translated by C. H. Oldfather, twelve volumes, [[Loeb Classical Library]], Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]]; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html Online version by Bill Thayer]. * [[Robert Fowler (academic)|Fowler, R. L.]] (2000), ''Early Greek Mythography: Volume 1: Text and Introduction'', Oxford University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0198147404}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC Google Books]. * [[Robert Fowler (academic)|Fowler, R. L.]] (2013), ''Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary'', Oxford University Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-198-14741-1}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ Google Books]. * [[James George Frazer|Frazer, James George]], ''Fastorum Libri Sex: The ''Fasti'' of Ovid. Volume 3: Commentary on Books 3 and 4'', Cambridge University Press, 2015. {{ISBN|978-1-108-08248-8}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=n6uUBgAAQBAJ Google Books]. * [[Timothy Gantz|Gantz, Timothy]], ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2). * Gee, Emma, ''Ovid, Aratus and Augustus: Astronomy in Ovid's ''Fasti, Cambridge University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-521-65187-5}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NPsh5CsJprYC Google Books]. * [[Pierre Grimal|Grimal, Pierre]], ''The Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-631-20102-1}}. [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * [[William Hansen (classicist)|Hansen, William]], ''Handbook of Classical Mythology'', [[ABC-Clio]], 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-576-07226-4}}. * Hard, Robin (2004), ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"'', Psychology Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-415-18636-0}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC Google Books]. * Hard, Robin (2015), ''Eratosthenes and Hyginus: Constellation Myths, With Aratus's Phaenomena'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2015. {{ISBN|978-0-19-871698-3}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7IMSBwAAQBAJ Google Books]. * [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'', in ''Hesiod: The Shield, Catalogue of Women, Other Fragments'', edited and translated by [[Glenn W. Most]], [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 503, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2007, 2018. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99721-9}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL503/2018/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''Hesiod, Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia'', edited and translated by [[Glenn W. Most]], [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 57, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2018. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99720-2}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL057/2018/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150823032802/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Hesiod]], ''[[Works and Days]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg002.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 2 ''to Demeter'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1-39 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 3 ''to Apollo'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:1-46 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Homer]], ''The Iliad with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, Ph.D. in Two Volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''[[De astronomia]]'', in ''The Myths of Hyginus'', edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. [https://topostext.org/work/207 Online version at ToposText]. * [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''[[Fabulae]]'', in ''The Myths of Hyginus'', edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. [https://topostext.org/work/206 Online version at ToposText]. * [[Lactantius]], ''Lactantius: [[Divine Institutes]]'', translated by Anthony Bowen and Peter Garnsey, Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, 2003. [https://archive.org/details/lactantiusdivine0000lact/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae]] (LIMC). VIII.1: Thespiades &ndash; Zodiacus'', Zürich and Munich, Artemis Verlag, 1997. {{ISBN|3760887511}}. [https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20VIII-1%20Thespiades-Zodiacus%20/mode/2up Internet Archive]. * March, Jenny, ''Cassell's Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', Casell & Co, 2001. {{ISBN|0-304-35788-X}}. [https://archive.org/details/casselldictionar00jenn/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * Merkelbach, R., and [[Martin Litchfield West|M. L. West]], ''Fragmenta Hesiodea'', [[Clarendon Press]] Oxford, 1967. {{ISBN|978-0-19-814171-6}}. * Olivieri, Alexander, ''Pseudo-Eratosthenis: Catasterismi'', [[Bibliotheca Teubneriana]], Leipzig, Teubner, 1897. [https://archive.org/details/mythographigrae00olivgoog/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', edited and translated by Brookes More, Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co., 1922. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. [https://topostext.org/work/141 Online version at ToposText]. * Parada, Carlos, ''Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology'', Jonsered, Paul Åströms Förlag, 1993. {{ISBN|978-91-7081-062-6}}. * [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Pindar]], ''Odes'', Diane Arnson Svarlien, 1990. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. [https://topostext.org/work/18 Online version at ToposText]. * Pirenne-Delforge, Vinciane, and Gabriella Pironti, ''The Hera of Zeus'', Cambridge University Press, 2022. {{ISBN|978-1-108-88847-9}}. * [[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]], ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', London (1873). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0104 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * Smith, Scott R., and Stephen M. Trzaskoma, ''Apollodorus' ''Library'' and Hyginus' ''Fabulae'': Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology'', Hackett Publishing, Indianapolis/Cambridge, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-87220-821-6}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC Google Books]. * [[Edward Tripp|Tripp, Edward]], ''Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology'', Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). {{ISBN|0-690-22608-X}}. [https://archive.org/details/crowellshandbook00trip/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1966), ''Hesiod: Theogony'', Oxford University Press, 1966. {{ISBN|0-19-814169-6}}. * [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1983), ''The Orphic Poems'', [[Clarendon Press]] Oxford, 1983. {{ISBN|978-0-19-814854-8}}. * [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (2003), ''Greek Epic Fragments: From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC'', [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 497, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99605-2}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL497/2003/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * Yasumura, Noriko, ''Challenges to the Power of Zeus in Early Greek Poetry'', Bloomsbury Academic, London, 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-472-51968-9}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mVoDAAAAQBAJ Google Books]. {{Refend}} {{commons|Zeus}} [[Category:Zeus| ]] [[Category:Deities in the Iliad]] [[Category:Greek gods]] [[Category:Greek meethologie]] [[Category:Twal Olympians]] [[Category:Meethological keengs]] [[Category:Savior gods]] [[Category:Sky an wather gods]] [[Category:Thunner gods]] [[Category:Juistice gods]] l3ybmmd43bx5cvtglleprh9w45u7dlt 0 46865 927383 893963 2026-11-09T15:55:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name =Ultra Naté | image = Ultranate.JPG | caption = | image_size = 220px | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Ultra Naté Wyche | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|03|20|mf=yes}} |birth_place =[[Havre de Grace, Maryland]], [[Unitit States|U.S.]] | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Hoose muisic|Hoose]] * [[dance-pop]] * [[Garage hoose|garage]] * [[Contemporar R&B|R&B]] }} | associated_acts = {{flatlist| * [[Basement Boys]] * [[Nellee Hooper]] * [[Kwame Kwaten#Biography|D-Influence]] * [[Attica Blues]] * [[4 Hero]] * [[Mood II Swing]] * [[Al Mack]] * [[Stonebridge]] * [[East West Connection]] * [[MuthaFunkaz]] * [[Funky Junction]] * [[Splash Funk]] * [[Lati Kronlund]] * [[Quentin Harris]] * [[Morgan Page]] * [[Chris Willis]] * [[Louie Balo]] * [[Craig C]] * [[Low Frequency Occupation]] * [[Jens Bergmark]] * [[Eric Kupper]] * [[Double Deuce]] * [[Andres Levin]] * [[Bill Colman]] }} | occupation = {{flatlist| * [[Singin|Sangster]] * [[sangwriter]] * [[record producer]] * [[Promoter (entertainment)|promoter]] * [[DJ]] }} | years_active = 1989&ndash;present | label = {{flatlist| * [[Warner Bros. Records]]<small> (1989&ndash;1995)</small> * [[Strictly Rhythm Records]]<small> (1996&ndash;2004)</small> * [[Silver Label Entertainment|Silver Label]] * Tommy Boy Entertainment<small> (2005&ndash;present)</small> }} | website = http://www.ultranate.com/ }} '''Ultra Naté''' (born 20 Mairch 1968) is an [[Unitit States|American]] muisicker who haes achievit a respectable amoont o success on the pop chairts wi sangs such as "[[Free (Ultra Naté song)|Free]]" an "[[If You Could Read My Mind]]" as pairt o [[Stars on 54]]. Virtually aw o her singles hae reached the Top 10 o the U.S. [[Hot Dance Club Play]] chairt. Such singles include "Show Me", "Free", "Desire", "Get it Up (the Feeling)", "[[Love's the Only Drug]]", an her nummer-ane hits "[[Automatic (Pointer Sisters song)#Ultra Naté cover|Automatic]]" an "[[Give It All You Got (Ultra Naté song)|Give it All You Got]]" featurin Chris Willis. ==Career== Ultra Naté is noted for takkin the opposite path tae that which maist muisickers tak. She began her recordin career on a major label, [[Warner Bros. Records]]., signed throu its Breetish offices. Throu it, she released her first twa albums. Her debut album, the hoose classic ''[[Blue Notes in the Basement]]'' (1991) wis creatit alang wi the [[Basement Boys]] an it featured the singles "It's Over Now," "Deeper Love (Missing You)," "Is It Love," an the gospel-tinged "Rejoicing." In 1993, the [[alternative dance]]/[[hoose muisic|hoose]] ''[[One Woman's Insanity]]'' wis released tae hintle critical praise an recognition bi the dance-muisic commonty. Awtho it still featured the Basement Boys' production on several tracks, this time Ultra foond hersel wirkin wi the likes o [[Nellee Hooper]], an [[Kwame Kwaten#Biography|D-Influence]]. At a time when soulful [[Hoose muisic]] performers such as [[Robin S.]] an [[Crystal Waters]] wur scorin cross-ower Top Ten Pop singles, it wis believit that Ultra Naté wad score a similar level o commercial success. Mainstream sales housomeivver wur no achievit even tho "Show Me" receivit moderate mainstream pop radio airplay. Still, the performer's diva status wis cementit bi dance-floor classics like "How Long," "Show Me" (her first sang tae reach the top position on the U.S. Dance chairts) an "Joy". Housomeivver, neither release sauld vera well, an she wis droppit frae the label. In 1995, Ultra Naté contributit the sang "Party Girl (Turn Me Loose)" tae the soondtrack tae the similarly titled unthirlt film starrin [[Parker Posey]]. The single wis commercially released bi the [[King Street Sounds]] label an haes become a haurd tae fynd collectors' item. <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Ultrasit.jpg|thumb|150px|Situation:Critical (1998), included the hit singles "Free," "Found a Cure," and "New Kind of Medicine."]] --> When Warner Bros. treed tae push her in a mair [[R&B]], less hoose, direction, Ultra Naté left the major label an fled tae the unthirlt dance label, [[Strictly Rhythm]]. It wis here that "Free", her biggest mainstream hit in Americae, wis released in 1997. The song, produced by [[Katumother Records]], enjoyed hivy airplay throuoot the rest o the millennium, no anerlie in clubs, but on rhythmic an mainstream radio stations athort the kintra. "Free" peakit at nummer 75 on the U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100]]. It became a substantial hit in the UK, whaur it peakit at nummer fower, helpin its parent album 'Situation: Critical' reach nummer seiventeen on the album chairts. It wis successful in Canadae whaur it reached nummer 10 at the Canadian Singles Charts an aw.<ref>{{cite news| author=Billboard| url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r351038/charts-awards|pure_url=yes}}| title=AllMusicGuide entry| publisher=[[Allmusic]]| date=2007-07-27| accessdate=2007-07-27}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It wis wi this album that Ultra Naté's greatest commercial success wis achievit, pairticularly in Europe, whaur singles such as "Found a Cure" (#6 in the UK), an "New Kind of Medicine" (#14 UK) became immediate dance classics. In 1998, a new single "Pressure" wis released internaitionally. Taken frae the soondtrack tae the film ''The 24 Hour Woman'', it contained three club mixes. The oreeginal, funkier version o the track wis foond on 'Situation: Critical" but leetit as "Release the Pressure." Her follae-up album ''[[Stranger Than Fiction (Ultra Nate album)|Stranger Than Fiction]]'', which wis released in 2001, featured the production wirk o respectit airtists such as [[Attica Blues]], [[4 Hero]], an Mood II Swing. Fower singles wur released: "Desire," "Get It Up (The Feeling)," "Twisted," an "I Don't Understand It." Naté contributit the sang "Wonderful Place" tae the AIDS benefit compilation ''Keep Hope Alive: A Lifebeat Benefit Compilation.'' Addeetionally, in 2004, she released the singles "Feel Love," "Brass in Pocket," "Time of Our Lives" (released as "Ultra Devoted featurin Ultra Naté an Gerry DeVeaux"), an a new version o "Free" that featurs twal new mixes. In 2005, she collaboratit wi [[Alex Gaudino|Gaudino]] an released the single "Bitter Sweet Melody". Later in the same year she foond hersel again on the chairts, when her featured vocals on the [[Stonebridge]] single "[[Freak On]]" became a successful dance hit. She performit on the [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetish]] show ''[[Hit Me Baby One More Time]]'' an aw. Haein become a mither for the first time in the hairst o 2005, Naté released her 5t album ''[[Grime, Silk, & Thunder]]'' on her newly created imprint Blufire in pairtnership wi [[Tommy Boy Entertainment|Tommy Boy Records]]. The album wis wairmly receivit bi the majority o creetics an fans alike. The first single released was "[[Love's the Only Drug]]," which became available throu the U.S. [[iTunes Store]] 8 August 2006 an reached nummer twa on the American [[Hot Dance Club Play]] an made the Top 30 on the [[Hot Dance Airplay]] chairt. The seicont single "[[Automatic (Pointer Sisters song)#Ultra Naté cover|Automatic]]" (a [[cover version]] o the [[Pointer Sisters]] hit) reached nummer ane on the U.S. [[Hot Dance Club Play]] chairt (the week endin 28 Aprile 2007). It receivit airplay in the Rhythmic/Dance format radio whaur it reached the Top 30 o maist playleets in this radio format. Follaein Automatic, Ultra released "[[:en:Give It All You Got (Ultra Naté song)|Give It All You Got]]" which featurs Chris Willis as a digital dounload syne 5 Dizember 2007. The sang hit #1 on the Billboard Dance Music/Club Play chairts the week endin 23 Februar 2008. In mid-2009 it wis annooncit that U.S. R&B songstress [[Michelle Williams (sangster)|Michelle Williams]], previously o [[Destiny's Child]] haes collaboratit on a sang wi Ultra cried "I'm Waiting On You", for uise on baith o their next studio albums.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a162286/michelle-williams.html |title=Interview with Michelle Williams |access-date=2013-02-27 |archive-date=2009-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904004927/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a162286/michelle-williams.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2010 Ultra haes released a Bob Sinclar remix o her classic hit "Free" on Strictly Rhythm. "Give It 2 U" in collaboration wi Quentin Harris for his album "Sacrifice" which is considered a preview o an upcomin duet project atween Ultra an Quentin cried "Black Stereo Faith". She released "Destination" in collaboration wi Tony Moran which peaked at #10 on the Billboard Dance Play chairt an aw. "Destination" wis the seicont single aff Tony's album, Mix Magic Music. In 2010 she released an EP titled "Things Happen At Night" featuring Ultra's pop an soul melodies an vocal stylings ower manic percussive club beats done bi Unruly productions. Januar 2011 is slatit for the release o Ultra's new single wi Strictly Rhythm on her Deep Sugar label imprint cried "[[:en:Turn It Up (Ultra Naté song)|Turn It Up]]" wi a muisic video directit bi Leo Herrara. "Turn It Up" is the first single tae be released frae her saxt studio album tae be titled ''Hero Worship''. In September 2011 she submittit a sang tae represent [[Swisserland]] in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2012]], tae be held in [[Azerbaijan]].<ref>[http://www.esctoday.com/news/read/17658 Eurovision Song Contest - Baku 2012 | News - Switzerland: American singer Ultra Naté on the race to Baku] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924132142/http://www.esctoday.com/news/read/17658 |date=2011-09-24 }}. Esctoday.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-17.</ref> ==Discografie== ===Albums=== ====Studio albums==== {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center; |- ! rowspan="2" style="width:33px;"|Year ! rowspan="2" style="width:265px;"|Album details !|Peak chart positions |- style="width:4em;font-size:85%;" ! style="text-align:center; width:45px;"|[[UK]] |- |1991 |align="left"| '''''[[Blue Notes in the Basement]]''''' * Released: June 1991 * Label: [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]] * Formats: CD, cassette, LP | style="text-align:center;"| — |- |1994 |align="left"| '''''[[One Woman's Insanity]]''''' * Released: October 1994 * Label: Warner Bros. * Formats: CD, cassette, LP | style="text-align:center;"| — |- |1998 |align="left"| '''''[[Situation: Critical]]''''' * Released: May 2, 1998 * Label: [[Strictly Rhythm]] * Formats: CD, cassette, LP | style="text-align:center;"| 17 |- |2001 |align="left"| '''''[[Stranger Than Fiction (Ultra Nate album)|Stranger Than Fiction]]''''' * Released: April 24, 2001 * Label: Strictly Rhythm * Formats: CD, LP | style="text-align:center;"| — |- |2007 |align="left"| '''''[[Grime, Silk, & Thunder]]''''' * Released: June 5, 2007 * Label: [[Tommy Boy Entertainment|Silver Label/Tommy Boy Entertainment]] * Formats: CD | style="text-align:center;"| — |- |2013 |align="left"| '''''[[Hero Worship]]''''' * Released: TBA * Label: [[BluFire / Peace Bisquit]] * Formats: Digital | style="text-align:center;"| — |} ====Compilation albums==== * ''[[The Best Remixes, Vol. 1]]'' (1997) * ''[[Best Remixes, Vol. 2]]'' (1999) * ''Alchemy - G.S.T. Reloaded'' (2008) ===Extendit plays=== * ''Things Happen At Night'' (2010) === Singles === {|class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan=2|Year ! rowspan="2" style="width:300px;"| Title ! colspan=4|Peak chart positions !rowspan="2"| [[Music recording sales certification|Certifications]]<br /><small>([[List of music recording sales certifications|sales thresholds]])</small> ! rowspan=2|Album |- style="width:4em;font-size:85%;" ! style="text-align:center; width:30px;"|[[Billboard Hot 100|US]] ! style="text-align:center; width:30px;"|[[Hot Dance Club Play|US Dance]]<ref name="BB - Singles (Dance)">{{cite web |title=Ultra Naté Album & Song Chart History|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/ultra-nate/chart-history/12111?f=359&g=Singles|work=[[Billboard.com]]|accessdate=January 8, 2012}}</ref> ! style="text-align:center; width:30px;"|[[UK]]<br/><ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book | first= David | last= Roberts | year= 2006 | title= British Hit Singles & Albums | edition= 19th | publisher= Guinness World Records Limited | location= London | isbn= 1-904994-10-5 | page= 388}}</ref> ! style="text-align:center; width:30px;"|[[Canadian Singles Chart|CAN]] |- | style="text-align:center;"|1989 |align="left"|"It's Over Now" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|62 | style="text-align:center;"|— | | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|''[[Blue Notes in the Basement]]'' |- | style="text-align:center;"|1991 |align="left"|"Is It Love?" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|45 | style="text-align:center;"|71 | style="text-align:center;"|— | |- | style="text-align:center;"|1992 |align="left"|"Rejoicing (I'll Never Forget)" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|7 | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | |- | style="text-align:center;"|1993 |align="left"|"Joy" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|2 | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|''[[One Woman's Insanity]]'' |- | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|1994 |align="left"|"Show Me" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|1 | style="text-align:center;"|62 | style="text-align:center;"|— | |- |align="left"|"How Long" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|2 | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | |- | style="text-align:center;"|1997 |align="left"|"[[Free (Ultra Naté song)|Free]]" | style="text-align:center;"|75 | style="text-align:center;"|1 | style="text-align:center;"|4 | style="text-align:center;"|10 | * UK: Gold | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"|''[[Situation: Critical]]'' |- | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"|1998 |align="left"|"Free (The Mixes)" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|33 | style="text-align:center;"|— | |- |align="left"|"[[Found A Cure (Ultra Naté song)|Found A Cure]]" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|1 | style="text-align:center;"|6 | style="text-align:center;"|— | |- |align="left"|"New Kind of Medicine" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|28 | style="text-align:center;"|14 | style="text-align:center;"|— | |- |align="left"|"Pressure" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|3 | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | |- |align="left"|"[[If You Could Read My Mind]]" <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Stars on 54: Ultra Naté, [[Amber (singer)|Amber]], [[Jocelyn Enriquez]])</span> | style="text-align:center;"|52 | style="text-align:center;"|3 | style="text-align:center;"|23 | style="text-align:center;"|7 | | style="text-align:center;"|''[[54 (film)|54]] soundtrack'' |- | style="text-align:center;"|2000 |align="left"|"Desire" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|1 | style="text-align:center;"|40 | style="text-align:center;"|— | | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"|''[[Stranger Than Fiction (Ultra Nate album)|Stranger Than Fiction]]'' |- | style="text-align:center;"|2001 |align="left"|"Get It Up (The Feeling)" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|1 | style="text-align:center;"|51 | style="text-align:center;"|— | |- | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2002 |align="left"|"I Don't Understand It" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|25 | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | |- |align="left"|"Twisted" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|3 | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | |- | style="text-align:center;"|2003 |align="left"|"[[Brass in Pocket]]" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|8 | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | | style="text-align:center;"|Non-album song |- | style="text-align:center;"|2005 |align="left"|"[[Freak On]]" <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[StoneBridge (DJ)|Stonebridge]])</span> | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|37 | style="text-align:center;"|— | | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"|''[[Grime, Silk, & Thunder]]'' |- | style="text-align:center;"|2006 |align="left"|"[[Love's the Only Drug]]" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|2 | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | |- | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2007 |align="left"|"[[Automatic (Pointer Sisters song)#Ultra Naté cover|Automatic]]" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|1 | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | |- |align="left"|"[[Give It All You Got (Ultra Naté song)|Give It All You Got]]" <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Chris Willis]])</span> | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|1 | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | |- | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2009 |align="left"|"Faster Faster Pussycat (Let’s Go!)" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|''Things Happen At Night'' |- |align="left"|"Hey DJ" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | |- | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2011 |align="left"|"[[Turn It Up (Ultra Naté song)|Turn It Up]]" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|4 | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|''Hero Worship'' |- |align="left"|"[[Waiting on You]]"<br><small>(with [[Michelle Williams (singer)|Michelle Williams]])</small> | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|11 | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | |} ====As featured airtist==== {|class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan=2|Year ! rowspan="2" style="width:300px;"| Single ! colspan="2"|Peak chart positions |- style="width:4em;font-size:85%;" ! style="text-align:center; width:30px;"|[[Hot Dance Club Play|US Dance]] ! style="text-align:center; width:30px;"|[[UK]]<br/><ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/> |- | style="text-align:center;"|1992 |align="left"|"Altitude" <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(777 featuring Ultra Naté)</span> | style="text-align:center;"|44 | style="text-align:center;"|— |- | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|1995 |align="left"|"Party Girl (Turn Me Loose)" | style="text-align:center;"|6 | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |align="left"|"10.000 Screaming Faggots" <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(The Moonwalkers feat. Ultra Naté)</span> | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- | style="text-align:center;"|1997 |align="left"|"Partay Feeling" <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Erick Morillo|B-Crew]] featuring [[Barbara Tucker]], [[Dajae]], Ultra Naté and [[Moné]])</span> | style="text-align:center;"|22 | style="text-align:center;"|45 |- | style="text-align:center;"|2004 |align="left"|"Time of our Lives" <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Ultra Devoted)</span> | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2005 |align="left"|"Bittersweet Melody" <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Alex Gaudino|Gaudino]] feat. Ultra Naté)</span> | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |align="left"|"Wonderful Place" <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[U.D.A.U.F.L.]])</span> | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2010 |align="left"|"No Wasted Hearts" <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Nicola Fasano feat. Ultra Naté)</span> | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |align="left"|"Destination" <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Tony Moran]] feat. Ultra Naté)</span> | style="text-align:center;"|10 | style="text-align:center;"|— |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.ultranate.com Ultra Naté] — offeecial wabsteid * [http://www.myspace.com/ultranatemusic Ultra Naté] at [[Myspace]] * [http://www.discogs.com/artist/Ultra+Naté Ultra Naté] discography at [[Discogs]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Nate, Ultra}} [[Category:1968 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Havre de Grace, Maryland]] [[Category:African-American female sangsters]] [[Category:American female sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American rhythm an blues sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American garage hoose muisickers]] [[Category:Warner Bros. Records airtists]] [[Category:Tommy Boy Records airtists]] [[Category:American dance muisickers]] si18ixqo7zm8fylzazimzss34k798ah 0 47527 927584 886014 2026-11-10T01:15:19Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead updatit, soorced 927584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Vicente Fernández | image = Vicente Fernández - Pepsi Center - 06.11.11.jpg | image_size = 195 | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Vicente Fernández Gómez | birth_date = {{birth date|1940|2|17|df=yes}} | birth_place = Huentitán el Alto, [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]],<br> [[Jalisco]], [[Mexico]] | death_date = 12 December 2021 (aged 81) | genre = [[Ranchera]], [[Bolero]], Ballad | occupation = Sangster, actor, film producer | years_active = 1968–2013 | label = [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music]] }} '''Vicente Fernández Gómez''' (17 Februar 1940 – 12 December 2021) wis a Mexican [[mariachi]] sangster, actor an film producer. Kent as "El Ídolo de México" (the Idol o Mexico)<ref name="billboardbio">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/430831/vicente-fernandez/biography|title=Vicente Fernández – Biography|author=Jeff Tamarkin (Rovi Corporation)|magazine=Billboard|access-date=15 August 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170921032644/https://www.billboard.com/artist/430831/vicente-fernandez/biography |archive-date = 21 September 2017}}</ref> an "El Rey de la Música Ranchera" (the King o Ranchera Muisic),<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tamarkin |first1=Jeff |title=Vicente Fernández <nowiki>|</nowiki> Biography & History |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/vicente-fern%C3%A1ndez-mn0000197424/biography |publisher=AllMusic |access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref> he stairtit oot singin for tips on the street an becam a cultural icon. He recordit mair nor 100 albums an appeared in mair nor 150 films. He sang [[ranchera]]s an ither Mexican clessics, wi a mariachi group playin ahint him live. He wis the faither o the sangster [[Alejandro Fernández]] an o Vicente Fernández Jr. His wark wan him fower [[Grammy Awards]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/vicente-fernandez/9037|title=Vicente Fernandez|date=17 March 2014|publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref> nine [[Latin Grammy Awards]] an a starn on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]. He selt ower 50 million records warldwide, makkin him ane o the best-sellin regional Mexican artists o aw time.<ref name="billboardbio" /> Tho he wisna sae weel kent tae Inglis-speakin audiences, he filled stadiums an venues for mair nor 35 year. He stappit performin live in 2016,<ref>{{cite web|author=Jesse Katz|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2021-12-12/vicente-fernandez-singer-dead|title=Vicente Fernández, a Mexican musical icon for generations, dies at 81|work=Los Angeles Times|date=12 December 2021|accessdate=12 December 2021}}</ref> an deed on 12 December 2021, aged 81. In 2023 ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' named him the greatest Mexican sangster o aw time.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2023-01-01 |title=The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-singers-all-time-1234642307/vicente-fernandez-1234643052/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Discography== * 2012: "Los 2 Vicentes" (wi Vicente Fernandez Jr.) * 2011: ''Otra Vez'' * 2010: ''El Hombre Que Más Te Amó'' * 2010: ''Un Mexicano en la México'' * 2009: ''Necesito de Ti'' * 2008: ''Primera Fila'' * 2007: ''Para Siempre'' * 2006: ''La Tragedia del Vaquero'' * 2006: ''The Living Legend'' * 2005: ''Y Sus Corridos Consentidos'' * 2005: ''Mis Duetos'' * 2004: ''Se Me Hizo Tarde La Vida'' * 2002: ''Vicente y Alejandro Fernández En Vivo Juntos Por Última Vez'' * 2002: ''Historia de un Ídolo, Vol. II'' * 2001: ''Más Con El Número Uno'' * 2000: ''Historia de un Ídolo, Vol. 1'' * 2000: ''Lobo Herido'' * 1999: ''Y Los Más Grandes Éxitos De Los Dandys'' * 1998: ''Entre El Amor Y Yo'' * 1997: ''Estatua De Marfil'' * 1996: ''Y Sus Canciones'' * 1995: ''Aunque Me Duela El Alma'' * 1994: ''Recordando A Los Panchos'' * 1993: ''Lástima Que Seas Ajena'' * 1992: ''Que de Raro Tiene'' * 1991: ''Mi querido Viejo'' * 1991: ''El Charro Mexicano'' * 1990: ''Y Las Clásicas De José Alfredo Jiménez'' * 1990: ''Mientras Ustedes No Dejen De Aplaudir'' * 1989: ''Por Tu Maldito Amor'' * 1988: ''Mujeres Divinas/El Cuatrero (the same album unner different titles an track leets)'' * 1988: ''Lo Mejor De La Baraja Con El Rey'' * 1987: ''Motivos Del Alma'' * 1987: ''Dos Corazones (wi Vikki Carr)'' * 1986: ''Le Canta A América Latina'' * 1986: ''Hoy Platiqué Con Mi Gallo'' * 1985: ''De Un Rancho A Otro'' * 1984: ''Un Mexicano En La México'' * 1984: ''15 Nuevos Éxitos Con El Ídolo de México'' * 1983: ''15 Grandes Con El Número 1'' * 1982: ''Es La Diferencia'' * 1981: ''El Numero Uno'' * 1981: ''Alejandra y Los Valses Clásicos'' * 1980: ''De Que Manera Te Olvido/El Tapatío (the same album unner twa different nems)'' * 1979: ''El Tahúr'' * 1978: ''Mi Amigo El Tordillo'' * 1978: ''A Pesar De Todo'' * 1977: ''Canta Para Recordar'' * 1977: ''La Muerte De Un Gallero'' * 1976: ''A Tu Salud'' * 1975: ''¿Gusta Usted? Joyas Rancheras al Estilo de Vicente Fernández'' * 1974: ''El Hijo Del Pueblo'' * 1973: ''El Ídolo de México'' * 1973: ''Toda Una Época'' * 1972: ''Vicente Fernández (Con La Misma Tijera)'' * 1972: ''¡Arriba Huentitán!'' * 1972: ''Vicente Fernández (Lo Siento Por Ti)'' * 1971: ''Camino Inseguro'' * 1970: ''Vicente Fernández (Me Está Esperando María)'' * 1970: ''Ni En Defensa Propia'' * 1969: ''Palabra de Rey'' * 1968: ''Vicente Fernández (El Remedio)'' * 1967: ''La Voz Que Usted Esperaba'' ==Filmography== * 1991 – ''Mí querido viejo'' * 1990 – ''Por tu maldito amor'' * 1989 – ''El cuatrero'' * 1988 – ''Entre Compadres Te Veas'' * 1987 – ''El Diablo, El Santo Y El Tonto'' * 1986 – ''El Macho'' * 1985 – ''El Embustero'' * 1985 – ''Sinvergüenza pero honrado'' * 1984 – ''Acorralado'' * 1984 – ''Matar O Morir'' * 1983 – ''Un hombre llamado el Diablo'' * 1983 – ''Una Pura y Dos Con Sal'' * 1983 – ''El Sinverguenza'' * 1982 – ''Juan Charrasqueado & Gabino Barrera'' * 1981 – ''Todo un Hombre'' * 1980 – ''Como Mexico no Hay Dos'' * 1980 – ''Picardia Mexicana Numero Dos'' * 1979 – ''El Tahúr'' * 1978 – ''El Coyote y la Bronca'' * 1977 – ''Picardia Mexicana'' * 1977 – ''El Arracadas'' * 1975 – ''Dios los Cria'' * 1974 – ''Juan Armenta el Repatriado'' * 1974 – ''El Albañil'' * 1974 – ''La Ley Del Monte'' * 1973 – ''Entre Monjas Anda El Diablo'' * 1973 – ''El Hijo del Pueblo'' * 1972 – ''Jalisco Nunca Pierde'' * 1971 – ''Tu Camino Y El Mio'' * 1971 – ''Uno Y Medio Contra El Mundo'' * 1971 – ''Tacos Al Carbon''==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandez, Vicente}} [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:Latin Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year Honorees]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:2021 daiths]] [[Category:Mexican male film actors]] [[Category:Mexican male sangsters]] [[Category:Fowk frae Guadalajara, Jalisco]] [[Category:Ranchera sangsters]] fvzorttnh6xxl5syzy6izuetlz0zziu 0 47868 927611 841027 2026-11-10T01:51:09Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Common dugwid | image = Cornus sanguinea Sturm39.jpg | image_caption = Common dugwid | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | unranked_divisio = [[Flouerin plant|Angiosperms]] | unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] | unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]] | ordo = [[Cornales]] | familia = Cornaceae | genus = ''Cornus'' | subgenus = ''Kraniopsis'' | species = '''''C. sanguinea''''' | binomial = ''Cornus sanguinea'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] | range_map = Cornus sanguinea range.svg | range_map_caption = Map o whaur it grows | synonyms = ''Swida sanguinea'' }} '''''Cornus sanguinea''''', the '''common dugwid''' or '''bluidy dugwid''',<ref>{{cite book|last=Lees|first=Edwin|title=The Botany of Malvern Hills, in the counties of Worcester, Hereford, and Gloucester|year=1852|publisher=David Bogue|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/botanyofmalvernh00lees/page/36 36]|url=https://archive.org/details/botanyofmalvernh00lees}}</ref> is a species o dugwid native tae maist o Europe an wastren Aisie, frae Ingland an central Scotland east tae the Caspian Sea. Mony fowk grow it as an ornamental plant. ==Description== It is a deciduous [[Buss|buss]] o middlin tae lairge size, {{Convert|2|–|6|m|ft|0}} heich, wi daurk greenish-broon brainches an twigs. The leaves grow in opposite pairs, {{Convert|4|–|8|cm|0}} lang an {{Convert|2|-|4|cm|1}} braid. They are ovate tae oblang in shape wi a smooth edge, green abuin an a wee bit paler ablo, an roch wi short stiff hairs.<ref name=Stace>{{cite book|last=Stace|first=C. A.|author-link = Stace, C. A.|year=2010|title=New Flora of the British Isles|edition=Third|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge, U.K.| isbn=9780521707725}}</ref>{{rp|509}} The flouers are hermaphrodite an sma, {{Convert|5|–|10|mm|1}} across, wi fower creamy white petals. They come in clusters {{Convert|3|–|5|cm|0}} across an are pollinatit bi insects. The fruit is a roond black berry {{Convert|5|–|8|mm|1}} across, wi a single seed in it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Cornus+sanguinea|title=Cornus sanguinea|date=1996–2008|publisher=Plants For A Future|access-date=2009-06-09}}</ref> The berries are whiles cried "dogberries". <gallery mode=packed heights="200px"> (MHNT) Cornus sanguinea immature inflorescence - Serres du Museum de Toulouse.jpg|''Cornus sanguinea'' flouers afore they open Cornus sanguinea, winter.jpg|''Cornus sanguinea'' stems in winter </gallery> ==Ecology== It does weel wi moderate warmth in sunny places, but it can thole shade, an in the mair soothren pairts o its range it grows in the muntains. In cooler airts sic as [[Scandinavie]] it grows at sea level. It needs licht soils, that are aften alkaline. It spreids bi seeds an stolons. Its naitural range covers maist o Europe an wastren Aisie. It is maist rife alang riversides, especially in shady places an ravines. It grows at the edges o forests or in open grund, sic as wids growin back. Jaggy wid edges are anither hame for it, amang ither thorny busses (for example ''[[Clematis vitalba]]'', ''[[Scrog|Crataegus monogyna]]'', ''Malus sylvestris'', ''[[Prunus spinosa]]'', ''Rubus idaeus'' or ''Rubus ulmifolius''). It reproduces bi seed an ruit sprouts, an this maks it guid at takkin ower grund an formin thick groves. In some circumstances it can be invasive. ==Uises== [[File:Cornus sanguinea berries.jpg|thumb|left|''Cornus sanguinea'' berries]] The leaves are fuid for some animals, amang them [[Lepidoptera]] sic as the case-bearer [[Moch|moch]] ''Coleophora anatipennella''. Some mammals an mony birds eat the berries. Mony fruit-eatin [[passerine]]s find them hard tae resist, an prefer them tae fruit grown bi fowk. For this reason the plant is aften grown in organic gairdenin an permaculture tae keep birds aff the fruit in orchards. Fruit-eatin birds will still hunt pest insects in the breedin season, acause thair young need a lot o protein tae grow.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} Gairden varieties are aften cried "winter fire", acause the leaves turn orange-yella in autumn an then faw, shawin bricht reid stems in winter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gardeningexpress.co.uk/ProductDetails.asp?ProductID=972|title=Cornus sanguinea Midwinter Fire (Winter Beauty) - Dogwood|year=2009|publisher=Gardening Express|access-date=2009-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005173132/http://www.gardeningexpress.co.uk/ProductDetails.asp?ProductID=972|archive-date=2011-10-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> The straucht widdy shoots o the plant can be uised as prods, skewers or arraes. The prehistoric archer [[Ötzi]], foond in 1991 on the border atween Italy an Austrick, wis cairyin arrae shafts o dugwid.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.first-nature.com/trees/cornus-sanguinea.php|title=Cornus sanguinea - Dogwood|year=2018|publisher=First nature|access-date=2018-11-30}}</ref> The Inglis nem ''dogwood'' haes its stairt in ''C. sanguinea'': afore the industrial revolution, Northren Europeans aften uised its wid tae mak treenails ("dags"), dowels an pegs. The wid o ''C. sanguinea'' is unco haurd, dense an teuch, an it haes an oily feenish that helps when drivin pegs intae holes.{{cn|date=October 2023}} ==References== {{Commons}} {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q161416}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Cornus|sanguinea]] [[Category:Flora o Ukraine]] [[Category:Plants describit in 1753]] [[Category:Trees o Wastren Asie]] [[Category:Melliferous flouers]] [[Category:Bird fuid plants]] {{stub/Plaunt}} tgqamz2lhnzm7lbw4h7hhlnb1dymjml 0 48472 927634 833525 2026-11-10T02:00:12Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{Taxobox | name = Muntain pansy | image = Viola lutea 05.jpg | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | unranked_divisio = [[Flouerin plant|Angiosperms]] | unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] | unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] | ordo = [[Malpighiales]] | familia = [[Violaceae]] | genus = ''[[Viola (plant)|Viola]]'' | species = '''''V. lutea''''' | binomial = ''Viola lutea'' | binomial_authority = Huds. }} '''''Viola lutea''''', the '''muntain pansy''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{cite web |title=BSBI List 2007 |publisher=Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |url=https://bsbi.org/download/3542/ |format=xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |archive-format=xls |archive-date=2015-06-26 |access-date=2014-10-17 }}</ref> is a species o flouerin plant in the genus ''[[Viola (plant)|Viola]]'', in the violet faimily, [[Violaceae]]. It is an [[evergreen]] [[Perennial plant|perennial]], an its range in Europe rins frae the [[Breetish Isles]] tae the [[Balkans]]. ==Description== ''Viola lutea'' is a compact plant wi bricht green oval leaves, that grows tae a heicht o aboot {{convert|20|cm|0}}. Its flouers are {{convert|20|-|35|mm|1|abbr=on}} across. Maistly thay are gowden yella, but some plants hae blue, purpie or blotched flouers insteid.<ref>{{cite book |author=Clive A. Stace |author-link=Clive A. Stace |year=2011 |title=New Flora of the British Isles |url=https://archive.org/details/newflorabritishi00stac |url-access=limited |edition=3rd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-70772-5 |chapter=''Viola'' L. – violets |pages=[https://archive.org/details/newflorabritishi00stac/page/n367 332]–335}}</ref> ==Taxonomy== William Hudson first descrived ''Viola lutea'' in his ''Flora Anglica'' o 1762.<ref>{{cite book |author=William Hudson |author-link=William Hudson (botanist) |year=1762 |title=Flora Anglica |publisher=published by the author |location=London |chapter=''Viola'' |pages=330–332 |url=https://archive.org/stream/gulielmihudsoni01hudsgoog#page/n352/mode/2up}}</ref> The Laitin [[Binomial nomenclatur|specific epithet]] ''lutea'' means "yella".<ref name=RHSLG>{{cite book | last=Harrison |first=Lorraine | title=RHS Latin for Gardeners | year=2012 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley | location=United Kingdom | isbn=184533731X }}</ref> ===Subspecies an varieties=== ''V. lutea'' subsp. ''lutea'' is native tae central an north-wastren Europe, frae the Breetish Isles tae Austrick. Anither subspecies is foond further east, frae Hungary tae the Balkans.<ref name="Balme">{{cite journal |author=O. E. Balme |year=1954 |title=''Viola Lutea'' Huds. |journal=Journal of Ecology |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=234–240 |jstor=2256996}}</ref> Twa o thaim staund oot. ''V.&nbsp;lutea'' subsp. ''calaminaria'' is foond in the faur sooth o the Netherlands an in eastren Belgium. ''V.&nbsp;lutea'' var. ''westfalica'' is foond anly in ae unco sma place near Blankenrode in East Westphalia, Germany. Baith hae evolved in fairly recent times tae mak uise o the local pollution left ahint efter centuries o minin for metals in thae places. The subspecies ''calaminaria'' grows whaur the tailins frae minin [[zinc]] ore hae been dumped, an the variety ''westfalica'' grows on heaps o waste frae [[Leid (element)|leid]] ore. Baith hae come tae be the main plant species in thair unco sma habitats.<ref name=Hildebrandt2006>{{cite journal |last=Hildebrandt |first=Ulrich |last2=Hoef-Emden |first2=K. |last3=Backhausen |first3=S. |last4=Bothe |first4=Hermann |last5=Bożek |first5=M. |last6=Siuta |first6=A. |last7=Kuta |first7=Elzbieta |date=March 2006 |title=The rare, endemic zinc violets of Central Europe originate from ''Viola lutea'' Huds |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Elzbieta_Kuta/publication/226402710 |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=257 |issue=3 |pages=205–222 |doi=10.1007/s00606-005-0387-4 |access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> ==Distribution== In Great Breetain, ''Viola lutea'' is foond anly in hill kintra north o a line drawn atween the estuaries o the Severn an the Humber. It grows frae {{convert|200|m}} abuin sea level in [[Derbyshire]] up tae {{convert|1070|m|-2|abbr=on}} in Breadalbane.<ref name="Balme"/> In Ireland it is mair scattert, an grows frae [[sea level]] in [[Coontie Clare]] up tae {{convert|380|m|abbr=on}} in the Wicklow Muntains.<ref name="Balme"/> ==Cultivation== ''Viola lutea'' is grown as an ornamental plant, in full sun or pairt shade, in rich soil.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/71784/viola-lutea/details | title = ''Viola lutea'' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 September 2023}}</ref> It is the main forebear o the common gairden pansy, ''V.''&nbsp;× ''wittrockiana''. Gairdeners in Breetain bred this hybrid in the early 19th century.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{Commons category-inline|Viola lutea|''Viola lutea''}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/index.php?q=plant/viola-lutea |title=''Viola lutea'' (Mountain Pansy) |work=Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora |publisher=Biological Records Centre}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q164447}} [[Category:Viola|lutea]] [[Category:Flora o Europe]] {{stub/Plaunt}} g6j89mhzmvekie7noknb65s5bs9thmu 0 48716 927591 899317 2026-11-10T01:21:59Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927591 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Celine Dion Concert Singing Taking Chances 2008.jpg|thumb|The adult contemporary airtist [[Céline Dion]] is ane o the biggest internaitional starns in the history o muisic. She haes selt mair nor 220 million albums ower the warld.<ref>{{cite web|last=Proefrock|first=Stacia|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/celine-dion-mn0000186185|title=Celine Dion - Music Biography, Credits and Discography|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=2012-10-03}}</ref>]] '''Adult contemporary''' ('''AC''') is a category o popular muisic makkit for adult listeners. The nem is also uised for the record charts an radio formats that concentrate on sic muisic. Whit gangs intae adult contemporary at ony time is shapit maistly bi the popular muisic trends o the day, an bi which trends an [[Muisic genre|genres]] appeal mair strangly tae young fowk. It wis first established as a continuation o the easy listenin an soft rock soonds o the 1960s an 1970s, as a coonterwecht tae the [[Haurd rock|haurd rock]] o thon time, an later tae [[Hivy metal muisic|hivy metal]] an [[Hip hop muisic|hip-hop]]. At first it concentratit on sangs wi mair or less influence frae easy listenin, [[Pop muisic|pop]], [[Soul muisic|soul]], R&B, quiet storm an [[Rock muisic|rock]]. In the 1990s adult contemporary stairtit tae tak in a hetter soond that makkit mair room for contemporary pop, an it developit sub-categories for particular genres. In [[radio]] braidcastin, adult contemporary formats uisually aim at adults atween 25 an 44, acause advertisers favour thaim. The formats are telt apairt maistly bi thair playlists. "Hot AC" stations uisually concentrate on uptempo mainstream muisic, sic as dance-pop, [[Contemporar R&B|contemporary R&B]], pop, alternative, indie an soft rock. They leave oot the mair specialised kinds o hip-hop, haurd rock, teen pop an electronic dance muisic that appeal less tae aulder listeners. "Mainstream AC" balances new muisic wi established hits frae past decades, an "soft AC" haes a mair conservative soond. AC stations can play pop hits frae earlier decades an aw, that thair listeners find nostalgic. Ither sub-categories o AC hae also come forrit: rhythmic adult contemporary, that concentrates on [[Dance muisic|dance muisic]]; urban adult contemporary, that concentrates on R&B an soul muisic; an Christian adult contemporary. == History == === 1960s === Adult contemporary haes its ruits in the easy listenin format o the 1960s, that played a mix o 70–80% instrumentals tae 20–30% vocals. The easy listenin format, as it wis first kent, cam oot o the wish o some radio stations in the late 1950s an early 1960s tae keep playin new hit sangs. They didnae want tae be brandit as rock an roll stations. ''Billboard'' first published its Easy Listening chart on 17 July 1961, wi 20 sangs. The first nummer ane wis "Boll Weevil Song" bi Brook Benton. The chart describit itsel as "not too far out in either direction".<ref name=Trust>{{cite magazine |last=Trust |first=Gary |date=July 23, 2011 |title=Vanilla Is Licking the Competition |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |volume=123 |issue=25}}</ref> Efter 1965 the differences atween the Hot 100 chart an the Easy Listening chart grew mair merkit. As rock muisic got haurder, there wis faur less crossower atween the twa charts than in the first hauf o the 1960s. Roger Miller, Barbra Streisand an Bobby Vinton were amang the chart's maist popular performers.<ref name=Trust/> === 1970s === Bi the late 1960s haurd rock haed been established as ane o the rock genres.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.thepeoplehistory.com/60smusic.html | title=1960s Music History including Sixties Styles, Bands and Artists | access-date=July 16, 2019 | archive-date=July 29, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729030844/http://www.thepeoplehistory.com/60smusic.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Haurd rock an soft rock becam separate popular forms in rock,<ref name="autogenerated687">{{cite book |title=The Guide to United States Popular Culture |publisher=Popular Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-87972-821-3 |editor1-last=Browne |editor1-first=R. B. |page=687 |editor2-last=Browne |editor2-first=P.}}</ref> an major radio formats in the US.<ref>{{cite book |first=M. C. |last=Keith |title=The Radio Station: Broadcast, Satellite and Internet |publisher=Focal Press |edition=8th |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-240-81186-4 |page=14}}</ref> Soft rock wis aften drawn frae folk rock. It uised acoustic instruments an pit mair weicht on melody an harmony. Its major artists includit Carole King, [[Cat Stevens]], James Taylor<ref name="curtis">{{cite book |last=Curtis |first=J. M. |title=Rock eras: interpretations of music and society, 1954–1984 |publisher=Popular Press |year=1987 |page=236}}</ref> an Bread.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/soft-rock-ma0000011841 |title=Soft Rock : Significant Albums, Artists and Songs, Most Viewed |publisher=AllMusic |access-date=January 9, 2013 |archive-date=February 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227063131/https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/soft-rock-ma0000011841 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://80music.about.com/od/genresmovements/p/softrockprofile.htm |title=Soft Rock – Profile of the Mellow, Romantic Soft Rock of the '70s and Early '80s |publisher=80music.about.com |date=April 12, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2013 |archive-date=January 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116133043/http://80music.about.com/od/genresmovements/p/softrockprofile.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the early 1970s, safter sangs bi [[The Carpenters]], Anne Murray, John Denver, Barry Manilow an even Barbra Streisand stairtit tae be played mair aften on Top 40 radio. The Hot 100 an the Easy Listening/AC charts becam mair alike. AC stations stairtit tae play safter sangs bi [[Elvis Presley]], [[Elton John]], [[Billy Joel]] an ither rock artists. Suin efter, rock acts sic as Chicago an the [[Eagles (baund)|Eagles]] cam tae be associatit wi the format.<ref name=Trust/> Soft rock reached its heichest commercial pynt in the mid tae late 1970s, wi acts sic as [[Toto (baund)|Toto]], Air Supply an the reformed Fleetwood Mac, whase album ''Rumours'' (1977) wis ane o the best-sellin albums o the decade.<ref>{{cite book |first=P. |last=Buckley |title=The Rough Guide to Rock |publisher=Rough Guides |edition=3rd |year=2003 |page=378}}</ref> Bi 1977 some radio stations, amang thaim WTFM an WYNY in New York an WEEI in Boston, haed chynged tae an aa-soft rock format.<ref>{{cite book |first1=C. H. |last1=Sterling |first2=M. C. |last2=Keith |title=Sounds of Change: a History of FM broadcasting in America |publisher=UNC Press |year=2008 |pages=136–7}}</ref> === 1980s === On 7 Aprile 1979 the Easy Listening chart wis offeecially renamed Adult Contemporary.<ref name=Trust/> Adult contemporary muisic becam ane o the maist popular radio formats o the 1980s. As the decade gaed on, traditional AC artists sic as Barbra Streisand, The Carpenters, Barry Manilow, John Denver an [[Olivia Newton-John]] fund it harder tae hae major Top 40 hits. Some artists were staples o contemporary hit radio, sic as Richard Marx, [[Michael Jackson]], Bonnie Tyler, George Michael, [[Phil Collins]], [[Laura Branigan]] an Journey.<ref name=SoftRockClassificationBBC>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11733277|title=Journey: The band who did not stop believing|work=BBC News|access-date=December 6, 2010|date=November 12, 2010|archive-date=November 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116202649/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11733277|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=SoftRockClassificationMM>{{cite web|url=http://www.mademan.com/mm/10-best-soft-rock-ballads.html|title=10 Best Soft Rock Ballads|publisher=Made Man|access-date=December 6, 2010|date=November 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113200141/http://www.mademan.com/mm/10-best-soft-rock-ballads.html|archive-date=November 13, 2010|url-status=dead}} "Journey fans can easily list a dozen soft rock ballads from the band..."</ref> Throu the influence o [[MTV]], they stairtit tae cross ower tae the AC charts mair aften. === 1990s === Unlike maist mainstream sangsters o the 1980s, the mainstream pop an R&B sangsters o the 1990s generally crossed ower tae the AC charts. Amang them were All-4-One,<ref>{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=all-4-one|chart=all}}|title=All-4-One Album & Song Chart History|magazine=Billboard|access-date=October 3, 2012}}</ref> Boyz II Men, Christina Aguilera,<ref name="billboard.com">{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=mariah carey|chart=all}}|title=Mariah Carey Music News & Info|magazine=Billboard|access-date=October 3, 2012}}</ref> the Backstreet Boys an Savage Garden.<ref name="billboard.com"/> [[Laitin pop]] artists sic as Lynda Thomas,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloid=20981 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023042603/http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloid=20981 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 23, 2013 |title=Lynda realiza su internacionalización |access-date=March 27, 2015 |publisher=terra.com.mx |language=es }}</ref> [[Ricky Martin]], Marc Anthony, [[Selena]], [[Enrique Iglesias]] an [[Luis Miguel]] did weel on the AC charts an aw. Forby [[Céline Dion]], ither artists wi mair nor ae nummer ane on the AC chart in the 1990s include [[Mariah Carey]], Phil Collins, Michael Bolton, Bryan Adams, [[Whitney Houston]] an Shania Twain. New female sangwriters o adult album alternative, sic as Sarah McLachlan, Natalie Merchant, Jewel, Melissa Etheridge an Sheryl Crow, broke throu on the AC chart at this time an aw.<ref name="Hyatt">{{cite book | last=Hyatt | first=Wesley | title=The Billboard Book of Number One Adult Contemporary Hits | publisher=[[Billboard Books]] | location=New York City | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-8230-7693-2}}</ref> === 2000s tae the present === Josh Groban's single "You Raise Me Up" an Michael Bublé's cover o "Fever" are aften gien as key examples o the heich production values an ballad-hivy soond that merkit AC in the 2000s.<ref name="Trust" /> Key tae the success o AC in the 2000s wis listeners atween 25 an 34, that haed ootgrown the pop muisic o the time. Maist new rock haed becam ower alternative an harsh for AC radio, an maist new pop wis nou hivily influenced bi dance-pop, hip-hop an electronic dance muisic.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Joel Whitburn |last=Whitburn |first=Joel |year=2007 |title=Billboard Top Adult Songs 1961–2006 |publisher=Record Research Inc. |page=373}}</ref> In the late 2000s, some pop sangs stairtit tae enter the AC charts, uisually efter they haed recently drappit aff the Hot 100. Raither nor concentratin on aulder sangs, adult contemporary nou played monie o the same sangs as Top 40 an adult Top 40 stations, but anly efter the hits haed become established.<ref name="Trust" /> The shift o AC radio taewart mainstream pop wis a result o chynges in braidcastin efter the Great Recession. Advertisers preferred mair profitable chart-based formats, an monie AC formats, maistly thaim aimed at aulder listeners, cam tae an end. Fawin sales o physical records throu the 2010s wis a major blaw tae AC an aw.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-delilah/|title=The Queen of FM Fights for Her Throne|last=Boudway|first=Ira|date=June 14, 2016|website=[[Bloomberg Business Week]]|access-date=June 15, 2016|quote=It's destroying radio in general, and especially shows that don't play for the meter.|archive-date=June 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623090832/https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-delilah/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Adult contemporary formats == In radio braidcastin, adult contemporary is dividit intae several sub-formats, ilk ane wi its ain muisical direction an its ain target listeners. In hot adult contemporary formats the rotation is generally uptempo, wi recent hits that appeal tae a wide adult audience.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/adult-contemporary-radio-hits-millennials-724945/|title=Adult Radio Was Once the Butt of Jokes. Now It's the Hottest Radio Format|last=Leight|first=Elias|date=October 20, 2018|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=November 12, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=November 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112223628/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/adult-contemporary-radio-hits-millennials-724945/|url-status=live}}</ref> A station formatted as "adult contemporary" wi nae qualifier, kent forby as "mainstream" AC, generally haes a playlist lik hot AC stations, but wi a wider rotation o classic hits frae past decades.<ref name="ir-hotacchr">{{Cite news|url=http://www.insideradio.com/with-chr-polarizing-are-ac-hot-ac-the-new-top/article_1b3397c4-6321-11e8-ab4d-eba067176250.html|title=With CHR Polarizing, Are AC & Hot AC The New Top 40?|work=Insideradio.com|access-date=November 13, 2018|language=en|archive-date=May 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513160647/http://www.insideradio.com/with-chr-polarizing-are-ac-hot-ac-the-new-top/article_1b3397c4-6321-11e8-ab4d-eba067176250.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Soft adult contemporary formats hae a mair conservative soond, aimed maistly at adult weemen. Urban AC concentrates on R&B an [[Soul muisic|soul muisic]] that appeal tae African American adults, an rhythmic AC concentrates on dance muisic an ither rhythmic genres. == Christmas muisic == Syne the 1990s it haes become common for monie AC stations, soft AC stations abuin aw, tae play maistly or anly Christmas muisic in the [[Christmas]] season, in November an December. == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Popular muisic]] [[Category:Radio formats]] [[Category:Pop muisic genres]] [[Category:Easy listenin muisic]] [[Category:Muisic genres]] [[Category:Lounge muisic]] [[Category:New Age muisic]] [[Category:Soul muisic]] 0c3y2szztukpmi73piecb0d9cofsyef 0 49598 927701 894012 2026-11-10T04:41:46Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 927701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Leigh Sales | image = <!-- jist the name, withoot the File: or Image: prefix or enclosin [[brackets]] --> | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Leigh Peta Sales | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1973}} | birth_place = [[Brisbane]], Queensland, Australie | residence = [[Glebe, New Sooth Wales|Glebe]],<ref name=dailylife /> Sydney | nationality = Australie | education = [[Aspley State High School]] | alma_mater = [[Queensland University of Technology]]<br />[[Deakin University]] | occupation = Televeesion presenter | employer = [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | television = ''[[7.30]]'' | spouse = Phil Willis | children = Daniel an James }} '''Leigh Peta Sales''' (born 1973 in [[Brisbane]]) is an Australie author an jurnalist. She is the host o the Australie telly channel [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]]'s flagship news an current affairs program ''[[7.30]]''.<ref name=dailylife>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailylife.com.au/news-and-views/interview-with-leigh-sales-20121214-2bdgi.html|title=Anchor woman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119202030/http://www.dailylife.com.au/news-and-views/interview-with-leigh-sales-20121214-2bdgi.html |archive-date=2013-01-19}} by Helen Pitt, ''Daily Life'', Fairfax Media, 14 February 2012.</ref> ==Career== Leigh wis a jurnalist wi the [[Nine Network]] in Brisbane afore joinin the ABC an is a graduate o [[Deakin University]] (Maister o Internaitional Relations) an [[Queensland University of Technology]] (Bachelor o Jurnalism).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/the-sales-report-20121211-2b7j6.html|title=The Sales Report|publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=2012-12-16|language=en}}</ref> Sales haes held poseetions in naitional radio current affairs an wis NSW poleetical reporter (coverin the [[:en:New South Wales state election, 1999|1999]] an [[:en:New South Wales state election, 2007|2007]] state elections an the [[2000 Simmer Olympics]]). Leigh presentit ''[[Lateline]]'' on Monday, Fuirsday an Friday nichts (wi [[:en:Tony Jones (news journalist)|Tony Jones]] in the role on Tuesdays an Wadensdays). She haes been the ABC's Naitional Security Correspondent frae 2006 till 2008 an wis based in Sydney. Sales wis the netwirk's [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] correspondent frae 2001 tae 2005, coverin stories includin the [[Iraq War]], the [[2004 Unitit States presidential election|2004 presidential election]], [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp|Guantanamo Bay]] an [[Hurricane Katrina]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/about.htm|title=7.30 About Us|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=2013-02-21|language=en}}</ref> In 2011, Sales wis appointit presenter o the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]]'s flagship news an current affairs program, ''[[7.30]]''.<ref name=dailylife /> In Januar 2013, Sales hostit the 70 minute Townterview—a mix o a toun haw an a telly interview—wi Secretar o State [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]] at the [[Newseum]] in Washington, DC. It wis the feenal sic program for Clinton as Secretar o State.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/australian-moderates-clintons-farewell-talkfest-20130130-2djtu.html|title=Australian moderates Clinton's farewell talkfest|publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=2013-01-30|language=en}}</ref> ===Publishin career=== Her first beuk, ''[[Detainee 002: The Case of David Hicks]]'', wis publisht in 2007 bi [[Melbourne University Publishing]] (MUP). The beuk covers Hicks' case as well as a detailed explanation o the [[:en:Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush admeenistration's]] detainee policy in the [[War on Terror]] an the Australie govrenment's cooperation. Her [[essay]], "On Doubt", wis publisht in 2009 as pairt o MUP's series ''Little Books on Big Themes'' which haes featurt [[Germaine Greer]], [[David Malouf]], [[Blanche d'Alpuget]] an [[Barrie Kosky]]. She haes written for ''[[The Monthly]]'' an her wirk haes occasionally appeared in ''[[The Australian]]'', ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', ''[[The Age]]'', an afore thair demise, ''[[The Diplomat]]'' an ''[[The Bulletin]]''. Sales writes a fortnichtly blog cried ''Well-readhead'', maistly aboot beuks an readin. It includes a leet o ten interestin things tae read, watch or listen tae. It appears on baith the ABC's The Drum wabsteid an [[News Limited]]'s [[The Punch (Australie)|The Punch]]. ==Awairds an recognition== *2005: [[Walkley Awards|Walkley Awaird]] for best Radio Current Affairs reportin on Guantanamo Bay<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/about.htm |title=7.30 About Us|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=2013-02-21|language=en}}</ref> *2007: George Munster Awaird for Independent Journalism for ''Detainee 002''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s2034456.htm|title=ABC Journalist wins George Munster Journalism Award|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=2009-09-13|language=en}}</ref> *2012: [[Walkley Awards|Walkley Awaird]] for Broadcasting an Online Interviewing<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-12-01/walkleys/4402348|title=Leigh Sales wins Walkley for best interview|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=2012-12-01|language=en}}</ref> ==Publisht wirks== *''On Doubt'' (2009) *''[[Detainee 002: The Case of David Hicks]]'' (2007) ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{Twitter|leighsales}} *[http://www.thepunch.com.au/author-bios/leigh-sales/ Leigh Sales] at ''[[:en:The Punch (Australia)|The Punch]]'' *[http://www.abc.net.au/profiles/content/s1865168.htm? ABC Biography] *[http://www.mup.unimelb.edu.au/catalogue/0-522-85400-1.html ''Detainee 002: The Case of David Hicks''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607041851/http://www.mup.unimelb.edu.au/catalogue/0-522-85400-1.html |date=2007-06-07 }} at [[Melbourne University Publishing]] *[http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/book-to-tell-torture-tales-when-hicks-cannot/2007/04/03/1175366241097.html "Book to tell torture tales when Hicks cannot"] bi Penelope Debelle, ''[[The Age]]'' (4 Apryle 2007) {{S-start}} {{s-media}} {{succession box|title=''[[Lateline]]''<br />Presenter (Monday, Tuesday & Friday)|before=[[Virginia Trioli]]|after=[[Ali Moore]]|years=2008–2010}} {{Succession box|title=''[[The 7.30 Report|7.30]]''<br />Presenter|before=[[Kerry O'Brien (jurnalist)|Kerry O'Brien]] as ''The 7.30 Report''|after=Sarah Ferguson|years=2011–2022}} {{S-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sales, Leigh}} [[Category:1973 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Australie televeesion jurnalists]] [[Category:Australie weemen jurnalists]] [[Category:Walkley Award winners]] [[Category:ABC News (Australie) presenters]] [[Category:Australie nan-fiction writers]] [[Category:Australie columnists]] [[Category:Deakin Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Queensland University of Technology alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Brisbane]] [[Category:Australie weemen writers]] fuq7wsarprl44ohvzvtq1vkpzix4fut 0 49667 927582 926165 2026-11-10T01:14:16Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead expandit 927582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist |name = Lea Salonga |image = Lea Salonga San Francisco Sept 16 2011.png |alt = Heid an shouthers o an Asie wumman wi lang broon hair |image_size = 240px |caption = Lea Salonga in San Francisco, 16 September 2011 |background = solo_singer |birth_name = Maria Lea Carmen Imutan Salonga |alias = Lea Salonga-Chien |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1971|2|22}} |birth_place = [[Manila]], [[Metro Manila]], [[Philippines]] |origin = Angeles, Pampanga, [[Philippines]] |instrument = Vocals |genre = [[Pop muisic|Pop]], OPM,<br> [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], musical theatre |occupation = Sangster, actress |years_active = 1978–the day |label = [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]], Arista,<br> Capitol, EMI Philippines,<br> Musiko, [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music Philippines]],<br> WEA, Walt Disney |website = {{URL|http://www.leasalonga.com/}} }} '''Lea Salonga-Chien''', KLD—kent professionally as '''Lea Salonga''' ({{IPAc-en|pron|ˈ|l|eɪ|ə|_|s|ə|ˈ|l|ɒ|ŋ|ɡ|ə}}; born 22 Februar 1971)<ref>{{cite news |last=Campbell |first=Mary |date=December 27, 1992 |title=Lea Salonga moves from the Vietnam era to the French Revolution |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1051060626/?match=1&terms=%22Lea%20Salonga%22%20and%20pronounced |url-access=subscription |access-date=September 12, 2025 |work=Tarrytown Daily News |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=64 |via=Newspapers.com |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>—is a [[Filipino fowk|Filipina]] soprano [[sangster]] an [[actress]]. She is weel kent for playin the lead role o [[Miss Saigon#Major characters|Kim]] in the muisical ''[[Miss Saigon]]'',<ref name="broadway.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.broadway.com/gen/Buzz_Star_File.aspx?ci=23104|title=Broadway.com Star Files}}</ref> a role that wan her the Olivier, [[Tony Award|Tony]], Drama Desk, Outer Critics an Theatre World awards.<ref name="broadway.com" /><ref name="audreymagazine.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.audreymagazine.com/February2005/Features01.asp|title=Audrey Magazine: "The Entertainer"|access-date=2013-04-22|archive-date=2011-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319201419/http://www.audreymagazine.com/February2005/Features01.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kent as the ''Pride of the Philippines'', she haes heidlined shaws on Broadway an in the West End, appeared on television an in film warldwide, an released albums o her wirk. She stairtit performin in Philippine muisical theatre as a bairn, an makkit her professional debut at seiven year auld. She wan internaitional recognition in 1989 whan she wis the first tae play Kim in the West End production o ''Miss Saigon'', an she played the pairt again on Broadway in 1991. Her maist important awards include a [[Laurence Olivier Awards|Laurence Olivier Award]] (1990), a [[Tony Awards|Tony Award]] (1991) an twa [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] nominations (2004, 2019). She wis the first Asie tae play the roles o Éponine an Fantine in the muisical ''Les Misérables'' on Broadway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lesmis.com/pages/news/newsdetail.php?newskey=52|title=Les Miserables: "Tony Award winner to join cast as Fantine"|access-date=2013-04-22|archive-date=2007-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808195117/http://www.lesmis.com/pages/news/newsdetail.php?newskey=52|url-status=dead}}</ref> She also gied the singin voice o twa official Disney Princesses: Jasmine in ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]'' (1992), an Fa Mulan in ''Mulan'' (1998) an ''Mulan II'' (2004).<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=aIu8qmB_wxEC&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&dq=lea+salonga+age+of+seven+biography#PPA4,M1|title="The Right Way to Sing" by Linda Marquart: Lea Salonga Biography|isbn=978-1-58115-407-8|author1=Marquart|first1=Linda|last2=Salonga|first2=Lea|date=2005-04-01}}</ref> Salonga wis named a Disney Legend in 2011 for her wirk wi the company.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/08/21/11/lea-salonga-becomes-disney-legend |title=Lea Salonga becomes a Disney legend |access-date=2013-04-22 |archive-date=2013-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820110911/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/08/21/11/lea-salonga-becomes-disney-legend |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Personal life == On 10 Januar 2004, Salonga mairit Robert Charles Chien, a Cheenese-Japanese managin director o an entertainment [[Saftware|software]] company in Los Angeles, [[Californie|California]], that she met while she wis in ''Flower Drum Song''.<ref name="audreymagazine.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsflash.org/2002/08/sb/sb002334.htm|title=Newsflash.org: "A Whole New World for Lea Salonga"|access-date=2013-04-22|archive-date=2013-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820203910/http://www.newsflash.org/2002/08/sb/sb002334.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay hae a dochter, Nicole Beverly, born on 16 Mey 2006 an cried efter Salonga's late guid-mither, Beverly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicdigest.com/article/print/this-is-the-career-god-has-chosen-for-me|title=Catholic Digest: "This is the career God has chosen for me"|access-date=2013-04-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> She is a keen player o [[video gemme]]s an aw, an haes written aboot her luve for the hobby in a nummer o her newspaper articles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gmtristan.com/lea-salonga-is-a-gamer/|title=Le Salonga is a gamer|access-date=2013-04-22|archive-date=2009-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724083610/http://gmtristan.com/lea-salonga-is-a-gamer/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 15 October 2010, Lea Salonga wis named a Goodwill Ambassador o the {{lang|en|Food and Agriculture Organization}} o the Unitit Nations (FAO). ==Voice an muisical ability== Lea Salonga is a lyric soprano wi a range frae F3 tae C6.<ref name="leanight">{{cite web |url=http://newsflash.org/chat/leanight.htm |title=A Night with Lea Salonga |date=1 August 1997 |publisher=newsflash.org |accessdate=2012-09-24 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054558/http://newsflash.org/chat/leanight.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Salonga haes been praised for her control ower her pouerfu voice, that can easy shaw a wide range o emotions an soonds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theaureview.com/adelaide/live-review-lea-salonga-adelaide-festival-theatre-adelaide-10-06-12 |title=Live Review: Lea Salonga - Adelaide Festival Theatre, Adelaide (10.06.12) |date=11 June 2012 |first=Sosefina |last=Fuamoli |publisher=theaureview.com |accessdate=2012-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620141921/http://www.theaureview.com/adelaide/live-review-lea-salonga-adelaide-festival-theatre-adelaide-10-06-12 |archive-date=2012-06-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In her popular muisic releases, Salonga is kent for singin "simple love songs", that are common in traditional Original Pilipino Music.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/by-heart-mw0001032816 |title=Lea Salonga: By Heart |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |accessdate=2012-09-24 }}</ref> In baith Disney princess pairts, Salonga shaws aff her heid voice, that gangs up tae F5.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtdFPE.asp?ppn=MN0057034&ref=google |title=Reflection Lea Salonga Digital Sheet Music |publisher=musicnotes.com |accessdate=2012-09-24 }}{{link note |note=Purchase required |date=September 2012}}</ref> Her maist famous pairt, Kim in ''Miss Saigon'', is said tae shaw aff her voice weel frae the tap tae the bottom.<ref name="leanight" /> == Discografie == * ''Small Voice'' (1981) * ''Lea'' (1988) * ''[[Miss Saigon|Miss Saigon (Original London Cast)]]'' (1990) * ''The King And I (Hollywood Studio Cast)'' (1992) * ''Little Tramp – The Musical'' (1992) * ''Aladdin (soundtrack)'' (1992) * ''Lea Salonga'' (1993) * ''Les Miserables - The Dream Cast in Concert'' (1995) * ''Hey Mr. Producer: The Musical World of Cameron MacKintosh'' (1997) * ''I'd Like to Teach The World to Sing'' (1997) * ''Mulan (soundtrack)'' (1998) * ''By Heart'' (1999) * ''Lea... In Love'' (1999) * ''Lea Salonga Live Vol. 1'' (2000) * ''Lea Salonga Live Vol. 2'' (2000) * ''Lea Salonga: The Christmas Album'' (2000) * ''Making Tracks'' (2001) * ''Songs from The Screen'' (2001) * ''The Broadway Concert'' (2002) * ''Flower Drum Song'' (2002) * ''Songs From Home'' (2003) * ''100% Lea Gives Her Best'' (2003) * ''Songs from Home: Live Concert Recording'' (2004) * ''Mulan II'' (2005) * ''The Ultimate OPM Collection'' (2007) * ''Inspired'' (2007) * ''Shelldon'' (2008) * ''Lea Salonga: Your Songs'' (2009) * ''The Journey So Far - Recorded Live at Cafe Carlyle'' (2012) == Filmography == {| class = "wikitable sortable" |+Filmografie |- ! Year ! Film ! Role ! class = "unsortable" | Notes |- | 1981 | ''Tropang Bulilit'' | Lisa | |- | 1985 | ''Like Father, Like Son'' | Angela | |- | 1986 | ''Captain Barbell'' | Rosemarie | |- | 1986 | ''Ninja Kids'' | Yoko | |- | 1989 | ''Pik Pak Boom'' | Rosie | |- | 1989 | ''Dear Diary'' | Lenny Tacorda | The pairt "Dear Killer" |- | 1989 | ''{{sortname|The|Heat is on in Saigon|nolink=1}}'' | Hersel (Kim) | The makin o ''Miss Saigon'' |- | 1992 | ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]'' | Singin voice o Princess Jasmine | Voice anly |- | 1992 | ''Bakit Labis Kitang Mahal'' | Sandy | |- | 1993 | ''Olsen Twins Mother's Day Special'' | Sangster | Television film |- | 1994 | ''Aladdin Activity Center'' | Singin voice o Princess Jasmine | Voice anly<br />[[Video gemme]] |- | 1995 | ''Sana Maulit Muli'' | Agnes | |- | 1995 | ''Redwood Curtain'' | Geri Riorden | Television film |- | 1995 | ''Les Misérables: The 10t Anniversary Concert'' | Éponine | |- | 1998 | ''Mulan'' | Singin voice o Mulan | Voice anly |- | 2001 | ''Disney's Aladdin in Nasira's Revenge'' | Singin voice o Princess Jasmine | Voice anly<br />Video gemme |- | 2001 | ''ER'' | Amparo | [[Televeesion programme|Television programme]] |- | 2001 | ''As the World Turns'' | Lien Hughes #2 | Television programme<br />Back in the pairt in 2003 |- | 2004 | ''My Neighbor Totoro'' | Mrs. Kusakabe | Voice anly<br />Inglis dubbin |- | 2004 | ''Mulan II'' | Singin voice o Mulan | Voice anly<br />Direct-to-video |- | 2007 | ''Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams'' | Singin voice o Princess Jasmine | Voice anly<br />Direct-to-video |- | 2010 | ''Les Misérables: 25th Anniversary Concert'' | Fantine | |- | 2012 | ''Allegiance'' | Kei Kimura | |} == References == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons category|Lea Salonga}} *{{official website|http://www.leasalonga.com/}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Salonga, Lea}} [[Category:Filipino muisical theatre actors]] [[Category:Filipino bairn actors]] [[Category:Filipino female sangsters]] [[Category:Filipino Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Drama Desk Award winners]] [[Category:Laurence Olivier Awaird winners]] [[Category:Tony Awaird winners]] [[Category:Atlantic Records airtists]] [[Category:Arista Records airtists]] [[Category:Capitol Records airtists]] [[Category:Walt Disney Records airtists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Manila]] [[Category:Fowk frae Pampanga]] [[Category:Kapampangan fowk]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Lakandula]] [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Sopranos]] ltciejr47wya3b2bck69exbgcz3cfnk 0 51067 927519 927143 2026-11-09T23:34:32Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin fixes, shorter sentences, etc 927519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tennis biography |name = Andy Murray |fullname = Andrew Barron Murray |image = Andy Murray Toyko 2011.jpg |caption = Murray in 2011 |kintra = [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[Davis Cup|Great Breetain]] |residence = Lunnon, Ingland |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|5|15|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Glesga]], [[Scotland]]<ref name=birth1>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottishroots.com/people/andy.php |title=Scottish Genealogy Scottish Family Tree History Research Genealogists: Andy Murray |publisher=Scottishroots.com |date=1987-05-15 |accessdate=2013-04-20 |archive-date=2013-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617050559/http://www.scottishroots.com/people/andy.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> |height = 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) |wecht = {{convert|82|kg|lb st|abbr=on}} |turnedpro = 2005 |retired = 1 August 2024 |plays = Richt-haundit (twa-haundit backhaund) |careerprizemoney = [[US$]]64,687,542<ref name="career-prize-money-leaders">{{cite web|title=ATP Prize Money Leaders|url=http://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/career_prize.pdf|access-date=12 July 2021|archive-date=30 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230094617/https://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/career_prize.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{small|&nbsp;6t&nbsp;aw-time&nbsp;leader&nbsp;in&nbsp;earnins}} |wabsteid = [http://www.andymurray.com/ www.andymurray.com] |singlesrecord = 662–189 (77.8%) |singlestitles = 46 |highestsinglesranking = No. 1 (7 November 2016) |AustralianOpenresult = F (2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016) |FrenchOpenresult = F (2016) |Wimbledonresult = '''W''' (2013, 2016) |USOpenresult = '''W''' (2012) |Othertournaments = Yes |MastersCupresult = '''W''' (2016) |Olympicsresult = [[File:Gold medal.svg|20px]] '''Gowd Medal''' (2012, 2016) |doublesrecord = 67–71 (48.5%) |doublestitles = 3 |highestdoublesranking = No. 51 (17 October 2011) |currentdoublesranking = |grandslamsdoublesresults = Yes |AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 1R (2006) |FrenchOpenDoublesresult = 2R (2006) |WimbledonDoublesresult = 1R (2005) |USOpenDoublesresult = 2R (2008) |OthertournamentsDoubles = Yes |MastersCupDoublesresult = |WTAChampionshipsDoublesresult = |OlympicsDoublesresult = 2R (2008) |Mixed = Yes |mixedrecord = 7–4 |mixedtitles = 0 |highestmixedranking = |grandslamsmixeddoublesresults = yes |OthertournamentsMixedDoubles = yes |WimbledonMixedresult = 2R (2006) |OlympicMixedDoublesresult = [[File:Silver medal.svg|20px]] Siller Medal (2012) |Team = yes |DavisCupresult = '''W''' (2015) |HopmanCupresult = F (2010) |updated = 8 November 2026 }} {{MedalTop}} {{MedalCountry|{{GBR2}}}} {{MedalSport|Men's Tennis}} {{MedalGold|[[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Lunnon]]|Singles}} {{Medal|Gold|[[2016 Simmer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]]|Singles}} {{MedalSilver|[[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Lunnon]]|Mixed Doobles}} {{MedalBottom}} {{stack end}} '''Sir Andrew Barron Murray''' [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (born 15 Mey 1987) is a [[Scots fowk|Scots]] tennis coach an umwhile professional [[tennis]] player. He wis rankit warld No. 1 in men's singles bi the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for 41 week, includin as the year-end No. 1 in 2016.<ref name=atp_profile>{{cite wab | url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/players/andy-murray/mc10/overview | title = Player profile – Andy Murray | publisher = [[Association of Tennis Professionals]] (ATP) | accessdate = 9 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Madrid Final 2016 Set By Set Djokovic Murray|url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/madrid-final-2016-set-by-set-djokovic-murray|website = [[Association of Tennis Professionals|atpworldtour.com]]|accessdate = 2016-05-09|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160508234957/http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/madrid-final-2016-set-by-set-djokovic-murray|archivedate = 2016-05-09}}</ref> Murray wan 46 ATP Tour singles titles, amang thaim three Grand Slam titles: the 2012 US Open, an Wimbledon in 2013 an 2016. He wan twa Olympic gowd medals, the 2016 ATP World Tour Finals an 14 Masters events an aw, an he wis runner-up at aicht ither majors, for eleiven major finals in aw. Murray is the younger brither o the doubles player [[Jamie Murray]]. Murray stairtit his professional career at a time whan [[Rafael Nadal]] an [[Roger Federer]] war the dominant players in men's tennis. He haed quick success on the ATP Tour, gettin intae the tap 10 for the first time in 2007 at the age o 19. Bi 2010 Murray an [[Novak Djokovic]] haed jyned Federer an Nadal in the "Big Fower", the players that dominatit men's tennis in the 2010s. Murray haed a haurd time against the ither three at first, lossin his first fower major finals, but he wan Olympic gowd against Federer at the 2012 Lunnon Olympics. He then beat Djokovic in the final o the 2012 US Open, the first British major singles champion sin [[Virginia Wade]] in 1977. He beat Djokovic again tae win Wimbledon in 2013, the first hame champion in the men's singles sin [[Fred Perry]] in 1936. In 2015 he led Great Britain tae its first Davis Cup title in the Open Era, winnin a record eleiven rubbers in the competeetion. Murray haed the best season o his career in 2016, whan he reached the finals o three majors an wan Wimbledon for the second time. He defendit his Olympic gowd medal at the 2016 Rio Olympics, the anly player, man or wumman, tae win twa Olympic gowd medals in singles. He becam warld No. 1 for the first time on 7 November 2016, an secured the year-end No. 1 rankin bi beatin Djokovic in the ATP Finals. Efter 2016 he struggled wi a hip injury that needit major hip-resurfacin surgery. Whan he cam back he wan ae last tour title at the 2019 European Open an got back intae the tap 50, but he niver got back tae his auld level. He retired efter rinnin tae the quarter-finals o the men's doubles at the 2024 Paris Olympics. Murray haed ane o the maist consistent twa-haundit backhaunds on the ATP Tour, an he helped mak Great Britain a leadin force in men's tennis again. He haes spak oot on equality, an in 2014 he becam anly the second tap-10 player in the history o the ATP Tour tae hae a wumman as coach, whan he teuk on [[Amélie Mauresmo]]. Efter his playin career he coached his auld rival Djokovic for a short time in 2025. Frae 2011 tae 2015 Murray reached at least the quarter-finals o ilka Grand Slam tournament he played, but for the 2015 US Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/tennis/andy-murray-savours-his-17th-successive-grand-slam-quarter-final.127722651|title=Andy Murray savours his 17th successive Grand Slam quarter final|publisher=Herald Scotland|date=1 June 2015}}</ref> He wis British No. 1 frae 27 Februar 2006 till Mairch 2018, whan Kyle Edmund teuk ower.<ref name="edmund2018">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/43279832|title=Kyle Edmund replaces Andy Murray to become British number one for first time|date=5 March 2018|work=BBC Sport|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref> At the 2012 Olympics he beat Roger Federer in straucht sets tae win the gowd medal in the men's singles final, the first British singles champion in ower 100 year. He wan a siller medal in the mixed doubles an aw, playin wi Laura Robson. At the 2012 US Open, Murray becam the first British player syne 1977, an the first British man syne 1936, tae win a [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] singles tournament, whan he defeatit [[Novak Djokovic]] in the final in five sets. This title left him the anerly British male tae become a Grand Slam singles champion durin the Open Era. On 7 Julie 2013, Murray won the 2013 Wimbledon Championships, acomin the first British player tae win a Wimbledon senior singles title syne [[Virginia Wade]] in 1977. He wis the first British man tae win the Men's Singles Championship syne [[Fred Perry]], 77 years previously. Murray is the anerly man in history tae hae won Olympic Gowd an the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] in the same calendar year. He is the third man tae haud the Gowd Medal an twa majors on different surfaces (efter Andre Agassi an Rafael Nadal). Subsequent tae his sonse at the Olympics an Wimbledon, Murray wis votit the 2013 [[BBC Sports Personality of the Year]]. Murray haes been the rinner-up in aicht ither singles Grand Slam finals: the 2008 US Open, the 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015 an 2016 Australian Opens, the 2012 Wimbledon Championships, an the 2016 French Open. He lost three tae Roger Federer an five tae Novak Djokovic. He is the first man in the Open Era tae achieve five rinner-up finishes at the [[Australian Open]], efter losin tae Djokovic in the final o the 2016 Australian Open. In 2011, Murray becam anerly the seivent player in the Open Era tae reak the semifinals o aw fower Grand Slam tournaments in ane year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.news.yahoo.com/andy-murray-reaches-u-open-semi-finals-204800033.html|publisher=Yahoo News UK|title=Andy Murray Reaches US Open Semi Finals|date=9 September 2011|accessdate=23 January 2012}}</ref> Durin the 2015 saison, he becam the fift man in tennis history tae hae won ower US$40&nbsp;million in career prize money. Efter winnin tae the [[French Open]] semifinal in 2014, he becam the tent man tae win tae twa or mair semifinals at ilkane o the fower Majors.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/06/23/Roland-Garros-Wednesday2-Monfils-Murray.aspx|title=Murray Beats Monfils in Fading Light at Roland Garros|publisher=ATP|date=4 June 2014|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref> Efter winnin tae the final o the 2016 French Open, Murray becam the tent player in the Open Era tae win tae the final o aw fower Grand Slam events. He becam jynt twalt on the leet for finals reached.<ref>{{cite news|title=Murray Ousts Wawrinka To Reach Roland Garros Final|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/murray-wawrinka-roland-garros-2016-semifinals-friday|publisher=ATP|date=3 June 2016|accessdate=3 June 2016}}</ref> He is anly the second British player (efter Fred Perry) o aither sex tae hae reached the final o aw fower majors. Murray forby featurt in [[Great Britain Davis Cup team|Great Britain's Davis Cup winnin team]] in 2015, winnin 11 matches (8 singles an 3 doubles) as thay secured thair first [[Davis Cup]] title syne 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/murray-goffin-davis-cup-final-2015-sunday|title=Murray Goffin Davis Cup Final 2015 Sunday - ATP World Tour - Tennis|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> Murray wis votit the 2015 [[BBC Sports Personality of the Year]], while the Davis Cup team won the 2015 BBC Sports Personality Team of the Year Award. He haes scored a tot 34 wins an 7 losses wi the British Davis Cup team. == Early an personal life == Murray wis born in Glesga, Scotland, [[Judy Murray|Judith]] (Erskine) an William Murray's son.<ref name="birth1" /> His maternal grandfaither, Roy Erskine, wis a professional [[association fitbaw|fitbawer]] in the late 1950s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/26/wimbledon2005.wimbledon1|title=Dunblane tastes regret along with its new favourite son|first=Will |last=Peakin|newspaper=The Observer |language=en|date=26 June 2005 |accessdate=9 September 2020}}</ref> Murray's elder brither, [[Jamie Murray|Jamie]], is a professional tennis player an aw, playin on the doubles circuit. Murray wis born wi a bipartite patella, whaur the kneecap remains as twa separate banes insteid o fusin thegither in early bairnheid, but wis nae diagnosed until the age o 16. He is seen tae haud his knee due tae the pain caused bi the condeetion an haes pulled oot o events acause o it.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/daviscup/2290508/Andy-Murray-to-miss-Argentina-Davis-Cup-tie.html|title=Andy Murray to miss Argentina Davis Cup tie|newspaper=Telegraph|date=31 January 2008}}</ref> Murray began playin tennis at the age o three whan his mither Judy teuk him tae play on the local courts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/get_involved/4237382.stm|title=Andy Murray's first steps in tennis|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref> He played in his first competitive tournament at age five an bi the time he wis aicht he wis kempin wi adults in the Central Destrict Tennis League.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/the-making-of-andy-murray-1883590.html|title=The making of Andy Murray |first=Paul |last=Newman |newspaper=Independent|language=en|date=30 January 2012 |accessdate=9 September 2020}}</ref> Murray grew up in [[Dunblane]] an attendit [[Dunblane|Dunblane Primary School]]. He an his brither wis present durin the 1996 [[Dunblane school massacre]],<ref name="Faultless young Scot">[http://news.scotsman.com/dunblanekillings/Faultless-young-Scot-who-is.2563990.jp Faultless young Scot who is all set to take on the tennis world], ''[[The Scotsman]]'', 14 September 2004</ref> whan Thomas Hamilton killt 16 weans an a teacher afore shootin himsel; Murray teuk kiver in a classroom.<ref>{{cite book|author=Murray, Andy|title=Hitting Back|url=https://archive.org/details/hittingbackautob0000murr|publisher=Random House|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84605-167-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/hittingbackautob0000murr/page/44 44]}}</ref> Murray says he wis too young tae understand what wis happenin an is reluctant tae talk aboot it in interviews. In his autobiography ''Hitting Back'', houiver, he states that he attendit a youth group run bi Hamilton, an that his mither gae Hamilton lifts in her car.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/jun/05/tennis.scotland|title=Murray describes fight to cope with trauma of Dunblane school killings|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Martin |last=Hodgson |language=en|date=5 June 2008 |access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref> Murray later gaed tae [[Dunblane|Dunblane High School]].<ref name="times interview">{{cite news|url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/sport/article178480.ece|title=The Big Interview: Andy Murray|newspaper=Times|date=4 June 2006|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-date=2016-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530211740/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/sport/article178480.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="guardian interview">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/jun/09/tennis.features|title=Boy on the brink|newspaper=Guardian|date=9 June 2007}}</ref> Murray's parents split up whan he wis anerly 10.<ref name="Murray facts">{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/345524/Andy-Murray-s-secret-fear-and-49-other-facts-you-never-knew-about-the-tennis-champion|title=Andy Murray's secret fear... and 49 other facts you never knew about the tennis champion|work=Daily Express|last1=Pukas|first1=Anna|last2=Carpenter|first2=Julie|date=12 September 2012|accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref> He believes the impact this haed on him coud be the reason ahint his competitive spirit.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1550734/Murray-Parents-divorce-fuels-my-aggression.html|title=Murray: Parents' divorce fuels my aggression |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |last=Harrison |first=David |date=6 May 2007 |accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref> At 15, he wis askit tae train wi [[Rangers F.C.]] at thair School o Excellence, but declined, optin tae focus on his tennis career insteid.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/jul/07/andy-murray-wimbledon-final | title=Wimbledon 2012: All you need to know about Andy Murray and a bit more | work=The Guardian | date=7 July 2012 | accessdate=9 July 2013 | location=London}}</ref> He then decidit tae flit tae [[Barcelona]], Spain. Thare he studied at the Schiller International School an trained on the clay courts o the Sánchez-Casal Academy, coached bi Pato Alvarez.<ref name="Coaches">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/jan/16/andy-murray-tennis-life-story|title=The rise and rise of Andy Murray, a story in six chapters |first1=Richard |last1=Jago |first2=Tom |last2=Lutz |newspaper=The Guardian |language=en|date=17 January 2009|accessdate=9 September 2020}}</ref> Murray describit this time as "a big sacrifice".<ref name="guardian interview"/> His parents haed tae finn £40,000 tae pey for his 18-month stay thare.<ref name="Murray facts"/> While in Spain, he trained wi Emilio Sánchez, umwhile warld No. 1 doubles player.<ref name="guardian interview"/> In Februar 2013, Murray bocht Cromlix House fur £1.8 million whilk appent as a 15-room five-starn hotel in Aprile 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-26823280|title=Hotel bought by Wimbledon champion Andy Murray opens|publisher=BBC News|language=en|date=1 April 2014|accessdate=9 September 2020}}</ref> Later that month Murray wis awairdit Freedom o Stirlin an received an Honorary Doctorate frae the University of Stirling in recognition o his services tae tennis.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-27114857|title=Honorary degree and freedom of Stirling for Andy Murray|publisher=BBC News|language=en|date=23 April 2014|accessdate=9 September 2020}}</ref> Murray began datin Kim Sears, dochter o player-turned-coach Nigel Sears, in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1511021/Andy-Murray-the-great-romantic.html|date=21 February 2006|title = Andy Murray, the great romantic|work=The Telegraph|location=London|last=Hodgkinson|first=Mark|accessdate=14 May 2009|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref><ref name="bbcengage">{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-30220015 | title=Andy Murray gets engaged to Kim Sears | publisher=BBC | accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref> Thair engagement wis annoonced in November 2014,<ref name="bbcengage"/> an thay mairit on 11 Aprile 2015 at Dunblane Cathedral in his hame toun.<ref name="bbcwedding">{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-32252206| title=Andy Murray marries girlfriend Kim Sears in Dunblane | publisher=BBC News| accessdate=11 April 2015|date=11 April 2015}}</ref> The couple haes a dochter, Sophia Olivia,<ref>{{Cite wab | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/12160991/Andy-Murray-and-Kim-Sears-name-their-baby-daughter-Sophia-Olivia.html | title = Andy Murray and Kim Sears 'name thair baby daughter Sophia Olivia' | wabsteid = Telegraph.co.uk | access-date = 2016-02-27 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite wab | url = http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/life/celebrity/article4692355.ece | title = Sophia Olivia is queen of the court for Andy Murray {{!}} The Times | wabsteid = The Times | leid = en-GB | access-date = 2016-02-27 }}</ref> born on 7 Februar 2016.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/14746272/andy-murray-wife-kim-sears-gives-birth-baby-girl | title=Andy Murray's wife Kim Sears gives birth to baby girl | publisher=ESPN | date=9 February 2016 | accessdate=9 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-kim-sears-name-7384411|title=Andy Murray and Kim Sears 'name their daughter Sophia Olivia'|newspaper=Mirror|date=17 February 2016}}</ref> == Career == [[File:Andy-Murray-Singles-Ranking-History-Chart.png|thumbnail|right|Andy Murray Singles Ranking History Chart]] === Junior tennis === Leon Smith, Murray's tennis coach frae 11 tae 17,<ref name="Coaches"/> describit Murray as "unbelievably competitive", while Murray evens his abeelities tae the motivation gained frae lossin tae his aulder brither Jamie. In 1999, at the age o 12, Murray won his age group at the Orange Bowl, a prestigious event for junior players.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://juniororangebowl.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Tennis-Past-Champions.pdf |title=Junior Orange Bowl Past Champions |publisher=Junior Orange Bowl |page=6 |url-status=dead |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005024304/http://juniororangebowl.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Tennis-Past-Champions.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005024304/http://juniororangebowl.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Tennis-Past-Champions.pdf |date=2016-10-05 }}</ref> In Julie 2003, Murray stairtit oot on the Challenger an Futures circuit. In his first tournament, he reached the quarterfinals o the Manchester Challenger.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/archive/manchester/583/2003/results|title= Manchester Challenger|publisher=ATP World Tour |language=en|date=20 July 2003|access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref> In September, Murray won his first senior title bi takin the [[Glasgow]] Futures event.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/great-britain-f10-futures/gbr/2003/m-fu-gbr-10a-2003/draws-and-results/|title= Glasgow GB Futures F10|publisher= ITF Tennis|access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref> He forby won tae the semi-finals o the [[Edinburgh]] Futures event.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/men's-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100005911|title= Edinburgh GB Futures F11|publisher= ITF Tennis|date= 5 October 2003|access-date= 2022-05-23|archive-date= 2018-11-20|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181120120704/https://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/men%27s-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100005911|url-status= dead}}</ref> For the first sax month o 2004, Murray haed a knee injury an cudnae play.<ref name="Injury 2004-2005">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-i-always-believed-i-was-going-to-make-it-520231.html|title=Andy Murray: 'I always believed I was going to make it'|newspaper=Independent|date=21 December 2005|access-date=9 September 2020|archive-date=2019-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224025823/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-i-always-believed-i-was-going-to-make-it-520231.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Julie 2004, Murray played a Challenger event in [[Nottingham]], whaur he lost tae future [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] finalist [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] in the second roond.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/scores/archive/nottingham/1631/2004/results|title= Nottingham Challenger|publisher=ATP World Tour|date=11 July 2004}}</ref> Murray then gaed on tae win Futures events in Xàtiva<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/spain-f17-futures/esp/2004/m-fu-esp-17a-2004/draws-and-results/|title= Xativa Spain Futures F17|publisher= ITF Tennis|access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref> an [[Roum]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/men's-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100010252|title= Rome Italy Futures F22|publisher= ITF Tennis|date= 29 August 2004|access-date= 2022-05-23|archive-date= 2021-06-22|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210622021520/https://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/men%27s-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100010252|url-status= dead}}</ref> In September 2004, he won the Junior US Open an wis seleckit for the [[Davis Cup]] World Group play-off match agin Austria again that month;<ref>{{cite news|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/3650524.stm|date=13 September 2004|title = Dunblane teenager takes US Open|accessdate=17 March 2008|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> However, he wisnae seleckit tae play. Later that year, he won BBC Young Sports Personality o the Year.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC Scotland audiences serve ace result for Andrew Murray in Sports Personality poll|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/12_december/09/murray.shtml|publisher=BBC|date=9 December 2005|accessdate=17 March 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211215516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/12_december/09/murray.shtml|archivedate=2007-02-11|url-status=live|url-status=live}}</ref> As a junior, Murray won up sae heich as No. 6 in the warld in 2003 (an No. 8 in doubles). In the 2004-instated combined rankins, Murray won tae No. 2 in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100013005|title=Andy MURRAY|publisher=ITFTennis.com|accessdate=12 July 2014|archive-date=2016-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921160255/http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100013005|url-status=dead}}</ref> <u>Junior Slam results:</u> Australian Open: -<br /> French Open: SF (2005)<br /> Wimbledon: 3R (2004)<br /> US Open: '''W''' (2004) === 2005 === Murray began 2005 rankit warld No. 407,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Rankings/Singles.aspx?d=10.01.2005&c=&r=401#|title=Tennis – ATP World Tour – Singles Rankings|publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=21 October 2011}}</ref> but whan he wis in South Americae in Januar, he hurt his back an haed tae tak 3 month aff.<ref name="Injury 2004-2005"/> In Mairch, he becam the youngest Briton tae play in the [[Davis Cup]].<ref name="Youngest">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4319789.stm|title=GB pair take stunning doubles win|publisher=BBC Sport|date=5 March 2005}}</ref> Murray turned professional in Aprile an wis gien a wild card entry tae a clay-court tournament in [[Barcelona]], the Open SEAT, whaur he lost in three sets tae Jan Hernych.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Andy-Murray.aspx?t=pa&y=2005&m=s&e=0#|title=Tennis – ATP World Tour – Tennis Players – Andy Murray |publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> In Aprile, Murray parted acrimoniously frae his coach Pato Alvarez, complainin aboot his negative attitude.<ref name="Mark Petchey">{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/mark-petchey-serving-andy-harsh-truths-at-the-start-of-an-epic-journey-296371.html|title=Mark Petchey: Serving Andy - harsh truths at the start of an epic journey|newspaper=Independent|date=2 July 2005|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-date=2016-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315095119/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/mark-petchey-serving-andy-harsh-truths-at-the-start-of-an-epic-journey-296371.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Murray then won tae the semi-finals o the lads' French Open whaur he lost in straucht sets tae Marin Čilić.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/low/tennis/4608493.stm|title=Murray loses in French semi-final|publisher=BBC Sport|date=3 June 2005}}</ref> Mark Petchey greed tae coach Murray for 4 week till the end o Wimbledon, but it metamorphosed intae a fou-time poseetion.<ref name="Mark Petchey"/> Gien a wild card tae [[Queen's Club Championships|Queen's]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/low/tennis/4603449.stm|title=Murray given wildcard for Queen's|publisher=BBC Sport|date=2 June 2005|accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref> Murray progressed past Santiago Ventura in straucht sets for his first ATP match win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Share/Event-Draws.aspx?e=311&y=2005|title=Tennis – ATP World Tour – Draws|publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=5 July 2012}}</ref> Follaein a second roond win against Taylor Dent,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4074906.stm|title=Murray excels in defeating Dent|publisher=BBC Sport|date=8 June 2005}}</ref> he played umwhile Australian Open champion Thomas Johansson in the third roond, losin in three sets efter crampin an twistin his ankle.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4078248.stm|title=Gallant Murray falls to Johansson|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 June 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4628225.stm|title=Petchey makes Murray fitness vow|publisher=BBC Sport|date=27 June 2005}}</ref> Follaein his performance at Queen's, Murray received a wild card for [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]. Rankit 312, Murray becam the first Scot in the Open Era tae win tae the third roond o the men's singles tournament at Wimbledon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/2709427/Andy-Murray-Career-highs-and-lows---US-Open-Tennis.html|title=Andy Murray: Career highs and lows|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=9 September 2008|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-date=2008-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912142018/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/2709427/Andy-Murray-Career-highs-and-lows---US-Open-Tennis.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the third roond, Murray lost tae 2002 Wimbledon finalist David Nalbandian due tae crampin an fatigue, haein led bi twa sets tae luve.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4619129.stm|title=Brave Murray falls to Nalbandian|date=25 June 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528161635/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4619129.stm|archivedate=2010-05-28|url-status=live|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=2016-06-28|url-status=live}}</ref> Follaein Wimbledon, Murray won Challengers events on the haurd courts o Aptos an Binghamton, New York. He then experienced his first Masters event at Cincinnati, whaur he beat Taylor Dent, afore losin in three sets tae warld No. 4, [[Marat Safin]]. Wi a wild card entry, Murray played Andrei Pavel in the openin roond o the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], whaur he rekivered frae bein doun twa sets tae ane tae win his first five-set match.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4199444.stm|title=Brave Murray through in five sets|publisher=BBC Sport|date=31 August 2005}}</ref> However, he lost in the second roond tae Arnaud Clément in anither five set contest.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4206614.stm|title=Battling Murray crashes out in US|publisher=BBC Sport|date=3 September 2005}}</ref> Murray wis again seleckit for the Davis Cup match agin Switzerland. He wis waled for the openin singles rubbers, lossin in straucht sets tae [[Stanislas Wawrinka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/results/tie/details.aspx?tieID=100006618|title=Tie Details|publisher=daviscup.com|date=25 September 2005}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Murray then reached his first ATP final at the Thailand Open whaur he faced warld No. 1 [[Roger Federer]]. Murray lost in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4300644.stm|title=Federer outguns impressive Murray|publisher=BBC Sport|date=2 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205045425/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4300644.stm|archivedate=2008-12-05|url-status=live|access-date=2016-06-28|url-status=live}}</ref> Murray beat [[Tim Henman]] in thair first meetin, at the Basel Swiss Indoors in the first roond, an eventually reached the quarter-finals.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4372118.stm|title=Murray holds nerve to beat Henman|publisher=BBC Sport|date=26 October 2005}}</ref> In November, Murray captained Scotland at the inaugural Aberdeen Cup against England led bi Greg Rusedski.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2005/nov/22/tennis.sport|title=Murray keen on patriot games with Rusedski|newspaper=The Guardian|date=22 November 2005}}</ref> This wis an exhibition tournament, an the anly event whaur Murray played Rusedski, thay never met on the Tour. Rusedski beat Murray in the first match, but Murray won the second. Scotland defeatit England 4½ - 2½.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4476784.stm|title=Murray gains revenge on Rusedski|publisher=BBC Sport|date=27 November 2005}}</ref> He completit the year rankit 64 an wis named the 2005 BBC Scotland Sports Personality of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/12_december/09/murray.shtml|title=BBC Scotland audiences serve ace result for Andrew Murray in Sports Personality poll|publisher=BBC|date=9 December 2005}}</ref> === 2006: British No. 1 === The 2006 saison saw Murray compete on the fou circuit for the first time an split wi his coach Mark Petchey<ref>{{cite news|title = Murray splits from coach Petchey|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4910582.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|language=en|date=14 April 2006}}</ref> an team up wi Brad Gilbert.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gilbert accepts Murray coach role|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5192008.stm|language=en |publisher=BBC Sport|date=26 July 2006}}</ref> On 27 Februar, Murray becam the British Number 1, endin [[Tim Henman|Tim Henman's]] seiven-year run. Murray wis nou warld No 42, Greg Rusedski No 43, an Tim Henman No 49.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4754030.stm|title=Murray is new British number one|publisher=BBC Sport|language=en |date=27 February 2006}}</ref> Murray dreed a straucht sets defait at the Australian Open, tae Argentine Juan Ignacio Chela in the first roond<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4617392.stm|title=Murray suffers tame loss to Chela|publisher=BBC Sport|language=en|date=17 January 2006}}</ref> an tae [[Gaël Monfils]] at the French Open, in five sets.<ref>{{cite news|title=Injured Murray beaten by Monfils|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5029854.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|language=en|date=30 May 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909092553/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5029854.stm|archivedate=2010-09-09|url-status=live|access-date=2016-06-28|url-status=live}}</ref> Murray however won tae the fowert roond for the first time at baith Wimbledon an the US Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5142184.stm|title=Tame Murray beaten by Baghdatis|publisher=BBC Sport|language=en|date=3 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5314496.stm |title=Davydenko swiftly ends Murray bid |publisher=BBC Sport|language=en |date=5 September 2006}}</ref> Murray played in Davis Cup ties agin Serbia, Israel an Ukraine. Murray missed the openin singles matches afore losin the doubles as Britain lost thair tie against Serbia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4890440.stm |title=GB struggling after doubles loss |publisher=BBC Sport|language=en |date=8 April 2006}}</ref> Durin the tie wi Israel, Murray won his rubber an lost the doubles afore pouin oot wi a neck injury afore the reverse singles, as Britain lost the tie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5203966.stm |title=Murray fights back to level tie |publisher=BBC Sport|language=en |date=21 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5205690.stm |title=Davis Cup doubles woe for Britain |publisher=BBC Sport |language=en|date=22 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5207746.stm |title=Delgado loss spells woe for Brits |publisher=BBC Sport|language=en |date=23 July 2006}}</ref> Against the Ukraine, Murray won baith his singles rubbers, but lost the doubles, as Britain won the tie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5366740.stm |title=Battling Brits boost survival bid |publisher=BBC Sport |language=en|date=22 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5373358.stm |title=Murray & Delgado crash in doubles |publisher=BBC Sport|language=en |date=23 September 2006 |accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5375208.stm |title=Murray win seals British survival |publisher=BBC Sport |language=en|date=24 September 2006}}</ref> At the Masters, Murray lost in the first roond in Miami,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4824248.stm |title=Murray suffers early Miami exit |publisher=BBC Sport |date=23 March 2006}}</ref> Monte Carlo an Rome.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4919406.stm |title=Murray out as cramps strike again |publisher=BBC Sport |date=18 April 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4754633.stm |title=Murray out in Rome, Henman wins |publisher=BBC Sport |date=9 May 2006}}</ref> Murray went oot o the tournaments in Indian Wells an Hamburg in the second roond.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4800184.stm |title=Murray bows out of Indian Wells |publisher=BBC Sport |date=12 March 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4988288.stm |title=Murray falls to defeat by Blake |publisher=BBC Sport |date=17 May 2006}}</ref> Murray won tae his first Masters semifinal in [[Toronto]] at the Rogers Cup lossin tae Richard Gasquet.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4786127.stm |title=Murray falls to guile of Gasquet |publisher=BBC Sport |date=12 August 2006}}</ref> At Cincinnati, Murray becam anerly ane o twa player, alang wi [[Rafael Nadal]], tae defait Roger Federer in 2006, breakin the Swiss starn's 55 match winnin streak on haurd courts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4797657.stm |title=Brilliant Murray outplays Federer |publisher=BBC Sport |date=16 August 2006 |accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> He lost twa roonds later tae Andy Roddick, but broke intae the tap 20 for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5263240.stm |title=Roddick defeats exhausted Murray |publisher=BC Sport |date=19 August 2006 |accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5270502.stm |title=Murray breaks into world top 20 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=21 August 2006 |accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> In the final twa Masters events in [[Madrid]] an Paris, Murray exited baith tournaments at the last-16 stage endin his saison, wi losses tae [[Novak Djokovic]] an Dominik Hrbatý.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6067636.stm|title=Madrid losses for Murray & Henman|date=19 October 2006|accessdate=11 March 2011|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6109450.stm|title=Hrbaty win ends Murray's season|date=2 November 2006|accessdate=11 March 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Whan the tour reached [[San Jose, Californie|San Jose, California]]; Murray defeatit a tap ten player for the first time in the shape o [[Andy Roddick]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4728788.stm|title=Murray stuns Roddick in San Jose|publisher=BBC Sport|date=19 February 2006|accessdate=25 May 2010}}</ref> Murray went on tae claim the SAP Open title defeatin warld No. 11 Lleyton Hewitt.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4729100.stm|title=Magic Murray claims maiden title|publisher=BBC Sport|date=20 February 2006|accessdate=25 May 2010}}</ref> Murray wis a finalist at the Legg Mason Tennis Classic an aw.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5249804.stm |title=Murray loses in Washington final |publisher=BBC Sport |date=6 August 2006 |accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> Playin doubles wi his brither in Bangkok the pair reached the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5396382.stm |title=Blake blasts to Bangkok victory |publisher=BBC Sport |date=1 October 2006 |accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> Efter the French Open, whaur Murray wis injured again, he revealed that his bones hadn't fully grown, causin him tae suffer frae cramps an back problems.<ref>{{cite news|title = Murray plays down injury worries|date = 30 May 2006|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5031414.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=6 September 2010}}</ref> In November, the Aberdeen Cup wis held for the second time, wi Murray leadin the Scotland team an Greg Rusedski captainin England.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5110752.stm|title=Murray to lead Scots in Aberdeen|publisher=BBC Sport|date=23 June 2006}}</ref> Scotland won 6½ - 1.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/nov/27/tennis.sport|title=Murray defeats Rusedski to wrap up Scottish success|newspaper=The Guardian|date=27 November 2006}}</ref> [[File:Andy Murray at the 2008 US Open3.jpg|thumb|Murray on his wey tae acomin a finalist at the 2008 US Open]] === 2007: Warld tap 10 === Murray won tae the fowert roond o the Australian Open, whaur he lost a five-set match agin warld No. 2, Rafael Nadal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6286767.stm|title=Valiant Murray succumbs to Nadal|publisher=BBC Sport|date=22 January 2007}}</ref> Follaein the Miami Masters, whaur he reached the semi-finals,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6509315.stm|title=Djokovic thrashes Murray in Miami |publisher=BBC Sport|date=31 March 2007}}</ref> Murray becam the warld No. 10 on 16 Aprile.<ref name="Singles ranking">{{cite web |url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/players/andy-murray/mc10/rankings-history|title=Andy Murray - Singles Rankings|publisher=ATP World Tour |accessdate=3 June 2016}}</ref> The British No 1 sustained tendon damage durin his first roond match at the German Open in Hamburg. Murray wis up 5–1 when he hit a forehaund frae the back o the court an snapped the tendons in his wrist, leavin him oot o action frae 15 Mey until 7 August, tharebi missin Wimbledon.<ref name="2007 wrist injury">{{cite news|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6974921.stm|title = Beaten Murray looks to Davis Cup |date =2 September 2007|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Durin this rest period, Murray rose tae warld No. 8, but bi 7 August, he haed dropped tae no 14.<ref name="Singles ranking"/> Murray dreed a third roond loss at the US Open. At the Masters tournaments, Murray won tae the semifinals o Indian Wells an Miami. At Rome an Cincinnati, Murray exited in the first roond whilst goin oot in the second in Canadae. In the final twa masters tournaments, Murray exited in the third roond in Madrid an he went oot in the quarter finals o Paris. Murray won titles in San Jose an St. Petersburg.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6374011.stm|title=Murray fights back to keep title|publisher=BBC Sport|date=19 February 2007}}</ref> He reached the final o tournaments in Doha an Metz an aw, finishin the saison rankit 11t in the warld.<ref name="Singles ranking"/> In November, Murray split wi his coach Brad Gilbert an added a team o experts alang wi Miles Maclagan, his main coach.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7095903.stm|title=Murray assembling team of experts|publisher=BBC Sport|date=30 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8131310.stm|title=Who are Team Murray? |publisher=BBC Sport|date=27 August 2009}}</ref> === 2008: First Grand Slam final an first Masters titles === In 2008, Murray suffered a first roond loss at the Australian Open tae eventual runner-up Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, an a third roond loss at the French Open tae Nicolás Almagro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/australianopen/2288937/Andy-Murray-knocked-out-of-Australian-Open.html|title=Andy Murray knocked out of Australian Open|work=The Telegraph|location=London|date=14 January 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010|last1=Hodgkinson|first1=Mark|last2=Hodges|first2=Vicki|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref> Murray then reached his first Grand Slam quarter final at Wimbledon afore makin his first final at the US Open. Durin the tournament in New York, Murray claimed his first win ower Nadal. That veectory meant that he'd become the first player frae Britain syne Greg Rusedski in 1997 tae reach a major final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7602257.stm|title=Murray stuns Nadal to reach final|publisher=BBC Sport|date=7 September 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010|last=Newbery|first=Piers}}</ref> In his first Grand Slam final Murray suffered a straucht sets loss tae Federer.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7603307.stm|title=Superb Federer ends Murray dream|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 September 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010|last=Newbery|first=Piers}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/olympics/article4530274.ece|title=Andy Murray blames Olympic failure on 'unprofessional' attitude|date=14 August 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010|location=London|work=The Times}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> At the [[2008 Simmer Olympics|Beijing Olympics]], Murray suffered ane o the worst defeats o his career, losin his first roond singles match tae warld No. 77 Yen-hsun Lu o Taiwan in straucht sets. That abject defeat wis still on his mind in a BBC interview five years later, despite an intervenin Olympic gowd medal an a heid-tae-heid win. That wis when he met the same player (nou rankit 75 in the warld) in the 2nt roond o Wimbledon 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/23051015|title=Murray wary efter Beijing loss tae Lu|date=25 Juin 2013|accessdate=17 Julie 2013|archive-date=2016-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414234500/http://m.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/23051015|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the Masters tournaments Murray went oot in roond fower in Indian Wells an the first roond o Miami. In the clay Masters Murray reached the third roond o Monte Carlo an Hamburg an the second o Rome. On the American haurd court swin Murray reached the semi-finals o Toronto afore winnin his first Masters shield in Cincinnati. He added anither shield tae his collection in Madrid;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/oct/20/tennis-andymurray|title=Murray masters Madrid on his path to grander ambitions|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=20 October 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010|last=Bierley|first=Steve}}</ref> afore losin in the quarter finals o Paris. Nou at No. 4 in the warld, Murray qualified for the first time for the [[ATP World Tour Finals|Masters Cup]]. He played well in defeatin an injured Federer<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7729083.stm|title=Murray knocks out ailing Federer|publisher=BBC Sport|date=14 November 2008|accessdate=21 October 2011}}</ref> but lost tae Davydenko in the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7730207.stm|title=Davydenko ends Murray's Cup run|publisher=BBC Sport|date=15 November 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> Murray endit 2008 rankit fowert in the warld. Murray won tournaments in Doha, Marseille an St Petersburg an aw. === 2009: Warld No. 2 === [[File:Andy Murray at the 2009 French Open 6.jpg|thumb|right|Murray made the quarter-finals of the 2009 French Open]] Murray stairtit the 2009 saison wi a successfu defence o his title at the Qatar Open in [[Doha]], defeatin Andy Roddick in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7822109.stm|title=Murray vs Roddick clash|publisher=BBC Sport|date=10 January 2009}}</ref> At the Australian Open, Murray got tae the fowert roond, losin tae [[Fernando Verdasco]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601102&sid=a638z6QofdwY&refer=uk|title=Murray Says 'No Disaster' in Australian Open Loss to Verdasco|work=Bloomberg|date=26 January 2009}}</ref> Murray won his eleventh career title in Rotterdam, defeatin No. 1, Nadal in the three sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7890935.stm|title=Murray v Nadal as it happened|publisher=BBC Sport|date=15 February 2009}}</ref> Murray next went tae Dubai but withdrew afore the quarterfinals wi a re-occurrence o a virus that haed affected him at the Australian Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/sport/tennis/article2369347.ece|newspaper=Times|title=Andy Murray a Davis Cup doubt after withdrawing from Dubai tournament with virus|date=26 February 2009}}</ref> The virus caused Murray tae miss a [[Davis Cup]] tie in Glesga. Murray then lost in the finals tae Nadal at Indian Wells,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7958320.stm|title=Murray v Nadal as it happened|publisher=BBC Sport|date=22 March 2009}}</ref> but won a week later in Miami ower Novak Djokovic for anither masters title. In the lead-up tae the French Open, Murray beat warld No. 9, Nikolay Davydenko at the Monte Carlo Masters, the first time he haed beaten a tap ten player on clay,<ref name="Davydenko">{{cite news |url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/apr/06/andy-murray-fabio-fognini-davis-cup|title=Italy bounce back to defeat Great Britain in Davis Cup quarter-final |newspaper=Guardian|date=6 April 2014}}</ref> tho he lost tae Nadal in the semis. Murray wis upset in roond twa o the Rome Masters bi qualifier Juan Mónaco, an he won tae the quarterfinals o the Madrid Masters, losin tae [[Juan Martín del Potro]]. Durin this time Murray gat roon the heichest ever rankin o a British male in the Open Era whan he becam warld No. 3 on 11 Mey 2009.<ref name="tennis1">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8030391.stm|title=Murray to move third in rankings|date=3 May 2009|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray reached the quarterfinals o the French Open, but wis defeatit bi [[Fernando González]] in fower sets. Murray won for the first time on [[Tennis|gress]] at Queen's an becam the first British winner o the tournament syne 1938. In the final, Murray defeatit American James Blake.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8099594.stm|title=Classy Murray wins Queen's title|date=14 June 2009|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> At Wimbledon, against Stanislas Wawrinka, Murray's fowert roond match wis the first match tae be played entirely under Wimbledon's retractable roof, enablin it tae be the latest finishin match ever at Wimbledon an aw.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8125335.stm|title=Murray wins late-night thriller|date=29 June 2009|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Houiver Murray lost a tight semifinal tae Andy Roddick. Murray returned tae action in Montreal, defaitin del Potro in three set tae tak the title.<ref>{{cite news|title=Murray v Del Potro as it happened|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8204081.stm|date=16 August 2009|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Efter this veectory, he owerteuk Nadal in the rankings an held the number twa poseetion until the stairt o the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]].<ref name="atpworldtour">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2009/08/Montreal-Sunday-Murray-Overcomes-Del-Potro-In-Montreal.aspx|title=Murray Overcomes Del Potro|accessdate=11 June 2010}}</ref> Murray follaed the Masters win playin at the Cincinnati Masters, whaur he lost tae Federer. At the US Open, Murray wis hampered bi a wrist injury an suffered a straucht-sets loss tae Čilić.<ref name="Wrist injury US Open 2009">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/usopen/6160347/US-Open-2009-Andy-Murray-refuses-to-blame-injury-for-Marin-Cilic-defeat.html|title=US Open 2009: Andy Murray refuses to blame injury for Marin Cilic defeat|date=9 September 2009|newspaper=Telegraph}}</ref> Murray won baith his singles matches, an lost at doubles in the Davis Cup against Poland,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/daviscup/6206135/Andy-Murray-wins-Davis-Cup-opener-for-Great-Britiain-against-Poland.html|title=Andy Murray in Davis Cup dilemma over wrist injury with GB level 1–1 with Poland|date=18 September 2009|newspaper=Telegraph}}</ref> but wis then forced tae miss sax weeks wi a wrist injury.<ref name="Valencia 2009">{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/nov/08/andy-murray-wins-valencia-open|title=Andy Murray eases back into title-winning ways at Valencia Open|date=8 November 2009|newspaper=Guardian}}</ref> In November, Murray won at Valencia,<ref name="Valencia 2009"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/6529801/Andy-Murray-admits-beating-Mikhail-Youzhny-at-Valencia-Masters-was-easier-than-expected.html|title=Andy Murray admits beating Mikhail Youzhny at Valencia Masters was easier than expected|date=9 November 2009|newspaper=Telegraph}}</ref> but bowed oot in roond twa o the Paris Masters. Tae end the saison, Murray didnae mak it oot o the roond robin at the World Tour Finals in London.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8378944.stm|title=Andy Murray knocked out of World Tour Finals at 02|date=27 November 2009|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> {{quotebox|quote=A can cry like Roger, it's a shame A cannae play like him.<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "I can cry like Roger, it's a shame I can't play like him."</ref>|source=Andy Murray in his rinner-up speech at the 2010 Australian Open.<ref>{{cite news |last=Newman |first=Paul |title=Murray left in tears by Federer's fireworks |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-left-in-tears-by-federers-fireworks-1885196.html |newspaper=The Independent |date=23 October 2011 |access-date=2016-06-28 |archive-date=2016-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508185336/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-left-in-tears-by-federers-fireworks-1885196.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>|quoted=1}} === 2010: Australian Open runner-up an twa Masters titles === Murray an [[Laura Robson]] representit Britain at the Hopman Cup. The pair progresst tae the final, whaur thay war beaten bi Spain.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8449765.stm|title=Andy Murray and Laura Robson beaten in Hopman Cup final|date=9 January 2010|accessdate=9 January 2010|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> At the Australian Open Murray beat Nadal an Čilić afore losin in the final tae warld No. 1 Roger Federer.<ref name="2010AO">{{cite web | url=http://www.australianopen.com/en_AU/event_guide/history/draws/2010_MS_F.html | title=2010 Australian open results | accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref> At the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, Murray reached the quarterfinals, losin tae Robin Söderling in straucht sets. Murray next played at the 2010 Sony Ericsson Open, but lost his first match o the tournament tae Mardy Fish, afterwards sayin that his mind hadn't been fully on tennis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/7587059/Andy-Murray-clears-clouded-mental-state-for-fresh-start-in-Monte-Carlo.html|title=Andy Murray clears clouded mental state for fresh start in Monte Carlo|date=14 April 2010|newspaper=Telegraph}}</ref> At the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, Murray dreed anither first match loss, this time tae Philipp Kohlschreiber. He forby entert the doubles competeetion wi Ross Hutchins, but thay lost tae the Bryan Brothers on a champions tie-breaker. Murray won tae the third roond in the Rome Masters, an the quarterfinals at the Madrid Masters, losin baith times tae David Ferrer. [[File:Australian Open 2010 Quarterfinals Nadal Vs Murray 3.jpg|thumb|left|Murray reached his second Grand Slam Final in Australie.]] Efter playin an exhibition match, Murray stairtit the French Open wi three tough wins, afore losin in straucht sets tae [[Tomáš Berdych]] in the fowert roond.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8714383.stm|title=Andy Murray says he was outplayed by Tomas Berdych|date=31 May 2010|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> In London, Murray progresst tae the third roond, whaur he faced Mardy Fish. At 3–3 in the final set wi momentum goin Murray's wey (he haed juist come back frae 3–0 doun), the match wis cried off for bad licht, leavin Murray fuming. Comin back the next day, Murray wis edged oot bi the eventual finalist in a tie-breaker for his second defeat bi him in the year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bad light stops Andy Murray's clash with Mardy Fish|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8734199.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=10 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Champion Andy Murray defeated by Mardy Fish at Queen's|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8735283.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=11 June 2010}}</ref> At Wimbledon, Murray progressed tae the semi-finals, losin tae Rafael Nadal in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.skysports.com/tennis/tournaments/story/0,25174,18898_6242676,00.html|title=Nadal ends Murray's dream|work=Sky Sports|date=2 July 2010|accessdate=2 July 2010|archive-date=2013-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021025145/http://www.skysports.com/tennis/tournaments/story/0,25174,18898_6242676,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 27 Julie 2010, Andy Murray an his coach Maclagan split, an Murray replaced him wi Àlex Corretja.<ref>{{cite news|title = Andy Murray looking ahead after sacking coach Maclagan|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8851529.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=29 July 2010}}</ref> Stairtin the US haurd-court saison wi the 2010 Farmers Classic, Murray reached the final but lost against Sam Querrey in three sets. This wis his first loss tae Querrey in five career meetins.<ref>{{cite news|title=Querrey beats Murray to win 4th crown|date=1 August 2010|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/07/30/LA-Sunday-Querrey-Wins-Fouth-Title-of-2010.aspx|work=ATP|accessdate=2 August 2010}}</ref> In Canadae, Murray becam the first player syne [[Andre Agassi]] in 1995 tae defend the Canadian Masters. Murray defeatit Nadal an then Federer in straucht sets, endin his aicht-month title drocht.<ref>{{cite news|title = Murray beats rain and Federer to defend title|date = 15 August 2010|url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/08/32/Toronto-Sunday-Murray-Defends-Title.aspx|work=ATP|accessdate = 16 August 2010}}</ref> At the Cincinnati Masters, Murray first complained aboot the speed o the court,<ref>{{cite news|title = Andy Murray beats Jeremy Chardy at Cincinnati Masters|date = 18 August 2010|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8926312.stm|publisher = BBC Sport|accessdate = 21 August 2010|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100820203457/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8926312.stm|archivedate = 2010-08-20|url-status=live|url-status = live}}</ref> an then in a quarterfinal match wi Fish, Murray complained that the organisers refused tae put the match on later in the day.<ref>{{cite news|title = Andy Murray to face Mardy Fish in midday heat again|date = 20 August 2010|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8931096.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=6 September 2010}}</ref> Wi temperatures reachin 33&nbsp;°C in the shade, Murray won the first set in a tie-breaker but began tae feel ill. The doctor wis cried on court tae actively cuil Murray doun. Murray admitted efter the match that he haed considered retiring. He lost the second set, but forced a final-set tie-breaker, afore Fish won.<ref name="hot cincy">{{cite news|title = Mardy Fish beats Andy Murray in Cincinnati|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8933087.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=20 August 2010}}</ref> Efter losin tae Stanislas Wawrinka in the third roond o the US Open, questions aboot Murray's conditionin arose, as he cried the trainer oot twice durin the match.<ref>{{cite news|title = Andy Murray baffled by US Open loss to Stan Wawrinka|date = 6 September 2010|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8970892.stm#atozlist|publisher = BBC Sport|accessdate = 6 September 2010|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100906192509/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8970892.stm#atozlist|archivedate = 2010-09-06|url-status=live|url-status = live}}</ref> His next event wis the China Open in Beijing, whaur Murray reached the quarterfinals, losin tae Ivan Ljubičić.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC Sport|title=Ivan Ljubicic beats Andy Murray in China Open|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9074427.stm|date=8 October 2010}}</ref> Murray then won the Shanghai Rolex Masters dismissin Roger Federer in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/10/41/Shanghai-Sunday-Murray-Masters-Federer-In-Final.aspx|title=Murray Masters Federer To Claim Shanghai Title|date=17 October 2010|publisher=ATP Tour|accessdate=10 November 2010}}</ref> He didnae drap a single set ootthrough the event. Murray returned tae Spain fur tae defend his title at the Valencia Open 500 but lost in the second roond tae Juan Mónaco.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC Sport|title=Andy Murray loses to Juan Monaco at Valencia Open|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9156672.stm|date=3 November 2010}}</ref> Houiver, in doubles, Murray pairtnered his brither Jamie Murray tae the final, whaur thay defeatit Mahesh Bhupathi an Max Mirnyi. The veectory wis Murray's first doubles title an the second time he haed reached a final wi his brither.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC Sport|title=Murray brothers seize first ATP Tour title in Valencia|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9164970.stm|date=7 November 2010|accessdate=10 November 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110031424/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9164970.stm|archivedate=2010-11-10|url-status=live|url-status=live}}</ref> Murray won tae the quarter finals at the BNP Paribas Masters losin tae Gaël Monfils in three sets. Combined wi his exit an Söderling's takin the title, Murray foond himsel pushed doun a spot in the rankings, tae No. 5 frae No. 4.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/soderlings-win-pushes-murray-down-to-no-5-2134252.html|title=Soderling's win pushes Murray down to No 5|newspaper=The Independent|date=15 November 2010}}</ref> At the Tour finals in London, Murray went 2–1 in roond robin play afore facin Nadal in the semifinal. Thay battled for ower three oors, afore Murray fell tae the Spaniard in a final-set tie-breaker, bringin an end tae his saison.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9234077.stm|title=Rafael Nadal battles past Andy Murray to reach O2 final|publisher=BBC Sport|date=27 November 2010}}</ref> === 2011: Second Australian Open final an twa Masters titles === Murray an Laura Robson lost in the roond-robin stage 2011 Hopman Cup, lossin aw three ties even tho Murray won aw o his singles matches. Then Murray, alang wi ither stars lik Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal, an Novak Djokovic, participatit in the Rally for Relief event fur tae help raise money for the fluid victims in [[Queensland]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/front_page/9360057.stm|title=Sports stars pledge help for Queensland flood victims|date=13 January 2011|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> [[File:Andy and Jamie Murray.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Andy wi his brither [[Jamie Murray|Jamie]] (left) at the 2011 Japan Open]] Seedit fift in the 2011 Australian Open, Murray met umwhile champion Novak Djokovic in the final an wis defeatit in straucht sets. In Rotterdam, he wis defeatit bi Marcos Baghdatis in the first roond.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/9387018.stm|title=Andy Murray loses to Marcos Baghdatis in Rotterdam|date=9 February 2011|accessdate=21 March 2011|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray reached the semifinals o the doubles tournament wi his brither Jamie. Murray lost tae qualifiers in the first roonds at the Masters Series events in Indian Wells an Miami, efter which he split wi coach Àlex Corretja.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/12890238.stm|title=Andy Murray parts with coach Alex Corretja|accessdate=13 April 2011|date=29 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408065114/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/12890238.stm|archivedate=2011-04-08|publisher=BBC Sport|url-status=live}}</ref> Murray returned tae form at the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, but lost tae Nadal in the semifinals.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/13104116.stm|title=Rafael Nadal beats Murray to reach Monte Carlo final|date=16 April 2011|accessdate=24 April 2011|last=Newbery|first=Piers|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray sustained an elbow injury afore the match an subsequently withdrew frae the 2011 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell due tae the injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/13122602.stm|title=Andy Murray out of Barcelona Open with elbow injury|date=19 April 2011|accessdate=24 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110422070131/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/13122602.stm|archivedate=2011-04-22|url-status=live|last=Newbery|first=Piers|publisher=BBC Sport|url-status=live}}</ref> Murray lost in the third roond at the Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open, but got tae the semi-finals o the Rome Masters, whaur he lost tae Novak Djokovic.<ref name="2011atp">{{cite web | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Andy-Murray.aspx?t=pa&y=2011&m=s&e=0# | title=2011 ATP stats | accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref> At the French Open, Murray won twa tough early matches, afore losin in his first semifinal at Roland Garros, against Rafael Nadal.<ref>{{cite news|last=Newbery|first=Piers|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/13584139 |title=French Open: Andy Murray beats Michael Berrer despite injury |date=28 May 2011 |accessdate=5 July 2012|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Newbery|first=Piers|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/13604860 |title=French Open: Andy Murray reaches Paris quarter-finals |date=31 May 2011 |accessdate=5 July 2012|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/13643353.stm | title=French Open: Rafael Nadal outclasses Andy Murray to reach final|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=3 June 2011|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray defaitit Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, winnin his second Queen's Club title.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/13739645.stm|title=Andy Murray beats Jo-Wilfried Tsonga to win Queen's|date=13 June 2011|last=Newbery|first=Piers|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> At Wimbledon, Murray lost in the semifinal tae Nadal, despite takin the first set.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/13991175.stm | title=Wimbledon 2011: Rafael Nadal beats Andy Murray in semis|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=1 July 2011|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> At the Davis Cup tie atween Great Britain an Luxembourg, Murray led the British team tae veectory.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray secures Great Britain Davis Cup victory|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/14098278.stm |accessdate=3 July 2013 |date=10 July 2011 |publisher=BBC Sport |last=Overend|first=Jonathan}}</ref> Murray wis the twa-time defendin 2011 Rogers Cup champion, but lost in the second roond tae South African Kevin Anderson.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/tennis/08/09/rogers-cup-murray.ap/ |title=Defending champ Murray takes early exit from Rogers Cup |work=Sports Illustrated |date=8 September 2011 |accessdate=5 July 2012 |archive-date=2012-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104175619/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/tennis/08/09/rogers-cup-murray.ap/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Houiver, the follaein week, he won the 2011 Western & Southern Open, beatin Novak Djokovic, efter Djokovic retired due tae injury.<ref name="djinjury">{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/21/novak-djokovic-injury-cincy-final_n_932484.html | title=Noval Djokovic Injured | accessdate=17 August 2012 | work=Huffington Post | date=21 August 2011}}</ref> At the 2011 US Open, Murray battled frae twa sets doun tae win a five-set second-roond encounter wi Robin Haase, but lost in the semifinals tae Rafael Nadal in fower sets. Murray easy won the smaw 250-class Thailand Open, an the follaein week he won his third title in fower tournaments at the Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships. His unfrein in the final wis Rafael Nadal, wham he beat for the first time in the year in three sets. Murray then won the doubles wi his brither Jamie Murray, acomin the first person in the 2011 saison tae captur baith singles an doubles titles at the same tournament. Murray then successfully defended his Shanghai Masters crown wi a straucht-sets veectory ower David Ferrer in the final. At the [[ATP World Tour Finals]], Murray lost tae David Ferrer in straucht sets an withdrew frae the tournament efter the loss wi a lisk yerk. Murray endit the year as No. 4 in the warld ahint Novak Djokovic, Rafael Nadal, an Roger Federer. === 2012: US Open champion, Wimbledon runner-up an Olympic gowd === {{main|2012 Andy Murray tennis season}} Wi [[Ivan Lendl]] as his new full-time coach,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/16372414.stm|title=Andy Murray appoints Ivan Lendl as his new coach|publisher=BBC Sport|last=Overend|first=Jonathan|date=31 December 2011}}</ref> Murray began the saison bi playin in the 2012 Brisbane International. He owercame a slow stairt in his first twa matches tae win his 22nt title bi beatin Alexandr Dolgopolov in the final.<ref>{{cite news|last=Briggs|first=Simon|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/9000543/Andy-Murray-wins-Brisbane-International-after-beating-Alexandr-Dolgopolov-in-straight-sets.html|title=Andy Murray cruises to Brisbane title and pays tribute to sense of humour and work ethic of new coach Ivan Lendl|date=9 January 2012|accessdate=25 January 2012|location=London|work=The Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|archive-date=2012-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109055545/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/9000543/Andy-Murray-wins-Brisbane-International-after-beating-Alexandr-Dolgopolov-in-straight-sets.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In doubles, he lost in the quarterfinals against second seeds Jürgen Melzer an Philipp Petzschner in a tight match.<ref>Tennis Live [http://www.tennislive.us/atp/match/jurgen-melzer-philipp-petzschner-VS-marcos-baghdatis-andy-murray/brisbane-international-brisbane-2012/ match result]</ref> Efter an exhibition tournament,<ref>[http://www1.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/7425934/Murray-toasts-success "Murray toasts success" British No. 1 wins exhibition encounter] 13 January 2012, Sky Sports</ref> Murray got tae the semi-finals o the 2012 Australian Open, whaur he wis defeatit bi Djokovic in a fower-oor-an-50-meenit match.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray defeated by Novak Djokovic in epic semi-final|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-defeated-by-novak-djokovic-in-epic-semifinal-6295539.html|work=The Independent|accessdate=27 January 2012|date=27 January 2012|last=Fisher|first=Jon|location=London|archive-date=2012-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127231624/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-defeated-by-novak-djokovic-in-epic-semifinal-6295539.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Victory Andy Murray.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Murray's veectory signature at the Olympics whaur he won the gowd medal.]] At the Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championships, Murray defeatit Djokovic in the semifinals, but lost in the final tae Roger Federer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Federer edges Murray to win Dubai Championships|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2012/03/03/federer-edges-murray-to-win-dubai-championships/|publisher=Fox News Channel|accessdate=6 March 2012|date=3 March 2012|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152618/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2012/03/03/federer-edges-murray-to-win-dubai-championships/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter an early defeat at the BNP Paribas Open, Murray reached the final o the Miami Masters, losin tae Djokovic.<ref name="2012ATP">{{cite web | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Andy-Murray.aspx?t=pa&y=2012&m=s&e=0# | title=ATP results | accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref> Murray then haed quarterfinal losses at the Monte Carlo Masters an Barcelona Open, an a third roond loss at the Italian Open.<ref name="2012ATP" /> Murray battled back spasms aw throu the French Open, an in the quarterfinals he wis beaten bi David Ferrer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jun/06/french-open-andy-murray|title=French Open 2012: Andy Murray runs out of steam against David Ferrer|accessdate=5 January 2015 | work=The Guardian|date=6 June 2012|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin}}</ref> Murray lost in the openin roond o the [[Queen's Club Championships]] tae warld No. 65 [[Nicolas Mahut]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/9330050/Andy-Murray-beaten-by-Nicolas-Mahut-in-second-round-at-Queens.html|title=Andy Murray beaten by Nicolas Mahut in second round at Queens|accessdate=13 June 2012 | work=The Telegraph|last1=Briggs|first1=Simon|date=13 June 2012|location=London|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref> At Wimbledon, Murray set the record for the latest feenish at the championships when he completit a fower-set veectory ower Marcos Baghdatis at 23:02 BST.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|last=Ornstein|first=David|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18654579 |title=Wimbledon 2012: Andy Murray beats Marcos Baghdatis in thriller |date=30 June 2012 |accessdate=5 July 2012|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray beat [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] in the semifinal in fower sets tae become the first male British player tae reach the final o Wimbledon syne Bunny Austin in 1938.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chronicle.augusta.com/sports/other-sports/2012-07-06/andy-murray-first-brit-make-wimbledon-finals-74-years?v=1341619125|title=Andy Murray is first Brit to make Wimbledon finals in 74 years |accessdate=6 July 2012}}</ref> In the final, he faced Federer, but efter takin the first set, he lost the match in fower sets.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/tennis/news/20120708/roger-federer-wins-wimbledon-andy-murray/ | title=Federer Wins 7th Wimbledon | accessdate=17 August 2012 | work=Wimbledon 2012 | date=8 July 2012| url-status=dead }}</ref> Murray next kempit at the [[Tennis at the 2012 Simmer Olympics|London 2012 Summer Olympics]] in singles, doubles, an mixed doubles. He pairtnered his brither Jamie Murray in doubles an suffered a first-roond exit tae Austria (Jürgen Melzer an Alexander Peya) in three sets.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/19031536|title=Andy and Jamie Murray beaten in Olympic tennis doubles| date=28 July 2012|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> In the mixed doubles, Murray wis pairtnered bi Laura Robson. Thay got aw the wey tae the finals whaur thay lost tae the Belarusian top seeds ([[Victoria Azarenka]] an Max Mirnyi) in three sets, settlin for the siller medal. In singles, Murray lost anly ane set on his wey tae the finals whaur he met Federer, defeatin him in straucht sets, for the loss o juist 7 gemmes.<ref name="2012ATP" /> Bi winnin the Olympic gowd medal, Murray becam the first British man tae win the Olympic singles gowd medal in tennis syne Josiah Ritchie in 1908. He wis anly the 7t man in the open era tae win twa medals at the same Olympic Gemmes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray wins men's singles Olympics tennis gold|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18907001|accessdate=6 August 2012|last=Ornstein|first=David|date=5 August 2012|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray retired early in the Rogers Cup due tae a knee injury, an wis beaten bi unseedit Jérémy Chardy at the Cincinnati Masters in straucht sets. He next competit in the final major o the saison at the US Open. He cruised throu his openin twa roonds in straucht sets against Alex Bogomolov an Ivan Dodig, afore facin a tough fower-set battle wi [[Feliciano López]], whaur Murray haed tae win three tie-breakers. In the fowert roond, he defeatit the Canadian [[Milos Raonic]] in straucht sets, an then in the quarterfinals, haed tae come frae a set an twa breaks doun against Marin Čilić tae prevail in fower. In the semifinals, he defeatit Tomáš Berdych in a lang-focht match that lasted awmaist fower oors, tae reach his second consecutive Grand Slam final. Murray defeatit Djokovic in five sets, acomin the first British man tae win a Grand Slam final syne Fred Perry in 1936,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/usopen/9532050/US-Open-2012-Novak-Djokovic-defeats-David-Ferrer-to-set-up-final-against-Andy-Murray-on-Monday.html|title=Novak Djokovic sets up Andy Murray US Open final|accessdate=9 September 2012 | work=The Telegraph}}</ref> an the first Scottish-born player tae win a Grand Slam final syne Harold Mahony in 1896.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sport.stv.tv/tennis/189639-andy-murray-becomes-first-scottish-born-slam-winner-since-harold-mahony/|title=Andy Murray becomes first Scottish-born slam winner since Harold Mahony|publisher=STV|date=11 September 2012|accessdate=11 September 2012|archive-date=2012-09-12|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6AcKp7Ep6?url=http://sport.stv.tv/tennis/189639-andy-murray-becomes-first-scottish-born-slam-winner-since-harold-mahony/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The win wad set several records for Murray an aw. It involved the langest tiebreak in US Open final history, at 12–10 in the first set. It left Murray the first man ever tae win an Olympic gowd medal an the US Open in the same year. It tied wi the 1988 US Open final (in which Murray's coach Lendl competit) as the langest final in the tournament's history.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://espn.go.com/blog/statsinfo/post/_/id/50912/murrays-open-win-a-first-on-multiple-fronts/ |title=Murray's Open win a first on multiple fronts|publisher=ESPN|date=10 September 2012|accessdate=10 September 2012}}</ref> Bi defeatin Djokovic in the final, Murray achieved his 100th Grand Slam match win o his career. The victory pit Murray amang the "[[Big Four (tennis)|Big Four]]" accordin tae mony pundits, includin Novak Djokovic.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/sep/11/andy-murray-us-open-press-review|title=Andy Murray's US Open win, press review: 'The Big Three is the Big Four'|accessdate=11 September 2012|last=Murrells|first=Katy|date=11 September 2012|work=The Guardian|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/165275.html|title=Djokovic: Murray deserves 'big-four' tag|accessdate=26 January 2012|archive-date=2014-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030170955/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/165275.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Andy Murray with Lendl.JPG|thumb|left|Andy Murray wi coach Ivan Lendl]] In his first tournament efter the US Open, Murray reached the semifinals o the Rakuten Japan Open efter enterin as defendin champion. He wis beaten bi Milos Raonic in a close three-set match. He wis defendin champion in the doubles wi his brither Jamie an aw. Houiver, thay war knocked oot in the quarterfinals bi tap seeds Leander Paes an Radek Štěpánek. At the penultimate Masters 1000 tournament o the year in Shanghai, efter receivin a bye intae roond twa, Murray's first match wis due tae be played against Florian Mayer. Houiver, Mayer haed tae pou oot due tae skaith, giein Murray a walkower intae the thrid roond. Efter beatin Alexandr Dolgopolov in the third roond, he then overcame Radek Štěpánek in a three-set quarterfinal. Efter, Murray faced Roger Federer in the semifinals, wham he defeatit in straucht sets tae set up a second consecutive final against Novak Djokovic, an his third consecutive Shanghai final. Efter failin tae capitalise on five match pynts, Murray hinnerly lost in three sets, bringin tae an end his 12–0 winnin streak at the competeetion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to win Shanghai Masters|url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/19941370|publisher=BBC|date=14 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Simon Cambers|title=Novak Djokovic roars back to deny Andy Murray in epic Shanghai final|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/oct/14/novak-djokovic-andy-murray-shanghai|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|date=14 October 2012}}</ref> Whan Rafael Nadal poued oot o baith the Paris Masters an the Year-End Championships,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/news/tennis-nadal-paris-london-153900726.html|title=Tennis – Nadal down and out of Paris and London |accessdate=25 October 2012|date=25 October 2012|work=Yahoo Sport}}</ref> Murray feinisht the year at No. 3 in the warld, efter fower year at No. 4. This wis the first time Murray haed feinisht the year heicher than No. 4 in the warld. At the [[BBC]] ''Sports Personality of the Year'' Murray foond hisel votit third oweraw, aheid o [[Mo Farah]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bradley Wiggins claims BBC award is his 'greatest achievement'|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/sports-personality/20750840|date=17 December 2012|accessdate=12 March 2013|last=Keogh|first=Frank|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray won the World Breakthrough o the Year at the Laureus World Sports Awards.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/other-sports/laureus-world-sports-awards-jessica-ennis-named-sportswoman-of-year-8530330.html|title=Laureus World Sports Awards: Jessica Ennis named Sportswoman of Year|work=Evening Standard|date=12 March 2013|accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref> Murray wis appyntit [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services tae tennis.<ref name="Honours2013">{{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/dec/30/new-year-honours-list-2013 | title=New Year honours 2013: the full list | work=guardian.co.uk | date=30 December 2012 |accessdate=15 January 2013|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=60367 |date=29 December 2012 |startpage=24 |supp=y }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=BBC News|title=Honorary degree and freedom of Stirling for Andy Murray|date=23 April 2014|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-27114857|work=BBC News|accessdate=24 April 2014|location=London}}</ref> === 2013: Wimbledon champion an third Australian Open final === {{main|2013 Andy Murray tennis season}} Murray began his 2013 saison bi retainin his Brisbane International title, defeatin [[Grigor Dimitrov]] in the final in straucht sets.<ref name="2013 Brisbane">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/20926184 |title=Ross Hutchins diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma |date=6 January 2013 |accessdate=20 April 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Tryin tae win his second Major in a row, he began the 2013 Australian Open weel wi a straucht sets veectory ower Dutchman Robin Haase. He follaed this up wi straucht set victories ower João Sousa, practice pairtner Ričardas Berankis an French No. 14 seed Gilles Simon. In the quarterfinals he cruised past Jérémy Chardy in straucht sets tae set up a semi final clash wi Roger Federer. Efter exchangin sets, Murray eventually prevailed in 5 sets, recordin his first Grand Slam tournament triumph ower Federer. Wi this veectory, each member o the ATP's maist [[Big Four (tennis)|dominant quartet of the previous fower years (Federer, Nadal, Djokovic an Murray)]] haed beaten the ither three at the Majors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theroar.com.au/2013/01/27/2013-australian-open-mens-singles-final-preview/ |title=2013 Australian Open – Men's singles final preview |publisher=The Roar |date=|accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> This veectory set up Murray's third consecutive Major final appearance, an second in a row against Novak Djokovic. Efter takin the first set in a tiebreak, Murray wis eventually defeatit in fower sets.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21092882 |title=Andy Murray v Novak Djokovic as it happened |date=27 January 2013 |accessdate=20 April 2013 |publisher=BBC Sport |archive-date=2014-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110034720/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21092882 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His defeat in this final meant that Murray becam anly the second man in the Open Era tae achieve three runner-up finishes at the Australian Open, the ither bein Stefan Edberg. At the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, Murray lost at the quarter-final stage tae Juan Martín del Potro in three sets.<ref name="2013 Indian Wells">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21809556|title=Juan Martin del Potro beats Andy Murray in Indian Wells |accessdate=18 March 2013|publisher=BBC Sport|date=16 March 2013|last=Overend|first=Jonathan}}</ref> At the Miami Masters, Murray got throu his first fower matches withoot droppin a set, an efter overcomin Richard Gasquet in the semifinals, faced David Ferrer in the final. Efter losin the first set, an facin match pynt in the decider at 5–6, Murray eventually teuk the match in a third set tiebreaker tae win his second Miami Masters title. This let him leapfrog Roger Federer intae second place in the rankings, endin a near-decade lang time period in which neither Federer or Rafael Nadal war rankit in the tap twa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-up-to-no-2-in-world-after-hard-slog-against-david-ferrer-in-miami-heat-8555678.html?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=t.co|title=Andy Murray up to No. 2 in world after hard slog against David Ferrer in Miami heat|work=The Independent|date=31 March 2013|last=Newman|first=Paul|location=London}}</ref> Murray briefly fell back tae No. 3 in the warld, follaein a third roond defeat bi Stanislas Wawrinka in Monte-Carlo, but reclaimed the No. 2 rankin as a result o Federer failin tae defend his title at the Mutua Madrid Open. Later, Murray lost at the quarter-final stage tae Tomáš Berdych in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/22488571|title=Andy Murray beaten by Tomas Berdych at Madrid Open |accessdate=10 May 2013|publisher=BBC Sport|date=11 May 2013}}</ref> At the Rome Masters, Murray retired due tae a hip injury durin his second roond match against Marcel Granollers on his 26t birthday. Murray haed juist battled back tae tie the match at ane set all efter winnin the second set on a tiebreak. This left Murray wi anly eleven days tae be fit for the stairt o the French Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/22540156|title=Andy Murray pulls out of French Open with back injury|accessdate=15 May 2013|publisher=BBC Sport|date=21 May 2013|last=Overend|first=Jonathan}}</ref> Speakin at a press conference efter the match, Murray said, "As it is, I'd be very surprised if I was playing in Paris. I need to make a plan as to what I do. I'll chat with the guys tonight and make a plan for the next few days then make a decision on Paris after the next five days."<ref>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray pulls out of French Open with back injury|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/22540156|accessdate=15 May 2013|last=Overend|first=Jonathan|date=21 May 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> He wad go on tae withdraw frae Roland Garros later, citin a back injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2013/05/21/Murray-Withdraws-From-Roland-Garros.aspx|title=Murray withdraws from Roland Garros|date=22 May 2013|work=ATP|accessdate=7 July 2013}}</ref> Efter a fower-week break due tae injury, Murray cam back at the 2013 Aegon Championships, whaur he wis the tap seed. Efter a rain delayed first day, Murray haed tae complete his second roond match against Nicolas Mahut, an his subsequent match against Marinko Matosevic on the same day, baith o which he won in straucht sets. Efter beatin Benjamin Becker in the quarterfinals, Murray next faced his first tap ten opponent syne losin tae Tomáš Berdych in Madrid, takin on Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the semifinals. Efter droppin the first set against the Frenchman, Murray eventually raised his level an won in three tae set up a final against Marin Čilić o Croatia, his third consecutive final on gress courts. He came frae behind again tae beat Čilić in three sets tae claim his third title at [[Queen's Club Championships|Queen's Club]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/22926718|title=Andy Murray wins Aegon Championships at Queen's|website=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=17 June 2013|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> Goin intae Wimbledon, Murray hadn't lost a match on gress syne the previous year's final, an wis on a winnin streak o 11 matches on gress. In the first twa roonds, Murray faced Benjamin Becker<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/23031466|title=Andy Murray beats Benjamin Becker at Wimbledon 2013|website=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=24 June 2013|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> an Yen-hsun Lu<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/23066798|title=Andy Murray beats Yen-Hsun Lu at Wimbledon 2013|website=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=26 June 2013|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> respectively, defeatin baith in straucht sets. His third roond match wis against 32nd seed [[Tommy Robredo]], an despite a tour comeback ower the past year, Murray overcame the Spaniard in straucht sets tae set up a clash wi Mikhail Youzhny. Youzhny wis the heichest seed left in Murray's half follaein the unexpectedly early exits o Roger Federer an Rafael Nadal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/23106283|title=Andy Murray beats Tommy Robredo at Wimbledon 2013|website=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=28 June 2013|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> Despite facin a fightback in the second set, Murray won in straucht sets tae mak it throu tae his tenth consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/23130222|title=Andy Murray beats Mikhail Youzhny at Wimbledon 2013|website=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=1 July 2013|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> Thare he wis tae play Fernando Verdasco, the first left-handed player Murray haed faced syne the 2012 US Open. For the seivent time in his career, Murray haed tae come back frae a deficit o twa sets tae ultimately come throu in five.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/23170595|title=Andy Murray beats Fernando Verdasco at Wimbledon|website=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=3 July 2013|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> This set up a semifinal clash wi 24t seed Jerzy Janowicz, the Pols player that beat Murray in thair umwhile encounter. Efter Murray failed tae break Janowicz's serve, the Pole teuk the openin set in the tiebreak, follaein a dooble fault frae Murray. However, Murray managed tae up his level o play, an won the next three sets, makkin it throu tae his second consecutive Wimbledon final, an thrid consecutive major final again Novak Djokovic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/23201318|title=Andy Murray beats Jerzy Janowicz in Wimbledon semi-final|website=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=5 July 2013|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> [[File:Murray and the Wimbledon Trophy (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Murray holds the Wimbledon trophy follaein his veectory in the 2013 men's final.]] Despite the Serb bein the favourite tae win the title throughout the Championships, Murray overcame Djokovic in a straucht sets match that lasted ower three oors. He becam the first British winner o the men's singles title syne Fred Perry in 1936, an the first [[Scot]] o aither sex tae win a Wimbledon singles title syne Harold Mahony in 1896. The win extendit his winnin streak on gress tae 18 matches.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2013/jul/07/andy-murray-novak-djokovic-live|title=Andy Murray beats Novak Djokovic to win Wimbledon – as it happened|date=7 July 2013|work=The Guardian|accessdate=8 July 2013 |last=Murrells|first=Katy|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> Wi the win, he becam anly the second man in the open era efter Rafael Nadal tae haud the Olympic singles gowd medal an Wimbledon title simultaneously an aw. At the US Open, Murray entered a Grand Slam tournament as defendin champion for the first time, an stairtit strangly wi a straucht sets win against Michaël Llodra. He backed this up wi wins ower Leonardo Mayer, Florian Mayer an Denis Istomin tae reach the quarterfinals at a major for the 11t straucht tournament. In the last 8, Murray faced Stanislas Wawrinka o Switzerland, but lost in straucht sets, endin Murray's streak o fower consecutive major finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/23966036|title=US Open 2013: Andy Murray beaten by Stanislas Wawrinka|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> Follaein his disappointin run o form on haurd courts, Murray next jynt the [[Great Britain Davis Cup team]] in thair World Group Play-off tie on clay against Croatia, whaur he played in twa singles an the doubles rubbers. Efter defeatin 16-year-auld Borna Ćorić in straucht sets, Murray teamed up wi Colin Fleming tae defeat Croatian number 1 Ivan Dodig an Mate Pavić in the doubles, an tak a 2–1 lead in the tie. Murray then sealed Britain's return tae the World Group bi defeatin Dodig in straucht sets. Follaein the Davis Cup, Murray's saison wis cut short bi his decision tae unnergang surgery, in order tae sort oot the lawer back problems that haed caused him problems syne the early stages o the previous saison. He haed been forced tae withdraw frae the French Open in Mey, an the injury flared up again durin the US Open an later durin the Davis Cup World Group Play-offs. Murray decidit that surgery wis the best wey tae sort the problem oot for the lang-term.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/239631.html|title=Back surgery set to end Murray's season|date=19 September 2013|work=espn.co.uk|accessdate=20 September 2013|last=staff|first=ESPN|publisher=ESPN|archive-date=2014-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014121118/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/239631.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Follaein the conclusion o the 2013 saison, Murray wis voted the 2013 BBC Sport Personality of the Year, efter haein been hivy favourite syne the nominees war annoonced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/sports-personality/25386015 |title=Andy Murray wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2013 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=15 December 2013 |accessdate=8 June 2014}}</ref> === 2014: Recovery frae surgery an 30t career title === {{main|2014 Andy Murray tennis season}} Murray stairtit his saison at the Qatar Open in Doha. In the first roond, he defeatit Mousa Shanan Zayed in straucht sets in 37 meenits withoot droppin a single gemme, but wis defeatit in three sets bi warld No. 40 Florian Mayer in the second roond, despite bein a set an a break up three gemmes intae the second set.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thepeninsulaqatar.com/sports/tennis/261706/nadal-murray-start-season-at-qatar-open|title=Nadal, Murray start season at Qatar Open|accessdate=13 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> He then played a warm-up match at the 2014 AAMI Classic in Kooyong against warld No. 43 Lleyton Hewitt, losin in twa close tiebreaks. Murray next heided tae Melbourne for the 2014 Australian Open, whaur he drew the warld No. 112, Go Soeda o Japan. Despite worries that he wis nae match-fit, Murray got off tae a strang stairt, dispatchin the Japanese number 2 in under 90 meenits, losin juist 5 gemmes in the process. He next went on tae defeat Vincent Millot an Feliciano López respectively in straucht sets. In the fowert roond, Murray dropped his first set o the tournament on his wey tae beatin Stephane Robert in fower sets tae set up a meetin wi lang-staundin rival Roger Federer in the quarterfinals. Despite savin twa match pynts tae tak the third set, he ultimately went oot in fower, endin his streak o fower consecutive Australian Open semifinals.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/australian-open-2014-andy-murray-unable-to-stop-roger-federer-who-marches-on-to-semifinal-meeting-with-rafael-nadal-9076809.html |title=Andy Murray unable to stop Roger Federer who marches on to semi-final meeting with Rafael Nadal |newspaper=The Independent |date=22 January 2014 |access-date=2016-06-28 |archive-date=2015-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925232918/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/australian-open-2014-andy-murray-unable-to-stop-roger-federer-who-marches-on-to-semifinal-meeting-with-rafael-nadal-9076809.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> As a result o losin afore the final, Murray fell tae No. 6 in the warld, fallin oot o the tap 5 for the first time syne 2008. He neist heidit tae the United States tae compete in the Davis Cup World Group first roond wi [[Great Britain Davis Cup team|Great Britain]], that gaed intae the tie as ootsiders. Murray buir the gree i baith o his ties again Donald Young an Sam Querrey respectively, helpin Britain tae thair first Davis Cup quarterfinal syne 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100021080|title=USA vs Great Britain|work=Davis Cup website|accessdate=3 February 2014|archive-date=2014-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125081647/http://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100021080|url-status=dead}}</ref> Murray's next tournament wis the Rotterdam Open efter receivin a late wild card, however he lost tae Marin Čilić in straucht sets in the quarterfinals. His follaein competeetion, the Mexican Open in Acapulco, endit in a semifinal defeat bi Grigor Dimitrov in a thrillin three-setter that required twa tiebreakers tae decide the final twa sets. At Indian Wells, Murray struggled in his first twa matches against Lukáš Rosol an Jiří Veselý respectively. He overcame baith in close three-set encounters tae set up a fowert roond clash wi Canadian Milos Raonic, which he lost in three sets. Murray offered tae play wi 2012 Wimbledon Doubles champion Jonathan Marray, acause Marray wis unable tae convince anyone tae jyne him on court.<ref name="Wimbledon 2014: Jonny Marray's doubles trouble ends in win as he makes second round with John-Patrick Smith">{{cite news |title= Wimbledon 2014: Jonny Marray's doubles trouble ends in win as he makes second round with John-Patrick Smith|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/10929416/Wimbledon-2014-Jonny-Marrays-doubles-trouble-ends-in-win-as-he-makes-second-round-with-John-Patrick-Smith.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date= 26 June 2014}}</ref> For Murray an Marray's first competitive match thegither, thay won a doubles clash against [[Gaël Monfils]] an Juan Mónaco anly tae lose in the second round tae the No 2 seeds Alexander Peya an Bruno Soares. In Mairch, Murray split wi coach Ivan Lendl, that haed been widely praised for helpin Murray achieve his goal o winnin Grand Slam titles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/26646809|title=Andy Murray and coach Ivan Lendl agree mutual split|publisher=BBC Sport|date=19 March 2014}}</ref> At the 2014 Miami Masters, Murray defeatit Matthew Ebden, Feliciano López an Jo Wilfried Tsonga but lost tae Novak Djokovic in the quarterfinals. In the Davis Cup quarterfinals against Italy, he beat [[Andreas Seppi]] in his first rubber, then teamed up wi Colin Flemin tae win the doubles rubber. Murray haed anly beaten ane tap ten player on clay, Nikolay Davidenko, back in 2009, an sae he wis stunned bi Fabio Fognini in straucht sets in his final singles match. This teuk Great Britain tae the decidin final rubber. Houiver, in this match his compatriot, James Ward wis defeatit bi Andreas Seppi in straucht sets an aw, knockin Murray an Great Britain oot o the Davis Cup. Murray next competit at the Madrid Open an follaein his openin win, ower Nicolas Almagro, he dedicated the veectory tae umwhile player [[Elena Baltacha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/05/19/Madrid-Wednesday-Murray-Tsonga.aspx |title=Andy Murray Edges Nicolas Almagro In Madrid – Tennis |publisher=ATP World Tour |date= |accessdate=8 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Fuller, Russell |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27299893 |title=Andy Murray beats Nicolas Almagro at Madrid Masters |work=BBC Sport |date=7 May 2014 |accessdate=8 June 2014}}</ref> He then lost tae qualifier Santiago Giraldo in the follaein roond. Murray then reached the quarter-finals o the Rome Masters whaur he lost tae warld No. 1 Rafael Nadal in a tight match in which he haed been up a break in the final set.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27450843 |title=Rafael Nadal beats Andy Murray in Italian Open quarter-final |publisher=BBC Sport |date=16 May 2014 |accessdate=8 June 2014}}</ref> At the French Open, Murray defeatit Andrey Golubev an Marinko Matosevic afore edgin oot 28t seed Philipp Kohlschreiber 12–10 in the final set. This wis the first time Murray haed ever gone beyond 7–5 in a decidin set.<ref>{{cite web|last=Newbery |first=Piers |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27655396 |title=Andy Murray beats Philipp Kohlschreiber at French Open |publisher=BBC Sport |date=1 June 2014 |accessdate=8 June 2014}}</ref> He follaed this up wi a straucht sets win ower Fernando Verdasco an then recorded a five set veectory ower Frenchman Gaël Monfils in the quarter-final, which saw Murray rise tae warld No. 5 an equal his best ever [[French Open]] bi reachin the semi-finals. Houiver, he subsequently lost tae Rafael Nadal in straucht sets, winnin anly 6 gemmes in the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27734725 |title=Andy Murray beaten by Rafael Nadal in French Open semi-final |publisher=BBC Sport |date=6 June 2014}}</ref> Efter losin the 2014 French Open semi-finals tae Nadal, Murray appyntit umwhile women's warld No. 1, an twa-times slam titlist, [[Amélie Mauresmo|Amélie Mauresmo]] as his coach<ref>{{cite web|author=Fuller, Russell |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27753849 |title=Andy Murray appoints Amelie Mauresmo as coach |publisher=BBC Sport |date= |accessdate=8 June 2014}}</ref> in a 'historic muive' that left Mauresmo the first wumman tae coach a tap male tennis player.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/jun/08/andy-murray-amelie-mauresmo-coach 'Andy Murray appoints Amélie Mauresmo as his new coach'], ''[[The Guardian]]'' (London), 8 June 2014.</ref> Efter strang gress court seasons in 2012 an 2013, Murray wis seedit thrid for the 2014 Wimbledon Championship, behind Novak Djokovic an Rafael Nadal, that wis seedit first an second respectively.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27889167 'Wimbledon:Andy Murray third seed behind Djokovic & Nadal'], "BBC Sport", 19 June 2014.</ref> He began his title defence wi straucht sets wins ower [[David Goffin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27977150|title=Wimbledon 2014: Andy Murray beats David Goffin in round one|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> an Blaž Rola, defeatin the latter for the loss o juist twa gemmes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28020836|title=Andy Murray beats Blaz Rola in Wimbledon second round|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> Murray continued his good form, defeatin [[Roberto Bautista Agut]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28038906|title=Andy Murray beats Roberto Bautista Agut at Wimbledon|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> an Kevin Anderson,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28071971|title=Andy Murray beats Kevin Anderson under Wimbledon roof|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> the 27t an 20t seeds, again in straucht sets tae reach his seivent consecutive Wimbledon quarterfinal. Murray's defence then came tae a halt as Grigor Dimitrov ended his 17 match winnin-streak on the gress o Wimbledon (this includes the 2012 Olympics) wi a straucht sets win. This meant Murray failed tae reach the semi-finals for the first time syne 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28110931|title=Andy Murray loses to Grigor Dimitrov in Wimbledon quarters|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> Efter his defeat at the Championships, Murray dropped tae 10t in the warld, his lowest rankin syne 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28142258|title=Andy Murray: World ranking drops to 10th – lowest since 2008|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> Prior tae the North American haurd court swing, Murray annoonced he wis stendin his partnership wi Amélie Mauresmo til the end o the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], but wis ideally leukin for a lang-term deal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-looking-for-longterm-deal-with-coach-amelie-mauresmo-9647833.html |title=Andy Murray looking for long-term deal with coach Amelie Mauresmo |last=Newman |first=Paul |work=The Independent |date=4 August 2014 |accessdate=16 August 2014 |location=London |archive-date=2015-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925232904/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-looking-for-longterm-deal-with-coach-amelie-mauresmo-9647833.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He revealed an aw that he haed anly juist returned tae a fou trainin schedule follaein his back surgery last September.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28654658|title=Andy Murray: British number one able to train fully again|work=BBC Sport|date=5 August 2014|accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref> Murray reached back-tae-back quarter-finals at the Canadian Open an Cincinnati Masters, losin baith times tae the eventual champion. He lost tae Jo Wilfried Tsonga,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.si.com/tennis/2014/08/10/jo-wilfried-tsonga-beats-roger-federer-win-rogers-cup|title=Jo-Wilfried Tsonga beats Roger Federer to win Rogers Cup|website=Sports Illustrated|last=Nguyen|first=Courtney|date=10 August 2014|accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref> efter bein a break up in the decider,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28713089|title=Rogers Cup: Andy Murray beaten by Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in Toronto|work=BBC Sport|date=8 August 2014|accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref> an tae Roger Federer, efter bein twa breaks up in the second set.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28813820|title=Andy Murray beaten by Roger Federer in Cincinnati|work=BBC Sport|date=16 August 2014|accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref> He then got tae the quarter-finals o the 2014 US Open, losin tae Novak Djokovic, efter earnin his first tap ten win o the year in the previous roond against Jo Wilfried Tsonga.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/29023290|title=US Open: Andy Murray beats Tsonga to reach last eight|last=Newbury|first=Piers|website=BBC Sport|date=1 September 2014|accessdate=22 September 2014}}</ref> This wis the first saison syne 2009 whaur Murray failed tae reach a grand slam final. As a consequence Murray fell ootside o the tap 10 rankin places for the first time syne Juin 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/342009.html|title=Murray drops out of world's top 10|website=ESPN|date=9 September 2014|accessdate=22 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014121009/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/342009.html|archive-date=2014-10-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Murray teuk a wildcard intae the inaugural Shenzhen Open in China, enterin as the number 2 seed. Victories ower Somdev Devvarman, Lukáš Lacko an Juan Mónaco saw Murray reak his first final o the saison, breakin a drocht o 14 month follaein his title at Wimbledon. In the final he faced Tommy Robredo o Spain, the second final atween the twa. Efter savin five championship pynts in the second set tie break, Murray went on tae win the title in three sets, Robredo's drop in fitness ultimately provin decisive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/09/39/Shenzhen-Final-Murray-Robredo.aspx|title=MURRAY SAVES 5 MATCH POINTS FOR SHENZHEN CROWN|publisher=ATP Website|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> He then teuk his good form intae Beijing, whaur he reached the semifinals afore losin tae Djokovic in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/news/djokovic-downs-murray-beijing-073504102--ten.html|title=Djokovic downs Murray in Beijing|website=Yahoo sports|date=4 October 2014|accessdate=20 October 2014|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031519/http://sports.yahoo.com/news/djokovic-downs-murray-beijing-073504102--ten.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Houiver, he lost in the third roond at the Shanghai Masters tae David Ferrer despite bein a set up.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/29548360|title=Andy Murray loses to David Ferrer at Shanghai Masters|work=BBC Sport|date=9 October 2014|accessdate=20 October 2014}}</ref> Follaein his early exit in Shanghai, Murray teuk a wildcard intae the Vienna Open in an attempt tae claim a place at the ATP World Tour Finals. He reached the final, whaur he ance again faced Ferrer, an triumphed in three sets for his second title o the saison, an the 30t o his career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/10/19/tennis-men-vienna-results-idUKISS06346720141019|title=Tennis-Vienna Open men's singles final result|accessdate=20 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Murray defeatit Ferrer again in the semi-finals o the Valencia Open tae muive intae his third final in five weeks, an faur strengthen his bid for a place at the saison finale in London.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/29772603|title=Andy Murray beats David Ferrer to reach Valencia Open final|work=BBC Sport|date=25 October 2014|accessdate=25 October 2014}}</ref> In a repeat o the Shenzhen Open final, Murray again saved five championship pynts as he overcame Tommy Robredo in three sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.yahoo.com/murray-outlasts-robredo-win-valencia-title-190947464--ten.html|title=Murray outlasts Robredo to win Valencia title|work=Yahoo News|date=26 October 2014|accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref> Murray then went on tae reak the quarter-finals o the Paris Masters, whaur he wis eliminate bi Djokovic in whit wis his 23rd match in the space o anly 37 day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/29858134|title=Andy Murray loses to Novak Djokovic in Paris Masters|work=BBC Sport|date=31 October 2014|accessdate=4 November 2014}}</ref> However, his win ower Dimitrov in the third roond haed awready guaranteed him a spot at the ATP World Tour Finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/oct/30/andy-murray-grigor-dimitrov-paris-atp-tour-finals|title=Andy Murray beats Grigor Dimitrov to qualify for ATP Tour Finals|website=The Guardian|last=Steinberg|first=Jacob|date=30 October 2014|accessdate=4 November 2014}}</ref> At the ATP World Tour Finals, Murray lost his openin roond robin match tae [[Kei Nishikori]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/nov/09/andy-murray-kei-nishikori-atp-tour-finals|title=Andy Murray loses to Kei Nishikori in ATP Tour finals opener|work=The Guardian|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=9 November 2014 |accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref> but won his second match against Milos Raonic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/nov/11/andy-murray-beats-milos-raonic-atp-tour-finals|title=Andy Murray beats Milos Raonic in straight sets at ATP Tour Finals|website=The Guardian|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=11 November 2014 |accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref> Houiver, he lost his final group match agin Federer in straucht sets an anly managed tae win ane gemme agin him, which put him oot o the tournament. It wis his worst defeat syne lossin tae Djokovic in the 2007 Miami Masters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30046849|title=Andy Murray knocked out of World Tour Finals by Roger Federer|work=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=13 November 2014|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref> Despite the loss, his late-saison run haed already propelled him back up the rankings tae No. 6 in the warld, his best rankin syne Juin. Follaein the conclusion o the saison, Murray mutually greed a split wi lang-term backroom staff, trainin pairtner Dani Vallverdu an fitness coach Jez Green. Thay haed been wi him for five an seiven year respectively but war baith reportit tae hae been unhappy at the lack o consultation thay haed been gien aboot the appointment o Mauresmo.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/nov/26/andy-murray-split-dani-vallverdu-jez-green|title=Andy Murray splits with long-time allies Dani Vallverdu and Jez Green|work=The Guardian|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=26 November 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> Murray forby teuk pairt in the inaugural saison o the International Premier Tennis League, representin the Manila Mavericks, that haed drafted him as an icon player in Februar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/26388728|title=Andy Murray joins International Premier Tennis League|work=BBC Sport|date=28 February 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> Murray teuk pairt in the first three matches o the tournament which war aw played in [[Manila]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30247376|title=Andy Murray teams up with Maria Sharapova on IPTL debut|work=BBC Sport|date=28 November 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> === 2015: Fowert Australian Open final, first clay titles an Davis Cup champion === [[File:2015 Australian Open - Andy Murray 3.jpg|205px|thumb|left|Murray at the 2015 Australian Open]] {{main|2015 Andy Murray tennis season}} Murray began his year bi winnin an exhibition event in [[Abu Dhabi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30666557|title=Andy Murray wins title after Novak Djokovic withdraws in Abu Dhabi|work=BBC Sport|date=3 January 2015|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> He then played the Hopman Cup wi Heather Watson an, despite winnin aw his singles matches in straucht sets, thay finished second in thair group behind Poland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-09/dellacqua-loses-to-watson-in-last-hopman-cup-tie/6009836|title=Hopman Cup: Great Britain too good for Australia as Andy Murray and Heather Watson score straight-sets wins over Marinko Matosevic and Casey Dellacqua|website=abc|date=9 January 2015|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> His first competitive tournament o the year wis the Australian Open. He won his appenin three match in straucht sets afore defeatin 11t seed Grigor Dimitrov tae reak the quarter-final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30973337|title=Andy Murray beats Grigor Dimitrov to make Australian Open quarters|work=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=25 January 2015|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> Wins ower Nick Kyrgios<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/31000718|title=Australian Open: Andy Murray beats Nick Kyrgios in last eight|work=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=27 January 2015|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> an Tomáš Berdych follaed as Murray reached his fowert final at the tournament (three o whilk wis agin Djokovic) an the aicht grand slam final o his career.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/31042458|title=Andy Murray in Australian Open final after beating Tomas Berdych|work=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=29 January 2015|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> He lost the final tae Novak Djokovic in fower sets,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/31073438|title=Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to win fifth Australian Open title|work=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=1 February 2015|accessdate=5 February 2015}}</ref> however his run tae the final saw his return tae the tap fower in the warld rankings for the first time in 12 month.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/local-sport/andy-murray-returns-top-four-5102294|title=Andy Murray returns to top four|work=Daily Record|last= Jones |first=Gareth Iwan|date=4 February 2015|accessdate=5 February 2015}}</ref> Murray neist participated in the Rotterdam Open as the tap seed, but he lost in the quarterfinals tae Gilles Simon, that endit a 12 match lossin streak agin Murray.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisnow.com/News/2015/February/Simon-Snaps-12-Match-Losing-Streak-vs-Murray-in-R.aspx|title=Simon Snaps 12-Match Losing Streak vs. Murray in Rotterdam|work=Tennis Now|last=Oddo|first=Chris|date=13 February 2015|accessdate=16 February 2015|archive-date=2016-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327145943/http://tennisnow.com/News/2015/February/Simon-Snaps-12-Match-Losing-Streak-vs-Murray-in-R.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Murray then played in the Dubai Championships but suffert anither quarterfinal defeat tae 18-year-auld Borna Ćorić an as a eftercast, Murray slipped tae No. 5 in the warld rankins ahint Rafael Nadal an Kei Nishikori.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/feb/26/andy-murray-loses-borna-coric-dubai|title=Andy Murray beaten in straight sets by teenager Borna Coric in Dubai|work=The Guardian|date=26 February 2015|accessdate=2 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www1.skysports.com/tennis/news/12040/9739726/andy-murray-slips-behind-kei-nishikori-in-the-latest-world-rankings|title=Andy Murray slips behind Kei Nishikori in the latest world rankings|work=Sky Sports|date=2 March 2015|accessdate=2 March 2015}}</ref> Afterwards, Murray played the Davis Cup World Group in Glasgow against the United States. He won baith his matches agin Donald Young an John Isner, allouin [[Great Britain Davis Cup team|Great Britain]] tae progress tae the quarterfinals for the second consecutive time wi a 3–2 lead ower the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/31784058|title=Davis Cup: Andy Murray wins to wrap up GB victory over USA|work=BBC Sport|date=8 March 2015|accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref> [[File:Andy Murray and Jonas Björkman 2, Aegon Championships, London, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|right|Murray wi new coach Jonas Björkman during practice at the 2015 Aegon Championships.]] Murray then reached the semifinals o the 2015 Indian Wells, owertakin [[Tim Henman]]'s record o 496 career wins tae hae the maist career wins for a British man in the Open Era.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/news/tennis-murray-sets-new-milestone-way-indian-wells-232109326--ten.html|title=Tennis – Murray sets new milestone on way to Indian Wells semi-finals|work=Yahoo Sport|date=19 March 2015|accessdate=25 March 2015}}</ref> However, he suffered a 6t consecutive defeat tae Djokovic in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/32004366|title=Andy Murray loses to Novak Djokovic in Indian Wells semi-final|work=BBC Sport|date=21 March 2015|accessdate=23 March 2015}}</ref> Murray then reached the 2015 Miami Open final, recordin his 500th career win alang the wey tae become the first British player tae hae 500 or mair wins in the Open Era.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray beats Kevin Anderson to reach 500 career wins|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/32135605|work=BBC Sport|date=31 March 2015|accessdate=30 April 2015}}</ref> He went on tae lose the final tae Djokovic, this time in three sets.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray loses Miami Open final to Novak Djokovic|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/11517514/Andy-Murray-loses-Miami-Open-final-to-Novak-Djokovic.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=5 April 2015|accessdate=30 April 2015}}</ref> Murray added Jonas Björkman tae his coachin staff in Mairch initially on a five-week trail tae help oot in periods when Mauresmo wis unavailable as she wis anly willin tae wirk wi him for 25 weeks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/11464204/Andy-Murray-to-hire-Jonas-Bjorkman-when-hes-finished-with-Swedens-answer-to-Strictly-Come-Dancing.html|title=Andy Murray to hire Jonas Bjorkman – when he's finished with Sweden's answer to 'Strictly Come Dancing'|date=11 March 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> However, at the Australian Open end, Mauresmo haed informed Murray that she wis pregnant. He annoonced at the end o Aprile that Björkman wad be his main coach for aw the gress court saison an aw the US haurd court swing, while Mauresmo wad anly be wi the team for Wimbledon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/apr/26/andy-murray-jonas-bjorkman-coach|title=Andy Murray adds to Bjorkman burden while Mauresmo prepares for birth|author=Cambers, Simon|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Murray won his first ATP clay court title at the 2015 BMW Open. He defeatit German Philipp Kohlschreiber in three close sets tae become the first Briton syne Buster Mottram in 1976 tae win a tour level clay court event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2015/05/murray-wins-bmw-open-for-1st-clay-court-title/54819/#.VUdycfmqqkq|title=Murray wins BMW Open for first clay-court title|publisher=tennis.com|date=4 May 2015|accessdate=4 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2015/05/18/Munich-Final-Murray-Kohlschreiber.aspx|title=ATP World Tour|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> The follaein week, he reached his second final on clay, at the Madrid Open efter recordin anly his second an third victories ower tap 10 opposition on clay, agin Raonic an Nishikori.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2015/05/18/Madrid-Friday-Murray-Raonic-Nishikori-Ferrer.aspx|title=ATP World Tour|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2015/05/18/Madrid-Final-Preview-Nadal-Murray.aspx|title=ATP World Tour|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> In the final, he defeatit Rafael Nadal in straucht sets for his first Madrid title on clay, an first ever clay court Masters 1000 title. The win wis Murray's first ower Nadal, Federer or Djokovic syne Wimbledon 2013, an his first ower Nadal on a clay court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2015/05/18/Madrid-Final-Murray-Nadal.aspx|title=ATP World Tour|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/32683988|title=Andy Murray beats Rafael Nadal to win Madrid Masters final|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray conteenad his winnin streak at the Italian Open, beatin Jeremy Chardy in straucht sets in his openin match, but then withdrew due tae fatigue efter haein played nine matches in the space o ten day. Murray then reached his third semifinal at the French Open, but lost tae Djokovic in five set efter threatenin a comeback frae twa set tae luve doun, endin his 15 match winnin streak on clay.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/33034999|title=French Open: Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to reach final|author=Piers Newbery|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Tae stairt his gress court campaign, Murray went on tae win a record tyin fowert Queen's Club title, defeatin the big servin South African Kevin Anderson in straucht sets in the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/33215534|title=Andy Murray wins fourth Queen's Club title with two wins in a day|author=Piers Newbery|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> At the third grand slam o the year, the 2015 Wimbledon Championships, Murray drappit anly twa set on his wey tae settin up a semifinal clash wi Roger Federer. Mony fowk saw Murray as the favourite due tae his racent form, however he lost tae the Swiss veteran in straucht sets, gainin anly ane break pynt in the hail match. Efter Wimbledon, Murray returned tae Queen's Club, tae play for Great Britain against France in thair Davis Cup quarterfinal tie. Great Britain went 1–0 doun when James Ward lost tae Gilles Simon in straucht sets, however Murray levelled the tie wi a veectory agin Jo-Wilfried Tsonga. Murray then teamed up wi his brither Jamie tae win the doubles rubber, comin back frae a set doun tae defeat Tsonga an Nicolas Mahut in fower sets. This gae Britain a crucial 2–1 lead gaun intae the final day. He then faced Simon in the fowert rubber, an efter initially bein a set an a break doun, he suddent foond his form again taewart the end o the second set. He eventually won in fower sets, winnin 12 o the last 15 gemmes in the process (wi Simon strugglin frae an ankle injury). Wi a 3–1 lead ower France, this resulted in Great Britain reachin thair first Davis Cup semifinal syne 1981. Murray neist participated at the Citi Open (for the first time syne 2006), as the tap seed an favourite tae win the tournament. However, he suffered a defeat in his first match, lossin tae warld No. 53 Teymuraz Gabashvili in a final set tiebreak, in maugre o servin for the match. In doobles, he pairtnered Daniel Nestor, however thay lost in the first roond tae the fowert seeds, Rohan Bopanna an Florin Mergea, again in three sets. He bounced back frae this defeat bi winnin the Montreal Masters Rogers Cup, defeatin Tsonga an Nishikori in the quarter-finals an semifinals respectively. He then prevailed in the final against Djokovic in three sets. This broke his aicht-match, twa-year losin streak against Djokovic, his last win against him bein in the finals o Wimbledon in 2013. Winnin the title, he forby surpassed Federer in terms o ranking, acomin the warld No. 2 for the first time in ower twa year. In doobles, he pairtnered Leander Paes an thay won thair first match agin Chardy an Anderson, but war then defeatit bi Murray's brither Jamie an John Peers in twa sets. It wis the first time the Murrays haed competit agin ilk anither in a Tour-level match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/article/552/9948672/andy-murray-loses-to-brother-jamie-in-montreal-doubles-encounter|title=Jamie claims bragging rights|publisher=Sporting Life|date=14 August 2015|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-date=2016-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307230547/http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/article/552/9948672/andy-murray-loses-to-brother-jamie-in-montreal-doubles-encounter|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the second Master Series tournament o the US Haurd Court saison, the Cincinnati Masters, Murray defeatit veteran Mardy Fish in the second roond. He then beat baith Grigor Dimitrov an Richard Gasquet in three-set matches, haein tae come frae a set doun on baith occasions, while Dimitrov haed served for the match in the decidin set. In the semifinal, he lost tae defendin champion Roger Federer in straucht sets, an efter Federer went on tae win the tournament, this eftercast saw Murray return tae the No. 3 rankin an seedin for the US Open. At the US Open, Murray beat Nick Kyrgios in fower sets afore beatin Adrian Mannarino in five sets efter bein twa sets doun, equalin Federer for winnin aicht matches frae twa sets tae luve doun. He then beat Thomaz Bellucci in straucht sets but suffered a defeat in the fowert roond tae Kevin Anderson in fower sets. This ended Murray's five-year run o 18 consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinals (nae countin his withdrawal frae the 2013 French Open) syne his third roond loss tae Stan Wawrinka in the 2010 US Open.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/34181866|title=Andy Murray beaten by Kevin Anderson in US Open fourth round|date=8 September 2015|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=10 September 2015}}</ref> Playin against Australie in the semifinals o the Davis Cup World Group in Glesga, Murray won baith his singles rubbers in straucht sets, against Thanasi Kokkinakis an Bernard Tomic.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/sep/20/andy-murray-davis-cup-great-britain-australia|title=Andy Murray beats body and Bernard Tomic to put GB in Davis Cup final|date=20 September 2015|work=The Guardian|location=London|accessdate=22 September 2015}}</ref> He pairtnered his brither Jamie an aw, an thay won in five sets against the pairin o Sam Groth an Lleyton Hewitt. The results guidit [[Great Britain Davis Cup team|Great Britain]] tae the Davis Cup final for the first time syne 1978 wi a 3–2 lead ower Australie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/34307981|title=Andy Murray puts Great Britain into Davis Cup final|work=BBC Sport|date=19 September 2015}}</ref> Efter lossin in the semifinals o the Shanghai Masters tae Djokovic in straucht sets, Murray reached the finals o the Paris Masters for the loss o juist ane set. He haed victories against Borna Ćorić, David Goffin an David Ferrer. Efter a three set win ower Richard Gasquet, he jynt Novak Djokovic, Roger Federer an Rafael Nadal as the anly players tae reach the semi-finals (or better) at aw nine o the ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournaments. He forby ensured that he compiled his best match record in a single saison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/murray-battles-into-paris-2015-semi-finals|title=Murray Ends French Hopes, Battles Into Paris SFs|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> He then lost the final tae Djokovic again in straucht sets. As the warld No. 2, Murray participated in the ATP World Tour Finals in London, an wis drawn intae the Ilie Năstase group wi David Ferrer, Rafael Nadal an Stan Wawrinka. He went oot in the roond-robin stage, efter defeatin Ferrer an losin tae Nadal an Wawrinka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/14203474/atp-world-tour-finals-novak-djokovic-rest|title=ATP World Tour Finals - It's Novak Djokovic and the rest|work=ESPN.com}}</ref> Houiver, efter Federer failed tae win the tournament, he finished the saison as warld No. 2 for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/murray-davis-cup-preview-2015-final|title=murray davis cup preview 2015 final - ATP World Tour - Tennis|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> The Davis Cup final wis played on indoor clay courts at Ghent. Thare Murray's veectory ower Ruben Bemelmans in straucht sets pulled Great Britain level efter [[Kyle Edmund]] haed lost the first singles rubber in five sets. He then pairtnered his brither Jamie in a fower-set veectory ower the pairin o Steve Darcis an David Goffin, afore defeatin Goffin again in the reverse singles on Sunday. This ensured a 3–1 veectory for Great Britain, thair first Davis Cup title syne 1936 an thair tenth oweraw.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport//tennis/34957711|title=Andy Murray wins the Davis Cup for Great Britain|work=BBC Sport|date=29 November 2015|accessdate=29 November 2015}}</ref> Murray becam anly the third person syne the current Davis Cup format wis introduced tae win aw aicht o his singles rubbers in a Davis Cup saison an aw, efter [[John McEnroe]] an Mats Wilander.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/nov/29/andy-murray-davis-cup-great-britain|title=Andy Murray beats Goffin to seal first Davis Cup for Great Britain in 79 years|work=The Guardian|date=29 November 2015|accessdate=29 November 2015}}</ref> === 2016: Second Wimbledon title, second Olympic gowd an warld No. 1 === {{main|2016 Andy Murray tennis season}} Murray began his 2016 saison bi playin in the Hopman Cup, pairin up wi Heather Watson again. Houiver, thay finished second in thair group efter losin thair tie tae eventual champions Nick Kyrgios an Daria Gavrilova.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/35243110|title=Andy Murray & Heather Watson lose to Australia in Hopman Cup|work=BBC Sport|date=6 January 2016|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> Murray then played his first competitive tournament o 2016 at the [[Australian Open]] whaur he wis aimin tae win his first title thare efter fower runner-up finishes. He went on tae reach his fift Australian Open final wi victories ower Alexander Zverev, Sam Groth, João Sousa, Bernard Tomic, David Ferrer an Milos Raonic, droppin fower sets alang the wey. However, in a rematch o the previous year final, he cudnae win his first title as he lost in the final tae an in-form Novak Djokovic (that won a record-equalin saxt title) in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/35453531|title=Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to win sixth Australian Open title|work=BBC Sport|date=31 January 2016|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> Murray beat Djokovic in straucht sets at the Italian Open. This wis his first win ower Djokovic on clay an becam the first British player syne [[Virginia Wade]] in 1971 tae win the title an the first British man syne George Patrick Hughes in 1931.<ref>{{cite web|title=Andy Murray beats Novak Djokovic to win first Italian Open title|url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/36297221|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=7 June 2016|date=15 May 2016}}</ref> Murray then muived on tae the French Open whaur he struggled in the openin roonds comin throu twa five-set matches agin Radek Stepanek an French wildcard Mathias Bourgue. He came throu in straucht sets agin big servers Ivo Karlovic an John Isner tae reak the quarterfinals whaur he beat hame favourite Richard Gasquet tae set up a semifinal clash agin defendin champion Stanislas Wawrinka. Murray defeatit Wawrinka in fower sets tae become the first British player syne Bunny Austin in 1937, tae reach a French Open final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/36447728|title=Andy Murray beats Stan Wawrinka to reach his first French Open final|publisher=BBC Sport|date=3 June 2016}}</ref> He wis unable tae win his maiden French Open final, losin tae Djokovic in fower sets. He then wan his second Wimbledon an Olympic titles later in the year, an becam warld No. 1 in November. In Juin [[Ivan Lendl]] cam back as Murray's coach.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/36528343 |title=Andy Murray and Ivan Lendl reunited at Queen's Club |last1=Newbery |first1=Piers |date=14 June 2016 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=15 August 2016 }}</ref> At Wimbledon he beat Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in five sets in the quarter-finals<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/36729449|title=Wimbledon 2016: Andy Murray beats Jo-Wilfried Tsonga to reach semis|work=BBC Sport|date=5 July 2016}}</ref> an then Tomáš Berdych tae reach his third major final in a raw. In the final on 10 Julie he beat Milos Raonic in straucht sets tae win Wimbledon for the second time an his third major title.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Garber|first1=Greg|title=First-time favorite Andy Murray comes through in Wimbledon final|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/wimbledon16/story/_/id/16952210/first-favorite-andy-murray-comes-wimbledon-final|website=ESPN.com|date=10 July 2016|access-date=10 July 2016}}</ref> At the Rio Olympics he becam the first player, man or wumman, tae win twa gowd medals in a raw in the tennis singles, beatin Juan Martín del Potro in a final that lastit ower fower oors.<ref name="rio2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2016/08/andy-murray-juan-martin-del-potro-gold-medal-rio-olympic-2016/59955/|title=Andy Murray tops Juan Martin del Potro in four-hour four-setter to win second straight singles gold|website=Tennis.com|date=14 August 2016|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref> At the Paris Masters in November, Djokovic lost tae Marin Čilić an Raonic withdrew afore thair semi-final, an Murray becam the first British man tae reach warld No. 1 sin the rankins stairtit in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|title=Murray Becomes 26th Player In History To Hold No. 1 In Emirates ATP Rankings |website=ATPTour.com |date=5 November 2016 |access-date=6 November 2016 |url=https://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/andy-murray-no-1-emirates-atp-rankings}}</ref> He then beat Djokovic in the final o the ATP World Tour Finals tae feenish the year as warld No. 1.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/barclays-atp-world-tour-finals-2016-wrap-up|title=Historic ATP Season Finale Hits New Heights In Dramatic Finish To 2016 Season|website=ATPTour.com|date=23 November 2016|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref> === 2017–2019: Injury an hip surgery === Murray wis knichtit in the 2017 New Year Honours for services tae tennis an chairity, makkin him the UK's youngest knicht, at 29.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=61803 |date=31 December 2016 |supp=y |page=N2 }}</ref> He wan the Dubai Championships in Mairch, his anly title o the year,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/39168363|title=Andy Murray beats Fernando Verdasco to win first Dubai Championships title|date=4 March 2017|work=BBC Sport|access-date=8 March 2017}}</ref> an reached the semi-finals o the French Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/06/09/andy-murray-vs-stan-wawrinka-french-open-2017-live-score-updates/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/06/09/andy-murray-vs-stan-wawrinka-french-open-2017-live-score-updates/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Andy Murray loses epic French Open semi-final to Stan Wawrinka|last1=Briggs|first1=Simon|date=9 June 2017|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=7 November 2018|last2=Eccleshare|first2=Charlie|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He played Wimbledon wi a hip injury an lost in the quarter-finals tae Sam Querrey in five sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/07/12/andy-murray-vs-sam-querrey-wimbledon-mens-quarter-final-live/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/07/12/andy-murray-vs-sam-querrey-wimbledon-mens-quarter-final-live/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Hobbling Andy Murray knocked out of Wimbledon as Sam Querrey books first semi-final spot with five-sets win|last=Hodges|first=Vicki|date=12 July 2017|access-date=12 July 2017|newspaper=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In Mairch 2018 he lost his British No. 1 rankin for the first time sin 2006, tae Kyle Edmund.<ref name="edmund2018"/> On 11 Januar 2019, juist afore the Australian Open, Murray said he micht hae tae retire acause o the pain in his hip.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/sport/tennis/andy-murray-makes-surprise-announcement-ahead-of-the-australian-open/news-story/e1ee6b4245649e130dca436c3c03abdc |title=Andy Murray makes surprise announcement ahead of the Australian Open |website=news.com.au |date=11 January 2019 |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> On 29 Januar he annoonced that he haed haen hip-resurfacin surgery in Lunnon,<ref>{{cite news |title=Andy Murray undergoes hip resurfacing surgery in London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2019/01/29/andy-murray-undergoes-hip-resurfacing-surgery-london/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2019/01/29/andy-murray-undergoes-hip-resurfacing-surgery-london/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=29 January 2019 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=29 January 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> an on 16 Mey he wis knichtit bi Prince Charles at Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-48294552|title=Sir Andy Murray receives knighthood at Buckingham Palace|date=16 May 2019|work=BBC News|access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> He cam back in the doubles at Queen's in Juin an wan the title wi Feliciano López.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/jun/23/andy-murray-queens-doubles-tennis |title=Andy Murray wins Queen's doubles title in first tournament since hip surgery |last=Mitchell |first=Kevin |date=23 June 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=23 June 2019 |issn=0261-3077 }}</ref> In October he wan the European Open, beatin Stan Wawrinka in the final, his first singles title in mair nor twa year.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-european-open-stan-wawrinka-tennis-a9164116.html Andy Murray tearful as he revels in European Open final victory over Stan Wawrinka], The Independent, 20 October 2019</ref> === 2020–2024: Last years on tour === In 2020 Murray beat warld No. 7 Alexander Zverev at the Western & Southern Open, his first win ower a tap-10 player in mair nor three year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Murray beats world number seven Zverev|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/53893535|access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> In 2023 he wan three Challenger titles: at Aix-en-Provence, his first title sin 2019,<ref>{{cite web |last=Falkingham |first=Katie |title=Andy Murray beats Tommy Paul in Aix-en-Provence final for first title since 2019 |website=BBC Sport |date=7 May 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/65519683 |access-date=7 May 2023}}</ref> at Surbiton<ref>{{cite news |title=Surbiton Trophy 2023 results: Andy Murray beats Jurij Rodionov to claim grass-court title |website=BBC Sport |date=11 June 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/65871932 |access-date=11 June 2023}}</ref> an at Nottingham.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/murray-borges-nottingham-challenger-2023-saturday |title=Murray Continues Winning Streak, Reaches Nottingham Final |date=17 June 2023 |website=ATP |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> In Mairch 2024 Murray tore ligaments in his left ankle at the Miami Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/68690971|title=. Andy Murray: No timescale for three-time Grand Slam champion's return after ankle injury|date=29 March 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=2024-05-16}}</ref> At Queen's in Juin he played the 1,000t match o his career,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/murray-popyrin-london-2024-tuesday|title= Murray earns victory in 1000th match, advances at Queen's Club |website=ATPtour.com|date=18 June 2024|access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref> but he hurt his back in the next roond, an that wis the last professional singles match o his career.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/crgg77n8w1ro|title=Murray retires with injury at Queen's|date=19 June 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=2024-06-19}}</ref> On 23 Julie 2024 he annoonced that he wad retire efter the Paris Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/two-time-gold-medalist-andy-murray-retire-tennis-paris-olympics-rcna163179|title=Two-time gold medalist Andy Murray to retire from tennis after Paris Olympics|publisher=NBCNews.com|date=July 23, 2024|access-date=July 23, 2024}}</ref> He played the doubles there wi Dan Evans an reached the quarter-finals, an his professional career endit in August 2024.<ref name="paris2024">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/live/c99wn9rz818t|title=Olympics: Murray's tennis career ends with quarter-final exit|website=BBC Sport|date=1 August 2024}}</ref> == Coachin career == On 23 November 2024 it wis annoonced that Djokovic haed hired Murray, his lang-time rival, as his heid coach for the 2025 season.<ref>{{cite news |last=Maine |first=D'Arcy |date=2024-11-23 |title=Novak Djokovic hires former rival Andy Murray as new coach |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/42563469/novak-djokovic-hires-former-rival-andy-murray-new-coach |work=ESPN |publisher=ESPN Inc. |access-date=2025-03-17}}</ref> Unner Murray, Djokovic reached the semi-finals o the 2025 Australian Open an the final o the 2025 Miami Open. On 13 Mey 2025 it wis annoonced that thay haed stapped wirkin thegither.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-13 |title=Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray end coaching partnership after six months working together |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/c3rpqd4zy01o |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> In Mey 2026 Murray jyned [[Jack Draper]]'s coachin team for the gress-court season.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 June 2026 |title=What is the 2026 grass season calendar on the ATP Tour? |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/what-is-the-2026-atp-tour-grass-season-calendar |work=atptour.com |publisher=ATP Tour }}</ref> == Representin Great Britain == === Davis Cup === ==== 2005 ==== Murray played his first Davis Cup match for [[Great Britain Davis Cup team|Great Britain]] in the Europe/Africa Zone Group 1 2nt Round against Israel in 2005 at 17 years o age, the youngest ever player for Great Britain.<ref name="Youngest"/> He teamed up wi fellae debutant David Sherwood an came oot victorious in the crucial doubles rubber against the experienced Jonathan Erlich an Andy Ram, that helped Great Britain advance 3–2. In September, Murray played his debut singles match for the Davis Cup in the World Group Play-off against Switzerland in Geneva on clay wi Greg Rusedski, Alan Mackin an David Sherwood. Captain Jeremy Bates surprised everyone bi namin Andy Murray as the British No 1 an Alan Mackin as British No 2. Under the Davis Cup rules, this meant that for the Friday singles, Murray played the Swiss No 2, [[Stan Wawrinka]] while Mackin played the Swiss No 1, [[Roger Federer]]. Baith o them lost thair rubbers, giein Switzerland a 2–0 lead. Unner the rules, for the Sunday reverse singles, Bates wad cud tae substitute Mackin wi Greg Rusedski, sae that Rusedski wad play Wawrinka, while Murray played Federer. Houiver, Bates believed that Federer wis virtually wanbeatable acause he wis on a winnin streak an haedna lost syne Juin,<ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4454264.stm|title= Epic Nalbandian ends Federer run|publisher=BBC Sport|date=20 November 2005}}</ref> an consequently Britain gambled on beatin Wawrinka twice, wi Murray playin Wawrinka whan he wis freshest. In the doobles, Murray/Rusedski played Federer an Yves Allegro, leavin Rusedski tae play anly ance.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4271030.stm|title=Brits spring Davis Cup surprise|publisher=BBC Sport|date=23 September 2005}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100006618|title=2005 World Group Play Off – Tie Details|website=www.daviscup.com|publisher=[[International Tennis Federation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322024308/http://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100006618|archive-date=22 March 2016|access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref> The British tactics came tae nocht as Swisserland won the doobles rubber as weel, gainin un unassailable 3–0 lead efter twa the days. Alan Mackin an David Sherwood war consequently nominated for the dead singles rubbers losin baith o them, wi a eftercast o a clean sweep for Swisserland.<ref name=":0" /> ==== 2006 ==== For the Europe/Africa Zone Group I tie against Serbia an Montenegro, Murray haed been sufferin wi a bacterial infection, sae he wis restricted tae playin the doubles alongside Greg Rusedski, which thay lost.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4836938.stm|title=Murray out of opening GB singles|publisher=BBC Sport|date=6 April 2006}}</ref> Wi Arvind Parmar losin in the singles an aw, Great Britain war beaten 3-2. In the same week as the relegation 1st roond play-off against Israel, Murray wis offeecially entered for the ATP tournament in Indianapolis, sparkin fears aboot his commitment. Thare wis a controversial muive bi the Lawn Tennis Association tae pey £500,000 taewart Murray's neist coach's cost, Brad Gilbert as a wey o securin Murray's lang-term services for the Davis Cup team.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6168516.stm|title=Is the LTA spending too much? |publisher=BBC Sport|date=22 November 2006}}</ref> In the event, Murray played, winnin his first singles. However he lost the doubles wi Jamie Delgado, durin which Murray damaged his shouder an neck. He wis diagnosed wi whiplash, causin him tae sit oot the singles on the last day, an eventually Great Britain war beaten 3-2 tae proceed tae the relegation 2nt roond play-off against Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5207776.stm|title=Davis Cup photos|publisher=BBC Sport|date=23 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.the-claim-solicitors.co.uk/whiplash/News%20-%20Tennis-start-diagnosed-with-whiplash-injury.htm|title=Tennis star Andrew Murray told to rest for ATP Tour|work=The Claim Solicitors|accessdate=26 March 2016|archive-date=2016-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005004315/http://www.the-claim-solicitors.co.uk/whiplash/News%20-%20Tennis-start-diagnosed-with-whiplash-injury.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wi Murray an Greg Rusedski playin, Great Britain beat Ukraine 3-2, tae stay in Group I. ==== 2007 ==== In the tie against the Netherlands, Andy Murray an Tim Henman won the openin singles, then Jamie Murray an Greg Rusedski won the doubles tae secure veectory. Rusedski annoonced his retirement on the doubles court.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6535533.stm|title=Davis Cup - GB v Netherlands|publisher=BBC Sport|date=7 April 2007}}</ref> In the run up tae World Group play-off against Croatia, Tim Henman haed annoonced he wad retire efter this match. Murray said "I'm not going to want to let the team down or let Tim down, I'd feel terrible if I was the one that was responsible for losing Tim's last tie. This means a lot to me and it's definitely going to be the biggest Davis Cup match of my career." <ref name="2007 wrist injury"/> "Everyone is going to want to win for Tim. I'm hoping the way I play will show him what his career meant to my development and me."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/sep/03/tennis.usopentennis2007|title=Now I just want to do right by Henman, says beaten Murray |newspaper=Guardian|date=3 September 2007}}</ref> Great Britain beat Croatia 4-1 tae qualify for the World Group in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7009296.stml|title=Davis Cup - GB v Croatia|publisher=BBC Sport|date=23 September 2007}}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Efter the retirement o Tim Henman an Greg Rusedski, the Davis Cup team wis nou dependent on Murray haein tae win three matches, tho Henman haed telt him hou wearin an time consumin that can be. While the LTA wis fundin Brad Gilbert, Murray wis obligate tae play for his kintra, but in November, Murray finished wi Brad Gilbert as his coach.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/after-dumping-his-coach-is-ruthless-murray-ready-to-turn-his-back-on-his-country-6648009.html|title=After dumping his coach, is ruthless Murray ready to turn his back on his country?|newspaper=Evening Standard|date=17 November 2007}}</ref> ==== 2008 ==== Murray skippit the World Group 1st roond tie agin Argentina, ower fears he coud exacerbate a knee injury, leavin the British team in a hopeless situation - thay lost 4-1. Jamie wis furious that Andy wis lettin them doun an the Murrays wad nae spik tae ilk ither for twa week.<ref name="Andy and Jamie's feud Telegraph">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/daviscup/2291178/Jamie-and-Andy-Murray-at-war-over-Davis-Cup.html|title=Jamie and Andy Murray at war over Davis Cup|newspaper=Telegraph|date=7 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/feb/13/tennis.andymurray|title=Murray brothers yet to speak as Andy returns fire over Davis Cup |newspaper=Guardian|date=13 February 2008}}</ref> Seeven month later, as the brithers prepared for the tie against Austria, Andy declared that he haed healed the rift wi Jamie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-brothers-to-end-feud-ahead-337935|title=Murray brothers to end feud ahead of Davis Cup clash|newspaper=Mirror|date=16 September 2008}}</ref> When Jamie Murray an Ross Hutchins war beaten in the doubles, John Lloyd suffered criticism for nae playin Andy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Great Britain relegated after Bogdanovic defeat|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/sep/21/daviscup.tennis|newspaper=The Guardian |date=21 September 2008}}</ref> Great Britain lost thair World Group play-off tae Austria 3-2 an war relegated tae Europe/Africa Zone Group I. ==== 2009 ==== Murray withdrew frae the tie against Ukraine efter failin tae shake aff a virus,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/mar/02/murray-davis-cup|title=Murray confirms withdrawal from Ukraine tie|newspaper=Guardian|date=2 March 2009}}</ref> an Great Britain lost 4-1. Murray suffered an injury tae his left wrist at the US Open,<ref name="Wrist injury US Open 2009"/> an wad hae rested if his next event haed nae been the Davis Cup.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8265553.stm|title=GB relegated after Davis Cup loss|publisher=BBC Sport|date=20 September 2009}}</ref> At the Poland match, Murray won baith his singles rubbers. For the doubles wi Ross Hutchins, Murray began in the right-haund court, the side uisually occupied bi the less dominant pairtner. This wis tae afford mair pertection tae his troublesome left wrist than when strikin dooble-handed backhands frae the left court.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/sep/19/andy-murray-davis-cup-gb-poland|title=Andy Murray licks wounds as Poland beat erratic Great Britain in Davis Cup |newspaper=Guardian|date=19 September 2009}}</ref> Houiver, he allowed his pairtner tae resume his uisual role in the second set.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/daviscup/6210113/Andy-Murrays-bravery-fails-to-save-Britain-from-doubles-defeat-by-Poland-in-Davis-Cup.html|title=Andy Murray's bravery fails to save Britain from doubles defeat by Poland in Davis Cup |newspaper=Telegraph|date=19 September 2009}}</ref> Houiver, the pair succumbed tae the warld-cless Pols duo, an Poland won 3-2;Great Britain war relegated tae Europe/Africa Zone Group II for the first time syne 1996. Murray haed aggravated his wrist injury, sae couldn't play for anither sax weeks.<ref name="Valencia 2009"/> ==== 2010 ==== Murray pulled oot o the match agin Lithuania, sae younger players coud gain mair international experience, an tae allou him tae focus on tryin tae win Grand Slam titles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8438187.stm|title=Andy Murray withdraws from British Davis Cup tie|publisher=BBC Sport|date=3 January 2010}}</ref> His absence wis criticised bi Davis Cup captain John Lloyd.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8586461.stm|title=Andy Murray hits back at John Lloyd Davis Cup criticism|publisher=BBC Sport|date=25 March 2010}}</ref> The Lithuanian side entered the tie as underdogs; fieldin a team o teenagers,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lithuaniatribune.com/64907/on-this-day-in-sport-7-march-201464907/ |work=Lithuania Tribune |title=On this day in sport: 7 March |date=7 March 2014 |access-date=2016-06-28 |archive-date=2015-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003162600/http://www.lithuaniatribune.com/64907/on-this-day-in-sport-7-march-201464907/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> but Lithuania won 3-2. This wis the first time that Great Britain haed lost five ties in a row an wis describit as a humiliatin Davis Cup defeat for Great Britain.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8554231.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |title=Great Britain suffer humiliating Davis Cup defeat |date=7 March 2010}}</ref> It led tae the resignation o John Lloyd as Davis Cup captain an Britain wis nou threatened wi relegation tae the lowest tier o the competeetion. Murray did nae want tae share his coach Maclagan wi the LTA.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/daviscup/7568576/Andy-Murrays-former-coach-Leon-Smith-lined-up-to-be-Britains-new-Davis-Cup-captain.html|title=Andy Murray's former coach Leon Smith lined up to be Britain's new Davis Cup captain|newspaper=Telegraph|date=8 April 2010}}</ref> ==== 2011 ==== Murray returned for the Europe/Africa Zone Group II tie versus Luxembourg. He beat Laurent Bram, a tennis coach, 6-0, 6-0, 6-0, the last time a Briton haed achieved this score line in Davis Cup wis Alan Mills defeatin Josef Offenheim in 1959, against Luxembourg an aw.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/jul/08/andy-murray-davis-cup|title=Ruthless Andy Murray serves up a horror show for tortured Laurent Bram |newspaper=Guardian|date=8 July 2011}}</ref> Andy an Jamie Murray teamed up for the first time in Davis Cup doubles for a straucht sets win.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/sport/tennis/article3089361.ece|title=Murray brothers too strong for Luxembourg|newspaper=Times|date=9 July 2011}}</ref> In his second singles match, Andy then recorded a third straucht sets veectory, ower warld No. 81 Gilles Müller, wi Great Britain eventually winnin 4-1. Three o Hungary's tap fower players war nae available for the Great Britain vs Hungary tie,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-goes-from-nadal-to-hungarian-law-student-2355413.html|title=Murray goes from Nadal to Hungarian law student|newspaper=Independent|date=15 September 2011|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-date=2016-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624111004/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-goes-from-nadal-to-hungarian-law-student-2355413.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> sae Murray defeatit Sebo Kiss, a law student withoot a ranking, in his first singles rubber. Earlier, James Ward overcame sickness tae beat the Hungarian No 1,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-goes-from-nadal-to-hungarian-law-student-2355413.html|title=Murray and Ward win as GB lead Hungary 2-0 in Davis Cup|publisher=BBC Sport|date=16 September 2011|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-date=2016-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624111004/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-goes-from-nadal-to-hungarian-law-student-2355413.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> then Colin Fleming an Ross Hutchins won the doubles, an Great Britain wis promoted intae Europe/Africa Zone Group I for the first time syne 2009. Afterwards, Murray criticised the tournament schedule an cast dout on his availability for the Davis Cup the year efter.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/sep/18/andy-murray-davis-cup-schedule|title=Andy Murray criticises 'messed up' schedule despite Davis Cup success|newspaper=Guardsian|date=18 September 2011}}</ref> ==== 2013 ==== Bi 2013, Great Britain's ither tennis players haed earned the team a chance tae return tae the World Group. Murray wis sufferin a vulnerable back an intendit tae hae surgery efter the US Open. Murray revealed that the fear o bein branded “unpatriotic” led him tae delay the surgery until efter the Davis Cup tie in Croatia in September, which jeopardised his place in the next Australian Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/10422724/Andy-Murray-admits-his-Davis-Cup-heroics-were-fuelled-by-a-fear-of-critics-doubting-his-commitment.html|title=Andy Murray admits his Davis Cup heroics were fuelled by a fear of critics doubting his commitment|newspaper=Telegraph|date=2 November 2013}}</ref> Wi Croatia's No 1 Marin Cilic absent for committin a dopin offence, Murray won baith his singles matches an the doubles wi Colin Fleming.<ref>{{cite news |title=Andy Murray to face teenager Borna Coric in Davis Cup opening singles |url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/sep/12/davis-cup-britain-croatia-andy-murray |newspaper=The Guardian |date=12 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Andy Murray & Colin Fleming give Great Britain Davis Cup lead |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/24093481 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=14 September 2013}}</ref> Great Britain eventually won 4-1, for thair first veectory on clay syne Ukraine in 2006,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/sport/tennis/article3869880.ece|title=Captain Leon Smith and talisman Andy Murray are rewarded for their courage|newspaper=Times|date=16 September 2013}}</ref> an returned tae the World Group for the first time syne 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Andy Murray guides Great Britain back to Davis Cup World Group |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/24100659 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=15 September 2013}}</ref> ==== 2014 ==== At the World Group first round tie against the United States in [[San Diego]], Murray defeatit Donald Young an James Ward wanexpectedly beat Sam Querrey on the first day. On the last day, Murray beat Sam Querrey tae put Great Britain intae the quarterfinals o the Davis Cup for the first time syne 1986. The anly previous British veectory on American soil wis 111 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/feb/02/great-britain-davis-cup-usa-andy-murray|title=Great Britain beat United States to reach Davis Cup quarter-finals |newspaper=Guardian|date=2 February 2014}}</ref> Murray haed tae rekiver frae a virus tae play in the Quarter Final tie against Italy in [[Naples]] efter missin the Thursday draw ceremony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-defies-virus-play-3363244|title=Andy Murray defies virus to play Great Britain's first Davis Cup quarter-final for 28 year |newspaper=Mirror|date=3 April 2014}}</ref> James Ward lost his rain delayed match, while Murray's match against [[Andreas Seppi]] wis halted on Friday evenin due tae fadin licht wi the score at 6–4, 5–5 tae Murray. On Saturday morning, Murray finished his match, winnin 6–4, 7–5, 6–3. Twa oors later, Murray pairtnered Colin Fleming tae win the doubles rubber.<ref>{{cite wab|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/apr/05/andy-murray-davis-cup-great-britain-italy|title=Andy Murray and Colin Fleming win doubles to edge GB ahead of Italy |newspaper=Guardian|date=5 Apryle 2014}}</ref> Murray haed anly beaten ane tap ten player on clay, Nikolay Davydenko, back in 2009,<ref name="Davydenko"/> sae Murray wis stunned bi Fabio Fognini, warld No. 13, but a tap ten clay court player, in straucht sets. This teuk Great Britain tae the decidin final rubber. Houiver, James Ward wis defeatit bi Andreas Seppi in straucht sets an aw, knockin Great Britain oot o the Davis Cup. ==== 2015 ==== Murray played an important pairt in leadin Great Britain tae the final o the World Group for the first time syne 1978, winnin baith his singles rubbers in the matches against the USA, France an Australie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/34307981|title=Davis Cup: Andy Murray puts Great Britain into final|work=BBC Sport|date=20 September 2015}}</ref> In the final, Murray defeatit [[Belgian|Belgium]]'s David Goffin tae win the Davis Cup for Great Britain, 79 years efter the naitional team's last win. {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style=font-size:93% |- ! colspan="9" style="width:555px; background:#ecf2ff;"|'''All Davis Cup Matches: 34–7 (Singles: 27–2; Doubles: 7–5)''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2005 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I / World Group Play-offs''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !2R |4–6 Mar 2005 |{{davis|ISR}} |{{center|3–2}} |[[Ramat HaSharon]] | style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|Haurd |Doubles {{small|(wi Sherwood)}} |Erlich & Ram |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 7–6^(7–5), 2–6, 7–6^(7–5)''' |- !rowspan=2|PO |rowspan=2|23–25 Sep 2005 |rowspan=2|{{davis|SUI}} |rowspan=2|{{center|0–5}} |rowspan=2|[[Geneva]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ebc2af;"|Clay (i) |Singles 2 |[[Stanislas Wawrinka]] |bgcolor=FFA07A|3–6, 6–7^(5–7), 4–6 |- |Doubles {{small|(wi Rusedski)}} |Allegro & [[Roger Federer|Federer]] |bgcolor=FFA07A|5–7, 6–2, 6–7^(1–7), 2–6 |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2006 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !2R |7–9 Apr 2006 |{{davis|SCG}} |{{center|2–3}} |[[Glasgow]] | style="text-align:center;"|Carpet (i) |Doubles {{small|(wi Rusedski)}} |Bozoljac & [[Nenad Zimonjic|Zimonjic]] |bgcolor=FFA07A|3–6, 6–3, 3–6, 4–6 |- !rowspan=2|1PO |rowspan=2|21–23 Jul 2006 |rowspan=2|{{davis|ISR}} |rowspan=2|{{center|2–3}} |rowspan=2|[[Eastbourne]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Gress |Singles 2 |Andy Ram |bgcolor=98fb98|'''2–6, 4–6, 7–5, 6–2, 6–3''' |- |Doubles {{small|(wi Delgado)}} |Erlich & Ram |bgcolor=FFA07A|6–3, 3–6, 7–5, 3–6, 4–6 |- !rowspan=3|2PO |rowspan=3|22–24 Sep 2006 |rowspan=3|{{davis|UKR}} |rowspan=3|{{center|3–2}} |rowspan=3|[[Odessa]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ebc2af;"|Clay |Singles 2 |Alexandr Dolgopolov |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 6–4, 6–2''' |- |Doubles {{small|(wi Delgado)}} |Stakhovsky & Tereshchuk |bgcolor=FFA07A|3–6, 3–6, 3–6 |- |Singles 4 |Sergiy Stakhovsky |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 6–2, 7–5''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2007 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I / World Group Play-offs''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !2R |6–8 Apr 2007 |{{davis|NED}} |{{center|4–1}} |[[Birmingham]] | style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|Haurd (i) |Singles 4 |Raemon Sluiter |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 7–5, 6–2''' |- !rowspan=2|PO |rowspan=2|21–23 Sep 2007 |rowspan=2|{{davis|CRO}} |rowspan=2|{{center|4–1}} |rowspan=2|[[London]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Gress |Singles 1 |Marin Čilić |bgcolor=98fb98|'''3–6, 6–4, 6–2, 4–6, 6–3''' |- |Singles 4 |Roko Karanusic |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 7–6^(7–4)''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2008 Davis Cup World Group Play-offs''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !rowspan=2|PO |rowspan=2|19–21 Sep 2008 |rowspan=2|{{davis|AUT}} |rowspan=2|{{center|2–3}} |rowspan=2|[[London]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Gress |Singles 2 |Alexander Peya |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 6–1, 6–3''' |- |Singles 4 |Jürgen Melzer |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–1''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2009 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !rowspan=3|PO |rowspan=3|18–20 Sep 2009 |rowspan=3|{{davis|POL}} |rowspan=3|{{center|2–3}} |rowspan=3|[[Liverpool]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|Haurd (i) |Singles 1 |Michal Przysiezny |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 6–2, 6–4''' |- |Doubles {{small|(wi Hutchins)}} |Fyrstenberg & Matkowski |bgcolor=FFA07A|5–7, 6–3, 3–6, 2–6 |- |Singles 4 |Jerzy Janowicz |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 6–4, 6–3''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2011 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !rowspan=3|2R |rowspan=3|8–10 Jul 2011 |rowspan=3|{{davis|LUX}} |rowspan=3|{{center|4–1}} |rowspan=3|[[Glasgow]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|Haurd (i) |Singles 2 |Laurent Bram |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–0, 6–0, 6–0''' |- |Doubles {{small|(wi [[Jamie Murray|Murray]])}} |Bram & Vermeer |bgcolor=98fb98|'''7–5, 6–2, 6–0''' |- |Singles 4 |Gilles Müller |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 6–3, 6–1''' |- !rowspan=2|3R |rowspan=2|16–18 Sep 2011 |rowspan=2|{{davis|HUN}} |rowspan=2|{{center|5–0}} |rowspan=2|[[Glasgow]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|Haurd (i) |Singles 2 |Sebo Kiss |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–0, 6–2, 7–6^(7–3)''' |- |Singles 4 |György Balázs |bgcolor=98fb98|'''7–6^(7–3), 6–3''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2013 Davis Cup World Group Play-offs''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !rowspan=2|PO |rowspan=2|13–15 Sep 2013 |rowspan=2|{{davis|CRO}} |rowspan=2|{{center|4–1}} |rowspan=2|Umag | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ebc2af;"|Clay |Singles 1 |Borna Ćorić |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 6–0, 6–3''' |- |Singles 4 |Ivan Dodig |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 6–2, 6–4''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2014 Davis Cup World Group''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !rowspan=2|1R |rowspan=2|31 Jan–2 Feb 2014 |rowspan=2|{{davis|USA}} |rowspan=2|{{center|3–1}} |rowspan=2|[[San Diego]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ebc2af;"|Clay |Singles 1 |Donald Young |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–1, 6–2, 6–3''' |- |Singles 4 |Sam Querrey |bgcolor=98fb98|'''7–6^(7–5), 6–7^(3–7), 6–1, 6–3''' |- !rowspan=3|QF |rowspan=3|4–6 Apr 2014 |rowspan=3|{{davis|ITA}} |rowspan=3|{{center|2–3}} |rowspan=3|[[Napoli]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ebc2af;"|Clay |Singles 2 |[[Andreas Seppi]] |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 7–5, 6–3''' |- |Doubles {{small|(wi Fleming)}} |Bolelli & Fognini |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 6–2, 3–6, 7–5''' |- |Singles 4 |Fabio Fognini |bgcolor=FFA07A|3–6, 3–6, 4–6 |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2015 Davis Cup World Group''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !rowspan=2|1R |rowspan=2|6–8 Mar 2015 |rowspan=2|{{davis|USA}} |rowspan=2|{{center|3–1}} |rowspan=2|[[Glasgow]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|Haurd (i) |Singles 1 |Donald Young |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–1, 6–1, 4–6, 6–2''' |- |Singles 4 |John Isner |bgcolor=98fb98|'''7–6^(7–4), 6–3, 7–6^(7–4)''' |- !rowspan=3|QF |rowspan=3|17–19 Jul 2015 |rowspan=3|{{davis|FRA}} |rowspan=3|{{center|3–1}} |rowspan=3|[[London]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Gress |Singles 2 |[[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] |bgcolor=98fb98|'''7–5, 7–6^(12–10), 6–2''' |- |Doubles {{small|(wi [[Jamie Murray|Murray]])}} |[[Nicolas Mahut|Mahut]] & [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga|Tsonga]] |bgcolor=98fb98|'''4–6, 6–3, 7–6^(7–5), 6–1''' |- |Singles 4 |Gilles Simon |bgcolor=98fb98|'''4–6, 7–6^(7–5), 6–3, 6–0''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |- !rowspan=3|SF |rowspan=3|18–20 Sep 2015 |rowspan=3|{{davis|AUS}} |rowspan=3|{{center|3–2}} |rowspan=3|[[Glasgow]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|Haurd (i) |Singles 1 |Thanasi Kokkinakis |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 6–0, 6–3''' |- |Doubles {{small|(wi [[Jamie Murray|Murray]])}} |Groth & Hewitt |bgcolor=98fb98|'''4–6, 6–3, 6–4, 6–7^(6–8), 6–4''' |- |Singles 4 |Bernard Tomic |bgcolor=98fb98|'''7–5, 6–3, 6–2''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |- !rowspan=3|F |rowspan=3|27–29 Nov 2015 |rowspan=3|{{davis|BEL}} |rowspan=3|{{center|3–1}} |rowspan=3|[[Ghent]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ebc2af|Clay (i) |Singles 2 |Ruben Bemelmans |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 6–2, 7–5''' |- |Doubles {{small|(with [[Jamie Murray|Murray]])}} |Darcis & [[David Goffin|Goffin]] |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 4–6, 6–3, 6–2''' |- |Singles 4 |[[David Goffin]] |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 7–5, 6–3''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |} === Olympics === Murray representit Great Britain at his maiden Olympics in [[2008 Simmer Olympics|Beijing 2008]]. He competit in the singles an doubles competitions. In maugre o bein seedit saxt in the singles competeetion, he wis eliminate in the first roond bi Cheenese Taipei's Yen-hsun Lu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/2540280/Andy-Murray-crashes-out-to-Lu-Yen-Hsun-Beijing-Olympics-2008.html|title=Andy Murray crashes out to Lu Yen-Hsun - Beijing Olympics 2008|work=The Telegraph|date=11 August 2008}}</ref> Alang wi his brither Jamie, he advanced tae the second roond o the doubles competeetion wi a win ower the Canadian pairin o Daniel Nestor an Frédéric Niemeyer. The Murray brithers war eliminated in the second roond bi France's Arnaud Clément an Michael Llodra. In Februar, Murray pulled oot o the Davis Cup tie agin Argentina, acause o a knee injury, sae Argentina thrashed the under-strength British team. Jamie Murray scathingly criticised Andy an thay didnae spik tae ilk anither for a fortnicht.<ref name="Andy and Jamie's feud Telegraph"/> Thair rift conteenad in the Olympic doubles, ower a perceived lack o effort frae Andy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/sport/tennis/article4546030.ece|title=Brother’s left-field lessons boost Andy Murray|newspaper=Times|date=3 September 2015}}</ref> At the [[2012 Simmer Olympics|London 2012]] Olympics, Murray competit in the singles, doubles (pairtnerin his brither Jamie) an mixed doubles (pairtnerin Laura Robson). In the singles, he won the Gowd Medal, includin straucht-set victories ower Novak Djokovic in the semi-finals an Roger Federer in the final. This wis fower weeks efter Federer haed beaten him on the same court in the Wimbledon final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18907001|title=Andy Murray wins men's singles Olympics tennis gold|work=BBC Sport|date=5 August 2012}}</ref> He forby won the siller medal in the mixed doubles, lossin tae the [[Belarus]]ian pairin o Max Mirnyi an Victoria Azarenka.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18906645|title=Andy Murray & Laura Robson take silver in Olympics final|work=BBC Sport|date=5 August 2012}}</ref> At Rio in 2016 Murray becam the first player tae win twa Olympic gowd medals in a raw in the tennis singles, beatin Juan Martín del Potro in the final.<ref name="rio2016"/> At the Tokyo Olympics in 2021 he withdrew frae the singles wi a strained quadriceps, but he an Joe Salisbury reached the quarter-finals o the men's doubles.<ref>{{cite news| title=Tokyo Olympics tennis: Andy Murray & Joe Salisbury out, Novak Djokovic wins |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/57994553 |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> His last tournament wis the 2024 Paris Olympics, whaur he an Dan Evans reached the quarter-finals o the men's doubles.<ref name="paris2024"/> == Rivalries == {{See also|Big Four (tennis)}} === Murray vs. Djokovic === {{Main|Djokovic–Murray rivalry}} Novak Djokovic an Andy Murray hae met 34 times wi Djokovic leadin 24–10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=MC10&oId=D643|title=Tennis – ATP World Tour – FedEx ATP Head 2 Head|publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=3 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/Rivalries/Djokovic-Murray-Rivalry.aspx|title=Novak & Andy: The Rivalry|publisher=ATP World Tour|date=26 January 2013|accessdate=17 April 2013}}</ref> Djokovic leads 5–1 on clay, 19–7 on haurd courts, an Murray leads 2–0 on gress. The twa are awmaist exactly the same age, wi Murray bein anly a week aulder than Djokovic. Thay went tae trainin camp thegither, an Murray won the first match thay ever played as teenagers. The pair hae met 16 times in finals, wi Djokovic leadin 9–7. Ten o the finals war at ATP Masters 1000 events, an thay are tied at 5–5. Thay hae met in seiven Major finals: The 2011 Australian Open, the 2012 US Open, the 2013 Australian Open, the 2013 Wimbledon Championships, the 2015 Australian Open, the 2016 Australian Open, an the 2016 French Open. Djokovic haes won in Australie fower times an thair single French open final, Murray emerged as the victor at the US Open an Wimbledon. The umwhile o Murray's victories wis the langest ever final at the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], tyin wi the 1988 final played atween Ivan Lendl an Mats Wilander at 4 oors an 53 meenits. The latter wis notable for bein the first hame triumph in men's singles at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] syne 1936. Thay played a nearly five-oor lang semifinal match in the 2012 Australian Open an aw. Djokovic won it 7–5 in the fift set efter Murray led 2 sets tae 1. Murray an Djokovic met again in 2012 at the London 2012 Olympic Gemmes, wi Murray winnin in straucht sets. Durin the final o the 2012 Shanghai Masters, Murray held five championship pynts in the second set, however Djokovic saved each o them, forcin a decidin set. He eventually prevailed tae win his first Shanghai Masters title, endin Murray's 12–0 winnin streak at the event. The three set matches thay played in Rome an Shanghai in 2011 an 2012 respectively war voted the ATP World Tour Match o the Year for each respective saison.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2 Best ATP World Tour Matches of 2011|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2011/12/Features/Best-ATP-Matches-Of-2011.aspx|publisher=ATP|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Best ATP World Tour Matches of the Year – Nos. 1–2|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2012/11/Features/Best-ATP-Matches-Of-2012.aspx|publisher=ATP|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref> Due tae the tight competeetion atween 2008 an 2013, monie saw this as the rivalry o the future. The twa war baith in thair prime years at the time an war expectit tae be playin for at least anither five years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Djokovic-Murray move away from pack|url=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/simon-reed/djokovic-murray-move-away-pack-165711108.html|publisher=Eurosport|accessdate=1 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=World number two Andy Murray determined to improve on clay|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21994026|accessdate=16 June 2013|newspaper=BBC Sport|date=1 April 2013}}</ref> Houiver, Djokovic went on tae dominate the rivalry efter the 2013 Wimbledon final, winnin 8 matches in a row, until Murray ended the streak in the final o the 2015 Rogers Cup. === Murray vs. Federer === {{main|Federer–Murray rivalry}} Andy Murray an Roger Federer hae met 25 times wi Federer leadin 14–11. Federer leads 12–10 on haurd courts, 2–1 on gress, an thay hae never met on clay. Efter Federer won the first professional match thay played, Murray dominated the rivalry frae 2006 until 2014 wi Federer beatin Murray three straucht times tae reverse the lead at the 2014 ATP World Tour Finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=F324&oId=MC10|title=Federer v Murray Head to Head|publisher=atpworldtour.com|accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref> Federer leads 5–3 in finals, haein won each o thair Grand Slam Final meetins at the 2008 US Open<ref name="autogenerated2"/> an 2010 Australian Open, baith o which Federer won in straucht sets. The third wis the 2012 Wimbledon Championships, whaur Murray teuk the first set, but ended up losin in 4 sets. Murray leads 6–3 in ATP 1000 tournaments an 2–0 in finals. Thay hae met five times at the [[ATP World Tour Finals]], wi Murray winnin in Shanghai in 2008<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/nov/14/tennis-murray-federer-masters-cup|title=Murray wins gruelling match to knock out defending champion Federer|work=guardian.co.uk|location=London|date=14 November 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010|last=Bierley|first=Steve|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> an Federer comin oot victorious in London in 2009, 2010, 2012, an in 2014. In August 2012, Murray met Federer in the final o the London 2012 Olympics at Wimbledon Centre Court, juist fower weeks efter the 2012 Wimbledon Final. In that final Federer haed defeatit Murray tae win his record-tyin 7t title at the All-England Club. Murray defeatit Federer in straucht sets tae win the gowd medal, denyin Federer a Career Golden Slam. In 2013 Murray beat Federer for the first time in a Major in the semi-finals o the Australian Open, prevailin in five sets efter Federer haed come back twice frae a set doun.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cronin|first=Matt|title=Murray makes it happen|url=http://www.australianopen.com/en_AU/news/articles/2013-01-25/201301251359112474916.html|publisher=Australian Open|accessdate=16 June 2013|date=25 January 2013}}</ref> Thair last grand slam meetin wis at the 2015 Wimbledon Championships semifinals, whaur a dominant Federer defeatit Murray in straucht sets, earnin a place in his 10t Wimbledon final. Murray is ane o anly three players tae hae recorded 10 or mair victories ower Federer, the ither twa bein Nadal an Djokovic. Thair maist recent meetin teuk place at the 2015 Cincinnati Masters semifinals, wi Federer winnin the match in twa close sets, recordin his fift consecutive veectory ower Murray. === Murray vs. Nadal === {{Main|Murray–Nadal rivalry}} Andy Murray haes played against Rafael Nadal on 24 occasions syne 2007, wi Nadal leadin 17–7. Nadal leads 7–2 on clay, 3–0 on gress an 7–5 on haurd courts. The pair regularly meet at [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] level, wi nine oot o thair twinty-ane meetins comin in slams. Nadal leads thir 7–2 (3–0 at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], 2–0 at the [[French Open]], 1–1 at the [[Australian Open]] an 1–1 at the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=N409&oId=MC10|title=Nadal v Murray Head to Head|publisher=atpworldtour.com|accessdate=6 August 2012}}</ref> Aicht o thir nine appearances hae been at Quarter-final an Semi-final level. Thay hae never met in a Slam final. Houiver, Murray leads 3–1 in [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] finals, wi Nadal winnin at Indian Wells in 2009<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7958375.stm|title=Nadal blows Murray away in final|publisher=BBC Sport|date=22 March 2009|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> an Murray winnin in Rotterdam the same year,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7891311.stm|title=Murray beats Nadal to take title|publisher=BBC Sport|date=15 February 2009|accessdate=6 February 2012|last=Newbery|first=Piers}}</ref> Tokyo<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/15231444|title=Andy Murray defeats Rafael Nadal in Japan Open final|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 October 2011|accessdate=6 February 2012|last=Overend|first=Jonathan}}</ref> in 2011, an at Madrid in 2015. Murray lost three consecutive Grand Slam semifinals tae Nadal in 2011 frae the French Open tae the US Open. Of the past 20 Grand Slam drawsheets, thay hae been drawn in the same half 16 times. The pair haed nae met for three years syne the final o the 2011 Japan Open until the quarter finals o the 2014 Rome Masters. Thay war scheduled tae meet in the semi-final o the 2012 Miami Masters, but Nadal withdrew wi injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/17560498|title=Andy Murray to play Djokovic in Miami final after Nadal withdraws|publisher=BBC Sport|date=1 April 2012|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> At the semifinal stage o the 2014 French Open, Nadal triumphed in a dominant straucht sets win for the loss o juist 6 gemmes. In ane o thair maist recent meetins, Murray beat Nadal for the first time on clay,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/32683988 | title=Andy Murray beats Rafael Nadal to win Madrid Masters final | work=BBC Sport | date=10 May 2015 | agency=British Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate=June 14, 2015 | author=Patrick Jennings}}</ref> an the first time in a Masters 1000 final,{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} at the Madrid Open in 2015. Murray continued his form tae beat Nadal at the 2016 Mutual Madrid Open in the semifinals.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} == Playin style == [[File:Flickr - Carine06 - Andy Murray (10).jpg|thumb|upright|left|At the Boodles Challenge, Stoke Pairk, Juin 2012]] Murray plays an all-court gemme wi an emphasis on defensive baseline play, an professional tennis coach Paul Annacone stated that Murray "may be the best counterpuncher on tour today."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen09/columns/story?columnist=garber_greg&id=4429182 |title=Patience a virtue for Andy Murray? |publisher=Sports.espn.go.com |date=30 August 2009 |accessdate=10 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="No surface tension as Murray looks to shed his feet of clay">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sporter/tennis/no-surface-tension-as-murray-looks-to-shed-his-feet-of-clay-1667477.html|title=No surface tension as Murray looks to shed his feet of clay|work=The Independent|location=London|date=12 April 2009|accessdate=26 June 2009|last=Newman|first=Paul|url-status=dead}}</ref> His strengths include groondstrokes wi law error rate, the ability tae anticipate an react, an his transition frae defence tae offence wi speed, which enables him tae hit winners frae defensive poseetions. His playin style haes been likened tae that o Miloslav Mečíř. Murray haes ane o the best twa-handed backhands on the tour an aw, wi dynamic stroke execution<ref>{{cite web|last=W. Smith|first=David|title=Player tactics: The Andy Murray Backhand|url=http://www.tennisone.com/club/lessons/smith/murray_bh/bh.public.php?print=yes|accessdate=13 July 2013|archive-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203042739/http://www.tennisone.com/club/lessons/smith/murray_bh/bh.public.php?print=yes|url-status=dead}}</ref> while he primarily uses his forehaund an a sliced backhaund tae let opponents play intae his haunds.<ref>{{cite web|title=Player tactics|work=BBC Sport|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/skills/4609176.stm|accessdate=28 March 2016}}</ref> Tim Henman haes stated that Murray mey nou hae the best lob in the gemme, succeedin Lleyton Hewitt.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Wimbledon 2013|publisher=BBC Sport|date=26 June 2013 }}</ref> In addition tae this, Murray is a good volleyer, occasionally approachin the net, an executes a fine drop shot, awtho his drop shots are whiles a drawback against faster players lik Roger Federer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/2304244/Hawkeye-Andy-Murrays-drop-shot.html|title=Hawkeye: Andy Murray's drop shot|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=27 June 2008|accessdate=27 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/mar/14/andy-murray-jonas-bjorkman-coach-tennis-amelie-mauresmo|title=Jonas Bjorkman to offer an aggressive return on Andy Murray’s investment |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=14 March 2015 |accessdate=27 May 2015}}</ref> Murray's tactics uisually involve passive exchanges frae the baseline. He is capable o injectin suddent pace intae his groondstrokes tae surprise his faes that are uised tae the slow rally. Murray is ane o the tap returners in the gemme an aw, eften able tae block back fast serves wi his excellent reak an ability tae anticipate. For this raison, Murray is rarely aced.<ref>{{cite news|last=Thorp|first=Dan|title=Player tactics: Andy Murray is best described as a counter-puncher|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/skills/4609176.stm|accessdate=16 June 2013|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 June 2008}}</ref> Murray is kent for bein ane o the maist intelligent tacticians on the court, eften biggin pynts.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramsay|first=Alix|url=http://sport.scotsman.com/tennis/Murray-has-Indian-sign-over.5096794.jp|title=Murray has Indian sign over Fed |work=The Scotsman|location=Edinburgh|accessdate=26 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/3218318/Andy-Murray-to-take-on-Roger-Federer-in-Madrid-Masters-semi-final-Tennis.html|title=Andy Murray to take on Roger Federer in Madrid Masters semi-final|work=The Telegraph|location=London|last=White|first=Clive|date=17 October 2008|accessdate=25 April 2010|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref> Murray is maist proficient on a fast surface,<ref name="No surface tension as Murray looks to shed his feet of clay"/> lik gress, whaur he haes won sax singles titles includin the [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon Championships]] an the [[Tennis at the 2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Olympic Gowd Medal]]. He haes worked haurd syne 2008 on improvin his clay court gemme,<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC Sport|title=Corretja to help Murray on clay|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7331593.stm|date=4 April 2008|accessdate=1 July 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722140549/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7331593.stm|archivedate=2008-07-22|url-status=live|url-status=live}}</ref> ultimately winnin his first clay titles durin 2015 at Munich an Madrid, as weel as his first French Open final. Murray's serve is a major wappen for him, wi his first serve reachin speeds o 130&nbsp;mph or higher on some occasions.<ref name="How Andy Murray turned a second serve into a lethal weapon"/> Houiver, it whiles can be a weakness for him when hit under pressure,<ref>{{cite news|publisher=ESPN|title=Murray bemoans inconsistent serve after shock defeat|url=http://en.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/81775.html|date=March 26, 2011|accessdate=7 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415193104/http://en.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/81775.html|archive-date=2016-04-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> especially wi a mair inconsistent second serve. Syne his 2011 saison an Ivan Lendl's coaching, he haes worked tae improve his consistency, second serve, returns an mental gemme, resultin in a mair offensive gemme.<ref name="How Andy Murray turned a second serve into a lethal weapon">{{cite news|work=London Evening Standard|title=How Andy Murray turned a second serve into a lethal weapon|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/tennis/how-andy-murray-turned-a-second-serve-into-his-lethal-weapon-7908115.html|date=4 July 2015|accessdate=27 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062212/http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/tennis/how-andy-murray-turned-a-second-serve-into-his-lethal-weapon-7908115.html|archivedate=2016-03-04|url-status=live|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/9563342/andy-murray-must-return-to-ivan-lendls-aggressive-style-claims-greg-rusedski|title=Andy Murray must return to Ivan Lendl's aggressive style, claims Greg Rusedski|work=Sky Sports|date=14 November 2014|accessdate=27 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/usopen/8754939/US-Open-2011-Andy-Murrays-consistency-needs-a-trophy.html|title=US Open 2011: Andy Murray's consistency needs a trophy|work=The Telegraph|date=10 Sep 2011|accessdate=7 November 2015}}</ref> == Endorsements an equipment == In 2009, German manufacturer [[Adidas]] an Murray signed a five-year-deal worth £30 million. This included wearin thair range o tennis shoes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article6901849.ece|title=Andy Murray's fashion sense goes into overdrive with £30&nbsp;m deal with adidas|work=The Times|location=UK|date=4 November 2009|accessdate=25 January 2010|first=Neil|last=Harman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717224232/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article6901849.ece|archive-date=2025-07-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> The contract wi Adidas allowed Murray tae keep his sark sleeve sponsors Shiatzy Chen, Royal Bank of Scotland an Highland Spring. Afore he wis signed bi Adidas in late 2009, he wore Fred Perry apparel.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-ends-fred-perry-sponsorship-deal-1814472.html|title=Murray ends Fred Perry sponsorship deal|date=4 November 2009|accessdate=7 July 2013|agency=Reuters|work=The Independent|location=London}}</ref> At the end o thair contract thegither Adidas decidit nae tae re-sign wi Murray,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/11291164/Andy-Murrays-new-deal-with-Under-Armour-slips-out-as-tennis-star-fails-to-conceal-t-shirt-logo.html|title=Andy Murray's new deal with Under Armour slips out as tennis star fails to conceal t-shirt logo|date=12 December 2014|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> an he began a 4-year partnership wi athletic apparel company Under Armour in December 2014,<ref>{{cite web|title=Andy Murray signs £15m kit deal with US company Under Armour|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/dec/30/andy-murray-under-armour-sponsorship-deal|publisher=The Guardian|date=30 December 2014}}</ref> reportedly worth US$25 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Murray signs four-year clothing deal with Under Armour|url=http://www.tennis.com/gear/2014/12/murray-signs-4-year-under-armour-clothing-deal/53496/|publisher=Tennis.com|accessdate=25 September 2015|date=30 December 2014}}</ref> Murray uses Head rackets, an regularly appears in advertisements for the brand.<ref>{{cite web|title=HEAD – the most successful racquet on the tennis tour in 2012|url=http://www.head.com/tennis/news/?region=us&id=2632|publisher=HEAD|accessdate=16 June 2013|archive-date=2014-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214014951/http://www.head.com/tennis/news/?region=us&id=2632|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Juin 2012, the Swiss watch manufacturer Rado annoonced that Murray haed signed a deal tae wear thair D-Star 200 model.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchpro.com/13561-rado-reveals-andy-murray-as-latest-ambassador/|title=Rado reveals Andy Murray as latest ambassador|accessdate=11 June 2012|date=11 June 2012|work=Watch Pro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105194551/http://www.watchpro.com/13561-rado-reveals-andy-murray-as-latest-ambassador/|archive-date=2015-01-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Chairitable wark == Murray is a foundin member o the Malaria No More UK Leadership Council an helped launch the charity in 2009 wi [[David Beckham]]. Footage frae the launch at Wembley Stadium can be seen on YouTube an [https://web.archive.org/web/20150206131026/http://malarianomore.org.uk/mnmtv the charity's website]. Murray forby producit ''Nets Needed'', a short public service announcement, for the charity tae help raise awareness an funds tae help in the fecht against malaria.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray Supports Malaria No More UK and Comic Relief|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/news/tennis/2011/charity/andy-murray-charity.aspx|accessdate=7 July 2013|publisher=ATP World Tour|date=15 March 2011|agency=Press Release}}</ref> Murray haes taken pairt in several charity tennis events an aw, includin the Rally for Relief events that teuk place prior tae the stairt o the 2011 Australian Open.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2011/01/Other/Rally-For-Relief-A-Success.aspx|title=RALLY FOR RELIEF RAISES $1.8M FOR QUEENSLAND FLOOD VICTIMS|work=ATP Staff|date=16 January 2011|accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref> In Juin 2013, Murray teamed up wi umwhile British number 1 Tim Henman for a charity doubles match against Murray's coach an aicht-time grand slam champion Ivan Lendl, an warld No. 6 Tomáš Berdych at the Queen's Club in London. The event named Rally Against Cancer wis organised tae raise money for Royal Marsden Cancer Charity efter his best friend an fellae British player Ross Hutchins wis diagnosed wi Hodgkin's lymphoma.<ref>Murray cried Hutchins his best friend in his speech tae the crowd efter winnin the 2013 AEGON Championships, juist afore the charity match.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2013/feb/22/andy-murray-tim-henman-cancer-research|title=Andy Murray and Tim Henman double up in cancer research fundraiser|work=The Guardian|accessdate=16 April 2013|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|location=London|date=22 February 2013}}</ref> The event teuk place follaein the final day o competitive play at the AEGON Championships, on Sunday 16 Juin. Subsequently, follaein his veectory at the tournament, Murray donated his entire prize money pot tae The Royal Marsden Cancer Charity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rally Against Cancer|url=http://www.royalmarsden.org/rally-against-cancer|publisher=The Royal Marsden Cancer Charity|accessdate=7 July 2013|date=June 2013|quote=After generously donating his £73,000 prize money from the Aegon Championships, Andy Murray is now sporting The Royal Marsden Cancer Charity name on his sleeve throughout Wimbledon.|archive-date=2013-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716050012/http://www.royalmarsden.org/rally-against-cancer|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Juin 2014, follaein the daith o Elena Baltacha, Murray featurt in an event kent as 'Rally for Bally'. Murray played at Queen's Club alongside Victoria Azarenka, Martina Hingis, Heather Watson an his brither Jamie. The event raised money for the Royal Marsden Cancer Charity an the Elena Baltacha Academy o Tennis. Childer frae Baltacha's academy teuk tae the court tae play alongside Murray.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27857449|title=BBC Sport – Rally for Bally: Andy Murray leads Elena Baltacha tributes|work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/06/24/London-Queens-Sunday-Rally-For-Ball-Murray.aspx|title=Tennis World Unites At Rally For Bally|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> As a result o his various charitable exploits, Murray wis awairdit the Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year award for 2014. == Public image == === Naitional identity === [[File:Spectators at Live Site East (7724463944).jpg|thumb|Fans at Live Site East on the Olympic Pairk celebrate Murray winnin gowd, 5 August 2012]] Murray identifies himsel as Scottish an British.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hodgkinson|first=Mark|title=Wimbledon: Andy Murray promises to focus|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/atptour/2303901/Wimbledon-Andy-Murray-promises-to-focus.html|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=8 July 2013|location=London|date=23 June 2008}}</ref> His naitional identity haes eften been commented on bi the media.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/jul/07/andy-murray-wins-wimbledon-2013-djokovic Andy Murray: Scottish, British, who cares? Today he belongs to us all]. ''The Guardian'' (London). Retrieved on 6 September 2013.</ref> Whilst makin a cameo appearance on comedy shaw ''Outnumbered'', Murray wis asked whether he wis British or Scottish, tae which he responded "It depends if I'm winning".<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3ynYHHH9e0 Andy Murray Gets Outnumbered – Red Nose Day 2011 – BBC Comic Relief Night]. YouTube. Retrieved on 6 September 2013.</ref> Muckle o the discussion aboot Murray's naitional identity began prior tae Wimbledon 2006, when he wis quoted as sayin he wad "support whoever [[Ingland naitional fitbaw team|England]] is playing" at the [[2006 FIFA Warld Cup|2006 World Cup]]. Inglis ex-tennis player Tim Henman confirmed that the remarks haed been said in jest an war anly in respone tae Murray bein teased bi jurnalist Des Kelly an Henman aboot [[Scotland naitional fitbaw team|Scotland]]'s failure tae qualify.<ref name="five live">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqQsHBwkDgQ Tim Henman talks about Andy Murray, 9 September 2008], YouTube clip of BBC Radio 5 Live interview.</ref> Murray initially refused tae endorse aither side o the debate in the [[Scots independence referendum, 2014|2014 referendum]] on [[Scots unthirldom|Scottish independence]], citin the abuse he haed received efter his comments in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-26504286 |title=Scottish independence: Andy Murray stays quiet on vote |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=9 March 2014 |accessdate=15 April 2014}}</ref> Juist afore the referendum, Murray tweeted a message that wis considered bi the media tae be supportive o independence.{{efn|name=referendum|Murray tweeted "Huge day for Scotland today! no campaign negativity last few days totally swayed my view on it. excited to see the outcome. lets do this!"}}<ref name=guardianrefendum>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray on Scottish independence vote: 'Let's do this!'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/sep/18/andy-murray-on-scottish-independence-vote-lets-do-this|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=18 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Murray signals support for Scottish independence|url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2014/09/murray-signals-backing-for-scottish-independence/52808/|publisher=Tennis.com|accessdate=25 August 2015|date=18 September 2014}}</ref><ref name = "yes tweet"/> He received online abuse for expressin his opinion, includin messages that war describit as "vile" bi [[Police Scotland]]; ane referred tae the Dunblane massacre.<ref name = "yes tweet"/> A few days efter the vote, in which a 55% majority opposed Scottish independence, Murray said that he did nae regret statin his view. Houiver, he admitted that it wis oot o character an that he wad concentrate on his tennis career in the future.<ref name = "yes tweet">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-29323123 Scottish referendum: Andy Murray 'disappointed' by indyref tweet fallout], BBC News</ref> === Ither === In 2006, thare wis uproar efter a match wi Kenneth Carlsen. Haein been gien a warnin for racket abuse, he went on in the post-match interview tae state that he an Carlsen haed "played like women" durin the first set.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article786818.ece|location=London|work=The Times|first=Neil|last=Harman|title=Auckland to double his luck with Murray plea|date=10 January 2006}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Murray wis booed for the remark, but explained later that the comment haed been intendit as a jocular response tae what [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]] haed said at the Hopman Cup.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-mars-victory-with-verbal-error-522397.html|location=London|work=The Independent|last=Roberts|first=John|title=Murray mars victory with verbal error|date=10 January 2006|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-date=2015-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925233224/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-mars-victory-with-verbal-error-522397.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A few months later, Murray wis fined for swearin at the umpire durin a [[Davis Cup]] doubles rubber wi Serbia an Montenegro Davis Cup team. Murray refused tae shake haunds wi the umpire at the end o the match.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4892692.stm|title=Britain fined for Murray outburst|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 April 2006}}</ref> In 2007, Murray suggestit that tennis haed a match-fixin problem, statin that awbody kens it gaes on,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7044199.stm|title=Murray satisfied with ATP meeting|date=17 October 2007|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> in the wake o the investigation surroondin Nikolay Davydenko.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6928635.stm|title=Davydenko faces betting inquiry|date=27 August 2007|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Baith Davydenko an Rafael Nadal questioned his comments, but Murray responded that his words haed been taken oot o context.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7039513.stm|title=Tennis 'aware of fixing threat'|date=12 October 2007|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> On 20 December 2015 Andy Murray wis awairdit the BBC sports personality o the year award in [[Belfast]]. == Career statistics == {{Main|Andy Murray career statistics}} === Grand Slam tournament performance timeline === {{Performance key}} {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center |- !width=150|Tournament!!width=30|2005!!width=30|2006!!width=30|2007!!width=30|2008!!width=30|2009!!width=30|2010!!width=30|2011!!width=30|2012!!width=30|2013!!width=30|2014!!2015!!2016!!2017!!{{Tooltip| SR | Strike Rate}} !! {{Tooltip| W–L | Win–Loss}}!!width=45|Win % |- |colspan="20" style="text-align:left;"|[[Grand Slam (tennis)|'''Grand Slam tournaments''']] |- |align=left|[[Australian Open]] |A |style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |style="background:thistle;"|F |style="background:thistle;"|F |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:thistle;"|F |style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |style="background:thistle;"|F |style="background:thistle;"|F |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |0 / 11 |45–11 |{{#expr: 45/56 * 100/1 round 2}} |- |align=left|[[French Open]] |A |style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |A |style="background:#afeeee;"|3R |style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |A |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:thistle;"|F |bgcolor=yellow|SF |0 / 9 |34–9 |{{#expr: 34/43 * 100/1 round 2}} |- |align=left|[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] |style="background:#afeeee;"|3R |style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |A |style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:thistle;"|F |style="background:#0f0;"|'''W''' |style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |style="background:yellow;"|SF |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' |bgcolor=ffebcd|QF | |1 / 10 |46–9 |{{#expr: 46/55 * 100/1 round 2}} |- |align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] |style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |style="background:#afeeee;"|3R |style="background:thistle;"|F |style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |style="background:#afeeee;"|3R |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:#0f0;"|'''W''' |style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |bgcolor=ffebcd|QF | |1 / 11 |40–10 |{{#expr: 40/50 * 100/1 round 2}} |- !style=text-align:left|Win–Loss !3–2 !6–4 !5–2 !12–4 !15–4 !16–4 !21–4 !22–3 !17–2 !17–4 !19–4 !12–2 !2 / 41 !{{#expr: 3+6+5+12+15+16+21+22+17+17+19+12}}–{{#expr: 2+4+2+4+4+4+4+3+2+4+4+2}} !{{#expr: 165/204 * 100/1 round 2}} |} ;<big>Finals: 10 (2 titles, 8 runner-ups)</big> {|class="sortable wikitable" |- !width=70|Outcome !width=30|Year !width=120|Championship !width=40|Surface !width=150|Opponent ! style="width:250px;" class="unsortable"|Score |- style="background:#ccf;" |bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||2008||[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]||Haurd||{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Roger Federer]]||2–6, 5–7, 2–6 |- style="background:#ffc;" |bgcolor=FEA07A|Runner-up||2010||[[Australian Open]]||Haurd||{{flagicon|SUI}} Roger Federer||3–6, 4–6, 6–7^(11–13) |- style="background:#ffc;" |bgcolor=FEA07A|Runner-up||2011||Australian Open <small>(2)</small>||Haurd||{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Novak Djokovic]]||4–6, 2–6, 3–6 |- style="background:#cfc;" |bgcolor=FEA07A|Runner-up||2012||[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]||Gress||{{flagicon|SUI}} Roger Federer||6–4, 5–7, 3–6, 4–6 |- style="background:#ccf;" |bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2012||US Open||Haurd|| {{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic||7–6^(12–10), 7–5, 2–6, 3–6, 6–2 |- style="background:#ffc;" |bgcolor=FEA07A|Runner-up|||2013||Australian Open <small>(3)</small>||Haurd||{{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic||7–6^(7–2), 6–7^(3–7), 3–6, 2–6 |- style="background:#cfc;" |bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2013||Wimbledon||Gress||{{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic||6–4, 7–5, 6–4 |- style="background:#ffc;" |bgcolor=FEA07A|Runner-up||2015||Australian Open <small>(4)</small>||Haurd||{{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic||6–7^(5–7), 7–6^(7–4), 3–6, 0–6 |- style="background:#ffc;" |bgcolor=FEA07A|Runner-up||2016||Australian Open <small>(5)</small>||Haurd||{{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic||1–6, 5–7, 6–7^(3–7) |- style="background:#ebc2af;" |bgcolor=FEA07A|Runner-up||2016||[[French Open]]||Clay||{{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic||6–3, 1–6, 2–6, 4–6 |} === Olympic Gemmes === ==== Finals: 2 (1 gold medal, 1 silver medal) ==== ===== Singles: 1 (1–0) ===== {|class="sortable wikitable" |- !width=80|Outcome !width=50|Year !width=200|Championship !width=75|Surface !width=200|Opponent in the final !width=200|Score in the final |- style="background:Gold;" |bgcolor=gowd|Gowd||[[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012]] |London 2012 |Gress |{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Roger Federer]] |6–2, 6–1, 6–4 |} ===== Mixed Doubles: 1 (0–1) ===== {|class="sortable wikitable" |- !width=80|Outcome !width=50|Year !width=200|Championship !width=75|Surface !width=200|Pairtner !width=200|Opponents !width=200|Score |- style="background:Silver;" | style="background:silver;"|Siller||[[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012]] |London 2012 |Gress |{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Laura Robson]] |{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Victoria Azarenka]]<br />{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi |6–2, 3–6, [8–10] |} ===Records=== {{Main|List of career achievements by Andy Murray}} * Thir records war attained in the Open Era. * Records in '''bold''' indicate peer-less achievements. * Records in ''italics'' are currently active streaks. {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |- !Time Span !Records at each Grand Slam tournament !Players matched |- |2008 US Open —<br />2012 Wimbledon||First fower finals lost<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/09/sports/tennis/federer-beats-murray-and-britain-to-win-wimbledon.html?pagewanted=2&_r=2&ref=tennis|title=Federer Beats Murray, and Britain, for Seventh Wimbledon Title|first=Christopher|last=Clarey|newspaper=The New York Times|date=8 July 2012|accessdate=9 July 2012|quote=The only other man in the Open era to lose his first four major finals is Ivan Lendl&nbsp;...}}</ref>||[[Ivan Lendl]] |- |2010 Australian Open —<br> 2016 Australian Open||Five runner-up finishes at a single Major<ref>{{cite web|title=Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to win sixth Australian Open title|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/35453531|publisher=BBC Sport|date=31 January 2016|quote=[Murray] becomes only the second man - behind his former coach Ivan Lendl at the US Open - to lose five finals at the same Grand Slam since the open era began in 1968.}}</ref>||Ivan Lendl |- |2008 US Open —<br> 2016 French Open||Runner-up finishes at all fower Majors||[[Roger Federer]]<br>Ivan Lendl |- |'''2012 Olympics —<br />2012 US Open'''||'''Winner o Olympic singles gowd medal an US Open in same calendar year'''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/9535073/Andy-Murrays-US-Open-victory-hailed-as-perfect-end-to-perfect-summer-of-sport.html|title=Andy Murray's US Open victory hailed as perfect end to perfect summer of sport|last=Alleyne|first=Richard|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=11 September 2012|accessdate=3 January 2013|location=London|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref>||'''Stands alone''' |- |'''2012 US Open —<br />2013 Australian Open'''||'''Reached final o next consecutive tournament efter winnin first title'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis-x.com/xblog/2013-01-26/11457.php|title=Australian Open Men's Final Open Thread: Novak Djokovic v Andy Murray|publisher=tennis-x.com|accessdate=26 January 2013}}</ref>|| '''Stands alone''' |- |2012 Olympics —<br />2013 Wimbledon||Simultaneous holder o Olympic singles gowd medal an Wimbledon{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} ||[[Rafael Nadal]] |- |'''2012 Olympics —<br />2013 Wimbledon'''||'''Simultaneous holder o twa Olympic medals an twa singles Majors''' {{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}||'''Stands alone''' |} {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |- !Grand Slam tournaments !Time Span !Records at each Grand Slam tournament !Players matched |- |'''Australian Open'''||'''2010–2016'''||''' Five runner-up finishes oweraw'''||'''Stands alone''' |- |Australian Open||2010–2011<br>2015–2016||Twa consecutive runner-up finishes||Pat Cash<br />Steve Denton<br />Stefan Edberg |- |'''Australian Open'''||'''2010–2016'''||'''First five finals lost'''||'''Stands alone'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2015/01/4/Australian-Open-Thursday-Andy-Murray-Reaction.aspx?fb_comment_id=fbc_876603845724958_876612632390746_876612632390746#f371c0371|title=Murray "proud" after semi-final win over Berdych|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> |- |Wimbledon||2012||Latest finish for a match (11:02) vs. Marcos Baghdatis<ref>{{cite news|title=Wimbledon 2012: Andy Murray beats Marcos Baghdatis in latest finish|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/jun/30/andy-murray-beats-marcos-baghdatis|accessdate=30 June 2012|first=Kevin|last=Mitchell|location=London|date=30 June 2012|work=The Observer}}</ref>||Marcos Baghdatis |- |US Open||2012||Langest final (bi duration) vs. Novak Djokovic<ref name="USOfinal">{{cite news|title=Andy Murray wins Open, first Slam|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/usopen12/story/_/id/8364201/2012-us-open-andy-murray-wins-first-slam-novak-djokovic-rally-fizzles|accessdate=11 September 2012|publisher=ESPN}}</ref>||[[Ivan Lendl]]<br>Mats Wilander<br>[[Novak Djokovic]] |- |US Open||2012||Langest tiebreak in a final (bi pynts – 22) vs. Novak Djokovic<ref name="USOfinal" /> ||[[Novak Djokovic]] |} {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |- !Time span !Ither selected records !Players matched |- |2009–2016|| '''Five [[Queen's Club Championships]] titles'''|| '''Stands alone''' |- |2010–2011||Twa consecutive Shanghai Masters titles||[[Novak Djokovic]] |- |2010–2012|| '''Three consecutive Shanghai Masters finals'''||'''Stands alone''' |- |2010–2012||Three Shanghai Masters finals oweraw||[[Novak Djokovic]] |- |2010–2015||Winner o US Open Series twice||[[Rafael Nadal]]<br>[[Andy Roddick]] |- |2006–2015||Most tap-three finishes in US Open Series (five)||John Isner |- |2011||Triple bagel win (6–0, 6–0, 6–0)||Nikola Špear<br />Karel Nováček<br />Stefan Edberg<br />[[Ivan Lendl]]<br />Sergi Bruguera |- |2012||Twa medals won at the same Olympics||Mike Bryan<br />Stefan Edberg<br />[[Fernando Gonzalez]]<br />Goran Ivanišević<br />Nicolás Massú<br />Miloslav Mečíř |- |2015||Aicht Davis Cup singles wins in a year||[[John McEnroe]]<br />Mats Wilander |- |2015||Aicht live Davis Cup singles wins in a year||'''Stands alone'''<ref name="eurosport.co.uk">http://www.eurosport.co.uk/tennis/factbox-andy-murray-s-unbeaten-davis-cup-year-for-britain_sto5008636/story.shtml</ref> |- |2015||11 live Davis Cup wins in a year (singles an doubles), while remainin unbeaten||'''Stands alone'''<ref name="eurosport.co.uk"/> |} ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> <references group="note"/> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{Official website|http://www.andymurray.com}} * {{ATP|MC10}} * {{ITF male profile|100013005}} * {{DavisCup player|100013005}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Murray, Andy}} [[Category:Andy Murray|*]] [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Anglo-Scots]] [[Category:BBC Sports Personality o the Year winners]] [[Category:BBC Scotland Sports Personality o the Year]] [[Category:Clan Murray]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles]] [[Category:Hopman Cup competitors]] [[Category:Laureus Warld Sports Awairds winners]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Medallists at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Olympic gowd medallists for Great Breetain]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in tennis]] [[Category:Olympic siller medallists for Great Breetain]] [[Category:Olympic tennis players o Great Breetain]] [[Category:Fowk frae Dunblane]] [[Category:Scots expatriates in Spain]] [[Category:Scots male tennis players]] [[Category:Scots Olympic medallists]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Lunnon]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Glesga]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Stirlin (cooncil aurie)]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) junior champions]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] j5zcxmo90z5bd65u1uerl7wewm1r78p 0 51287 927593 908582 2026-11-10T01:22:32Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927593 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sahar Persian singer 2.jpg|thumb|[[Sahar Moghadass|Sahar]], that's kent for whit she haes gien tae Persie pop muisic]] '''Iranian pop muisic''' or '''Persie pop muisic''' ({{lang-fa|موسیقی پاپ ایرانی}}) is [[Pop muisic|pop muisic]] that comes frae [[Iran]], wi sangs maistly in the [[Persie leid|Persie]] leid an in ither regional Persie dialects o the kintra an the region. == History == === Early Iranian popular muisic === Efter the invention o radio in 1930, an efter the [[Warld War II|Second Warld War]], a form o popular muisic cam forrit an stairtit tae develop in Iran.<ref name="iranchamber">{{cite web |url=http://www.iranchamber.com/music/articles/pop_music_iran.php |title=Pop Music in Iran |work=Iran Chamber Society |date=2003}}</ref> [[File:Vigen.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Viguen, the "Sultan" o Iranian pop an jazz muisic.<ref name="mass">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TcLEgR9GkMC |title=Mass Mediations: New Approaches to Popular Culture in the Middle East and Beyond |first=Walter |last=Armbrust |publisher=University of California Press |year=2000 |page=70|isbn=9780520219267 }}</ref><ref name="vigen-bbc">{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3218885.stm |title=Iranian pop legend dies at 74 |date=October 27, 2003 |access-date=August 18, 2014 |website=BBC News |last=Saba |first=Sadeq}}</ref><ref name="Vigen Derderian">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/nov/26/guardianobituaries.iran |title=Obituary: Vigen Derderian |work=The Guardian |first=Sadeq |last=Saba |date=November 26, 2003 |access-date=March 24, 2013 |location=London}}</ref>]] === 1950s tae 1970s === Afore the 1950s, the muisic industry in Iran wis dominatit bi traditional singers.<ref name="Vigen Derderian"/> Iranian pop muisic wi Wastren influence cam forrit bi the 1950s.<ref name="Vigen Derderian"/> Viguen, kent as the "Sultan" o Iranian pop an jazz muisic, wis a pioneer o this chynge.<ref name="Vigen Derderian"/><ref name="vigen-bbc"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-03-19-fo-5537-story.html |title=The King of Persian Pop: Never a Dull Nouruz |work=Los Angeles Times |date=March 19, 1992 |first=Jac |last=Zinder}}</ref><ref name="mass"/> He wis ane o the first musicians in Iran tae perform wi a guitar.<ref name="Vigen Derderian"/> Viguen ushered in a revolution that cam at the same time as a new middle class wi Wastren influences grew up.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/iran/story/0,12858,1093324,00.html Vigen Derderian: Pop idol of a musical revolution in Iran]</ref> Some o the classical pop artists o Iran are Hayedeh, Mahasti, [[Andranik Madadian|Andy]], Aref, Dariush, [[Ebi]], Faramarz Aslani, Farhad, Fereydun Farrokhzad, Giti Pashaei, [[Googoosh]], Hassan Shamaizadeh, Homeyra, Leila Forouhar, Nooshafarin, Shahram Shabpareh, Varoujan, [[Shohreh Solati]] an Bijan Mortazavi. {{-}} <gallery mode="packed"> File:HayedehRohani.jpg|Hayedeh an Anoushirvan Rohani on Iranian Naitional Televeesion in 1975 File:LoghmanAdhamiMAminiNaserEftetahMahmoudRahmanipourHiydeh.jpg|Hayedeh, Loghman Adhami an ither musicians at a concert in the 1970s File:Bigharar-googoosh.jpg|[[Googoosh]] on an auld record cover File:Fereydoun Farrokhzad - Zan-e Rooz, Issue 303 - 16 January 1971 (01).jpg|Fereydun Farrokhzad on an auld magazine </gallery> === Efter the 1979 Islamic Revolution === Efter the [[Iranian Revolution|1979 Islamic Revolution]], pop muisic wis banned an disappeared hailly frae Iran.<ref name="rockrolls">{{cite news |title=Rock Rolls Once More in Iran As Hard-Liners Back Pop Revival |url=https://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/pearl060200.htm |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=June 2, 2000 |access-date=April 9, 2010}}</ref> Monie Iranians emigratit tae ither kintras, abuin aw tae [[Los Angeles]] in the [[Unitit States]], an monie o thaim kept on singin in exile. Amang thir singers were Leila Forouhar an Hayedeh in the Unitit States, an Rita in [[Israel]]. Syne then, several popular Iranian televeesion channels an radio stations hae wirkit ootside the kintra, braidcast throu various satellites. Thir braidcasters play an important pairt in promotin Iranian pop artists an bringin thaim tae Iranians aw ower the warld.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pmc.tv/?page_id=1263 |title=Submitting tips for TV broadcast |website=pmc.tv }}</ref> In the 1990s, offeecials o the new government decidit tae produce an promote "dacent" pop muisic, tae compete wi the unoffeecial soorces o Iranian muisic ootby the kintra. The poet Ali Moallem<ref>[http://www.iran-daily.com/1385/2638/html/art.htm#s167016 Ali Moallem on Pop music] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021225136/http://www.iran-daily.com/1385/2638/html/art.htm |date=2006-10-21 }}</ref> an the musician Fereydoun Shahbazian heidit a cooncil at the state braidcaster IRIB that owersaw the revival o Iran's ain pop muisic.<ref>[http://www.persianartmusic.com/Interview/fereydoun_shahbazian.html An interview with Fereydoun Shahbazian] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206071023/http://www.persianartmusic.com/Interview/fereydoun_shahbazian.html |date=2012-02-06 }}</ref> This pop muisic got a wairm walcome frae monie fowk, but the elites criticised it as shallae in its lyrics, its muisic an its cultural effect. Shahbazian wisnae pleased wi the wey it wis gaun, an efter a while he quit an jynt its critics in public.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.isna.ir/Main/NewsView.aspx?ID=News-680825&Lang=P |title=Shahbazian criticizing pop music |access-date=2013-06-07 |archive-date=2012-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205052855/http://www.isna.ir/Main/NewsView.aspx?ID=News-680825&Lang=P |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Shadmehr Aghili]] wis ane o the first singers efter the revolution tae get muckle support, promotion on naitional televeesion amang it, tae produce new Persie pop sangs inside Iran. He wis skilled on the fiddle an the guitar, an wis a talentit singer. He becam a successfu musician an singer in Iran, but in the end he emigratit tae [[Canadae]] an syne flittit tae Los Angeles, whaur he cairied on his career ootside Iran. Performin or publishin muisic in Iran needs a permit frae the Ministry o Culture an Islamic Guidance, kent forby as Ershaad.<ref>[http://www.iran-farhang.ir/en/nahad/ershad.php Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance website]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Unner the presidency o [[Mohammad Khatami|Khatami]], as cultural restrictions in Iran were eased, a nummer o new pop singers cam forrit frae inside the kintra.<ref>{{cite news |title=Roll Over, Khomeini! Iran Cultivates A Local Rock Scene, Within Limits |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/78405638.html?dids=78405638:78405638&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+23%2C+2001&author=John+Ward+Anderson&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Roll+Over%2C+Khomeini!+Iran+Cultivates+A+Local+Rock+Scene%2C+Within+Limits&pqatl=google |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=23 August 2001 |access-date=9 April 2010 |archive-date=26 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126035458/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/78405638.html?dids=78405638:78405638&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+23%2C+2001&author=John+Ward+Anderson&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Roll+Over%2C+Khomeini%21+Iran+Cultivates+A+Local+Rock+Scene%2C+Within+Limits&pqatl=google |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="rockrolls"/> Efter the new admeenistration teuk office, the Ministry o Culture an Islamic Guidance teuk up a different policy, maistly tae mak the industry easier tae monitor. The new policy loosened the restrictions for a sma nummer o artists an tichtened thaim for the lave. Awthegither, but, the nummer o albums released gaed up. This wis acause artists stairtit tae ask for permits for thair neist album even afore thay haed got ane for the album afore it.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bia2.com/music-review/review.php?id=296 |title=Music Review > Farzad Farzin > Shaans |access-date=2013-06-07 |archive-date=2013-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517193933/http://www.bia2.com/music-review/review.php?id=296 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Arian, the first pop baund wi weemen singers tae be offeecially sanctioned in Iran efter the revolution, stairtit a new chapter in Iranian pop muisic.<ref>{{cite web| last = BBC News| title = Iran's first pop revolutionaries| date = December 2004| url = http://newswww.bbc.net.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4079581.stm| access-date = 2008-04-10}}</ref> Thay wirkit wi the British-Irish singer Chris de Burgh on thair fowert album, {{lang|fa-Latn|Bi to, Ba to}},<ref>{{cite web|publisher = The Telegraph Media Group|title = Chris de Burgh to play 'cheek to cheek' with Iranian band in Tehran|date=28 July 2008| url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/2466045/Chris-de-Burgh-to-play-cheek-to-cheek-with-Iranian-band-in-Tehran.html}}</ref> an thay were the first Iranian baund tae be listit in the Inglis biographical dictionar {{lang|en|International Who's Who in Music}}. In 2001 some younger artists stairtit a movement cried Iranian hip hop. Thair muisic wis inspired bi American [[Hip hop muisic|hip hop]] artists sic as Eminem an [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]]. The government banned this kind o muisic at first, but artists sic as Zedbazi an Hichkas cam forrit awthegither. In late 2009, Sirvan Khosravi becam the first Iranian artist frae inside the kintra tae get heich-rotation airplay on an ordinar European radio station.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.funx.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7819:iraanse-popster-sirvan-khosravi-deze-week-de-dixte&catid=118:artist-news&Itemid=405|title = Iraanse popster Sirvan Khosravi deze week de diXte of FunX Radio|publisher = FunX (Radio network)|access-date = 2010-02-11|archive-date = 2018-06-16|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180616231310/https://www.funx.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7819:iraanse-popster-sirvan-khosravi-deze-week-de-dixte&catid=118:artist-news&Itemid=405|url-status = dead}}</ref> His first sang wis ''Saat-e 9'',<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.bia2.com/music-review/review.php?id=292|title = Sirvan Khosravi - Saate 9 (Review)|publisher = Bia2.com}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> an it got intae the heidlines in Iranian online media an aw.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.musicema.com/node/150348|title = آهنگ "ساعت 9" سیروان؛ رتبه‌ی اول چارت رادیوی هلندی شد|publisher = Musicema}}</ref> In August 2010, Farzad Farzin Amin Rostami got on a European chart for the first time wi the sang ''Chike Chike'', frae his third legal album, ''Shans''. [[Sahar Moghadass|Sahar]], that emigratit tae the [[Unitit Arab Emirates|UAE]], wis anither influential singer o Iranian pop muisic efter the 1979 revolution.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.funx.nl/?&Itemid=625|title = FunX XTips Chart|publisher = FunX (Radio network)}}</ref> In 2012 Sirvan Khosravi haed a nummer ane hit on FunX Radio for the second time, wi the sang "Na Naro".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.musicema.com/module-pagesetter-viewpub-tid-1-pid-4583.html |title=قطعه «نه نرو» سیروان؛ رتبه‌ی اول چارت رادیوی هلندی شد |access-date=2013-06-07 |archive-date=2013-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211013227/http://www.musicema.com/module-pagesetter-viewpub-tid-1-pid-4583.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ither major pop artists in Iran the day include Sirvan Khosravi,<ref>[http://www.facebook.com/Sirvan.music Sirvan Khosravi Official FanPage]</ref> Farzad Farzin,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.farzadfarzin.com/ |title=Farzad Farzin Official Website |access-date=2021-01-18 |archive-date=2018-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813225602/http://farzadfarzin.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bahador Kharazmi<ref>{{cite web|title=B.B.C Persian|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/arts/story/2005/01/050114_ag-bahador.shtml |accessdate=2005-01-14}}</ref> an Alireza Eftekhari.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070710075729/http://iran-daily.com/1384/2515/html/art.htm Eftekhari: Popular and classical vocalist.]</ref> Eftekhari wis ane o a few that wirkit hard tae form a new genre o Iranian pop muisic. Speakin o the difficulties, he ance said: "Tae bring pop muisic intae Iranian muisic culture, A hae made masel a scapegoat" (owerset).<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "In order to introduce pop music to Iranian music culture, I have made myself a scapegoat."</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041028023751/http://www.iran-daily.com/1383/2115/html/art.htm Music Should Keep Up With the Times]</ref> == Awards == === Notable internaitional awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Year !! Recipient !! Award or achievement !! Details |- | 1971 || [[Googoosh]] || First prize an a gowd record at MIDEM in [[Cannes]] || For her 7t record (as ''Gougoush''), wi twa sangs in French:<br>''"Retour de la Ville"'' (A-side) an ''"J'entends Crier Je T'aime"'' (B-side) |- | 1972 || [[Googoosh]] || First prize at the Carthage Music Festival || |- | 1972 || [[Googoosh]] || First medal o airts o [[Tunisie]] || |- | 1973 || [[Googoosh]] || Took pairt in the Sanremo Music Festival || <ref>{{Cite web|url = http://iranian.com/Music/2003/February/Sanremo/index.html|title = A Treasure Hunter's Efforts Pay Off, An Album of Long Lost Googoosh Songs, San Remo 73|date = February 11, 2003|access-date = October 9, 2014|publisher = The Iranian|last = Bahmani|first = Behrouz}}</ref> |- | 2002 || Deep Dish || Grammy Award winner for ''Best Remixed Recording'' || For [[Dido (sangster)|Dido]]'s ''"Thank You"'' |- | 2006 || [[Andranik Madadian|Andy Madadian]] || ''Best Middle Eastern Song'' an ''Best Middle Eastern Album'' at the JPF Awards || |- | 2010 || [[Andranik Madadian|Andy Madadian]] || Gien a starn on the Hollywood Walk of Fame || <ref>{{Cite news |title=Andy Madadian, The Prince Of Persian Pop, Receives Hollywood Walk Of Fame Star |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/01/22/798392186/prince-of-persian-pop-receives-star-on-hollywood-walk-of-fame |access-date=2025-04-16 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2013 || Farzad Farzin || ''Best Song and Performance'' at the Art-football Festival || |} == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == {{Reflist}} * [https://www.vice.com/en/article/rap-is-banned-in-iran-but-the-underground-scene-is-flourishing/ Vice.com] == Freemit airtins == * [https://www.eghtesadonline.com/fa/news/581051/معرفی-موسیقی-پاپ-ایران History frae the Qajar era on] {{DEFAULTSORT:Persie Pop Muisic}} [[Category:Persie pop muisic| ]] 9i2dhnpqefyyy19ca7nbt11e1kxf42d 0 53143 927377 873725 2026-11-09T15:46:54Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; soorces addit 927377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Aram Asatryan | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Արամ Ասատրյան | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1953|03|3}} |birth_place =[[Vagharshapat|Echmiadzin]], [[Armenie]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2006|11|7|1953|03|3}} |death_place =[[Yerevan]], [[Armenie]] | genre = Rabiz, fowk, pop | occupation = Muisicker, sangwriter, poet, film-makker, actor | instrument = Vocals | years_active = 1985-2006 | website = {{Facebook|352012242611}} }} '''Aram Hapeti Asatryan''' ({{lang-hy|Արամ Հապետի Ասատրյան}}; 3 Mairch 1953 – 7 November 2006) wis an [[Armenie]] sangster an sangwriter o Armenie pop an rabiz muisic, kent for his energetic concerts. He is widely coontit the pioneer o rabiz, an is aye the maist popular rabiz sangster o aw time.<ref name=book1>{{cite book |last1=de la Bretèque |first1=Estelle Amy |last2=Stoichita |first2=Victor Alexandre |editor1-last=Biliarsky |editor1-first=Ivan |editor2-last=Cristea |editor2-first=Ovidiu |editor3-last=Oroveanu |editor3-first=Anca |title=Musicians of the New Times: Romanian Manele and Armenian Rabiz as Icons of Post-Communist Changes (The Balkans and Caucasus: Parallel Processes on the Opposite Sides of the Black Sea) |date=17 January 2012 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-4438-3652-4 |page=321 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TzosBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA321 |accessdate=19 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="armnow">{{cite web |last1=Gevorgyan |first1=Siranouish |last2=Grigoryan |first2=Marianna |title="King of Rabiz" Dies: Heart attack claims Aram Asatryan during celebration |url=https://www.armenianow.com/news/6794/king_of_rabiz_dies_heart_att |website=ArmeniaNow |accessdate=19 September 2019 |archive-date=7 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107202852/https://www.armenianow.com/news/6794/king_of_rabiz_dies_heart_att |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Life == Asatryan wis born in Ejmiatsin ([[Vagharshapat|Echmiadzin]]), [[Armenie]], on 3 Mairch 1953, the son o Hapet Asatryan an Ashken Mampreyan, in a refugee faimily. He wis a gifted muisicker frae his bairnheid, an in 1985 he formed his ain baund. He becam weel kent for his vyce an his muisical style, in Armenie an in the Armenie diaspora. He gied his life tae muisic, an his luve for his kintra, for the Armenie fowk an for ither [[ethnic groups]] comes throu in his sangs. In the [[Nagorno-Karabakh War|Nagorno-Karabakh War]] he sang for the sodgers, an for Armenies in general, tae keep thair spirits up. He played monie concerts in [[Asie]], [[Europe]], [[Roushie]] an the [[Middle East]], an in monie ceeties in Armenie. He wrote ower 500 sangs an wis aye on warld tours. He wan monie awards ower his life, sic as the "Gusan", gien him on 18 Aprile 2003 bi the Cultural Muisic Meenistry in Armenie. He bade in the [[Unitit States]] till he deed, an he believed his muisic wad be passed doon frae generation tae generation. His son Setrak (Seto) wis killt in a caur accident aboot a year afore Aram deed, an his sons Artash an Tigran cairry on his legacy as popular Armenie muisickers. == Daith == Asatryan deed on 7 November 2006 at [[Oshakan]] in [[Aragatsotn Province]], o an apparent hert attack, at a baptism whaur he wis godfaither tae an Armenie faimily's bairn.<ref name="armnow" /> The attack cam at aboot 19:00 local time; he haed shawn nae signs o illness afore it, an wis said tae be in guid spirits, wi his close faimily aroond him. He is mindit as the first Armenie pop sangster o modren times, an the Asatryan faimily is coontit a major contributor tae the pop muisic o post-Soviet Armenie. == Discografie == *''Mer Hayrenik'' (1990) *''The Best'' (1991) *''Ankakh Hayastan'' (1992) *''Music with Duduk '' (1993) *''Indz Hamar'' (1993) *''Puch Ashkhar'' (1993) *''Nayir Ashkharin'' (1994) *''Azat Hayastan'' (1995) *''Hay Es Du'' (1996) *''The Golden Album'' (1997) *''Super Dance'' (1998) *''In Los Angeles'' (1998) *''Et Dardzek Tariner'' (1999) *''10 Tari Bemum'' (1999) *''Aram Asatrian'' (2000) *''Self Titled'' (2000) *''The Very Best'' (2000) *''Re Mi-X'' (2000) *''Asem, Te Chasem'' (2001) *''Im Yerke'' (2001) *''Skizb'' (2002) *''Sweet Memories'' (2002) *''The Best of 1989-2002'' (2003) *''Du Ashkhar Yekar'' (2003) *''Aram Asatryan & Friends: 50 Golden Years'' (2003) *''Anund'' (2005) *''Aram Asatryan Hamalir: Live Concert in Armenia'' (2005) *''Aram Asatryan, Artash Asatryan, Tigran Asatryan- My Sons'' (2006) ==Freemit airtins== * [http://armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&AID=1826&CID=1906&IID=1105&lng=eng Report o his daith]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091232/http://armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&AID=1826&CID=1906&IID=1105&lng=eng |date=2007-09-29 }} * [http://www.a1plus.am/en/?page=issue&iid=42767 a1plus death report]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930202542/http://www.a1plus.am/en/?page=issue&iid=42767 |date=2007-09-30 }} * [http://imdb.com/name/nm1637622/ Aram Asatryan] on IMDb * [http://armeniansound.net/?s=a:19 Listen tae his sangs]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001191312/http://armeniansound.net/?s=a:19 |date=2011-10-01 }} * [http://www.videoyan.com Aram Asatryan muisic videos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301230712/http://videoyan.com/ |date=2021-03-01 }} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Asatryan, Aram}} [[Category:1953 births]] [[Category:2006 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae Ejmiatsin]] [[Category:Armenie male sangsters]] [[Category:Daiths frae myocardial infarction]] bcezz0vmb2kbwvfyri4x7gp7bdlnfq8 0 53492 927406 885574 2026-11-09T17:39:01Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | settlement_type = Toun | official_name = Zapayán |nickname = |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Colombia - Magdalena - Zapayán.svg |mapsize = 200px |map_caption = Location o the municipality an toun o Zapayán in the Depairtment o Magdalena. |subdivision_type = [[Kintra]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Natural Regions o Colombie|Region]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Depairtments o Colombie|Depairtment]] |subdivision_name = [[Colombie]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Caribbean Region o Colombie|Caribbean]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Magdalena, Colombie|Magdalena]] |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = |established_title = Foondation |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |population_as_of = 2005 |population_note = <ref>[http://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2005/regiones/magdalena/zapayan.pdf {{es icon}} DANE 2005 Census: Zapayán]</ref> |population_total = 8464 |population_metro = |population_urban = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |timezone = |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |website = <br>[http://www.zapayan-magdalena.gov.co/sitio.shtml www.zapayan-magdalena.gov.co] |footnotes = }} '''Zapayán''' is a toun an municipality o the depairtment o [[Magdalena, Colombie|Magdalena]] in northren [[Colombie]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{es icon}} [http://www.zapayan-magdalena.gov.co/sitio.shtml Zapayan offeecial wabsteid] *{{es icon}} [http://www.gobmagdalena.gov.co/default.asp?id=10&mnu=10 Gobernacion del Magdalena - Zapayan] {{Municipalities magdalena depairtment}} [[Category:Municipalities o Magdalena, Colombie]] [[Category:Populatit places in Magdalena, Colombie]] 1vjvwgjmtjunc1hiuov5hxy3gjlhvml 0 54992 927300 821382 2026-11-09T13:05:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = 신라 (新羅) |conventional_long_name = Silla |common_name = Silla |continent = Asie |region = East Asie |status = |status_text = |government_type = Monarchy |year_start = 57 BC |year_end = 935 AD |life_span = 57 BC–935 AD |event_start = Establishment |date_start = |event_end = Haundower tae the [[Goryeo]] |date_end = |event1 = Introduction o [[Buddhism]] |date_event1 = 530 |event2 = Campaigns o [[Jinheung o Silla|King Jinheung]] |date_event2 = 551–585 |event3 = [[Later Silla]] |date_event3 = 668–935 |event_pre = |date_pre = |p1 = Jinhan confederacy |p2 = Gojoseon |s1 = Goryeo |flag_s1 = Royal flag of Goryeo (Bong-gi).svg |image_coat = Seal of Silla.png |coat_size = |coat_alt = |symbol = |symbol_type = Ryal seal |image_map = History of Korea-576.png |image_map_caption = Pre-Later Silla at its hicht in 576. |capital = [[Gyeongju]] (Geumseong, then Seorabeol) |common_languages = [[Sillan leid]] |religion = [[Korean Buddhism|Buddhism]], [[Korean Confucianism|Confucianism]], [[Taoism in Korea|Taoism]], [[Korean shamanism|Shamanism (Sindo)]] |currency = |title_leader = [[Monarch|Keeng]] |leader1 = [[Hyeokgeose o Silla|Hyeokgeose]] (first) |year_leader1 = 57 BC – 4 |leader2 = [[Jinheung o Silla|Jinheung]] |year_leader2 = 540–576 |leader3 = [[Muyeol o Silla|Muyeol]] |year_leader3 = 654–661 |leader4 = [[Munmu o Silla|Munmu]] |year_leader4 = 661–681 |leader5 = [[Sinmun o Silla|Sinmun]] |year_leader5 = 681–692 |leader6 = [[Gyeongsun o Silla|Gyeongsun]] (last) |year_leader6 = 927–935 |<!--- Area and population of a given year ---> |stat_year1=7t century<ref name="고려시대 개경 연구">{{cite book |author = 박용운 |title = 고려시대 개경연구 147~156쪽|year = 1996}}</ref> |stat_area1= |stat_pop1=894,680 |stat_year2=8t century<ref name="고려시대 개경 연구">{{cite book |author = 박용운 |title = 고려시대 개경연구 147~156쪽|year = 1996}}</ref> |stat_area2= |stat_pop2=2,000,000 |footnotes = |today = {{Flag|Sooth Korea}}<br />{{flag|North Korea}} }} {{Infobox Korean name |hangul={{linktext|신|라}} |hanja ={{linktext|新|羅}} |rr=Silla |mr=Silla }} '''Silla''' (57 BC<ref group="note">57 BC accordin tae the [[Samguk Sagi]]; houiever Seth 2010 notes that "these dates are dutifully given in many textbooks and published materials in Korea today, but their basis is in myth; only Goguryeo can be traced back to a time period that is anywhere near its legendary founding."</ref> – 935 AD) ({{IPA-ko|ɕilːa}}) wis ane o the [[Three Kinricks o Korea]], an ane o the warld's langest sustained [[dynasty|dynasties]]. Altho it wis foondit bi King [[Bak Hyeokgeose o Silla|Pairk Hyeokgeose]], the dynasty wis ruled bi the [[Gyeongju]] [[Kim (Korean name)|Kim]] (김, 金) clan for maist o its 992-year history. What began as a [[chiefdom]] in the [[Samhan]] confederacies, ance allied wi [[Cheenae]], Silla eventually conquered the ither twa kingdoms, [[Baekje]] in 660 an [[Goguryeo]] in 668. Thareefter, [[Unified Silla]] or Later Silla, as it is eften referred tae, occupied maist o the [[Korean Peninsula]], while the northren pairt re-emerged as [[Balhae]], a successor-state o [[Goguryeo]]. Efter nearly 1000 years o rule, Silla fragmented intae the brief [[Later Three Kinricks]], haundin ower pouer tae its successor dynasty [[Goryeo]] in 935.<ref>http://www.shilla.or.kr/shilla_culture/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321070426/http://www.shilla.or.kr/shilla_culture/ |date=2008-03-21 }} Retrieved on 2008-03-08</ref> ==Notes== <references group="note"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100207134614/http://gyeongju.museum.go.kr/ Gyeongju Naitional Museum] [[Category:Silla| ]] [[Category:50s BC establishments]] [[Category:935 disestablishments]] [[Category:Auncient fowks]] [[Category:Umwhile kintras in East Asie]] [[Category:Umwhile kintras in Korean history]] [[Category:History o Korea]] [[Category:Korean cultur]] [[Category:States an territories established in 57 BC]] ewj42638trw52j91b4gu8h47zlogl3o 0 56325 927513 924674 2026-11-09T23:04:16Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead an short sections on the plot, voices, makkin, muisic, release, reception an legacy 927513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Cinderella | image = Cinderella (Official 1950 Film Poster).png | caption = Poster for the first cinema release | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Wilfred Jackson]] * [[Hamilton Luske]] * [[Clyde Geronimi]] }} | story = {{Plainlist| * William Peet * Ted Sears * Homer Brightman * Kenneth Anderson * Erdman Penner * Winston Hibler * Harry Reeves * Joe Rinaldi }} | based_on = {{Based on|"[[Cinderella]]"|Charles Perrault}} | producer = [[Walt Disney]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Ilene Woods]] * Eleanor Audley * Verna Felton * Rhoda Williams * James MacDonald * Luis van Rooten }} | editing = Donald Halliday | music = {{Plainlist| * Oliver Wallace * Paul Smith }} | studio = Walt Disney Productions | distributor = RKO Radio Pictures | released = {{Film date|1950|2|15|[[Boston]]|1950|3|4|Unitit States|df=y}} | runtime = 74 meenit<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 9, 1950 |title=''Cinderella'' (U) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/cinderella-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0ymzuymde |access-date=April 15, 2026 |publisher=British Board of Film Classification |language=en}}</ref> | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = $2.2 million{{sfn|Barrier|1999|page=401}} | gross = $182 million<ref name="CartoonCoffers">{{cite magazine|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|title=Cartoon Coffers – Top-Grossing Disney Animated Features at the Worldwide B.O.|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tooned+in%3A+Disney%27s+ani+classics+set+the+bar+and+lit+the+way+for...-a0110473946|date=October 27, 2003|magazine=Variety|page=6|access-date=November 7, 2021|via=The Free Library}}</ref> }} '''''Cinderella''''' is an American animatit muisical fantasy film frae 1950, produced bi Walt Disney Productions an released bi RKO Radio Pictures. It is based on [[Cinderella|the fairy tale]] o 1697 bi Charles Perrault. It follaes Cinderella, the dochter o a widowed aristocrat. She is forced tae become the servant o her cruel stepmither an twa stepsisters, till her fairy godmither gies her the chance tae gang tae the royal baw an meet the prince. ''Cinderella'' wis released in cinemas on 15 Februar 1950. Critics acclaimed it an it wis a box office success: it wis Disney's biggest hit syne ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'' (1937), an it helped turn roond the studio's fortunes.<ref name=mf>{{cite web|title=25 Things You Never Knew About Disney's 'Cinderella'|url=https://www.moviefone.com/2015/02/15/disney-cinderella-facts/|website=Moviefone|access-date=August 22, 2017|date=February 15, 2015}}</ref> ==Plot== In 19t-century France, Cinderella is the dochter o a widowed aristocrat in a smaw but walthy kinrick. Whan she is a bairn her faither mairries again, tae Lady Tremaine, a cauld-hertit widow wi twa dochters o her ain, Drizella an Anastasia, but he dees no lang efter. They ill-treat her an at last mak her a scullion in her ain château. Ae day the King invites aa the young weemen o the kinrick that is free tae mairry tae a royal baw, in the howp that his son, the Prince, will choose ane o them as his bride. Cinderella wants tae gang, an finds a goun o her late mither's tae sort. Greetin in the gairden, she is met bi her Fairy Godmither. She gies Cinderella a silver baw goun an gless slippers, but warns her that aa the magic will end at the straik o midnicht. At the baw, the stepsisters dinnae ken her. As the clock straiks midnicht, Cinderella rins aff afore she an the Prince can tell ane anither their names, an tines ane o her gless slippers on the stair. Whan the magic ends she is in her auld claes again, but the ither slipper is still on her fit. The Prince sweirs he will mairry nane but the lassie the slipper fits, an the King sends the Grand Duke tae try it on ilka lassie in the kinrick. Lady Tremaine hears Cinderella hummin the waltz frae the baw, kens the truith, an locks her in her room in the attic. Cinderella rins doon tae the Grand Duke. Lady Tremaine gars the Grand Duke's fitman trip, an the slipper braks; but Cinderella brings oot the ither slipper, an the Grand Duke pits it on her fit. Cinderella an the Prince is mairrit, an set aff in a cairriage on their honeymoon. ==Voices== * [[Ilene Woods]] as Cinderella,<ref name="RememberingIleneWoods">{{cite web|url=https://d23.com/about-legends/remembering-ilene-woods/|title=Remembering Ilene Woods|date=July 2, 2010|website=D23|publisher=Walt Disney Archives|access-date=January 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911052420/https://d23.com/about-legends/remembering-ilene-woods/|archive-date=September 11, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> a young wumman, kindly an hard-wirkin, that her stepmither an stepsisters haes makkit a servant * Eleanor Audley as Lady Tremaine,<ref name="FitForRoyalty">{{cite web|url=https://d23.com/enchanting-cinderella-facts-fit-royalty/|last=Buhlman|first=Jocelyn|title=6 Enchanting ''Cinderella'' Facts Fit for Royalty|date=June 19, 2019|website=D23|access-date=October 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519191418/https://d23.com/enchanting-cinderella-facts-fit-royalty/|archive-date=May 19, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Cinderella's cruel stepmither * Verna Felton as the Fairy Godmither,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://d23.com/a-to-z/fairy-godmother/|title=Fairy Godmother|publisher=Walt Disney Archives|website=D23|access-date=October 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529121916/https://d23.com/a-to-z/fairy-godmother/|archive-date=May 29, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> that maks it possible for Cinderella tae gang tae the baw * William Phipps as Prince Charming,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/william-phipps-dead-voice-prince-charming-cinderella-sci-fi-movie-star-was-96-1116676/|last=Barnes|first=Mike|title=William Phipps, Voice of Prince Charming in 'Cinderella' and Sci-Fi Movie Star, Dies at 96|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=June 3, 2018|access-date=January 13, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104232124/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/william-phipps-dead-voice-prince-charming-cinderella-sci-fi-movie-star-was-96-1116676/|archive-date=January 4, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> the King's son ==Makkin the film== ===Developin the story=== Walt Disney first adaptit Charles Perrault's fairy tale "Cinderella" in 1922, as ane o his cartoon shorts for the Laugh-O-Gram Studio.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://d23.com/walt-disney-laugh-o-grams/|title=The Fairy Tales Walt Disney Produced in Kansas City|website=D23|date=June 6, 2013|access-date=October 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526103053/https://d23.com/walt-disney-laugh-o-grams/|archive-date=May 26, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Bi early 1938 the story haed pruived ower complicatit tae fit intae a short, an it wis pit forrit as a feature film.{{sfn|Barrier|1999|p=397}} ===Castin=== In Mairch 1948 Ilene Woods annoonced on naitional radio that she haed been cast as Cinderella.<ref name="HistoryDebutAndImpact">{{cite web|url=https://www.waltdisney.org/blog/history-debut-and-impact-disneys-classic-cinderella|last=Seastrom|first=Lucas O.|title=The History, Debut, and Impact of Disney's Classic ''Cinderella''|publisher=The Walt Disney Family Museum|date=August 3, 2020|access-date=February 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011164030/https://www.waltdisney.org/blog/history-debut-and-impact-disneys-classic-cinderella|archive-date=October 11, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Animation=== Frae the spring o 1948, actors wis filmed on lairge soondstages, mouthin alang tae a playback o the dialogue.{{sfn|Barrier|1999|p=399}} The actress Helene Stanley performed the live-action reference for Cinderella, an the artists drew the animatit frames frae her muivements.<ref name="CinderellaCharacterHistory">{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Dave|url=http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/characters/cinderella/cinderella.html|title=Cinderella Character History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331190207/http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/characters/cinderella/cinderella.html|work=Disney Archives|access-date=October 31, 2023|archive-date=March 31, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Muisic== The sangs wis written bi the Tin Pan Alley songwriters Mack David, Jerry Livingston an Al Hoffman,{{sfn|Koenig|1997|p=76}} that haed written sax sangs for the film bi Mairch 1949.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvYDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA40|title=Music—As Written|magazine=Billboard|via=[[Google Books]]|volume=61|issue=10|page=40|date=March 5, 1949|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> The sangs include "A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes", "Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo" an "So This Is Love". ==Release== The film wis first released in cinemas on 15 Februar 1950 in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].<ref name=AFI>{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/25879|title=Cinderella: Detail View|website=American Film Institute|access-date=May 21, 2021}}</ref> In Juin 1951 it wis shawn at the first [[Berlin Internaitional Film Festival]], whaur it wan the [[Gowden beir|Golden Bear]] for Best Music Film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1951/02_programm_1951/02_Programm_1951.html |title=PROGRAMME 1951 |access-date=June 6, 2014 |website=Berlinale |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109155455/https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1951/02_programm_1951/02_Programm_1951.html| archive-date=November 9, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Box office=== The film wis Disney's biggest box office success syne ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'',{{sfn|Barrier|2007|p=221}} wi near US$4.28 million in rentals tae the distributor frae the Unitit States an Canadae.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.org/details/variety185-1952-01/page/n299/mode/2up|title=All-Time Top-Grossers|page=6|work=Variety|via=Internet Archive|date=January 9, 1952|access-date=September 29, 2020}}</ref> The profits o ''Cinderella'', wi the profits frae records, muisic publishin, publications an ither merchandise, gied Disney the money tae mak mair films in the 1950s an tae set up his ain distribution company. They let him gang intae televeesion an aw, an stairt biggin Disneyland.<ref name="FromRagsToRiches">{{cite video|title=From Rags to Riches: The Making of Cinderella|publisher=Walt Disney Home Entertainment|year=2005|type=Documentary film|edition=''Cinderella'' Platinum DVD}}</ref> ==Reception== ===Whit the critics said=== On its release, critics acclaimed ''Cinderella'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Glynn |first=Amy |date=June 23, 2023 |title=The 100 Best Movies of the 1950s |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/1950s/best-movies-1950s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241014055609/https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/1950s/best-movies-1950s |archive-date=October 14, 2024 |access-date=February 24, 2025 |work=Paste |quote=The film opened in 1950 to thunderous critical applause}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sibley |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Sibley |date=July 19, 2010 |title=Ilene Woods obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2010/jul/19/ilene-woods-obituary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030023425/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2010/jul/19/ilene-woods-obituary |archive-date=October 30, 2023 |access-date=February 24, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> an praised its animation, visuals, muisic an story.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 19, 2019 |title=The 40 most magical Disney movies of all time |url=https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/entertainment/movies/2019/07/19/most-magical-disney-movies-of-all-time/39678381/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608232630/https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/entertainment/movies/2019/07/19/most-magical-disney-movies-of-all-time/39678381/ |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |access-date=February 24, 2025 |work=USA Today |quote=At the time of its release, critics lauded the lush animation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Yeend |first=Adam J. |author-link=Adam J. Yeend |date=August 3, 2023 |title=4K Restorations Available in August: 'Cinderella,' 'Roman Holiday' and More |url=https://aframe.oscars.org/news/post/4k-restorations-august-cinderella-roman-holiday-and-more |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908024720/https://aframe.oscars.org/news/post/4k-restorations-august-cinderella-roman-holiday-and-more |archive-date=September 8, 2024 |access-date=February 24, 2025 |work=A.frame |quote=Cinderella went on to receive widespread critical acclaim ... Admirers praised the film's beautiful visuals, music and lyrics, and storytelling.}}</ref> The chairacter o Cinderella hersel, but, got mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sweet |first=Matthew |date=March 15, 2023 |title=Slave, princess, killer: why we underestimate Cinderella at our peril |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/dance/ballet/slave-princess-killer-why-underestimate-cinderella-peril/ |access-date=February 24, 2025 |work=The Daily Telegraph |quote=The movie was a critical success, too – except in one regard: Cinderella herself}}</ref> ===Awards=== The film wis nominatit for three [[Academy Awards|Oscars]]: Best Scoring of a Musical Picture, Best Original Song ("Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo"), an Best Sound Recording.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1951|title=The 23rd Academy Awards (1951) Nominees and Winners| website=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences| access-date=August 10, 2014}}</ref><ref name="mf" /> ==Legacy== The animation historian Charles Solomon wrote that ''Cinderella'' is still ane o the maist popular animatit features in the Disney canon.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Solomon |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Solomon (animation historian) |date=November 24, 1987 |title=The Financial Magic of 'Cinderella' : Cartoon Rescued Postwar Disney Studios From Ruin |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-11-24-ca-24480-story.html |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623222138/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-11-24-ca-24480-story.html |archive-date=June 23, 2024 |access-date=February 25, 2025 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> In 2023 Ben Mankiewicz, the host o Turner Classic Movies, said: "Disney wis on its last legs. ''Cinderella'' saved Disney".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "Disney was on the ropes. ''Cinderella'' saved Disney."</ref><ref name=Mankiewicz>{{cite news|url=https://parade.com/movies/how-cinderella-saved-disney|title=How 'Cinderella' Saved Disney and Spawned 73 Years of Princesses|last=Pond|first=Neil|work=Parade|date=August 20, 2023|access-date=August 20, 2023}}</ref> A sequel released straucht tae video, ''Cinderella II: Dreams Come True'', cam oot in 2002,<ref name="mf" /> an a second, ''Cinderella III: A Twist in Time'', in 2007.<ref name="mf" /> ==Notes== <references group="note"/> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Beuks== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Barrier|first=Michael|title=Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age|url=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodcartoon00barr|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-1980-2079-0|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last=Barrier|first=Michael|title=The Animated Man: A Life of Walt Disney|url=https://archive.org/details/animatedmanlifeo00barr|year=2007|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-5202-5619-4|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last=Koenig|first=David|title=Mouse Under Glass: Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks|url=https://archive.org/details/mouseunderglasss0000koen|publisher=Bonaventure Press|isbn=978-0-9640-6051-7|year=1997|url-access=registration}} {{Refend}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{Offeecial wabsteid|http://princess.disney.com/cinderella/movies}} * {{IMDb title|0042332|Cinderella}} * {{Bcdb title|28-Cinderella|Cinderella}} * {{Rotten-tomatoes|1004186-cinderella|Cinderella}} {{Walt Disney Animation Studios}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cinderella}} [[Category:Disney's Cinderella| ]] [[Category:1950 animatit films]] [[Category:1950s American animatit films]] [[Category:1950s fantasie films]] [[Category:1950s muisical films]] [[Category:1950s romance films]] [[Category:American animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American romantic fantasie films]] [[Category:American romantic muisical films]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Animatit romance films]] [[Category:Films aboot fairies an spreets]] [[Category:Films aboot ryalty]] [[Category:Films aboot wish fulfillment]] [[Category:Films aboot waddins]] [[Category:Films based on Charles Perrault's Cinderella]] [[Category:Films directit bi Clyde Geronimi]] [[Category:Films directit bi Hamilton Luske]] [[Category:Films directit bi Wilfred Jackson]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic mice]] [[Category:Films produced bi Walt Disney]] [[Category:Films set in Fraunce]] [[Category:Golden Bear winners]] [[Category:Rotoscoped films]] [[Category:Film scores bi Paul Smith (film an television composer)]] [[Category:Film scores bi Oliver Wallace]] [[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] [[Category:RKO Pictures films]] hff7u4m3cith4xymonht83gl03p4nqp 0 59189 927432 927036 2026-11-09T19:57:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 927432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Oromo |nativename=Afaan Oromo<br>Oromiffa(a) |states= [[Ethiopie]], [[Kenyae]], [[Somalie]] |region= |ethnicity= Oromos |speakers = 25 million<!--to nearest 5M. source has 24.1M--> |date = 2007 |ref = <ref>Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</ref> |familycolor=Afroasiatic |fam2=[[Cushitic leids|Cushitic]] |fam3=Lawland East |script= Laitin Qubee,<br> umwhile<br> Ethiopic syllabary an aw |iso1=om|iso2=orm|iso3=orm |lc1=gax|ld1=Borana–Arsi–Guji–<br>Walagaa Oromo |lc2=hae|ld2=Eastren Oromo |lc3=orc|ld3=Orma |lc4=gaz|ld4=Wast Central Oromo |notice=IPA}} '''Oromo''' (pron. {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɒr|əm|oʊ}}<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> or {{IPAc-en|ɔː|ˈ|r|oʊ|m|oʊ}}<ref>'''Dictionary Reference''': [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Oromo Oromo]</ref><ref>'''The Free Dictionary''': [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Oromo Oromo]</ref>) is a [[Cushitic leids|Cushitic]] leid o the [[Afro-Asiatic leids|Afro-Asiatic]] faimily, spak in [[Ethiopie]] an [[Kenyae]] bi mair nor 20 million fowk. It is the maist braidly spak leid o the Cushitic branch, an the leid wi the maist spikkers in Ethiopie. It is the first leid o the [[Oromo fowk|Oromo]] an neebourin fowks in Ethiopie an pairts o northren Kenyae, an a lingua franca in the Oromia region o Ethiopie an in the north-east o Kenyae.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bulcha |first=Merkuria |date=1997 |title=The Politics of Linguistic Homogenization in Ethiopia and the Conflict over the Status of Afaan Oromoo |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_1997-07_96_384/page/325 |journal=African Affairs |volume=96 |issue=384 |pages=325–352 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007852 |jstor=723182}}</ref> Some linguists see Oromo as a [[dialect continuum]], syne no aw its varieties ar [[mutually intelligible]]. It haes at least fower varieties: Borana–Arsi–Guji Oromo (ISO code gax), Eastren Oromo (cried Qottu an aw; ISO code hae), Orma (ISO code orc) an Wast Central Oromo (ISO code gaz). Aulder publications aften caw the leid ''Galla'', a term that is thocht o as pejorative an is nae langer uised. The lingueestic relationships atween some o thir Oromo leids hae been explained bi Kebede Hordofa Janko.<ref>2012. ''Towards the Genetic Classification of the Afaan Oromoo Dialects.'' (Cushitic and Omotic Languages Volume 2.) Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oromo Leid}} [[Category:Afro-Asiatic leids]] [[Category:Leids o Africae]] [[Category:Leids o Kenyae]] {{stub/Leid}} mzexir8xnwc1wxek9ipqe1u9524zayn 0 59190 927344 816743 2026-11-09T15:04:02Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead follaes the leid pattern 927344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox leid |name=Chewa |nativename=''Chichewa, Chinyanja'' |altname=Nyanja |states=[[Zambie]], [[Malawi]],<br> [[Mozambique]], [[Zimbabwe]] |region= |speakers = {{sigfig|11.5|2}} million |date = 2007 |ref = <ref>Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</ref> |familycolor=Niger-Congo |fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo leids|Atlantic–Congo]] |fam3=[[Benue–Congo leids|Benue–Congo]] |fam4=Bantoid |fam5=[[Bantu leids|Bantu]] |fam6=Nyasa |nation={{flag|Malawi}} |minority={{flag|Zambie}} |iso1=ny |iso2=nya |iso3=nya |guthrie=N.30 (N.31, N.121) |lingua=99-AUS-xaa - xag }} '''Chewa''', cried '''Nyanja''' an aw, is a [[Bantu leids|Bantu leid]] spak in [[Malawi]], [[Zambie]], [[Mozambique]] an [[Zimbabwe]] bi aboot 11.5 million fowk. The gender prefix ''chi-'' is uised for leids,<ref>''cf.'' ''Kiswahili'' for the [[Swahili]].</ref> sae the leid is kent as '''Chichewa''' an '''Chinyanja''' an aw (spelt ''Cinyanja'' in Zambie), an locally as ''Nyasa'' in Mozambique. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chichewa Leid}} [[Category:Leids o Africae]] [[Category:Leids o Malawi]] [[Category:Leids o Zambie]] [[Category:Leids o Zimbabwe]] {{stub/Leid}} {{stub/Africae}} h3yno8392zbv0kxcm9hi5a3izuol4wk 0 59546 927297 921726 2026-11-09T12:48:42Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 addit soorces banner, addit leid to soorces an aw; iss citation's "access date" is before Wikipedia even existit, sae remuivin 927297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}}{{Needs Mair Soorces}}{{Infobox settlement | name = Orange Coonty, Californie | official_name = County of Orange | settlement_type = [[Coonty (Unitit States)|Coonty]] | image_skyline = CDM Newport Beach 2013 Photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg | image_caption = Aerial view of the coast of [[Newport Beach, California|Newport Beach]] in May 2005. | image_flag = Flag of Orange County, California.svg | image_seal = Seal of Orange County, California.svg | named_for = Orange groves that wur ance plentiful in the aurie | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = {{nowrap|{{flag|Unitit States}}}} | subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Californie}} ---- | subdivision_type2 = Region | subdivision_name2 = [[Greater Los Angeles Area]] | seat_type = [[Coonty seat]] | seat = {{flagicon image|Flag of Santa Ana, California.svg}} [[Santa Ana, Californie|Santa Ana]] | parts_type = Lairgest ceety | parts = {{flagicon image|Flag of Anaheim, California (2018–present).svg}} [[Anaheim]] | unit_pref = US | area_total_sq_mi = 947.98 | area_land_sq_mi = 789.40 | area_water_sq_mi = 158.57 | population_as_of = 2010 Census | population_total = 3010232 | population_density_sq_mi = 3813.3 | population_demonym = Orange Countian | established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] | established_date = March 11, 1889 | timezone = [[Paceefic Staundart Time]] | utc_offset = -8 | timezone_DST = [[Paceefic Daylicht Time]] | utc_offset_DST = -7 | area_codes = 562, 714, 949 | image_map = Map of California highlighting Orange County.svg | mapsize = 200px | map_caption = Location in the state o Californie | image_map1 = Map of USA CA.svg | mapsize1 = 200px | map_caption1 = Californie's location in the [[Unitit States]] | image_map1 = OrangeCountyCA Map.gif | mapsize1 = 200px | map_caption1 = Ceeties in Orange Coonty | website = {{URL|http://www.ocgov.com|www.OCGov.com}} }} '''Orange Coonty''' is a [[coonty (Unitit States)|coonty]] in the [[U.S. state]] o [[Californie]]. Its [[coonty seat]] is [[Santa Ana, Californie|Santa Ana]]. As o the 2010 census, its population wis 3,010,232, makkin it the third maist populous coonty in Californie, ahint [[Los Angeles Coonty]] an [[San Diego Coonty]], an the seicont maist populous in the [[Greater Los Angeles Area]], efter Los Angeles Coonty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/maps/california_map.html |title=California County QuickFacts from the U.S. Census Bureau |publisher=Quickfacts.census.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2011-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104034024/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/maps/california_map.html |url-status=dead |language=en}}</ref> It is the [[Leet o the maist populous counties in the Unitit States|saxt maist populous coonty]] in the [[Unitit States]] as o 2009 while at the same time is the smallest area-wise county in [[Soothren Californie]], bein roughly hauf the size o the next smawest coonty, [[Ventura Coonty|Ventura]]. It is the seicont-maist densely populatit coonty in the state, seicont anerly tae [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usa.com/rank/california-state--population-density--county-rank.htm |title=California Population Density County Rank |publisher=USA.com |date= |accessdate=2013-08-14 |archive-date=2013-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814084054/http://www.usa.com/rank/california-state--population-density--county-rank.htm |url-status=dead |language=en}}</ref> The coonty is famous for its tourism, as the hame o such attractions as [[Disneyland]] an [[Knott's Berry Farm]], an several beaches alang its mair nor {{convert|40|mi|km|0}} o coastline. It is kent for its [[affluence]] an poleetical [[Conservatism in the Unitit States|conservatism]] – a 2005 academic study leetit three Orange Coonty ceeties as bein amang Americae's 25 "maist conservative," makkin it ane o twa coonties in the kintra containin mair nor ane such ceety ([[Maricopa Coonty]], [[Arizona]], haes three ceeties on the leet an aw).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://govpro.com/content/gov_imp_31439/ |title=Study ranks America's most liberal and conservative cities |publisher=Govpro.com |date=2005-08-16 |accessdate=2010-07-22 |archive-date=2012-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722203607/http://govpro.com/content/gov_imp_31439/ |url-status=dead |language=en}}</ref> It is part of the [[Tech Coast]]. Orange Coonty wis at the time the lairgest American coonty tae hae gone bankrupt, when in 1994 langtime treasurer [[Robert Citron]]'s investment strategies left the coonty wi inadequate caipital tae allou for ony rise in interest rates for its tradin positions. When the residents o Orange Coonty votit doun a proposal tae raise taxes in order tae balance the budget, bankruptcy follaeed suin efter. Citron later pleadit guilty tae sax felonies regardin the matter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allbusiness.com/personal-finance/740233.html |title=Losing your tail on the repo market: The story of Robert Citron |publisher=The Arbitrageur |date= |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Whareas maist population centers in the Unitit States tend tae be identifee'd bi a major ceety, thare is no defined urban centre in Orange Coonty (it is sometimes considered pairt o baith the Los Angeles an San Diego metro auries). It is maistly suburban except for some tradeetionally urban auries at the centres o the aulder ceeties o [[Anaheim]], [[Fullerton, Californie|Fullerton]], [[Huntington Beach]], [[Orange, Californie|Orange]], an [[Santa Ana, Californie|Santa Ana]]. Thare are several [[edge ceety]]-style developments such as Irvine Business Center, [[Newport Center]], an South Coast Metro. The ceety o Santa Ana serves as the govrenmental centre o the coonty, or coonty seat, Anaheim as its main tourist destination, an [[Irvine, Californie|Irvine]] as its major business an financial hub. Aw o these three Orange Coonty ceeties hae populations exceedin 200,000. Thirty-fower [[Incorporatit place|incorporatit]] ceeties are locatit in Orange Coonty; the newest is [[Aliso Viejo]], which wis incorporatit in 2001. Anaheim wis the first ceety incorporatit in Orange Coonty, in 1870 when the region wis still pairt o neebourin Los Angeles Coonty. ==Geografie== ===Incorporatit ceeties=== As o August 2006, Orange Coonty haes 34 incorporatit ceeties. The auldest is Anaheim (1870) an the newest is Aliso Viejo (2001). {{multicol}} *[[Aliso Viejo]], incorporatit in 2001 *[[Anaheim]], incorporatit in 1870 *[[Brea, Californie|Brea]], incorporatit in 1917 *[[Buena Park, Californie|Buena Park]], incorporatit in 1953 *[[Costa Mesa]], incorporatit in 1953 *[[Cypress, Californie|Cypress]], incorporatit in 1956 *[[Dana Point]], incorporatit in 1989 *[[Fountain Valley, Californie|Fountain Valley]], incorporatit in 1957 *[[Fullerton, Californie|Fullerton]], incorporatit in 1904 *[[Garden Grove, Californie|Garden Grove]], incorporatit in 1956 *[[Huntington Beach]], incorporatit in 1909 *[[Irvine, Californie|Irvine]], incorporatit in 1971 *[[La Habra]], incorporatit in 1925 *[[La Palma, Californie|La Palma]], incorporatit in 1955 *[[Laguna Beach]], incorporatit in 1927 *[[Laguna Hills]], incorporatit in 1991 *[[Laguna Niguel]], incorporatit in 1989 {{multicol-break}} *[[Laguna Woods]], incorporatit in 1999 *[[Lake Forest, Californie|Lake Forest]], incorporatit in 1991 *[[Los Alamitos, Californie|Los Alamitos]], incorporatit in 1960 *[[Mission Viejo, Californie|Mission Viejo]], incorporatit in 1988 *[[Newport Beach]], incorporatit in 1906 *[[Orange, Californie|Orange]], incorporatit in 1888 *[[Placentia, Californie|Placentia]], incorporatit in 1926 *[[Rancho Santa Margarita, Californie|Rancho Santa Margarita]], incorporatit in 2000 *[[San Clemente, Californie|San Clemente]], incorporatit in 1928 *[[San Juan Capistrano]], incorporatit in 1961 *[[Santa Ana, Californie|Santa Ana]], incorporatit in 1886 *[[Seal Beach]], incorporatit in 1915 *[[Stanton, Californie|Stanton]], incorporatit in 1956 *[[Tustin, Californie|Tustin]], incorporatit in 1927 *[[Villa Park, Californie|Villa Park]], incorporatit in 1962 *[[Westminster, Californie|Westminster]], incorporatit in 1957 *[[Yorba Linda]], incorporatit in 1967 {{multicol-end}} ===Unincorporatit commonties=== {{See also|Leet o neebourheids an unincorporatit commonties in Orange Coonty}} These commonties are ootside o ceety limits in [[unincorporatit aurie|unincorporatit]] coonty territory: {{Div col}} *[[Coto de Caza, Californie|Coto de Caza]] * Cowan Heights *Emerald Bay *[[Ladera Ranch, Californie|Ladera Ranch]] *[[Las Flores, Californie|Las Flores]] * Lemon Heights *[[Midway City, Californie|Midway City]] *[[Modjeska Canyon, Californie|Modjeska Canyon]] *[[North Tustin, Californie|North Tustin]] *[[Orange Park Acres, Californie|Orange Park Acres]] *[[Rancho Mission Viejo]] *Red Hill *[[Rossmoor, Californie|Rossmoor]] *[[Silverado, Californie|Silverado]] *[[Trabuco Canyon, Californie|Trabuco Canyon]] {{Div col end}} ===Planned commonties=== Orange Coonty haes a history o lairge [[Planned commonty|planned commonties]]. Nearly 30% o the coonty wis creatit as master planned commonties, the maist notable bein the [[Irvine, Californie|City of Irvine]], [[Coto de Caza]], [[Anaheim Hills]], [[Tustin Ranch]], [[Tustin Legacy]], [[Ladera Ranch]], [[Talega]], [[Rancho Santa Margarita, Californie|Rancho Santa Margarita]], an [[Mission Viejo]]. [[Irvine, Californie|Irvine]] is aften referred tae as a model maister-planned ceety, for its veelages o Woodbridge, Northwood, University Park, an Turtle Rock that wur laid oot bi the [[Irvine Company]] o the mid-1960s afore it wis bocht by a group o investors that includit [[Donald Bren]]. ===Adjacent coonties=== {{Geographic location |Centre = Orange Coonty |North = [[Los Angeles Coonty]] |Northeast = [[San Bernardino Coonty]] |East = [[Riverside Coonty]] |Southeast = [[San Diego Coonty]] |South = [[Paceefic Ocean]] |Southwest = [[Paceefic Ocean]] |West = [[Paceefic Ocean]] |Northwest = [[Los Angeles Coonty]] }} ===Naitional protectit auries=== * [[Cleveland National Forest]] (pairt) * [[Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge]] ==Footnotes== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category}} *[http://www.oc.ca.gov/ County of Orange] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815165300/http://oc.ca.gov/ |date=2013-08-15 }} *{{Wikivoyage-inline}} *[http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/08/29/us/20100830_ORANGE.html Orange County’s Changing Politics] – slideshow by ''[[The New York Times]]'' *[http://www.uscounties.org/cffiles_web/counties/county.cfm?id=6059 Orange County, California] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308051837/http://www.uscounties.org/cffiles_web/counties/county.cfm?id=6059 |date=2012-03-08 }} on [http://www.naco.org National Association Of Counties] *[http://www.imdb.com/search/text?realm=title&field=locations&q=orange+county Filming Locations in Orange County] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727064330/http://www.imdb.com/search/text?realm=title&field=locations&q=orange+county |date=2013-07-27 }} [[Category:Orange Coonty, Californie| ]] [[Category:Californie coonties]] [[Category:Govrenment units that hae filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1889‎]] 6ldn6zixwpryhf15ex4lp6sryhlqa98 0 60271 927441 812515 2026-11-09T20:15:00Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead rewritten, Nobel's will owerset frae the Swadish wi the original in a note 927441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox awaird | name = Nobel Peace Prize | description = Ootstaundin contributions tae<br> peace | presenter = [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] on<br> behauf o the estate o<br> [[Alfred Nobel]] | location = [[Oslo]] | year = 1901 | holder = [[Navi Pillay]] (2026) | most_awards = [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] (3) | website = [http://nobelprize.org Nobelprize.org] }} The '''Nobel Peace Prize''' is ane o the five original [[Nobel Prize]]s set up bi the will o the Swadish industrialist, inventor an airms manufacturer [[Alfred Nobel]]. The ithers are the prizes in [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]], [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]], [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] an [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]. Syne 1901<ref>{{cite web |date=1972 |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1901/address.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102153041/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1901/address.html |archive-date=2 January 2007 |access-date=19 March 2016 |work=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> it haes been gien ilka year, wi some exceptions, tae the person that haes "duin the maist or the best wark for brotherheid atween naitions, for the abolition or reduction o staundin airmies, an for the formin an spreidin o peace congresses".<ref group="note">Owerset frae Nobel's will. In the original Swadish: {{lang|sv|"den som har verkat mest eller best för folkens förbrödrande och afskaffande eller minskning af stående arméer samt bildande och spridande af fredskongresser"}}.</ref><ref>"Nobel Peace Prize", ''The Oxford Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History''</ref> Unner Alfred Nobel's will, the winner is chosen bi the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]], a committee o five appyntit bi the Parliament o Norawa. Syne 1990 the prize haes been gien on 10 December ilka year in Oslo City Hall. Afore that it wis gien in the Atrium o the University o Oslo Faculty o Law (1947–89), the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–46) an the Parliament (1901–04). Acause o its poleetical nature, the Nobel Peace Prize haes been the subject o controversies for maist o its history. ==Notes== <references group="note"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Nobel Peace Prize| ]] [[Category:Nobel Prize| Peace]] [[Category:Norse awairds]] [[Category:1901 establishments in Norawa]] [[Category:1901 introductions]] {{stub/Science}} 5uc861i35u8erblra82iagurci3sjdf 0 60488 927586 911474 2026-11-10T01:15:42Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Stoja | native_name = Стоја | native_name_lang = sr-Cyrl | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Stojanka Novaković | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|06|04|df=yes}} | birth_place = Perlez, SR Serbie, [[Socialist Federal Republic o Yugoslavie|Yugoslavie]] | years_active = 1997 tae the present | genre = {{Hlist|Fowk|[[Fowk-pop|pop-fowk]]|turbo-folk}} | label = {{Flatlist| *Lazarević Produktion *GETEX *Grand Production *BN Music *IDJ *Balkan Star }} }} '''Stoja Novaković'''{{Refn|group="note"|name="name_change"}} ({{Lang-sr-Cyrl|Стоја Новаковић}}; born 4 Juin 1972), kent bi the single nem '''Stoja''', is a hardcore-folk singer frae [[Serbie]]. She is recognised as ane o the maist popular turbo-folk performers, an is kent for her strang, deep vyce an her aften eccentric appearances. Her first album, ''Kako je meni sada'', cam oot on Lazarević Production in 1998. Efter that she released her albums wi the record label Grand Production. Athin a short time Stoja becam ane o the maist popular singers in the [[Balkans]]. She is signed at present tae BN Music,<ref>[http://www.bnmusicdoo.com/katalog-izdanja/spisak-izdanja/ bnmusicdoo.com]</ref> an she haes also released sangs wi IDJ an Balkan Star in recent times. == Early life == Novaković wis born on 4 Juin 1972 in the veelage o Perlez, in the [[Zrenjanin]] municipality o [[Vojvodina]], in the north o Serbie. She wis brocht up in Perlez, whaur she bade till she wis 25.<ref>Stoja - Ništa lično intervju, 02.30 - 03.10</ref> She is said tae hae got her uncommon, strang vyce frae her faither, but it wis her teacher, Sida, that fund her talent.<ref name=BalkanMedia-cl296>{{Cite web|url=http://www.balkanmedia.com/stoja-novakovic-siki-siki-vracam-se-ja-na-staro-cl296.html|title=STOJA NOVAKOVIĆ|publisher=BalkanMedia|date=25 March 2010|access-date=28 April 2013}}</ref> Efter she feenished primary schuil, she gaed tae a commercial heich schuil in Zrenjanin. In her third year there, at the age o 16, she decidit tae get mairit.<ref name="Poreklo Stoje Novaković">{{cite web |title=Poreklo Stoje Novaković |url=https://www.espreso.co.rs/showbiz/zvezde/1220873/stoja-novakovic-biografija |website=espreso.co.rs |access-date=13 December 2024}}</ref> == Career == === Beginnins (1987–1997) === Novaković stairtit singin as an amateur in kafanas an discos in 1987.<ref name="pulsonline.rs">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pulsonline.rs/na-gajbi-kod/stojanka-jovanovic-stoja-brak-opstaje-jer-se-retko-vidamo/b1v0d6q |title=Stojanka Jovanović Stoja: Brak opstaje jer se retko viđamo |last=Živković |first=Jelena |website=pulsonline.rs |date=17 November 2011|access-date=9 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809043508/http://www.pulsonline.rs/lifestyle/na-kafi-kod/5516/stojanka-jovanovic-stoja-brak-opstaje-jer-se-retko-vidjamo |archive-date=9 August 2016 |url-status=live |language=sr}}</ref> Efter her husband deed in a caur accident, she haed tae flit oot o his parents' hoose, whaur she bade wi thair son, an she gaed tae bide wi friends. She kept on singin, an in the end flittit tae [[Novi Sad]], an syne tae Borča near [[Belgrade]]. Ae nicht the composer Stevan Simeunović noticed her, an thay stairtit wirkin thegither.<ref name="Poreklo Stoje Novaković"/> In 1997 she stairtit recordin an album for the record label Lazarević Production. Her debut studio album, ''Kako je meni sada'', wis released in 1998, wi sangs sic as "Da, da, da" an a duet wi the Serbian folk singer Mile Kitić, "Takva je ljubav".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Stoja-Kako-Je-Meni-Sada/release/3295221|title=Kako je meni sada|publisher=Discogs|year=1998|access-date=10 September 2012}}</ref> It wis a big success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stoja.net/|title=Official Website of Stoja|publisher=Stoja|date=|access-date=5 September 2012}}</ref> The same year she signed wi Grand Production, the label awned bi Lepa Brena an Saša Popović, an in 1999 she brocht oot her second album, ''Ćiki, ćiki''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Stoja-%C4%86iki-%C4%86iki/release/3430561|title=Ćiki, ćiki|publisher=Discogs|year=1999|access-date=10 September 2012}}</ref> The album haed several hit sangs, the biggest o thaim "Ćiki, ćiki".<ref name="Stoja">{{cite web |title=Stoja |url=https://www.biografija.org/muzika/stoja/ |website=biografija.org |date=12 November 2018 |access-date=13 December 2024}}</ref> === Success (2000–2006) === She released her neist studio album, ''Samo'', in 2000, an that year she wis named folk singer o the year. The album ''Evropa'' cam oot in 2002, an its title sang becam weel liked in Serbie an the diaspora. The sang "Evropa" can be heard in episode 19 o the Bosnian televeesion series ''Viza za budućnost''.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x34q2y2 |title=Viza za buducnost 20 21 epizoda |website=dailymotion.com |date=5 September 2015 |access-date=14 July 2019 |time=1:04}}</ref> Her fift studio album, ''Zakletva'', cam oot in 2003.<ref name="Stoja"/> Efter that her career teuk a new turn. She chynged her look hailly, lost mair nor twinty kilograms, dyed her hair blue an released the ballad "Starija", that wis something hailly different frae the sangs she haed sung afore. The album o the same nem cam oot in 2004, an "Starija" wis declared folk album o the year.<ref name="Stoja"/> Her seivent studio album, ''Metak'', cam oot in 2006. Ane o its sangs, "Nešto mi govori", is amang the maist acclaimed o her career; its audio haed 67.7 million views on her YouTube channel {{As o|June 2026|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=STOJA - NESTO MI GOVORI (OFFICIAL AUDIO {{!}} 2006) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYCbG_80lRU |website=Youtube | date=16 September 2012 |publisher=STOJA official |access-date=22 June 2026}}</ref> === Acclaimed success (2008–2015) === In 2008 she released her maist acclaimed album, ''Do gole kože'', on the Grand Production label. Her nint studio album, ''Naj, naj'', cam oot the follaein year. Its best-kent sang is "Muzika", a duet wi Dejan Matić, that haes ower 24 million views on Grand Production's YouTube channel {{As o|June 2026|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stoja i Dejan Matic - Muzika - (Audio 2008) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Slx7uqTC49Y |website=YouTube | date=22 August 2012 |publisher=Grand Production |access-date=22 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Stoja"/> Her tent studio album, ''Nije da nije'', wis released on 6 Mey 2013 bi the Bosnian label BN Music. It wis the first time in 15 years that Stoja haed released an album wi a production company ither nor Grand Production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kurir-info.rs/stoja-smrsala-12-kilograma-pred-promociju-novog-albuma-clanak-766349|title=Stoja smršala 12 kilograma pred promociju novog albuma!|publisher=Kurir-info|date=27 April 2013|access-date=28 April 2013}}</ref> "Bela ciganka", that wis published on her YouTube channel, wis an internaitional success, wi ower 100 million views in 2024, 2025 an 2026. That maks it ane o the maist watched videos in the Balkans.<ref>{{cite web |title=STOJA - BELA CIGANKA (AUDIO 2013) |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=47IGs0LroYg&pp=ygUMYmVsYSBjaWdhbmth |website=YouTube | date=4 November 2013 |publisher=STOJA official}}</ref> == Personal life == === Relationships === Novaković wis first mairit at 16, becam a mither at 17 an wis widaed at 19, when her first husband lost his life in a caur crash in 1991, three year intae thair mairriage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.story.rs/vesti/u-fokusu/3294-stoja-novakovic-sve-glasnija-svadbena-zvona.html|title=Stoja Novaković: Sve glasnija svadbena zvona|publisher=Story|date=12 April 2009|access-date=24 December 2014}}</ref> She haes bidit in Belgrade syne 2007,<ref name=BalkanMedia-cl296/> in the Bežanijska kosa neighbourheid o New Belgrade.<ref name="pulsonline.rs"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.svetplus.com/vesti/38420/stoja-novakovic-prezivela-pakao-prijavila-otmicu-svojih-unuka-policiji|title=Stoja Novaković preživela pakao! Prijavila otmicu svojih unuka policiji!|publisher=Svet Plus|date=16 March 2014|access-date=24 December 2014}}</ref> Novaković mairit the architect Igor Jovanović on 1 November 2009, efter five year thegither.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.svet.rs/najnovije-vesti/opet-problemi-u-braku-stoja-oterala-muza|title=Opet problemi u braku: Stoja oterala muža!|publisher=Svet|date=7 November 2012|access-date=24 December 2014}}</ref> === Cosmetic surgery === Stoja is kent for her monie cosmetic procedures an her byordinar figure. She wis ane o the first fowk in [[Serbie]]'s show business tae admit that she gaed tae [[Turkey]] for cosmetic surgery, an that it cost a lot (a figure o ower 100,000€ haes been mentioned).<ref>{{cite web |title=Stoja - Biografija |url=https://narodni.ba/stoja-biografija/ |website=Narodni.ba |date=12 April 2022 |access-date=16 December 2024}}</ref> == Discografie == *''Kako je meni sada'' (1998) *''Ćiki, ćiki'' (1999) *''Samo'' (2000) *''Evropa'' (2001) *''Zakletva'' (2003) *''Starija'' (2004) *''Metak'' (2006) *''Do gole kože'' (2008) *''Naj, naj'' (2009) *''Nije da nije'' (2013) *''Bela ciganka'' (2015) == Notes == {{Reflist|group="note"|refs= {{Refn|group="note"|name="name_change"|Stoja chynged her birth name, ''Stojanka'', tae her earlier nickname an stage name, ''Stoja'', in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.balkaniyum.tv/srpski/vesti/22998.shtml |title=Stojanka Novaković promenila ime |publisher=Svet |website=balkaniyum.tv |date=18 September 2008 |access-date=9 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809035011/http://www.balkaniyum.tv/srpski/vesti/22998.shtml |archive-date=9 August 2016 |url-status=live |language=sr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.svetestrade.com/a643-ex-stojanka-novakovi%C4%87-sada-sam-zvani%C4%8Dno-stoja |title=EX Stojanka Novaković: Sada sam zvanično Stoja! |publisher=Balkanmedia |website=svetestrade.com |date=19 September 2008 |access-date=9 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809034600/http://www.svetestrade.com/a643-ex-stojanka-novakovi%C4%87-sada-sam-zvani%C4%8Dno-stoja |archive-date=9 August 2016 |url-status=live |language=sr}}</ref>}}}} == References == {{Reflist|3}} === Soorces === *{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCaet9tXItA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122210557/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCaet9tXItA|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2015|title=Stoja - Ništa lično intervju|publisher=YouTube|date=3 November 2012|access-date=16 November 2012}} == Freemit airtins == *{{Facebook|stoja}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stoja}} [[Category:1972 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Pop fowk sangsters]] [[Category:Serbie female sangsters]] [[Category:Fowk frae Zrenjanin]] [[Category:Serbie fowk o Bosnie an Herzegovinae strynd]] 2a29gr6xgul8842sqvv8d4o53jfnasx 0 60740 927370 909114 2026-11-09T15:43:43Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; six decades o research, soorced 927370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |name = Dame Jane Goodall<br>{{small|[[Order o the Breetish Empire|DBE]]}} |image = JaneGoodallSept2011.jpg |birth_name = Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall |birth_date = {{birth date|1934|4|3|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Lunnon]], [[Ingland]], [[Unitit Kinrick]] |death_date = 1 October 2025 (aged 91) |death_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie]], [[Unitit States]] |alma_mater = Newnham College, Cambridge<br>Darwin College, Cambridge |doctoral_advisor = Robert Hinde |known_for = Study o [[chimpanzee]]s, conservation,<br> ainimal welfare |prizes = [[Order o the Breetish Empire|DBE]] (2004) |signature = [[File:Autograph of Jane Goodall.jpg|200px]] }} '''Dame Jane Morris Goodall''', {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Order o the Breetish Empire|DBE]]}} (born '''Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall''', 3 Aprile 1934 – 1 October 2025)<ref name="JGBio">{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/articles/Jane-Goodall-9542363 |title=Jane Goodall Biography |author=The Biography Channel |year=2010 |accessdate=2010-07-28 |authorlink=The Biography Channel |archive-date=2010-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810013437/http://www.biography.com/articles/Jane-Goodall-9542363 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NBCobit">{{Cite web |last1=Cohen |first1=Rebecca |last2=Mullen |first2=Austin |last3=Bush |first3=Evan |last4=Madani |first4=Doha |date=1 October 2025 |title=Jane Goodall, renowned chimpanzee researcher and animal advocate, dies at 91 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/obituaries/dr-jane-goodall-legendary-animal-rights-advocate-dies-91-rcna235001 |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> wis an Inglis [[Primatology|primatologist]], [[Ethology|ethologist]] an [[Anthropology|anthropologist]], an a UN Messenger o Peace.<ref>Holloway, M. (1997) ''Profile: Jane Goodall &ndash; Gombe's Famous Primate'', Scientific American '''277'''(4), 42-44.</ref> Coontit the warld's foremaist expert on [[chimpanzee]]s, Goodall wis best kent for her lang study o the social an faimily life o wild chimpanzees in Gombe Stream Naitional Pairk, [[Tanzanie]], that ran for mair nor sax decades.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.livescience.com/animals/jane-goodall-famed-primatologist-who-discovered-chimpanzee-tool-use-dies-at-91 | title=Jane Goodall, famed primatologist who discovered chimpanzee tool use, dies at 91 | first=Kristina | last=Killgrove | work=Live Science | date=1 October 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005110848/https://www.livescience.com/animals/jane-goodall-famed-primatologist-who-discovered-chimpanzee-tool-use-dies-at-91 | archive-date=5 October 2025 | access-date=6 October 2025 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nat.geo.04.03.">{{cite news|title=Jane in the Forest Again|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0304/feature5/fulltext.html|first=David|last=Quammen|publisher=National Geographic via internet archive|date=April 2003|accessdate=2010-07-28|archive-date=2008-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328032343/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0304/feature5/fulltext.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> She foondit the [[Jane Goodall Institute]] an the Roots & Shoots programme, an wirked muckle on conservation an ainimal welfare. She served on the board o the [[Nonhuman Rights Project]] frae its foondin in 1996.<ref name="NhRP About">{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.nonhumanrightsproject.org/about-us-2/|work=NhRP Website|publisher=Nonhuman Rights Project|accessdate=3 September 2013|archive-date=2012-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626085624/http://www.nonhumanrightsproject.org/about-us-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NhRP Ready">{{cite web|title=2013 is here, and we are ready!|url=http://www.nonhumanrightsproject.org/2013/01/16/2013-is-here-and-we-are-ready/|work=NhRP Website|publisher=Nonhuman Rights Project|accessdate=3 September 2013|date=January 16, 2013|archive-date=2013-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014153808/http://www.nonhumanrightsproject.org/2013/01/16/2013-is-here-and-we-are-ready/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Goodall, Jane}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:Alumni o Newnham College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Dames Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Dutch nobility]] [[Category:Inglis anthropologists]] [[Category:Inglis biologists]] [[Category:Ethologists]] [[Category:Jane Goodall|Jane Goodall]] [[Category:2025 daiths]] [[Category:Members o the European Academy o Sciences an Airts]] [[Category:Officiers o the Légion d'honneur]] [[Category:Fowk frae Lunnon]] [[Category:Fowk wi prosopagnosia]] [[Category:Primatologists]] [[Category:Sustainability advocates]] [[Category:The Benjamin Franklin Medal laureates]] [[Category:Unitit Naitions Messengers o Peace]] [[Category:Varsity o Soothren Californie faculty]] [[Category:Weemen biologists]] t9041wd9rcaeuhvy63b0z99ntvmciri 0 61175 927486 923051 2026-11-09T21:34:37Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead an short sections on the plot, production, release, reception, White's view an muisic 927486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Charlotte's Web | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Charles August Nichols|Charles A. Nichols]] * [[Iwao Takamoto]] }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Joseph Barbera]] * [[William Hanna]] }} | story = [[Earl Hamner Jr.]] | based_on = {{based on|''[[Charlotte's Web]]''|[[E. B. White]]}} | narrator = [[Rex Allen]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Debbie Reynolds]] * [[Paul Lynde]] * [[Henry Gibson]] }} | music = {{Plainlist| * [[Sherman Brothers|The Sherman Brothers]] (sangs) * [[Irwin Kostal]] (score) }} | editing = {{Plainlist| * Larry C. Cowan * Pat Foley }} | production_companies = {{Plainlist| * [[Hanna-Barbera|Hanna-Barbera Productions]] * Sagittarius Productions }} | distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|1973|2|22|Radio City Music Hall|1973|3|1|Unitit States}} | runtime = 94 meenit | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | gross = $2.4 million <small>(rentals)</small><ref>"Big [[Gross rental|Rental]] Films of 1973", ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', January 9, 1974, pg 19.</ref> }} '''''Charlotte's Web''''' is an American [[Animation|animatit]] muisical drama film frae 1973. It is based on the 1952 [[Charlotte's Web|buik o the same nem]] bi [[E. B. White]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lenburg |first1=Jeff |title=The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons |date=1999 |publisher=Checkmark Books |isbn=0-8160-3831-7 |access-date=6 June 2020 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312/page/172/mode/2up |pages=172–173}}</ref> [[Hanna-Barbera|Hanna-Barbera Productions]] producit it an [[Paramount Pictures]] distributit it. Lik the buik, it is aboot a pig cried Wilbur that maks freends wi a clever speeder cried Charlotte, an she saves him frae the slauchter. The directors were Charles A. Nichols an [[Iwao Takamoto]], an the story is bi [[Earl Hamner Jr.]] The voices are [[Debbie Reynolds]], [[Paul Lynde]] an [[Henry Gibson]], wi Rex Allen tellin the story. The sangs, muisic an wirds baith, were written bi the [[Sherman Brothers]]. The film wis first shawn at Radio City Music Hall on 22 Februar 1973 an released on 1 Mairch. It haed moderate success wi critics an at the box office. ==Plot== Fern Arable gets her faither, John, no tae kill the runt o a litter o piglets, an he lets her rear him as a pet. She cries him Wilbur. Sax weeks efter, Wilbur is selt tae Fern's uncle, Homer Zuckerman. The ither beasts reject him, an a ram tells him that Homer means tae kill him for meat. Wilbur is in tears until a barn speeder comforts him. She tells him she is cried Charlotte A. Cavatica, an she promises tae find a wey tae save his life. Ae mornin Homer's hired man, Lurvy, sees the wirds SOME PIG spun in Charlotte's wab. The neebours think it is a miracle. Homer then pits Wilbur in for the coonty fair. Anither pig, Uncle, wins the first prize, but the fair hauds a celebration for Wilbur an gies him $25 an a bronze medal. Homer says he will let Wilbur "live tae a guid auld age". Charlotte tells Wilbur she is deein an will bide at the fair tae dee. Wilbur gets Templeton tae fetch her egg bag tae tak it back tae the ferm, an he guards it ower the winter. ==Voices== * [[Henry Gibson]] as Wilbur, a pig * [[Debbie Reynolds]] as Charlotte A. Cavatica, a speeder * [[Paul Lynde]] as Templeton, a greedy rottan * Agnes Moorehead as the Guse * Rex Allen as the teller o the story ==Production== In 1967 the animators John an Faith Hubley wantit tae buy the film richts o ''Charlotte's Web'' tae mak an animatit feature. White liked the Hubleys an selt them the richts, but they couldnae find financial backin, an the project stalled.<ref name="GeneDeitch">{{cite web|last=Deitch|first=Gene|url=http://www.awn.com/genedeitch/chapter-twentyeight-a-tangled-web|title=How to Succeed in Animation: Chapter 28: A Tangled Web|publisher=[[Animation World Network]]|date=2001|access-date=September 27, 2008}}</ref> In September 1970 the ''Los Angeles Times'' said that White haed selt the film richts tae Edgar Bronfman Sr.'s Sagittarius Productions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/384783707/|title='Charlotte's Web' Sold|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|url-access=subscription |date=September 26, 1970|access-date=November 27, 2018}}</ref> In Juin 1971 it wis reportit that Sagittarius haed signed a deal wi Hanna-Barbera Productions for twa films, tae be pit oot bi Paramount Pictures, an ane o them wis ''Charlotte's Web''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/384833109/|title=Sagittarius in 2-Film Deal|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|via=Newspapers.com|url-access=subscription |date=June 12, 1971|access-date=November 27, 2018}}</ref> Aboot that time Joe Barbera gaed tae see White at his hame in [[Maine]], an White merkit the pairts o the buik he didnae want chynged, an the pairts that were "open tae discussion".<ref name=Barbera1>{{cite book|title=My Life in 'toons: From Flatbrush to Bedrock in Under a Century|first=Joseph|last=Barbera|year=1994|publisher=Turner Publishing|location=Atlanta, GA|isbn=1-57036-042-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mylifeintoonsfro00barb/page/228 228]–29|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/mylifeintoonsfro00barb}}</ref> ==Release== It wis first shawn at Radio City Music Hall on 22 Februar 1973,<ref>"[https://www.proquest.com/docview/119664841/8E687AF1653440BPQ/152 'Charlotte's Web' Opens at Music Hall]". ''The New York Times''. February 23, 1973. p. 18.</ref><ref>"[https://www.proquest.com/docview/226538311/8E687AF1653440BPQ/154 Charlotte's Web A Musical Bows Into Music Hall]". ''New York Amsterdam News''. February 24, 1973. p. D3.</ref> an Paramount Pictures released it across the Unitit States on 1 Mairch 1973. ==Reception== Gene Siskel o the ''Chicago Tribune'' gied it three starns oot o fower.<ref>{{cite news|last=Siskel|first=Gene|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/376836994/|title=Charlotte's Web|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|via=Newspapers.com|url-access=subscription |date=April 25, 1973|access-date=November 27, 2018}}</ref> The review site Rotten Tomatoes reportit a 75% approval ratin, based on 20 reviews, wi an average score o 6.6/10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1003952-charlottes_web/|title=Charlotte's Web (1973) - Rotten Tomatoes|publisher=Flixster|access-date=February 4, 2012}}</ref> ===E. B. White's view=== White wis deeply displeased wi the film. Accordin tae Gene Deitch, White wrote tae him in 1977 that the Hanna-Barbera version haed "never pleased either o us" an wis "a travesty" (owerset frae the Inglis).<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "The Hanna-Barbera version has never pleased either of us ... a travesty ..."</ref><ref name="GeneDeitch" /> White haed turned doun Disney afore, when they offert tae mak a film o his buik.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kiddie Lit: The Cultural Construction of Children's Literature in America|url=https://archive.org/details/kiddielitcultura0000clar|url-access=registration|first=Beverly Lyon|last=Clark|year=2003|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=0-8018-8170-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/kiddielitcultura0000clar/page/178 178]}}</ref> ==Legacy== The film gaithert a loyal follaein ower the years throu the television an VHS. In 1994, 21 year efter it first cam oot, it took the mercat bi surprise as ane o the best-sellin titles o the year. It led tae a sequel stracht tae video, ''[[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure]]'', that Paramount released in the US on 18 Mairch 2003, an syne a [[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|live-action film]] o the story, released on 15 December 2006. The film wis nominatit in the animation category o the American Film Institute's ''AFI's 10 Top 10'' in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/10top10.pdf?docID=381&AddInterest=1781 |title=AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees |format=PDF |access-date=2016-08-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716071937/http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/10top10.pdf?docID=381&AddInterest=1781 |archive-date=2011-07-16 }}</ref> ==Muisic== The Sherman Brothers, weel kent for their wark on mony Disney films, wrote the muisic. [[Irwin Kostal]] arranged an conductit the muisic.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CctHAAAAMAAJ|title=Movie Musicals on Record|author=Richard Chigley Lynch|isbn=978-0-313-26540-2|date=June 26, 1989|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref> The original soundtrack album cam oot in 1973 on Paramount Records. In Mairch 2018 it wis released on CD for the first time bi the Varèse Sarabande label.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hanna-Barbera's "Charlotte's Web" (1973) on Records {{!}} |url=https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/hanna-barberas-charlottes-web-1973-on-records/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=cartoonresearch.com}}</ref> ==Notes== <references group="note"/> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Portal|Film in the United States|1970s|Cartoon}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{IMDb title|0070016|Charlotte's Web}} [[Category:1973 animatit films]] [[Category:1973 films]] [[Category:1970s American animatit films]] [[Category:1970s drama films]] [[Category:1970s fantasie films]] [[Category:1970s muisical films]] [[Category:American animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:American bairns' fantasie films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American muisical fantasie films]] [[Category:Animatit duos]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot ainimals]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot daith]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot freendship]] [[Category:Animatit films based on novelles]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Films aboot pigs]] [[Category:Films aboot speeders]] [[Category:Films based on American novelles]] [[Category:Films based on bairns' beuks]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Hanna-Barbera animatit films]] [[Category:Muisicals bi the Sherman Brothers]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures animatit films]] 2fn3fvlts7f96m1kotq8462w3ggmy06 10 61631 927496 926762 2026-11-09T22:24:15Z Monospaced 75295 Updatit Booker Prize item, wi winner as picture; COP31 openin 927496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{In the news/image | image = File:M John Harrison 2017 (A42SClp-9fI).jpg | width = | caption = M. John Harrison | title = | link = | border = | caption align = left }} *<!--Nov 9--> The Inglis writer [[M. John Harrison]] ''(picturt)'' wins the [[Booker Prize]] wi his novel ''[[The End of Everything (novel)|The End of Everything]]''. The Scots writer [[Douglas Stuart]], that wan in 2020, wis on the shortleet wi ''John of John'', set on [[Harris, Scotland|Harris]]. *<!--Nov 9--> The COP31 climate conference opens in [[Antalya]], [[Turkey]]. *<!--Nov 7--> Sax fowk are killed an 15 hurtit in a mass shootin in the Main Square o [[Kraków]], [[Poland]]. *<!--Nov 5--> The Preses o [[Paraguay]], Santiago Peña, is impeached, arrestit an replaced bi his Vice Preses, Pedro Alliana, in a bankin crisis. *<!--Nov 3--> In the [[Unitit States]], the [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic Pairty]] wins a majority in baith the [[Unitit States Hoose o Representatives|Hoose o Representatives]] an the [[Unitit States Senate|Senate]] in the midterm elections. *<!--Nov 1--> Kimi Antonelli becomes the youngest ever winner o the [[Formula Ane]] Warld Championship. *<!--Sep 15--> The first meenisters o [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] an [[Northren Ireland]], [[John Swinney]], [[Rhun ap Iorwerth]] an [[Michelle O'Neill]] respeckiv, meet in [[Cardiff]] tae '''[[2026 Cardiff Agreement|sign a Memorandum o Unnerstaunin]]''' tae assert the richt tae sel-determination as weel as wirk thegither on shared pairty policies. {{In the news/footer |nocurrenteventslink = {{{nocurrenteventslink|}}} |currentevents = *<!--1970 til nou--> [[Climate crisis]] *<!--2026 til nou--> [[US]]-[[Iran]] War *<!--2023 til nou--> [[Gaza-Israel War]] *<!--2023 til nou--> [[Sudan]]ese Civil War *<!--2023 til nou--> [[Kivu]] War *<!--2014 til nou--> [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] |recentdeaths = <!-- "Recent deaths" gangs here. Uise * wiki list format. Aye stert on a new line an end wi a linebreak. Dinnae leave a blank line atween items. --> *<!--Oct 28--> [[Patrick Stewart]], Inglis actor *<!--Oct 22--> [[Yasuo Fukuda]], Japanese politician, Prime Meenister o Japan (2007–2008) }} <noinclude> {{active editnotice}} {{documentation}} </noinclude> 9vmftk8jdjp9yga80tw5i5h5dfntgza 0 62567 927694 918262 2026-11-10T04:01:07Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 addit stub tag 927694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |settlement_type = Toun |official_name = El Piñón |nickname = |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Colombia - Magdalena - El Piñón.svg |mapsize = 200px |map_caption = Location o the municipality an toun o El Piñón in the Depairtment o Magdalena. |subdivision_type = [[Kintra]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Natural regions o Colombie|Region]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Depairtments o Colombie|Depairtment]] |subdivision_name = [[Colombie]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Caribbean Natural Region, Colombie|Caribbean]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Magdalena, Colombie|Magdalena]] |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = |established_title = Foundation |established_date = 1760 |area_magnitude = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |population_as_of = 2005 |population_note = <ref>[http://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2005/regiones/magdalena/el_pinon.pdf {{es icon}} DANE 2005 Census: El Piñón]</ref> |population_total = 16684 |population_metro = |population_urban = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |timezone = |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |website = <br>[http://elpinon-magdalena.gov.co/sitio.shtml www.elpinon-magdalena.gov.co] |footnotes = }} '''El Piñón''' is a toun an municipality o the [[Colombie]] [[Depairtments o Colombie|Depairtment]] o [[Magdalena, Colombie|Magdalena]]. Offeecially foondit in 1760 bi [[Francisco Sayas]], [[Ignacio Crespo]], [[Vicente De la Hoz]] an ithers. On 20 Apryle 1915 wis proclaimit a municipality. Its economy is based on [[agricultur]] an [[fermin]]. Its main tourist attraction is the [[Iglesia San Pedro Mártir]] (Saunt Peter the Martir Kirk) an the Ave Maria Monument. The toun celebrates [[carnivals in Colombie|carnivals]], the [[Saunt Peter o Verona]] Day in Apryle, El Milagroso in September, the Unedited Song Festival an the Decimates Festival. ==Corregimientos== *Campoalegre *Cantagallar *Carreto *Playón de Orozco *Sabanas *San Basilio *Tío Gollo *Veranillo *Vásquez ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{es icon}}[http://elpinon-magdalena.gov.co/sitio.shtml El Piñón offeecial wabsteid]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928060316/http://elpinon-magdalena.gov.co/sitio.shtml |date=2007-09-28 }} *{{es icon}}[http://www.gobmagdalena.gov.co/elpinon.htm Gobernacion del Magdalena - El Piñón] {{Municipalities magdalena depairtment}}{{Stub/SoothAmericae}}{{DEFAULTSORT:El Pinon}} [[Category:Municipalities o Magdalena, Colombie]] [[Category:Populatit places in Magdalena, Colombie]] gt97jpttp85xvwi0sg1t143enoulhup 0 62727 927616 803561 2026-11-10T01:54:28Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Sapindales | image = Acer-negundo-total.JPG | image_caption = Manitoba maple (''Acer negundo'') | authority = Dumortier | subdivision_ranks = Faimilies | subdivision = See text }} '''Sapindales''' {{IPAc-en|s|æ|p|ᵻ|n|ˈ|d|eɪ|l|iː|z}} is an order o [[Flouerin plant|flouerin plants]] that spread oot intae mony new forms in the mid-[[Cretaceous]].<ref name="Joyce 2023">{{cite journal |last1=Joyce |first1=Elizabeth M. |last2=Appelhans |first2=Marc S. |last3=Buerki |first3=Sven |last4=Cheek |first4=Martin |last5=de Vos |first5=Jurriaan M. |last6=Pirani |first6=José R. |last7=Zuntini |first7=Alexandre R. |last8=Bachelier |first8=Julien B. |last9=Bayly |first9=Michael J. |last10=Callmander |first10=Martin W. |last11=Devecchi |first11=Marcelo F. |last12=Pell |first12=Susan K. |last13=Groppo |first13=Milton |last14=Lowry |first14=Porter P. |last15=Mitchell |first15=John |last16=Siniscalchi |first16=Carolina M. |last17=Munzinger |first17=Jérôme |last18=Orel |first18=Harvey K. |last19=Pannell |first19=Caroline M. |last20=Nauheimer |first20=Lars |last21=Sauquet |first21=Hervé |last22=Weeks |first22=Andrea |last23=Muellner-Riehl |first23=Alexandra N. |last24=Leitch |first24=Ilia J. |last25=Maurin |first25=Olivier |last26=Forest |first26=Félix |last27=Nargar |first27=Katharina |last28=Thiele |first28=Kevin R. |last29=Baker |first29=William J. |last30=Crayn |first30=Darren M. |display-authors=6 |title=Phylogenomic analyses of Sapindales support new family relationships, rapid Mid-Cretaceous Hothouse diversification, and heterogeneous histories of gene duplication |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=14 |date=7 March 2023 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2023.1063174 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Weel-kent plants in the Sapindales are [[citrus]]; [[maple]]s, [[sumac]], horse-chestnuts, [[lychee]]s an rambutans; mangoes an cashews; frankincense an myrrh; mahogany an neem; an [[pistachio]] forby.{{cn|date=June 2026}} [[File:Sapindales phylogeny.jpg|alt=Phylogeny o the Sapindales|thumb|434x434px|The Sapindales an the orders nearest them, follaein the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV system (2016)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Byng|last2=Chase|last3=Christenhusz|last4=Judd |display-authors=etal |year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|pages=1–20|doi=10.1111/boj.12385|doi-access=free}}</ref>]] The APG III system o 2009 pits the order in the clade malvids (within the [[rosids]], within the [[eudicots]]), wi thir nine faimilies:<ref name=APG3>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Placing Biebersteiniaceae, a herbaceous clade of Sapindales, in a temporal and geographic context | journal = Plant Systematics and Evolution | year = 2007 | first = A. N. | last = Muellner |author2=D. D. Vassiliades |author3=S. S. Renner | volume = 266 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 233–252| doi = 10.1007/s00606-007-0546-x| bibcode = 2007PSyEv.266..233M | url =http://www.umsl.edu/~renners/Biebersteinia_PSE_2007.pdf| s2cid = 6400337 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | last = Stevens | first = P.F.| title = Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 [and more or less continuously updated since].| publisher = Missouri Botanical Garden| date = 2001{{ndash}}2008 | url = http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/}}</ref> * [[Anacardiaceae]] * Biebersteiniaceae * Burseraceae * Kirkiaceae * Meliaceae * Nitrariaceae (includin Peganaceae an Tetradiclidaceae) * [[Rutaceae]] * [[Sapindaceae]] * Simaroubaceae The APG II system o 2003 left it open tae split aff the faimilies that are nou pairt o the Nitrariaceae. In the classification system o Rolf Dahlgren, the Rutaceae were pit in the order Rutales, in the superorder Rutiflorae (or Rutanae). The Cronquist system o 1981 drew the order's bounds a bit differently, wi thir faimilies: * Staphyleaceae * Melianthaceae * Bretschneideraceae * Akaniaceae * [[Sapindaceae]] * Hippocastanaceae * Aceraceae * Burseraceae * [[Anacardiaceae]] * Julianiaceae * Simaroubaceae * Cneoraceae * Meliaceae * [[Rutaceae]] * Zygophyllaceae The difference frae the APG III system isnae as muckle as it micht look. The plants in the faimilies Aceraceae an Hippocastanaceae bide in this order unner APG III, baith pairt o the faimily Sapindaceae. The species that nou mak up the Nitrariaceae in APG III were in this order in the Cronquist system an aw, as pairt o the Zygophyllaceae. Thae that are nou in the Kirkiaceae were pairt o the Simaroubaceae. ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} == Bibliography == {{Commons category}} {{Wikispecies}} * {{cite book|last1=Pell|first1=Susan Katherine|title=Molecular systematics of the cashew family (Anacardiaceae)|date=May 2004|publisher=Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University|url=http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-04152004-101232/unrestricted/Pell_dis.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821121314/http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-04152004-101232/unrestricted/Pell_dis.pdf|archive-date=2008-08-21|format=PhD thesis}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q26316}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Sapindales| ]] [[Category:Angiosperm orders]] {{Stub/Plaunt}} 3i1x1flqnlc9qn9rhkbfvnkiruytuj8 0 63189 927358 924285 2026-11-09T15:35:40Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; humans an disease addit, soorced 927358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Bacteria | fossil_range = {{Long fossil range|3800|0|[[Archean]] or earlier&nbsp;– [[Holocene|present]]}} | image = E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg | image_caption = Scannin electron micrograph o ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' rods | taxon = Bacteria | authority = Woese, Kandler & Wheelis, 1990<ref name="Woese">{{cite journal |vauthors=Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML | title = Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 87 | issue = 12 | pages = 4576–9 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2112744 | pmc = 54159 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 | bibcode = 1990PNAS...87.4576W }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Phyla<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |title=Bacteria (eubacteria) |accessdate=10 September 2008 |work=Taxonomy Browser, US National Institute of Health}}</ref> | subdivision = *'''Gram positive / na ooter membrane''' Actinobacteria (heich-G+C)<br /> [[Firmicutes]] (law-G+C)<br /> Tenericutes (na waw) *'''Gram negative / ooter membrane present''' Aquificae<br/> Bacteroidetes/Fibrobacteres–Chlorobi (FCB&nbsp;group)<br/> Deinococcus-Thermus<br/> Fusobacteria<br /> Gemmatimonadetes<br /> Nitrospirae<br /> Planctomycetes–Verrucomicrobia/Chlamydiae (PVC&nbsp;group)<br/> [[Proteobacteria]]<br /> Spirochaetes<br /> Synergistetes *'''Unkent / ungroupit''' Acidobacteria<br /> Chloroflexi<br /> Chrysiogenetes<br /> [[Cyanobacteria]]<br /> Deferribacteres<br /> Dictyoglomi<br /> Thermodesulfobacteria<br /> Thermotogae | synonyms = Eubacteria <small>Woese & Fox, 1977</small><ref name=Woese1977>{{cite journal |vauthors=Woese CR, Fox GE | title = Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 74 | issue = 11 | pages = 5088–90 | year = 1977 | pmid = 270744 | pmc = 432104 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088 | bibcode = 1977PNAS...74.5088W }}</ref> }} '''Bacteria''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-bacteria.ogg|b|æ|k|ˈ|t|ɪər|i|ə}}; ''singular'': '''bacterium''') are a muckle domain or kinrick o [[prokaryotic]] [[microorganism]]s, maistly free-livin an aften makkit o a single cell. Ordinarly a few micrometres lang, thay hae a wide range o shapes, frae spheres tae rods an spirals. Bacteria war amang the first forms o life tae appear on [[Yird|Earth]], an thay bide in the air, sile, watter, acidic het springs, radioactive waste,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fredrickson JK |title=Geomicrobiology of high-level nuclear waste-contaminated vadose sediments at the Hanford site, Washington state |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-and-environmental-microbiology_2004-07_70_7/page/4230 |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=70 |issue=7 |pages=4230–41 |year=2004 |pmid=15240306 |pmc=444790 |doi=10.1128/AEM.70.7.4230-4241.2004 |author2=Zachara JM |author3=Balkwill DL |display-authors=3 |last4=Kennedy |first4=D. |last5=Li |first5=S.-m. W. |last6=Kostandarithes |first6=H. M. |last7=Daly |first7=M. J. |last8=Romine |first8=M. F. |last9=Brockman |first9=F. J.}}</ref> an the deep pairts o [[Crust (geology)|Yird's crust]]. Bacteria live in an on plants an ainimals an aw (see [[symbiosis]]), an hae thriven in crewed space vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2007/11may_locad3/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-04 |archive-date=2017-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214033104/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2007/11may_locad3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lik aw ainimals, humans cairy vast nummers o bacteria (aboot 10¹³ tae 10¹⁴), maistly in the gut, tho there are monie on the skin an aw.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sender |first1=Ron |last2=Fuchs |first2=Shai |last3=Milo |first3=Ron |title=Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body |journal=PLOS Biology |date=19 August 2016 |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=e1002533 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533 |pmc=4991899 |pmid=27541692 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Maist o them are hermless, but some species cause infectious diseases sic as [[cholera]], [[syphilis]], [[anthrax]], [[leprosy]], [[tuberculosis]], [[tetanus]] an [[bubonic plague]]. The study o bacteria is cried bacteriology, a branch o [[microbiology]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q10876}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Bacteria| ]] [[Category:Bacteriology]] [[Category:Domains (biology)|Bacteria]] [[Category:Microscopic organisms descrived bi Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] [[Category:1670s in science]] mb0rglj9jvj6p2dgvg3tl7ctl3mtubc 0 63201 927434 884769 2026-11-09T19:59:07Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; hale article owerset frae en: uises, chemistry, occurrence an production, wi a new chembox 927434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chembox |Verifiedfields = changed |Watchedfields = changed |verifiedrevid = 477002432 |ImageFile = Selpologne.jpg |ImageCaption = Sodium chloride crystals in the form o [[halite]] |ImageFile1 = NaCl bonds.svg |ImageCaption1 = Crystal structur, wi sodium in purpie an chloride in green<ref>{{cite web |url=https://physicsopenlab.org/2018/01/22/sodium-chloride-nacl-crystal/ |title=Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Crystal |publisher=PhysicsOpenLab |access-date=23 August 2021 |archive-date=8 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208141132/https://physicsopenlab.org/2018/01/22/sodium-chloride-nacl-crystal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |IUPACName = Sodium chloride |OtherNames = {{unbulleted list | common saut, ordinar saut | halite, rock saut | table saut, sea saut | saline }} |Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |CASNo = 7647-14-5 |CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |PubChem = 5234 |UNII = 451W47IQ8X |UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |EINECS = 231-598-3 |KEGG = D02056 |KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} |MeSHName = Sodium+chloride |ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} |ChEBI = 26710 |ChEMBL = 1200574 |ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} |RTECS = VZ4725000 |Beilstein = 3534976 |Gmelin = 13673 |SMILES = [Na+].[Cl-] |StdInChI = 1S/ClH.Na/h1H;/q;+1/p-1 |StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |InChI = 1/ClH.Na/h1H;/q;+1/p-1 |StdInChIKey = FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M |StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |InChIKey = FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-REWHXWOFAE |ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |ChemSpiderID = 5044 }} |Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |Formula = NaCl |Na=1|Cl=1 |MolarMassUnit = g·mol^-1<ref name="crc">Haynes, 4.89</ref> |Appearance = Colourless cubic crystals<ref name=crc/> |Odor = Faint an sauty (when pouthert), or nane (solid [[halite|rock]]) |Density = 2.17 g/cm³<ref name=crc/> |MeltingPtC = 800.7 |MeltingPt_ref=<ref name=crc/> |BoilingPtC = 1413 |BoilingPt_ref=<ref name=crc/> |Solubility = 360 g/L (25&nbsp;°C)<ref name=crc/> |Solvent1 = ammonia |Solubility1 = 21.5 g/L |Solvent2 = methanol |Solubility2 = 13.75 g/L |RefractIndex = 1.5441 (at 589 nm)<ref>Haynes, 10.241</ref> |MagSus = −30.2·10⁻⁶ cm³/mol<ref>Haynes, 4.135</ref> }} |Section3 = {{Chembox Structure |Structure_ref =<ref>Haynes, 4.148</ref> |CrystalStruct = Face-centred cubic<br>(''see text''), cF8 |SpaceGroup = Fm{{overline|3}}m (No. 225) |LattConst_a = 564.02 pm |UnitCellFormulas = 4 |Coordination = octahedral at Na⁺<br>octahedral at Cl⁻ }} |Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry |Thermochemistry_ref =<ref>Haynes, 5.8</ref> |DeltaHf = −411.120 kJ/mol |Entropy = 72.10 J/(K·mol) |HeatCapacity = 50.5 J/(K·mol) }} |Section5 = {{Chembox Pharmacology |ATCCode_prefix = A12 |ATCCode_suffix = CA01 |ATC_Supplemental = {{ATC|B05|CB01}}, {{ATC|B05|XA03}}, {{ATC|S01|XA03}} }} |Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards |NFPA-H = 0 |NFPA-F = 0 |NFPA-R = 0 |LD50 = 3 g/kg (oral, rattons)<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Tucker | first1=R. K. | last2=Haegele | first2=M. A. | title=Comparative acute oral toxicity of pesticides to six species of birds | journal=Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology | volume=20 | issue=1 | date=1971 | issn=0041-008X | pmid=5110827 | doi=10.1016/0041-008x(71)90088-3 | pages=57–65| bibcode=1971ToxAP..20...57T }}</ref> }} |Section7 = {{Chembox Related |OtherAnions = Sodium fluoride<br>Sodium bromide<br>Sodium iodide<br>Sodium astatide |OtherCations = Lithium chloride<br>Potassium chloride<br>Rubidium chloride<br>Caesium chloride<br>Francium chloride }} }} '''Sodium chloride''' is an ionic compound wi the [[chemical formula]] '''NaCl''', that is, [[sodium]] an chloride ions in the ratio 1:1.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Salt: A Common Ionic Compound|url=https://mhcc.pressbooks.pub/chemfoodcooking/chapter/salt-a-common-ionic-compound/|url-status=live|access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref> It is transparent or translucent, brittle an hygroscopic, an it occurs as the [[Meeneral|mineral]] [[halite]]. In its edible form, common table [[saut]], it is commonly uised as a condiment an tae preserve food. Muckle quantities o sodium chloride are uised in monie industrial processes, an it is a major soorce o sodium an [[chlorine]] compounds that are uised as feedstocks for further chemical synthesis. Anither major uise o sodium chloride is de-icin roads in wather ablo freezin. == Uises == Forby the monie hoosehauld uises o saut that are weel kent, the main uises o the aboot 250 million tonnes produced ilka year (2008 figures) are chemicals an de-icin.<ref name="Ullmann">Westphal, Gisbert ''et al.'' (2002) "Sodium Chloride" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a24_317.pub4}}.</ref> === Chemicals === Saut is uised, directly or indirectly, in the production o monie chemicals, an this taks the maist o the warld's production.<ref name="usgs">{{cite web |last=Kostick |first=Dennis S. |date=October 2010 |url=https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/salt/myb1-2008-salt.pdf |title=Salt |website=U.S. Geological Survey, 2008 Minerals Yearbook |access-date=4 May 2011 |archive-date=1 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701203025/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/salt/myb1-2008-salt.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the stairtin pynt o the chloralkali process, the industrial process that produces [[chlorine]] an [[sodium hydroxide]]. In the Solvay process, sodium chloride is uised tae produce [[sodium carbonate]] an [[calcium]] chloride. Sodium carbonate in its turn is uised tae produce [[gless]], sodium bicarbonate an dyes, an a great nummer o ither chemicals. In the Mannheim process, sodium chloride is uised in the production o sodium sulphate an [[hydrochloric acid]]. === Ither industrial uises === Sodium chloride is uised in that muckle quantities that even uises o less importance can tak a great deal o it. In the search for [[Petroleum|ile]] an natural gas, saut is an important pairt o the fluids uised in drillin wells.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Caenn |first1=Ryen |title=Composition and properties of drilling and completion fluids |last2=Darley |first2=H. C. H. |last3=Gray |first3=George Robert |last4=Gray |first4=George Robert |date=2011 |publisher=Gulf Professional Pub |isbn=978-0-12-383858-2 |edition=6th |location=Amsterdam ; Boston, MA}}</ref> In textiles an dyein, saut is uised as a brine rinse tae separate organic contaminants,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Partal |first1=Recep |last2=Basturk |first2=Irfan |last3=Murat Hocaoglu |first3=Selda |last4=Baban |first4=Ahmet |last5=Yilmaz |first5=Ecem |date=2022 |title=Recovery of water and reusable salt solution from reverse osmosis brine in textile industry: A case study |journal=Water Resources and Industry |language=en |volume=27 |at=100174 |doi=10.1016/j.wri.2022.100174 |bibcode=2022WRI....2700174P |doi-access=free }}</ref> an ane o its main roles is tae gie a positive ionic chairge that helps the dyes' negative ions tae be absorbed.<ref name=usgs/> In tannin, saut is addit tae beasts' hides tae haud back microbes on the unner side o the hides, an tae draw moisture back intae them.<ref name=usgs/> === Saftenin watter === Hard watter contains [[calcium]] an [[magnesium]] ions that interfere wi the action o [[saip]], an that build up a scale o alkaline mineral deposits in hoosehauld an industrial equipment an pipes. Watter-saftenin units in hooses an businesses uise ion-exchange resins tae tak oot the ions that cause the hardness. Thir resins are generatit an regeneratit wi sodium chloride.<ref name=usgs/><ref name=Ullmann/> === Road saut === [[File:Winter road salt.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Heaps o road saut for uise in the winter]] The second major uise o saut is for de-icin roads, an for stoppin ice formin on them. Afore snaw comes, roads are best "anti-iced" wi brine (a strang solution o saut in [[watter]]), which stops the snaw an ice bindin tae the road surface. Saut or brine stops warkin ablo {{convert|−10|°C|0}}. Saut for de-icin in the [[Unitit Kinrick]] comes maistly frae a single mine in Winsford in [[Cheshire]]. In the US, a byproduct o succar-beet processin wis mixed wi rock saut, an it stuck tae road surfaces aboot 40% better than loose rock saut alane.<ref name=usgs/> Road saut ends up in fresh watter, an it coud harm plants an beasts that bide in the watter bi disruptin the wey they control their saut an watter balance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rastogi |first=Nina Shen |date=2010-02-16 |title=Salting the Earth |language=en-US |work=Slate |url=https://slate.com/technology/2010/02/does-road-salt-harm-the-environment.html |access-date=2023-03-11 |issn=1091-2339 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162816/https://slate.com/technology/2010/02/does-road-salt-harm-the-environment.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On heich roads, saut haes been linked wi the corrosion o brig decks, motor vehicles, reinforcin bar an wire, an unprotectit steel structures. Rin-aff, spray frae vehicles an saut blawn bi the wind affect the sile, plants at the roadside, an local surface watter an grund watter forby.<ref name=usgs/> Some agencies are uisin [[beer]], molasses an [[Beetraw|beetroot]] juice insteid o road saut.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-01-salt-solution-winter-dangers-threatens.html |author=Casey, Michael |title=Turning to beet juice and beer to address road salt danger |website=phys.org |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129122230/https://phys.org/news/2018-01-salt-solution-winter-dangers-threatens.html |url-status=live }}</ref> === Food === Saut is addit tae food, either bi the producer or bi the consumer, tae gie it mair flavour, tae preserve it, tae bind it, tae control fermentation an texture, an tae bring oot its colour. As a preservative, saut hauds back the growth o bacteria. In [[sausage]]s it binds the meat, fat an moisture thegither intae a gel.<ref name=usgs/> Saut wis an effective wey o preservin food in the past, acause monie [[microorganism]]s cannae live in a sauty environment: osmosis draws the watter oot o their cells. For this reason, saut is uised tae preserve some foods, sic as bacon, fish an kail. In bakin, saut is addit tae control hou fast the breid dough ferments.<ref name=usgs/> === Medicine === Sodium chloride mixed wi watter is ane o the main solutions uised in intravenous therapy. Nasal sprays aften contain a saline solution. Sodium chloride can be taen as a tablet bi the mooth an aw, tae treat law levels o sodium.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sodium Chloride for oral solution |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/19276-sodium-chloride-tablets |website=Cleveland Clinic |access-date=March 9, 2024 |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309051026/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/19276-sodium-chloride-tablets |url-status=live }}</ref> === Fechtin fires === [[File:Metlx.jpg|thumb|upright|A class-D fire extinguisher for different metals]] Sodium chloride is the main agent in dry-pouder fire extinguishers that are uised on fires o burnin metals, sic as magnesium, zirconium, titanium an lithium (Class D extinguishers). The saut forms a crust that keeps the oxygen oot an smoors the fire.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bagot |first1=Keith |last2=Subbotin |first2=Nicholas |last3=Kalberer |first3=Jennifer |title=Evaluation of a New Liquid Fire-Extinguishing Agent for Combustible Metal Fires |url=http://www.tc.faa.gov/its/worldpac/techrpt/artn06-26.pdf |website=Federal Aviation Administration |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation |date=November 2006 |access-date=1 May 2024 |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502071206/https://www.tc.faa.gov/its/worldpac/techrpt/artn06-26.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> === Infrared optics === Sodium chloride crystals let throu at least 90% (throu 1&nbsp;mm) o infrared licht wi wavelengths atween 0.2 an 18&nbsp;μm.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Waynant |first1=Ronald W. |last2=Ediger |first2=Marwood N. |title=Electro-optics Handbook |chapter=Chapter 11: Optical Materials: Visible and Infrared |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing |publication-place=New York |date=2000 |isbn=0-07-068716-1 |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=1d1e91eee8d9531a5744405441940c50d7a69dde |page=11.20 |access-date=1 May 2024 |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501190105/https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=1d1e91eee8d9531a5744405441940c50d7a69dde |url-status=live }}</ref> They were uised in optical pairts sic as windaes an lenses, whaur there were few ither materials that didnae absorb licht in that range. == Chemistry == [[File:NaCl octahedra.svg|thumb|NaCl octahedra. The yellae dots shaw the electrostatic force atween ions o opposite chairge.]] === Solid sodium chloride === In solid sodium chloride, ilka ion is surroondit bi sax ions o the opposite chairge, as wid be expectit on electrostatic grunds. The surroondin ions lie at the corners o a regular octahedron. The lairger chloride ions (167 pm in size<ref name="Shannon">{{cite journal |doi=10.1107/S0567739476001551 |title=Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides |author=R. D. Shannon |journal=Acta Crystallogr A |volume=32 |issue=5 |year=1976 |pages=751–767 |bibcode=1976AcCrA..32..751S |doi-access=}}</ref>) are laid oot in a cubic array, an the smawer [[sodium]] ions (116 pm<ref name=Shannon/>) fill aa the cubic gaps atween them. This same basic structur is foond in monie ither compounds, an it is commonly kent as the NaCl structur or the rock saut crystal structur. Solid sodium chloride melts at 801&nbsp;°C, an liquid sodium chloride biles at 1465&nbsp;°C. Video imagin in real time at the scale o atoms lets the first stage o the crystal formin be seen.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nakamuro |first1=Takayuki |last2=Sakakibara |first2=Masaya |last3=Nada |first3=Hiroki |last4=Harano |first4=Koji |last5=Nakamura |first5=Eiichi |year=2021 |title=Capturing the Moment of Emergence of Crystal Nucleus from Disorder |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=143 |issue=4 |pages=1763–1767 |doi=10.1021/jacs.0c12100 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2021JAChS.143.1763N }}</ref> Frae cauld solutions ablo freezin, saut crystallises wi watter o hydration as hydrohalite (the dihydrate NaCl·2H₂O).<ref>Water-NaCl phase diagram. Lide, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86 ed (2005-2006), CRC pages 8-71, 8-116</ref> In 2023, it wis discovert that unner [[pressur]], sodium chloride can form the hydrates NaCl·8.5H₂O an NaCl·13H₂O.<ref>{{cite news |last1=University of Washington |title=Newly discovered form of salty ice could exist on surface of extraterrestrial moons |url=https://phys.org/news/2023-02-newly-salty-ice-surface-extraterrestrial.html |agency=Phys.org |access-date=21 February 2023 |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221035605/https://phys.org/news/2023-02-newly-salty-ice-surface-extraterrestrial.html |url-status=live }}</ref> === Solutions in watter === The attraction atween the Na⁺ an Cl⁻ ions in the solid is that strang that only highly polar solvents sic as watter dissolve NaCl weel. When it dissolves in watter, the sodium chloride framewark braks up as the Na⁺ an Cl⁻ ions are surroondit bi polar watter molecules. The chloride ions are strangly solvatit an aw, ilka ane surroondit bi sax molecules o watter on average.<ref name="Lincoln">Lincoln, S. F.; Richens, D. T. and Sykes, A. G. (2003) "Metal Aqua Ions" Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II Volume 1, pp. 515–555. {{doi|10.1016/B0-08-043748-6/01055-0}}.</ref> Solutions o sodium chloride hae verra different properties frae pure watter. The eutectic pynt is {{convert|−21.12|C|F}} for 23.31% saut bi mass, an the bilin pynt o a saturatit saut solution is near {{convert|108.7|C|F}}.<ref name="u1">Elvers, B. ''et al.'' (ed.) (1991) ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry'', 5th ed. Vol. A24, Wiley, p. 319, {{ISBN|978-3-527-20124-2}}.</ref> == Occurrence == Saut is foond in the [[Yird]]'s crust as the mineral [[halite]] (rock saut), an a smaw amoont exists as particles o sea saut hingin in the atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Finlayson-Pitts |first1=Barbara J. |last2=Hemminger |first2=John C. |date=2000-12-01 |title=Physical Chemistry of Airborne Sea Salt Particles and Their Components |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jp002968n |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry A |language=en |volume=104 |issue=49 |pages=11463–11477 |doi=10.1021/jp002968n |bibcode=2000JPCA..10411463F |issn=1089-5639 |access-date=20 July 2024 |archive-date=7 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507060612/https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jp002968n |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Faur oot at sea, thir particles are the main nuclei that let [[Clood|cloods]] form in air that is itherwise no pollutit.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mason |first=B. J. |date=2006 |title=The role of sea-salt particles as cloud condensation nuclei over the remote oceans |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=127 |issue=576 |pages=2023–32 |bibcode=2001QJRMS.127.2023M |doi=10.1002/qj.49712757609 |s2cid=121846285}}</ref> == Production == [[File:Salt mine 0096.jpg|thumb|A modren rock saut mine near Mount Morris, New York, in the Unitit States]] Saut is noo mass-produced bi the evaporation o [[seawatter]], or o brine frae brine wells an saut lochs. The minin o rock saut is a major soorce an aw. Cheenae is the warld's main supplier o saut.<ref name=usgs/> In 2017, warld production wis estimatit at 280 million tonnes. The tap five producers (in million tonnes) were Cheenae (68.0), the Unitit States (43.0), Indie (26.0), Germany (13.0) an Canadae (13.0).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/salt/mcs-2018-salt.pdf |title=Salt |website=U.S. Geological Survey, 2018 Mineral Commodity Summaries |first=Wallace P. |last=Bolen |date=January 2018 |access-date=22 September 2018 |archive-date=22 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922124729/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/salt/mcs-2018-salt.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Saut is a byproduct o [[potassium]] minin an aw. == References == {{Reflist}} == Soorces citit == * {{cite book |title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |title-link=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |publisher=CRC Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1439855119 |editor-last=Haynes |editor-first=William M. |edition=92nd}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sodium Chloride}} [[Category:Sodium compoonds]] [[Category:Chlorides]] [[Category:Metal halides]] [[Category:Warld Heal Organisation essential medicines]] mee gbwjhky8kl3ln76413k7u8qvniryv2f 0 63981 927529 854213 2026-11-09T23:57:24Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 addit stub tag 927529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Bahía de Cádiz | native_name = | native_name_lang = es | settlement_type = [[Comarcas o Andalusie|Comarca]] | image_skyline = Playa de la Puntilla con el espigón de fondo en bajamar (El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz).JPG | image_alt = | image_caption = La Puntilla Beach, in El Puerto de Santa María | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Bahía de Cádiz Comarca.png | map_alt = | map_caption = Location in the Province o Cádiz. | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Spain}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|Autonomous commonty]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Andalusie]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Spain|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Province o Cádiz|Cádiz]] | seat_type = [[Caipital (poleetical)|Caipital]] | seat = [[Cádiz]] | parts_type = Municipalities | parts_style = list | p1 = [[Cádiz]], [[Chiclana de la Frontera]], [[El Puerto de Santa María]], [[Puerto Real]], [[San Fernando, Cádiz|San Fernando]] | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 607 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 417924 | population_as_of = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | blank_name_sec1 = [[Leet o municipalities o Spain|Lairgest municipality]] | blank_info_sec1 = [[Cádiz]] | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = [[Leet o postal codes in Spain|Postal code]] | postal_code = | area_code_type = [[Telephone nummers in Spain|Dialin code]] | area_code = | website = | footnotes = }} The '''Bay o Cádiz''' is a [[comarca]] (coonty, but wi nae admeenistrative role) in the [[province o Cádiz]], [[Andalusie]], soothren [[Spain]]. It is componit o five municipalities: [[Cádiz]], [[Chiclana de la Frontera]], [[El Puerto de Santa María]], [[Puerto Réal]], an [[San Fernando, Cádiz|San Fernando]]. == Freemit airtins == *[http://www.cmtbc.com/ Consorcio de Transportes Bahía de Cádiz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724093128/http://www.cmtbc.com/ |date=2008-07-24 }} *[http://www.bahiadecadiz.es/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Comarcas o Andalusie}} {{coord missing|Spain}} {{Stub/Spain}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bay o Cadiz (comarca)}} [[Category:Comarcas o the Province o Cádiz]] ghn6rby0qpur417zroxs3cjtm0pcjll 0 64414 927506 894175 2026-11-09T22:52:54Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; hale new text frae en, wi a fu lead an short soorced sections on his life, navy service, career an daith 927506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Humphrey Bogart | image = Humphrey Bogart by Elmer Fryer (cropped).jpg | caption = Bogart in 1937 | birth_name = Humphrey DeForest Bogart | birth_date = {{birth date|1899|12|25|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[New York Ceety]], US | death_date = {{death date and age|1957|01|14|1899|12|25|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie|California]], US | resting_place = Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California | occupation = Actor | years_active = 1921–1956 | spouse = {{plainlist}} * {{marriage|Helen Menken|1926|1927|end=div}} * {{marriage|Mary Philips|1928|1937|end=div}} * {{marriage|Mayo Methot|1938|1945|end=div}} * {{marriage|[[Lauren Bacall]]|1945}} {{endplainlist}} | children = 2, amang them Stephen Humphrey Bogart | parents = {{plainlist}} * Belmont DeForest Bogart * Maud Humphrey {{endplainlist}} | signature = Humphrey Bogart signature.svg }} '''Humphrey DeForest Bogart''' (25 December 1899 – 14 Januar 1957), kent as '''Bogie''', wis an American actor.<ref>Obituary ''Variety'', January 16, 1957.</ref> He wis aften kent for his leadin roles as baith gangsters an detectives in film noir, an his performances in the classic Hollywood cinema makkit him an American cultural icon.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sragow |first=Michael |title=How One Role Made Bogart Into an Icon |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 16, 2000 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/16/movies/spring-films-revivals-how-one-role-made-bogart-into-an-icon.html |access-date=February 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=variety100&content=jump&jump=icon&articleID=VR1117930697 "100 Icons of the Century – Humphrey Bogart."] ''Variety'', October 16, 2005. Retrieved: February 22, 2009.</ref> He wan an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]], an in 1960 he wis honoured wi a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Bogart stairtit his career on the stage, an his debut on Broadway wis in 1922. He acted in 16 plays, aften in supportin roles, an regularly played gangsters. He wis praised for his wark in the play ''The Petrified Forest'' (1936). His first feature film wis the pre-Code film ''A Devil with Women'' (1930), an his early roles includit the dramas ''Dead End'' (1937), ''Angels with Dirty Faces'' (1938) an ''Dark Victory'' (1939). He rose tae stardom in 1941, wi leadin roles in twa film noirs: a career criminal in ''High Sierra'', an Sam Spade in ''The Maltese Falcon''. He gaed on tae win the Oscar for Best Actor for his pairt as a roch steamboat captain in the adventure film ''The African Queen'' (1951). He wis nominatit for an Oscar for playin a nichtclub awner in the romantic drama ''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]'' (1942), an an unstable captain in the militar drama ''The Caine Mutiny'' (1954). Bogart established himsel further as a leadin man in films sic as ''The Treasure of the Sierra Madre'' (1948), ''In a Lonely Place'' (1950), ''Sabrina'' an ''The Barefoot Contessa'' (baith 1954). He acted forby opposite [[Lauren Bacall]] in ''To Have and Have Not'' (1944), ''The Big Sleep'' (1946), ''Dark Passage'' (1947) an ''Key Largo'' (1948). His last film role wis in the boxin drama ''The Harder They Fall'' (1956). Bogart wis mairit fower times, an his wife frae 1945 till his daith wis the actress Lauren Bacall. He wis a heavy smoker an drinker, an he deed o cancer o the oesophagus in Januar 1957. Bogart wis kent forby for his roles on the radio an the televeesion. He keepit his life private, an spak oot seldom, except as an opponent o the actions o the House Un-American Activities Committee in the 1950s. In 1999 the American Film Institute chose him as the greatest male star o classic American cinema.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.afi.com/100Years/stars.aspx| title=AFI'S 100 Years...100 Stars: AFI's 50 Greatest American Screen Legends| work =American Film Institute| access-date=March 15, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010155029/https://www.afi.com/100Years/stars.aspx| archive-date=October 10, 2018| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Sklar">{{cite book | first=Robert| last=Sklar| author-link=Robert Sklar| title=Film: An International History of the Medium| publisher=Thames and Hudson| location=London, England| date=1993| isbn=978-0-13-034049-8}}</ref> Fower o his films war named in the AFI's list o the 100 best films o aw time.<ref group="N">The films war ''Casablanca'', ''The Maltese Falcon'', ''The Treasure of the Sierra Madre'' an ''The African Queen'', wi ''Casablanca'' rankit second.</ref> == Early life == Humphrey DeForest Bogart wis born on [[Christmas|Christmas Day]] 1899 in Washington Heights, Manhattan, in [[New York Ceety]], the auldest bairn o Belmont DeForest Bogart an Maud Humphrey.<ref>''Ontario County Times'' birth announcement, January 10, 1900.</ref><ref>[http://www.snopes.com/movies/actors/bogart2.asp Birthday of Reckoning].</ref> His faither wis a [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] o Inglis an Dutch descent, an his mither an [[Episcopal Kirk (Unitit States)|Episcopalian]] o Inglis heritage. Humphrey wis brocht up as an Episcopalian, but didnae practise for maist o his adult life.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051027025747/http://www.adherents.com/people/pb/Humphrey_Bogart.html "The religious affiliation of Humphrey Bogart"]. Adherents.com. Retrieved: January 25, 2011.</ref> == Navy == Bogart jynt the [[Unitit States Navy]] in the spring o 1918, durin [[Warld War I]].<ref name=Meyers_p19>{{Harvnb|Meyers|1997|p=19.}}</ref> He left the service on 18 Juin 1919,<ref name=military.com>[https://www.military.com/veteran-jobs/career-advice/military-transition/famous-veteran-humphrey-bogart.html Famous Veteran: Humphrey Bogart.] Military.com. Retrieved April 16, 2021.</ref> wi the rank o Petty Officer 2nd Class.<ref name="Meyers_p19" /> Durin [[Warld War II]] he tried tae jyne the Navy again, but wis turned doun acause o his age. He then volunteered for the Coastal Picket Force in 1944, an patrolled the coast o California in his yacht, the ''Santana''.<ref name=uscg.mil>[https://www.history.uscg.mil/Browse-by-Topic/Notable-People/Celebrities-and-Famous-People/ Celebrities and Other Famous People: A list of people that once served in or were associated with the U.S. Coast Guard.] uscg.mil. Retrieved April 16, 2021.</ref> == Career == At the Fox Film Corporation he met [[Spencer Tracy]], an the twa men becam close freends. In 1930 Tracy first cried him "Bogie".<ref>"letter from Bogart to [[John Huston]]," displayed in the documentary ''John Huston: The Man, the Movies, the Maverick'' (1989).</ref> In 1934 Bogart starred in the Broadway play ''Invitation to a Murder''. Its producer, Arthur Hopkins, offered him the role o the escaped murderer Duke Mantee in Robert E. Sherwood's new play, ''The Petrified Forest''.<ref name="Sperber p.45">Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 45.</ref> ''High Sierra'' (1941) haed a screenplay written bi Bogart's freend [[John Huston]].<ref>Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 119.</ref> ''The Maltese Falcon'' (1941), nou regairdit as a classic film noir, wis the first film that Huston directit.<ref name=Meyers_p123>{{Harvnb|Meyers|1997|p=123.}}</ref> Bogart played his first romantic lead in ''Casablanca'' (1942), as Rick Blaine, an expatriate awner o a nichtclub.<ref>{{cite news|last=Crowther|first=Bosley|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1942/11/27/archives/casablanca-with-humphrey-bogart-and-ingrid-bergman-at-hollywood.html|title=''Casablanca,'' With Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman, at Hollywood – ''White Cargo'' and ''Ravaged Earth'' Open|work=The New York Times|date=November 27, 1942|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> His pairt as the crabbit skipper Charlie Allnut in ''The African Queen'' wan him the Oscar for Best Actor in 1951, the ainly win o his three nominations. He thocht it the best performance o his film career.<ref name=Meyers_p258>{{Harvnb|Meyers|1997|p=258.}}</ref> == Personal life == Howard Hawks introduced Bogart tae Lauren Bacall while Bogart wis filmin ''Passage to Marseille'' (1944).<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Barnes|first1=Mike|last2=Byrge|first2=Duane|date=August 12, 2014|title=Lauren Bacall, Hollywood's Icon of Cool, Dies at 89|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lauren-bacall-dead-hollywood-icon-719699|access-date=May 1, 2021|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en}}</ref> He an Bacall war mairit at Malabar Farm, near Lucas, Ohio, on 21 Mey 1945.<ref name="shickelbook">{{cite book|last =Shickel|first =Richard|title =Bogie: A Celebration of The Life and Films of Humphrey Bogart|publisher =Thomas Dunne|date =2006 |location =New York, NY|isbn =0-312-36629-9}}</ref> == Illness an daith == Bogart, a heavy smoker an drinker, haed developed cancer o the oesophagus bi 1955.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/01/15/archives/humphrey-bogart-57-dies-of-cancer-humphrey-bogart-is-dead-at-57.html |title=Humphrey Bogart, 57, Dies of Cancer |date=January 15, 1957 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=1 |access-date=December 8, 2025}}</ref> On 1 Mairch 1956 he haed surgery tae tak oot his oesophagus, twa lymph nodes an a rib. The surgery wis no successfu, an chemotherapy follaed.<ref>Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 510.</ref> He haed mair surgery in November 1956, whan the cancer haed spread.<ref name="shickelbook" /> Bogart wis cremated, an his ashes war interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.<ref name=Meyers_p315>{{Harvnb|Meyers|1997|p=315.}}</ref> == Legacy == The American Film Institute rankit his character Rick Blaine in ''Casablanca'' as the fowert greatest hero o American cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI's 100 YEARS…100 HEROES & VILLAINS|url=https://www.afi.com/afis-100-years-100-heroes-villians/|access-date=2026-11-03|website=American Film Institute|language=en}}</ref> == References == === Notes === {{reflist|group=N}} === Citations === {{Reflist|20em}} === Bibliography === {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book| last=Meyers| first=Jeffrey| title=Bogart: A Life in Hollywood| year=1997| publisher=Andre Deutsch| location=London| isbn=978-0-395-77399-4| url=https://archive.org/details/bogartlifeinholl00meye}} * Sperber, A. M. and Eric Lax. ''Bogart''. New York: William Morrow & Co., 1997. {{ISBN|0-688-07539-8}}. {{Refend}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons|Humphrey Bogart}} * {{IBDB name|32377}} * {{IMDb name|7}} * [http://www.humphreybogart.com/ Humphrey Bogart Offeecial Wabsteid] * {{Amg name|7027}} * {{tcmdb name|18290}} * [http://www.bogieonline.com/ Bogie Online: The online resource for Humphrey Bogart fans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402051846/http://www.bogieonline.com/ |date=2008-04-02 }} * {{Chessgames player|id=65398}} * {{Find a Grave|108}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bogart, Humphrey}} [[Category:1899 births]] [[Category:1957 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:Male actors frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Amateur chess players]] [[Category:American Episcopalians]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male radio actors]] [[Category:American militar personnel o Warld War I]] [[Category:American fowk o Dutch strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American male stage actors]] [[Category:Best Actor Academy Award winners]] [[Category:Buirials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)]] [[Category:Californie Democrats]] [[Category:Daiths frae cancer in Californie]] [[Category:Daiths frae esophageal cancer]] [[Category:New York Democrats]] [[Category:Phillips Academy alumni]] [[Category:Unitit States Navy sailors]] [[Category:Warner Bros. contract players]] [[Category:20th Century Fox contract players]] jb72jiy9cvfk8xpiimckfvs3xhz9cpq 0 64750 927401 907221 2026-11-09T17:26:19Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; fuller lead, an new sections on his life, identity, warks an legacy, owerset frae en 927401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Euclid | native_name = Εὐκλείδης | image = Italian - Euclid - Google Art Project.jpg | caption = Euclid, bi [[Jusepe de Ribera]], {{circa|1630–1635}}{{sfn|Getty}} | known_for = ''[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]''<br />''Optics''<br />''Data''<br />[[Euclidean geometry]] | field = [[Mathematics]] ([[Geometry]]) }} '''Euclid''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|j|uː|k|l|ɪ|d}}; {{lang-grc|Εὐκλείδης}}; {{fl.|300}} BC) wis a mathematician o [[Auncient Greece]] that wis active as a geometer an [[Logic|logician]].{{sfn|Bruno|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/125 125]}} Coontit the "faither o geometry",<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "father of geometry".</ref>{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Summary"}} he is maistly kent for the treatise ''[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]'', that laid the foonds o [[geometry]] an held the field, for the maist pairt, till the early 19t century. His seestem, nou cried [[Euclidean geometry]], brocht new ideas thegither wi a synthesis o theories frae earlier Greek mathematicians, amang them Eudoxus o Cnidus, Hippocrates o Chios, [[Thales]] an Theaetetus. Wi [[Archimedes]] an [[Apollonius o Perga]], Euclid is generally coontit amang the greatest mathematicians o antiquity, an ane o the maist influential in the history o mathematics. Gey little is kent o Euclid's life, an maist o the information comes frae the scholars Proclus an Pappus o Alexandria, monie centuries later. Medieval Islamic mathematicians inventit a fanciful biography, an medieval [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] an early [[Renaissance]] scholars mistook him for the earlier philosopher Euclid o Megara. It is nou generally accepit that he spent his career in [[Alexandria]] an lived aroon 300 BC, efter [[Plato]]'s students an afore Archimedes. Some think that Euclid studied at the Platonic Academy an later taucht at the Musaeum o Alexandria; he is seen as a brig atween the earlier Platonic tradition in [[Athens]] an the later tradition o Alexandria. In the ''Elements'', Euclid deduced the theorems frae a sma set o axioms. He also wrate warks on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, [[Nummer theory|nummer theory]] an mathematical rigour. Forby the ''Elements'', Euclid wrate a central early text in the field o optics, the ''Optics'', an less weel-kent warks sic as the ''Data'' an the ''Phaenomena''. Whether Euclid wrate ''On Divisions of Figures'' an the ''Catoptrics'' haes been questioned. He is thocht tae hae written monie warks that are nou lost. == Life == === The traditional accoont === [[File:0 Chambre de Raphaël - École d'Athènes - Musées du Vatican.JPG|thumb|upright=1.4|Detail o [[Raphael]]'s picture o Euclid, teachin students in ''[[The Schuil o Athens|The School of Athens]]'' (1509–1511)]] The Inglis nem 'Euclid' is the anglicised form o the [[Auncient Greek]] nem Eukleídes (Εὐκλείδης).{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Life"}} It comes frae 'eu-' ("weel") an 'klês' ("fame"), meanin "renowned, glorious",{{sfn|''OED''b}} wi the suffix '-ides' ("son o"). In Inglis, 'Euclid' can mean his best-kent wark, the ''Elements'', or a copy o it,{{sfn|''OED''a}} an whiles it means the same as 'geometry'.{{sfn|Bruno|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/125 125]}} As wi monie auncient Greek mathematicians, the details o Euclid's life are for the maist pairt unkent.{{sfn|Heath|1981|p=354}} He is accepit as the author o fower treatises that maistly survive, the ''Elements'', the ''Optics'', the ''Data'' an the ''Phaenomena'', but forby this, naething is kent for certain aboot him.{{sfn|Asper|2010|loc=§ para. 1}} The traditional accoont follaes, for the maist pairt, the 5t-century AD accoont bi Proclus in his ''Commentary on the First Book of Euclid's Elements'', alang wi a few anecdotes frae Pappus o Alexandria in the early 4t century.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Life"}} Accordin tae Proclus, Euclid lived short efter several o [[Plato]]'s follaers an afore the mathematician [[Archimedes]]; mair exactly, Proclus pit Euclid in the reign o [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy I]].{{sfn|Heath|1981|p=354}}{{sfn|Asper|2010|loc=§ para. 1}} Euclid's birth date is unkent. Some scholars estimate aroon 330{{sfn|Ball|1960|p=[https://archive.org/details/shortaccountofhi0000ball/page/52/mode/2up 52]}}{{sfn|Sialaros|2020|p=141}} or 325 BC,{{sfn|Bruno|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/125 125]}}{{sfn|Goulding|2010|p=125}} but ithers dinnae speculate.{{sfn|Smorynski|2008|p=2}} It is taen that he wis o Greek descent,{{sfn|Ball|1960|p=[https://archive.org/details/shortaccountofhi0000ball/page/52/mode/2up 52]}} but his birthplace is unkent.{{sfn|Boyer|1991|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye/page/100/mode/2up?view=theater 100]}} It is unlikly that he lived at the same time as Plato, an it is therefore aften taen that he wis educatit bi Plato's disciples at the Platonic Academy in [[Athens]].{{sfn|Goulding|2010|p=126}} Whitever the case, the contents o Euclid's wark shaw that he kent the Platonic tradition o geometry.{{sfn|Ball|1960|p=[https://archive.org/details/shortaccountofhi0000ball/page/52/mode/2up 52]}} In his ''Collection'', Pappus says that [[Apollonius o Perga|Apollonius]] studied wi Euclid's students in [[Alexandria]], an this haes been taen tae mean that Euclid wirkit an foondit a mathematical tradition there.{{sfn|Asper|2010|loc=§ para. 1}}{{sfn|Sialaros|2020|p=142}}{{sfn|Heath|1908|p=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UhgPAAAAIAAJ/page/n13/mode/2up 2]}} The ceity wis foondit bi [[Alexander the Great]] in 331 BC,{{sfn|Bruno|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/126 126]}} an the rule o Ptolemy I frae 306 BC gied it a stability that wis rare amang the wars ower the dividin o Alexander's empire.{{sfn|Ball|1960|p=[https://archive.org/details/shortaccountofhi0000ball/page/50/mode/2up 51]}} Ptolemy foondit the Musaeum, a leadin centre o learnin.{{sfn|Boyer|1991|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye/page/100/mode/2up?view=theater 100]}} It is thocht that Euclid wis amang the Musaeum's first scholars.{{sfn|Bruno|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/126 126]}} The date o his daith is unkent; it haes been thocht that he deed {{circa|270 BC}}.{{sfn|Bruno|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/126 126]}} === Identity an historicity === Euclid is aften cried 'Euclid o Alexandria' tae tell him apairt frae the earlier philosopher Euclid o Megara, a pupil o [[Socrates]] that he wis mixed up wi in history.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Life"}}{{sfn|Smorynski|2008|p=2}} The Byzantine scholar Theodore Metochites ({{c.|1300}}) clearly teuk the twa Euclids for ane man, as did Erhard Ratdolt's 1482 edition o Campanus o Novara's Laitin owersettin o the ''Elements''.{{sfn|Goulding|2010|p=120}} A further confusion, that gies Euclid's birthplace as [[Gela]] in Sicily, comes frae the fact that Euclid o Megara is whiles said tae hae been born in Gela.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Euclid, Elements, volume 1, page 4 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0086:volume=1:page=4 |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> Later Renaissance scholars, in parteecular Peter Ramus, lookit at this claim again an pruived it fause throu problems in the chronology an contradictions in early sources.{{sfn|Goulding|2010|p=120}} Medieval Arabic sources gie a great deal o information aboot Euclid's life, but nane o it can be checked.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Life"}} Euclid, supposed tae be a Greek born in [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] an bidin in [[Damascus]], wis claimed tae be the son o Naucrates.<ref name=":0" /> Maist scholars think thir accoonts dootfu.{{sfn|Asper|2010|loc=§ para. 1}} There are monie anecdotes aboot Euclid an aw, aw o uncertain historicity, that (owerset frae the Inglis) "pictur him as a kindly an gentle auld man".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "picture him as a kindly and gentle old man".</ref>{{sfn|Boyer|1991|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye/page/100/mode/2up?view=theater 101]}} The best kent o thir is Proclus's story o Ptolemy askin Euclid if there wis a quicker road tae learnin geometry nor readin his ''Elements'', an Euclid answerin (owerset frae the Greek) "there is nae ryal road tae geometry".<ref group="note">In the original Greek: "μὴ εῖναι βασιλικὴν ἀτραπὸν ἐπὶ γεωμετρίαν".</ref>{{sfn|Boyer|1991|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye/page/100/mode/2up?view=theater 101]}}<ref name="RoyalRoad">{{cite book|author=Proclus|author-link=Proclus|title=Commentary on Euclid's Elements|chapter=Prologus II. G.19/20 B.∥39|quote={{lang|grc|γέγονε δὲ οὗτος ὁ ἀνὴρ ἐπὶ τοῦ πρώτου Πτολεμαίου· καὶ γὰρ ὁ Ἀρχιμήδης ἐπιβαλὼν καὶ τῷ πρώτῳ μνημονεύει τοῦ Εὐκλείδου, καὶ μέντοι καὶ φασιν ὅτι Πτολεμαῖος ἢρετό ποτε αὐτόν, εἴ τίς ἐστιν περὶ γεωμετρίαν ὁδὸς συντομωτέρα τῆς στοιχειώσεως· ὁ δὲ ἀπεκρίνατο, μὴ εῖναι βασιλικὴν ἀτραπὸν ἐπὶ γεωμετρίαν.}}|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/proclidiadochii00friegoog/page/n82/mode/2up|language=Greek}}</ref> This anecdote is questionable, acause a very seemilar exchynge atween Menaechmus an [[Alexander the Great]] is recordit frae Stobaeus.{{sfn|Boyer|1991|p=96}} Ony firm datin o Euclid's wark {{c.|300 BC}} is pit in doot bi the lack o references frae his ain time.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Life"}} The oldest physical copies o material in the ''Elements'', frae aboot 100 AD, are on papyrus fragments fund in an auncient midden at Oxyrhynchus in [[Egyp (Roman province)|Roman Egyp]]. The oldest direct citations o the ''Elements'' in warks wi firm dates come nae earlier nor the 2nd century AD, bi Galen an Alexander o Aphrodisias; bi this time it wis a staundart schuil text.{{sfn|Jones|2005}} == Warks == === Elements === {{main|Euclid's Elements}} [[File:Oxyrhynchus papyrus with Euclid's Elements.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|A papyrus fragment o Euclid's ''Elements'' frae {{circa|75–125 AD}}, fund at Oxyrhynchus. The diagram gangs wi Buik II, Proposeetion 5.{{sfn|Fowler|1999|pp=210–211}}]] Euclid is best kent for his treatise in thirteen buiks, the ''Elements'' ({{lang-grc|Στοιχεῖα}}), coontit his ''magnum opus''.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Summary"}}{{sfn|Asper|2010|loc=§ para. 2}} Muckle o its content comes frae earlier mathematicians, amang them Eudoxus, Hippocrates o Chios, [[Thales]] an Theaetetus, while ither theorems are mentioned bi Plato an [[Aristotle]].{{sfn|Asper|2010|loc=§ para. 6}} It is hard tae tell Euclid's wark apairt frae that o the mathematicians afore him, maistly acause the ''Elements'' teuk the place o a guid deal o the earlier Greek mathematics, that is nou lost.{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Sources and contents of the ''Elements''"}} The ''Elements'' daes nae discuss geometry alane, as is whiles believed.{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Sources and contents of the ''Elements''"}} It is traditionally dividit intae three topics: plane geometry (buiks 1–6), basic [[Nummer theory|nummer theory]] (buiks 7–10) an solid geometry (buiks 11–13), though buik 5 (on proportions) an buik 10 (on irrational lines) dinnae fit this scheme exactly.{{sfn|Artmann|2012|p=3}}{{sfn|Asper|2010|loc=§ para. 4}} The hert o the text is the theorems scattert throu it.{{sfn|Asper|2010|loc=§ para. 2}} It is unkent whether Euclid meant the ''Elements'' as a textbuik, but its wey o settin things oot maks it a naitural fit.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Works"}} Buik 1 is the foond o the hale text.{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Sources and contents of the ''Elements''"}} It begins wi 20 definitions o basic geometric concepts sic as lines, angles an regular polygons.{{sfn|Artmann|2012|pp=3–4}} Euclid then gies 10 assumptions, grouped intae five postulates (axioms) an five common notions.{{sfn|Wolfe|1945|p=4}} Thir assumptions are meant tae gie the logical basis for ilka theorem that follaes, that is, tae serve as an axiomatic seestem.{{sfn|Pickover|2009|p=56}} While postulates 1 tae 4 are fairly straucht forrit, the 5t is kent as the parallel postulate an is parteecularly famous.{{sfn|Artmann|2012|p=4}} Buik 1 includes 48 proposeetions an aw.{{sfn|Artmann|2012|p=4}} The last o thaim includes the earliest survivin pruif o the Pythagorean theorem.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "The ''Elements''"}} Buik 2 is aboot the [[area]] o rectangles an [[square]]s.{{sfn|Katz|Michalowicz|2020|p=59}} Buik 3 is aboot circles, an buik 4 aboot regular polygons, especially the pentagon.{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Sources and contents of the ''Elements''"}}{{sfn|Artmann|2012|p=5}} Buik 5 gies whit is usually cried the "general theory o proportion".{{sfn|Artmann|2012|pp=5–6}} Buik 6 uises the "theory o ratios" in plane geometry.{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Sources and contents of the ''Elements''"}} Nummer theory is covered bi buiks 7 tae 10.{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Sources and contents of the ''Elements''"}} Buik 7 includes the Euclidean algorithm, a method for findin the greatest common divisor o twa nummers.{{sfn|Artmann|2012|p=7}} Buik 9 includes the proposeetion, nou cried Euclid's theorem, that there are infinitely monie prime nummers.{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Sources and contents of the ''Elements''"}} Buik 10 is bi faur the lairgest an maist complex, an deals wi irrational nummers.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "The ''Elements''"}} The last three buiks (11–13) maistly discuss solid geometry.{{sfn|Artmann|2012|p=3}} === Ither warks === Forby the ''Elements'', at least five warks o Euclid hae survived tae the present day. They follae the same logical structur as the ''Elements'', wi definitions an pruived proposeetions. * The ''Catoptrics'' is aboot the mathematical theory o mirrors, though whether Euclid wrate it is whiles questioned.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Other Works"}} * The ''Data'' ({{lang-grc|Δεδομένα}}) is a fairly short text aboot the naitur an implications o "given" information in geometrical problems.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Other Works"}} * ''On Divisions'' ({{lang-grc|Περὶ Διαιρέσεων}}) survives anly in pairt, in [[Arabic]] owersettin, an is aboot the dividin o geometrical figures intae equal pairts or intae pairts in given ratios.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Other Works"}} * The ''Optics'' ({{lang-grc|Ὀπτικά}}) is the earliest survivin Greek treatise on perspective.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Other Works"}} * The ''Phaenomena'' ({{lang-grc|Φαινόμενα}}) is a treatise on spherical astronomy that survives in Greek.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Other Works"}} === Lost warks === Fower ither warks are credibly creditit tae Euclid, but hae been lost.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Works"}} Thir are the ''Conics'', a survey o conic sections in fower buiks;{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Other writings"}}{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Other Works"}} the ''Pseudaria'', a text in geometrical [[Raison|raisonin]] written tae help beginners avoid common fallacies;{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Other writings"}}{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Other Works"}} the ''Porisms'', likly a treatise in three buiks wi aboot 200 proposeetions;{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Other writings"}}{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Other Works"}} an the ''Surface Loci'', whase contents are near unkent.{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Other writings"}} == Legacy == [[File:Byrne1.png|thumb|upright|The cover page o Oliver Byrne's 1847 coloured edition o the ''Elements'']] Euclid is generally coontit, wi Archimedes an Apollonius o Perga, amang the greatest mathematicians o antiquity.{{sfn|Ball|1960|p=[https://archive.org/details/shortaccountofhi0000ball/page/52/mode/2up 52]}} Monie commentators cite him as ane o the maist influential figures in the history o mathematics.{{sfn|Bruno|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/125 125]}} The geometrical seestem set oot in the ''Elements'' held the field for a lang time; the day, it is aften cried '[[Euclidean geometry]]' tae tell it apairt frae ither, non-Euclidean, geometries fund in the early 19t century.{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Legacy"}} Amang the monie things named efter Euclid are the European Space Agency's Euclid space telescope,<ref>{{cite news |date=9 May 2017 |title=NASA Delivers Detectors for ESA's Euclid Spacecraft |publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6840}}</ref> the lunar crater Euclides,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature {{!}} Euclides |url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1860 |access-date=September 3, 2017 |website=usgs.gov |publisher=International Astronomical Union}}</ref> an the minor planet 4354 Euclides.<ref>{{cite web |title=4354 Euclides (2142 P-L) |url=https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=4354 |access-date=27 May 2018 |publisher=Minor Planet Center}}</ref> The ''Elements'' is aften coontit, efter the [[Bible]], as the buik maist aften translatit, published an studied in the history o the [[Wastren warld|Wastren Warld]].{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Legacy"}} Wi Aristotle's ''Metaphysics'', the ''Elements'' is possibly the maist successfu auncient Greek text, an it wis the main mathematical textbuik in the medieval Arab an Laitin warlds.{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Legacy"}} It wis the main textbuik for teachin [[mathematics]], especially [[geometry]], frae the time it wis published till the late 19t or early 20t century.<ref>Ball, pp. 50–62.</ref><ref>Boyer, pp. 100–19.</ref><ref>Macardle, et al. (2008). ''Scientists: Extraordinary People Who Altered the Course of History.'' New York: Metro Books. g. 12.</ref> The first Inglis edition o the ''Elements'' wis published in 1570 bi Henry Billingsley an John Dee.{{sfn|Goulding|2010|p=120}} The mathematician Oliver Byrne published a weel-kent version o the ''Elements'' in 1847, ''The First Six Books of the Elements of Euclid in Which Coloured Diagrams and Symbols Are Used Instead of Letters for the Greater Ease of Learners'', wi coloured diagrams meant tae mak it better for teachin.{{sfn|Hawes|Kolpas|2015}} [[David Hilbert]] wrate a modren axiomatisation o the ''Elements''.{{sfn|Hähl|Peters|2022|loc=§ para. 1}} The poet Edna St. Vincent Millay wrate that "Euclid alone has looked on Beauty bare".<ref>{{cite book| last=Millay| first=Edna St. Vincent| author-link=Edna St. Vincent Millay| title=Euclid alone has looked on Beauty bare| url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/148566/euclid-alone-has-looked-on-beauty-bare}}</ref> == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == {{Reflist}} === Warks citit === :'''Buiks''' {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Artmann |first=Benno |year=2012 |orig-year=1999 |title=Euclid: The Creation of Mathematics |publisher=Springer Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4612-1412-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F8XgBwAAQBAJ }} * {{cite book |last=Ball |first=W.W. Rouse |author-link=W. W. Rouse Ball |year=1960 |orig-year=1908 |title=A Short Account of the History of Mathematics |edition=4th |publisher=Dover Publications |location=Mineola |isbn=978-0-486-20630-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/shortaccountofhi0000ball }} * {{Cite book |last=Bruno |first=Leonard C. |others=Baker, Lawrence W.|date=2003 |orig-year=1999 |title=Math and Mathematicians: The History of Math Discoveries Around the World |publisher=U X L |location=Detroit |isbn=978-0-7876-3813-9 |oclc=41497065 |url=https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun }} * {{cite book |first=Carl B. |last=Boyer |author-link=Carl Benjamin Boyer |year=1991 |orig-year=1968 |title=A History of Mathematics |edition=2nd|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |isbn=978-0-471-54397-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye |url-access=limited }} * {{cite book |last=Fowler |first=David |author-link=David Fowler (mathematician) |year=1999 |title=The Mathematics of Plato's Academy |edition=2nd |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-850258-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HuwwIdk-xL8C }} * {{cite book |last=Goulding |first=Robert |year=2010 |title=Defending Hypatia: Ramus, Savile, and the Renaissance Rediscovery of Mathematical History |publisher=Springer Netherlands |location=Dordrecht |isbn=978-90-481-3542-4 }} * {{cite book|author-link=Thomas Heath (classicist)|editor-last=Heath|editor-first=Thomas |year=1908|title=The Thirteen Books of Euclid's Elements|volume=1 |publisher=Dover Publications |location=New York|isbn=978-0-486-60088-8|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UhgPAAAAIAAJ/mode/2up}} * {{cite book |last=Heath |first=Thomas L. |author-link=Thomas Heath (classicist) |year=1981 |orig-year=1921 |title=A History of Greek Mathematics |volume=2 |publisher=Dover Publications |location=New York }} {{ISBN|0-486-24073-8|0-486-24074-6}} * {{cite book |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |author-link=Victor J. Katz |last2=Michalowicz |first2=Karen Dee |author2-link=Karen Michalowicz|year=2020 |orig-year=2005 |title=Historical Modules for the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics |publisher=Mathematical Association of America |location=Washington D.C. |isbn=978-1-4704-5711-2 }} * {{cite book |last=Pickover |first=Clifford A. |author-link=Clifford A. Pickover |year=2009 |title=The Math Book: From Pythagoras to the 57th Dimension, 250 Milestones in the History of Mathematics |publisher=Sterling Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4027-5796-9 }} * {{cite book |last=Sialaros |first=Michalis |editor-last1=Kalligas |editor-first1=Paul |editor-last2=Balla |editor-first3=Chloe |editor-last3=Baziotopoulou-Valavani |editor-first4=Effie |editor-last4=Karasmanis |editor-first2=Vassilis |year=2020 |title=Plato's Academy |chapter=Euclid of Alexandria: A Child of the Academy? |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |pages=141–152 |isbn=978-1-108-42644-2 }} * {{cite book |last=Smorynski |first=Craig |year=2008 |title=History of Mathematics: A Supplement |publisher=Springer Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-0-387-75480-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_zliInaOM8UC }} * {{cite book |last=Wolfe |first=Harold E. |year=1945 |title=Introduction To Non-Euclidean Geometry |publisher=Dryden Press |location=New York |oclc= |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontono031680mbp }} {{refend}} :'''Airticles''' {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite conference |last=Jones |first=Alexander |year=2005 |title=''"Euclid, the Elusive Geometer"'' |conference=Euclid and His Heritage Meeting, Clay Mathematics Institute, Oxford, 7–8 October 2005 |url=https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/63988/2/Jones%202005%20Euclid%20the%20Elusive%20Geometer%20Oxford.pdf }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Asper |first=Markus |editor-last=Gagarin |editor-first=Michael |year=2010 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome |title=Euclid |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001/acref-9780195170726-e-455 |isbn=978-0-19-517072-6 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Hähl |first1=Hermann |last2=Peters |first2=Hanna |date=10 June 2022 |title=A Variation of Hilbert's Axioms for Euclidean Geometry |journal=Mathematische Semesterberichte |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=253–258 |doi=10.1007/s00591-022-00320-3 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite web |last1=Hawes |first1=Susan M. |last2=Kolpas |first2=Sid |date=August 2015 |title=Oliver Byrne: The Matisse of Mathematics – Biography 1810–1829 |publisher=Mathematical Association of America |url=https://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/oliver-byrne-the-matisse-of-mathematics-biography-1810-1829 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628084636/https://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/oliver-byrne-the-matisse-of-mathematics-biography-1810-1829 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Sialaros |first=Michalis |editor-first1=Michalis |editor-last1=Sialaros |year=2021 |orig-year=2015 |encyclopedia=Oxford Classical Dictionary |title=Euclid |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-2521 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.2521 |isbn=978-0-19-938113-5 |url-access=subscription }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Taisbak |first1=Christian Marinus |last2=Van der Waerden |first2=Bartel Leendert |author-link2=Bartel Leendert van der Waerden |date=5 January 2021 |title=Euclid |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |location=Chicago |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/194880/Euclid }} {{refend}} :'''Online''' {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite web |title=Euclid |publisher=J. Paul Getty Museum |url=https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/108GV4 |access-date=11 August 2022 |ref={{sfnRef|Getty}} }} * {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=OED Online |title=Euclid, n |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/64929 |access-date=10 August 2022 |ref={{sfnRef|''OED''a}} }} {{subscription required}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Euclidean (adj.) |encyclopedia=Online Etymology Dictionary |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Euclidean |access-date=18 March 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|''OED''b}} }} {{refend}} == Fremmit airtins == {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikisource author}} {{Commons category|Euclid}} * {{Gutenberg author | id=9719| name=Euclid}} * {{Internet Archive author}} * {{Librivox author |id=2304}} * [https://farside.ph.utexas.edu/books/Euclid/Euclid.html PDF copy o the ''Elements''], wi the original Greek an an Inglis owersettin on facin pages, University of Texas * [https://euclides.org Aw thirteen buiks o the ''Elements''], in several leids {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Euclid}} [[Category:4t-century BC births]] [[Category:3rd-century BC daiths]] [[Category:Auncient Greek mathematicians]] [[Category:Auncient Alexandrians]] [[Category:Hellenistic Egyptians]] [[Category:Geometers]] [[Category:Nummer theory]] [[Category:Euclid| ]] [[Category:4t-century BC Greek fowk]] [[Category:3rd-century BC Greek fowk]] [[Category:4t-century BC writers]] [[Category:3rd-century BC writers]] 8yhjidgfr2vc5pouh3sko8ufub8tyi5 927403 927401 2026-11-09T17:32:37Z Monospaced 75295 Brak up a lang sentence on his warks 927403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Euclid | native_name = Εὐκλείδης | image = Italian - Euclid - Google Art Project.jpg | caption = Euclid, bi [[Jusepe de Ribera]], {{circa|1630–1635}}{{sfn|Getty}} | known_for = ''[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]''<br />''Optics''<br />''Data''<br />[[Euclidean geometry]] | field = [[Mathematics]] ([[Geometry]]) }} '''Euclid''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|j|uː|k|l|ɪ|d}}; {{lang-grc|Εὐκλείδης}}; {{fl.|300}} BC) wis a mathematician o [[Auncient Greece]] that wis active as a geometer an [[Logic|logician]].{{sfn|Bruno|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/125 125]}} Coontit the "faither o geometry",<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "father of geometry".</ref>{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Summary"}} he is maistly kent for the treatise ''[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]'', that laid the foonds o [[geometry]] an held the field, for the maist pairt, till the early 19t century. His seestem, nou cried [[Euclidean geometry]], brocht new ideas thegither wi a synthesis o theories frae earlier Greek mathematicians, amang them Eudoxus o Cnidus, Hippocrates o Chios, [[Thales]] an Theaetetus. Wi [[Archimedes]] an [[Apollonius o Perga]], Euclid is generally coontit amang the greatest mathematicians o antiquity, an ane o the maist influential in the history o mathematics. Gey little is kent o Euclid's life, an maist o the information comes frae the scholars Proclus an Pappus o Alexandria, monie centuries later. Medieval Islamic mathematicians inventit a fanciful biography, an medieval [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] an early [[Renaissance]] scholars mistook him for the earlier philosopher Euclid o Megara. It is nou generally accepit that he spent his career in [[Alexandria]] an lived aroon 300 BC, efter [[Plato]]'s students an afore Archimedes. Some think that Euclid studied at the Platonic Academy an later taucht at the Musaeum o Alexandria; he is seen as a brig atween the earlier Platonic tradition in [[Athens]] an the later tradition o Alexandria. In the ''Elements'', Euclid deduced the theorems frae a sma set o axioms. He also wrate warks on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, [[Nummer theory|nummer theory]] an mathematical rigour. His ''Optics'' wis ane o the first important warks on licht an vision. Less weel-kent warks o his include the ''Data'' an the ''Phaenomena''. Whether Euclid wrate ''On Divisions of Figures'' an the ''Catoptrics'' haes been questioned. He is thocht tae hae written monie warks that are nou lost. == Life == === The traditional accoont === [[File:0 Chambre de Raphaël - École d'Athènes - Musées du Vatican.JPG|thumb|upright=1.4|Detail o [[Raphael]]'s picture o Euclid, teachin students in ''[[The Schuil o Athens|The School of Athens]]'' (1509–1511)]] The Inglis nem 'Euclid' is the anglicised form o the [[Auncient Greek]] nem Eukleídes (Εὐκλείδης).{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Life"}} It comes frae 'eu-' ("weel") an 'klês' ("fame"), meanin "renowned, glorious",{{sfn|''OED''b}} wi the suffix '-ides' ("son o"). In Inglis, 'Euclid' can mean his best-kent wark, the ''Elements'', or a copy o it,{{sfn|''OED''a}} an whiles it means the same as 'geometry'.{{sfn|Bruno|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/125 125]}} As wi monie auncient Greek mathematicians, the details o Euclid's life are for the maist pairt unkent.{{sfn|Heath|1981|p=354}} He is accepit as the author o fower treatises that maistly survive, the ''Elements'', the ''Optics'', the ''Data'' an the ''Phaenomena'', but forby this, naething is kent for certain aboot him.{{sfn|Asper|2010|loc=§ para. 1}} The traditional accoont follaes, for the maist pairt, the 5t-century AD accoont bi Proclus in his ''Commentary on the First Book of Euclid's Elements'', alang wi a few anecdotes frae Pappus o Alexandria in the early 4t century.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Life"}} Accordin tae Proclus, Euclid lived short efter several o [[Plato]]'s follaers an afore the mathematician [[Archimedes]]; mair exactly, Proclus pit Euclid in the reign o [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy I]].{{sfn|Heath|1981|p=354}}{{sfn|Asper|2010|loc=§ para. 1}} Euclid's birth date is unkent. Some scholars estimate aroon 330{{sfn|Ball|1960|p=[https://archive.org/details/shortaccountofhi0000ball/page/52/mode/2up 52]}}{{sfn|Sialaros|2020|p=141}} or 325 BC,{{sfn|Bruno|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/125 125]}}{{sfn|Goulding|2010|p=125}} but ithers dinnae speculate.{{sfn|Smorynski|2008|p=2}} It is taen that he wis o Greek descent,{{sfn|Ball|1960|p=[https://archive.org/details/shortaccountofhi0000ball/page/52/mode/2up 52]}} but his birthplace is unkent.{{sfn|Boyer|1991|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye/page/100/mode/2up?view=theater 100]}} It is unlikly that he lived at the same time as Plato, an it is therefore aften taen that he wis educatit bi Plato's disciples at the Platonic Academy in [[Athens]].{{sfn|Goulding|2010|p=126}} Whitever the case, the contents o Euclid's wark shaw that he kent the Platonic tradition o geometry.{{sfn|Ball|1960|p=[https://archive.org/details/shortaccountofhi0000ball/page/52/mode/2up 52]}} In his ''Collection'', Pappus says that [[Apollonius o Perga|Apollonius]] studied wi Euclid's students in [[Alexandria]], an this haes been taen tae mean that Euclid wirkit an foondit a mathematical tradition there.{{sfn|Asper|2010|loc=§ para. 1}}{{sfn|Sialaros|2020|p=142}}{{sfn|Heath|1908|p=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UhgPAAAAIAAJ/page/n13/mode/2up 2]}} The ceity wis foondit bi [[Alexander the Great]] in 331 BC,{{sfn|Bruno|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/126 126]}} an the rule o Ptolemy I frae 306 BC gied it a stability that wis rare amang the wars ower the dividin o Alexander's empire.{{sfn|Ball|1960|p=[https://archive.org/details/shortaccountofhi0000ball/page/50/mode/2up 51]}} Ptolemy foondit the Musaeum, a leadin centre o learnin.{{sfn|Boyer|1991|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye/page/100/mode/2up?view=theater 100]}} It is thocht that Euclid wis amang the Musaeum's first scholars.{{sfn|Bruno|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/126 126]}} The date o his daith is unkent; it haes been thocht that he deed {{circa|270 BC}}.{{sfn|Bruno|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/126 126]}} === Identity an historicity === Euclid is aften cried 'Euclid o Alexandria' tae tell him apairt frae the earlier philosopher Euclid o Megara, a pupil o [[Socrates]] that he wis mixed up wi in history.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Life"}}{{sfn|Smorynski|2008|p=2}} The Byzantine scholar Theodore Metochites ({{c.|1300}}) clearly teuk the twa Euclids for ane man, as did Erhard Ratdolt's 1482 edition o Campanus o Novara's Laitin owersettin o the ''Elements''.{{sfn|Goulding|2010|p=120}} A further confusion, that gies Euclid's birthplace as [[Gela]] in Sicily, comes frae the fact that Euclid o Megara is whiles said tae hae been born in Gela.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Euclid, Elements, volume 1, page 4 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0086:volume=1:page=4 |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> Later Renaissance scholars, in parteecular Peter Ramus, lookit at this claim again an pruived it fause throu problems in the chronology an contradictions in early sources.{{sfn|Goulding|2010|p=120}} Medieval Arabic sources gie a great deal o information aboot Euclid's life, but nane o it can be checked.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Life"}} Euclid, supposed tae be a Greek born in [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] an bidin in [[Damascus]], wis claimed tae be the son o Naucrates.<ref name=":0" /> Maist scholars think thir accoonts dootfu.{{sfn|Asper|2010|loc=§ para. 1}} There are monie anecdotes aboot Euclid an aw, aw o uncertain historicity, that (owerset frae the Inglis) "pictur him as a kindly an gentle auld man".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "picture him as a kindly and gentle old man".</ref>{{sfn|Boyer|1991|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye/page/100/mode/2up?view=theater 101]}} The best kent o thir is Proclus's story o Ptolemy askin Euclid if there wis a quicker road tae learnin geometry nor readin his ''Elements'', an Euclid answerin (owerset frae the Greek) "there is nae ryal road tae geometry".<ref group="note">In the original Greek: "μὴ εῖναι βασιλικὴν ἀτραπὸν ἐπὶ γεωμετρίαν".</ref>{{sfn|Boyer|1991|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye/page/100/mode/2up?view=theater 101]}}<ref name="RoyalRoad">{{cite book|author=Proclus|author-link=Proclus|title=Commentary on Euclid's Elements|chapter=Prologus II. G.19/20 B.∥39|quote={{lang|grc|γέγονε δὲ οὗτος ὁ ἀνὴρ ἐπὶ τοῦ πρώτου Πτολεμαίου· καὶ γὰρ ὁ Ἀρχιμήδης ἐπιβαλὼν καὶ τῷ πρώτῳ μνημονεύει τοῦ Εὐκλείδου, καὶ μέντοι καὶ φασιν ὅτι Πτολεμαῖος ἢρετό ποτε αὐτόν, εἴ τίς ἐστιν περὶ γεωμετρίαν ὁδὸς συντομωτέρα τῆς στοιχειώσεως· ὁ δὲ ἀπεκρίνατο, μὴ εῖναι βασιλικὴν ἀτραπὸν ἐπὶ γεωμετρίαν.}}|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/proclidiadochii00friegoog/page/n82/mode/2up|language=Greek}}</ref> This anecdote is questionable, acause a very seemilar exchynge atween Menaechmus an [[Alexander the Great]] is recordit frae Stobaeus.{{sfn|Boyer|1991|p=96}} Ony firm datin o Euclid's wark {{c.|300 BC}} is pit in doot bi the lack o references frae his ain time.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Life"}} The oldest physical copies o material in the ''Elements'', frae aboot 100 AD, are on papyrus fragments fund in an auncient midden at Oxyrhynchus in [[Egyp (Roman province)|Roman Egyp]]. The oldest direct citations o the ''Elements'' in warks wi firm dates come nae earlier nor the 2nd century AD, bi Galen an Alexander o Aphrodisias; bi this time it wis a staundart schuil text.{{sfn|Jones|2005}} == Warks == === Elements === {{main|Euclid's Elements}} [[File:Oxyrhynchus papyrus with Euclid's Elements.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|A papyrus fragment o Euclid's ''Elements'' frae {{circa|75–125 AD}}, fund at Oxyrhynchus. The diagram gangs wi Buik II, Proposeetion 5.{{sfn|Fowler|1999|pp=210–211}}]] Euclid is best kent for his treatise in thirteen buiks, the ''Elements'' ({{lang-grc|Στοιχεῖα}}), coontit his ''magnum opus''.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Summary"}}{{sfn|Asper|2010|loc=§ para. 2}} Muckle o its content comes frae earlier mathematicians, amang them Eudoxus, Hippocrates o Chios, [[Thales]] an Theaetetus, while ither theorems are mentioned bi Plato an [[Aristotle]].{{sfn|Asper|2010|loc=§ para. 6}} It is hard tae tell Euclid's wark apairt frae that o the mathematicians afore him, maistly acause the ''Elements'' teuk the place o a guid deal o the earlier Greek mathematics, that is nou lost.{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Sources and contents of the ''Elements''"}} The ''Elements'' daes nae discuss geometry alane, as is whiles believed.{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Sources and contents of the ''Elements''"}} It is traditionally dividit intae three topics: plane geometry (buiks 1–6), basic [[Nummer theory|nummer theory]] (buiks 7–10) an solid geometry (buiks 11–13), though buik 5 (on proportions) an buik 10 (on irrational lines) dinnae fit this scheme exactly.{{sfn|Artmann|2012|p=3}}{{sfn|Asper|2010|loc=§ para. 4}} The hert o the text is the theorems scattert throu it.{{sfn|Asper|2010|loc=§ para. 2}} It is unkent whether Euclid meant the ''Elements'' as a textbuik, but its wey o settin things oot maks it a naitural fit.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Works"}} Buik 1 is the foond o the hale text.{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Sources and contents of the ''Elements''"}} It begins wi 20 definitions o basic geometric concepts sic as lines, angles an regular polygons.{{sfn|Artmann|2012|pp=3–4}} Euclid then gies 10 assumptions, grouped intae five postulates (axioms) an five common notions.{{sfn|Wolfe|1945|p=4}} Thir assumptions are meant tae gie the logical basis for ilka theorem that follaes, that is, tae serve as an axiomatic seestem.{{sfn|Pickover|2009|p=56}} While postulates 1 tae 4 are fairly straucht forrit, the 5t is kent as the parallel postulate an is parteecularly famous.{{sfn|Artmann|2012|p=4}} Buik 1 includes 48 proposeetions an aw.{{sfn|Artmann|2012|p=4}} The last o thaim includes the earliest survivin pruif o the Pythagorean theorem.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "The ''Elements''"}} Buik 2 is aboot the [[area]] o rectangles an [[square]]s.{{sfn|Katz|Michalowicz|2020|p=59}} Buik 3 is aboot circles, an buik 4 aboot regular polygons, especially the pentagon.{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Sources and contents of the ''Elements''"}}{{sfn|Artmann|2012|p=5}} Buik 5 gies whit is usually cried the "general theory o proportion".{{sfn|Artmann|2012|pp=5–6}} Buik 6 uises the "theory o ratios" in plane geometry.{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Sources and contents of the ''Elements''"}} Nummer theory is covered bi buiks 7 tae 10.{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Sources and contents of the ''Elements''"}} Buik 7 includes the Euclidean algorithm, a method for findin the greatest common divisor o twa nummers.{{sfn|Artmann|2012|p=7}} Buik 9 includes the proposeetion, nou cried Euclid's theorem, that there are infinitely monie prime nummers.{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Sources and contents of the ''Elements''"}} Buik 10 is bi faur the lairgest an maist complex, an deals wi irrational nummers.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "The ''Elements''"}} The last three buiks (11–13) maistly discuss solid geometry.{{sfn|Artmann|2012|p=3}} === Ither warks === Forby the ''Elements'', at least five warks o Euclid hae survived tae the present day. They follae the same logical structur as the ''Elements'', wi definitions an pruived proposeetions. * The ''Catoptrics'' is aboot the mathematical theory o mirrors, though whether Euclid wrate it is whiles questioned.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Other Works"}} * The ''Data'' ({{lang-grc|Δεδομένα}}) is a fairly short text aboot the naitur an implications o "given" information in geometrical problems.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Other Works"}} * ''On Divisions'' ({{lang-grc|Περὶ Διαιρέσεων}}) survives anly in pairt, in [[Arabic]] owersettin, an is aboot the dividin o geometrical figures intae equal pairts or intae pairts in given ratios.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Other Works"}} * The ''Optics'' ({{lang-grc|Ὀπτικά}}) is the earliest survivin Greek treatise on perspective.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Other Works"}} * The ''Phaenomena'' ({{lang-grc|Φαινόμενα}}) is a treatise on spherical astronomy that survives in Greek.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Other Works"}} === Lost warks === Fower ither warks are credibly creditit tae Euclid, but hae been lost.{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Works"}} Thir are the ''Conics'', a survey o conic sections in fower buiks;{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Other writings"}}{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Other Works"}} the ''Pseudaria'', a text in geometrical [[Raison|raisonin]] written tae help beginners avoid common fallacies;{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Other writings"}}{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Other Works"}} the ''Porisms'', likly a treatise in three buiks wi aboot 200 proposeetions;{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Other writings"}}{{sfn|Sialaros|2021|loc=§ "Other Works"}} an the ''Surface Loci'', whase contents are near unkent.{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Other writings"}} == Legacy == [[File:Byrne1.png|thumb|upright|The cover page o Oliver Byrne's 1847 coloured edition o the ''Elements'']] Euclid is generally coontit, wi Archimedes an Apollonius o Perga, amang the greatest mathematicians o antiquity.{{sfn|Ball|1960|p=[https://archive.org/details/shortaccountofhi0000ball/page/52/mode/2up 52]}} Monie commentators cite him as ane o the maist influential figures in the history o mathematics.{{sfn|Bruno|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/125 125]}} The geometrical seestem set oot in the ''Elements'' held the field for a lang time; the day, it is aften cried '[[Euclidean geometry]]' tae tell it apairt frae ither, non-Euclidean, geometries fund in the early 19t century.{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Legacy"}} Amang the monie things named efter Euclid are the European Space Agency's Euclid space telescope,<ref>{{cite news |date=9 May 2017 |title=NASA Delivers Detectors for ESA's Euclid Spacecraft |publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6840}}</ref> the lunar crater Euclides,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature {{!}} Euclides |url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1860 |access-date=September 3, 2017 |website=usgs.gov |publisher=International Astronomical Union}}</ref> an the minor planet 4354 Euclides.<ref>{{cite web |title=4354 Euclides (2142 P-L) |url=https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=4354 |access-date=27 May 2018 |publisher=Minor Planet Center}}</ref> The ''Elements'' is aften coontit, efter the [[Bible]], as the buik maist aften translatit, published an studied in the history o the [[Wastren warld|Wastren Warld]].{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Legacy"}} Wi Aristotle's ''Metaphysics'', the ''Elements'' is possibly the maist successfu auncient Greek text, an it wis the main mathematical textbuik in the medieval Arab an Laitin warlds.{{sfn|Taisbak|Van der Waerden|2021|loc=§ "Legacy"}} It wis the main textbuik for teachin [[mathematics]], especially [[geometry]], frae the time it wis published till the late 19t or early 20t century.<ref>Ball, pp. 50–62.</ref><ref>Boyer, pp. 100–19.</ref><ref>Macardle, et al. (2008). ''Scientists: Extraordinary People Who Altered the Course of History.'' New York: Metro Books. g. 12.</ref> The first Inglis edition o the ''Elements'' wis published in 1570 bi Henry Billingsley an John Dee.{{sfn|Goulding|2010|p=120}} The mathematician Oliver Byrne published a weel-kent version o the ''Elements'' in 1847, ''The First Six Books of the Elements of Euclid in Which Coloured Diagrams and Symbols Are Used Instead of Letters for the Greater Ease of Learners'', wi coloured diagrams meant tae mak it better for teachin.{{sfn|Hawes|Kolpas|2015}} [[David Hilbert]] wrate a modren axiomatisation o the ''Elements''.{{sfn|Hähl|Peters|2022|loc=§ para. 1}} The poet Edna St. Vincent Millay wrate that "Euclid alone has looked on Beauty bare".<ref>{{cite book| last=Millay| first=Edna St. Vincent| author-link=Edna St. Vincent Millay| title=Euclid alone has looked on Beauty bare| url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/148566/euclid-alone-has-looked-on-beauty-bare}}</ref> == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == {{Reflist}} === Warks citit === :'''Buiks''' {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Artmann |first=Benno |year=2012 |orig-year=1999 |title=Euclid: The Creation of Mathematics |publisher=Springer Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4612-1412-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F8XgBwAAQBAJ }} * {{cite book |last=Ball |first=W.W. Rouse |author-link=W. W. Rouse Ball |year=1960 |orig-year=1908 |title=A Short Account of the History of Mathematics |edition=4th |publisher=Dover Publications |location=Mineola |isbn=978-0-486-20630-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/shortaccountofhi0000ball }} * {{Cite book |last=Bruno |first=Leonard C. |others=Baker, Lawrence W.|date=2003 |orig-year=1999 |title=Math and Mathematicians: The History of Math Discoveries Around the World |publisher=U X L |location=Detroit |isbn=978-0-7876-3813-9 |oclc=41497065 |url=https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun }} * {{cite book |first=Carl B. |last=Boyer |author-link=Carl Benjamin Boyer |year=1991 |orig-year=1968 |title=A History of Mathematics |edition=2nd|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |isbn=978-0-471-54397-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye |url-access=limited }} * {{cite book |last=Fowler |first=David |author-link=David Fowler (mathematician) |year=1999 |title=The Mathematics of Plato's Academy |edition=2nd |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-850258-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HuwwIdk-xL8C }} * {{cite book |last=Goulding |first=Robert |year=2010 |title=Defending Hypatia: Ramus, Savile, and the Renaissance Rediscovery of Mathematical History |publisher=Springer Netherlands |location=Dordrecht |isbn=978-90-481-3542-4 }} * {{cite book|author-link=Thomas Heath (classicist)|editor-last=Heath|editor-first=Thomas |year=1908|title=The Thirteen Books of Euclid's Elements|volume=1 |publisher=Dover Publications |location=New York|isbn=978-0-486-60088-8|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UhgPAAAAIAAJ/mode/2up}} * {{cite book |last=Heath |first=Thomas L. |author-link=Thomas Heath (classicist) |year=1981 |orig-year=1921 |title=A History of Greek Mathematics |volume=2 |publisher=Dover Publications |location=New York }} {{ISBN|0-486-24073-8|0-486-24074-6}} * {{cite book |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |author-link=Victor J. Katz |last2=Michalowicz |first2=Karen Dee |author2-link=Karen Michalowicz|year=2020 |orig-year=2005 |title=Historical Modules for the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics |publisher=Mathematical Association of America |location=Washington D.C. |isbn=978-1-4704-5711-2 }} * {{cite book |last=Pickover |first=Clifford A. |author-link=Clifford A. Pickover |year=2009 |title=The Math Book: From Pythagoras to the 57th Dimension, 250 Milestones in the History of Mathematics |publisher=Sterling Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4027-5796-9 }} * {{cite book |last=Sialaros |first=Michalis |editor-last1=Kalligas |editor-first1=Paul |editor-last2=Balla |editor-first3=Chloe |editor-last3=Baziotopoulou-Valavani |editor-first4=Effie |editor-last4=Karasmanis |editor-first2=Vassilis |year=2020 |title=Plato's Academy |chapter=Euclid of Alexandria: A Child of the Academy? |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |pages=141–152 |isbn=978-1-108-42644-2 }} * {{cite book |last=Smorynski |first=Craig |year=2008 |title=History of Mathematics: A Supplement |publisher=Springer Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-0-387-75480-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_zliInaOM8UC }} * {{cite book |last=Wolfe |first=Harold E. |year=1945 |title=Introduction To Non-Euclidean Geometry |publisher=Dryden Press |location=New York |oclc= |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontono031680mbp }} {{refend}} :'''Airticles''' {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite conference |last=Jones |first=Alexander |year=2005 |title=''"Euclid, the Elusive Geometer"'' |conference=Euclid and His Heritage Meeting, Clay Mathematics Institute, Oxford, 7–8 October 2005 |url=https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/63988/2/Jones%202005%20Euclid%20the%20Elusive%20Geometer%20Oxford.pdf }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Asper |first=Markus |editor-last=Gagarin |editor-first=Michael |year=2010 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome |title=Euclid |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001/acref-9780195170726-e-455 |isbn=978-0-19-517072-6 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Hähl |first1=Hermann |last2=Peters |first2=Hanna |date=10 June 2022 |title=A Variation of Hilbert's Axioms for Euclidean Geometry |journal=Mathematische Semesterberichte |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=253–258 |doi=10.1007/s00591-022-00320-3 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite web |last1=Hawes |first1=Susan M. |last2=Kolpas |first2=Sid |date=August 2015 |title=Oliver Byrne: The Matisse of Mathematics – Biography 1810–1829 |publisher=Mathematical Association of America |url=https://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/oliver-byrne-the-matisse-of-mathematics-biography-1810-1829 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628084636/https://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/oliver-byrne-the-matisse-of-mathematics-biography-1810-1829 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Sialaros |first=Michalis |editor-first1=Michalis |editor-last1=Sialaros |year=2021 |orig-year=2015 |encyclopedia=Oxford Classical Dictionary |title=Euclid |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-2521 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.2521 |isbn=978-0-19-938113-5 |url-access=subscription }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Taisbak |first1=Christian Marinus |last2=Van der Waerden |first2=Bartel Leendert |author-link2=Bartel Leendert van der Waerden |date=5 January 2021 |title=Euclid |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |location=Chicago |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/194880/Euclid }} {{refend}} :'''Online''' {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite web |title=Euclid |publisher=J. Paul Getty Museum |url=https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/108GV4 |access-date=11 August 2022 |ref={{sfnRef|Getty}} }} * {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=OED Online |title=Euclid, n |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/64929 |access-date=10 August 2022 |ref={{sfnRef|''OED''a}} }} {{subscription required}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Euclidean (adj.) |encyclopedia=Online Etymology Dictionary |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Euclidean |access-date=18 March 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|''OED''b}} }} {{refend}} == Fremmit airtins == {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikisource author}} {{Commons category|Euclid}} * {{Gutenberg author | id=9719| name=Euclid}} * {{Internet Archive author}} * {{Librivox author |id=2304}} * [https://farside.ph.utexas.edu/books/Euclid/Euclid.html PDF copy o the ''Elements''], wi the original Greek an an Inglis owersettin on facin pages, University of Texas * [https://euclides.org Aw thirteen buiks o the ''Elements''], in several leids {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Euclid}} [[Category:4t-century BC births]] [[Category:3rd-century BC daiths]] [[Category:Auncient Greek mathematicians]] [[Category:Auncient Alexandrians]] [[Category:Hellenistic Egyptians]] [[Category:Geometers]] [[Category:Nummer theory]] [[Category:Euclid| ]] [[Category:4t-century BC Greek fowk]] [[Category:3rd-century BC Greek fowk]] [[Category:4t-century BC writers]] [[Category:3rd-century BC writers]] oai3dbuf6fu0egehc2lqru2vd2jte0p 0 65273 927521 926998 2026-11-09T23:49:59Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin fixes, lang sentences split, ane quote owerset wi the Inglis in a note, citation errors 927521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Aladdin | director = [[Ron Clements]]<br />[[John Musker]] | producer = Ron Clements<br />John Musker | writer = Ron Clements<br />John Musker<br />Ted Elliott<br />Terry Rossio | based on = [[Aladdin and the Magic Lamp]] frae ''[[Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts|One Thousand and One Nights]]'' | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Scott Weinger]] * [[Robin Williams]] * [[Linda Larkin]] * Jonathan Freeman * [[Frank Welker]] * [[Gilbert Gottfried]] * Douglas Seale}} | music = [[Alan Menken]] <!-- Do nae add Howard Ashman or Tim Rice, the credit asks for music, nae lyrics --> | editing = Mark A. Hester <br />H. Lee Peterson | studio = Walt Disney Pictures<br/>Walt Disney Feature Animation | distributor = Buena Vista Pictures | released = {{Film date|1992|11|25}}<!-- Do nae add the UK or Australian release date here, please; see WP:FILMRELEASE. --> | runtime = 90 minnets | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = US$28 million<ref name="boxoffice">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aladdin.htm|title=Aladdin box office info|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=Mairch 17, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090215092824/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aladdin.htm| archivedate= Februar 15, 2009 | url-status=live}}</ref> | gross = US$504.1 million<ref name="boxoffice"/> }} '''''Aladdin''''' is a 1992 American animatit muisical [[fantasie film]] produced bi Walt Disney Feature Animation an released bi [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. ''Aladdin'' is the 31st Disney animatit feature film, an wis pairt o the Disney film era kent as the Disney Renaissance. The film wis directit bi John Musker an Ron Clements, an is based on the Arab [[Fairy tale|folktale]] ''Aladdin and the Magic Lamp'' frae ''[[Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts]]''. The vyce cast featurs Scott Weinger, [[Robin Williams]], Linda Larkin, Jonathan Freeman, Frank Welker, [[Gilbert Gottfried]], an Douglas Seale. Lyricist Howard Ashman first pitched the idea, an the screenplay went throu three drafts afore then-Disney Studios preses [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] greed tae it bein makkit. The animators based thair designs on the wark o caricaturist Al Hirschfeld, an computers war uised for baith finishin the artwork an creautin some animatit elements. The muisical score wis scrieved bi Alan Menken an featurs sax sangs wi lyrics scrieved bi baith Ashman an Tim Rice, that teuk ower efter Ashman's daith. ''Aladdin'' wis released on November 25, 1992 an wis the maist successfu film o 1992, earnin ower US$217&nbsp;million in revenue in the [[Unitit States]], an ower US$504&nbsp;million warldwide. The film won monie awards an aw, maist o them for its soundtrack. {{nobreak|''Aladdin''{{'}}s}} success led tae ither material inspired bi the film, includin twa sequels released straucht tae video, ''The Return of Jafar'' an ''Aladdin and the King of Thieves'', an animatit telly series o the same nem. It led tae toys, video gemmes, spin-affs, a live-action remake in 2019, Disney merchandise an a Broadway adaptation that stairtit in 2014 as weel. ==Plot== Jafar, a sorcerer an the ryal vizier o the fictional ceety o Agrabah, an his taukin papingoe, Iago, seek oot a magyk lamp hidden amid the Cave o Wonders. Thay're tellt that ainly yin body is worthy tae put in. The 'diamant in the ruff', wham Jafar later identifees as Aladdin, an Agrabah wynd urchin. Princess Jasmine o Agrabah, pure upset that the law requires her tae mairie a prince insteid o the yin she luves, escapes the pailace an meets Aladdin an his pet monkey, Abu. The pailace guards capture Aladdin on Jafar's orders. Jasmine confronts Jafar tae demand Aladdin's release, bit he tells her a lee that Aladdin haes been kilt. Disguised as an auldjin, Jafar frees Aladdin an Abu an brings thaim tae the cave, ordering thaim tae retrieve the lamp. Efter bein telt tae titch hee haw bit the lamp, Aladdin finds a magic cairpet ben an obtains the lamp. Forgetting the cave's ruil, Abu grabs a jewel. Aladdin, Abu, an the cairpet rush tae escape the cave at the doon fallin; Aladdin gies the lamp tae Jafar, that throws baith Aladdin an Abu back intae the cave, tho nae afore Abu steals the lamp back. Trapped, Aladdin rubs the lamp an meets the genie that bides ben it. The genie grants Aladdin three wishes. Aladdin tricks the genie intae freeing thaim aw fae the cave athoot usin a wish. He uses his foremaist wish tae assume the identity o a prince tae woo Jasmine, an promises tae uise his third wish tae free the genie fae servitude. At Iago's request, Jafar plots tae becom [[Sultan]] bi mairyin Jasmine. Aladdin, as "Prince Ali Ababwa", arrives in Agrabah wi a lairge host, bit Jasmine gets crabbit whin he discusses her fate wi her faither the Sultan an Jafar athoot her. As a means o apology, Aladdin steals Jasmine on a hurl on the magic cairpet. Whin she deduces his true identitie, he convinces her that he ainlie dresses as a peasant tae escape the stresses o ryal lee. Efter Aladdin brocht Jasmine hame, the palace guards captur Aladdin on Jafar's behest an throw him intae the sea. The genie appears an saves him at the cost o his second wish. Aladdin returns tae the pailace an expones Jafar's evil plot. Jafar flees efter spotting the lamp an sicweys discoverin Aladdin's true identity. Fearing that he wull lose Jasmine if the truth is revealed, Aladdin breaks his promise an refuses tae unthirl the genie. Iago steals the lamp, an Jafar becomes the genie's nou master. He uses his foremaist twa wishes tae acome Sultan an the warld's maist pouerfu sorcerer. He then expones Aladdin's identity an exiles him, Abu, an the cairpet tae a frozen wasteland. Thay escape an return tae the palace. Jasmine tries tae hulp Aladdin steal the lamp back, bit Jafar notices an overpowers the heroes wi his magic. Aladdin taunts Jafar fur bein less powerful than the genie, tricking Jafar intae usin his lest wish tae acome an aw-powerful genie hissel. Noo bound tae his nou lamp, Jafar ends up trapped ben it, takkin Iago wi him. Wi Agrabah returned tae normal, the genie banishes Jafar's lamp an advises Aladdin uise his third wish tae regain his ryal title sae the law wull allou him tae bide wi Jasmine. Aladdin decides insteid tae keep his promise an frees the genie. Realising Aladdin an Jasmine's luve, the Sultan chynges the law tae allou Jasmine tae mairie wham she chooses. The genie leaves tae explore the warld, while Aladdin an Jasmine stairt thair freish lee thegither. ==Cast== *Scott Weinger as Aladdin, a poor, but kynd-hearted Agrabah thief. Weinger sent in a hamemade audition tape wi his mither playin the Genie,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scottweinger.net/article13.html|title=As Genie, mom helped grant son's wish for 'Aladdin' role|author=Abbott, Jim|date=January 5, 1993|work=St. Paul Pioneer Press|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602043724/http://www.scottweinger.net/article13.html|archivedate=2009-06-02|url-status=live|url-status=dead}}</ref> an efter several caw backs he foond sax month later that he haed the pairt.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scottweinger.net/article15.html|title=Aladdin's Voice Speaks|author=Caporaso, Jenna|author2=Trucks, Leigh|author3=Pompa, Andrew|date=February 27, 1994|work=The Charlotte Observer|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416063832/http://www.scottweinger.net/article15.html|archivedate=2009-04-16|url-status=live|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aladdin's supervising animator wis bi Glen Keane. Brad Kane gies Aladdin his singin vyce.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e1RTP8thtR0C&pg=PA112|title=Disney Voice Actors: A Biographical Dictionary|first=Thomas S.|last=Hischak|publisher=McFarland|year=2011|isbn=978-0-7864-6271-1|page=112}}</ref> *[[Robin Williams]] as The Genie, a comedic [[genie]], wi nigh omnipotent pouer that can anly be exercised whan his master wishes it. The Genie's supervising animator wis Eric Goldberg. Clements an Musker wrate the pairt o the Genie for Robin Williams an, whan met wi resistance, creatit a reel o Williams' stand-up tae animation o the Genie. The directors asked Goldberg tae animate a Genie ower ane o Williams' auld stand-up comedy routines tae pitch the idea tae the actor. The resultin test, whaur Williams taukin anent [[schizophrenia]] wis translated intae Genie growin anither heid tae argue wi himsel, makkit Williams "laugh his ass off" an convinced him tae sign on fur the role. Williams' appearance in ''Aladdin'' (despite his appearance alang wi Christian Slater an Tim Curry in the early 1992 animatit film ''FernGully'') marks the beginnin o a transition in animatit film tae celebrity vyce actors, rather than specifically trained vyce actors in animatit film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/10/how-celebrities-took-over-cartoon-voice-acting/247481|title=How Celebrities Took Over Cartoon Voice Acting|author=Meslow, Scott|work=The Atlantic|date=October 28, 2011|accessdate=May 3, 2015}}</ref> Williams providit monie celebrity impressions during recording sessions, which war re-adapted intae the fabric o the character. Thir included Ed Sullivan, [[Jack Nicholson]], [[Robert De Niro]], [[Groucho Marx]], [[Rodney Dangerfield]], William F. Buckley, Peter Lorre, [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], an Arsenio Hall.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2014/08/12/robin-williams-aladdin-eric-goldberg|title=Robin Williams in 'Aladdin': Animator Eric Goldberg remembers drawing Genie|date=August 12, 2014|author=Labrecque, Jeff|work=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=May 3, 2015|archive-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731115124/https://ew.com/article/2014/08/12/robin-williams-aladdin-eric-goldberg/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Williams vyces the Peddler forby, a mysterious merchant that appears at the beginnin o the film. Efter promoting feckless goods tae the audience, he reveals the magic lamp an begins the story o ''Aladdin''. The scene wis completely unscripted — the production left Williams a table wi props covered wi a sheet an asked him tae pull oot objects athoot lookin at them an describe them in-character. The dooble role originally led tae the Peddler revealin tae be the Genie disguised, but that idea wis dropped later in development.<ref name="ew" /> Bruce Adler supplies the singing vyce for the Peddler. *Jonathan Freeman as Jafar, the pouer-hungry Grand Vizier o Agrabah. Jafar wis originally envisioned as curnaptious, but the directors decidit that a calm villain wad be scarier.<ref name=popup/> Freeman wis the first actor cast an spent ane year an nine month recordin his dialogue. He later readjusted his vyce efter Weinger an Larkin war cast as he felt "Jafar had to be seen as a real threat to Aladdin and Jasmine".<ref>{{cite web|author=Hill, Jim|url=http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2011/06/13/jonathan-freeman-returns-as-jafar-in-new-stage-musical-version-of-disney-s-quot-aladdin-quot.aspx|title=Jonathan Freeman returns as Jafar in new stage musical version of Disney's "Aladdin"|publisher=Jim Hill Media|date=June 13, 2011|accessdate=December 26, 2011|archive-date=2019-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820184415/http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2011/06/13/jonathan-freeman-returns-as-jafar-in-new-stage-musical-version-of-disney-s-quot-aladdin-quot.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jafar's supervising animator wis Andreas Deja, that tried tae incorporate Freeman's facial expressions an gesturing intae the character,<ref name=diamond/> while Jafar's beggar an snake forms are animatit bi Kathy Zielinski.<ref name=comm1/> *Linda Larkin as Princess Jasmine: The princess o Agrabah, that is tired o life in the ryal pailace. Larkin wis chose nine month efter her audeetion, an haed tae lawer her heich-pitched vyce tae reach the vyce the film-makars war leukin for in the character.<ref name=popup/> Jasmine's supervising animator wis Mark Henn. [[Lea Salonga]] gies Jasmine her singin vyce.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://d23.com/lea-salonga/|title=Disney Legends: Lea Salonga|publisher=Disney.com|accessdate=December 26, 2011}}</ref> *Frank Welker as Abu, Aladdin's kleptomaniac pet monkey wi a heich-pitched vyce. The animators filmed monkeys at the San Francisco Zoo tae study thair muivments for Abu's character.<ref name=popup/> In the three years it teuk tae record the film, Welker didnae meet Weinger or Williams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allspark.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=3|title=The Allspark Interviews Legend Frank Welker|author=Kalidor|date=September 22, 2006|work=allspark.com|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602082326/http://www.allspark.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=3|archivedate=June 2, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Welker vyces Jasmine's tiger Rajah an the Cave o Wonders forby.<ref name=comm1/> Duncan Marjoribanks wis the supervising animator for Abu, while Rajah wis animatit bi Aaron Blaise. *[[Gilbert Gottfried]] as Iago, Jafar's sarcastic, foul-mouthed parrot assistant. Muckle lik Robin Williams, Gottfried wis gien freedom tae improvise his lines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Why-Gilbert-Gottfried-Had-Keep-Recording-His-Aladdin-Lines-112457.html|title=Why Gilbert Gottfried Had To Keep Recording His Aladdin Lines |author=Libbey, Dirk|publisher=CinemaBlend|accessdate=December 26, 2011}}</ref> Iago's supervising animator Will Finn tried tae incorporate a wheen o aspects o Gottfried's appearance intae Iago's design, sic as his semi-closed een an the always-appearin teeth.<ref name=popup/> *Douglas Seale as The Sultan, the pompous, but kynd ruler o Agrabah, that desperately tries tae find a suitor for his dochter Jasmine. Some aspects o the character war inspired bi the ''Wizard of Oz'', tae creaut a bumbling authority figure.<ref name=popup/> The Sultan's supervising animator wis David Pruiksma. *Jim Cummings as Razoul, the Captain o the Guard. He wis named efter layout supervisor Rasoul Azadani.<ref name=popup/> He an the ither guards war animatit bi Phil Young an Chris Wahl. *Charlie Adler as Gazeem: A thief that Jafar sends intae the Cave o Wonders at the beginnin o the film but is trapped inside for bein unworthy. Gazeem wis animatit bi T. Daniel Hofstedt. *Corey Burton as Prince Achmed, a snobbish prince that is rejected bi Princess Jasmine as her suitor. ==Production== ===Script an development=== In 1988, lyricist Howard Ashman pitched the idea o an animatit musical adaptation o Aladdin. Ashman haed written a 40-page film treatment remainin faithful tae the plot an characters o the original story, but envisioned as a campy 1930s-style musical wi a Cab Calloway/Fats Waller-lik Genie.<ref name="Rhodes">{{cite news| title=What Would Walt Say? : The credits read Disney, but 'Aladdin' is a brand-new 'toon, an irreverent high-stakes gamble that veers sharply from tradition | url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-11-08/entertainment/ca-4_1_walt-disney-studios | last=Rhodes | first=Joe | newspaper=Los Angeles Times | date=November 8, 1992 | accessdate=July 11, 2015}}</ref> Alangside pairtner Alan Menken, Ashman conceived several sangs an eikit Aladdin's friends named Babkak, Omar, an Kasim tae the story.<ref name="Mouseunderglass">{{cite book |last=Koeing |first=David |title=Mouse Under Glass: Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks |url=https://archive.org/details/mouseunderglasss0000koen |location=Irvine, California |publisher=Bonadventure Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mouseunderglasss0000koen/page/216 216]–26 |isbn=978-0964060517 |date=January 28, 2001 }}<!--|accessdate=Julie 11, 2015--></ref><ref name="time" /> Hooanever, the studio wis dismissive o Ashman's treatment an removed the project frae development in which Ashman an Menken war later recruited tae compone songs for ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-11-25/features/1992330079_1_alan-menken-ashman-howard | title=Ashman's words were music to his ears | last=Hunter | first=Stephen | newspaper=The Baltimore Sun | date=November 25, 1992 | accessdate=July 11, 2015 | archive-date=2017-08-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801234847/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-11-25/features/1992330079_1_alan-menken-ashman-howard | url-status=dead }}</ref> Linda Woolverton, that haed worked on ''Beauty and the Beast'' an aw, uised thair treatment an developit a draft. It haed elements inspired bi ''The Thief o Bagdad'', sic as a villain named Jaf'far, an aged sidekick retired human thief named Abu, an a human handmaiden for the princess.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://howardashman.com/blog/john-musker-question-countdown-number-9/ | title=John Musker Question Countdown – Number 9 | date=February 21, 2012 | accessdate=July 11, 2015 | archive-date=2016-04-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406212441/http://howardashman.com/blog/john-musker-question-countdown-number-9/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://animatedviews.com/2005/aladdin-crew-reunion/|first=Christian|last=Ziebarth|title=Aladdin: Crew Reunion|publisher=Animated Views|date=April 23, 2005|accessdate=May 31, 2009}}</ref> Then, directors John Musker an Ron Clements jynt the production, picking ''Aladdin'' oot o three projects affered, which included an adaptation o ''[[Swan Lake]]'' an ''King o the Jungle'' – that eventually becam ''[[The Lion King]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animationpodcast.com/ronandjohn-part-three/|title=Show 009 – Ron and John, Part Three|publisher=The Animation Podcast|date=November 1, 2005|accessdate=May 31, 2009|archive-date=2010-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309041355/http://animationpodcast.com/ronandjohn-part-three/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Afore Ashman's daith in Mairch 1991, Ashman an Menken haed componed "Prince Ali" an his last song, "Humiliate the Boy".<ref>{{cite news | title=Lyricist's life ended on poignant note | url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-11-22/entertainment/1991326070_1_alan-menken-ashman-song-we-wrote | work=Los Angeles Daily News | publisher=Baltimore Sun | date=November 22, 1991 | accessdate=July 11, 2015 | archive-date=2017-11-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107233721/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-11-22/entertainment/1991326070_1_alan-menken-ashman-song-we-wrote | url-status=dead }}</ref> Musker an Clements wrate a draft o the screenplay, an then delivered a storie reel tae studio chief [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] in Apryle 1991.<ref name="time" /> Katzenberg thocht the script didnae engage, an on a day kent bi the staff as "Black Friday", demaunded that the entire storie be rewrate athoot reschedulin the film's November 25, 1992 release date.<ref>{{cite video | people = John Musker, Ron Clements, Eric Goldberg, Amy Pell, Ed Gombert, Terry Rossio, Ted Elliot | title = Reflections On Black Friday | medium = DVD | publisher = Walt Disney Home Video |date = 2004}}</ref> Amang the changes Katzenberg requested frae Clements an Musker war tae nae be dependent on Ashman's vision,<ref name="Mouseunderglass" /> an the remuival o Aladdin's mither, remarkin, "Eighty-six the mother. The mom's a zero."<ref>{{cite news| title=Retread country | last=Steyn | first=Mark | newspaper=The Spectator | url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-october-1997/76/cinema | date=October 17, 1997 | accessdate=July 11, 2015}}</ref> Screenscreivin duo Ted Elliott an Terry Rossio war brocht in tae rewark the storie.<ref name="time" /> The changes thay med included the remuival o Aladdin's mither, the strenthenin o the character o Princess Jasmine, an the deletion o a wheen o the Ashman-Menken songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/1992/12/04/unsung-aladdin-songs|title=Unsung ''Aladdin'' songs | last=Daly | first=Steve | publisher=Entertainment Weekly | date=December 4, 1992 | accessdate=July 11, 2015}}</ref> Aladdin's personalitie wis rewritten tae be "a wee bit rucher, like a young [[Harrison Ford]]".<ref name="time" /><ref name="ultimate">{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdizzy.com/aladdin.html|title=Aladdin DVzsxD review|publisher=DVDizzy.com|accessdate=March 20, 2007 }}</ref> The papingoe Iago, that wis originallie a stiff Inglis archetype, wis rewirked intae a comic rôle efter the filmmakars saw [[Gilbert Gottfried]] in ''Beverly Hills Cop II''. Gottfried wis cast tae gie Iago's his vyce.<ref>{{cite video | people = John Musker, Ron Clements | title = Aladdin: Platinum Edition (Disc 2) | medium = DVD | publisher = Walt Disney Home Video |date = 2004}}</ref> Bi October 1991, Katzenberg wis blythe wi the new version o ''Aladdin''.<ref name="Rhodes" /> As wi Woolverton's screenplay, a wheen o characters an plot elements are based on the 1940 version o ''The Thief o Bagdad''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fosteronfilm.com/fantasy/thiefbagdad.htm|title=Fantasy: The Thief of Bagdad|publisher=Foster On Film|accessdate=May 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of the East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2_E_gl9BbYC|author=Bernstein, Matthew |author2= Studlar, Gaylyn|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=1997|isbn=978-1-86064-305-7}}</ref> The location o the film wis changed frae Baghdad, Iraq, tae the fictional [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian]] citie o Agrabah.<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Zach|title=Disney Myths Debunked by Ron Clements and John Musker, Directors of The Little Mermaid, Aladdin and Hercules|url=http://www.eonline.com/uk/news/706239/disney-myths-debunked-by-ron-clements-and-john-musker-directors-of-the-little-mermaid-aladdin-and-hercules|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|date=October 15, 2015|accessdate=December 19, 2015}}</ref> ===Design an animation=== Ane o the first issues that the animators faced durin production wis the depiction o Aladdin himsel.<ref name="thomas">Thomas, Bob: "Chapter 9: A New Tradition", pages 133–135. ''Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse to Hercules'', 1997</ref> Director an producer John Musker explains: {{cquote|In early screenings, we played with him being a little bit younger, and he had a mother in the story. [...] In design he became more athletic-looking, more filled out, more of a young leading man, more of a teen-hunk version than before.<ref name=thomas />}} He wis first gaun tae be 13 year old, but later becam 18.<ref name="thomas" /> Aladdin wis ettled bi a team led bi supervisin animator Glen Keane, an wis original makkit tae resemmle actor Michael J. Fox. Durin production, it wis decidit that the design wis too laddish an wisna "appealing enough", sae the character wis redrawn tae add airts derived frae actor [[Tom Cruise]] an Calvin Klein models.<ref name="ew" /> The design for maist characters wis based on the wark o caricaturist Al Hirschfeld.<ref name="diamond" /> Production designer Richard Vander Wende said this wis appropriate tae the theme, due tae similarities tae the swooping lines o Persian miniatures an Arabic calligraphy.<ref name="making">{{cite book|title=Disney's Aladdin The Making Of An Animated Film|last=Culhane|first=John|date=August 15, 1993|publisher=Disney Editions|isbn=978-1-56282-757-1}}</ref> Jafar's design wis nae based on Hirschfeld's wark acause Jafar's supervising animator, Andreas Deja, wanted the character tae be contrastin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tech.mit.edu/V112/N64/aladdin.64a.html|title=Aladdin animator used subtlety to design strong villain|date=November 20, 1992|publisher=The Tech|access-date=2017-05-31|archive-date=2018-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013140/http://tech.mit.edu/V112/N64/aladdin.64a.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Each character wis animatit alone, wi the animators consulting ilk ither tae mak scenes wi interrelatin characters. Aladdin's animator Glen Keane wis wirkin in the California branch o Walt Disney Feature Animation, an Jasmine's animator Mark Henn wis in the Florida ane at Disney-MGM Studios. This meant thay haed tae frequently phone, fax or send designs an discs tae ilk ither.<ref name="making"/> Animator Randy Cartwright describit wirkin on the Magic Carpet as challengin, acause it is anly a rectangular shape, that expresses himsel throu pantomime – "It's sort of like acting by [[origami]]".<ref name="making"/> Cartwright kept foldin a piece o cloth while animatin tae see hou tae position the cairpet.<ref name="making"/> Efter the character animation wis done, the cairpet's surface design wis applee'd digitally.<ref name=diamond/> Fur the scenery design, layoot supervisor Rasoul Azadani teuk monie pictures o his hametoon o [[Isfahan]], Iran for guidal.<ref name=popup/> Ither inspirations for design war Disney's animatit films frae the 1940s an 50s an the 1940 film ''The Thief of Bagdad''.<ref name="making"/> The colouring wis done wi the Computer Animation Production System, an the colour motifs war chose accordin tae the personalitie. The protagonists uise licht colours sic as blue, the antagonists darker yins sic as reid an black, an Agrabah an its pailace uise the neutral colour yellae.<ref name=popup/><ref name=diamond/> Computer animation wis uised for some elements o the film, sic as the tiger entrance o the Cave o Wonders an the scene whaur Aladdin tries tae escape the collapsing cave.<ref name="diamond">{{cite video|location=''Aladdin'' Platinum Edition, Disc 2|title=Diamond in the Rough: The Making of Aladdin|medium=DVD|publisher=Walt Disney Home Video|date=2004}}</ref> Musker an Clements creatit the Genie wi Robin Williams in mind; even tho Katzenberg suggestit actors sic as John Candy, [[Steve Martin]], an [[Eddie Murphy]], Williams wis approached an eventually acceptit the role. Williams came for vyce recording sessions during breaks in the shooting o twa ither films he wis starring in at the time, ''Hook'' an ''Toys''. Unusual fur an animatit film, a gey bit o Williams' dialogue wis mad up on the spot: for some scenes, Williams wis gien topics an diallog suggests, but alloued tae improvise his lines.<ref name="diamond" /> It wis estimatit thit Williams improvised 52 characters.<ref>{{cite video | people = James Lipton (host) |date = 2001 | title = Inside the Actors Studio: Robin Williams | medium = Documentary | publisher = Bravo}}</ref> Eric Goldberg, the supervisin animator for the Genie, then reviewed Williams' recorded diallog an selected the best gags an lines that his crew wad creaut character animation tae match.<ref name="diamond"/> The producers eikit monie in-jokes an references tae Disney's previous warks in the film, sic as a "cameo appearance" frae directors Clements an Musker an drawing some characters based on Disney workers.<ref name="comm1">[[Ron Clements]], [[John Musker]], Amy Pell.''Aladdin'' audio commentary – ''The Filmmaker's''</ref> Beast, Sebastian frae ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'', an Pinocchio mak brief appearances.<ref name="popup">{{cite video|title=Pop Up Fun Facts|location=''Aladdin'' Platinum Edition Disc 1|medium=DVD|date=2004|publisher=Walt Disney Home Video}}</ref> The wardrobe o the Genie at the end o the film—[[Goofy]] hat, Hawaiian sark, an sandals—are a reference tae a cutty film that Robin Williams did fur the Disney-MGM Studios tour in the late 1980s.<ref name="comm1"/> ===Robin Williams' conflichts wi the studio=== In gratitude for his success wi Touchstone Pictures' ''[[Good Morning, Vietnam]]'', Robin Williams voiced the Genie for SAG scale pey (US$75,000) insteid o his asking fee o US$8 million. He did this on condeetion that his nem or image widna be uised for marketing, an his (supporting) character nae tak mair nor 25% o space on advertising artwork. This wis acause Williams' film ''Toys'' wis scheduled for release ane month efter ''Aladdin''{{'}}s debut. For financial reasons, the studio went back on the deal on baith counts, especially in poster airt bi haein the Genie in 25% o the image, but haein ither major an supporting characters portrayed considerably smawer. The Disney Hyperion beuk ''Aladdin: The Making o an Animated Film'' listed baith o Williams' characters "The Peddler" an "The Genie" ahead o main characters. Hooanever, it wis forced tae refer tae him anly as "the actor signed tae play the Genie".<ref name="ew">{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312562,00.html |title=Disney's Got A Brand-New Baghdad 1 |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 4, 1992 |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |first=Steve |last=Daly |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806042954/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312562%2C00.html |archivedate=August 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312562_2,00.html |title=Disney's Got A Brand-New Baghdad 2 |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 4, 1992 |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |first=Steve |last=Daly |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025122146/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312562_2%2C00.html |archivedate=October 25, 2012 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312562_3,00.html |title=Disney's Got A Brand-New Baghdad 3 |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 4, 1992 |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |first=Steve |last=Daly |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025122132/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312562_3%2C00.html |archivedate=October 25, 2012 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref> Disney, while no uisin Williams' nem in commercials as per the contract, uised his vyce for the Genie in the commercials an uised the Genie character tae sell toys an fast fuid tie-ins. It did this athoot haein tae pey Williams additional money. Williams unhappily quipped at the time: "The only reason Mickey Mouse has three fingers is because he can't pick up a check." Disney attempted tae assuage Williams bi sending him a [[Pablo Picasso]] pentin worth mair nor US$1 million at the time. This muive failed tae repair the damaged relationship, as the pentin wis a self-portrait o the artist as Vincent van Gogh which apparently really "clashed" wi the Williams' wilder hame decor.<ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/robin-williams-disney-feud-picasso-gift-2014-11]</ref> Williams refused tae sign on for Aladdin 2, sae it wis [[Dan Castellaneta]] that voiced the Genie. When [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] wis replaced bi Joe Roth as Walt Disney Studios chairman, Roth gied a public apology tae Williams.<ref>[http://www.cbr.com/movie-legends-revealed-robin-williams-split-with-disney-over-aladdin-poster/]</ref> ===Music=== Composer Alan Menken an songwriters Howard Ashman an Tim Rice war praised for creautin a soundtrack that is "consistently good, rivaling the best of Disney's other animated musicals from the '90s".<ref>{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r110157|pure_url=yes}}|title=Aladdin soundtrack review|publisher=Allmusic|author=Phares, Heather|accessdate=Mairch 18, 2007}}</ref> Menken an Ashman began wark on the film thegither, wi Rice takkin ower as lyricist efter Ashman died o AIDS-relatit complications in early 1991.<ref>{{Cite video|location=''Aladdin'' Platinum Edition, Disc 2|title=Alan Menken: Musical Renaissance Man|medium=DVD|date=2004|publisher=Walt Disney Home Video}}</ref> Awtho fourteen songs war written for ''Aladdin'', anly sax are featurt in the movie, three bi each lyricist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312563,00.html |title=Unsettled score |work=Entertainment Weekly |author=Daly, Steve |date=December 4, 1992 |accessdate=June 12, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806042928/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312563%2C00.html |archivedate=August 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref> The DVD Special Edition released in 2004 includes fower songs in early animations tests, an a music video o ane, "Proud of Your Boy", performed bi Clay Aiken,<ref name="ign">{{cite web|url=http://dvd.ign.com/articles/549/549036p1.html|title=Aladdin: Ultimate DVD review|publisher=IGN|date=September 17, 2004|accessdate=March 16, 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070312234759/http://dvd.ign.com/articles/549/549036p1.html| archivedate= March 12, 2007 | url-status=live}}</ref> which appears on the album ''DisneyMania 3'' an aw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html|title=DisneyMania 3|publisher=Disney|accessdate=May 25, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519070127/http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html|archivedate=May 19, 2009|url-status=live}} {{Cite web |url=http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2009-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519070127/http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> ==Themes== The filmmakers thocht the moral message o the original tale wis nae appropriate, an decidit tae "pit a spin on it"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "put a spin on it"</ref>, bi makin the fulfillment o wishes seem lik a guid hing, but eventually acomin a problem.<ref name="making"/> Anither major theme wis avoiding an attempt tae be what the person is nae – baith Aladdin an Jasmine get intae trouble faking tae be different fowk.<ref name=popup/> The Prince Ali persona fails tae impress Jasmine, that anly faws for Aladdin whan she finds oot wha he truly is.<ref>{{cite book|title=Disney A to Z: The Official Encyclopedia|author=Smith, Dave | authorlink = Dave Smith (archivist) |publisher=Disney Editions|date=August 15, 1996|isbn=978-0-7868-6223-8}}</ref> Bein "imprisoned" is discussed, a fate that occurs tae maist o the characters – Aladdin an Jasmine are stuck tae thair lifestyles, Genie is attached tae his lamp an Jafar, tae the Sultan. This is represented visually bi the prison-lik walls an bars o the Agrabah pailace, an the scene involvin caged birds which Jasmine later frees.<ref name=popup/> Jasmine is depicted as a different Disney Princess, bein rebellious tae the ryal life an the social structure,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AKd6mZSGsVUC&pg=PA276&lpg=PA276|title=The Arabian Nights reader|first=Ulrich|last=Marzolph|publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8143-3259-7}}</ref> an tryin tae mak her ain wey, unlik the princesses that juist wait for rescue.<ref name="making"/> ==Release an reception== ===Theatrical run=== A lairge promotion campaign preceded ''Aladdin''{{'}}s debut in theaters, wi the film's trailer bein attached tae maist Disney VHS releases, an numerous tie-ins an licensees bein released.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,305817,00.html |title=Arabian Sheikdown |author=Daly, Steve |author2=Ascher-Walsh, Rebecca |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=March 12, 1993 |accessdate=August 30, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218052528/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C305817%2C00.html |archivedate=December 18, 2009 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref> Efter a leemitit release on November 13, 1992,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=1992&wknd=46&p=.htm|title=Weekend Box Office Results for November 13–15, 1992|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 26, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090603094552/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=1992&wknd=46&p=.htm| archivedate= June 3, 2009 | url-status=live}}</ref> ''Aladdin'' debuted in 1,131 theaters on November 25, 1992, grossing US$19.2 million in its openin weekend. This makkit it nummer twa at the box affice, behind ''Home Alone 2: Lost in New York''.<ref name="Opening BOM">{{cite news|url=http://variety.com/1992/film/news/holiday-b-o-gobbles-up-big-bucks-101610/ |title=Holiday B.O. gobbles up big bucks|work=Variety |date=November 30, 1992|last=Natale|first=Richard|accessdate=June 12, 2009}}</ref> It teuk aicht weeks for the film tae reach nummer ane at the US box affice, breaking the record for the week atween Christmas an New Year's Eve wi US$32.2 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1993-01-26/entertainment/ca-2081_1_weekend-box-office|title='Aladdin' Finally Hits No. 1 and a Record in Sales Too|work=Los Angeles Times|last=Fox|first=David J.|date=January 26, 1993|accessdate=June 12, 2009}}</ref> The film held the tap spot five times during its 22-week run.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=aladdin.htm|title=Aladdin (1992) – Weekend Box Office Results|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=June 12, 2009}}</ref> ''Aladdin'' wis the maist successfu film o 1992 grossing US$217 million in the Unitit States an ower US$504 million warldwide.<ref name="boxoffice"/> It wis the biggest gross for an animatit film until ''[[The Lion King]]'' twa years later, an wis the first full-length animatit film tae gross US$200 million in North Americae.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lionking.htm|title=The Lion King (1994)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 25, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090517125117/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lionking.htm| archivedate= May 17, 2009 | url-status=live}}</ref> As o Januar 2014, it is the thirtieth highest grossing animatit film an the third highest grossing tradeetionally animatit feature warldwide, behind ''[[The Lion King]]'' an ''The Simpsons Movie''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=simpsons.htm|title=The Simpsons Movie (2007)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 25, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090617051954/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=simpsons.htm| archivedate= June 17, 2009 | url-status=live}}</ref> It sauld an estimatit 52,442,300 tickets in the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aladdin.htm&adjust_yr=1&p=.htm|title=Aladdin (1992)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref> ===Critical reception=== [[File:Chuck Jones2 (cropped).jpg|150px|thumb|Warner Bros. Cartoons animator Chuck Jones cried ''Aladdin'', "the funniest feature ever made."<ref name="time">{{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,158290,00.html|work=Time|title=Aladdin's Magic| author = Richard Corliss |author2= Patrick E. Cole|author3= Martha Smilgis | authorlink = Richard Corliss | date=November 9, 1992|accessdate=March 16, 2007 | quote = Chuck Jones' verdict is judicious: Aladdin is "the funniest feature ever made." It's a movie for adults – if they can keep up with its careering pace – and, yes, you can take the kids. It juggles a '90s impudence with the old Disney swank and heart. }}</ref>]] The review aggregator wabsteid Rotten Tomatoes reportit that 94% o critics gae the film a guid review based on a sample o 68 reviews, wi an average score o 8.1/10.<ref name="RTfresh">{{cite web | url= http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1042582-aladdin/ | title=Aladdin at Rottentomatoes.com | publisher=Rotten Tomatoes | accessdate=March 23, 2012 }}</ref> Most critics' praise went tae Robin Williams' performance as Genie,<ref name="RTfresh" /> wi Janet Maslin o ''[[The New York Times]]'' declaring that childer "needn't know precisely what Mr. Williams is evoking to understand how funny he is".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CE7DC1138F932A25752C1A964958260|title=Disney Puts Its Magic Touch on 'Aladdin'|work=The New York Times|first=Janet|last=Maslin | authorlink = Janet Maslin | date=November 11, 1992|accessdate=June 12, 2009 }}</ref> Warner Bros. Cartoons director Chuck Jones even cried the film "the funniest feature ever made."<ref name="time"/> Furthermair, Inglis-Erse comedian Spike Milligan considered it tae be the greatest film o aw time.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0589711/bio?ref_=nm_dyk_trv_sm#trivia | title = Spike Milligan - Biography - IMDb}}</ref> James Berardinelli gae it 3.5 oot o 4 stars, praising the "crisp visuals and wonderful song-and-dance numbers".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/aladdin|title=Aladdin|author= Berardinelli, James | authorlink = James Berardinelli |publisher=Reelviews|year=1992|accessdate=May 26, 2009 }}</ref> Peter Travers o ''Rolling Stone'' said the comedy makkit the film accessible tae baith childer an adults.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163432/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin|archivedate=June 18, 2008|title=Aladdin|author=Travers, Peter|authorlink=Peter Travers|journal=Rolling Stone|issue=644|date=November 1992|accessdate=May 26, 2009}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2008-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163432/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163432/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin |date=2008-06-18 }}</ref> Desson Howe o ''[[The Washington Post]]'' shared this vision, an said "kids are still going to be entranced by the magic and adventure."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/aladdinghowe_a0af3c.htm|title='Aladdin'|first=Desson|last=Howe|work=The Washington Post|date=November 27, 1992|accessdate=May 26, 2009 }}</ref> Brian Lowry o ''Variety'' praised the cast o characters, describing the expressive magic cairpet as "its most remarkable accomplishment" an considered that "''Aladdin'' owercomes maist flaws in the storie thanks tae sheer technical virtuosity"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "''Aladdin'' overcomes most story flaws thanks to sheer technical virtuosity"</ref>.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117900071.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 |title=Aladdin|work=Variety |first=Brian|last=Lowry |date=November 4, 1992 |accessdate=May 26, 2009 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090602052954/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117900071.html?categoryid=31&cs=1| archivedate= June 2, 2009 | url-status=live}}</ref> Some aspects o the film war criticised. Ed Gonzalez o ''Slant Magazine'' wrate a negative review, describing the film as racist, ridiculous, an a "narcissistic circus act" frae Robin Williams.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/aladdin | title=Aladdin | work=Slant Magazine | date=September 23, 2004 | accessdate=June 16, 2015 | author=Gonzalez, Ed}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]], that generally praised the film in his review, considered the music inferior tae its predecessors ''The Little Mermaid'' an ''Beauty and the Beast'', an claimed Aladdin an Jasmine war "pale an routine". He criticised what he saw as the film's uise o ethnic stereotypes. He wrote: "Most of the Arab characters have exaggerated facial characteristics - hooked noses, glowering brows, thick lips - but Aladdin and the princess look like white American teenagers."<ref>{{cite news|author=Ebert, Roger | authorlink = Roger Ebert |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/aladdin-1992| title=Aladdin review|date=November 25, 1992|accessdate=March 17, 2007 |work=Chicago Sun-Times }}</ref> ===Awards=== ''Aladdin'' received monie award nominations, maistlins for its music. It won twa [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]s, Best Music, Original Score an Best Music, Original Song for "''A Whole New World''" an receiving nominations for Best Sang ("Friend Like Me"), Best Sound Editing (Mark A. Mangini), an Best Sound (Terry Porter, Mel Metcalfe, David J. Hudson an Doc Kane).<ref name="Oscars1993">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1993 |title=The 65th Academy Awards (1993) Nominees and Winners |accessdate=October 22, 2011|work=oscars.org}}</ref> At the Golden Globes, ''Aladdin'' won Best Original Song ("A Whole New World") an Best Original Score, as weel as a Special Achievement Award for Robin Williams, wi a nomination for Best Motion Picture&nbsp;– Musical or Comedy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/23558|title=SEARCH&nbsp;– Aladdin|publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association|accessdate=May 25, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713032324/http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/23558|archivedate=July 13, 2010}}</ref> Ither awards included the Annie Award for Best Animatit Feature<ref>{{cite web|url=http://annieawards.org/21stwinners.html |title=Legacy: 21st Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (1993) |publisher=Annie Awards |accessdate=May 25, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425215012/http://annieawards.org/21stwinners.html |archivedate=April 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref> an a MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance tae Robin Williams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1993/|title=1993 MTV Movie Awards|publisher=MTV|accessdate=May 25, 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080423094756/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1993/| archivedate= April 23, 2008 | url-status=live}}</ref> It won Saturn Awards fur Best Fantasy Film, {{lang|en|Performance by a Young Actor}} tae Scott Weinger an Supporting Actor tae Robin Williams,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |title=Past Saturn Award Winners |publisher=Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films |accessdate=May 25, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511180136/http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |archivedate=May 11, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2014-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906130320/http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> an the Best Animatit Feature bi the Los Angeles Film Critics Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lafca.net/years/1992.html|title=18TH Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards|publisher=LAFCA|accessdate=May 25, 2009|archive-date=2016-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316102754/http://www.lafca.net/years/1992.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It won fower [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]]s an aw: Best Soundtrack Album, an {{lang|en|Song of the Year}}, {{lang|en|Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal}} an {{lang|en|Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media}} for "''A Whole New World''".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/02/movies/top-grammy-to-houston-5-for-aladdin.html|title=Top Grammy to Houston; 5 for 'Aladdin'|first=Jon|last=Pareles|date=March 2, 1994|work=The New York Times|accessdate=May 25, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090602224016/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/02/movies/top-grammy-to-houston-5-for-aladdin.html| archivedate= June 2, 2009 | url-status=live}}</ref> The film is recognised bi American Film Institute in thir lists: 2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: "Friend Like Me" – nominatit. "A Whole New World" – nominatit. ===Hame media {{anchor|DVD}}=== The film wis first released in VHS on October 1, 1993, as pairt o the "Walt Disney Classics" line. In its first week, ''Aladdin'' sauld ower 10.6&nbsp;million copies,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,308423,00.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425210651/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C308423%2C00.html |archivedate=April 25, 2009 |title=Arabian Might |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=October 15, 1993 |accessdate=May 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref> an went on tae sell ower 25&nbsp;million in tot (a record anly broken bi the later release o ''The Lion King'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movieweb.com/disney-rubs-aladdins-lamp/|title=Disney Rubs Aladdin's Lamp|publisher=Movie Web|accessdate=March 20, 2007}}</ref> This VHS edition entered moratorium on Apryle 30, 1994.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/20/arts/home-video-149802.html|title=Home Video|work=The New York Times|date=May 20, 1994|accessdate=March 20, 2007 | first=Peter M. | last=Nichols}}</ref> A THX-certified widescreen LaserDisc wis issued in Autumn 1994,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TAgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA60&lpg=RA1-PA60&dq=aladdin+laserdisc+1994&source=bl&ots=eHM4OjcTuG&sig=XU1XZH8-nv6gT6dfedeb2BmwoYY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEtqfjoo7SAhUB34MKHWqHDkc4ChDoAQgeMAE#v=onepage&q=aladdin%20laserdisc%201994&f=false|title=Billboard|last=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|first=|date=1994-05-21|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=|via=}}</ref> an a Spaingie-dubbed VHS for the American mercat wis released on Apryle 14, 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/HISTORIC+SPANISH-LANGUAGE+DEBUT;+DISNEY'S+'SNOW+WHITE'+AND+'ALADDIN'...-a016806752|title=HISTORIC SPANISH-LANGUAGE DEBUT; DISNEY'S 'SNOW WHITE' AND 'ALADDIN' PLUS FIVE ADDITIONAL HITS COME TO HOME VIDEO BEGINNING APRIL 14 - Free Online Library|website=www.thefreelibrary.com|access-date=2017-02-14}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On October 5, 2004, ''Aladdin'' wis released on DVD, as pairt o Disney's Platinum Edition line. The DVD release featurt retouched an cleaned-up animation, prepared fur ''Aladdin's'' planned but ultimately cancelled IMAX reissue in 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2004/10/12/478.aspx|title= "Aladdin" Platinum Edition sets the gold standard for Disney DVD|author= Hill, Jim|date= October 12, 2004|accessdate= April 5, 2007|archive-date= 2009-07-25|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090725154432/http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/jim_hill/archive/2004/10/11/478.aspx|url-status= dead}}</ref> an a second disc wi bonus features. Accompanied bi a US$19 million marketing campaign,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001011344 |title=Best sellers |first=Thomas K. |last=Arnold |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=August 9, 2005 |accessdate=May 27, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602063539/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001011344 |archivedate=June 2, 2009 |url-status=live |df=mdy }}</ref> the DVD sauld aroon 3&nbsp;million units in its first month. This wis less nor the nummer o copies sauld in that amount o time bi ony ither ''Platinum Edition'' released aforehaund.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.homemediamagazine.com/news/dvd-player-penetration-drives-october-sales-growth-6917|title=DVD Player Penetration Drives October Sales Growth|author=McCourt, Judith |date=December 2, 2004|accessdate=September 19, 2007}}</ref> The film's soundtrack wis available in its original Dolby 5.1 track or in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix.<ref name="ign" /> The DVD went intae moratorium in Januar 2008, alang wi its sequels.<ref>{{cite web | work=DVDizzy.com | title=Out of Print Disney DVDs|url=http://www.dvdizzy.com/disneyvault.html| accessdate=September 24, 2006}}</ref> Accordin tae an insert in the ''Lady and the Tramp'' Diamond Edition release case, ''Aladdin'' wis gart tae be released on [[Blu-ray Disc]] as a Diamond Edition in Spring 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=8139|title=Disney Teases 2012 Blu-ray Slate|work=Blu-ray.com}}</ref> Insteid, ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]'' wis released on Blu-ray as a Diamond Edition on Februar 5, 2013 tae celebrate its 60t anniversar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.insidethemagic.net/2013/02/review-peter-pan-diamond-edition-blu-ray-soars-with-outstanding-nine-old-men-bonus-feature-gorgeous-digital-restoration/ |title=Review: "Peter Pan" Diamond Edition Blu-ray soars with outstanding "Nine Old Men" bonus feature, gorgeous digital restoration |quote=Celebrating its 60th anniversary, Disney has released the timeless classic animated film “Peter Pan” onto Blu-ray for the first time with an impressive trip to Neverland given “Diamond Edition” treatment.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Peter-Pan-Blu-ray/55001/#Review |title=Peter Pan Blu-ray Review |quote=Pardon the nostalgic digression, but Walt Disney's fourteenth animated feature, now celebrating its 60th anniversary, has the look and whimsy of a much younger production.}}</ref> A non-Diamond Edition Blu-ray wis released in a few select European kintras in Mairch 2013. The Belgian edition (released athoot adverts) comes as a 1-disc version wi its extras pit ower frae the Platinum Edition DVD. The same disc wis released in the Unitit Kinrick on Apryle 14, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aladdin Blu-ray|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Aladdin-Blu-ray/37383/|accessdate=December 24, 2013}}</ref> Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on a Diamond Edition Blu-ray on October 13, 2015. The film wis released on Digital HD on September 29, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Disney's 'Aladdin' Never Looked Better Than in This 'Diamond Edition' Trailer (EXCLUSIVE)|url=http://news.moviefone.com/2015/02/05/disneys-aladdin-diamond-edition-blu-ray-digital/|accessdate=February 7, 2015|archive-date=2015-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207064049/http://news.moviefone.com/2015/02/05/disneys-aladdin-diamond-edition-blu-ray-digital|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pre-Order Disney's ALADDIN Diamond Edition Blu-ray & DVD, Set To Be Released 10/13|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Pre-Order-Disneys-ALADDIN-Diamond-Edition-Blu-ray-DVD-Set-To-Be-Released-1013-20150608|accessdate=June 8, 2015|archive-date=2015-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612020831/http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Pre-Order-Disneys-ALADDIN-Diamond-Edition-Blu-ray-DVD-Set-To-Be-Released-1013-20150608|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Aladdin' Trailer Offers Peek at New Robin Williams Outtakes as Genie|url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/aladdin-trailer-offers-peek-at-new-robin-129290396592.html|accessdate=September 29, 2015}}</ref> Upon its first week o release on hame media in the U.S., the film tapped the Blu-ray Disc sales chart. It debuted at nummer 2 at the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart, which tracks oweraw disc sales, behind the disaster film ''San Andreas''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2015/film/news/san-andreas-shakes-up-dvd-blu-ray-disc-sales-charts-1201623841/|title=‘San Andreas’ Shakes Up DVD, Blu-ray Disc Sales Charts|author=Thomas K. Arnold|work=Variety|date=October 22, 2015|accessdate=October 22, 2015}}</ref> ===Controversies=== Ane o the verses o the openin sang "Arabian Nights" wis altered follaein protests frae the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC). The lyrics war changed in Julie 1993 frae ''"where they cut off your ear if they don't like your face"'' in the original release tae ''"where it's flat and immense and the heat is intense"''. The chynge first appeared on the 1993 video release.<ref name="adc">{{cite web|url=http://www.adc.org/index.php?id=283|title=Arab Stereotypes and American Educators|publisher=American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee|accessdate=March 16, 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070405005650/http://www.adc.org/index.php?id=283| archivedate= April 5, 2007 | url-status=live}}</ref> The original lyric wis intact on the initial CD soundtrack release, but the re-release uses the edited lyric. The rerecording haes the original vyce on aw ither lines an then a noticeably deeper vyce says the edited line. The Broadway adaptation uses the edited line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adamjacobs.net/aladdin-gets-big-changes-broadway-debut/|title=Aladdin gets big changes for Broadway debut|first=Gregory|last=Miller|publisher=New York Post|date=2014-03-09|accessdate=2016-05-08}}</ref> ''Entertainment Weekly'' ranked ''Aladdin'' in a leet o the maist controversial films in history, due tae this incident.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1202224,00.html |title=The 25 Most Controversial Movies Ever |work=Entertainment Weekly |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314000859/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C1202224%2C00.html |archivedate=March 14, 2007 |url-status=live |df= }}</ref> The ADC complained aboot the portrayal o the lead characters Aladdin an Jasmine. Thay criticised the characters' Englified an pail features, an Inglis-American accents, in contrast tae the ither characters in the film, which are dark-skinned, hae foreign accents an grotesque facial features, an appear villainous or greedy.<ref name="adc" /> Protests war raised tae anither scene. When Aladdin is attacked bi the tiger Rajah on the pailace balcony, Aladdin quietly says a line that some fowk reportit hearing as ''"Good teenagers, take off your clothes"'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/disney/info/aladwsj.htm |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091001072715/http://www.snopes.com/disney/info/aladwsj.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 1, 2009 |title=Take Off Your Clothes! |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=October 25, 1995 |accessdate=April 2, 2013 |publisher=Snopes }}</ref> which thay considered a subliminal reference tae promiscuity. Hooanever, accordin tae the commentary track on the 2004 DVD, Musker an Clements did admit Scott Weinger mad up on the spot during the scene, but thay claimed "we didnae record that, we widnae record that"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "we did not record that, we would not record that,"</ref>. Thay said the line wis ''"Good tiger, take off and go…"'', an the wird "tiger" is owerlapped bi Rajah's snarl.<ref>Ron Clements and John Musker, "Filmmaker's Commentary". ''Aladdin: Platinum Edition'' DVD, Disc 1, Bonus Features, Backstage Disney, Walt Disney Home Entertainment.</ref> Efter the wird tiger, a second vyce can be heard which haes been suggestit wis accidentally grafted onto the soundtrack. Acause o the controversy, Disney removed the line on the DVD release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/disney/films/aladdin.asp|title=Disney (Take Off Your Clothes!)|publisher=Snopes|accessdate=March 24, 2007}}. The source compiles and cites four major newspaper references.</ref> Animation enthusiasts hae noticed similarities atween ''Aladdin'' an Richard Williams' unfinished film ''The Thief and the Cobbler'' (kent forby as ''Arabian Knight'' unner Miramax Films an ''The Princess and the Cobbler'' unner Majestic Films Internaitional). Thir similarities include a seemilar plot, seemilar characters, scenes an background designs, an the antagonist Zig-Zag's resemblance in character design an mannerisms tae Genie an Jafar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdsnapshot.com/January07Review/ThiefAndCobbler.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141735/http://www.dvdsnapshot.com/January07Review/ThiefAndCobbler.html|archivedate=December 16, 2008 |title=The Thief and the Cobbler review|publisher=DVD snapshot|author=Savino, Cris}}</ref><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/26/movies/film-review-a-late-finisher-about-old-araby.html|title= A Late Finisher About Old Araby |work=The New York Times|date=August 26, 1995 | first=Caryn | last=James}}</ref> Tho ''Aladdin'' wis released prior tae ''The Thief and the Cobbler'', ''The Thief and the Cobbler'' haed first gaen intae production lang afore, in the 1960s. It wis mired in difficulties, includin financial problems, copyright issues, story revisions an late production times caused bi separate studios tryin tae feenish the film efter Richard Williams wis fired frae the project for lack o finished wark.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.tvguide.com/movie-news/Best-Animated-Movie-7953.aspx|title=The Best Animated Movie You've Never Heard Of|publisher=TV Guide|date=November 28, 2006|accessdate=March 17, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615171326/http://movies.tvguide.com/movie-news/Best-Animated-Movie-7953.aspx|archivedate=2012-06-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> The late release, coupled wi Miramax purchasing an re-editing the film, haes whiles resulted in ''The Thief and the Cobbler'' bein labeled a rip-aff o ''Aladdin''.<ref name="nytimes" /> ==Live-action adaptations== * On 15 Julie 2015 the studio annoonced it wis developin a live-action prequel cried ''Genies'', written bi Damian Shannon an Mark Swift, wi Tripp Vinson producin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/aladdin-live-action-prequel-works-808895|title='Aladdin' Live-Action Prequel in the Works at Disney (Exclusive)|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|last=Kit|first=Borys|date=July 15, 2015}}</ref> On 8 November, Disney said it haed first planned tae uise Robin Williams' unuised lines frae the 1991–92 recordin sessions, but his will stappit the studio frae uisin his likeness for 25 year efter his daith.<ref>{{cite news|title=Robin Williams’ will prevents use of outtakes for ‘Aladdin’ sequel|last=Putnam|first=Lindsay|url=http://nypost.com/2015/11/08/robin-williams-will-prevents-use-of-outtakes-for-aladdin-sequel/|newspaper=The New York Post|date=November 8, 2015|accessdate=November 14, 2015}}</ref> * In October 2016 it wis reportit that Disney wis developin a live-action adaptation o ''Aladdin'', wi Guy Ritchie signed on tae direct. John August wrate the script, that keeps the muisical elements o the oreeginal film, an Dan Lin wis producer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2016/10/aladdin-guy-ritchie-disney-live-action-film-sherlock-holmes-1201834102/|last=Fleming Jr.|first=Mike|title=Guy Ritchie To Direct Live Action 'Aladdin' For Disney|publisher=[[Deadline.com]]|accessdate=October 10, 2016|date=October 10, 2016}}</ref> In Julie 2017 Mena Massoud wis cast as Aladdin, Naomi Scott as Jasmine an [[Will Smith]] as the Genie.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/aladdin-will-smith-naomi-scott-jasmine-cast-mena-massoud-d23-1202496767/|title='Aladdin': Disney Casts Will Smith, Mena Massoud, Naomi Scott|website=Variety|date=July 15, 2017|access-date=December 10, 2017|archive-date=July 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715232330/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/aladdin-will-smith-naomi-scott-jasmine-cast-mena-massoud-d23-1202496767/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film wis released in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|last=Prange|first=Stephanie|title=Disney to Bow Live-Action 'Aladdin' and Animated Classic on Digital Aug. 27, Disc Sept. 10 Including 4K|url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/disney-to-bow-live-action-aladdin-and-animated-classic-on-digital-aug-27-disc-sept-10-including-4k/|website=Media Play News.com|date=July 25, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2023}}</ref> ==Notes== <references group="note"/> ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{wikiquote|Aladdin}} * {{Offeecial wabsteid|http://movies.disney.com/aladdin}} * {{IMDb title|0103639|Aladdin}} * {{Allmovie title|1338|Aladdin}} * {{mojo title|aladdin|Aladdin}} * {{rotten-tomatoes|1042582-aladdin|Aladdin}} * {{bcdb|4-Aladdin|Aladdin}} * [http://toonopedia.com/aladdin.htm Aladdin] in folklore an popular culture, at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. [http://www.webcitation.org/6bCRL7uUO?url=http://toonopedia.com/aladdin.htm Archived] frae the original on August 31, 2015. {{Walt Disney Animation Studios}} {{Ron Clements an John Musker}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aladdin (1992 Disney film)}} [[Category:1992 animatit films]] [[Category:1990s adventur films]] [[Category:1990s American animatit films]] [[Category:1990s comedy films]] [[Category:1990s fantasie films]] [[Category:1990s muisical films]] [[Category:American animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:American buddy films]] [[Category:American bairns' animatit films]] [[Category:American bairns' fantasie films]] [[Category:American fantasie adventur films]] [[Category:American fantasie-comedy films]] [[Category:American muisical fantasy films]] [[Category:Animatit buddy films]] [[Category:Animatit comedy films]] [[Category:Animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:Animatit feature films]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Best Animatit Featur Annie Awaird winners]] [[Category:Cultural depictions o Arnold Schwarzenegger]] [[Category:Cultural depictions o The Marx Brothers]] [[Category:Disney's Aladdin| ]] [[Category:Disney Renaissance]] [[Category:Films aboot wish fulfillment]] [[Category:Films adaptit intae televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Films based on Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts]] [[Category:Films directit bi John Musker]] [[Category:Films directit bi Ron Clements]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Films featurin hypnosis]] [[Category:Film scores bi Alan Menken]] [[Category:Films set in a fictional Asian kintra]] [[Category:Films set in the Middle East]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Score Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Sang Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] bpc7eqw3g7zdxjmoa1q2yb9q16fgr0e 0 65279 927498 906680 2026-11-09T22:32:09Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; oot-o-date box office claims put in the past 927498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Toy Story 3 | image = Toy Story 3 poster.jpg | caption = Theatrical release poster | director = [[Lee Unkrich]] | producer = Darla K. Anderson | screenplay = Michael Arndt | story = {{plain list| * [[John Lasseter]] * [[Andrew Stanton]] * Lee Unkrich }} | starring = {{plain list| * [[Tom Hanks]] * [[Tim Allen]] * Joan Cusack * Ned Beatty * [[Don Rickles]] * Michael Keaton * Wallace Shawn * [[John Ratzenberger]] * [[Blake Clark]] * [[Estelle Harris]] * Jodi Benson * John Morris }} | music = [[Randy Newman]] | cinematography = Jeremy Lasky<br />Kim White | editing = Ken Schretzmann | studio = [[Walt Disney Pictures]]<br />Pixar Animation Studios | distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Walt Disney Studios<br />Motion Pictures]] | released = {{film date|2010|6|12|Taormina Film Fest|2010|6|18|North America}} | runtime = 103 meenit<ref name="mojo1"/> | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = $200&nbsp;million<ref name="mojo1">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=toystory3.htm|title=Toy Story 3 (2010)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=August 1, 2011}}</ref> | gross = $1,063,171,911<ref name="mojo1"/> }} '''''Toy Story 3''''' is a 2010 American 3D [[Computer animation|computer-animatit]] [[comedy drama]] film, the third film in the ''Toy Story'' franchise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nola.com/movies/index.ssf/2010/06/the_pixar_way_with_toy_story_3.html|first=Mike|last=Scott|title=The Pixar way: With 'Toy Story 3' continuing the studio's success, one must ask: How do they do it?|publisher=The Times-Picayune|work=NOLA.com|date=May 18, 2010|accessdate=June 18, 2010}}</ref> It wis producit bi [[Pixar|Pixar Animation Studios]] an released bi [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. It wis directit bi [[Lee Unkrich]], an the screenplay wis written bi Michael Arndt. Unkrich wrote the story wi [[John Lasseter]] an [[Andrew Stanton]], that directit an co-wrote the first twa films. It wis released aroond the warld atween Juin an October<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0435761/releaseinfo|title=Release dates for Toy Story 3|publisher=Amazon.com|work=[[IMDb]]|accessdate=December 3, 2010}}</ref> in the Disney Digital 3-D, RealD, an IMAX 3D formats. ''Toy Story 3'' wis the first film released in cinemas wi Dolby Surround 7.1 sound. The story follaes the toys Woody, Buzz Lightyear, an thair freends as they face an uncertain future wi Andy gettin ready tae gang awa tae college. [[Tom Hanks]], [[Tim Allen]], Joan Cusack, [[Don Rickles]], [[Estelle Harris]], [[John Ratzenberger]], Wallace Shawn, Jeff Pidgeon, Jodi Benson, R. Lee Ermey, John Morris, an Laurie Metcalf took up thair vyce roles again frae the earlier films. [[Jim Varney]] an Joe Ranft deed afore wark stairtit on ''Toy Story 3''. [[Blake Clark]], a freend o Varney's, took ower the role o Slinky Dug, an Ranft's chairacters an a wheen o ithers war written oot o the story. The new chairacters are played bi Ned Beatty, [[Timothy Dalton]], Kristen Schaal, Bonnie Hunt, [[Whoopi Goldberg]], Jeff Garlin, Richard Kind, an Michael Keaton. The film broke ''Shrek the Third''{{'}}s record for the biggest openin day in North Americae for an animatit film, no adjustit for inflation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/days/f-th.htm?page=Fri&p=.htm|title=Single Day Records: Highest Grossing Fridays at the Box Office|publisher=Amazon.com|work=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=August 16, 2010}}</ref> an haed a big openin weekend, takkin in $110,307,189 no adjustit. It is the heichest-grossin openin weekend for a Pixar film an aw,<ref>{{cite web|last=Sperling|first=Nicole|url=http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2010/06/20/box-office-report-toy-story-breaks-records-jonah-hex-lands-in-eighth-place/|title=Box office report: 'Toy Story' breaks records; 'Jonah Hex' lands in eighth place|publisher=Hollywoodinsider.ew.com|date=June 20, 2010|accessdate=August 16, 2010|archive-date=2010-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623012645/http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2010/06/20/box-office-report-toy-story-breaks-records-jonah-hex-lands-in-eighth-place/|url-status=dead}}</ref> an it wis the heichest-grossin openin weekend for a film that stairtit in Juin till ''[[Man of Steel (film)|Man of Steel]]'' bate it.<ref name="manofsteel">{{cite web|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/06/16/box-office-report-man-of-steel/|title=Box office report: 'Man of Steel' scores super $125.1 million debut, breaks June record|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=June 16, 2013|accessdate=June 16, 2013|archive-date=2013-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618052054/http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/06/16/box-office-report-man-of-steel/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="openingjune">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/month/?mo=06&p=.htm|title=Top June Opening Weekends at the Box Office|publisher=|accessdate=October 4, 2014}}</ref> It wis the heichest-grossin film o 2010, baith in the Unitit States an Canadae an warldwide. In early August it acame Pixar's heichest-grossin film at the North American an warldwide box offices (surpassin ''[[Finding Nemo]]''), an the heichest-grossin animatit film o aw time warldwide (surpassin ''[[Shrek 2]]'').<ref>{{cite news|last=Sperling|first=Nicole|title='Toy Story 3' becomes highest-grossing animated flick of all time|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2010/08/13/toy-story-3-box-office-record/|newspaper=Entertainment Weekly|date=August 13, 2010|accessdate=April 9, 2012|archive-date=2013-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527010533/http://insidemovies.ew.com/2010/08/13/toy-story-3-box-office-record/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Later that month ''Toy Story 3'' acame the first animatit film tae mak ower $1&nbsp;billion warldwide.<ref name="onebill">{{cite web|url= http://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=2904&p=.htm|title='Toy Story 3' Reaches $1 Billion|publisher=Amazon.com|work=Box Office Mojo|first=Ray|last=Subers|date=August 29, 2010|accessdate=August 30, 2010}}</ref> In 2014 it wis the 11t-heichest-grossin film o aw time.<ref name="mojo-alltime">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/|title=All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses|publisher=|accessdate=October 4, 2014}}</ref> ''Toy Story 3'' wis nominatit for five [[Academy Awards|Oscars]], amang them Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay an Best Sound Editing.<ref name="oscars">{{cite web|url=http://pixarplanet.com/blog/toy-story-3-day-night-nominated-for-6-oscars|title=Toy Story 3 + Day & Night Nominated for 6 Oscars Combined!|publisher=Pixar Planet|date=January 25, 2010|accessdate=January 26, 2011}}</ref> It wis the third animatit film, efter ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' an ''[[Up (2009 film)|Up]]'', tae be nominatit for Best Picture. It wan the Oscars for {{lang|en|Best Animated Feature}} an Best Original Song. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{portal|Disney|Film in the Unitit States|Animation|2010s}} {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} * {{official website|http://toystory.disney.com/toy-story-3}} * [http://www.pixar.com/features_films/TOY-STORY-3 Pixar website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517001901/http://www.pixar.com/features_films/TOY-STORY-3 |date=2013-05-17 }} * {{IMDb title|435761|Toy Story 3}} * {{tcmdb title|664915|Toy Story 3}} * {{bcdb title|64595|Toy Story 3}} * {{rotten-tomatoes|toy_story_3|Toy Story 3}} * {{metacritic film|toy-story-3|Toy Story 3}} * {{mojo title|toystory3|Toy Story 3}} [[Category:2010 films]] [[Category:2010s comedy films]] [[Category:American 3D films]] [[Category:American animatit films]] [[Category:Animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:Animatit comedy films]] [[Category:Animatit adventur films]] [[Category:BAFTA winners (films)]] [[Category:Best Animatit Featur Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Buddy films]] [[Category:Dolby Surround 7.1 films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:IMAX films]] [[Category:Pixar animatit films]] [[Category:Sequel films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] pn7e7bxxki8s6uxjujukwgiqv667bqm 0 65280 927566 926453 2026-11-10T00:58:15Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = The Lion King | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Roger Allers]] * [[Rob Minkoff]] }} | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * [[Irene Mecchi]] * Jonathan Roberts * Linda Woolverton }} | producer = Don Hahn | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Matthew Broderick]] * [[James Earl Jones]] * [[Jeremy Irons]] * Jonathan Taylor Thomas * Moira Kelly * Niketa Calame * Ernie Sabella * Nathan Lane * Cheech Marin * Jim Cummings }} | editing = Ivan Bilancio | music = [[Hans Zimmer]] | production_companies = Walt Disney Feature Animation | distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]] | released = {{Film date|1994|6|15|El Capitan Theatre|1994|6|24|Unitit States}} | runtime = 88 meenit<ref name=Runtime>{{cite web|title=''The Lion King'' (U)|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/lion-king-9|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=July 21, 2013|archive-date=September 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053405/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/lion-king-9|url-status=dead}}</ref> | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = US$45&nbsp;million<ref name="mojo" /> | gross = US$979&nbsp;million<ref name="mojo" /> }} '''''The Lion King''''' is an American animatit muisical drama film frae 1994,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Byrge |first=Duane |date=June 27, 2016 |title='The Lion King': THR's 1994 Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/lion-king-thrs-1994-review-2-906559/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226115911/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/lion-king-thrs-1994-review-2-906559/ |archive-date=December 26, 2024 |access-date=January 24, 2024 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |quote=The Lion King is a coming-of-age story}}</ref><ref name="tlkebertreview" /> directit bi [[Roger Allers]] an [[Rob Minkoff]] an written bi [[Irene Mecchi]], Jonathan Roberts an Linda Woolverton. It wis produced bi Walt Disney Feature Animation. The story follaes a young [[lion]] prince cried Simba. Efter his uncle Scar murders his faither Mufasa tae tak the throne, Simba is exiled frae his kinrick. As he grows up, Simba maun decide whether tae gang hame, face Scar an tak back his place as keeng. Walt Disney Pictures released ''The Lion King'' in cinemas on 24 Juin 1994, an critics praised its muisic, story, themes an animation. Wi a first warldwide gross o 763 million US dollars, it endit its run as the heichest-grossin film o 1994 an the second heichest-grossin film o aw time, ahint ''Jurassic Park'' (1993). The film's success stertit a franchise worth billions o dollars, wi a [[The Lion King (musical)|Broadway adaptation]], twa follae-up films stracht tae video, twa telly series an a [[The Lion King (2019 film)|photorealistic remake]], which led tae a prequel o its ain. ==Plot== In the Pride Lands o Eastren [[Africae]], a pride o lions rules ower the kinrick frae Pride Rock. Rafiki, a [[mandrill]] that is the kinrick's shaman an advisor, presents Simba, the newborn son o Keeng Mufasa an Queen Sarabi, tae the gaithert beasts. Mufasa's younger brither, Scar, covets the throne an plots tae get rid o Mufasa an Simba an become keeng himsel. Scar lures Simba intae a gorge, an his hyenas drive a muckle herd o wildebeest intae a stampede tae trample him. Mufasa saves Simba, but Scar throws him intae the stampede, an he dees. Scar gars Simba believe that his faither's daith wis his faut an tells him tae leave the kinrick an never come back. He tells the pride that Mufasa an Simba baith deed in the stampede, an taks the throne, lettin the hyenas intae the Pride Lands. Simba is rescued in a desert bi twa ootcasts, a meerkat an a warthog cried Timon an Pumbaa. Years later Nala, his bairnheid freend, finds him an tells him the Pride Lands are stricken wi a sair drouth unner Scar's rule an urges him tae come hame. Simba gangs back tae Pride Rock an confronts Scar, that confesses in a whisper that he killed Mufasa. Simba throws Scar aff the ledge. Scar survives the faw, but the hyenas, that heard him blame them, kill him. Simba taks his place as keeng wi Nala as his queen, an Rafiki presents their newborn cub tae the gaithert beasts, an the circle o life continues. ==Voices== * [[Matthew Broderick]] as Simba, the young lion prince, wi Jonathan Taylor Thomas as young Simba * [[Jeremy Irons]] as Scar, Mufasa's younger brither * [[James Earl Jones]] as Mufasa, Simba's faither an keeng o the Pride Lands * Moira Kelly as Nala, Simba's bairnheid freend, wi Niketa Calame as young Nala * Nathan Lane as Timon, a meerkat * Ernie Sabella as Pumbaa, a warthog * Robert Guillaume as Rafiki, an auld mandrill * [[Rowan Atkinson]] as Zazu, a hornbill ==Production== ===Animation=== Mair nor 600 artists, animators an technicians wrocht on ''The Lion King''.<ref name="maneattraction">{{cite magazine|last=Daly|first=Steve|title=Mane Attraction|url=https://ew.com/article/1994/07/08/storyboard-screen/|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|issue=230|date=July 8, 1994|access-date=September 30, 2020|archive-date=September 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904092026/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,302837,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> For the wildebeest stampede, a haundfu o different wildebeest were makkit in a 3D computer programme, multiplied intae hunners, an shadit tae luik lik drawn animation.<ref>{{cite AV media|title=The Lion King: Platinum Edition (Disc 2), Computer Animation|medium=DVD|publisher=[[Walt Disney Home Entertainment]]|year=2003}}</ref> ==Muisic== Tim Rice an [[Elton John]] wrote five new sangs for the film: "Circle of Life", "I Just Can't Wait to Be King", "Be Prepared", "Hakuna Matata" an "Can You Feel the Love Tonight". The score wis composed bi [[Hans Zimmer]], that wis taen on for his earlier wark on twa films set in Africae, ''A World Apart'' (1988) an ''The Power of One'' (1992).{{sfn|Finch|1994|pp=192–193}} ==Release== The wide release in the Unitit States an Canadae follaed on 24 Juin 1994, on 2,550 screens.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fantel|first=Hans|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/12/business/technology-cinema-sound-gets-a-digital-lift.html|title=Technology; Cinema Sound Gets a Digital Life|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 12, 1994|access-date=April 5, 2014|archive-date=March 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309122752/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/12/business/technology-cinema-sound-gets-a-digital-lift.html|url-status=live|url-access=limited}}</ref> Bi August 1997 the film haed selt mair nor {{nowrap|55 million}} video copies warldwide, makkin it the best-sellin hame video title o aw time.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Best-Selling Video |title=The Guinness Book of Records 1999 |date=1998 |publisher=[[Guinness World Records]] |isbn=978-0-85112-070-6 |page=215 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofre0000unse_z7f4/page/215}}</ref> ==Reception== ===Box office=== ''The Lion King'' haes grossed 425 million US dollars in North Americae an 554 million US dollars in ither territories, a warldwide total o 979 million US dollars.<ref name="mojo">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0110357/ |title=The Lion King (1994) |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=July 23, 2024}}</ref> Efter its first run, wi 763.5 million US dollars,<ref name="lion-initial">{{cite web |title=The Lion King (1994): Original Release |website=Box Office Mojo|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/releasegroup/gr1310020101/|access-date=January 8, 2023}}</ref> it wis the heichest-grossin animatit film o aw time, the heichest-grossin film o Walt Disney Animation Studios,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/frozen-becomes-highestgrossing-disney-animated-film-of-all-time-9058069.html|title=Frozen becomes highest-grossing Disney animated film of all time|work=The Independent|author=Hooton, Christopher|date=January 14, 2014|access-date=April 5, 2014|archive-date=April 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407205444/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/frozen-becomes-highestgrossing-disney-animated-film-of-all-time-9058069.html|url-status=live}}</ref> an the heichest-grossin film o 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=1994&p=.htm|title=1994 WORLDWIDE GROSSES|access-date=September 26, 2011|archive-date=September 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928105321/http://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=1994&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Critical response=== ''The Lion King'' wis weel praised bi film critics when it cam oot.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dargis |first=Manohla |author-link=Manohla Dargis |date=December 19, 2024 |title='Mufasa: The Lion King' Review: Squeaking, Not Roaring |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/19/movies/mufasa-the-lion-king-review.html |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101152049/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/19/movies/mufasa-the-lion-king-review.html |archive-date=January 1, 2025 |access-date=January 21, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |quote=The first movie ... opened in 1994 to acclaim}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Keeley |first=Pete |date=July 22, 2019 |title=Big Little Lions: Disney's New 'Lion King' Dodges the 'Kimba' Similarity Issue |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/lion-king-kimba-white-lion-does-disney-need-come-clean-1225822/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218193819/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/lion-king-kimba-white-lion-does-disney-need-come-clean-1225822/ |archive-date=December 18, 2024 |access-date=January 21, 2025 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |quote=On June 24, 1994, Walt Disney Pictures released The Lion King to rapturous audiences and even more rapturous critical acclaim}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lachnit |first=Carroll |date=July 2, 1994 |title='Lion King' Too Violent for Little Viewers? |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-07-02-ca-11169-story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709212733/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-07-02-ca-11169-story.html |archive-date=July 9, 2022 |access-date=January 21, 2025 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |quote=glowing reviews for "The Lion King,"}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Visram |first=Talib |date=July 19, 2019 |title=The original ‘Lion King’ had a racist hyenas problem. The new film fixes that, with mixed results. |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90379067/critics-said-the-first-lion-kings-hyenas-were-problematic-disney-revamped-them |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213105553/https://www.fastcompany.com/90379067/critics-said-the-first-lion-kings-hyenas-were-problematic-disney-revamped-them |archive-date=December 13, 2025 |access-date=February 12, 2026 |work=[[Fast Company]]}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] o the ''Chicago Sun-Times'' gied the film three an a hauf starns oot o fower an cried it "a superbly drawn animated feature".<ref name="tlkebertreview">{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |date=June 24, 1994 |title=The Lion King review |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-lion-king-1994 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708195259/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-lion-king-1994 |archive-date=July 8, 2014 |access-date=April 14, 2014 |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |via=[[RogerEbert.com]] |quote=Basically what we have here is a drama, with comedy occasionally lifting the mood.}}</ref> ===Accolades=== At the 67th Academy Awards the film wan Best Original Score for Hans Zimmer, an Best Original Song for "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" bi Elton John an Tim Rice.<ref name="Oscars1995">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1995 |title=The 67th Academy Awards (1995) Nominees and Winners |access-date=November 20, 2011 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109220937/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1995 |archive-date=November 9, 2014}}</ref> ==Legacy== Disney released twa films stracht tae video: the sequel ''The Lion King II: Simba's Pride'' in 1998<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/23/movies/video-review-a-lion-king-with-girls-as-stars.html|title=VIDEO REVIEW; A 'Lion King' With Girls as Stars|author=James, Caryn|date=October 23, 1998|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 12, 2014|archive-date=October 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021040210/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/23/movies/video-review-a-lion-king-with-girls-as-stars.html|url-status=live|url-access=limited}}</ref> an ''The Lion King 1½'' in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2004/02/06/the-lion-king-1-12-2|title=The Lion King 1 1/2|author=Patrizio, Andy|date=February 6, 2004|access-date=April 13, 2014|website=IGN|archive-date=April 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413230437/http://www.ign.com/articles/2004/02/06/the-lion-king-1-12-2|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2016 Walt Disney Pictures annoonced a CGI remake o ''The Lion King'' wi Jon Favreau directin.<ref name="favreau">{{cite web | url=https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/disney-jon-favreau-the-lion-king/ | title=Disney and Jon Favreau Joining Forces on "The Lion King" | publisher=The Walt Disney Company | date=September 28, 2016 | access-date=September 28, 2016 | archive-date=September 29, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929013751/https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/disney-jon-favreau-the-lion-king/ | url-status=live }}</ref> It wis released on 19 Julie 2019.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/movies/2017/04/25/frozen-2-lion-king-disney-release-dates/|last=Snetiker|first=Marc|title=Disney sets release dates for Frozen 2, Lion King, and more|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=April 25, 2017|access-date=April 25, 2017|archive-date=April 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419232247/https://ew.com/movies/2017/04/25/frozen-2-lion-king-disney-release-dates/|url-status=live}}</ref> Walt Disney Theatrical produced a stage muisical o the same nem, which first played in [[Minneapolis]] in Julie 1997 an on Broadway in October 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://louisvilleky.gov/events/disneys-lion-king |title=Disney's THE LION KING |access-date=March 21, 2016 |archive-date=April 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402065705/https://louisvilleky.gov/events/disneys-lion-king |url-status=live }}</ref> It is ane o the maist successfu muisicals in Broadway history, an wan sax Tony Awards, includin Best Musical.<ref name=schu>{{cite press release|url=http://www.disney.com.au/tlk/media/TLK_Media_Kit_v4.pdf|title=The Lion King: The Landmark Musical Event|year=2013|publisher=Walt Disney Company|access-date=February 14, 2014|page=7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222175039/http://www.disney.com.au/tlk/media/TLK_Media_Kit_v4.pdf|archive-date=February 22, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/celebritybuzz/article/75222-Long-Runs-on-Broadway|title=Long Runs on Broadway|work=Playbill|author1=Nason-Brown, Jennifer |author2=Playbill Staff |date= January 19, 2014|access-date=March 5, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125114615/http://www.playbill.com/celebritybuzz/article/75222-Long-Runs-on-Broadway|archive-date=January 25, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www2.broadwayworld.com/grossescumulative.cfm?sortby=totaltotalGross&orderby=desc| title = Cumulative Broadway Grosses by Show| website = BroadwayWorld.com| access-date = February 9, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140111204548/http://www2.broadwayworld.com/grossescumulative.cfm?sortby=totaltotalGross&orderby=desc| archive-date = January 11, 2014| url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Notes== <references group="note"/> ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Bibliography== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Finch |first=Christopher |title=The Art of The Lion King |publisher=[[Hachette Books|Hyperion]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7868-6028-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-art-of-the-lion-king_202302}} {{Refend}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Portal|Disney|Cartoon|Animation|Film|1990s|Africa|Film in the United States|United States}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{Offeecial wabsteid|http://movies.disney.com/the-lion-king}} {{Walt Disney Animation Studios}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lion King, The}} [[Category:1990s adventur films]] [[Category:1990s American animatit films]] [[Category:1994 animatit films]] [[Category:1990s muisical films]] [[Category:3D re-releases]] [[Category:American epic films]] [[Category:American muisical films]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot freendship]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot daith]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Best Animatit Featur Annie Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Pictur Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Directorial debut films]] [[Category:Disney Renaissance]] [[Category:Film scores bi Hans Zimmer]] [[Category:Films aboot ainimals]] [[Category:Films aboot lions]] [[Category:Films aboot ryalty]] [[Category:Films based on Hamlet]] [[Category:Films directit bi Roger Allers]] [[Category:Films directit bi Rob Minkoff]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Films produced bi Don Hahn]] [[Category:Films set in Africae]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Score Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Sang Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Fratricide in feection]] [[Category:Hyenas in popular cultur]] [[Category:The Lion King| ]] [[Category:Regicide in feection]] [[Category:Screenplays bi Joe Ranft]] [[Category:Screenplays bi Linda Woolverton]] [[Category:United States National Film Registry films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] tsn427wago1sv3ldmv6ys2adrsidrxc 0 65282 927489 903609 2026-11-09T21:36:34Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; Oscars an Registry addit, soorced 927489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Gone with the Wind | image = Poster - Gone With the Wind 01.jpg | alt = A film poster shawin a man an a wumman in a passionate cuddle. | caption = Theatrical pre-release poster | director = {{plainlist| * [[Victor Fleming]] * [[George Cukor]] ''(uncreditit)'' * Sam Wood ''(uncreditit)'' }} | producer = [[David O. Selznick]] | screenplay = {{plainlist| * Sidney Howard * Oliver H.P. Garrett ''(uncreditit)'' * Ben Hecht ''(uncreditit)'' * Barbara Keon ''(uncreditit)'' * Jo Swerling ''(uncreditit)''}} | based on = {{Based on|''[[Gone with the Wind]]''|[[Margaret Mitchell]]}} | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Clark Gable]] * [[Vivien Leigh]] * Leslie Howard * [[Olivia de Havilland]] }} | music = Max Steiner | cinematography = {{plainlist| * Ernest Haller * Lee Garmes ''(uncreditit)'' }} | editing = {{plainlist| * Hal C. Kern * James E. Newcom }} | studio = Selznick International Pictures<br />[[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] | distributor = Loew's, Inc. | released = {{Film date|1939|12|15|[[Atlanta]] premiere}} | runtime = {{plainlist| * 220&nbsp;meenit * 234–238&nbsp;meenit (wi owerture, intermission, entr'acte, an exit muisic) }} | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = $3.85 million | gross = $390 million }} '''''Gone with the Wind''''' is a 1939 American epic historical romance film adaptit frae [[Margaret Mitchell]]'s 1936 novel, that wan the Pulitzer Prize,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=Gone With the Wind, by Margaret Mitchell (Macmillan)|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/margaret-mitchell?__cf_chl_tk=TMJpj0fWKKc4E2GghULlIsr._Xr5pHaITw3uIzW.pZc-1743101002-1.0.1.1-OvWvhOae6X8JtWkVIm3DtfaZQFl.Nupxh.0mRC9L0u0|url-status=live|access-date=2025-03-27|website=www.pulitzer.org|language=en}}</ref> an producit bi [[David O. Selznick]] o Selznick International Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web|title=David O. Selznick, 63, Producer Of 'Gone With the Wind', Dies|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0510.html|access-date=2025-03-27|website=archive.nytimes.com}}</ref> It wis directit bi [[Victor Fleming]]. The film is set in the American Sooth in the 19t century. It tells the story o Scarlett O'Hara, played bi [[Vivien Leigh]], an her chase efter Ashley Wilkes (Leslie Howard), that is mairit on his cousin Melanie Hamilton ([[Olivia de Havilland]]), an her mairiage tae Rhett Butler ([[Clark Gable]]). The story is set against the American Ceevil War an the Reconstruction efter it, an it is telt frae the pynt o view o white Sootherners. At the 12t [[Academy Awards]] the film wan aicht competitive awards, amang them Best Picture, Best Actress (Leigh) an Best Supporting Actress, an twa honorary anes forby.<ref name="Randall">{{cite news |last1=Randall |first1=David |last2=Clark |first2=Heather |title=Oscars – Cinema's Golden Night: The Ultimate Bluffer's Guide to Hollywood's Big Night |date=February 24, 2013 |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/oscars--cinemas-golden-night-the-ultimate-bluffers-guide-to-hollywoods-big-night-8508244.html |access-date=March 7, 2013 |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226221247/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/oscars--cinemas-golden-night-the-ultimate-bluffers-guide-to-hollywoods-big-night-8508244.html |url-status=live |author-link=David Randall}}</ref> [[Hattie McDaniel]] wis the first African American tae win an Academy Award.<ref name="Haskell">{{cite book |last=Haskell |first=Molly |title=Frankly, My Dear: Gone With the Wind Revisited |series=Icons of America |year=2010 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-16437-4 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=V-g1USyUYIwC&pg=PA213 213]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=V-g1USyUYIwC&pg=PA214 214] |author-link=Molly Haskell}}</ref> In 1989 it wis ane o the first twinty-five films pickit tae be preserved in the National Film Registry o the Unitit States Library of Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Film Preservation Board: Film Registry – Complete National Film Registry Listing |publisher=Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/ |access-date=December 14, 2017 |archive-date=October 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031213743/https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gone With The Wind (Film)}} [[Category:American films]] [[Category:Best Pictur Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Epic films]] [[Category:Films based on American novelles]] [[Category:Films featurin a Best Actress Academy Awaird-winnin performance]] [[Category:Films featurin a Best Supportin Actress Academy Awaird-winnin performance]] [[Category:Films set in Lunnon]] [[Category:Films shot in Californie]] [[Category:Films that's airt director wan the Best Airt Direction Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films that's cinematografer wan the Best Cinematografie Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films that's director wan the Best Directin Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films that's eeditor wan the Best Film Eeditin Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films that's writer wan the Best Adaptit Screenplay Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films]] [[Category:Unitit States Naitional Film Registry films]] mht9cb64f8l2ksebarxdibc6gnfeorh 927490 927489 2026-11-09T21:37:14Z Monospaced 75295 Ceevil War → Civil War (ceevil is anither wird), mairriage, lead sentence split 927490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Gone with the Wind | image = Poster - Gone With the Wind 01.jpg | alt = A film poster shawin a man an a wumman in a passionate cuddle. | caption = Theatrical pre-release poster | director = {{plainlist| * [[Victor Fleming]] * [[George Cukor]] ''(uncreditit)'' * Sam Wood ''(uncreditit)'' }} | producer = [[David O. Selznick]] | screenplay = {{plainlist| * Sidney Howard * Oliver H.P. Garrett ''(uncreditit)'' * Ben Hecht ''(uncreditit)'' * Barbara Keon ''(uncreditit)'' * Jo Swerling ''(uncreditit)''}} | based on = {{Based on|''[[Gone with the Wind]]''|[[Margaret Mitchell]]}} | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Clark Gable]] * [[Vivien Leigh]] * Leslie Howard * [[Olivia de Havilland]] }} | music = Max Steiner | cinematography = {{plainlist| * Ernest Haller * Lee Garmes ''(uncreditit)'' }} | editing = {{plainlist| * Hal C. Kern * James E. Newcom }} | studio = Selznick International Pictures<br />[[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] | distributor = Loew's, Inc. | released = {{Film date|1939|12|15|[[Atlanta]] premiere}} | runtime = {{plainlist| * 220&nbsp;meenit * 234–238&nbsp;meenit (wi owerture, intermission, entr'acte, an exit muisic) }} | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = $3.85 million | gross = $390 million }} '''''Gone with the Wind''''' is a 1939 American epic historical romance film adaptit frae [[Margaret Mitchell]]'s 1936 novel, that wan the Pulitzer Prize.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=Gone With the Wind, by Margaret Mitchell (Macmillan)|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/margaret-mitchell?__cf_chl_tk=TMJpj0fWKKc4E2GghULlIsr._Xr5pHaITw3uIzW.pZc-1743101002-1.0.1.1-OvWvhOae6X8JtWkVIm3DtfaZQFl.Nupxh.0mRC9L0u0|url-status=live|access-date=2025-03-27|website=www.pulitzer.org|language=en}}</ref> It wis producit bi [[David O. Selznick]] o Selznick International Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web|title=David O. Selznick, 63, Producer Of 'Gone With the Wind', Dies|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0510.html|access-date=2025-03-27|website=archive.nytimes.com}}</ref> It wis directit bi [[Victor Fleming]]. The film is set in the American Sooth in the 19t century. It tells the story o Scarlett O'Hara, played bi [[Vivien Leigh]], an her chase efter Ashley Wilkes (Leslie Howard), that is mairit on his cousin Melanie Hamilton ([[Olivia de Havilland]]), an her mairriage tae Rhett Butler ([[Clark Gable]]). The story is set against the American Civil War an the Reconstruction efter it, an it is telt frae the pynt o view o white Sootherners. At the 12t [[Academy Awards]] the film wan aicht competitive awards, amang them Best Picture, Best Actress (Leigh) an Best Supporting Actress, an twa honorary anes forby.<ref name="Randall">{{cite news |last1=Randall |first1=David |last2=Clark |first2=Heather |title=Oscars – Cinema's Golden Night: The Ultimate Bluffer's Guide to Hollywood's Big Night |date=February 24, 2013 |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/oscars--cinemas-golden-night-the-ultimate-bluffers-guide-to-hollywoods-big-night-8508244.html |access-date=March 7, 2013 |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226221247/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/oscars--cinemas-golden-night-the-ultimate-bluffers-guide-to-hollywoods-big-night-8508244.html |url-status=live |author-link=David Randall}}</ref> [[Hattie McDaniel]] wis the first African American tae win an Academy Award.<ref name="Haskell">{{cite book |last=Haskell |first=Molly |title=Frankly, My Dear: Gone With the Wind Revisited |series=Icons of America |year=2010 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-16437-4 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=V-g1USyUYIwC&pg=PA213 213]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=V-g1USyUYIwC&pg=PA214 214] |author-link=Molly Haskell}}</ref> In 1989 it wis ane o the first twinty-five films pickit tae be preserved in the National Film Registry o the Unitit States Library of Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Film Preservation Board: Film Registry – Complete National Film Registry Listing |publisher=Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/ |access-date=December 14, 2017 |archive-date=October 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031213743/https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gone With The Wind (Film)}} [[Category:American films]] [[Category:Best Pictur Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Epic films]] [[Category:Films based on American novelles]] [[Category:Films featurin a Best Actress Academy Awaird-winnin performance]] [[Category:Films featurin a Best Supportin Actress Academy Awaird-winnin performance]] [[Category:Films set in Lunnon]] [[Category:Films shot in Californie]] [[Category:Films that's airt director wan the Best Airt Direction Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films that's cinematografer wan the Best Cinematografie Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films that's director wan the Best Directin Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films that's eeditor wan the Best Film Eeditin Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films that's writer wan the Best Adaptit Screenplay Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films]] [[Category:Unitit States Naitional Film Registry films]] tmsfp6jbi9z9tjrwv4vbj7vl1q4rhe7 0 65677 927580 925633 2026-11-10T01:12:17Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead updatit, soorced 927580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name= Olivia Newton-John | image = Olivia Newton John 2012.jpg | caption = Newton-John at the premiere o ''A Few Best Men'' in Sydney, Australie, 2012 | signature = Olivia Newton-John signature (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{birth date|1948|9|26|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Cambrig]], Cambrigshire, [[Ingland]], UK | death_date = 8 August 2022 (aged 73) | death_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie|California]], U.S. | occupation = {{flatlist| * Sangster * sangwriter * actress * entrepreneur }} | years_active = 1963–2022 | spouse = {{marriage|Matt Lattanzi|1984|1995|reason=divorced}}<br>{{marriage|John Easterling|2008}} | children = 1 | module = {{Infobox muisical airtist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | instrument = Vocals | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Pop muisic|Pop]] * kintra * [[soft rock]] }} | label = {{flatlist| * Uni * MCA * EMI * Pye * Festival }} | associated_acts = {{flatlist| * [[Cliff Richard]] * [[John Travolta]] * [[Electric Light Orchestra]] * John Farrar * [[Helen Reddy]] * Bruce Welch }} | website = {{URL|olivianewton-john.com}} }} }} '''Dame Olivia Newton-John''', [[Companion of the Order of Australia|AC]], [[Order o the Breetish Empire|DBE]] (26 September 1948 – 8 August 2022) wis a Breetish an Australie sangster, sangwriter an actress.<ref>{{cite web |title=Companion of the Order of Australia |url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/2002675 |website=Australian Honours |publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia) |access-date=16 August 2022 |date=26 January 2019}}</ref> Wi mair nor 100 million records selt, she is ane o the best-sellin muisic artists o aw time, an the best-sellin female Australie recordin artist ever.<ref name="smh.com.au">{{cite web | url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/music/why-did-olivia-newton-john-make-it-in-the-us-when-so-many-others-didn-t-20220811-p5b94q.html | title=Why did Olivia Newton-John make it in the US when so many others didn't? | date=12 August 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 July 2019 |title=Olivia Newton-John displays movie memorabilia in Newbridge |publisher=RTÉ News and Current Affairs |url=https://www.rte.ie/lifestyle/living/2019/0723/1064799-olivia-newton-john-visits-newbridge/ |access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/281840/Olivia-Newton-John-Why-I-got-married-in-secret-at-60|title=Olivia Newton-John: Why I got married in secret at 60|first=Garth|last=Pearce|work=Daily Express|date=5 December 2011|accessdate=18 February 2013}}</ref> Her muisic wis successfu in a nummer o genres, includin pop, kintra an [[adult contemporary]]. In 1978 she starred wi [[John Travolta]] in the muisical film ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]'', that wis the heichest-grossin muisical film at the time, an its soondtrack is aye ane o the warld's best-sellin albums. It haes twa big hit duets wi Travolta, "You're the One That I Want" an "Summer Nights", an her solo "Hopelessly Devoted to You". Her ain best-kent recordins include "I Honestly Love You" (1974), that wan the Grammy for Record of the Year, an "Physical" (1981), ''Billboard'''s heichest-placed Hot 100 single o the 1980s. She wan fower [[Grammy Awards]], an she haed fifteen tap-ten singles, five o them nummer anes, on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7Mo7xm-X1r4C&pg=PA334&dq=%22olivia+newton%22&lr=|isbn=978-0-87930-475-1|title=All Music Guide to Country|first=Michael|last=Erlewine|publisher=Miller Freeman Books|location=San Francisco|year=1997|accessdate=13 August 2010|page=334}}</ref> She haed twa nummer ane albums on the ''Billboard'' 200 an aw: ''If You Love Me, Let Me Know'' (1974) an ''Have You Never Been Mellow'' (1975). Eleiven o her singles an fowerteen o her albums hae been certified gowd bi the RIAA. She sang for the Unitit Kinrick at the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] in 1974 wi "Long Live Love", an cam fowert. She wis makkit an Officer o the Order o Australie in 2006 an a Dame Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire in 2020. == Health, activism an business == Newton-John haed breest cancer three times, the first time in 1992,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QqtinbjO0oEC&pg=PA172&dq=%22olivia+newton%22&lr=&as_brr=3#PPA173,M1 |title=1001 Australians You Should Know |publisher=Google Books |accessdate=13 August 2010}}</ref> an she wis an advocate an sponsor o breest cancer research. In 2012 the Olivia Newton-John Cancer & Wellness Centre at the Austin Hospital wis opent in her hame toun o [[Melbourne]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Kelly |date=9 August 2022 |title='This was her dream': Olivia Newton-John's legacy lives on at cancer research centre |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/aug/09/this-was-her-dream-olivia-newton-johns-legacy-lives-on-at-cancer-research-centre |access-date=5 July 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> She wis an activist for environmental an ainimal richts causes an aw.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morris |first=Steven |date=23 February 2015 |title=Olivia Newton-John launches Bristol tree-planting project |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/feb/23/olivia-newton-john-launches-bristol-tree-planting-project |access-date=20 March 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Her business interests includit a nummer o product lines for Koala Blue, an she co-awned the Gaia Retreat & Spa in Australie. == Personal life == Newton-John wis mairit twice. She wis the mither o ae dochter, Chloe Rose Lattanzi, wi her first husband, the actor Matt Lattanzi, an she bade wi her second husband, John Easterling, in Jupiter Inlet Colony, [[Florida]]. Her grandfaither wis the quantum physicist an Nobel Prize winner [[Max Born]]. She deed at hame in California on 8 August 2022, aged 73. == Discography == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * ''If Not for You'' (1971) * ''Olivia'' (1972) * ''Let Me Be There'' (1973)^a * ''Long Live Love'' (1974) * ''If You Love Me, Let Me Know'' (1974)^b * ''Have You Never Been Mellow'' (1975) * ''Clearly Love'' (1975) * ''Come on Over'' (1976) * ''Don't Stop Believin''' (1976) * ''Making a Good Thing Better'' (1977) * ''Totally Hot'' (1978) * ''Physical'' (1981) {{col-2}} * ''Soul Kiss'' (1985) * ''The Rumour'' (1988) * ''Warm and Tender'' (1989) * ''Gaia: One Woman's Journey'' (1994) * ''Back with a Heart'' (1998) * '''Tis the Season'' (2000) * ''(2)'' (2002) * ''Indigo: Women of Song'' (2004) * ''Stronger Than Before'' (2005) * ''Grace and Gratitude'' (2006) * ''Christmas Wish'' (2007) * ''A Celebration in Song'' (2008) * ''This Christmas'' (2012) * ''Liv On'' (2016) * ''Friends for Christmas'' (2016) {{col-end}} '''Notes''': * '''a''': Released wi a different track leet in North Americae, an released in some kintras as ''Music Makes My Day''. * '''b''': The North American release o ''Long Live Love'', wi tracks frae earlier releases an the new title track an aw. ==Filmography== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes |- | 1965 || ''Funny Things Happen Down Under'' || Olivia || Supportin role |- | 1970 || ''Toomorrow'' || Olivia || Lead role |- | 1972 || ''The Case'' || Hersel || BBC2 TV special w/Cliff Richard & Tim Brooke-Taylor |- | 1976 || ''A Special Olivia Newton-John'' || Hersel || TV special |- | 1977 || ''Only Olivia'' || Hersel || TV special |- |rowspan="2"| 1978 || ''Olivia'' || Hersel || TV special |- | ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]'' || Sandy Olsson || Lead role |- |rowspan="2"| 1980 || ''[[Xanadu (film)|Xanadu]]'' || Kira || Lead role |- | ''Hollywood Nights'' || Hersel || TV special |- | 1983 || ''Two of a Kind'' || Debbie Wylder || Lead role |- | 1988 || ''She's Having a Baby'' || Hersel || Cameo |- | 1989 || ''Mothers & Others'' || Hersel || TV special |- | 1990 || ''A Mom for Christmas'' || Amy Miller || Lead role in television film |- | 1991 || ''Madonna: Truth or Dare'' || Hersel || Cameo |- | 1994 || ''A Christmas Romance'' || Julia Stonecypher || Lead role in television film |- | 1996 || ''It's My Party'' || Lina Bingham || Supporting role |- | 2000 || ''Sordid Lives'' || Bitsy Mae Harling || Supporting role |- | 2001 || ''The Wilde Girls'' || Jasmine Wilde || Lead role in television film |- | 2002 || ''A Night with Olivia'' || Hersel || TV special |- | 2003 || ''Live in Japan '03'' || Hersel || TV special |- | 2008 || ''Sordid Lives: The Series'' || Bitsy Mae Harling || Supportin role in TV Series |- | 2009 || ''Kathy Griffin: My Life On The D-List'' || Hersel || Guest appearance |- |rowspan="3"| 2010 || ''1 a Minute'' || Hersel || Documentar |- | ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'' || Hersel || Special guest – 2 episodes: "Bad Reputation" and "Journey" |- | ''Score: A Hockey Musical'' || Hope Gordon || Supportin role |- | 2011 || ''A Few Best Men'' || Barbara Ramme || Supportin role |} ==Awards an honours== {{Main|Leet o awards an honors receivit bi Olivia Newton-John}} ==Tours== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * If Not for You Tour (1972) * Clearly Love Tour (1975) * Love Performance Tour (1976) * Totally Hot World Tour (1978) * Physical Tour (1982–83) * The Main Event Tour (1998) * Greatest Hits Tour (1999) * One Woman's Live Journey Tour (1999) * Millennium Tour (2000) {{col-2}} * 30 Musical Years Tour (2001) * Heartstrings World Tour (2002–05) * 2006 World Tour (2006) * Grace and Gratitude Tour (2006) * Body Heart & Spirit Tour (2007) * An Evening with Olivia Newton-John (2007–09) * 2010 World Tour (2010) * 2011 United States Tour (2011) * A Summer Night with Olivia Newton-John (2012) * 2013 UK Tour (2013) {{col-end}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Bibliography== {{refbegin}} * ''Olivia (The Biography of Olivia Newton-John)'', Tim Ewbank (2008). Piatkus Books. ISBN 978-0-7499-0983-3. * Wood, Gerry (1998). "Olivia Newton-John". In ''The Encyclopedia of Country Music'', ed. Paul Kingsbury. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.&nbsp;380–1. * ''The Story of the Shadows'', Mike Read (1983). Elm Tree Books. ISBN 0-241-10861-6. * ''Rock 'n' Roll, I Gave You The Best Years Of My Life – A Life In The Shadows'', Bruce Welch. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-82705-3. {{refend}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons category|Olivia Newton-John}} * {{Official website|1=http://www.olivianewton-john.com}} * {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p5023}} * {{IMDb name|556}} {{S-start}} {{S-ach}} {{Succession box | before = [[Cliff Richard]]<br>with ''"Power to All Our Friends"'' | title = UK in the Eurovision Song Contest | years = 1974 | after = The Shadows<br>with ''"Let Me Be the One"'' }} {{S-end}} {{Olivia Newton-John}} {{Olivia Newton-John singles}} {{Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1970s}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}} {{Billboard Year-End number one singles 1980–1999}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Newton-John, Olivia}} [[Category:Olivia Newton-John| ]] [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:2022 daiths]] [[Category:Actresses frae Cambridgeshire]] [[Category:Actresses frae Melbourne]] [[Category:ARIA Award winners]] [[Category:ARIA Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:Australie country sangsters]] [[Category:Australie dance muisickers]] [[Category:Australie expatriate actresses in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Australie female sangsters]] [[Category:Australie film actresses]] [[Category:Australia Living Treasures]] [[Category:Australie fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:Australie fowk o German-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:Australie fowk o Welsh strynd]] [[Category:Australie pop sangsters]] [[Category:Australie televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Breast cancer survivors]] [[Category:Breetish Eurovision Sang Contest entrants]] [[Category:Daytime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Inglis emigrants tae Australie]] [[Category:Eurovision Sang Contest entrants o 1974]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:MCA Records airtists]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Cambridgeshire]] [[Category:Naturalisit ceetizens o Australie]] [[Category:Officers o the Order o Australie]] [[Category:Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Fowk frae Cambridge]] [[Category:Pye Records airtists]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Melbourne]] [[Category:Uni Records airtists]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at University High School (Melbourne)]] [[Category:Pairticipants in Coming Home]] slrm5gnqqu88v8idr1jer1pqiiqa9je 0 66858 927508 911242 2026-11-09T22:57:42Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; quotes owerset wi the Inglis in notes 927508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = The Fox and the Hound | image = The Fox and the Hound.jpg | caption = Original cinema poster | director = {{Plainlist| * Ted Berman * Richard Rich * Art Stevens }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * Ron Miller * Wolfgang Reitherman * Art Stevens }} | story = {{Plainlist| * Larry Clemmons * Ted Berman * David Michener * Peter Young * Burny Mattinson * Steve Hulett * Earl Kress * Vance Gerry }} | based on = {{based on|''The Fox and the Hound''|[[Daniel P. Mannix]]}} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Mickey Rooney]] * [[Kurt Russell]] * Pearl Bailey * Jack Albertson * Sandy Duncan * Jeanette Nolan * Pat Buttram * John Fiedler * John McIntire * Dick Bakalyan * Paul Winchell * Keith Mitchell * Corey Feldman }} | music = Buddy Baker | editing = {{Plainlist| * James Melton * Jim Koford }} | studio = Walt Disney Productions | distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Buena Vista Distribution]] | released = {{Film date|1981|7|10}} | runtime = 83 meenit | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = $12 million<ref name="budget">{{cite journal|title=Forest Friendship|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_newsweek_1981-07-13_98_2_0/page/81|first=David|last=Ansen|journal=Newsweek|publisher=The Washington Post Company|date=July 13, 1981|page=81}}</ref> | gross = $63.5 million<ref>{{cite web|title=The Fox and the Hound (1981)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=foxandthehound.htm|access-date=September 20, 2008}}</ref> }} '''''The Fox and the Hound''''' is a 1981 American [[animation|animatit]] drama film makkit bi Walt Disney Productions an loosely based on the novelle o the same nem bi [[Daniel P. Mannix]]. It is the 24t Disney animatit feature film. It tells the story o twa unlikely freends, a [[reid tod]] cried Tod an a hoond cried Copper. They try tae haud on tae thair freendship though thair growin instincts an the fowk aroond them want them tae be faes. It wis directit bi Ted Berman, Richard Rich an Art Stevens. The vyces in it include [[Mickey Rooney]], [[Kurt Russell]], Pearl Bailey, Jack Albertson, Sandy Duncan, Jeanette Nolan, Pat Buttram, John Fiedler, John McIntire, Dick Bakalyan, Paul Winchell, Keith Mitchell an Corey Feldman. ''The Fox and the Hound'' wis released in cinemas on 10 Julie 1981 an did weel at the box office.<ref name="D23" /> When it cam oot it wis the maist expensive animatit film ever makkit, at $12 million.<ref name="budget" /> It wis re-released in cinemas on 25 Mairch 1988.<ref name="D23" /> A direct-tae-video sequel, ''[[The Fox and the Hound 2]]'', cam oot on DVD on 12 December 2006. ==Cast== * [[Mickey Rooney]] as Tod * [[Kurt Russell]] as Copper * Pearl Bailey as Big Mama * Jack Albertson as Amos Slade * Sandy Duncan as Vixey * Jeanette Nolan as Widow Tweed * Pat Buttram as Chief * John Fiedler as the Porcupine * John McIntire as the Badger * Dick Bakalyan as Dinky * Paul Winchell as Boomer * Keith Mitchell as young Tod * Corey Feldman as young Copper ==Production== ===Development=== Wolfgang Reitherman read the original novelle an foond it gey touchin, acause ane o his sons haed aince haed a pet tod years afore. He thocht it wad mak a guid animatit feature, an wark on it stairtit in the spring o 1977.<ref name=D23>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906033347/https://d23.com/a-to-z/fox-and-the-hound-the-film/|url=http://d23.com/a-to-z/fox-and-the-hound-the-film/|title=Fox and the Hound, The (film) - D23|work=D23|publisher=Disney.com|archive-date=September 6, 2015|access-date=August 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Grant|title=The Encyclopedia of Walt Disney's Animated Characters: From Mickey Mouse to Hercules|page=306|publisher=Disney Editions|isbn=978-0-7868-6336-5|date=April 30, 1998}}</ref> At first the title wis gien oot as ''The Fox and the Hounds'',<ref>{{cite news|title=A new generation of animators is taking over at Disney studios|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspape/371086585/|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|format=Subscription required|date=July 19, 1977|accessdate=July 31, 2018|via=Newspapers.com}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> but the filmmakers drappit the plural as the story cam tae be mair an mair aboot the twa leads.{{sfn|Koenig|1997|p=167}} Reitherman wis the film's first director, wi Art Stevens as co-director. A pouer struggle broke oot atween the twa directors an the co-producer Ron Miller ower key pairts o the film, wi Miller backin the younger Stevens. Miller telt Reitherman tae haund ower the reins tae the younger staff,{{sfn|Hulett|2014|p=33}} but Reitherman held oot, acause he didnae trust the young animators.{{sfn|Beck|2005|p=86}} In an earlier version o the film, Chief wis tae dee, as he daes in the novelle, but the scene wis chynged sae that Chief lives wi a stookie on his back leg. The animator [[Ron Clements]], that haed muived ower tae the story department for a while, argued: "Chief has tae dee. The pictur disnae wirk if he juist braks his leg. Copper haes nae raison tae hate the tod."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "Chief has to die. The picture doesn't work if he just breaks his leg. Copper doesn't have motivation to hate the fox."</ref> The younger members o the story team pleadit wi Stevens tae hae Chief killed an aw. Stevens answered: "Jings, we've never killed a main chairacter in a Disney film, an we're no stairtin nou!"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "Geez, we never killed a main character in a Disney film and we're not starting now!"</ref> The younger crew took the problem tae the heid yins, that backit Stevens as weel.{{sfn|Hulett|2014|p=39}} Ollie Johnston's test animation o Chief stampin aroond the hoose wi his leg in a stookie wis kept in the end. Randy Cartwright re-animatit the scene whaur Copper finds Chief lyin, giein Chief een that open an shut sae the audience kent he wisnae deid.<ref name="sito" /> Anither fecht broke oot when Reitherman, that thocht the film wantit a strang second act, decidit tae add a muisical scene wi twa cranes, vyced bi Phil Harris an Charo, that wad sing a daft sang cried "Scoobie-Doobie Doobie Doo, Let Your Body Turn to Goo" tae Tod efter he wis drappit in the forest. Charo recordit the sang an vyce tracks, that war storyboardit,{{sfn|Koenig|1997|p=168}} an live-action reference fitage wis shot o her in a sweaty pink leotard. But the studio staff didnae care for the scene, an felt the sang took awa frae the main story. Stevens said: "We cannae let that sequence in the film! It's hale oot o place!"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "We can't let that sequence in the movie! It's totally out of place!"</ref>{{sfn|Hulett|2014|p=34}} He telt the studio management, an efter monie story meetins the scene wis taen oot. Reitherman later walked intae Stevens's office, slumped intae a chair an said, "A dinnae ken, Art, mebbe this is a young man's medium."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "I dunno, Art, maybe this is a young man's medium."</ref> He went on tae projects that war never makkit, sic as ''Catfish Bend'', an deed in a caur crash in 1985.{{sfn|Sito|2006|p=289}} ===Animation=== Bi the end o 1978 Frank Thomas, Ollie Johnston an Cliff Nordberg haed feenished thair animation. Thomas haed animatit scenes o Tod an Copper uisin dialogue that Larry Clemmons haed written an recordit wi the bairn actors.{{sfn|Sito|2006|p=298}} This wis the last film that Disney's Nine Old Men warked on, an they retired early durin production.<ref name="cataroo">{{cite web|url=http://www.cataroo.com/DBfoxhnd.html|last=Cowley|first=John|title=The Animated Films of Don Bluth|publisher=Cataroo|access-date=May 4, 2016}}</ref> The animation wis haundit ower tae the neist generation o directors an animators, amang them [[John Lasseter]], [[John Musker]], [[Ron Clements]], Glen Keane, [[Tim Burton]], [[Brad Bird]], Henry Selick, Chris Buck an Mark Dindal. They feenished the animation an the film. Thir animators haed come throu the studio's ain trainin programme, an they wad play a big pairt in the Disney Renaissance o the 1980s an 1990s.<ref name=finch>{{cite book|last=Finch|first=Christopher|title=The Art of Walt Disney: From Mickey Mouse to the Magic Kingdom|chapter=The End of an Era|publisher=Harry N. Abrams|isbn=978-0810998148|p=[https://archive.org/details/artofwaltdisney00finc/page/n255 260]–66|year=1973|edition=2004}}</ref> But the chynge frae the auld guard tae the new brocht arguments ower hou tae mak the film. Reitherman haed his ain ideas aboot the designs an layoots, but the newer team backit Stevens. The animator [[Don Bluth]] animatit a wheen o scenes, amang them Widow Tweed milkin her coo, Abigail, while his team warked on the rest o the sequence, an the scene whaur Tweed shuits at Amos Slade's caur. Bluth an the new animators felt Reitherman wis ower dour an oot o touch.{{sfn|Koenig|1997|p=168}} On his 42nd birthday, 13 September 1979, Bluth gaed intae Ron Miller's office wi Gary Goldman an John Pomeroy an handit in thair resignations. Thirteen ither animators follaed them. Though Bluth an his team haed animatit big pairts o the film, they askit no tae be creditit on screen.<ref name="cataroo" /> Wi 17% o the animators awa,<ref name="D23" /> Miller ordered aa the animators that haed resigned aff the studio lot bi twal o'clock that day, an he later pit the release o ''The Fox and the Hound'' back frae Christmas 1980 tae the simmer o 1981. New animators war taen on an promotit tae fill the gaps. Tae mak up for the new animators' lack o experience, a lot o the quality control lay wi a corps o experienced assistant animators.{{sfn|Sito|2006|p=290}}<ref name="sito">{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue3.8/3.8pages/3.8sitofox.html|last=Sito|first=Tom|authorlink=Tom Sito|title=Disney's ''The Fox and the Hound'': The Coming of the Next Generation|work=Animation World Magazine|date=November 1998|access-date=May 4, 2016}}</ref> Fower year efter production stairtit, the film wis feenished, wi aboot 360,000 drawins, 110,000 paintit cels an 1,100 paintit backgrunds in it. A total o 180 fowk, amang them 24 animators, warked on the film.<ref name="D23" /> ===Casting=== Early in production, the main chairacters, sic as young Tod an Copper, Big Mama an Amos Slade, haed awready been cast. The supportin chairacters war cast frae Disney's regular vyce actors: Pat Buttram for Chief, Paul Winchell for Boomer, an [[Mickey Rooney]], that haed recently feenished filmin ''Pete's Dragon'', for the grown Tod. Jeanette Nolan wis the second choice for Widow Tweed efter Helen Hayes turned the pairt doun.{{sfn|Hulett|2014|p=35}} The last role tae be cast wis the grown Copper. Jackie Cooper auditioned for it but left the project when he askit for mair siller than the studio wad pey. While he wis filmin the telly film ''Elvis'', the former Disney bairn actor [[Kurt Russell]] wis cast efter a readin that impressed the filmmakers, an he recordit aa his dialogue in twa sessions.{{sfn|Hulett|2014|p=37}} == Notes == <references group="note"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== {{refbegin|40em}} * {{cite book|last=Beck|first=Jerry|title=The Animated Movie Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/animatedmoviegui0000beck|publisher=Chicago Reader Press|year=2005|isbn=1-55652-591-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Hulett|first=Steve|title=Mouse In Transition: An Insider's Look at Disney Feature Animation|url=https://archive.org/details/mouseintransitio0000stev|publisher=Theme Park Press|date=December 4, 2014|isbn=978-1941500248|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Koenig|first=David|title=Mouse Under Glass: Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks|url=https://archive.org/details/mouseunderglasss0000koen|publisher=Bonaventure Press|isbn=978-0964060517|year=1997|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|first=Tom|last=Sito|title=Drawing the Line: The Untold Story of the Animation Unions from Bosko to Bart Simpson|url=https://archive.org/details/drawinglineuntol0000sito|date=October 6, 2006|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0813124070|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Portal|Disney|Film in the Unitit States|1980s|Cartuin}} {{wikiquote}} * {{Official website|http://movies.disney.com/the-fox-and-the-hound}} * {{IMDb title|0082406}} * {{tcmdb title|75553}} * {{Bcdb title|42}} * {{AllMovie title|82415}} * {{Mojo title|foxandthehound}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|fox_and_the_hound}} {{Walt Disney Animation Studios}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fox and the Hound, The}} [[Category:1980s drama films]] [[Category:American comin-o-age films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:Animatit drama films]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot daith]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot orphants]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot revenge]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Films based on American novelles]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] mai1hixiucb8mox89rubfx8jz0fjg3x 927512 927508 2026-11-09T23:01:51Z Monospaced 75295 Clarified wha reportit the auld title 927512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = The Fox and the Hound | image = The Fox and the Hound.jpg | caption = Original cinema poster | director = {{Plainlist| * Ted Berman * Richard Rich * Art Stevens }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * Ron Miller * Wolfgang Reitherman * Art Stevens }} | story = {{Plainlist| * Larry Clemmons * Ted Berman * David Michener * Peter Young * Burny Mattinson * Steve Hulett * Earl Kress * Vance Gerry }} | based on = {{based on|''The Fox and the Hound''|[[Daniel P. Mannix]]}} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Mickey Rooney]] * [[Kurt Russell]] * Pearl Bailey * Jack Albertson * Sandy Duncan * Jeanette Nolan * Pat Buttram * John Fiedler * John McIntire * Dick Bakalyan * Paul Winchell * Keith Mitchell * Corey Feldman }} | music = Buddy Baker | editing = {{Plainlist| * James Melton * Jim Koford }} | studio = Walt Disney Productions | distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Buena Vista Distribution]] | released = {{Film date|1981|7|10}} | runtime = 83 meenit | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = $12 million<ref name="budget">{{cite journal|title=Forest Friendship|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_newsweek_1981-07-13_98_2_0/page/81|first=David|last=Ansen|journal=Newsweek|publisher=The Washington Post Company|date=July 13, 1981|page=81}}</ref> | gross = $63.5 million<ref>{{cite web|title=The Fox and the Hound (1981)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=foxandthehound.htm|access-date=September 20, 2008}}</ref> }} '''''The Fox and the Hound''''' is a 1981 American [[animation|animatit]] drama film makkit bi Walt Disney Productions an loosely based on the novelle o the same nem bi [[Daniel P. Mannix]]. It is the 24t Disney animatit feature film. It tells the story o twa unlikely freends, a [[reid tod]] cried Tod an a hoond cried Copper. They try tae haud on tae thair freendship though thair growin instincts an the fowk aroond them want them tae be faes. It wis directit bi Ted Berman, Richard Rich an Art Stevens. The vyces in it include [[Mickey Rooney]], [[Kurt Russell]], Pearl Bailey, Jack Albertson, Sandy Duncan, Jeanette Nolan, Pat Buttram, John Fiedler, John McIntire, Dick Bakalyan, Paul Winchell, Keith Mitchell an Corey Feldman. ''The Fox and the Hound'' wis released in cinemas on 10 Julie 1981 an did weel at the box office.<ref name="D23" /> When it cam oot it wis the maist expensive animatit film ever makkit, at $12 million.<ref name="budget" /> It wis re-released in cinemas on 25 Mairch 1988.<ref name="D23" /> A direct-tae-video sequel, ''[[The Fox and the Hound 2]]'', cam oot on DVD on 12 December 2006. ==Cast== * [[Mickey Rooney]] as Tod * [[Kurt Russell]] as Copper * Pearl Bailey as Big Mama * Jack Albertson as Amos Slade * Sandy Duncan as Vixey * Jeanette Nolan as Widow Tweed * Pat Buttram as Chief * John Fiedler as the Porcupine * John McIntire as the Badger * Dick Bakalyan as Dinky * Paul Winchell as Boomer * Keith Mitchell as young Tod * Corey Feldman as young Copper ==Production== ===Development=== Wolfgang Reitherman read the original novelle an foond it gey touchin, acause ane o his sons haed aince haed a pet tod years afore. He thocht it wad mak a guid animatit feature, an wark on it stairtit in the spring o 1977.<ref name=D23>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906033347/https://d23.com/a-to-z/fox-and-the-hound-the-film/|url=http://d23.com/a-to-z/fox-and-the-hound-the-film/|title=Fox and the Hound, The (film) - D23|work=D23|publisher=Disney.com|archive-date=September 6, 2015|access-date=August 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Grant|title=The Encyclopedia of Walt Disney's Animated Characters: From Mickey Mouse to Hercules|page=306|publisher=Disney Editions|isbn=978-0-7868-6336-5|date=April 30, 1998}}</ref> In 1977 ''The Baltimore Sun'' reportit the title as ''The Fox and the Hounds'',<ref>{{cite news|title=A new generation of animators is taking over at Disney studios|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspape/371086585/|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|format=Subscription required|date=July 19, 1977|accessdate=July 31, 2018|via=Newspapers.com}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> but the filmmakers drappit the plural as the story cam tae be mair an mair aboot the twa leads.{{sfn|Koenig|1997|p=167}} Reitherman wis the film's first director, wi Art Stevens as co-director. A pouer struggle broke oot atween the twa directors an the co-producer Ron Miller ower key pairts o the film, wi Miller backin the younger Stevens. Miller telt Reitherman tae haund ower the reins tae the younger staff,{{sfn|Hulett|2014|p=33}} but Reitherman held oot, acause he didnae trust the young animators.{{sfn|Beck|2005|p=86}} In an earlier version o the film, Chief wis tae dee, as he daes in the novelle, but the scene wis chynged sae that Chief lives wi a stookie on his back leg. The animator [[Ron Clements]], that haed muived ower tae the story department for a while, argued: "Chief has tae dee. The pictur disnae wirk if he juist braks his leg. Copper haes nae raison tae hate the tod."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "Chief has to die. The picture doesn't work if he just breaks his leg. Copper doesn't have motivation to hate the fox."</ref> The younger members o the story team pleadit wi Stevens tae hae Chief killed an aw. Stevens answered: "Jings, we've never killed a main chairacter in a Disney film, an we're no stairtin nou!"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "Geez, we never killed a main character in a Disney film and we're not starting now!"</ref> The younger crew took the problem tae the heid yins, that backit Stevens as weel.{{sfn|Hulett|2014|p=39}} Ollie Johnston's test animation o Chief stampin aroond the hoose wi his leg in a stookie wis kept in the end. Randy Cartwright re-animatit the scene whaur Copper finds Chief lyin, giein Chief een that open an shut sae the audience kent he wisnae deid.<ref name="sito" /> Anither fecht broke oot when Reitherman, that thocht the film wantit a strang second act, decidit tae add a muisical scene wi twa cranes, vyced bi Phil Harris an Charo, that wad sing a daft sang cried "Scoobie-Doobie Doobie Doo, Let Your Body Turn to Goo" tae Tod efter he wis drappit in the forest. Charo recordit the sang an vyce tracks, that war storyboardit,{{sfn|Koenig|1997|p=168}} an live-action reference fitage wis shot o her in a sweaty pink leotard. But the studio staff didnae care for the scene, an felt the sang took awa frae the main story. Stevens said: "We cannae let that sequence in the film! It's hale oot o place!"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "We can't let that sequence in the movie! It's totally out of place!"</ref>{{sfn|Hulett|2014|p=34}} He telt the studio management, an efter monie story meetins the scene wis taen oot. Reitherman later walked intae Stevens's office, slumped intae a chair an said, "A dinnae ken, Art, mebbe this is a young man's medium."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "I dunno, Art, maybe this is a young man's medium."</ref> He went on tae projects that war never makkit, sic as ''Catfish Bend'', an deed in a caur crash in 1985.{{sfn|Sito|2006|p=289}} ===Animation=== Bi the end o 1978 Frank Thomas, Ollie Johnston an Cliff Nordberg haed feenished thair animation. Thomas haed animatit scenes o Tod an Copper uisin dialogue that Larry Clemmons haed written an recordit wi the bairn actors.{{sfn|Sito|2006|p=298}} This wis the last film that Disney's Nine Old Men warked on, an they retired early durin production.<ref name="cataroo">{{cite web|url=http://www.cataroo.com/DBfoxhnd.html|last=Cowley|first=John|title=The Animated Films of Don Bluth|publisher=Cataroo|access-date=May 4, 2016}}</ref> The animation wis haundit ower tae the neist generation o directors an animators, amang them [[John Lasseter]], [[John Musker]], [[Ron Clements]], Glen Keane, [[Tim Burton]], [[Brad Bird]], Henry Selick, Chris Buck an Mark Dindal. They feenished the animation an the film. Thir animators haed come throu the studio's ain trainin programme, an they wad play a big pairt in the Disney Renaissance o the 1980s an 1990s.<ref name=finch>{{cite book|last=Finch|first=Christopher|title=The Art of Walt Disney: From Mickey Mouse to the Magic Kingdom|chapter=The End of an Era|publisher=Harry N. Abrams|isbn=978-0810998148|p=[https://archive.org/details/artofwaltdisney00finc/page/n255 260]–66|year=1973|edition=2004}}</ref> But the chynge frae the auld guard tae the new brocht arguments ower hou tae mak the film. Reitherman haed his ain ideas aboot the designs an layoots, but the newer team backit Stevens. The animator [[Don Bluth]] animatit a wheen o scenes, amang them Widow Tweed milkin her coo, Abigail, while his team warked on the rest o the sequence, an the scene whaur Tweed shuits at Amos Slade's caur. Bluth an the new animators felt Reitherman wis ower dour an oot o touch.{{sfn|Koenig|1997|p=168}} On his 42nd birthday, 13 September 1979, Bluth gaed intae Ron Miller's office wi Gary Goldman an John Pomeroy an handit in thair resignations. Thirteen ither animators follaed them. Though Bluth an his team haed animatit big pairts o the film, they askit no tae be creditit on screen.<ref name="cataroo" /> Wi 17% o the animators awa,<ref name="D23" /> Miller ordered aa the animators that haed resigned aff the studio lot bi twal o'clock that day, an he later pit the release o ''The Fox and the Hound'' back frae Christmas 1980 tae the simmer o 1981. New animators war taen on an promotit tae fill the gaps. Tae mak up for the new animators' lack o experience, a lot o the quality control lay wi a corps o experienced assistant animators.{{sfn|Sito|2006|p=290}}<ref name="sito">{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue3.8/3.8pages/3.8sitofox.html|last=Sito|first=Tom|authorlink=Tom Sito|title=Disney's ''The Fox and the Hound'': The Coming of the Next Generation|work=Animation World Magazine|date=November 1998|access-date=May 4, 2016}}</ref> Fower year efter production stairtit, the film wis feenished, wi aboot 360,000 drawins, 110,000 paintit cels an 1,100 paintit backgrunds in it. A total o 180 fowk, amang them 24 animators, warked on the film.<ref name="D23" /> ===Casting=== Early in production, the main chairacters, sic as young Tod an Copper, Big Mama an Amos Slade, haed awready been cast. The supportin chairacters war cast frae Disney's regular vyce actors: Pat Buttram for Chief, Paul Winchell for Boomer, an [[Mickey Rooney]], that haed recently feenished filmin ''Pete's Dragon'', for the grown Tod. Jeanette Nolan wis the second choice for Widow Tweed efter Helen Hayes turned the pairt doun.{{sfn|Hulett|2014|p=35}} The last role tae be cast wis the grown Copper. Jackie Cooper auditioned for it but left the project when he askit for mair siller than the studio wad pey. While he wis filmin the telly film ''Elvis'', the former Disney bairn actor [[Kurt Russell]] wis cast efter a readin that impressed the filmmakers, an he recordit aa his dialogue in twa sessions.{{sfn|Hulett|2014|p=37}} == Notes == <references group="note"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== {{refbegin|40em}} * {{cite book|last=Beck|first=Jerry|title=The Animated Movie Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/animatedmoviegui0000beck|publisher=Chicago Reader Press|year=2005|isbn=1-55652-591-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Hulett|first=Steve|title=Mouse In Transition: An Insider's Look at Disney Feature Animation|url=https://archive.org/details/mouseintransitio0000stev|publisher=Theme Park Press|date=December 4, 2014|isbn=978-1941500248|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Koenig|first=David|title=Mouse Under Glass: Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks|url=https://archive.org/details/mouseunderglasss0000koen|publisher=Bonaventure Press|isbn=978-0964060517|year=1997|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|first=Tom|last=Sito|title=Drawing the Line: The Untold Story of the Animation Unions from Bosko to Bart Simpson|url=https://archive.org/details/drawinglineuntol0000sito|date=October 6, 2006|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0813124070|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Portal|Disney|Film in the Unitit States|1980s|Cartuin}} {{wikiquote}} * {{Official website|http://movies.disney.com/the-fox-and-the-hound}} * {{IMDb title|0082406}} * {{tcmdb title|75553}} * {{Bcdb title|42}} * {{AllMovie title|82415}} * {{Mojo title|foxandthehound}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|fox_and_the_hound}} {{Walt Disney Animation Studios}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fox and the Hound, The}} [[Category:1980s drama films]] [[Category:American comin-o-age films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:Animatit drama films]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot daith]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot orphants]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot revenge]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Films based on American novelles]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] mr0intzf8yurtmd47sbinrfghxz207s 0 67242 927515 918761 2026-11-09T23:05:26Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead an short sections on the plot, voices, production, release, box office, reception an legacy 927515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Oliver & Company | director = George Scribner | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * Jim Cox * Tim Disney * James Mangold }} | based_on = {{based on|''Oliver Twist''|[[Charles Dickens]]}} | starring = {{Plainlist| * Joey Lawrence * [[Billy Joel]] * Cheech Marin * Richard Mulligan * Roscoe Lee Browne * Sheryl Lee Ralph * Dom DeLuise * Taurean Blacque * Carl Weintraub * Robert Loggia * Natalie Gregory * William Glover * [[Bette Midler]] }} | editing = {{Plainlist| * Mark Hester * James Melton }} | music = J. A. C. Redford | production_companies = Walt Disney Feature Animation | distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]] | released = {{Film date|1988|11|13|Ziegfeld Theatre|1988|11|18|Unitit States}} | runtime = 74 meenit | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = US$31&nbsp;million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://powergrid.thewrap.com/project/oliver-company|title=Oliver & Company (1988)|website=[[The Wrap]]|access-date=December 14, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220223925/http://powergrid.thewrap.com/project/oliver-company|archive-date=December 20, 2016}}</ref> | gross = US$121&nbsp;million }} '''''Oliver & Company''''' is an American animatit muisical [[comedy drama]] film frae 1988, produced bi Walt Disney Feature Animation an inspired bi the [[Charles Dickens]] novel ''Oliver Twist''. It wis directit bi George Scribner an written bi Jim Cox, Tim Disney an James Mangold. In the film Oliver is a hameless kitlin that jyns a gang o dugs, led bi Fagin an Dodger, tae survive on the streets. ''Oliver & Company'' wis released in cinemas on 18 November 1988, the same day as ''The Land Before Time''. Critics were split on it. The muisic an the voices o the weel-kent stars were praised, but opinion wis dividit on the animation, the designs, its uise o computer-generatit imagery an the plot. For aw that, the film did weel at the box office, grossin US$121 million warldwide against a budget o US$31 million. ==Plot== Ootside a shop in [[New York Ceety]], a box o orphan kitlins is pit up for adoption. Aw o them find hames but ane, an orange tabby that wanders the streets howpin somebody will tak him in. Ae day he meets a [[Jack Russell Tarrie|Jack Russell Terrier]] cried Dodger that uises him tae steal hot dugs frae a vendor an then rins aff wi them. The dugs' owner, Fagin, is a petty thief in debt tae Sykes, an ill-daein loan shark that gies him three days tae pey the siller back. The neist day the dugs an the kitlin try tae steal mair siller for Fagin. Their ploy tae rob a limousine belangin tae the walthy Foxworth faimily fails, an the kitlin is fund bi the faimily's dochter, Jenny. Jenny adopts the kitlin, cries him Oliver an grows close tae him, an that maks Georgette, the Foxworths' spylt prize-winnin poodle, jealous. Dodger an the ither dugs think Oliver haes been kidnapped, an wi Georgette's help they tak him back tae the barge. Fagin sees frae Oliver's new collar that he haes been adopted bi a walthy faimily, an decides tae haud him for ransom tae clear his debt. But Sykes kidnaps Jenny tae blackmail her faimily. Oliver, Georgette an the dugs sneak intae Sykes's warehoose tae rescue her, an Fagin helps them escape on his trike. Oliver chooses tae bide wi Jenny, but promises tae keep in touch wi Dodger an the gang. ==Voices== * Joey Lawrence as Oliver, an orphan kitlin * [[Billy Joel]] as Dodger, a Jack Russell Terrier * Cheech Marin as Tito, a Chihuahua * Richard Mulligan as Einstein, a Great Dane * Roscoe Lee Browne as Francis, a bulldog * Sheryl Lee Ralph as Rita, a Saluki * Dom DeLuise as Fagin * Robert Loggia as Sykes * Natalie Gregory as Jenny Foxworth * William Glover as Winston, the Foxworths' butler * [[Bette Midler]] as Georgette, a poodle ==Production== ''Oliver & Company'' wis the first animatit film that The Walt Disney Company stairtit makkin unner Michael Eisner an Jeffrey Katzenberg, that haed jyned the company in 1984.<ref name="disneytwist">{{cite news|title='Oliver & Company' Gives Dickens A Disney Twist urban scene from an appropriate rooftop.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/13/movies/film-oliver-company-gives-dickens-disney-twist-urban-scene-appropriate-rooftop.html|first=John|last=Culhane|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 13, 1988|access-date=July 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525085252/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/13/movies/film-oliver-company-gives-dickens-disney-twist-urban-scene-appropriate-rooftop.html|archive-date=May 25, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The story artist Pete Young suggestit ''Oliver Twist'' wi dugs.{{sfn|Stewart|2005|pp=|p=71}} Production offeecially stairtit in 1986,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Mills |first=Bart |date=November 20, 1988 |title='Oliver:' A Disney twist for a Dickens' tale |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/706004438/?match=15&terms=oliver%20and%20company%20animation |access-date=October 29, 2025 |work=[[The Fresno Bee]] |page=F6 }}</ref> unner the warkin title ''Oliver and the Dodger''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Willistein |first=Paul |date=November 22, 1987 |title=Disney Gearing Up For More Animation |url=https://www.mcall.com/1987/11/22/disney-gearing-up-for-more-animation/ |access-date=July 10, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Morning Call]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Beck|2005|pp=182–183}} Ower twa an a hauf year, 300 artists an technicians wrocht on the film.<ref>''[[Oliver & Company#Video1|The Making of Oliver & Company: 2:43–2:47]]''</ref><ref name="The Los Angeles Times 1989">{{Cite news |date=March 17, 1989 |title=Gallery Strikes Animated Pose for Charity: [San Diego County Edition] |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/280713649 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |publication-place=[[Los Angeles, California]] |issn=0458-3035}}</ref> ==Release== ''Oliver & Company'' wis first shawn at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York Ceety on 13 November 1988.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=November 16, 1988|page=12|title='Oliver' Preem Lift To Museum Program}}</ref> It wis released in the Unitit States on 18 November 1988, the same day that Disney merked the 60t anniversary o the Mickey Mouse short ''Steamboat Willie'' (1928).<ref>{{cite news |last=Solomon |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Solomon (animation historian) |date=November 18, 1988 |title=Can You Imagine Mickey Mouse Turning 60? |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-11-18-ca-751-story.html |access-date=July 10, 2015 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> ==Reception== ===Box office=== ''Oliver & Company'' grossed US$53&nbsp;million in the Unitit States an Canadae<ref>{{cite web |title=Oliver & Company |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1701217793/weekend/ |access-date=January 5, 2012 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> against the US$46&nbsp;million o Don Bluth's ''The Land Before Time'', that cam oot the same weekend.<ref>{{cite news |last=Solomon |first=Charles |date=August 19, 1990 |title=The New Toon Boom |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-08-19-ca-3048-story.html |access-date=July 10, 2015 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> It wis the first animatit film tae gross US$100&nbsp;million warldwide on its first release.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=November 1, 1990 |title=Disney Says 'Mermaid' Swims To B.O. Record |magazine=[[Daily Variety]] |page=6}}</ref> ===Critical response=== ''Oliver & Company'' got mixed reviews. On Metacritic the film haes a score o 58 oot o 100, based on 15 critics, meanin mixed or average reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oliver & Company Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/oliver-company |access-date=November 21, 2022 |publisher=Metacritic }}</ref> The muisic wis widely praised. Maist critics praised the voices o the stars. Billy Joel's performance as Dodger wis generally weel liked.<ref name="WashingtonPost">{{cite news |last1=Howe |first1=Desson |author-link=Desson Howe |last2=Kempley |first2=Rita |date=November 18, 1988 |title=Oliver & Company |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/olivercompany.htm |access-date=July 10, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Yagoda |first=Ben |date=November 18, 1988 |title=Nicely Twisted |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/186484750/?match=1&terms=oliver%20and%20company%20why%20should%20i%20worry |access-date=February 15, 2025 |work=[[Philadelphia Daily News]] |pages=56}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Malcolm L. |date=November 19, 1988 |title=Disney puts new twist on 'Oliver' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/373814451/?match=1&terms=oliver%20and%20company%20why%20should%20i%20worry |access-date=February 15, 2025 |work=[[Hartford Courant]] |page=D4}}</ref> ==Legacy== Tho it is no amang Disney's best-loved films,<ref name=":18">{{Cite news |last=Ness |first=Mari |author-link=Mari Ness |date=November 19, 2015 |title=Production Changes: Disney’s Oliver and Company |url=https://reactormag.com/production-changes-disneys-oliver-and-company/ |access-date=August 27, 2026 |work=[[Reactor (magazine)|Reactor]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815175512/https://reactormag.com/production-changes-disneys-oliver-and-company/|archive-date=August 15, 2025}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite news |last=Donohoo |first=Timothy Blake |date=November 25, 2023 |title=How Oliver & Company Modernized Disney Animation 35 Years Early |url=https://www.cbr.com/oliver-and-company-35-anniversary-modnernized-disney-animation/ |access-date=August 27, 2026 |work=[[Comic Book Resources]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219092930/https://www.cbr.com/oliver-and-company-35-anniversary-modnernized-disney-animation/|archive-date=February 19, 2026}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last=Russell |first=Bradley |date=August 8, 2025 |title=Disney's renaissance began with The Little Mermaid – but its foundations were laid with this underappreciated 1988 hidden gem |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/entertainment/animation-movies/disneys-renaissance-began-with-the-little-mermaid-but-its-foundations-were-laid-with-this-underappreciated-1988-hidden-gem/ |access-date=August 27, 2026 |work=[[GamesRadar+]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809004244/https://www.gamesradar.com/entertainment/animation-movies/disneys-renaissance-began-with-the-little-mermaid-but-its-foundations-were-laid-with-this-underappreciated-1988-hidden-gem/|archive-date=August 9, 2025}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite news |last=Barry |first=Chris |date=February 3, 2009 |title=Oliver & Company 20th Anniversary Edition DVD |url=https://mouseplanet.com/oliver-company-20th-anniversary-edition-dvd/2361/ |access-date=August 28, 2026 |publisher=MousePlanet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tyner |first=Adam |date=August 6, 2013 |title=Oliver & Company: 25th Anniversary Edition |url=https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/61377/oliver-company-25th-anniversary-edition/ |access-date=August 28, 2026 |publisher=[[DVD Talk]] |quote=we're talking about the most forgettable movie to steamroll into theaters with the Disney animation stamp on it.}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite news |last=Watkins |first=Gwynne |date=November 16, 2018 |title=The inside story of how 'Oliver & Company' surprisingly saved Disney animation |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/oliver-saved-disney-animation-140023900.html |access-date=August 28, 2026 |publisher=[[Yahoo! Entertainment]]|quote=If Disney fans were asked to name the studio's most significant animated films, few would immediately arrive at Oliver & Company.}}</ref> some critics hae syne seen ''Oliver & Company'' as a forerinner o the Disney Renaissance,<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":23" /><ref name=":25" /><ref name=":19">{{Cite news |last=Weiss |first=Josh |date=April 14, 2026 |title=Joey Lawrence Reveals How Oliver & Company Saved Disney |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/how-disney-film-oliver-and-company-changed-animation-by-casting-billy-Joel |access-date=August 27, 2026 |publisher=[[Syfy]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260623072507/https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/how-disney-film-oliver-and-company-changed-animation-by-casting-billy-Joel|archive-date=June 23, 2026}}</ref> for its commercial success an its muisical nummers.<ref name=":16">{{Cite news |last=White |first=Brett |date=February 5, 2020 |title=‘Oliver & Company’ Is a Banger of a Movie and Deserves to Be a Disney Classic |url=https://decider.com/2020/02/05/oliver-and-company-is-the-start-of-disney-renaissance/ |access-date=August 27, 2026 |work=[[Decider.com|Decider]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818050216/https://decider.com/2020/02/05/oliver-and-company-is-the-start-of-disney-renaissance/|archive-date=August 18, 2025}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite news |last=Spiegel |first=Josh |date=May 21, 2019 |title=For Better And Worse, 'Oliver And Company' Ushered Disney Into The Modern Age Of Animation |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/566562/oliver-and-company-revisited/ |access-date=August 27, 2026 |work=[[/Film]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260722010025/https://www.slashfilm.com/566562/oliver-and-company-revisited/|archive-date=July 22, 2026}}</ref> Its voice cast wis notable for weel-kent stars o the time,<ref name=":24">{{Cite news |last=Lyons |first=Michael |date=November 3, 2023 |title=New York State of Mind: The 35th Anniversary of “Oliver & Company” |url=https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/new-york-state-of-mind-the-35th-anniversary-of-oliver-company/ |access-date=August 26, 2026 |publisher=[[Cartoon Research]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117133414/https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/new-york-state-of-mind-the-35th-anniversary-of-oliver-company/|archive-date=January 17, 2026}}</ref> a kind o stunt castin that wis rare in animatit films an later becam common.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":17" /><ref name=":20">{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Rendy |date=May 23, 2024 |title=Animated Movies Need to Stop Celebrity Stunt Casting |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/animated-movies-need-to-stop-celebrity-stunt-casting/ |access-date=August 27, 2026 |work=[[Den of Geek]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260413110641/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/animated-movies-need-to-stop-celebrity-stunt-casting/|archive-date=April 13, 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== ===Buiks=== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Beck |first=Jerry |title=The Animated Movie Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTI1yeZd-tkC |date=October 28, 2005 |publisher=A Cappella Books (Chicago Review Press) |isbn=1-55652-591-5 |edition=1st |location=[[Chicago]] |access-date=September 19, 2024 |via=[[Google Books]]}} * {{cite book |last=Stewart |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/disneywar00jame_0 |title=DisneyWar |year=2005 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |location=[[New York City]] |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]] |isbn=0-684-80993-1 |author-link=James B. Stewart}} {{Refend}} ===Video media=== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite video |title=The Making of Oliver & Company |date=December 4, 1988 |type=Video |language=English |ref=Video1 |people=[[George Scribner]] (director), [[Roy E. Disney]] (Former Vice Chairman of [[The Walt Disney Company]]), [[Glen Keane]] (supervising animator), and various cast and crew members}} {{Refend}} ==Freemit airtins== {{wikiquote}} * {{IMDb title}} {{Walt Disney Animation Studios}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oliver and Company}} [[Category:1988 animatit films]] [[Category:1988 films]] [[Category:1980s American animatit films]] [[Category:1980s muisical comedy films]] [[Category:American bairns' animatit films]] [[Category:American bairns' comedy films]] [[Category:American comedy-drama films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American muisical comedy films]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot cats]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot dugs]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot freendship]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot orphants]] [[Category:Animatit films based on novelles]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Films based on Oliver Twist]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Films set in the 1980s]] [[Category:Films set in New York Ceety]] [[Category:Screenplays bi Joe Ranft]] [[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] 8z11r1n6vcy0c1id1zdvvy9zwfl9n41 0 67346 927568 925724 2026-11-10T00:59:54Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Beauty and the Beast | image = Beautybeastposter.jpg | caption = Poster for the cinema release, bi John Alvin<ref>{{cite news|first=Jocelyn|last=Stewart|title=Artist created many famous film posters|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/california/la-me-alvin10feb10,1,5113268.story|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314184353/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/feb/10/local/me-alvin10|archive-date=March 14, 2010|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=February 10, 2008|access-date=February 10, 2008}}</ref> | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Gary Trousdale]] * [[Kirk Wise]] }} | producer = Don Hahn | screenplay = [[Linda Woolverton]] | story = {{Plainlist| * Brenda Chapman * Chris Sanders * Burny Mattinson * Kevin Harkey * Brian Pimental * Bruce Woodside * Joe Ranft * Tom Ellery * Kelly Asbury * Robert Lence }} | based_on = "Beauty and the Beast" bi Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Paige O'Hara]] * [[Robby Benson]] * Richard White * [[Jerry Orbach]] * [[David Ogden Stiers]] * [[Angela Lansbury]] * Bradley Michael Pierce * Rex Everhart }} | music = [[Alan Menken]] | editing = John Carnochan | production_companies = Walt Disney Feature Animation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Beauty-and-the-Beast-(1991)#tab=summary|title=Beauty and the Beast (1991)|publisher=The Numbers|access-date=April 3, 2017|archive-date=April 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404043146/http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Beauty-and-the-Beast-(1991)#tab=summary|url-status=live}}</ref> | distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]] | released = {{Film date|1991|9|29|[[New York Film Festival]]|1991|11|22|Unitit States|df=y}} | runtime = 84 meenit<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/beauty-and-beast-film|title=''Beauty and the Beast'' (U)|publisher=British Board of Film Classification|date=February 5, 1992|access-date=September 28, 2016|archive-date=October 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002071613/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/beauty-and-beast-film|url-status=dead}}</ref> | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = US$25&nbsp;million<ref name="box office">{{cite web |url= https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0101414/ |title= Beauty and the Beast (1991) |publisher= Box Office Mojo |access-date= September 17, 2020 |archive-date= August 3, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200803181044/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0101414/ |url-status= live }}</ref> | gross = US$451.2&nbsp;million<ref name="box office" /> }} '''''Beauty and the Beast''''' is an American animatit muisical romantic fantasy film frae 1991. It wis directit bi [[Gary Trousdale]] an [[Kirk Wise]] an written bi [[Linda Woolverton]], an it is based on the French fairy tale "Beauty and the Beast". Walt Disney Feature Animation makkit it. ''Beauty and the Beast'' wis first shawn, no yet feenished, at the [[New York Film Festival]] on 29 September 1991, an went on general release on 22 November. Critics praised its story, chairacters, muisic an animation, the ballroom scene abuin aw. It teuk in 331 million US dollars warldwide on its first run, an that makkit it the third heichest-grossin film o 1991 an the first animatit film tae gross ower 100 million US dollars in the Unitit States. It is coontit amang the greatest animatit films ever makkit. ==Plot== A young prince that is cruel an selfish bides in his castle in a faur-awa laund. Ae nicht an auld beggar wumman comes tae the castle an offers him an enchantit rose in return for shelter frae a storm. Whan he turns her awa wi scorn, she shaws hersel as an enchantress, an turns him intae a beast an his servants intae things aboot the hoose. Tae brak the curse, the prince maun learn tae luve somebody an win their luve back afore the last petal faws aff the rose. Ten year efter, in a village nearhaund, Belle, the bookish dochter o an inventor cried Maurice, dreams o adventure an keeps turnin doon Gaston, an arrogant hunter. Maurice gets lost in the forest on his wey tae a fair, an taks shelter in the Beast's castle, whaur he is lockit up for trespassin. Belle finds her faither in the dungeon an offers tae tak his place as a prisoner, an the Beast agrees. Whan she finds the enchantit rose, he flees intae a rage an drives her oot o the castle. Wouves set on her, an the Beast saves her but is hurt. As she tends his wounds a bond growes atween them, an in time they faw in luve. Belle sees in a magic mirror that her faither is in trouble, an the Beast, for luve o her, lets her gang tae save him. Gaston sees she luves the Beast. He haes her lockit in the cellar wi Maurice, an leads the villagers tae kill the Beast. Gaston sets on the Beast, that haes lost aw hert till he sees Belle come back. Belle, greetin, tells the deein Beast she luves him seconds afore the last petal faws. That braks the curse: the Beast comes back tae life, him an his servants is turned human again, an the castle is restored. ==Voices== * [[Paige O'Hara]] as Belle,<ref name="AFI-1991">{{cite web |url=http://www.afi.com/10top10/moviedetail.aspx?id=1& |title=10 Top 10 |publisher=American Film Institute |date=November 13, 1991 |access-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306021327/http://www.afi.com/10top10/moviedetail.aspx?id=1& |url-status=live }}</ref> a bricht young wumman that seeks adventure an gies up her ain freedom tae the Beast in return for her faither's. * [[Robby Benson]] as the Beast,<ref name="AFI-1991" /> a young prince turned intae a talkin beast bi an enchantress as punishment for his pride an selfishness. * Richard White as Gaston,<ref name="AFI-1991"/> a hunter that wants tae mairry Belle. * [[Jerry Orbach]] as Lumière,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.empireonline.com/features/50-greatest-animated-characters/default.asp?film=39 |title=The 50 Best Animated Movie Characters &#124; 39. Lumiere |magazine=Empire|access-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-date=February 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202133758/http://www.empireonline.com/features/50-greatest-animated-characters/default.asp?film=39 |url-status=live }}</ref> the castle's maître d', turned intae a candelabra. * [[David Ogden Stiers]] as Cogsworth,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://voices.yahoo.com/david-ogden-stiers-comes-out-after-decades-the-3269942.html?cat=7 |title=David Ogden Stiers Comes Out After Decades in the Closet – Yahoo Voices |publisher=Yahoo|first=Robert |last=Dougherty |date=March 11, 2009 |access-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118095950/http://voices.yahoo.com/david-ogden-stiers-comes-out-after-decades-the-3269942.html?cat=7 |archive-date=January 18, 2014}}</ref> the Beast's majordomo, turned intae a clock. Stiers narrates the stairt o the film an aw. * [[Angela Lansbury]] as Mrs. Potts,<ref>{{cite web |last=Alexander |first=Bryan |url=http://www.nbcbayarea.com/blogs/popcornbiz/Angela-Lansbury-Proud-To-Be-Mrs-Potts-from-Beauty-and-the-Beast-Forever-104510974.html |title=Angela Lansbury Proud To Be Mrs. Potts from 'Beauty and the Beast' Forever |publisher=NBC Bay Area |date=May 30, 2012 |access-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-date=October 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002153838/http://www.nbcbayarea.com/blogs/popcornbiz/Angela-Lansbury-Proud-To-Be-Mrs-Potts-from-Beauty-and-the-Beast-Forever-104510974.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the hoosekeeper, turned intae a teapot. * Rex Everhart as Maurice,<ref name="AFI-1991" /> Belle's faither, an inventor. * Jesse Corti as LeFou,<ref name="AFI-1991" /> Gaston's sidekick. * Jo Anne Worley as the Wardrobe,<ref name="Neuwirth 2003">{{cite book |last=Neuwirth |first=Allan |author-link=Allan Neuwirth|title=Makin' toons : inside the most popular animated TV shows and movies |publisher=Allworth Press |publication-place=New York |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-62153-197-5 |oclc=828934330 |page=[https://archive.org/details/makintoonsinside0000neuw/page/104/mode/1up?q=Worley 104]}}</ref><ref name="The Dollys 2019">{{cite web |title=The Dollys: Jo Anne Worley |website=Still Going Strong! |date=March 30, 2019 |url=https://www.callondolly.com/jo-anne-worley/ |access-date=June 28, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/jo_anne_worley/ |title=Jo Anne Worley |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |date=January 1, 1970 |access-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-date=April 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410184657/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/jo_anne_worley/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a umwhile opera singer turned intae a wardrobe. * Hal Smith as Philippe,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/hal_smith/ |title=Hal Smith |website=Rotten Tomatoes |date=January 1, 1970 |access-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-date=December 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211061039/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/hal_smith/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Belle's horse. ==Makkin the film== ===Early versions=== but it wis pit aside acause the plot, an its second hauf abuin aw, wis ower hard tae dae.<ref name="makingof">{{cite video|title=Tale as Old as Time: The Making of Beauty and the Beast |medium=VCD |publisher=Walt Disney Home Entertainment |date=2002}}</ref><ref name="Willistein-1991">{{Cite news |last=Willistein |first=Paul |date=November 22, 1991 |title='Beauty's' Story Was a Beast for Disney |url=http://articles.mcall.com/1991-11-22/features/2825583_1_beast-s-castle-fairy-tale-madame-gabrielle |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414235429/https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1991-11-22-2825583-story.html |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2025 |work=The Morning Call |pages=}}</ref> ''Beauty and the Beast'' wis Disney's first animatit film tae uise a feenished script afore storyboardin an animation.<ref name="Filmsite">{{Cite news |title=Greatest Films of the 1990s |url=https://www.filmsite.org/1991.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820074146/https://www.filmsite.org/1991.html |archive-date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=January 24, 2025 |work=Filmsite}}</ref> ===Rewritin the script an addin sangs=== Whan Jeffrey Katzenberg seen the first storyboard reels in 1989, he wisnae pleased an ordered the film stairtit again frae scratch. He askit Howard Ashman an Alan Menken, that wrote the sangs for ''The Little Mermaid'', tae mak it a muisical in the Broadway style.<ref name="wakingsleepingbeauty">{{cite video|people=Hahn, Don |title=Waking Sleeping Beauty |medium=Documentary film |publisher=Stone Circle Pictures/Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures |location=Burbank, California |date=2009 }}</ref> ===Animation=== It wis the second film, efter ''The Rescuers Down Under'', makkit wi the Computer Animation Production System (CAPS), a seestem for scannin, inkin, pentin an compositin that Pixar developit for Disney.<ref name="makingof" /><ref name="wakingsleepingbeauty" /> This wis uised maist in the "Beauty and the Beast" waltz, whaur Belle an the Beast dance throu a ballroom makkit on computer while the camera gangs roond aboot them.<ref name="dvdcommentary">Trousdale, Gary; Wise, Kirk; Hahn, Don; and Menken, Alan (2002). DVD audio commentary for ''Beauty and the Beast: Special Edition''. Walt Disney Home Entertainment</ref><ref name="makingof" /> ===Muisic=== Ashman deed o complications frae AIDS on 14 Mairch 1991, aged 40, aicht month afore the film wis released.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blau |first=Eleanor |date=1991-03-15 |title=Howard Ashman Is Dead at 40; Writer of 'Little Shop of Horrors' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/15/obituaries/howard-ashman-is-dead-at-40-writer-of-little-shop-of-horrors.html |access-date=April 29, 2026 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==Release== The film wis shawn unfeenished at the New York Film Festival on 29 September 1991, the first time The Walt Disney Company haed duin sic a thing.<ref>{{cite news|last=Haithman|first=Diane|title=Unfinished 'Beauty' to Make Splashy Debut : Movies: The New York Film Festival will premiere Disney's animated work-in-progress on Sept. 29.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-17-ca-693-story.html|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=June 18, 2013|date=August 17, 1991|archive-date=July 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729021148/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-17-ca-693-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The feenished film appent at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on 13 November 1991, an went on wide release on 22 November.<ref name="beautyreviewjournal">{{cite web|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/entertainment/arts-culture/more-20-years-after-beauty-and-beast-paige-ohara-still-remembered-voice|title=More than 20 years after 'Beauty and the Beast,' Paige O'Hara still remembered as voice of Disney princess|last=Cling|first=Carol|date=April 21, 2013|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|publisher=Stephens Media LLC|access-date=June 18, 2013|archive-date=April 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425082850/http://www.reviewjournal.com/entertainment/arts-culture/more-20-years-after-beauty-and-beast-paige-ohara-still-remembered-voice|url-status=}}</ref> ==Reception== ===Box office=== On its first release in 1991 it grossed 145.9 million US dollars in North Americae an 331.9 million US dollars warldwide.<ref name="box office" /> ===Whit the critics said=== ''Beauty and the Beast'' wis praised on aw sides for its script, animation, chairacters an muisic.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnston |first=Sheila |date=September 24, 1992 |title=FILM / Drawn by numbers: Scores must be settled before Disney animators set to work. Alan Menken gives Sheila Johnston a song-by-song guide to the making of Beauty and the Beast |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-drawn-by-numbers-scores-must-be-settled-before-disney-animators-set-to-work-alan-menken-gives-sheila-johnston-a-songbysong-guide-to-the-making-of-beauty-and-the-beast-1553532.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620153438/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-drawn-by-numbers-scores-must-be-settled-before-disney-animators-set-to-work-alan-menken-gives-sheila-johnston-a-songbysong-guide-to-the-making-of-beauty-and-the-beast-1553532.html |archive-date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=June 20, 2024 |work=The Independent |quote=it received universal critical acclaim}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Zach |date=February 10, 2022 |title=Fox invites public to 'be our guest' for 'Beauty & the Beast' |url=https://hanfordsentinel.com/entertainment/fox-invites-public-to-be-our-guest-for-beauty-the-beast/article_ed0509ae-d2a8-5d28-b3be-abc28aaae297.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620153035/https://hanfordsentinel.com/entertainment/fox-invites-public-to-be-our-guest-for-beauty-the-beast/article_ed0509ae-d2a8-5d28-b3be-abc28aaae297.html |archive-date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=June 20, 2024 |work=Hanford Sentinel |quote=The film was met with universal acclaim from both critics and audiences}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=White |first=Adam |date=August 7, 2020 |title=Disney's first gay hero: the epic life and tragic death of Little Mermaid lyricist Howard Ashman |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/disneys-first-gay-hero-epic-life-tragic-death-little-mermaid/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610141235/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/disneys-first-gay-hero-epic-life-tragic-death-little-mermaid/ |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |access-date=June 20, 2024 |work=The Daily Telegraph |quote=the film went on to receive universal acclaim}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 14, 2023 |title="Beauty & The Beast" Continues Family Favorites Film Series: App Theatre Sets Feb. 18 for Screening of Disney's Animated Classic |url=https://www.hcpress.com/app-theatre/beauty-the-beast-continues-family-favorites-film-series-app-theatre-sets-feb-18-for-screening-of-disneys-animated-classic.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620161737/https://www.hcpress.com/app-theatre/beauty-the-beast-continues-family-favorites-film-series-app-theatre-sets-feb-18-for-screening-of-disneys-animated-classic.html |archive-date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=June 20, 2024 |work=High Country Press |quote=widespread critical acclaim for its romantic narrative, animation (particularly the ballroom scene), characters, and musical numbers.}}</ref> ===Awards=== The sang "Beauty and the Beast", bi Menken an Ashman, wan the Academy Award for Best Original Song, an Menken's score wan Best Original Score.<ref name="Oscars1992">{{cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1992 |title=The 64th Academy Awards (1992) Nominees and Winners |access-date=October 22, 2011 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |archive-date=July 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706095833/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/64th-winners.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It wis the first animatit film ever nominatit for Best Picture.<ref name="Oscars1992" /><ref name="Ebiri-2019">{{Cite news |last=Ebiri |first=Bilge |author-link=Bilge Ebiri |date=November 14, 2019 |title=The Story of the 1991 Beauty and the Beast Screening That Changed Everything |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/11/the-beauty-and-the-beast-screening-that-changed-everything.html |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920054212/https://www.vulture.com/2019/11/the-beauty-and-the-beast-screening-that-changed-everything.html |archive-date=September 20, 2024 |access-date=January 29, 2025 |work=Vulture}}</ref> ==Legacy== The success o the film makkit siccar Disney's return tae the heid o the animation business, as an early film o the Disney Renaissance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chung |first=Jen |date=August 17, 2016 |title=The Story Of How Disney Brought 'Beauty & The Beast' To The NYFF In The '90s |url=https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/the-story-of-how-disney-brought-beauty-the-beast-to-the-nyff-in-the-90s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612112017/https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/the-story-of-how-disney-brought-beauty-the-beast-to-the-nyff-in-the-90s |archive-date=June 12, 2023 |access-date=January 29, 2025 |work=Gothamist}}</ref><ref name="High-2022">{{Cite news |last=High |first=Rachel |date=February 18, 2022 |title=Rococo and the (Disney) Renaissance |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/perspectives/rococo-disney-renaissance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216045230/https://www.metmuseum.org/perspectives/rococo-disney-renaissance |archive-date=February 16, 2025 |access-date=January 30, 2025 |work=Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref> ==Adaptations== ''Beauty and the Beast'' appent as a muisical on Broadway at the Palace Theatre in New York on 18 Aprile 1994, tae mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://newsok.com/sigmund-romberg-beauty-and-the-beast/article/3835413|title = Sigmund Romberg / Beauty and the Beast|date = July 29, 2012|website = NewsOK.com|last = Rogers|first = Rick|access-date = December 29, 2014|archive-date = August 1, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200801112738/http://oklahoman.com/article/3835413/sigmund-romberg-beauty-and-the-beast|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/14/theater/beauty-moving-from-palace-to-the-fontanne.html|title = 'Beauty' Moving From Palace To the Fontanne|date = December 12, 2014|website = The New York Times|access-date = February 14, 2017|archive-date = September 11, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200911065829/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/14/theater/beauty-moving-from-palace-to-the-fontanne.html|url-status = live}}</ref> The Broadway version ran for mair nor ten year an wan a Tony Award.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-xpm-2011-jun-08-la-et-tony-show-numbers-20110608-story.html |title=Tony Awards: Tony Awards' musical numbers are key to box-office success |work=Los Angeles Times |date=June 8, 2011 |access-date=March 18, 2014 |first=Patrick |last=Pacheco |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801073812/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-xpm-2011-jun-08-la-et-tony-show-numbers-20110608-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A live-action film, directit bi Bill Condon, wis annoonced in June 2014,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2014/06/04/bill-condon-live-action-beauty-and-the-beast |title=Disney taps Bill Condon to direct a live-action 'Beauty and the Beast' |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=June 4, 2014 |access-date=June 5, 2014 |first=Lindsey |last=Bahr |archive-date=December 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217235119/https://ew.com/article/2014/06/04/bill-condon-live-action-beauty-and-the-beast/ |url-status=live }}</ref> an released on 17 Mairch 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2014/06/04/bill-condon-live-action-beauty-and-the-beast |title=Emma Thompson and Kevin Kline Join Beauty and the Beast, Release Date Set |publisher=comingsoon.net |date=March 16, 2015 |access-date=March 16, 2015 |archive-date=January 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117160814/https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/420081-emma-thompson-and-kevin-kline-join-beauty-and-the-beast-release-date-set |url-status=live }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{wikiquote}} {{Commonscat}} * {{Official website|http://movies.disney.com/beauty-and-the-beast}} * {{IMDb title|0101414|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{Allrovi movie|4522|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|beauty_and_the_beast_1991|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{Metacritic film|beauty-and-the-beast-1991|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{Mojo title|beautyandthebeast|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{Tcmdb title|68299|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{Bcdb title|5|Beauty and the Beast}} {{Walt Disney Animation Studios}} {{GoldenGlobeBestMotionPictureMusicalComedy 1981-2000}} [[Category:1990s American animatit films]] [[Category:1991 animatit films]] [[Category:1990s comedy-drama films]] [[Category:1990s fantasie films]] [[Category:1990s muisical films]] [[Category:3D re-releases]] [[Category:American animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:American bairns' animatit films]] [[Category:American comedy-drama films]] [[Category:American muisical fantasie films]] [[Category:American romantic fantasie films]] [[Category:American romantic muisical films]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot daith]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Animatit romance films]] [[Category:Annie Award winners]] [[Category:Best Animatit Featur Annie Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Pictur Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Directorial debut films]] [[Category:Disney's Beauty and the Beast| ]] [[Category:Disney Renaissance]] [[Category:Films aboot bibliophilia]] [[Category:Films aboot shapeshifting]] [[Category:Films aboot narcissism]] [[Category:Films based on fairy tales]] [[Category:Films directit bi Gary Trousdale]] [[Category:Films directit bi Kirk Wise]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Films produced bi Don Hahn]] [[Category:Film scores bi Alan Menken]] [[Category:Films set in Fraunce]] [[Category:Films set in the 18th century]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Score Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Sang Academy Awaird]] [[Category:IMAX films]] [[Category:Screenplays bi Joe Ranft]] [[Category:Screenplays bi Linda Woolverton]] [[Category:Unitit States Naitional Film Registry films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] [[Category:Witchcraft in film]] ayxxqfdunstfd2f1ukrazm3ylke409h 927569 927568 2026-11-10T01:02:21Z Monospaced 75295 Early versions: missin stairt o the section restored, soorced 927569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Beauty and the Beast | image = Beautybeastposter.jpg | caption = Poster for the cinema release, bi John Alvin<ref>{{cite news|first=Jocelyn|last=Stewart|title=Artist created many famous film posters|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/california/la-me-alvin10feb10,1,5113268.story|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314184353/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/feb/10/local/me-alvin10|archive-date=March 14, 2010|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=February 10, 2008|access-date=February 10, 2008}}</ref> | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Gary Trousdale]] * [[Kirk Wise]] }} | producer = Don Hahn | screenplay = [[Linda Woolverton]] | story = {{Plainlist| * Brenda Chapman * Chris Sanders * Burny Mattinson * Kevin Harkey * Brian Pimental * Bruce Woodside * Joe Ranft * Tom Ellery * Kelly Asbury * Robert Lence }} | based_on = "Beauty and the Beast" bi Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Paige O'Hara]] * [[Robby Benson]] * Richard White * [[Jerry Orbach]] * [[David Ogden Stiers]] * [[Angela Lansbury]] * Bradley Michael Pierce * Rex Everhart }} | music = [[Alan Menken]] | editing = John Carnochan | production_companies = Walt Disney Feature Animation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Beauty-and-the-Beast-(1991)#tab=summary|title=Beauty and the Beast (1991)|publisher=The Numbers|access-date=April 3, 2017|archive-date=April 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404043146/http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Beauty-and-the-Beast-(1991)#tab=summary|url-status=live}}</ref> | distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]] | released = {{Film date|1991|9|29|[[New York Film Festival]]|1991|11|22|Unitit States|df=y}} | runtime = 84 meenit<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/beauty-and-beast-film|title=''Beauty and the Beast'' (U)|publisher=British Board of Film Classification|date=February 5, 1992|access-date=September 28, 2016|archive-date=October 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002071613/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/beauty-and-beast-film|url-status=dead}}</ref> | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = US$25&nbsp;million<ref name="box office">{{cite web |url= https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0101414/ |title= Beauty and the Beast (1991) |publisher= Box Office Mojo |access-date= September 17, 2020 |archive-date= August 3, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200803181044/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0101414/ |url-status= live }}</ref> | gross = US$451.2&nbsp;million<ref name="box office" /> }} '''''Beauty and the Beast''''' is an American animatit muisical romantic fantasy film frae 1991. It wis directit bi [[Gary Trousdale]] an [[Kirk Wise]] an written bi [[Linda Woolverton]], an it is based on the French fairy tale "Beauty and the Beast". Walt Disney Feature Animation makkit it. ''Beauty and the Beast'' wis first shawn, no yet feenished, at the [[New York Film Festival]] on 29 September 1991, an went on general release on 22 November. Critics praised its story, chairacters, muisic an animation, the ballroom scene abuin aw. It teuk in 331 million US dollars warldwide on its first run, an that makkit it the third heichest-grossin film o 1991 an the first animatit film tae gross ower 100 million US dollars in the Unitit States. It is coontit amang the greatest animatit films ever makkit. ==Plot== A young prince that is cruel an selfish bides in his castle in a faur-awa laund. Ae nicht an auld beggar wumman comes tae the castle an offers him an enchantit rose in return for shelter frae a storm. Whan he turns her awa wi scorn, she shaws hersel as an enchantress, an turns him intae a beast an his servants intae things aboot the hoose. Tae brak the curse, the prince maun learn tae luve somebody an win their luve back afore the last petal faws aff the rose. Ten year efter, in a village nearhaund, Belle, the bookish dochter o an inventor cried Maurice, dreams o adventure an keeps turnin doon Gaston, an arrogant hunter. Maurice gets lost in the forest on his wey tae a fair, an taks shelter in the Beast's castle, whaur he is lockit up for trespassin. Belle finds her faither in the dungeon an offers tae tak his place as a prisoner, an the Beast agrees. Whan she finds the enchantit rose, he flees intae a rage an drives her oot o the castle. Wouves set on her, an the Beast saves her but is hurt. As she tends his wounds a bond growes atween them, an in time they faw in luve. Belle sees in a magic mirror that her faither is in trouble, an the Beast, for luve o her, lets her gang tae save him. Gaston sees she luves the Beast. He haes her lockit in the cellar wi Maurice, an leads the villagers tae kill the Beast. Gaston sets on the Beast, that haes lost aw hert till he sees Belle come back. Belle, greetin, tells the deein Beast she luves him seconds afore the last petal faws. That braks the curse: the Beast comes back tae life, him an his servants is turned human again, an the castle is restored. ==Voices== * [[Paige O'Hara]] as Belle,<ref name="AFI-1991">{{cite web |url=http://www.afi.com/10top10/moviedetail.aspx?id=1& |title=10 Top 10 |publisher=American Film Institute |date=November 13, 1991 |access-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306021327/http://www.afi.com/10top10/moviedetail.aspx?id=1& |url-status=live }}</ref> a bricht young wumman that seeks adventure an gies up her ain freedom tae the Beast in return for her faither's. * [[Robby Benson]] as the Beast,<ref name="AFI-1991" /> a young prince turned intae a talkin beast bi an enchantress as punishment for his pride an selfishness. * Richard White as Gaston,<ref name="AFI-1991"/> a hunter that wants tae mairry Belle. * [[Jerry Orbach]] as Lumière,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.empireonline.com/features/50-greatest-animated-characters/default.asp?film=39 |title=The 50 Best Animated Movie Characters &#124; 39. Lumiere |magazine=Empire|access-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-date=February 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202133758/http://www.empireonline.com/features/50-greatest-animated-characters/default.asp?film=39 |url-status=live }}</ref> the castle's maître d', turned intae a candelabra. * [[David Ogden Stiers]] as Cogsworth,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://voices.yahoo.com/david-ogden-stiers-comes-out-after-decades-the-3269942.html?cat=7 |title=David Ogden Stiers Comes Out After Decades in the Closet – Yahoo Voices |publisher=Yahoo|first=Robert |last=Dougherty |date=March 11, 2009 |access-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118095950/http://voices.yahoo.com/david-ogden-stiers-comes-out-after-decades-the-3269942.html?cat=7 |archive-date=January 18, 2014}}</ref> the Beast's majordomo, turned intae a clock. Stiers narrates the stairt o the film an aw. * [[Angela Lansbury]] as Mrs. Potts,<ref>{{cite web |last=Alexander |first=Bryan |url=http://www.nbcbayarea.com/blogs/popcornbiz/Angela-Lansbury-Proud-To-Be-Mrs-Potts-from-Beauty-and-the-Beast-Forever-104510974.html |title=Angela Lansbury Proud To Be Mrs. Potts from 'Beauty and the Beast' Forever |publisher=NBC Bay Area |date=May 30, 2012 |access-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-date=October 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002153838/http://www.nbcbayarea.com/blogs/popcornbiz/Angela-Lansbury-Proud-To-Be-Mrs-Potts-from-Beauty-and-the-Beast-Forever-104510974.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the hoosekeeper, turned intae a teapot. * Rex Everhart as Maurice,<ref name="AFI-1991" /> Belle's faither, an inventor. * Jesse Corti as LeFou,<ref name="AFI-1991" /> Gaston's sidekick. * Jo Anne Worley as the Wardrobe,<ref name="Neuwirth 2003">{{cite book |last=Neuwirth |first=Allan |author-link=Allan Neuwirth|title=Makin' toons : inside the most popular animated TV shows and movies |publisher=Allworth Press |publication-place=New York |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-62153-197-5 |oclc=828934330 |page=[https://archive.org/details/makintoonsinside0000neuw/page/104/mode/1up?q=Worley 104]}}</ref><ref name="The Dollys 2019">{{cite web |title=The Dollys: Jo Anne Worley |website=Still Going Strong! |date=March 30, 2019 |url=https://www.callondolly.com/jo-anne-worley/ |access-date=June 28, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/jo_anne_worley/ |title=Jo Anne Worley |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |date=January 1, 1970 |access-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-date=April 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410184657/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/jo_anne_worley/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a umwhile opera singer turned intae a wardrobe. * Hal Smith as Philippe,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/hal_smith/ |title=Hal Smith |website=Rotten Tomatoes |date=January 1, 1970 |access-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-date=December 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211061039/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/hal_smith/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Belle's horse. ==Makkin the film== ===Early versions=== Efter the success o ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'' in 1937, [[Walt Disney]] luikit for ither stories tae mak intae feature films.<ref name="D23-2012">{{Cite news |date=January 12, 2012 |title=Still the Belle of the Ball |url=http://d23.disney.go.com/news/2012/01/still-the-belle-of-the-ball/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117053841/http://d23.disney.go.com/news/2012/01/still-the-belle-of-the-ball/ |archive-date=January 17, 2012 |access-date=January 24, 2024 |work=[[D23 (Disney)|D23]] }}</ref> Amang them wis Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's version o the fairy tale "Beauty and the Beast".<ref name="D23-2012" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Drawing the Line: The Untold Story of the Animation Unions From Bosko to Bart Simpson |url=https://archive.org/details/drawinglineuntol00sito |url-access=limited |last=Sito |first=Tom |year=2006 |publisher=The University Press of Kentucky |isbn=0-8131-2407-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/drawinglineuntol00sito/page/n315 301]}}</ref> He tried tae mak it intae an animatit film in baith the 1930s an the 1950s,<ref name="Willistein-1991" /> but it wis pit aside acause the plot, an its second hauf abuin aw, wis ower hard tae dae.<ref name="makingof">{{cite video|title=Tale as Old as Time: The Making of Beauty and the Beast |medium=VCD |publisher=Walt Disney Home Entertainment |date=2002}}</ref><ref name="Willistein-1991">{{Cite news |last=Willistein |first=Paul |date=November 22, 1991 |title='Beauty's' Story Was a Beast for Disney |url=http://articles.mcall.com/1991-11-22/features/2825583_1_beast-s-castle-fairy-tale-madame-gabrielle |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414235429/https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1991-11-22-2825583-story.html |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2025 |work=The Morning Call |pages=}}</ref> ''Beauty and the Beast'' wis Disney's first animatit film tae uise a feenished script afore storyboardin an animation.<ref name="Filmsite">{{Cite news |title=Greatest Films of the 1990s |url=https://www.filmsite.org/1991.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820074146/https://www.filmsite.org/1991.html |archive-date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=January 24, 2025 |work=Filmsite}}</ref> ===Rewritin the script an addin sangs=== Whan Jeffrey Katzenberg seen the first storyboard reels in 1989, he wisnae pleased an ordered the film stairtit again frae scratch. He askit Howard Ashman an Alan Menken, that wrote the sangs for ''The Little Mermaid'', tae mak it a muisical in the Broadway style.<ref name="wakingsleepingbeauty">{{cite video|people=Hahn, Don |title=Waking Sleeping Beauty |medium=Documentary film |publisher=Stone Circle Pictures/Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures |location=Burbank, California |date=2009 }}</ref> ===Animation=== It wis the second film, efter ''The Rescuers Down Under'', makkit wi the Computer Animation Production System (CAPS), a seestem for scannin, inkin, pentin an compositin that Pixar developit for Disney.<ref name="makingof" /><ref name="wakingsleepingbeauty" /> This wis uised maist in the "Beauty and the Beast" waltz, whaur Belle an the Beast dance throu a ballroom makkit on computer while the camera gangs roond aboot them.<ref name="dvdcommentary">Trousdale, Gary; Wise, Kirk; Hahn, Don; and Menken, Alan (2002). DVD audio commentary for ''Beauty and the Beast: Special Edition''. Walt Disney Home Entertainment</ref><ref name="makingof" /> ===Muisic=== Ashman deed o complications frae AIDS on 14 Mairch 1991, aged 40, aicht month afore the film wis released.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blau |first=Eleanor |date=1991-03-15 |title=Howard Ashman Is Dead at 40; Writer of 'Little Shop of Horrors' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/15/obituaries/howard-ashman-is-dead-at-40-writer-of-little-shop-of-horrors.html |access-date=April 29, 2026 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==Release== The film wis shawn unfeenished at the New York Film Festival on 29 September 1991, the first time The Walt Disney Company haed duin sic a thing.<ref>{{cite news|last=Haithman|first=Diane|title=Unfinished 'Beauty' to Make Splashy Debut : Movies: The New York Film Festival will premiere Disney's animated work-in-progress on Sept. 29.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-17-ca-693-story.html|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=June 18, 2013|date=August 17, 1991|archive-date=July 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729021148/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-17-ca-693-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The feenished film appent at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on 13 November 1991, an went on wide release on 22 November.<ref name="beautyreviewjournal">{{cite web|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/entertainment/arts-culture/more-20-years-after-beauty-and-beast-paige-ohara-still-remembered-voice|title=More than 20 years after 'Beauty and the Beast,' Paige O'Hara still remembered as voice of Disney princess|last=Cling|first=Carol|date=April 21, 2013|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|publisher=Stephens Media LLC|access-date=June 18, 2013|archive-date=April 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425082850/http://www.reviewjournal.com/entertainment/arts-culture/more-20-years-after-beauty-and-beast-paige-ohara-still-remembered-voice|url-status=}}</ref> ==Reception== ===Box office=== On its first release in 1991 it grossed 145.9 million US dollars in North Americae an 331.9 million US dollars warldwide.<ref name="box office" /> ===Whit the critics said=== ''Beauty and the Beast'' wis praised on aw sides for its script, animation, chairacters an muisic.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnston |first=Sheila |date=September 24, 1992 |title=FILM / Drawn by numbers: Scores must be settled before Disney animators set to work. Alan Menken gives Sheila Johnston a song-by-song guide to the making of Beauty and the Beast |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-drawn-by-numbers-scores-must-be-settled-before-disney-animators-set-to-work-alan-menken-gives-sheila-johnston-a-songbysong-guide-to-the-making-of-beauty-and-the-beast-1553532.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620153438/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-drawn-by-numbers-scores-must-be-settled-before-disney-animators-set-to-work-alan-menken-gives-sheila-johnston-a-songbysong-guide-to-the-making-of-beauty-and-the-beast-1553532.html |archive-date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=June 20, 2024 |work=The Independent |quote=it received universal critical acclaim}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Zach |date=February 10, 2022 |title=Fox invites public to 'be our guest' for 'Beauty & the Beast' |url=https://hanfordsentinel.com/entertainment/fox-invites-public-to-be-our-guest-for-beauty-the-beast/article_ed0509ae-d2a8-5d28-b3be-abc28aaae297.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620153035/https://hanfordsentinel.com/entertainment/fox-invites-public-to-be-our-guest-for-beauty-the-beast/article_ed0509ae-d2a8-5d28-b3be-abc28aaae297.html |archive-date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=June 20, 2024 |work=Hanford Sentinel |quote=The film was met with universal acclaim from both critics and audiences}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=White |first=Adam |date=August 7, 2020 |title=Disney's first gay hero: the epic life and tragic death of Little Mermaid lyricist Howard Ashman |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/disneys-first-gay-hero-epic-life-tragic-death-little-mermaid/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610141235/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/disneys-first-gay-hero-epic-life-tragic-death-little-mermaid/ |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |access-date=June 20, 2024 |work=The Daily Telegraph |quote=the film went on to receive universal acclaim}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 14, 2023 |title="Beauty & The Beast" Continues Family Favorites Film Series: App Theatre Sets Feb. 18 for Screening of Disney's Animated Classic |url=https://www.hcpress.com/app-theatre/beauty-the-beast-continues-family-favorites-film-series-app-theatre-sets-feb-18-for-screening-of-disneys-animated-classic.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620161737/https://www.hcpress.com/app-theatre/beauty-the-beast-continues-family-favorites-film-series-app-theatre-sets-feb-18-for-screening-of-disneys-animated-classic.html |archive-date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=June 20, 2024 |work=High Country Press |quote=widespread critical acclaim for its romantic narrative, animation (particularly the ballroom scene), characters, and musical numbers.}}</ref> ===Awards=== The sang "Beauty and the Beast", bi Menken an Ashman, wan the Academy Award for Best Original Song, an Menken's score wan Best Original Score.<ref name="Oscars1992">{{cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1992 |title=The 64th Academy Awards (1992) Nominees and Winners |access-date=October 22, 2011 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |archive-date=July 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706095833/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/64th-winners.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It wis the first animatit film ever nominatit for Best Picture.<ref name="Oscars1992" /><ref name="Ebiri-2019">{{Cite news |last=Ebiri |first=Bilge |author-link=Bilge Ebiri |date=November 14, 2019 |title=The Story of the 1991 Beauty and the Beast Screening That Changed Everything |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/11/the-beauty-and-the-beast-screening-that-changed-everything.html |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920054212/https://www.vulture.com/2019/11/the-beauty-and-the-beast-screening-that-changed-everything.html |archive-date=September 20, 2024 |access-date=January 29, 2025 |work=Vulture}}</ref> ==Legacy== The success o the film makkit siccar Disney's return tae the heid o the animation business, as an early film o the Disney Renaissance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chung |first=Jen |date=August 17, 2016 |title=The Story Of How Disney Brought 'Beauty & The Beast' To The NYFF In The '90s |url=https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/the-story-of-how-disney-brought-beauty-the-beast-to-the-nyff-in-the-90s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612112017/https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/the-story-of-how-disney-brought-beauty-the-beast-to-the-nyff-in-the-90s |archive-date=June 12, 2023 |access-date=January 29, 2025 |work=Gothamist}}</ref><ref name="High-2022">{{Cite news |last=High |first=Rachel |date=February 18, 2022 |title=Rococo and the (Disney) Renaissance |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/perspectives/rococo-disney-renaissance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216045230/https://www.metmuseum.org/perspectives/rococo-disney-renaissance |archive-date=February 16, 2025 |access-date=January 30, 2025 |work=Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref> ==Adaptations== ''Beauty and the Beast'' appent as a muisical on Broadway at the Palace Theatre in New York on 18 Aprile 1994, tae mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://newsok.com/sigmund-romberg-beauty-and-the-beast/article/3835413|title = Sigmund Romberg / Beauty and the Beast|date = July 29, 2012|website = NewsOK.com|last = Rogers|first = Rick|access-date = December 29, 2014|archive-date = August 1, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200801112738/http://oklahoman.com/article/3835413/sigmund-romberg-beauty-and-the-beast|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/14/theater/beauty-moving-from-palace-to-the-fontanne.html|title = 'Beauty' Moving From Palace To the Fontanne|date = December 12, 2014|website = The New York Times|access-date = February 14, 2017|archive-date = September 11, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200911065829/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/14/theater/beauty-moving-from-palace-to-the-fontanne.html|url-status = live}}</ref> The Broadway version ran for mair nor ten year an wan a Tony Award.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-xpm-2011-jun-08-la-et-tony-show-numbers-20110608-story.html |title=Tony Awards: Tony Awards' musical numbers are key to box-office success |work=Los Angeles Times |date=June 8, 2011 |access-date=March 18, 2014 |first=Patrick |last=Pacheco |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801073812/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-xpm-2011-jun-08-la-et-tony-show-numbers-20110608-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A live-action film, directit bi Bill Condon, wis annoonced in June 2014,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2014/06/04/bill-condon-live-action-beauty-and-the-beast |title=Disney taps Bill Condon to direct a live-action 'Beauty and the Beast' |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=June 4, 2014 |access-date=June 5, 2014 |first=Lindsey |last=Bahr |archive-date=December 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217235119/https://ew.com/article/2014/06/04/bill-condon-live-action-beauty-and-the-beast/ |url-status=live }}</ref> an released on 17 Mairch 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2014/06/04/bill-condon-live-action-beauty-and-the-beast |title=Emma Thompson and Kevin Kline Join Beauty and the Beast, Release Date Set |publisher=comingsoon.net |date=March 16, 2015 |access-date=March 16, 2015 |archive-date=January 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117160814/https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/420081-emma-thompson-and-kevin-kline-join-beauty-and-the-beast-release-date-set |url-status=live }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{wikiquote}} {{Commonscat}} * {{Official website|http://movies.disney.com/beauty-and-the-beast}} * {{IMDb title|0101414|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{Allrovi movie|4522|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|beauty_and_the_beast_1991|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{Metacritic film|beauty-and-the-beast-1991|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{Mojo title|beautyandthebeast|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{Tcmdb title|68299|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{Bcdb title|5|Beauty and the Beast}} {{Walt Disney Animation Studios}} {{GoldenGlobeBestMotionPictureMusicalComedy 1981-2000}} [[Category:1990s American animatit films]] [[Category:1991 animatit films]] [[Category:1990s comedy-drama films]] [[Category:1990s fantasie films]] [[Category:1990s muisical films]] [[Category:3D re-releases]] [[Category:American animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:American bairns' animatit films]] [[Category:American comedy-drama films]] [[Category:American muisical fantasie films]] [[Category:American romantic fantasie films]] [[Category:American romantic muisical films]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot daith]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Animatit romance films]] [[Category:Annie Award winners]] [[Category:Best Animatit Featur Annie Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Pictur Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Directorial debut films]] [[Category:Disney's Beauty and the Beast| ]] [[Category:Disney Renaissance]] [[Category:Films aboot bibliophilia]] [[Category:Films aboot shapeshifting]] [[Category:Films aboot narcissism]] [[Category:Films based on fairy tales]] [[Category:Films directit bi Gary Trousdale]] [[Category:Films directit bi Kirk Wise]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Films produced bi Don Hahn]] [[Category:Film scores bi Alan Menken]] [[Category:Films set in Fraunce]] [[Category:Films set in the 18th century]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Score Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Sang Academy Awaird]] [[Category:IMAX films]] [[Category:Screenplays bi Joe Ranft]] [[Category:Screenplays bi Linda Woolverton]] [[Category:Unitit States Naitional Film Registry films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] [[Category:Witchcraft in film]] 7mjkfvd1dmfxe2d5v316s4377k0vc8m 0 67473 927479 906690 2026-11-09T21:08:35Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead expandit, soorced 927479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = The Little Mermaid | director = {{ubl|[[Ron Clements]]|[[John Musker]]}} | producer = {{ubl|John Musker|[[Howard Ashman]]}} | writer = John Musker<br/>Ron Clements<br/>[[Hans Christian Andersen]]<br/>Howard Ashman<br/>Gerrit Graham<br/>Sam Graham<br/>Chris Hubbell | screenplay = {{ubl|Ron Clements|John Musker}} | based on = {{Based on|''[[The Little Mermaid]]''|[[Hans Christian Andersen]]}} | starring = [[Jodi Benson]]<br/>Christopher Daniel Barnes<br/>Pat Carroll<br/>Samuel E. Wright<br/>Jason Marin<br/>Kenneth Mars<br/>Buddy Hackett<br/>Ben Wright<br/>Paddi Edwards<br/>Rene Auberjonois | music = [[Alan Menken]] | studio = {{ubl|[[Walt Disney Pictures]]|[[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Feature Animation]]}} | distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Buena Vista Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|1989|11|14}} | budget = $40 million<ref name=disneywar>Stewart, James B. (2005). ''DisneyWar'', p. 104. ISBN 0-684-80993-1. Simon & Schuster. Retrieved Juin 4, 2007.</ref> | gross = $211,343,479<ref name="boxoffice">{{cite news |url= http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=littlemermaid.htm |title = The Little Mermaid | publisher = Box Office Mojo | accessdate=2008-11-22 }}</ref> | runtime = 82 meenit | country = [[Unitit States]] | language = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]<br/>[[French leid|French]] }} '''''The Little Mermaid''''' is a 1989 American animatit muisical [[Fantasy|fantasy]] film written an directit bi [[John Musker]] an [[Ron Clements]]. It wis producit bi Musker an [[Howard Ashman]], that wrote the film's sangs wi the composer [[Alan Menken]] an aw. It is loosely based on the 1837 Dens fairy tale "[[The Little Mermaid]]" bi [[Hans Christian Andersen]], an it wis makkit bi [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Feature Animation]] an released bi [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. The vyces in it include [[Jodi Benson]], Christopher Daniel Barnes, Pat Carroll, Samuel E. Wright, Jason Marin, Kenneth Mars, Buddy Hackett an Rene Auberjonois. The story follaes a teenage marmaid princess cried Ariel (Benson) that dreams o bein human. She faws in luve wi a human prince cried Eric (Barnes), an that leads her tae mak a deal wi the sea witch Ursula (Carroll) sae she can be wi him. The film wis released in cinemas on 17 November 1989 an the creetics praised its animation, muisic an chairacters. It did weel at the box office an aw, takkin in $84&nbsp;million in North Americae on its first release<ref>{{cite web|title=The Little Mermaid (1989) – Box Office Summary|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=releases&id=littlemermaid.htm|website=Box Office Mojo|access-date=September 7, 2018|archive-date=July 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731031530/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=releases&id=littlemermaid.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> an $235&nbsp;million worldwide in aw.<ref name="DisneyWW">{{cite magazine |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |magazine=Variety |title=Cartoon Coffers - Top-Grossing Disney Animated Features at the Worldwide B.O. |date=October 27, 2003 |page=6 |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tooned+in%3A+Disney%27s+ani+classics+set+the+bar+and+lit+the+way+for...-a0110473946 |access-date=22 June 2019 |archive-date=November 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104215642/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tooned+in%3a+Disney%27s+ani+classics+set+the+bar+and+lit+the+way+for...-a0110473946 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is gien credit for bringin Disney's animatit feature films back efter an uneven period, an it markit the stairt o the era kent as the [[Disney Renaissance]].<ref name="Pallant1">{{cite book|last=Pallant|first=Chris|title=Demystifying Disney: A History of Disney Feature Animation|date=2011|publisher=Continuum Publishing|location=New York|isbn=9781441150462|page=89|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zOCoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|access-date=January 13, 2017}}</ref> The film wan twa [[Academy Awards]], for Best Original Score an Best Original Song ("Under the Sea"). == References == {{reflist}} {{Ron Clements an John Musker}} {{Walt Disney Animation Studios}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Little Mermaid, The}} [[Category:American comin-o-age films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American romantic muisical films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Score Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Sang Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] 06hdr2if9717nc3ukk7p1zpyah58wba 927480 927479 2026-11-09T21:10:04Z Monospaced 75295 creetics → critics (nae sic wird in the dictionars) 927480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = The Little Mermaid | director = {{ubl|[[Ron Clements]]|[[John Musker]]}} | producer = {{ubl|John Musker|[[Howard Ashman]]}} | writer = John Musker<br/>Ron Clements<br/>[[Hans Christian Andersen]]<br/>Howard Ashman<br/>Gerrit Graham<br/>Sam Graham<br/>Chris Hubbell | screenplay = {{ubl|Ron Clements|John Musker}} | based on = {{Based on|''[[The Little Mermaid]]''|[[Hans Christian Andersen]]}} | starring = [[Jodi Benson]]<br/>Christopher Daniel Barnes<br/>Pat Carroll<br/>Samuel E. Wright<br/>Jason Marin<br/>Kenneth Mars<br/>Buddy Hackett<br/>Ben Wright<br/>Paddi Edwards<br/>Rene Auberjonois | music = [[Alan Menken]] | studio = {{ubl|[[Walt Disney Pictures]]|[[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Feature Animation]]}} | distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Buena Vista Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|1989|11|14}} | budget = $40 million<ref name=disneywar>Stewart, James B. (2005). ''DisneyWar'', p. 104. ISBN 0-684-80993-1. Simon & Schuster. Retrieved Juin 4, 2007.</ref> | gross = $211,343,479<ref name="boxoffice">{{cite news |url= http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=littlemermaid.htm |title = The Little Mermaid | publisher = Box Office Mojo | accessdate=2008-11-22 }}</ref> | runtime = 82 meenit | country = [[Unitit States]] | language = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]<br/>[[French leid|French]] }} '''''The Little Mermaid''''' is a 1989 American animatit muisical [[Fantasy|fantasy]] film written an directit bi [[John Musker]] an [[Ron Clements]]. It wis producit bi Musker an [[Howard Ashman]], that wrote the film's sangs wi the composer [[Alan Menken]] an aw. It is loosely based on the 1837 Dens fairy tale "[[The Little Mermaid]]" bi [[Hans Christian Andersen]], an it wis makkit bi [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Feature Animation]] an released bi [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. The vyces in it include [[Jodi Benson]], Christopher Daniel Barnes, Pat Carroll, Samuel E. Wright, Jason Marin, Kenneth Mars, Buddy Hackett an Rene Auberjonois. The story follaes a teenage marmaid princess cried Ariel (Benson) that dreams o bein human. She faws in luve wi a human prince cried Eric (Barnes), an that leads her tae mak a deal wi the sea witch Ursula (Carroll) sae she can be wi him. The film wis released in cinemas on 17 November 1989 an the critics praised its animation, muisic an chairacters. It did weel at the box office an aw, takkin in $84&nbsp;million in North Americae on its first release<ref>{{cite web|title=The Little Mermaid (1989) – Box Office Summary|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=releases&id=littlemermaid.htm|website=Box Office Mojo|access-date=September 7, 2018|archive-date=July 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731031530/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=releases&id=littlemermaid.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> an $235&nbsp;million worldwide in aw.<ref name="DisneyWW">{{cite magazine |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |magazine=Variety |title=Cartoon Coffers - Top-Grossing Disney Animated Features at the Worldwide B.O. |date=October 27, 2003 |page=6 |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tooned+in%3A+Disney%27s+ani+classics+set+the+bar+and+lit+the+way+for...-a0110473946 |access-date=22 June 2019 |archive-date=November 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104215642/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tooned+in%3a+Disney%27s+ani+classics+set+the+bar+and+lit+the+way+for...-a0110473946 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is gien credit for bringin Disney's animatit feature films back efter an uneven period, an it markit the stairt o the era kent as the [[Disney Renaissance]].<ref name="Pallant1">{{cite book|last=Pallant|first=Chris|title=Demystifying Disney: A History of Disney Feature Animation|date=2011|publisher=Continuum Publishing|location=New York|isbn=9781441150462|page=89|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zOCoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|access-date=January 13, 2017}}</ref> The film wan twa [[Academy Awards]], for Best Original Score an Best Original Song ("Under the Sea"). == References == {{reflist}} {{Ron Clements an John Musker}} {{Walt Disney Animation Studios}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Little Mermaid, The}} [[Category:American comin-o-age films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American romantic muisical films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Score Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Sang Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] ajaysecf3jrto1ow2zs8xtjwaly9sgq 0 68372 927627 876925 2026-11-10T01:58:07Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Scottish island |coordinates = {{coord|60.426|-0.750|type:isle_region:GB|display=inline,title}} |GridReference=HU689720 |location_map=Scotland Shetland |caption=Bruray shawn in Shetland |norse name=Bruray |area= {{convert|55|ha|sqmi|2}} |area rank= 189= |highest elevation= {{convert|53|m|ft|0}} |Population=24 |population rank= 63<ref name=NRS>{{NRS1C}}</ref> |population density =44 fowk/km²<ref name=NRS/><ref name=Smith/> |island group=[[Mainland, Shetland|Shetland]] |local authority=[[Shetland|Shetland Islands]] |references=<ref name=Smith>{{Haswell-Smith}}</ref><ref>{{Ordnance Survey}}</ref> }} [[File:Outskerriesroad.jpg|left|thumb|250px|A brig jines Bruray tae Housay]] '''Bruray''' is ane o the three islands o the Oot Skerries in [[Shetland]], an it haes the maist easterly settlement in [[Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bruray from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst11791.html|access-date=2023-01-23|website=www.scottish-places.info|language=en-gb}}</ref> North Mouth an South Mouth sinder it frae [[Housay]]. ==Infrastructur== The Skerries Brig wis biggit in 1957, tae gie a fixed link frae Bruray tae [[Housay]], the bigger island neist tae it. Bruray haes the smaest [[schuil]] in Scotland. The island whiles rins short o watter. Acause there is little [[peat]] on the Oot Skerries, the fowk that bide there hae been gien richts tae cut it on [[Whalsa]].<ref name=Smith/> A ferry jines the Oot Skerries tae Vidlin an [[Lerook]] on the Shetland [[Mainland, Shetland|Mainland]]. Bruray haes a sma airstrip an aw, wi flichts frae Tingwall bi Loganair. ==History== In the hairst o 2010, the islands o [[Housay]] an Bruray were up for sale for £250,000. The sale notice said that the main islands are held unner croftin tenure, an that the croftin community wis offered the chance tae register an interest in buyin the property, but formally turned it doun.<ref>[http://www.homesandproperty.co.uk/sales/1269559 Out Skerries, Shetland] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716055354/http://www.homesandproperty.co.uk/sales/1269559 |date=July 16, 2011 }}. Homesandproperty.co.uk.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/outskerries/outskerries/index.html The Oot Skerries on Undiscovered Scotland] {{Commons category|Bruray}} {{Oot Skerries}} [[Category:Populatit islands o Shetland]] [[Category:Islands o Shetland]] {{Stub/Shetland}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{Stub/Places o Scotland}} hrxg4an5ob84a0lfk2a5l5o048t9r4o 0 69783 927537 926939 2026-11-10T00:05:31Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin an grammar fixes, lang sentences split 927537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Liv and Maddie | show_name_2 = Liv and Maddie: Cali Style ''{{small|(series 4)}}'' | image = Liv and Maddie.svg | genre = [[Faimily sitcom|Faimily]]/[[Teen sitcom]] | creator = {{Plainlist| * John D. Beck * Ron Hart }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Dove Cameron]] * [[Joey Bragg]] * [[Tenzing Norgay Trainor]] * [[Kali Rocha]] * [[Benjamin King (actor)|Benjamin King]] * Lauren Lindsey Donzis }} | theme_music_composer = {{Plainlist| * [[Bardur Haberg]] * [[Oli Jogvansson]] * Molly Kaye * Paula Winger }} | opentheme = "Better in Stereo", performed bi Dove Cameron | composer = {{Plainlist| * Eric Goldman * Ken Lofkoll }} | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 80 | list_episodes = | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * John D. Beck * Ron Hart * [[Andy Fickman]] * Betsy Sullenger * John Peaslee }} | producer = Greg A. Hampson | camera = [[Multi-camera]] | runtime = 22–25 meenit | company = {{Plainlist| * Beck & Hart Productions * Oops Doughnuts Productions * [[It's a Laugh Productions]] }} | network = [[Disney Channel]] | picture_format = [[720p]] ([[HDTV]]) | audio_format = [[5.1 surround sound]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2013|7|19}} | last_aired = {{End date|2017|3|24}} }} '''''Liv and Maddie''''', titled '''''Liv and Maddie: Cali Style''''' in its fowert series, is an American [[teen sitcom]] creatit bi John D. Beck an Ron Hart. It wis first shawn on [[Disney Channel]] frae 19 Julie 2013 tae 24 Mairch 2017. [[Dove Cameron]] plays baith o the [[identical twin]] sisters, that hae awthegither different personalities but are best freends. Liv is an actress that haes come hame efter fower year in Hollywood starrin in a popular telly series cried ''Sing It Loud!'', an Maddie is a [[basketbaw]] prodigy. The series is aboot Liv gettin uised tae ordinar faimily life again efter ''Sing It Loud!'' ends, an aboot the twa sisters bidin best freends tho thay are sae different. [[Joey Bragg]], [[Tenzing Norgay Trainor]], [[Kali Rocha]] an [[Benjamin King (actor)|Benjamin King]] star in the series an aw, as Joey, Parker, Karen an Pete Rooney. Joey an Parker are Liv an Maddie's younger brithers while Karen an Pete are thair mither an faither. In the shaw's last series, Lauren Lindsey Donzis jyned the cast as Liv an Maddie's younger cousin Ruby, that becomes thair "sorta-sister". Her chairacter replaced Pete, that wis absent frae the entire fowert series. == Plot == Efter finishin a fower-year stint in Hollywood filmin a popular telly series cried ''Sing It Loud!'', actress Liv Rooney returns tae her birthplace o [[Stevens Point, Wisconsin]] tae the open arms o her faimily. She daes this despite bein offered mair roles in ither series an films. Liv decidit tae come hame acause she missed her faimily an wanted tae see them again. She is happily reunited wi her identical twin sister Maddie, that is her best freend. Liv is a [[girly girl]] that likes it whenever a body mentions her umwhile career, while Maddie is a [[tomboy]] wi a facility for basketbaw that is the captain o her schuil's basketbaw team. The twins hae twa younger brithers: Joey, a typical awkward teenager that is ane year younger than the twins, an Parker, a clever tween wi a mischievous personality an the youngest bairn o the Rooney faimily. Thair faither Pete is the coach for Maddie's basketbaw team, an eventually achieves his dream o becomin the coach o a college team in [[Beloit, Wisconsin]]. Thair mither Karen is the schuil psychologist an later vice principal startin in the second series. In the first three series, maist events tak place at aither Ridgewood High, the heich schuil that Liv, Maddie an Joey gang tae, an later Parker an aw, as he is a [[child prodigy]]; or the Rooney residence. At the end o the third series, the Rooney hoose faws doun acause o tunnels that Parker haes dug, an Maddie is acceptit intae a college in [[Los Angeles, California]]. This prompts the rest o the Rooneys, except Pete that remains in Wisconsin tae continue his coachin job, tae muive tae [[Malibu, California]], tae bide wi Karen's younger sister Dena an her dochter Ruby. This is whaur the fowert series taks place. In the final episode o the series, aa the Rooneys pairt weys. Liv is invited tae perform in a muisical cried ''Double Duchess'' on [[Broadway]], an Maddie is gien a grant tae big tiny hooses for the homeless in [[New Orleans]]. Joey is invited tae gang on a comedy tour wi [[Jim Breuer]]. Parker is invited tae gang wi his freend Val tae a [[biodome]] in the [[salt pan (geology)|salt flats]] o [[Salar de Uyuni]], [[Bolivia]] tae study life on [[Maurs|Mars]]. An important feature o the series is the [[documentary]]-style cutaways, whaur the main an supportin chairacters [[meta-reference|speak tae the viewers]] tae explain things an gie thair opinions on what is happenin in ilka episode. In the final episode, it is revealed that the cutaways are pairt o a reality series that airs in Luxembourg cried ''Bits and Pieces'', a reference tae ''Liv and Maddie''{{'}}s workin title. == Cast an chairacters == === Main chairacters === [[File:Dove Cameron 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dove Cameron]] plays baith Liv an Maddie.]] * [[Dove Cameron]] as Liv an Maddie Rooney * [[Joey Bragg]] as Joey Rooney * [[Tenzing Norgay Trainor]] as Parker Rooney * [[Kali Rocha]] as Karen Rooney * [[Benjamin King (actor)|Benjamin King]] as Pete Rooney (series 1–3) * Lauren Lindsey Donzis as Ruby (series 4) === Recurring chairacters === * [[Ryan McCartan]] as Diggie * Jessica Marie Garcia as Willow * Jimmy Bellinger as Artie * Kurt Lang as Johnny Nimbus * [[Victoria Moroles]] as Andie * Carter Hastings as Evan * [[Jordan Fisher]] as Holden * Bridget Shergalis as Stains == Production == === Development === In the spring o 2012, Oops Doughnuts Productions haed offered a script for a project cried ''Bits and Pieces'' aboot a blended faimily, lik the series ''[[The Brady Bunch]]'' an ''[[Step by Step (TV series)|Step by Step]]''.<ref name="filmtelevisionauditions">{{cite web|title=Disney Channel casting starring roles for new comedy series ‘Bits & Pieces’|url=https://www.filmtelevisionauditions.com/disney-channel-casting-starring-roles-for-new-comedy-series-bits-pieces|author=Alan Baltes|work=Film Television Auditions|date=22 April 2012|access-date=16 October 2013|archive-date=2018-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902151656/https://www.filmtelevisionauditions.com/disney-channel-casting-starring-roles-for-new-comedy-series-bits-pieces/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It follit Jodie Sullenger (Kali Rocha), mither o Alanna (Dove Cameron) an Sticky (Joey Bragg), that mairit Pete Fickman (Benjamin King), faither o Crystal ([[Cozi Zuehlsdorff]]) an Brody (Tenzing Norgay Trainor). Aa sax war adjustin tae life unner the same ruif. Eventually, Disney chose tae chynge the concept o ''Bits and Pieces'' intae ane aboot a pair o twins.<ref name="Post-Gazette">{{cite web|url=https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/tv-radio/2013/09/15/Steelers-fanatic-behind-Disney-s-new-show-Liv-and-Maddie/stories/201309150178|title=Steelers fanatic behind Disney's new series 'Liv and Maddie'|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|author=Monica Disare|date=15 September 2013|access-date=16 October 2013}}</ref> Nou titled ''Liv and Maddie'', the series began production in Apryle 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/03/08/newcomer-dove-cameron-lands-dual-roles-in-upcoming-disney-channel-sitcom-liv-and-maddie/172625/|title=Newcomer Dove Cameron Lands Dual Roles in Upcoming Disney Channel Sitcom Liv and Maddie|work=Zap2it|date=8 March 2013|access-date=16 October 2013|archive-date=13 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313124610/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/03/08/newcomer-dove-cameron-lands-dual-roles-in-upcoming-disney-channel-sitcom-liv-and-maddie/172625/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The series wis produced jyntly bi Beck & Hart Productions, Oops Doughnuts Productions, an [[It's a Laugh Productions]]. The series' creators, John D. Beck an Ron Hart, are a production an writin team whase credits include ''[[According to Jim]]'', ''[[Hey Arnold!]]'', an ''[[Shake It Up (American TV series)|Shake It Up!]]''. Thay war executive producers alang wi [[Andy Fickman]], the anerly director that wirkit on aa fower series. He directit 20 o the 21 episodes o the first series, as weel as fower o the second series, twa o the third series, an fower o the fowert series. On Januar 13, 2014, Disney Channel renewed ''Liv and Maddie'' for a second series o 13 episodes, tae stairt in the hairst o 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/disney-channels-liv-maddie-renewed-669999|title=Disney Channel Renews Liv and Maddie|work=Hollywood Reporter|author=Philiana Ng|date=13 January 2014|access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref> The second series wis later expanded tae 24 episodes.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=510573693148205056|title=Why haven't we got 21 episodes for season 2:(" we have 24.|user=JohnDBeckTV|author=John D. Beck|date=12 September 2014|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> The first series ended on Julie 27, 2014, an the second series premiered on September 21, 2014. On Apryle 3, 2015, the series wis renewed for a third series bi Disney Channel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/liv-and-maddie-season-3-renewal-dove-cameron-disney-channel-1201465691|title=Liv and Maddie Renewed for Third Season on Disney Channel|work=Variety|author=Elizabeth Wagmeister|date=3 April 2015|access-date=3 April 2015}}</ref> The second series ended on August 23, 2015, an the third series premiered on September 13, 2015. On Dizember 21, 2015, Dove Cameron stated that Disney Channel wis pickin up ''Liv and Maddie'' for a fowert series.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=679100414831169536|title=Friends. Guess what?! Disney Channel is picking up #LivandMaddie season 4|user=DoveCameron|author=Dove Cameron|date=21 December 2015|access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> On Juin 19, 2016, series co-creator Ron Hart annoonced on Twitter that the fowert series wad premiere in faw 2016.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=744697675073761281|title=Thank you for your amazing support this season. We hope to see you all back this fall for #LivAndMaddie #Season4|user=Scatter|author=Ron Hart|date=19 June 2016|access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> On Julie 1, 2016, Dove Cameron stated that thay haed filmed the series' final episode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.m-magazine.com/posts/dove-cameron-officially-says-goodbye-to-liv-maddie-106909/photos/liv-and-maddie-series-finale-169543|title=Dove Cameron Officially Says Goodbye to Liv and Maddie|work=M-Magazine|author=Jennifer Maldonado|date=1 July 2016|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704102813/http://www.m-magazine.com/posts/dove-cameron-officially-says-goodbye-to-liv-maddie-106909/photos/liv-and-maddie-series-finale-169543|url-status=dead}}</ref> On August 19, 2016, the series' creators, John D. Beck an Ron Hart, annoonced that the final series wad be cried ''Liv and Maddie: Cali Style''. Thay stated that the fowert an final series wad premiere on September 23, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/08/19/liv-maddie-title-season-four|title=Liv and Maddie Gets New Title for Final Season|work=Entertainment Weekly|author=Marc Snetiker|date=19 August 2016|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-date=2018-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922063734/https://ew.com/article/2016/08/19/liv-maddie-title-season-four/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Castin === Castin teuk place durin the spring o 2012;<ref name="filmtelevisionauditions" /> houiver, anly a pilot episode wis produced. Insteid o hirin a new cast, production chose tae keep thae that thay haed already hired an film a completely new pilot. The story nou focused on Dove Cameron playin dual roles wi the same parents an brithers. Lead billin for Cozi Zuehlsdorff wis later dropped tae guest starn. The faimily nem o "Rooney" wis picked acause o Sullenger's enjoyment o the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]], a team ained bi the [[Rooney faimily]].<ref name="Post-Gazette" /> === Muisic === A full version o the ''Liv and Maddie'' theme sang, "Better in Stereo", wis recorded bi Dove Cameron an released as a promotional single bi [[Walt Disney Records]] on October 15, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/better-in-stereo-from-liv/id719824746|title=Better in Stereo|work=iTunes|date=15 October 2013|access-date=23 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028103720/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/better-in-stereo-from-liv/id719824746|archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> A muisic video wis filmed an aired on Disney Channel the nicht o October 29, 2013.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} The sang wis featured twice in the shaw, first in the series three finale, "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep65|Californi-A-Rooney]]", an then an acoustic version sung bi Dove Cameron durin the series fower an series finale, "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep80|End-A-Rooney]]". In the pilot, "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep1|Twin-A-Rooney]]", Liv shows Maddie a clip frae the ''Sing It Loud!'' finale in which Liv's chairacter, Stephanie Einstein, sings a civer o [[On Top of the World (Imagine Dragons sang)|On Top of the World]] bi [[Imagine Dragons]]. A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on August 27, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/on-top-world-from-liv-maddie/id687879375|title=On Top of the World|work=iTunes|date=27 August 2013|access-date=19 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106091017/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/on-top-world-from-liv-maddie/id687879375|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep10|Fa-La-La-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs the classic "[[Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!]]" durin the Steven's Point Holiday Spectacular. A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an is included on [[Holidays Unwrapped]], a holiday album released bi Walt Disney Records on October 15, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.target.com/p/disney-holidays-unwrapped-only-at-target/-/A-14893057|title=Disney Holidays Unwrapped|work=Target|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175340/http://www.target.com/p/disney-holidays-unwrapped-only-at-target/-/A-14893057#|archive-date=11 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep20|Song-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs "FroyoYOLO". It gaes viral, but Liv hates it. In the same episode, Liv performs "Count Me In". A full version o "Count Me In" wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on Juin 3, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/count-me-in-from-liv-maddie/id880743711|title=Count Me In|work=iTunes|date=3 June 2014|access-date=13 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019215128/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/count-me-in-from-liv-maddie/id880743711|archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep28|New Year's Eve-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs "You, Me and the Beat". A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on Dizember 2, 2014. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep31|Rate-A-Rooney]]", Liv uploads "What a Girl Is". Twa versions war creatit: the first bein the ane shawn on the show an the ither, includin [[Christina Grimmie]] an Baby Kaely, wis eventually recorded. Baith versions are included in the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack. The second version wis released on iTunes on Mairch 5, 2015, while the original version wis released on Mairch 17, 2015, whan the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack wis released. The soundtrack includes "Better in Stereo", "On Top of the World", "FroyoYOLO", "Count Me In", "You, Me and the Beat", an baith versions o "What a Girl Is". The soundtrack includes "Say Hey", "As Long As I Have You", an "True Love" as weel. The last o thir wad be morphed intae twa versions: Ballad, that wad be sung bi Jordan Fisher, an a piano duet featurin Jordan Fisher an Dove Cameron. Wi the annooncement o the soundtrack on Mairch 5, 2015, the singles for thae sangs, minus FroyoYOLO, war discontinued an are no langer available. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep38|Prom-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs "True Love" at the schuil prom. Lik she did wi the ither sangs, Dove Cameron recorded a full version o the sang, an it wis released as pairt o the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep40|Band-A-Rooney]]", Liv's baund, "The Dream", performs "Say Hey" at the Battle of the Bands. A full version wis recorded bi Dove Cameron, wi the baund member's actor daein the chorus. The sang wis released as pairt o the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep41|Video-A-Rooney]]", Liv's baund performs "As Long As I Have You". Dove Cameron recorded a full version, which wis released as pairt o the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. The sang wis the final sang frae the soundtrack that wis played in the series. In "[[Leet of Liv and Maddie episodes#ep44|SPARF-A-Rooney]]", Andy Grammer performs "Honey, I'm Good". This is ane o the few sangs in ''Liv and Maddie'' nae tae be pairt o the soundtrack. In "[[Leet of Liv and Maddie episodes#ep69|Sing It Louder!!-A-Rooney]]", Liv an Ruby perform "One Second Chance" on the set o "Sing It Louder!!" The sang wis recorded bi Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on November 4, 2016. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep74|Falcon-A-Rooney]]", "The Power of Two" is performed again bi Liv an Ruby for "Sing It Louder!!". Lik the previous sang in series fower, Cameron an Donzis recorded a full version o the sang, released on Januar 20, 2017. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep78|Sing It Live!!-A-Rooney]], Liv sings "My Destiny" for the special episode o "Sing It Louder!!" (an in the process strains her vocal cords tae the pynt o emergency surgery). Again, a full version o the sang wis recorded bi Dove Cameron, an released as a promotional single on Mairch 3, 2017. ==== Sangs ==== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Leet o sangs in ''Liv and Maddie'' |- ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Performed bi ! scope="col" | First episode |- | "Better in Stereo" | Dove Cameron | "Twin-A-Rooney" |- | "On Top of the World" | Dove Cameron | "Twin-A-Rooney" |- | "[[Up on the House Top|Up on the Housetop]]" | Dove Cameron an [[Ella Anderson]] | "Fa-La-La-A-Rooney" |- | "Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow" | Dove Cameron | "Fa-La-La-A-Rooney" |- | "FroyoYOLO" | Dove Cameron | "Song-A-Rooney" |- | "Count Me In" | Dove Cameron | "Song-A-Rooney" |- | "You, Me and the Beat" | Dove Cameron | "New Year's Eve-A-Rooney" |- | "What a Girl Is" | Dove Cameron | "Rate-A-Rooney" |- | "True Love" | Dove Cameron | "Prom-A-Rooney" |- | "Say Hey" | Dove Cameron | "Band-A-Rooney" |- | "As Long As I Have You" | Dove Cameron | "Video-A-Rooney" |- | "Honey, I'm Good" | [[Andy Grammer]] | "SPARF-A-Rooney" |- | "Key of Life" | Dove Cameron | "Dream-A-Rooney" |- | "One Second Chance" | Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis | "Sing It Louder!!-A-Rooney" |- | "Power of Two" | Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis | "Falcon-A-Rooney" |- | "My Destiny" | Dove Cameron | "Sing It Live!!!-A-Rooney" |} == Broadcast == ''Liv and Maddie'' wis shawn on [[Disney Channel]] in the Unitit States an [[Family Channel (Canadian TV network)|Family Channel]] in Canada. The pilot episode aired as a preview on Julie 19, 2013, efter the premiere o the [[Disney Channel Original Movie]] ''[[Teen Beach Movie]]''. The first promo for the series wis seen on Juin 28, 2013, efter the premiere o ''[[Mickey Mouse (TV series)|Disney's Mickey Mouse Shorts]]''. The series officially premiered in the Unitit States on September 15, 2013, an in Canada on September 20, 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The series stopped airin in Canada on Family Channel on September 1, 2015, an stairtit airin on [[Disney Channel (Canada)|Disney Channel]] on September 5, 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} [[Disney La Chaîne|La Chaîne Disney]] in French Canada premiered the episode "Home Run-A-Rooney" on Mairch 24, 2016, 17 days afore the American an Canadian airin on Apryle 10, 2016.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In the [[Disney Channel (UK an Ireland)|UK an Ireland]], the series aired as a preview on October 7, 2013, an later premiered on November 8, 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In [[Disney Channel (Australia an New Zealand)|Australia an New Zealand]], the series premiered on October 11, 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The second series premiered on Januar 8, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://community.foxtel.com.au/t5/Foxtel-Blog/JANUARY-200-new-and-returning-Foxtel-shows/ba-p/39777|title=200+ New and Returning Foxtel Shows|work=Foxtel|author=D Higgins|date=5 January 2015|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> The third series premiered on Dizember 2, 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The series premiered in [[Disney Channel (Asia)|Southeast Asia]] on Januar 10, 2014.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In the Balkans, Greece, the Middle East, an Africae, the series premiered on Mairch 8, 2014.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The second series premiered on Februar 7, 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In [[Indie]], the series premiered on October 30, 2017 on [[Disney International HD]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYw6aB-z314|title=Liv and Maddie on Disney International HD - Launching Oct 29|work=YouTube}}</ref> == Reception == === Critical reception === Emily Ashby o [[Common Sense Media]] gae the series' quality a rating o three oot o five stars, describin it as a "jovial family sitcom" an applicable for ages seiven an abuin. Ashby credited the series' "comical spin" on common faimily issues, lik [[sibling rivalry]]. She statit that "As is true of most tween-targeted comedies, the series glosses over a lot, especially when it comes to teen issues, but that's what makes it a worry-free pick for kids."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/liv-and-maddie|title=Liv and Maddie TV Review|work=Common Sense Media|author=Emily Ashby|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> Neil Genzlinger o ''[[The New York Times]]'' compared the series tae ''[[The Patty Duke Show]]'' while describin it as "a gentle, moderately amusing comedy". He praised Dove Cameron's portrayal o the doun-tae-earth Maddie an diva Liv, statin that "the premise gives the writers plenty of opportunities."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/14/arts/television/liv-and-maddie-offers-shades-of-the-patty-duke-show.html|title=Liv and Maddie Offers Shades of The Patty Duke Show|work=The New York Times|author=Neil Genzlinger|date=13 September 2013|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> === Awards an nominations === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Award ! Category ! Result ! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2014 | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | |- | 2015 | [[Kids' Choice Awards Colombia]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | |- | rowspan="4" | 2016 | [[2016 Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Awards]] | [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Comedy Series|Choice TV Show: Comedy]] | {{nominated}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/ca/news/767643/teen-choice-awards-2016-nominations-announced-see-the-first-wave-of-potential-winners|title=Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced|work=E! Online|author=Mike Vulpo|date=24 May 2016|access-date=17 June 2016}}</ref> |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidschoiceawardsmexico.mundonick.com/votar#cat=programa_internacional_mx|title=Kids Choice Awards Mexico 2016|work=Mundo Nick|language=Spanish|access-date=21 August 2016|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718221119/http://kidschoiceawardsmexico.mundonick.com/votar#cat=programa_internacional_mx|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Colombia]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidschoiceawardscolombia.mundonick.com/votar#cat=programa_o_serie_internaciona_co|title=Kids Choice Awards Colombia 2016|work=Mundo Nick|language=Spanish|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170816154947/http://kidschoiceawardscolombia.mundonick.com/votar%23cat=mejor_fandom#cat=programa_o_serie_internaciona_co#cat=programa_o_serie_internaciona_co|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- | [[Nickelodeon Argentina Kids' Choice Awards|Kids' Choice Awards Argentina]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://television.com.ar/los-pre-nominados-a-los-kids-choice-awards-argentina-2016/24071|title=Los Pre-Nominados a los Kids’ Choice Awards Argentina 2016|website=television.com.ar|language=Spanish|date=August 10, 2016|access-date=28 September 2016|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132955/http://television.com.ar/los-pre-nominados-a-los-kids-choice-awards-argentina-2016/24071|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" | 2017 | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Colombia]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Argentina]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | |} == Merchandise == ''Liv and Maddie'' merchandise haes taen in a 2015 wa calendar frae [[ACCO Brands]], unner the Day Dream brand, an a Disney D'Signed claes line sauld bi [[Target Corporation|Target]] an [[Kohl's]]. Wooky Entertainment ains Style Me Up, a creative fashion brand for tween girls, featurin ''Liv and Maddie: Dreams Come True'' an ''Liv and Maddie: A Rising Star'' sketchbooks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/style-me-up-channel-sketchbook/dp/b00pb1j30q|title=Style Me Up Disney Channel Liv and Maddie Dreams Come True Small Sketchbook|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Liv-Maddie-Dreams-Come-Sketchbook/dp/B00PB1EDWE|title=Liv & Maddie - A Rising Star Sketchbook|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref> The shae shop [[Payless ShoeSource]] haes sauld ''Liv and Maddie'' shoes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payless.com/liv-and-maddie/|title=Liv and Maddie Character Shoes and Accessories|work=Payless|access-date=January 20, 2015|archive-date=13 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513183642/http://www.payless.com/liv-and-maddie/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A novelization o the series, titled ''Liv and Maddie: Sisters Forever'', wis published bi Disney Press on Januar 6, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Liv-Maddie-Sisters-Forever-Junior/dp/1484710797/|title=Liv and Maddie: Sisters Forever (Liv and Maddie Junior Novel)|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref> The [[young adult feection|junior novel]] is based on the episodes "Twin-A-Rooney" an "Team-A-Rooney", an it gangs back an forrit atween the [[narration|pynts o view]] o Liv, Maddie, Joey an Parker. It haes aicht pages o photos frae the series, an wis adapted bi Lexi Ryals. Anither novelization o the series, titled ''Liv and Maddie: Double Trouble'', wis published bi Disney Press on August 4, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Maddie-Double-Trouble-Junior-Novel/dp/1484716949|title=Liv and Maddie Double Trouble (Liv and Maddie Junior Novel)|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref> It is based on the episodes "Sweet-16-A-Rooney" an "Dodge-A-Rooney". Lik the first novel, ''Double Trouble'' haes aicht pages o photos frae the series, wis adapted bi Lexi Ryals, an gangs back an forrit atween the pynts o view o Liv, Maddie, Joey an Parker. == References == {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * {{IMDb title}} [[Category:2010s American comedy televeesion series]] [[Category:American muisical televeesion series]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot freendship]] outa09touao4u2f3su3uugw96byd5bn 0 69895 927451 915458 2026-11-09T20:38:26Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead an short sections on location, history, design, the turbine haw, the reservoir an visitors 927451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Cruachan Pouer Station | image = Dam at Cruachan reservoir.jpg | image_caption = The dam that hauds back the upper reservoir | coordinates = {{coord|56|24|23|N|05|06|47|W|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = Scotland | location = [[Argyll an Bute]] | status = Wirkin | construction_began = 1959<ref name=hist/> | opening = 15 October 1965 | owner = Drax Power | res_name = Cruachan Reservoir | res_capacity_total = {{cvt|10000000|m3}}<ref name=site>{{cite web |url=http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSiteComplete2011.pdf |title=Cruachan Power Station: Site Information |publisher=Scottish Power |access-date=26 April 2014 }}</ref> (7 GWh) | lower_res_name = Loch Awe | plant_pumpgenerators = 4 | plant_hydraulic_head = {{Convert|396|m|abbr=on}} | plant_capacity = {{convert|440|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = {{convert|705|GWh|abbr=on}} {{small|(2009)}}<ref name=spew/> | website = {{URL|http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/}} }} '''Cruachan Pouer Station''' (also kent as the '''Cruachan Dam''') is a pumped-storage [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] pouer station in [[Argyll an Bute]], Scotland, in the UK. The scheme can gie 440{{nbsp}}MW o pouer, an it produced 705{{nbsp}}GWh in 2009. The [[Turbine|turbine]] haw is inside Ben Cruachan, an the scheme shifts watter atween Cruachan Reservoir an Loch Awe, a heicht difference o {{cvt|396|m}}. It is ane o only fower pumped-storage pouer stations in the Unitit Kinrick, an it can gie a black stairt capability tae the {{lang|en|National Grid}}. Cruachan uises cheap electricity makkit at nicht tae pump watter up tae the heicher reservoir, an the watter can then be let oot through the day tae gie pouer as it is needit. ==Location== The pouer station is on the A85 road, aboot {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=in}} wast o Dalmally, on a brainch o Loch Awe that leads tae the River Awe, the ootflow o the loch at its north-wast corner. The Falls of Cruachan railway station, open at some seasons, is nearhaund. ==History== Wark stairtit in 1959, an Queen [[Elizabeth II]] appent the pouer station on 15 October 1965.<ref name=hist>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/about/history.asp |title=Cruachan: The Hollow Mountain: History |publisher=Visit Cruachan |access-date=26 April 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132707/http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/about/history.asp |archive-date=28 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sir Edward MacColl, that designed the concept, died afore it wis appent.<ref name=hist/><ref name=beeb/> At the heicht o the biggin, aboot 4,000{{nbsp}}fowk wis wirkin on the project.<ref name=herald/> Thirty-sax men died in the biggin o the pouer station an the dam.<ref name=reg>{{cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/07/23/reg_man_delves_deep_to_find_the_power/ |title=Boffins, Tunnel Tigers and Scotland's world-first power mountain |author=Bill Ray |newspaper=The Register |date=23 July 2013 |access-date=24 July 2013}}</ref> The scheme cost {{GBP|24.5 million}}.<ref name=herald/> Cruachan wis ane o the first reversible pumped-storage systems, whaur the same turbines wirk baith as pumps an as generators.<ref name=con>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ihbc.org.uk/context_archive/109/fleetwood/fleetwood.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711005136/http://www.ihbc.org.uk/context_archive/109/fleetwood/fleetwood.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-07-11 |first=David |last=Fleetwood |title=Ben Cruachan's hidden giant |journal=Context |issue=109 |date=May 2009 |publisher=Institute of Historic Building Conservation}}</ref> It is ane o fower pumped-storage schemes in the Unitit Kinrick.<ref name=cd>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-26124572 |title=Cruachan hydro power station output 'could double' |work=BBC News |date=11 February 2014 |access-date=28 April 2014}}</ref> Its biggin wis tied tae that o Hunterston A nuclear pouer station, tae store electrical energy makkit bi nuclear pouer at nicht that wisna needit.<ref name=herald>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/mountain-of-power-to-get-pounds-18-5m-facelift-1.118295 |title=Mountain of power to get £18.5m facelift |author=James Freeman |newspaper=The Herald |date=19 May 2003 |access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref> The pouer station wis rin first bi the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board, an wis later haundit ower tae the South of Scotland Electricity Board.<ref name=dno/> ScottishPower owned it frae the privatisation o Breetain's electricity industry in 1990 till Drax Group bocht it, alang wi ither ScottishPower assets, on 1 Januar 2019.<ref>[http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/opinion/opinionpumped-storage-what-are-its-prospects-4292101/ "Pumped storage: what are its prospects?"] ''AECOM'' / ''International Water Power and Dam Construction. Global Trade Media'', 13 June 2014. Retrieved: 21 January 2015.</ref> ==Design== The Cruachan station stores energy for a while at times o law demand, an lets it oot at times o heich demand, when electricity prices are heicher.<ref name=spew/> That cuts the maximum pouer that ither pouer stations hae tae gie. Awthou it uises some rainwatter, Cruachan isna a net generator o electricity: it uises mair energy for pumpin watter an spinnin its turbines nor it generates.<ref name=spew/> Aboot 10% o the energy frae the station comes frae rainwatter; the lave comes frae the watter pumped up frae Loch Awe.<ref name=spew/> The station can generate {{convert|440|MW}} o electricity frae fower turbines, twa o {{convert|100|MW}} an twa o {{convert|120|MW}} capacity, efter twa units wis upgradit in 2005.<ref name=f72>{{harvnb|Fleetwood|2010|p=72}}</ref><ref name=dno>{{cite web |url=http://www.theiet.org/communities/powergen/all-energy/lessons-learned.cfm?type=pdf |title=IET Presentation |date=19 May 2010 |first=John |last=Strettle |publisher=The Institution of Engineering and Technology|access-date=27 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427223953/http://www.theiet.org/communities/powergen/all-energy/lessons-learned.cfm?type=pdf |archive-date=27 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.varleyhyd.com/casestudies.asp |title=Case Studies |publisher=Varley Hydraulics |access-date=28 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428165102/http://www.varleyhyd.com/casestudies.asp |archive-date=28 April 2014}}</ref> It can gang frae staundby tae full production in twa{{nbsp}}meenits, or in 30{{nbsp}}seconds if compressed air is uised tae stairt the turbines spinnin.<ref name=et/> The pouer station haes tae keep a 12-oor supply o watter tae gie a black stairt capability tae the {{lang|en|National Grid}}, that lets utilities be stairtit again wioot ony ootside pouer.<ref name=dno/><ref name=et/> In Juin 2021 Drax applied tae big a further 600{{nbsp}}MW pumped-storage system that wid uise the same reservoir, for a combined 1{{nbsp}}GW wi seiven hours o storage.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lempriere |first1=Molly |title=Drax to expand pumped storage hydro station Hollow Mountain |url=https://www.solarpowerportal.co.uk/news/drax_to_expand_pumped_storage_hydro_station_hollow_mountain |website=Solar Power Portal |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210625191811/https://www.solarpowerportal.co.uk/news/drax_to_expand_pumped_storage_hydro_station_hollow_mountain |archive-date=25 June 2021 |language=en |date=25 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Approval wis gien in Julie 2023, an Drax intendit tae finish the project in 2030.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 July 2023 |title=Drax approved for 600MW Cruachan 2 Scottish hydro |url=https://renews.biz/87128/drax-wins-permit-for-600mw-cruachan-2-scottish-hydro/ |website=ReNews.biz}}</ref> In Mey 2025 Drax pit the expansion on hauld, giein the risin costs o the project as the raison.<ref>{{cite news |title='Hollow Mountain' hydro power plant expansion put on hold |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c5yly4x3gedo |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=BBC News |date=7 May 2025}}</ref> ===Turbine haw=== There are fower Francis turbines, that wirk baith as pumps an as generators. They are hoosed in a cavern inside Ben Cruachan, {{cvt|91.5|m}} lang, {{cvt|23.5|m}} wide an {{cvt|38|m}} heich, wi a transformer haw aside it.<ref name=et>{{cite web |url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1006 |title=Cruachan Hydroelectric Scheme |publisher=engineering-timelines.com |access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref> Tae big the pouer station, {{convert|220000|m3}} o rock haed tae be taen oot.<ref name=et/> ===Reservoir=== Cruachan Reservoir is {{cvt|396|m}} abuin Loch Awe, an it is held back bi a dam {{cvt|316|m}} lang.<ref name=site/><ref name=spew>{{cite web |url=http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSite.pdf |title=Cruachan Power Station: Site Information |publisher=Scottish Power |access-date=26 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104440/http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSite.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Environmental restrictions meant that the dam haed tae look "clean", an for that raison the operational equipment is hoosed inside the dam wa.<ref name=con/><ref name=et/> ==Tourist attraction== The conservation organisation DoCoMoMo listit the pouer station as ane o the saxty key monuments o post-war Scots architecture.<ref name=con/> In November 2012 the pouer station received the Engineering Heritage Award o the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.<ref name=beeb>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-20562195 |work=BBC News |title=Engineering award for Cruachan power station's 'hidden' hydro scheme |date=30 November 2012 |access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref> A visitor centre, refurbished in 2009, staunds bi the ootflow tae Loch Awe, an aboot 50,000{{nbsp}}visitors come tae it ilka year.<ref name=et/><ref name=bi>{{cite web |url=http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanBio2011.pdf |title=Cruachan Power Station: Biodiversity Information |publisher=Scottish Power |access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> The pouer station hauds a modrenist [[Mural|mural]] in three sections, {{cvt|48x12|foot|m}}, in wid, plastic an gowd leaf, bi the Inglis artist Elizabeth Falconer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/oct/12/hidden-treasure-the-modernist-mural-buried-in-a-scottish-mountain |title=Hidden treasure: the modernist mural buried in a Scottish mountain|first=Philip|last=Oltermann |date=12 October 2015|work=The Guardian|access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> ==In popular culture== In episode sax o the Disney+ ''[[Star Wars]]'' series ''Andor'', "The Eye", Cruachan Pouer Station appeared as the [[Galactic Empire (Star Wars)|Empire's]] supply hub on the planet Aldhani.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cjenj90452ro |title=When Star Wars took over a Scottish hydro scheme |work=BBC News |date=5 December 2022 |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Soorces== * {{cite book |url=http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/power-to-the-people.pdf |title=Power to the People |publisher=Historic Scotland |year=2010 |first=David |last=Fleetwood |isbn=978-1-84917-036-9 }} ==Freemit links== {{Commons category|Cruachan Dam}} * {{cite video |url=http://ssa.nls.uk/film.cfm?fid=2214 |title=The Hollow Mountain |author=R. S. Riddell Black |publisher=North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board / National Library of Scotland |work=Scottish Screen Archive |year=1966}} * {{cite video |url= http://www.britishpathe.com/video/hydroelectric-royal-opening-aka-queen-opens-cruach |title= Hydroelectric Royal Opening |publisher= British Pathé |year= 1965}} [[Category:Pumped storage pouer stations]] [[Category:Hydroelectric pouer stations in Scotland]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs in Argyll an Bute]] [[Category:Dams completit in 1965]] nfwz1yem0x1y71jwgbopen1qbirhhjw 927453 927451 2026-11-09T20:40:36Z Monospaced 75295 Improve links 927453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Cruachan Pouer Station | image = Dam at Cruachan reservoir.jpg | image_caption = The dam that hauds back the upper reservoir | coordinates = {{coord|56|24|23|N|05|06|47|W|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = Scotland | location = [[Argyll an Bute]] | status = Wirkin | construction_began = 1959<ref name=hist/> | opening = 15 October 1965 | owner = Drax Power | res_name = Cruachan Reservoir | res_capacity_total = {{cvt|10000000|m3}}<ref name=site>{{cite web |url=http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSiteComplete2011.pdf |title=Cruachan Power Station: Site Information |publisher=Scottish Power |access-date=26 April 2014 }}</ref> (7 GWh) | lower_res_name = Loch Awe | plant_pumpgenerators = 4 | plant_hydraulic_head = {{Convert|396|m|abbr=on}} | plant_capacity = {{convert|440|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = {{convert|705|GWh|abbr=on}} {{small|(2009)}}<ref name=spew/> | website = {{URL|http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/}} }} '''Cruachan Pouer Station''' (also kent as the '''Cruachan Dam''') is a pumped-storage [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] pouer station in [[Argyll an Bute]], Scotland, in the UK. The scheme can gie 440{{nbsp}}MW o pouer, an it produced 705{{nbsp}}GWh in 2009. The [[Turbine|turbine]] haw is inside Ben Cruachan, an the scheme shifts watter atween Cruachan Reservoir an Loch Awe, a heicht difference o {{cvt|396|m}}. It is ane o only fower pumped-storage pouer stations in the Unitit Kinrick, an it can gie a black stairt capability tae the {{lang|en|National Grid}}. Cruachan uises cheap electricity makkit at nicht tae pump watter up tae the heicher reservoir, an the watter can then be let oot through the day tae gie pouer as it is needit. ==Location== The pouer station is on the A85 road, aboot {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=in}} wast o Dalmally, on a brainch o Loch Awe that leads tae the River Awe, the ootflow o the loch at its north-wast corner. The Falls of Cruachan railway station, open at some seasons, is nearhaund. ==History== Wark stairtit in 1959, an Queen [[Elizabeth II]] appent the pouer station on 15 October 1965.<ref name=hist>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/about/history.asp |title=Cruachan: The Hollow Mountain: History |publisher=Visit Cruachan |access-date=26 April 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132707/http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/about/history.asp |archive-date=28 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sir Edward MacColl, that designed the concept, died afore it wis appent.<ref name=hist/><ref name=beeb/> At the heicht o the biggin, aboot 4,000{{nbsp}}fowk wis wirkin on the project.<ref name=herald/> Thirty-sax men died in the biggin o the pouer station an the dam.<ref name=reg>{{cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/07/23/reg_man_delves_deep_to_find_the_power/ |title=Boffins, Tunnel Tigers and Scotland's world-first power mountain |author=Bill Ray |newspaper=The Register |date=23 July 2013 |access-date=24 July 2013}}</ref> The scheme cost {{GBP|24.5 million}}.<ref name=herald/> Cruachan wis ane o the first reversible pumped-storage systems, whaur the same turbines wirk baith as pumps an as generators.<ref name=con>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ihbc.org.uk/context_archive/109/fleetwood/fleetwood.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711005136/http://www.ihbc.org.uk/context_archive/109/fleetwood/fleetwood.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-07-11 |first=David |last=Fleetwood |title=Ben Cruachan's hidden giant |journal=Context |issue=109 |date=May 2009 |publisher=Institute of Historic Building Conservation}}</ref> It is ane o fower pumped-storage schemes in the Unitit Kinrick.<ref name=cd>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-26124572 |title=Cruachan hydro power station output 'could double' |work=BBC News |date=11 February 2014 |access-date=28 April 2014}}</ref> Its biggin wis tied tae that o [[Hunterston A nuclear pouer station]], tae store electrical energy makkit bi nuclear pouer at nicht that wisna needit.<ref name=herald>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/mountain-of-power-to-get-pounds-18-5m-facelift-1.118295 |title=Mountain of power to get £18.5m facelift |author=James Freeman |newspaper=The Herald |date=19 May 2003 |access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref> The pouer station wis rin first bi the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board, an wis later haundit ower tae the South of Scotland Electricity Board.<ref name=dno/> ScottishPower owned it frae the privatisation o Breetain's electricity industry in 1990 till Drax Group bocht it, alang wi ither ScottishPower assets, on 1 Januar 2019.<ref>[http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/opinion/opinionpumped-storage-what-are-its-prospects-4292101/ "Pumped storage: what are its prospects?"] ''AECOM'' / ''International Water Power and Dam Construction. Global Trade Media'', 13 June 2014. Retrieved: 21 January 2015.</ref> ==Design== The Cruachan station stores energy for a while at times o law demand, an lets it oot at times o heich demand, when electricity prices are heicher.<ref name=spew/> That cuts the maximum pouer that ither pouer stations hae tae gie. Awthou it uises some rainwatter, Cruachan isna a net generator o electricity: it uises mair energy for pumpin watter an spinnin its turbines nor it generates.<ref name=spew/> Aboot 10% o the energy frae the station comes frae rainwatter; the lave comes frae the watter pumped up frae Loch Awe.<ref name=spew/> The station can generate {{convert|440|MW}} o electricity frae fower turbines, twa o {{convert|100|MW}} an twa o {{convert|120|MW}} capacity, efter twa units wis upgradit in 2005.<ref name=f72>{{harvnb|Fleetwood|2010|p=72}}</ref><ref name=dno>{{cite web |url=http://www.theiet.org/communities/powergen/all-energy/lessons-learned.cfm?type=pdf |title=IET Presentation |date=19 May 2010 |first=John |last=Strettle |publisher=The Institution of Engineering and Technology|access-date=27 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427223953/http://www.theiet.org/communities/powergen/all-energy/lessons-learned.cfm?type=pdf |archive-date=27 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.varleyhyd.com/casestudies.asp |title=Case Studies |publisher=Varley Hydraulics |access-date=28 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428165102/http://www.varleyhyd.com/casestudies.asp |archive-date=28 April 2014}}</ref> It can gang frae staundby tae full production in twa{{nbsp}}meenits, or in 30{{nbsp}}seconds if compressed air is uised tae stairt the turbines spinnin.<ref name=et/> The pouer station haes tae keep a 12-oor supply o watter tae gie a black stairt capability tae the {{lang|en|National Grid}}, that lets utilities be stairtit again wioot ony ootside pouer.<ref name=dno/><ref name=et/> In Juin 2021 Drax applied tae big a further 600{{nbsp}}MW pumped-storage system that wid uise the same reservoir, for a combined 1{{nbsp}}GW wi seiven hours o storage.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lempriere |first1=Molly |title=Drax to expand pumped storage hydro station Hollow Mountain |url=https://www.solarpowerportal.co.uk/news/drax_to_expand_pumped_storage_hydro_station_hollow_mountain |website=Solar Power Portal |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210625191811/https://www.solarpowerportal.co.uk/news/drax_to_expand_pumped_storage_hydro_station_hollow_mountain |archive-date=25 June 2021 |language=en |date=25 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Approval wis gien in Julie 2023, an Drax intendit tae finish the project in 2030.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 July 2023 |title=Drax approved for 600MW Cruachan 2 Scottish hydro |url=https://renews.biz/87128/drax-wins-permit-for-600mw-cruachan-2-scottish-hydro/ |website=ReNews.biz}}</ref> In Mey 2025 Drax pit the expansion on hauld, giein the risin costs o the project as the raison.<ref>{{cite news |title='Hollow Mountain' hydro power plant expansion put on hold |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c5yly4x3gedo |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=BBC News |date=7 May 2025}}</ref> ===Turbine haw=== There are fower Francis turbines, that wirk baith as pumps an as generators. They are hoosed in a cavern inside Ben Cruachan, {{cvt|91.5|m}} lang, {{cvt|23.5|m}} wide an {{cvt|38|m}} heich, wi a transformer haw aside it.<ref name=et>{{cite web |url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1006 |title=Cruachan Hydroelectric Scheme |publisher=engineering-timelines.com |access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref> Tae big the pouer station, {{convert|220000|m3}} o rock haed tae be taen oot.<ref name=et/> ===Reservoir=== Cruachan Reservoir is {{cvt|396|m}} abuin Loch Awe, an it is held back bi a dam {{cvt|316|m}} lang.<ref name=site/><ref name=spew>{{cite web |url=http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSite.pdf |title=Cruachan Power Station: Site Information |publisher=Scottish Power |access-date=26 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104440/http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSite.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Environmental restrictions meant that the dam haed tae look "clean", an for that raison the operational equipment is hoosed inside the dam wa.<ref name=con/><ref name=et/> ==Tourist attraction== The conservation organisation DoCoMoMo listit the pouer station as ane o the saxty key monuments o post-war Scots architecture.<ref name=con/> In November 2012 the pouer station received the Engineering Heritage Award o the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.<ref name=beeb>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-20562195 |work=BBC News |title=Engineering award for Cruachan power station's 'hidden' hydro scheme |date=30 November 2012 |access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref> A visitor centre, refurbished in 2009, staunds bi the ootflow tae Loch Awe, an aboot 50,000{{nbsp}}visitors come tae it ilka year.<ref name=et/><ref name=bi>{{cite web |url=http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanBio2011.pdf |title=Cruachan Power Station: Biodiversity Information |publisher=Scottish Power |access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> The pouer station hauds a modrenist [[Mural|mural]] in three sections, {{cvt|48x12|foot|m}}, in wid, plastic an gowd leaf, bi the Inglis artist Elizabeth Falconer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/oct/12/hidden-treasure-the-modernist-mural-buried-in-a-scottish-mountain |title=Hidden treasure: the modernist mural buried in a Scottish mountain|first=Philip|last=Oltermann |date=12 October 2015|work=The Guardian|access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> ==In popular culture== In episode sax o the [[Disney+]] ''[[Star Wars]]'' series ''[[Andor (TV series)|Andor]]'', "The Eye", Cruachan Pouer Station appeared as the [[Galactic Empire (Star Wars)|Empire's]] supply hub on the planet Aldhani.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cjenj90452ro |title=When Star Wars took over a Scottish hydro scheme |work=BBC News |date=5 December 2022 |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Soorces== * {{cite book |url=http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/power-to-the-people.pdf |title=Power to the People |publisher=Historic Scotland |year=2010 |first=David |last=Fleetwood |isbn=978-1-84917-036-9 }} ==Freemit links== {{Commons category|Cruachan Dam}} * {{cite video |url=http://ssa.nls.uk/film.cfm?fid=2214 |title=The Hollow Mountain |author=R. S. Riddell Black |publisher=North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board / National Library of Scotland |work=Scottish Screen Archive |year=1966}} * {{cite video |url= http://www.britishpathe.com/video/hydroelectric-royal-opening-aka-queen-opens-cruach |title= Hydroelectric Royal Opening |publisher= British Pathé |year= 1965}} [[Category:Pumped storage pouer stations]] [[Category:Hydroelectric pouer stations in Scotland]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs in Argyll an Bute]] [[Category:Dams completit in 1965]] hrzdj5ve0qy3yejn63ljbtxa825hx9n 927455 927453 2026-11-09T20:41:13Z Monospaced 75295 927455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Cruachan Pouer Station | image = Dam at Cruachan reservoir.jpg | image_caption = The dam that hauds back the upper reservoir | coordinates = {{coord|56|24|23|N|05|06|47|W|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = Scotland | location = [[Argyll an Bute]] | status = Wirkin | construction_began = 1959<ref name=hist/> | opening = 15 October 1965 | owner = Drax Power | res_name = Cruachan Reservoir | res_capacity_total = {{cvt|10000000|m3}}<ref name=site>{{cite web |url=http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSiteComplete2011.pdf |title=Cruachan Power Station: Site Information |publisher=Scottish Power |access-date=26 April 2014 }}</ref> (7 GWh) | lower_res_name = Loch Awe | plant_pumpgenerators = 4 | plant_hydraulic_head = {{Convert|396|m|abbr=on}} | plant_capacity = {{convert|440|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = {{convert|705|GWh|abbr=on}} {{small|(2009)}}<ref name=spew/> | website = {{URL|http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/}} }} '''Cruachan Pouer Station''' (also kent as the '''Cruachan Dam''') is a pumped-storage [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] pouer station in [[Argyll an Bute]], Scotland, in the UK. The scheme can gie 440{{nbsp}}MW o pouer, an it produced 705{{nbsp}}GWh in 2009. The [[Turbine|turbine]] haw is inside Ben Cruachan, an the scheme shifts watter atween Cruachan Reservoir an [[Loch Awe]], a heicht difference o {{cvt|396|m}}. It is ane o only fower pumped-storage pouer stations in the Unitit Kinrick, an it can gie a black stairt capability tae the {{lang|en|National Grid}}. Cruachan uises cheap electricity makkit at nicht tae pump watter up tae the heicher reservoir, an the watter can then be let oot through the day tae gie pouer as it is needit. ==Location== The pouer station is on the A85 road, aboot {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=in}} wast o Dalmally, on a brainch o Loch Awe that leads tae the River Awe, the ootflow o the loch at its north-wast corner. The Falls of Cruachan railway station, open at some seasons, is nearhaund. ==History== Wark stairtit in 1959, an Queen [[Elizabeth II]] appent the pouer station on 15 October 1965.<ref name=hist>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/about/history.asp |title=Cruachan: The Hollow Mountain: History |publisher=Visit Cruachan |access-date=26 April 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132707/http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/about/history.asp |archive-date=28 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sir Edward MacColl, that designed the concept, died afore it wis appent.<ref name=hist/><ref name=beeb/> At the heicht o the biggin, aboot 4,000{{nbsp}}fowk wis wirkin on the project.<ref name=herald/> Thirty-sax men died in the biggin o the pouer station an the dam.<ref name=reg>{{cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/07/23/reg_man_delves_deep_to_find_the_power/ |title=Boffins, Tunnel Tigers and Scotland's world-first power mountain |author=Bill Ray |newspaper=The Register |date=23 July 2013 |access-date=24 July 2013}}</ref> The scheme cost {{GBP|24.5 million}}.<ref name=herald/> Cruachan wis ane o the first reversible pumped-storage systems, whaur the same turbines wirk baith as pumps an as generators.<ref name=con>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ihbc.org.uk/context_archive/109/fleetwood/fleetwood.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711005136/http://www.ihbc.org.uk/context_archive/109/fleetwood/fleetwood.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-07-11 |first=David |last=Fleetwood |title=Ben Cruachan's hidden giant |journal=Context |issue=109 |date=May 2009 |publisher=Institute of Historic Building Conservation}}</ref> It is ane o fower pumped-storage schemes in the Unitit Kinrick.<ref name=cd>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-26124572 |title=Cruachan hydro power station output 'could double' |work=BBC News |date=11 February 2014 |access-date=28 April 2014}}</ref> Its biggin wis tied tae that o [[Hunterston A nuclear pouer station]], tae store electrical energy makkit bi nuclear pouer at nicht that wisna needit.<ref name=herald>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/mountain-of-power-to-get-pounds-18-5m-facelift-1.118295 |title=Mountain of power to get £18.5m facelift |author=James Freeman |newspaper=The Herald |date=19 May 2003 |access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref> The pouer station wis rin first bi the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board, an wis later haundit ower tae the South of Scotland Electricity Board.<ref name=dno/> ScottishPower owned it frae the privatisation o Breetain's electricity industry in 1990 till Drax Group bocht it, alang wi ither ScottishPower assets, on 1 Januar 2019.<ref>[http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/opinion/opinionpumped-storage-what-are-its-prospects-4292101/ "Pumped storage: what are its prospects?"] ''AECOM'' / ''International Water Power and Dam Construction. Global Trade Media'', 13 June 2014. Retrieved: 21 January 2015.</ref> ==Design== The Cruachan station stores energy for a while at times o law demand, an lets it oot at times o heich demand, when electricity prices are heicher.<ref name=spew/> That cuts the maximum pouer that ither pouer stations hae tae gie. Awthou it uises some rainwatter, Cruachan isna a net generator o electricity: it uises mair energy for pumpin watter an spinnin its turbines nor it generates.<ref name=spew/> Aboot 10% o the energy frae the station comes frae rainwatter; the lave comes frae the watter pumped up frae Loch Awe.<ref name=spew/> The station can generate {{convert|440|MW}} o electricity frae fower turbines, twa o {{convert|100|MW}} an twa o {{convert|120|MW}} capacity, efter twa units wis upgradit in 2005.<ref name=f72>{{harvnb|Fleetwood|2010|p=72}}</ref><ref name=dno>{{cite web |url=http://www.theiet.org/communities/powergen/all-energy/lessons-learned.cfm?type=pdf |title=IET Presentation |date=19 May 2010 |first=John |last=Strettle |publisher=The Institution of Engineering and Technology|access-date=27 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427223953/http://www.theiet.org/communities/powergen/all-energy/lessons-learned.cfm?type=pdf |archive-date=27 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.varleyhyd.com/casestudies.asp |title=Case Studies |publisher=Varley Hydraulics |access-date=28 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428165102/http://www.varleyhyd.com/casestudies.asp |archive-date=28 April 2014}}</ref> It can gang frae staundby tae full production in twa{{nbsp}}meenits, or in 30{{nbsp}}seconds if compressed air is uised tae stairt the turbines spinnin.<ref name=et/> The pouer station haes tae keep a 12-oor supply o watter tae gie a black stairt capability tae the {{lang|en|National Grid}}, that lets utilities be stairtit again wioot ony ootside pouer.<ref name=dno/><ref name=et/> In Juin 2021 Drax applied tae big a further 600{{nbsp}}MW pumped-storage system that wid uise the same reservoir, for a combined 1{{nbsp}}GW wi seiven hours o storage.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lempriere |first1=Molly |title=Drax to expand pumped storage hydro station Hollow Mountain |url=https://www.solarpowerportal.co.uk/news/drax_to_expand_pumped_storage_hydro_station_hollow_mountain |website=Solar Power Portal |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210625191811/https://www.solarpowerportal.co.uk/news/drax_to_expand_pumped_storage_hydro_station_hollow_mountain |archive-date=25 June 2021 |language=en |date=25 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Approval wis gien in Julie 2023, an Drax intendit tae finish the project in 2030.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 July 2023 |title=Drax approved for 600MW Cruachan 2 Scottish hydro |url=https://renews.biz/87128/drax-wins-permit-for-600mw-cruachan-2-scottish-hydro/ |website=ReNews.biz}}</ref> In Mey 2025 Drax pit the expansion on hauld, giein the risin costs o the project as the raison.<ref>{{cite news |title='Hollow Mountain' hydro power plant expansion put on hold |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c5yly4x3gedo |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=BBC News |date=7 May 2025}}</ref> ===Turbine haw=== There are fower Francis turbines, that wirk baith as pumps an as generators. They are hoosed in a cavern inside Ben Cruachan, {{cvt|91.5|m}} lang, {{cvt|23.5|m}} wide an {{cvt|38|m}} heich, wi a transformer haw aside it.<ref name=et>{{cite web |url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1006 |title=Cruachan Hydroelectric Scheme |publisher=engineering-timelines.com |access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref> Tae big the pouer station, {{convert|220000|m3}} o rock haed tae be taen oot.<ref name=et/> ===Reservoir=== Cruachan Reservoir is {{cvt|396|m}} abuin Loch Awe, an it is held back bi a dam {{cvt|316|m}} lang.<ref name=site/><ref name=spew>{{cite web |url=http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSite.pdf |title=Cruachan Power Station: Site Information |publisher=Scottish Power |access-date=26 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104440/http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSite.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Environmental restrictions meant that the dam haed tae look "clean", an for that raison the operational equipment is hoosed inside the dam wa.<ref name=con/><ref name=et/> ==Tourist attraction== The conservation organisation DoCoMoMo listit the pouer station as ane o the saxty key monuments o post-war Scots architecture.<ref name=con/> In November 2012 the pouer station received the Engineering Heritage Award o the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.<ref name=beeb>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-20562195 |work=BBC News |title=Engineering award for Cruachan power station's 'hidden' hydro scheme |date=30 November 2012 |access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref> A visitor centre, refurbished in 2009, staunds bi the ootflow tae Loch Awe, an aboot 50,000{{nbsp}}visitors come tae it ilka year.<ref name=et/><ref name=bi>{{cite web |url=http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanBio2011.pdf |title=Cruachan Power Station: Biodiversity Information |publisher=Scottish Power |access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> The pouer station hauds a modrenist [[Mural|mural]] in three sections, {{cvt|48x12|foot|m}}, in wid, plastic an gowd leaf, bi the Inglis artist Elizabeth Falconer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/oct/12/hidden-treasure-the-modernist-mural-buried-in-a-scottish-mountain |title=Hidden treasure: the modernist mural buried in a Scottish mountain|first=Philip|last=Oltermann |date=12 October 2015|work=The Guardian|access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> ==In popular culture== In episode sax o the [[Disney+]] ''[[Star Wars]]'' series ''[[Andor (TV series)|Andor]]'', "The Eye", Cruachan Pouer Station appeared as the [[Galactic Empire (Star Wars)|Empire's]] supply hub on the planet Aldhani.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cjenj90452ro |title=When Star Wars took over a Scottish hydro scheme |work=BBC News |date=5 December 2022 |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Soorces== * {{cite book |url=http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/power-to-the-people.pdf |title=Power to the People |publisher=Historic Scotland |year=2010 |first=David |last=Fleetwood |isbn=978-1-84917-036-9 }} ==Freemit links== {{Commons category|Cruachan Dam}} * {{cite video |url=http://ssa.nls.uk/film.cfm?fid=2214 |title=The Hollow Mountain |author=R. S. Riddell Black |publisher=North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board / National Library of Scotland |work=Scottish Screen Archive |year=1966}} * {{cite video |url= http://www.britishpathe.com/video/hydroelectric-royal-opening-aka-queen-opens-cruach |title= Hydroelectric Royal Opening |publisher= British Pathé |year= 1965}} [[Category:Pumped storage pouer stations]] [[Category:Hydroelectric pouer stations in Scotland]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs in Argyll an Bute]] [[Category:Dams completit in 1965]] qjyvzmz4l5o7whu3vv184e75s3s7rrl 0 71398 927390 878756 2026-11-09T16:28:19Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Velletri | official_name = Comune di Velletri | native_name = | image_skyline = Velletri.JPG | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = Panorama o Velletri | image_shield = | shield_alt = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|41|41|12|N|12|46|39|E|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = [[Lazio]] | province = [[Province o Roum|Roum]] | frazioni = | mayor_party = Democratic Pairty | mayor = Fausto Servadio | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 113 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 53298 | population_as_of = April 2010 | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = Veliterni | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 332 | twin1 = | twin1_country = | saint = [[Pape Clement I|Saunt Clement]] | day = November 23 | postal_code = 00049 | area_code = 06 | website = {{official website|http://www.comune.velletri.rm.it}} | footnotes = }} '''Velletri''' ({{IPA-it|velˈleːtri|}}; Latin Velitrae<ref>Dizionario di ortografia e pronunzia 02 - 11 - 2008</ref>) is a Italian toun o 53,298 indwallers.<ref>Dati ISTAT 04-2010</ref> It is a ''[[comune]]'' in the [[province o Roum]], on the [[Alban Hills]], in [[Lazio]] ([[Lazio]]) - Italy. It is boondit bi ither communes o [[Rocca di Papa]], [[Lariano]], [[Cisterna di Latina]], [[Artena]], [[Aprilia, Lazio|Aprilia]], [[Nemi]], [[Genzano di Roma]], [[Lanuvio]]. Its motto is: ''Est mihi libertas papalis et imperialis''. It wis a auncient ceety o the [[Volsci]] tribe, an its status wis influential in the time o King [[Ancus Marcius]], enough tae be on a par wi Roum. It haes been the steid o twa historical battles, in 1744 an 1849. In the [[Middle Ages]], it wis ane o the few “[[free ceeties]]” in [[Lazio]] an central Italy. The day, Velletri is hame tae a [[circuit court]] an a preeson, in addeetion tae several colleges an heich schuils. It is the terminus o the [[Roum-Velletri railwey]], inauguratit bi [[Pape Pius IX]] in 1863, an the ceety is ane o the centres which the [[Via Appia Nuova]] passes throu. ==Internaitional relations== ===Twin touns – Sister ceeties=== Velletri is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {|class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|LUX}} [[Esch-sur-Alzette]], [[Luxembourg]] *{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Mödling]], [[Austrick]] *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Offenbach (destrict)|Offenbach]], [[Germany]] *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Puteaux]], [[Fraunce]]<ref name="Puteaux twinnings">{{cite web | url = http://www.puteaux.fr/Ma-ville/Jumelage | title = Puteaux - Qu'est-ce que le jumelage? | accessdate = 2013-12-28 | work = Mairie de Puteaux [Puteaux Official Website] | language = French | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131126060605/http://www.puteaux.fr/Ma-ville/Jumelage | archivedate = 2013-11-26 | url-status = dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.puteaux.fr/Ma-ville/Jumelage |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-04-02 |archive-date=2013-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126060605/http://www.puteaux.fr/Ma-ville/Jumelage |url-status=dead }}</ref> || *{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Saint-Gilles, Belgium|Saint-Gilles]], [[Belgium]] *{{flagicon|NED}} [[Tilburg]], [[Netherlands]] *{{flagicon|UK}} [[London Borough of Tower Hamlets|Tower Hamlets]], [[Unitit Kinrick]] *{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Zemun]], [[Serbie]] |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Wikisource1911Enc|Velletri}} *[http://www.mapquest.com/maps/map.adp?tb=1&city=Velletri&country=IT Mapquest - Velletri] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140724064112/http://www.velletri.it/ Velletri Commonty Wabsteid] <BR> {{Province o Roum}} {{commons category|Velletri}} [[Category:Renaissance steids in the Lazio]] [[Category:Gothic steids in Lazio]] [[Category:Castelli Romani]] 858m7sema18byiqoy080dju8lyoi71c 0 71473 927599 779001 2026-11-10T01:39:36Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Christian leader |type = Pape |honorific-prefix = [[Leet o papes|Pape]] |name = John XVIII |title = [[Pape|Bishop o Roum]] |church = [[Catholic Kirk]] |birth_name = Giovanni Fasano o Carminati |term_start = 25 December 1003 |term_end = 18 Julie 1009 |predecessor = John XVII |successor = Sergius IV |birth_place = [[Roum]], Papal States |death_date = Julie 1009 |death_place = [[Roum]], Papal States |other = John }} '''Pape John XVIII''' ({{lang-la|Ioannes XVIII}}; deed Juin or Julie 1009) wis the [[Pape|bishop o Roum]] an nominal ruler o the Papal States frae 25 December 1003 till his abdication in Julie 1009. He haed little temporal pouer, for he reigned durin the struggle atween John II Crescentius an [[Henry II, Haly Roman Emperor|Emperor Henry II]] for control o Roum. He wis the last pape for centuries tae keep his baptismal nem. Ilka pape efter him, binna Adrian VI an Marcellus II, haes taen a new papal nem. == Faimily == John wis born intae the Fasano faimily in [[Roum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-XVIII|title= John XVIII (or XIX) Pope [1004–1009]|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=13 July 2017}}</ref> His faither wis a priest, cried Leo accordin tae Johann Peter Kirsch,<ref name=Kirsch>[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08429a.htm Kirsch, Johann Peter. "Pope John XVIII (XIX)." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 18 September 2017</ref> or Ursus accordin tae Horace Kinder Mann.{{sfn |Mann|1906 |p=126}} == Pontificate, 1003–1009 == John owed his election tae the influence an pouer o the Crescentii clan. Throu his hale pontificate he wis said tae be unner the heid o the Crescentii, that held Roum: the ''patricius'' (an aristocratic militar leader) John II Crescentius.{{sfn |Mann|1906 |p=127}} The time wis disruptit bi the ongaun conflicts atween the [[Ottonian dynasty|Ottonian]] [[Henry II, Haly Roman Emperor|Emperor Henry II]] an Arduin o Ivrea, that haed claimed the Kinrick o Italy in 1002 efter the daith o Emperor Otto III. Roum wis wracked bi bouts o plague, an Saracens wirkit freely oot o the Emirate o Sicily, herryin the Tyrrhenian coasts.{{sfn |Mann|1906 |p=140}} As pape, John XVIII spent his time maistly on the details o kirk admeenistration. He authorised a new Diocese o Bamberg as a base for missionar wark amang the [[Slavs]], a concern o Henry II's. He juidged forby on the owerreachin o the bishops o [[Sens]] an [[Orléans]] anent the privileges o the abbot o Fleury.<ref>Richard P. McBrien, ''Lives of the Popes: The Pontiffs from St. Peter to Benedict XVI'', (HarperCollins Publishers, 2000) {{ISBN|978-0060878078}}. P. 168.</ref> John managed tae create a rapprochement atween the Eastren an Wastren kirks, for a while at least. His nem could be fund on Eastren diptychs, an he wis prayed for at Masses in [[Constantinople]].{{sfn |Mann|1906 |pp=129–130}} John XVIII abdicatit in Julie 1009 an, accordin tae ane [[Leet o papes|catalogue o papes]], retired tae a monastery, whaur he deed shortly efter.{{sfn |Mann|1906 |p=140}} His successor wis Pape Sergius IV. == References == {{reflist}} === Soorces === * {{cite book |last=Mann |first=Horace Kinder |title=The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages |volume=5: The Popes In The Days of Feudal Anarchy, from Formosus to Damasus II, Part 2 |location=London |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co |year=1906 |url=https://archive.org/details/livesofpopesinea05mann }} {{s-start}} {{s-rel|ca}} {{s-bef|before=John XVII}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Pape]]|years=1004–09}} {{s-aft|after=Sergius IV}} {{s-end}} {{Papes}} {{DEFAULTSORT:John 18}} [[Category:1009 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Province o Fermo]] [[Category:Papes]] [[Category:Italian papes]] [[Category:11t-century airchbeeshops]] [[Category:11t-century Italian fowk]] [[Category:Year o birth unkent]] [[Category:Papes that abdicatit]] 3900l61t6fors0hqsa4sfuss61osnux 0 71641 927311 911639 2026-11-09T14:03:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927311 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:STS059-238-074 Strait of Gibraltar.jpg|thumb|300px|The Strait o Gibraltar as seen frae space. <br>(North is tae the left: The Iberian Peninsula is on the left an North Africae on the richt).]] The '''Strait o Gibraltar''' ([[Arabic leid|Arabic]]: مضيق جبل طارق, [[Spainish leid|Spainish]]: ''Estrecho de Gibraltar'') is a narrae [[strait]] that jynes the [[Atlantic Ocean]] tae the [[Mediterrane Sea]] an separates [[Gibraltar]] an [[Spain]] in [[Europe]] frae [[Morocco]] in [[Africae]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=MODIS Web|url=https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/individual.php?db_date=2016-12-30|access-date=2026-01-02|website=modis.gsfc.nasa.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225180745/https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/individual.php?db_date=2016-12-30|archive-date=2025-02-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Soorces== {{Reflist}} {{Coord|35|58|18|N|5|29|09|W|type:waterbody|display=title}} {{Stub}}{{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gibraltar}} [[Category:Gibraltar–Spain border]] [[Category:Important Bird Auries o Gibraltar]] [[Category:Internaitional straits]] [[Category:Bodies o watter o Gibraltar]] [[Category:Morocco]] [[Category:Spain]] [[Category:Morocco–Spain border]] [[Category:Gibraltar| ]] [[Category:Africae]] [[Category:Europe]] [[Category:Mediterranean]] fnk1a6rh5n0ifgxo93d50qg8wjd9suv 0 71751 927571 923852 2026-11-10T01:03:42Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | honorific_prefix = Dame | name = Olivia de Havilland | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|DBE}} | image = Santa Fe Trail 3.jpg | caption = De Havilland in 1940 | birth_name = Olivia Mary de Havilland | birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|7|1|df=y}} | birth_place = Tokyo City, [[Empire o Japan]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|7|26|1916|7|1|df=y}} | death_place = [[Paris]], [[Fraunce]] | resting_place = Père Lachaise Cemetery | citizenship = {{Plainlist| * Unitit Kinrick (at birth) * Unitit States (efter 1941) * Fraunce (efter 1955) }} | other_names = {{hlist|Olivia Fontaine|Livvie}} | occupation = Actress | years_active = 1933–2010 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{marriage|[[Marcus Goodrich]]|1946|1953|end = div}} * {{marriage|Pierre Galante|1955|1979|end = div}} }} | children = 2 | relatives = {{Plainlist| * [[Joan Fontaine]] (sister) * Hereward de Havilland (cousin) * [[Geoffrey de Havilland]] (cousin) }} | signature = Olivia de Havilland signature.svg }} '''Dame Olivia Mary de Havilland''' (1 Julie 1916 – 26 Julie 2020) wis a Breetish, American an French actress. She appeared in 49 feature films, an the main warks o her film career ran frae 1935 tae 1988.<ref name="tcm-filmography">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland: Filmography|website=Turner Classic Movies|url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/46170%7C190058/olivia-de-havilland#filmography|access-date=April 15, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316200839/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/46170%7C190058/Olivia-De-Havilland/filmography.html}}</ref> Her younger sister wis the actress [[Joan Fontaine]], that wan an Oscar an aw. De Havilland first cam tae the fore wi [[Errol Flynn]], as a couple on the screen in adventure films sic as ''[[Captain Blood (1935 film)|Captain Blood]]'' (1935) an ''[[The Adventures of Robin Hood]]'' (1938). Ane o her best-kent roles is Melanie Hamilton in ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'' (1939). It brocht her the first o her five Oscar nominations, an the only ane for Best Supportin Actress. == Early life == [[File:Lilian Fontaine with her daughters, Joan and Olivia, c. 1922.png|thumb|upright|De Havilland wi her mither Lilian Fontaine an her sister Joan Fontaine (left), {{c.}} 1922]] Her mither, [[Lilian Fontaine]] (born Ruse; 1886–1975), wis educatit at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London an becam a stage actress.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=20}} Her younger sister Joan, later kent as the actress [[Joan Fontaine]], wis born on 22 October 1917, when Olivia wis 15 month auld.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=18}} Efter she left the heich school in 1934, de Havilland wis offered a scholarship tae Mills College in Oakland, tae follae the career she haed chosen as an Inglis teacher.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=27}} That simmer, the Austrian director [[Max Reinhardt]] cam tae California for a major new production o ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' that wis tae open at the Hollywood Bowl.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=27}} She swithered at first, as she wis still set on bein a teacher, but in the end Reinhardt an the executive producer Henry Blanke persuadit her tae sign a five-year contract wi Warner Bros. on 12 November 1934, at a stairtin wage o 200 US dollars a week. == Career == === 1935–1940: Early films an stardom === In September 1937, de Havilland wis pickit bi the heid o the Warner Bros. studio, Jack L. Warner, tae play Maid Marian in ''The Adventures of Robin Hood'' (1938) wi Errol Flynn.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=56}} Released on 14 Mey 1938,<ref name="tcm-robinhood-opi">{{cite web|title=The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938): Original Print Information|website=Turner Classic Movies|url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/738/the-adventures-of-robin-hood#film-details|access-date=March 9, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309220938/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/738/The-Adventures-of-Robin-Hood/original-print-info.html}}</ref> ''The Adventures of Robin Hood'' wis a success wi the critics an at the box office straucht awa, an it wis nominatit for the Academy Award for Best Pictur. [[File:Olivia de Havilland Publicity Photo for Gone with the Wind 1939.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|A studio publicity portrait for ''Gone with the Wind'', 1939]] In a letter dated 18 November 1938, the film producer David O. Selznick wrote that he wid gie onything tae hae Olivia de Havilland unner contract, in order that he coud cast her as Melanie.{{sfn|Selznick|1972|pp=171–172}} The film he wis gettin ready tae shuit wis the Technicolor epic ''Gone with the Wind'', but Jack L. Warner wisnae willin tae lend her oot for it.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=138}} Warner gied in, an de Havilland wis signed for the film a few weeks afore the main shuitin stairtit on 26 Januar 1939.<ref name="tcm-gwtw-notes">{{cite web|title=Gone with the Wind (1939): Notes|website=Turner Classic Movies|url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/414427/gone-with-the-wind#notes|access-date=March 14, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310052138/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/414427/Gone-With-the-Wind/notes.html}}</ref> The film wan 10 [[Academy Awards|Oscars]], Best Picture amang them, an de Havilland wis nominatit for the first time, for Best Supportin Actress.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=54}}<ref name="oscars-1940">{{cite web|title=12th Academy Awards|date=October 5, 2014 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1940|access-date=January 21, 2016}}</ref> === 1943–1945: Lawsuit === On 23 August 1943, on the advice o her lawyer, Martin Gang, de Havilland raised a case against Warner Bros. in the Los Angeles County Superior Court, seekin a declaratory judgment that she wis nae langer bund bi her contract.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=36}}<ref name="scholar-dehavilland-warner">{{cite web|last=Shinn|first=J.|title=De Havilland v. Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc. 67 Cal. App. 2d 225, 153 P.2d 983|via=Google Scholar|publisher=California Court of Appeal|date=December 8, 1944|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?q=de+Havilland+v.+Warner&hl=en&as_sdt=20000006&case=12173665773310197515&scilh=0|access-date=January 29, 2015}}</ref> A wee bit mair than a year later, the California Court of Appeal for the Second District ruled in de Havilland's favour.<ref name="scholar-dehavilland-warner"/> It cut the pouer o the studios an gied performers mair creative freedom.<ref name="reuters-belloni">{{cite news|last=Belloni|first=Matthew|title=De Havilland lawsuit resonates through Hollywood|work=Reuters|date=August 23, 2007|url=http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSN2329585820070824|access-date=January 21, 2016}}</ref> The "seiven-year rule" that cam o it in California is still kent as the De Havilland Law.<ref name="reuters-belloni"/>{{sfn|McDonald|Carman|Hoyt|Drake|2015|p=210}} === Later career an honours === In 1965, she wis the preses o the jury o the 18t Cannes Film Festival, the first woman tae dae it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/olivia-de-havilland-cannes-first-female-jury-president-1202794178/|title=Olivia De Havilland Remembers Being the First Female Cannes Jury President|first=Henry|last=Chu|date=May 2, 2018|work=Variety|access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> In 1988, de Havilland appeared in the HTV romantic televeesion drama ''The Woman He Loved''; it wis her last performance on the screen.<ref name="tcm-filmography"/> On 17 November 2008, at the age o 92, she wis gien the National Medal of Arts, the heichest honour that is gien tae an individual artist on behauf o the fowk o the Unitit States. It wis presentit tae her bi Preses [[George W. Bush]].<ref name="wh-archive">{{cite web|title=President and Mrs. Bush Attend Presentation of the 2008 National Medals of Arts|publisher=The White House Archives|date=November 17, 2008|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/11/20081117-2.html|access-date=January 21, 2016}}</ref><ref name="nytimes-itzkoff">{{cite news|last=Itzkoff|first=Dave|title=Arts Medals Awarded|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 17, 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/18/arts/18arts-ARTSMEDALSAW_BRF.html?scp=1&sq=Olivia%20de%20Havilland%20national%20medal%20of%20arts&st=cse|access-date=January 21, 2016|url-access=limited|url-status=live|archive-date=April 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407025141/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/18/arts/18arts-ARTSMEDALSAW_BRF.html}}</ref> In Juin 2017, twa weeks afore her 101st birthday, de Havilland wis appointit Dame Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire bi Queen [[Elizabeth II]] in the 2017 Birthday Honours, for services tae drama.<ref name="auto">{{London Gazette|issue=61962|date=June 16, 2017|page=B7|supp=1}}</ref> She is the auldest woman ever tae get the honour.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|last1=Furness|first1=Hannah|last2=Maidment|first2=Jack|title=Queen's Birthday Honours: Arise Sir Billy Connolly as Paul McCartney, JK Rowling and Delia Smith given honours|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/16/queens-birthday-honours-arise-sir-billy-connolly-paul-mccartney |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/16/queens-birthday-honours-arise-sir-billy-connolly-paul-mccartney |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=June 17, 2017|work=The Telegraph|date=June 16, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite news|last=Kennedy|first=Maev|title=Queen's birthday honours list|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jun/16/billy-queens-birthday-honours-list-billy-connolly-jk-rowling-paul-mccartney-delia-smith|access-date=June 17, 2017|work=The Guardian|date=June 16, 2017}}</ref> == Personal life == Tho they were kent as ane o the maist excitin couples on the screen in Hollywood,<ref name="tcm-bio">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland|website=Turner Classic Movies|url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/46170%7C190058/Olivia-De-Havilland|access-date=January 21, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421164607/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/46170%7C190058/Olivia-De-Havilland/}}</ref> de Havilland an Errol Flynn were never in a romantic relationship.<ref name="telegraph-leach">{{cite news|last=Leach|first=Ben|title=Gone with the Wind Star Confirms One of Hollywood's Most Talked-about Romances|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=June 17, 2009|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/5557364/Gone-With-The-Wind-star-confirms-one-of-Hollywoods-most-talked-about-romances.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/5557364/Gone-With-The-Wind-star-confirms-one-of-Hollywoods-most-talked-about-romances.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=April 17, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 26 August 1946, she mairit Marcus Goodrich, a veteran o the [[Unitit States Navy]], a journalist, an the author o the novel ''Delilah'' (1941).{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=38}} De Havilland raised a divorce in 1952.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Paula |date=August 29, 2020 |title=Late "Gone with the Wind" star's husband, family had deep roots in San Antonio |url=https://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/Late-Gone-with-the-Wind-star-s-husband-15524513.php |access-date=March 18, 2025 |website=San Antonio Express-News}}</ref>{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=41}} They haed ae bairn, Benjamin Goodrich, that wis born on 27 September 1949.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} In Aprile 1953, at the invitation o the French government, she traivelt tae the [[Cannes Film Festival]], whaur she met Pierre Galante, an executive editor for the French journal ''[[Paris Match]]''.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=41–42}} De Havilland an Galante mairit on 12 Aprile 1955 in the veelage o Yvoy-le-Marron, an they settled in a three-storey hoose near the Bois de Boulogne park in the 16t ''arrondissement'' o Paris.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/invites-du-point/jean-noel-mirande/olivia-de-havilland-une-americaine-a-paris-22-07-2012-1488046_572.php |title=Olivia de Havilland, une Américaine à Paris (Olivia de Havilland, an American Woman in Paris) |first=Jean-Noël |last=Mirande |date=July 22, 2012 |magazine=Le Point }}</ref><ref name="latimes-tartaglione">{{cite news|last=Tartaglione|first=Nancy|title=Olivia and Oscar|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=March 23, 2003|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-mar-23-ca-q-a23-story.html|access-date=April 9, 2016}}</ref>{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} They haed ae bairn, Gisèle Galante, that wis born on 18 Julie 1956.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} Accordin tae the biographer Charles Higham, the sisters aye haed an uneasy relationship, frae early bairnheid.<ref name="independent-cornwell">{{cite news|last=Cornwell|first=Rupert|title=Sibling rivalry: Hollywood's oldest feud|newspaper=The Independent|date=May 15, 2008|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/sibling-rivalry-hollywoods-oldest-feud-828301.html|access-date=January 21, 2016}}</ref> The final brak atween the sisters cam in 1975, ower disagreements aboot their mither's treatment for cancer.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=298}} The feud lastit till Fontaine deed on 15 December 2013.<ref name="hr-feinberg-feud">{{cite web|last=Feinberg|first=Scott|title=Joan Fontaine-Olivia de Havilland Feud: New Details Revealed|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=December 17, 2013|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/joan-fontaine-olivia-de-havilland-666087?page=2|access-date=January 21, 2016}}</ref> De Havilland deed in her sleep, o natural causes, at her hame in Paris on 26 Julie 2020, at the age o 104.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Lee |last1=Smith |first2=Chuck |last2=Johnston |title=Olivia de Havilland, star of 'Gone With the Wind,' dies at 104 |date=July 26, 2020 |publisher=CNN|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/26/entertainment/olivia-de-havilland-dies/index.html |access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} === Soorces === {{Refbegin|90em}} * {{cite book |last = Fontaine |first = Joan |title = No Bed of Roses |publisher = Morrow |location = New York |year = 1978 |isbn = 978-0-688-03344-6 |url = https://archive.org/details/nobedofroses00font }} * {{cite book |last = Kass |first = Judith M. |title = Olivia de Havilland |publisher = Pyramid Publications |location = New York |year = 1976 |isbn = 978-0-515-04175-0 }} * {{cite book |last = Matzen |first = Robert |title = Errol & Olivia: Ego & Obsession in Golden Era Hollywood |publisher = Paladin Communications |location = Pittsburgh |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-0-9711685-8-9 }} * {{cite book |editor-first1 = Paul |editor-last1 = McDonald |editor-first2 = Emily |editor-last2 = Carman |editor-first3 = Eric |editor-last3 = Hoyt |editor-first4 = Philip |editor-last4 = Drake |title = Hollywood and the Law |publisher = British Film Institute |location = London |year = 2015 |isbn = 978-1-84457-478-0 }} * {{cite book |last = Selznick |first = David O. |title = Memo from David O. Selznick |publisher = The Viking Press |location = New York |year = 1972 |isbn = 978-0-670-46766-2 |url = https://archive.org/details/memofromdavidose00behl }} * {{cite book |last = Thomas |first = Tony |title = The Films of Olivia de Havilland |publisher = Citadel Press |location = New York |year = 1983 |isbn = 978-0-8065-0988-4 }} {{Refend}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons}} * {{AllRovi name|17765|Olivia de Havilland}} * {{IBDB name|id=67261|name=Olivia de Havilland}} * {{IMDb name|14|Olivia de Havilland}} * {{Tcmdb name|id=46170|name=Olivia de Havilland}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:De Havilland, Olivia}} [[Category:1916 births]] [[Category:2020 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:20t-century Inglis actresses]] [[Category:Actresses frae the San Francisco Bay Area]] [[Category:American centenarians]] [[Category:American Episcopalians]] [[Category:American expatriates in Fraunce]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American fowk o Guernsey strynd]] [[Category:American radio actresses]] [[Category:Best Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Drama Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners]] [[Category:Breetish emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Californie Democrats]] [[Category:Centenarian actresses]] [[Category:Chevaliers o the Légion d'honneur]] [[Category:De Havilland|Olivia]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures contract players]] [[Category:Fowk frae Paris]] [[Category:Unitit States Naitional Medal o Airts recipients]] [[Category:Volpi Cup winners]] [[Category:Warner Bros. contract players]] [[Category:Western film actresses]] [[Category:Dames Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] tk2u4j0ibqbufrcwfpjfz9sazzuob9p 0 72751 927315 923085 2026-11-09T14:13:08Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; career brocht up tae date (Real Madrid, LAFC, retired 2023), soorced 927315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw biography |name = Gareth Bale |image = 2022 FIFA World Cup United States 1–1 Wales - (32) (cropped).jpg |image_size = 200px |caption = Bale wi [[Wales naitional fitbaw team|Wales]] at the [[2022 FIFA Warld Cup]] |fullname = Gareth Frank Bale<ref name="Hugman2010-11 31">{{Cite book|editor-first=Barry J.|editor-last=Hugman|title=The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2010–11|url=https://archive.org/details/pfafootballerswh0000unse_v9b9|year=2010|publisher=Mainstream Publishing|isbn=9781845966010|page=[https://archive.org/details/pfafootballerswh0000unse_v9b9/page/n32 31]}}</ref> |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|7|16|df=y}}<ref name="Hugman2010-11 31"/> |birth_place = [[Cairdiff]], Wales |height = {{convert|1.86|m|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2022 |title=FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™: List of Players: Wales |url=https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce44/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130184801/https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce44/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf |archive-date=30 November 2022 |publisher=FIFA |page=32}}</ref> |position = Winger |youthclubs1 = Cardiff Civil Service |youthyears2 = 2005–2006 |youthclubs2 = Southampton |years1 = 2006–2007 |clubs1 = [[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]] |caps1 = 40 |goals1 = 5 |years2 = 2007–2013 |clubs2 = [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] |caps2 = 146 |goals2 = 42 |years3 = 2013–2022 |clubs3 = [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] |caps3 = 176 |goals3 = 81 |years4 = 2020–2021 |clubs4 = → [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] |caps4 = 20 |goals4 = 11 |years5 = 2022–2023 |clubs5 = [[Los Angeles FC]] |caps5 = 12 |goals5 = 2 |nationalyears1 = 2005–2006 |nationalteam1 = Wales U17 |nationalcaps1 = 7 |nationalgoals1 = 1 |nationalyears2 = 2006 |nationalteam2 = Wales U19 |nationalcaps2 = 1 |nationalgoals2 = 1 |nationalyears3 = 2006–2008 |nationalteam3 = Wales U21 |nationalcaps3 = 4 |nationalgoals3 = 2 |nationalyears4 = 2006– |nationalteam4 = [[Wales naitional fitbaw team|Wales]] |nationalcaps4 = 70 |nationalgoals4 = 29 |pcupdate = 19:00, 18 Julie 2018 (UTC) |ntupdate = 18 Julie 2018 }} '''Gareth Frank Bale''' (born 16 Julie 1989) is a [[Welsh fowk|Welsh]] umwhile fitbawer that played as a winger, maist notably for [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] an the [[Wales naitional fitbaw team|Wales naitional team]]. He wan the [[UEFA Champions League]] five times, an he is widely thocht ane o the best players o his generation an the greatest Welsh player o aw time. He wis appintit MBE in 2022 for his services tae fitbaw an tae charities.<ref name="MBE">{{London Gazette|issue=63714|supp=y|page=B17|date=1 June 2022}}</ref> Bale stairtit his professional career at [[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]] as a [[defender (association fitbaw)|left-back]], afore flittin tae Tottenham in 2007. Frae the 2009–10 season he becam a winger, an he cam tae internaitional attention in the [[2010–11 UEFA Champions League]].<ref name="Riise 101111">{{cite web |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/982258/john-arne-riise:-gareth-bale-the-best-left-sided-player-in-world?cc=5901 |title=Riise: Bale is world's best left winger |publisher=ESPN Soccernet |accessdate=30 December 2011 |date=10 November 2011 |archive-date=2011-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113200116/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/982258/john-arne-riise:-gareth-bale-the-best-left-sided-player-in-world?cc=5901 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Fabio 090311">{{cite news |url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11661_6803404,00.html |title=Fabio – Bale is world's best |publisher=Sky Sports|date= 9 March 2011|accessdate=30 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="Redknapp 281211">{{cite news|title=Gareth Bale has everything says Tottenham manager Harry Redknapp|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/16342814.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=29 December 2011|date=28 December 2011}}</ref> His peers hae describit him as a fitbawer wi "tremendous speed, great crossing ability, a great left foot and exceptional physical qualities".<ref name="nastytackle2011">{{cite web|title=Gareth Bale – Tottenham Hotspur’s Speed King|url=http://nastytackle.com/gareth-bale-tottenham-hotspurs-speed-king|publisher=Nasty Tackle|accessdate=13 November 2012|year=2011|archive-date=2016-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120213504/http://nastytackle.com/gareth-bale-tottenham-hotspurs-speed-king|url-status=dead}}</ref> He wis named [[PFA Players' Player of the Year]] in 2011 an 2013, an in 2012–13 he wan the [[PFA Young Player of the Year]] an [[FWA Footballer of the Year]] awards an aw, an in September 2013 Real Madrid signed him for whit wis then a warld record fee o £85.1 million (€100.8 million).<ref name="contractleak">{{Cite news |date=21 January 2016 |title=Gareth Bale contract leak sparks panic at Real Madrid – and agent's fury |work=The Daily Telegraph |issue=21 January 2016 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/gareth-bale/12111960/Revealed-How-Real-Madrid-claimed-Gareth-Bale-transfer-was-not-a-world-record-to-keep-Cristiano-Ronaldo-happy.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/gareth-bale/12111960/Revealed-How-Real-Madrid-claimed-Gareth-Bale-transfer-was-not-a-world-record-to-keep-Cristiano-Ronaldo-happy.html |archive-date=11 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> At Madrid he scored ower 100 goals. In his first season he scored the goal that pit Madrid aheid in extra time o the 2014 Champions League final, as thay wan thair tent European Cup,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Collett |first=Mike |date=24 May 2014 |title=Ronaldo first to score for two different European Cup winners |work=Reuters |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/soccer-champions-ronaldo-idINL3N0OB00020140525 |access-date=25 May 2014 |archive-date=25 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525200442/http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/05/25/soccer-champions-ronaldo-idINL3N0OB00020140525 |url-status=dead}}</ref> an in the 2018 final he scored twice, ane o them an owerheid kick. Efter a loan back at Tottenham an a last season in Madrid, he jyned [[Los Angeles FC]] in 2022 an wan the MLS Cup, scorin a late equaliser in the final.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2022 |title=Gareth Bale after helping LAFC win MLS Cup: I seem to have a knack for scoring in finals |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/major-league-soccer/story/4792890/gareth-bale-after-helping-lafc-win-mls-cup-i-seem-to-have-a-knack-for-scoring-in-finals |access-date=5 November 2022 |publisher=ESPN |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220002527/https://www.espn.com/soccer/major-league-soccer/story/4792890/gareth-bale-after-helping-lafc-win-mls-cup-i-seem-to-have-a-knack-for-scoring-in-finals |url-status=live}}</ref> He retired frae professional fitbaw on 9 Januar 2023, efter the [[2022 FIFA Warld Cup]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Wales captain Bale retires from football aged 33 |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64214855 |access-date=9 January 2023 |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109152105/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64214855 |url-status=live}}</ref> For Wales he played 111 times an scored 41 goals. He led Wales tae the semi-finals o [[UEFA Euro 2016]], an helpit them qualify for the 2022 World Cup, thair first in 64 year. ==Early an personal life== Bale wis born in [[Cairdiff]], [[Wales]], tae parents Frank, a schuil caretaker, an Debbie, an operations manager;{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} he gaed tae Eglwys Newydd Primary School at Whitchurch.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eglwysnewyddprm.cardiff.sch.uk/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=33&MMN_position=53:53 |title=Hall Of Fame |publisher=Eglwys Newydd Primary School |accessdate=14 November 2010 |archive-date=2011-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605193709/http://www.eglwysnewyddprm.cardiff.sch.uk/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=33&MMN_position=53%3A53 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is the nephew o umwhile [[Cardiff City F.C.|Cardiff City]] fitbawer Chris Pike.<ref>{{cite news | title=Bluebirds of a feather are flockin thegither | publisher=Media Wales|work=Wales Online| url= http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2008/12/08/bluebirds-of-a-feather-are-flocking-together-in-91466-22425013/ | accessdate=8 December 2008|date=8 December 2008}}</ref> It wis while he wis at this schuil that he first cam tae the attention o [[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]] at age nine, when he wis playin in a sax-a-side tournament wi his first club, Cardiff Civil Service Football Club.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/footballnation/football-in-wales/2010/10/22/mentor-s-advice-to-gareth-could-come-to-fruition-as-foreign-legion-close-in-91466-27521941/ |title=Mentor’s advice tae Gareth could come tae fruition as foreign legion close in |publisher=Wales Online |date=22 October 2010 |accessdate=28 December 2010 }}</ref> Growin up, his fitbaw hero wis anither Welshman, an [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] player [[Ryan Giggs]].<ref name="Bale Interview">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/tottenham-hotspur/8286070/Gareth-Bale-interview-born-to-run.html|title=Gareth Bale interview: born tae run |publisher=Telegraph Media Group|work=The Telegraph |accessdate=31 January 2011 |first=Chris |last=Harvey |date=31 January 2011}}</ref> Bale gaed tae Whitchurch High School in Cairdiff.<ref>{{cite web| title=Powerleague Official Opening| publisher=Whitchurch High School| url=http://www.whitchurchhs.com/School_News/2007-2008/PowerleagueOfficialOpening.htm| accessdate=5 September 2011| archive-date=2011-07-18| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718041233/http://www.whitchurchhs.com/School_News/2007-2008/PowerleagueOfficialOpening.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref> He wis a keen athlete an played fitbaw alongside future Wales rugby captain [[Sam Warburton]],<ref name="guardian" /> rugby, hockey an excelled at athletics.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rugby World Cup 2011: Cardiff-born Gareth Bale and Sam Warburton were stars from the start, reflects coach|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/wales/8825107/Rugby-World-Cup-2011-Cardiff-born-Gareth-Bale-and-Sam-Warburton-were-stars-from-the-start-reflects-coach.html|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|work=The Telegraph|date=14 October 2011}}</ref> He says that at 14 he ran the 100 metre sprint in 11.4 seconds.<ref name="Bale Interview"/> Acause his fitbaw wis that faur aheid o the ithers, the schuil's PE teacher, Gwyn Morris, haed tae mak special rules that held Bale tae playin ane-touch fitbaw an no uisin his left fit.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news|title=Pride at Cardiff school that developed Sam Warburton and Gareth Bale|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/blog/2011/oct/13/school-sam-warburton-gareth-bale|publisher=Guardian News and Media|work=guardian.co.uk|date=13 October 2011}}</ref> Whilst at Whitchurch, Bale trained at Southampton's satellite academy in Bath, tho at first thare wis some doot whether Southampton wad gie him a scholarship, acause o his hicht.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} Tho he wis anerly 16 at the time, he helpit the schuil's unner-18 side win the Cardiff & Vale Senior Cup. He left schuil in the simmer o 2005, wi a Grade A in PE amang his GCSE results. In his last year at schuil, he wis awairdit the PE depairtment's prize for services tae sport. In the presentation, Morris commentit: <blockquote>"Gareth has a fierce determination to succeed and has the character and qualities to achieve his personal goals. He is one of the most unselfish individuals that I have had the pleasure to help educate."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Young Gareth made own rules|journal=The Daily Echo|date=13 January 2007 }}</ref></blockquote> Bale mairit Emma Rhys-Jones, his heich-schuil sweethert, in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woolford |first=Anthony |date=7 July 2019 |title=Gareth Bale secretly marries his Cardiff sweetheart in hush-hush wedding on tiny Spanish island |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/gareth-bale-secretly-marries-cardiff-16545242 |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=WalesOnline |publisher=Media Wales Ltd |archive-date=7 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707142656/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/gareth-bale-secretly-marries-cardiff-16545242 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {{updated|24 May 2014}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Gareth Bale All time playing career|url=http://www.soccerbase.com/players_details.sd?playerid=43700|work=Soccerbase|accessdate=4 August 2013|archive-date=2010-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203065650/http://www.soccerbase.com/players_details.sd?playerid=43700|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Saison !colspan="2"|League !colspan="2"|Cup !colspan="2"|League Cup !colspan="2"|[[UEFA#Club|Europe]] !colspan="2"|Ither¹ !colspan="2"|Tot |- !Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- | rowspan="3"|[[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]] |2005–06 |2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||2||0 |- |2006–07 |38||5||1||0||3||0||0||0||1||0||43||5 |- !Tot !40!!5!!1!!0!!3!!0!!0!!0!!1!!0!!45!!5 |- | rowspan="7"|[[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] |2007–08 |8||2||0||0||1||1||3||0||0||0||12||3 |- |2008–09 |16||0||2||0||5||0||7||0||0||0||30||0 |- |2009–10 |23||3||8||0||3||0||0||0||0||0||34||3 |- |2010–11 |30||7||0||0||0||0||11||4||0||0||41||11 |- |2011–12² |36||9||4||2||0||0||2||1||0||0||42||12 |- |2012–13 |33||21||2||1||1||1||8||3||0||0||44||26 |- !Tot !146!!42!!16!!3!!10!!2!!31!!8!!0!!0!!203!!55 |- | rowspan="2"|[[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] |2013–14 |27||15||5||1||colspan=2|—||12||6||0||0||44||22 |- !Tot !27!!15!!5!!1!!colspan=2|—!!12!!6!!0!!0!!44!!22 |- !colspan="2"|Career tot !213!!62!!22!!4!!13!!2!!43!!14!!1!!0!!292!!82 |} ¹ <small>Includes Football League Championship play-affs</small><br /> ² <small> The Spurs goal tally excludes the goal scored agin Fulham on 6 November 2011, later ruled as a awn goal<ref name = "Dubious goals">{{cite web|title=Twenty-five goals between 12 October to 21 December are ruled on|url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/news/news/dubious-goals-panel-ruling.html|work=Dubious Goals Panel rulings|publisher=Premier League|accessdate=3 February 2012|date=12 January 2012|archive-date=2012-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116102218/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/news/news/dubious-goals-panel-ruling.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> </small> ===Naitional team=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! colspan=3 | [[Wales naitional fitbaw team|Wales national team]]<ref name="Intl">{{cite web|url=http://int.soccerway.com/players/gareth-bale/15482/matches/ |title=Gareth Bale International statistics |publisher=Int.soccerway.com |date=2013-01-09 |accessdate=2014-04-17}}</ref> |- !Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |2006||4||1 |- |2007||7||1 |- |2008||5||0 |- |2009||7||0 |- |2010||4||1 |- |2011||6||3 |- |2012||5||3 |- |2013||5||2 |- |2014||1||1 |- !Tot||44||12 |} ===Internaitional goals=== :''Scores an results gie Wales' goal tally first.''<ref name="Intl" /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Goal !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition |- | 1. || 7 October 2006 || [[Millennium Stadium]], [[Cairdiff]], [[Wales]] || {{fb|SVK}} || '''1'''–2 || 1–5 ||rowspan=2| Euro 2008 qualifyin |- | 2. || 28 Mairch 2007 || Millennium Stadium, Cairdiff, Wales || {{fb|San Marino}} || '''2'''–0 || 3–0 |- | 3. || 12 October 2010 || St. Jakob-Park, Basel, [[Swisserland]] || {{fb|Swisserland}} || '''1'''–1 || 1–4 ||rowspan=3| Euro 2012 qualifyin |- | 4. || 7 October 2011 || Liberty Stadium, [[Swansea]], Wales || {{fb|Swisserland}} || '''2'''–0 || 2–0 |- | 5. || 11 October 2011 || Vasil Levski National Stadium, [[Sofia]], [[Bulgarie]] || {{fb|Bulgaria}} || '''1'''–0 || 1–0 |- | 6. || 12 November 2011 || Cardiff City Stadium, [[Cairdiff]], [[Wales]] || {{fb|Norawa}} || '''1'''–0 || 4–1 || Friendly |- | 7. || 11 September 2012 || Stadion Karađorđe, [[Novi Sad]], [[Serbie]] || {{fb|Serbia}} || '''1'''–2 || 1–6 ||rowspan=3| Warld Cup 2014 qualifyin |- | 8. ||rowspan=2| 12 October 2012 ||rowspan=2| Cardiff City Stadium, Cairdiff, Wales ||rowspan=2| {{fb|Scotland}} || '''1'''–1 ||rowspan=2| 2–1 |- | 9. || '''2'''–1 |- | 10. ||6 Februar 2013 || Liberty Stadium, Swansea, Wales || {{fb|Austrick}} || '''1'''–0 || 2–1 || Friendly |- | 11. ||26 Mairch 2013 || Liberty Stadium, Swansea, Wales || {{fb|Croatie}} || '''1'''–0 || 1–2 || World Cup 2014 qualifying |- | 12. ||5 Mairch 2014 || Cardiff City Stadium, Cairdiff, Wales || {{fb|Iceland}} || '''3'''–1 || 3–1 || Friendly |} ==Honours== ===Club=== ;Southampton Academy * Premier Academy League: 2005–06 ;Tottenham Hotspur * [[Football League Cup|League Cup]]: 2009 rinner-up '''Real Madrid''' * [[Copa del Rey]]: 2013–14 * [[UEFA Champions League]]: 2013–14 * [[UEFA Super Cup]]: [[2014 UEFA Super Cup|2014]] ===Individual=== * [[Football League Championship]] PFA Team of the Year: 2006–07 * Football League Young Player of the Year: 2007 * FAW Young Player of the Year: 2007<ref>{{cite web|title=17th Football Presentation Awards Evening|url=http://www.faw.org.uk/news/889|publisher=Football Association of Wales|date=13 November 2007|access-date=2014-08-15|archive-date=2008-05-13|archive-url=https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20080513163637/http://www.faw.org.uk/news/889|url-status=dead}}</ref> * FA Cup Player of the Round: 2009–10 5t Round * Tottenham Hotspur Young Player of the Year: 2009–10,<ref>{{cite news |title=Gareth, Daws scoop awards |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/articles/daws-bale-scoop-awards-030510.html?|publisher=Tottenham Hotspur FC|date=3 May 2010 |accessdate=3 May 2010 }}</ref> 2010–11<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspurs.tv/players/gareth-bale |title=Gareth Bale &#124; Tottenham Hotspur News and Supporters Forum |publisher=Tottenhamhotspurs.tv |date=1989-07-16 |accessdate=2014-04-17 |archive-date=2014-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419025629/http://www.tottenhamhotspurs.tv/players/gareth-bale |url-status=dead }}</ref> *Tottenham Hotspur 'Player Of The Year': 2012–13 * Wales Player of the Year Awaird: 2010,<ref>{{cite news |title=Gareth Bale named Wales' player of the year |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_of_wales/9060367.stm? |publisher=BBC Sport|date=4 October 2010 |accessdate=4 October 2010 }}</ref> 2011<ref>{{cite news |title=Gareth Bale retains FA of Wales player of the year award |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/15172903.stm? |publisher=BBC Sport|date=4 October 2011 |accessdate=5 October 2011 }}</ref> * BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year: 2010<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/wales/9261532.stm| title=Gareth Bale wins BBC Wales Sports Personality award | publisher=BBC Sport| date=6 December 2010}}</ref> * BBC Wales Carwyn James Junior Sportsman of the Year: 2006 * [[Premier League]] PFA Team of the Year: 2010–11], 2011–12, 2012–13 * FWA Footballer of the Year: 2012–13 * PFA Players' Player of the Year: 2010–11, 2012–13 * PFA Young Player of the Year: 2012–13 * UEFA Team of the Year: 2011,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/community/news/newsid=1741715.html |title=UEFA.com users' Team of the Year 2011 revealed |publisher=UEFA |work=uefa.com |date=18 January 2012 |accessdate=1 March 2013 |archive-date=2018-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121055902/https://www.uefa.com/community/news/newsid=1741715.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2013 * Premier League Player of the Month: Apryle 2010,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bale scoops Player of the Month award |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/Headlines/0,,12306~2040185,00.html |publisher=Premier League |date=30 April 2010 |accessdate=30 April 2010 |archive-date=2011-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606080704/http://www.premierleague.com/page/Headlines/0,,12306~2040185,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Januar 2012, Februar 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/21632265 |title=Gareth Bale & Andre Villas-Boas earn player and manager awards |publisher=BBC Sport |work=bbc.co.uk |date=1 March 2013 |accessdate=1 March 2013 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category|Gareth Bale}} * [http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/en/1193041476158/1330158342020/jugador/Jugador/Bale.htm Real Madrid profile] * {{UEFA player|102225|Gareth Bale}} * {{FIFA player|299610|Gareth Bale}} * [http://www.faw.org.uk/PlayerDisplay.ink?skip=1&season=11/12&squadno=11129&seasonl=2011/2012&Playertype=p Wales profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120955/http://www.faw.org.uk/PlayerDisplay.ink?skip=1&season=11%2F12&squadno=11129&seasonl=2011%2F2012&Playertype=p |date=2016-03-16 }} * [http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/gareth-bale Premier League profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213231950/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/gareth-bale |date=2013-12-13 }} * [http://soccernet.espn.go.com/player/_/id/77653/gareth-bale?cc=3436 ESPN Soccernet Profile]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{soccerbase|id=43700|name=Gareth Bale}} * {{NFT player|pid=14541}} {{Real Madrid C.F. squad}} {{Navboxes colour |title=Awards |bg=gold |fg=navy |list1= {{FWA Footballer of the Year}} {{PFA Players' Player of the Year}} {{PFA Young Player of the Year}} {{The Football League Young Player of the Year}} {{Premier League Player of the Season}} {{Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Player of the Year}} {{2006–07 Football League Championship Team of the Year}} {{2010–11 Premier League Team of the Year}} {{2011–12 Premier League PFA Team of the Year}} {{2012–13 Premier League PFA Team of the Year}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bale, Gareth}} [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Cardiff]] [[Category:Welsh fitbawers]] [[Category:Welsh expatriates in Spain]] [[Category:Wales youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Wales unner-21 internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Wales internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw defenders]] [[Category:Association fitbaw weengers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw utility players]] [[Category:Southampton F.C. players]] [[Category:Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players]] [[Category:Real Madrid CF players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:English Football League players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2016 players]] 9azuwxp0pnmfv3xwevq16qf44f0jj1i 4 73778 927301 913480 2026-11-09T13:27:04Z Monospaced 75295 /* BroonieBot */ new section 927301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Header}} {{-}} ==Current requests== {{Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Autopatrolled}} {{-}} ---- {{Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/IP block exempt}} {{-}} ---- {{Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Flood}} {{-}} ---- {{Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Rowback}} <noinclude> {{Requests for permissions}}</noinclude> == BroonieBot == As A mentioned in [[User talk:Monospaced#Seicont|ma blether wi CiphriusKane]], A'd lik tae rin a bot, [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. A'm its operator an A answer for ilka edit it maks. The scope is braid on purpose: it's for simple chynges that need daein on monie pages at aince. '''Whit it wid dae''' * Sort links efter a page is muived (broken links an double redirects), keepin the text the reader sees. * Rename templates an categories, an muive pages, whaur a new title's been greed, then fix whit points tae them. * Fix clear errors that's no a maitter o opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, an typos that's wrang in ony spellin. * Style an spellin fixes that follae the wiki's ain guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that's been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] wi nae objection. '''Whit it widnae dae''' * Edit uiser pages (ither than its ain) or ony talk pages. '''Hou it warks''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool A've written for the job. Ilka job is a short rule file wi examples it has tae pass, an the tool checks ilka kind o chynge itsel. A can share the source code wi onybody that's interestit. * Ilka run is a dry run first. It willnae edit till A've signed aff thon exact set o chynges, an it checks ilka chynge again afore savin it. Ony run can be undone wi wan command. * Bi default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> an titles o warks alane. * It edits at a steady pace an backs aff when the servers is busy. * Tae stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or chynge [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] frae 'oan' tae onythin else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch wis aff. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied frae here: it edited the 11 that needed it an left the ither 14 alane (poems, names lik ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions haurd cases]. If there's nae objection, A'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linkin back tae this. A've ettled tae mak this detailt acause it's a generalised app raither nor a wan-aff script, but if there's ony mair questions A'm happy tae answer them. '''English''' (for the stewards on Meta): As I mentioned in [[User talk:Monospaced#Seicont|my chat with CiphriusKane]], I'd like to run a bot, [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. I'm its operator and I answer for every edit it makes. The scope is broad on purpose: it's for simple changes that need doing across many pages at once. '''What it would do''' * Fix links after a page is moved (broken links and double redirects), keeping the text the reader sees. * Rename templates and categories, and move pages, where a new title has been agreed, then fix what points to them. * Fix clear errors that aren't a matter of opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, and typos that are wrong in any spelling. * Style and spelling fixes that follow the wiki's own guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that have been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] with no objection. '''What it won't do''' * Edit user pages (other than its own) or any talk pages. '''How it works''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool I've written for the job. Each job is a short rule file with examples it must pass, and the tool checks each kind of change itself. I can share the source code with anyone who's interested. * Every run is a dry run first. It won't edit until I've signed off that exact set of changes, and it checks each change again before saving it. Any run can be undone with one command. * By default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> and titles of works alone. * It edits at a steady pace and backs off when the servers are busy. * To stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or change [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] from 'oan' to anything else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch was off. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied from here: it edited the 11 that needed it and left the other 14 alone (poems, names like ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions hard cases]. If there are no objections, I'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linking back to this. I've tried to make this detailed because it's a general-purpose application rather than a one-off script, but if there are any more questions I'm happy to answer them. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:27, 9 November 2026 (UTC) nnik3x7f9n3g72oh9nmkod3yb5ps8tr 927302 927301 2026-11-09T13:29:43Z Monospaced 75295 /* BroonieBot */ Add a wee intro line tae be clear anent the ask 927302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Header}} {{-}} ==Current requests== {{Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Autopatrolled}} {{-}} ---- {{Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/IP block exempt}} {{-}} ---- {{Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Flood}} {{-}} ---- {{Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Rowback}} <noinclude> {{Requests for permissions}}</noinclude> This is a request for the bot flag on the accoont [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. As A mentioned in [[User talk:Monospaced#Seicont|ma blether wi CiphriusKane]]. A'm its operator an A answer for ilka edit it maks. The scope is braid on purpose: it's for simple chynges that need daein on monie pages at aince. '''Whit it wid dae''' * Sort links efter a page is muived (broken links an double redirects), keepin the text the reader sees. * Rename templates an categories, an muive pages, whaur a new title's been greed, then fix whit points tae them. * Fix clear errors that's no a maitter o opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, an typos that's wrang in ony spellin. * Style an spellin fixes that follae the wiki's ain guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that's been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] wi nae objection. '''Whit it widnae dae''' * Edit uiser pages (ither than its ain) or ony talk pages. '''Hou it warks''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool A've written for the job. Ilka job is a short rule file wi examples it has tae pass, an the tool checks ilka kind o chynge itsel. A can share the source code wi onybody that's interestit. * Ilka run is a dry run first. It willnae edit till A've signed aff thon exact set o chynges, an it checks ilka chynge again afore savin it. Ony run can be undone wi wan command. * Bi default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> an titles o warks alane. * It edits at a steady pace an backs aff when the servers is busy. * Tae stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or chynge [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] frae 'oan' tae onythin else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch wis aff. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied frae here: it edited the 11 that needed it an left the ither 14 alane (poems, names lik ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions haurd cases]. If there's nae objection, A'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linkin back tae this. A've ettled tae mak this detailt acause it's a generalised app raither nor a wan-aff script, but if there's ony mair questions A'm happy tae answer them. '''English''' (for the stewards on Meta): This is a request for the bot flag on the account [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. As I mentioned in [[User talk:Monospaced#Seicont|my chat with CiphriusKane]]. I'm its operator and I answer for every edit it makes. The scope is broad on purpose: it's for simple changes that need doing across many pages at once. '''What it would do''' * Fix links after a page is moved (broken links and double redirects), keeping the text the reader sees. * Rename templates and categories, and move pages, where a new title has been agreed, then fix what points to them. * Fix clear errors that aren't a matter of opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, and typos that are wrong in any spelling. * Style and spelling fixes that follow the wiki's own guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that have been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] with no objection. '''What it won't do''' * Edit user pages (other than its own) or any talk pages. '''How it works''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool I've written for the job. Each job is a short rule file with examples it must pass, and the tool checks each kind of change itself. I can share the source code with anyone who's interested. * Every run is a dry run first. It won't edit until I've signed off that exact set of changes, and it checks each change again before saving it. Any run can be undone with one command. * By default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> and titles of works alone. * It edits at a steady pace and backs off when the servers are busy. * To stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or change [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] from 'oan' to anything else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch was off. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied from here: it edited the 11 that needed it and left the other 14 alone (poems, names like ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions hard cases]. If there are no objections, I'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linking back to this. I've tried to make this detailed because it's a general-purpose application rather than a one-off script, but if there are any more questions I'm happy to answer them. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:29, 9 November 2026 (UTC) etccbzrpmz915fag97rc7xfad4n3yaz 927303 927302 2026-11-09T13:35:36Z Monospaced 75295 Undid 2 revisions from [[Special:Diff/927301|927301]] until [[Special:Diff/927302|927302]]; muivin request 927303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Header}} {{-}} ==Current requests== {{Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Autopatrolled}} {{-}} ---- {{Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/IP block exempt}} {{-}} ---- {{Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Flood}} {{-}} ---- {{Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Rowback}} <noinclude> {{Requests for permissions}}</noinclude> 4qf108vemv3kftpuyski1epez40ff9w 0 76776 927312 926254 2026-11-09T14:09:13Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; brocht up tae date (PSG, Al Hilal, back at Santos, internaitional retiral), soorced 927312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = Neymar | image = Neymar Junior Brazil V Morocco 13 June 2026-40.jpg | image_size = | caption = Neymar at the 2026 Warld Cup | fullname = Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior<ref name="Neymar">{{cite web|url=http://espnfc.com/player/_/id/132948/neymar-da-silva-santos-j%C3%BAnior?cc=3888|title=Neymar|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|02|05|df=y}}<ref name="Neymar" /> | birth_place = [[Mogi das Cruzes]], Brazil<ref name="Neymar" /> | height = {{convert|1.75|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}<ref>[http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/staff/players/neymar-jr "Neymar Jr. Profile"]. FC Barcelona.com. Retrieved 9 May 2014</ref> | number = 10 | position = Forward, weenger | currentclub = [[Santos FC|Santos]] | clubnumber = 10 | youthyears1 = 1999–2003 | youthclubs1 = Portuguesa Santista | youthyears2 = 2003–2009 | youthclubs2 = Santos | years1 = 2009–2013 | clubs1 = [[Santos FC|Santos]] | caps1 = 179 | goals1 = 107 | years2 = 2013–2017 | clubs2 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | caps2 = 123 | goals2 = 68 | years3 = 2017–2023 | clubs3 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps3 = 112 | goals3 = 82 | years4 = 2023–2025 | clubs4 = [[Al-Hilal FC|Al-Hilal]] | caps4 = 3 | goals4 = 0 | years5 = 2025– | clubs5 = [[Santos FC|Santos]] | caps5 = 38 | goals5 = 17 | nationalyears1 = 2009 | nationalteam1 = Brazil U17 | nationalcaps1 = 3 | nationalgoals1 = 1 | nationalyears2 = 2011 | nationalteam2 = Brazil U20 | nationalcaps2 = 7 | nationalgoals2 = 9 | nationalyears3 = 2012 | nationalteam3 = Brazil U23 | nationalcaps3 = 7 | nationalgoals3 = 4 | nationalyears4 = 2010–2026 | nationalteam4 = [[Brazil naitional fitbaw team|Brazil]] | nationalcaps4 = 130 | nationalgoals4 = 80 | medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry| {{BRA}}}} {{MedalSport|Men's Fitbaw}} {{MedalSilver|[[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Lunnon]]|Team Competition}} |club-update = 19:55, 5 October 2019 (UTC) |nationalteam-update = 18:40, 10 October 2019 (UTC) }} '''Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior''' ({{IPA-pt|nejˈmaʁ dɐ ˈsiwvɐ ˈsɐ̃tus ˈʒũɲoʁ}}; born 5 Februar 1992), aften kent juist as '''Neymar''', is a Brazilian professional [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]] that plays as an attackin midfielder or forrit for [[Santos FC|Santos]], that he caiptains an aw. He is Brazil's aw-time tap goalscorer, wi 80 goals in 130 gemmes, an retired frae internaitional fitbaw efter the 2026 World Cup.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49281072/neymar-brazil-retires-world-cup-2026-exit-norway |title=Tearful Neymar: Brazil career 'over' after World Cup exit to Norway |publisher=ESPN |date=5 July 2026 |access-date=6 July 2026 }}</ref> He becam weel kent wi Santos as a teenager, an flittit tae [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] in 2013. In 2017 he jyned [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] for a warld record €222 million.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 March 2019|title=10 Most Valuable Football Transfer Contracts So Far|url=https://sportycious.com/most-valuable-football-transfer-958846|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929115636/https://sportycious.com/most-valuable-football-transfer-958846|archive-date=29 September 2020|access-date=16 October 2019|website=Sportycious}}</ref> In August 2023 he signed for the Saudi club Al Hilal,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Which players have signed for the Saudi Pro League? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/25/which-players-have-signed-for-the-saudi-pro-league |access-date=8 July 2025 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> an in Januar 2025 he gaed back tae Santos.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2025 |title=Neymar returns to Brazilian club Santos after termination of contract in Saudi Arabia |url=https://apnews.com/article/saudi-al-hilal-neymar-terminate-contract-0c6470e475b427b6a240f0ec18e0bb48 |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=AP News }}</ref> Wi Brazil he wan the Olympic gowd medal in 2016, the kintra's first in men's fitbaw.<ref>{{cite web|title=Soccer: Neymar hands Brazil football gold medal|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-rio-soccer-m-idUSKCN10V0VE|work=Reuters|author=Andrew Downie|date=20 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305094045/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-rio-soccer-m-idUSKCN10V0VE|archive-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> At 19 Neymar wan the 2011 South American Footballer of the Year award, efter comin third in 2010.<ref name="goal.com">{{cite news | date = 31 December 2011 | url = http://www.goal.com/en/news/584/brazil/2011/12/31/2825160/santos-neymar-named-south-american-player-of-the-year | title = Santos' Neymar named South American Player of the Year |work=Goal.com | accessdate = 31 December 2011 }}</ref> He follit this bi winnin it again in 2012. In 2011 Neymar wis nominatit for the [[FIFA Ballon d'Or]], whaur he cam 10t, an the [[FIFA Puskás Award]] for Goal of the Year, that he wan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fifa.com/ballondor/puskasaward/index.html|title=Neymar beat Rooney|publisher=FIFA|access-date=2014-06-25|archive-date=2014-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310192610/http://www.fifa.com/ballondor/puskasaward/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is kent for his acceleration, speed, dribblin, finishin an skill wi baith feet. His style o play haes wan him critical acclaim, wi fans, media an umwhile players drawin comparison tae umwhile Brazil forrit [[Pelé]], that haes cried Neymar "an excellent player", while [[Ronaldinho]] haes said "he will be the best in the world".<ref>{{cite news | date = 3 August 2011 | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2011/aug/03/pele-neymar-premier-league-santos | title = Neymar should reject Premier League and stay at Santos, says Pelé | work = The Times | accessdate = 3 August 2011 | location = London | archive-date = 2013-03-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130322223931/http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2011/aug/03/pele-neymar-premier-league-santos | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/82/south-america/2012/12/07/3586215/ronaldinho-neymar-will-be-the-best-in-the-world "Ronaldinho: Neymar will be the best in the world"] Goal.com</ref> ==Early life== Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior wis born in [[Mogi das Cruzes]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], tae Neymar da Silva, Sr. an Nadine Santos. He gat his nem frae his faither, that is an umwhile fitbawer an becam his son's adviser as Neymar's talents grew.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.theage.com.au/sport/soccer/soccer-prodigy-neymar-is-at-home-in-brazil-20120710-21t7j.html | title = Soccer prodigy Neymar is at home in Brazil |work=The Age | accessdate = 10 July 2012 | location=Melbourne}}</ref> On his faither's role, Neymar haes said: "My father has been by my side since I was little. He takes care of things, my finances and my family."<ref name="Samba Star">{{cite news | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/01/sport/football/football-neymar-santos-brazil/index.html | title = Work and play – Brazil's samba star Neymar has it all | publisher=CNN | date=1 March 2012}}</ref> Growin up, Neymar combined his luve o [[futsal]] wi street fitbaw.<ref name="Back Page">{{cite web | url = http://backpagefootball.com/transfers/neymar-da-silva-santos-junior-the-world%E2%80%99s-hottest-property-2/ | title = Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior – The World’s Hottest Property? | publisher = Back Page Football | access-date = 2014-07-05 | archive-date = 2011-11-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111117105022/http://backpagefootball.com/transfers/neymar-da-silva-santos-junior-the-world%E2%80%99s-hottest-property-2/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2003 Neymar flittit wi his faimily tae [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]], whaur he began playin for youth side Portuguesa Santista.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://m.globoesporte.globo.com/sp/santos-e-regiao/noticia/2012/11/atuacao-brilhante-pelo-sub-12-da-briosa-quase-fez-neymar-ir-para-rival.html| title=Performance by the under-12 Briosa almost did Neymar hit with São Paulo| date=7 January 2013| access-date=2014-07-05| archive-date=2013-09-28| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928144251/http://m.globoesporte.globo.com/sp/santos-e-regiao/noticia/2012/11/atuacao-brilhante-pelo-sub-12-da-briosa-quase-fez-neymar-ir-para-rival.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> Later in 2003 thay flittit tae [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]], whaur Neymar jyned [[Santos FC]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://soccertalk.us/soccer-news/the-trajectory-of-a-soccer-star-neymar/| title=The Trajectory of a Soccer Star – Neymar| date=7 January 2013| access-date=2014-07-05| archive-date=2013-06-13| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613084109/http://soccertalk.us/soccer-news/the-trajectory-of-a-soccer-star-neymar| url-status=dead}}</ref> Wi the success o his youth career an the extra siller, the faimily bocht thair first property, a hoose next tae the Vila Belmiro. Thair life got better, as at 15 Neymar wis earnin 10,000 reais a month, an at 16, 125,000 reais a month. At 17 he signed a full professional contract, wis brocht up tae the Santos first team, an e'en got sponsorships.<ref name="Merca Foot">{{cite news |url=http://mercafoot.com/page/neymar-el-barcelona-piensa-en-su-fichaje-pero-podria-ser-sin-pep-guardiola-en-el-banquillo.html |title=Neymar: without Pep Guardiola on the Barce bench |publisher=Merca Foot |access-date=2014-07-05 |archive-date=2015-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611133541/http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid%3D2255077.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {{updated|match played 25 July 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|neymar-da-silva-santos-junior/102697|access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/football/player/_/id/132948/Neymar|title=Neymar Stats, News, Bio|publisher=ESPN|access-date=3 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022213548/http://espnfc.com/player/_/id/132948/neymar?cc=3888|archive-date=22 October 2013}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|State league{{efn|Includes [[Campeonato Paulista]]}} !colspan="2"|National cup{{efn|Includes [[Copa do Brasil]], [[Copa del Rey]], Coupe de France}} !colspan="2"|League cup{{efn|Includes Coupe de la Ligue}} !colspan="2"|Continental !colspan="2"|Other !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="6"|[[Santos FC|Santos]] |2009 |[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]] |33||10||12||3||3||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||48||14 |- |2010 |Série A |31||17||19||14||8||11||colspan="2"|—||2{{efn|name=COS|Appearances in Copa Sudamericana}}||0||colspan="2"|—||60||42 |- |2011 |Série A |21||13||11||4||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||13{{efn|name=COL|Appearances in [[Copa Libertadores]]}}||6||2{{efn|name=FCWC|Appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}}||1||47||24 |- |2012 |Série A |17||14||16||20||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||12{{efn|name=COL}}||8||2{{efn|Appearances in Recopa Sudamericana}}||1||47||43 |- |2013 |Série A |1||0||18||12||4||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||23||13 |- !colspan="2"|Total !103!!54!!76!!53!!15!!13!!colspan="2"|—!!27!!14!!4!!2!!225!!136 |- |rowspan="5"|[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] |2013–14 |[[La Liga]] |26||9||colspan="2"|—||3||1||colspan="2"|—||10{{efn|name=UCL|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}||4||2{{efn|Appearances in Supercopa de España}}||1||41||15 |- |2014–15 |La Liga |33||22||colspan="2"|—||6||7||colspan="2"|—||12{{efn|name=UCL}}||10||colspan="2"|—||51||39 |- |2015–16 |La Liga |34||24||colspan="2"|—||5||4||colspan="2"|—||9{{efn|name=UCL}}||3||1{{efn|name=FCWC}}||0||49||31 |- |2016–17 |La Liga |30||13||colspan="2"|—||6||3||colspan="2"|—||9{{efn|name=UCL}}||4||0||0||45||20 |- !colspan="2"|Total !123!!68!!colspan="2"|—!!20!!15!!colspan="2"|—!!40!!21!!3!!1!!186!!105 |- |rowspan="7"|[[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] |2017–18 |[[Ligue 1]] |20||19||colspan="2"|—||1||2||2||1||7{{efn|name=UCL}}||6||colspan="2"|—||30||28 |- |2018–19 |Ligue 1 |17||15||colspan="2"|—||3||2||1||1||6{{efn|name=UCL}}||5||1{{efn|name=TDC|Appearance in Trophée des Champions}}||0||28||23 |- |2019–20 |Ligue 1 |15||13||colspan="2"|—||2||2||3||1||7{{efn|name=UCL}}||3||0||0||27||19 |- |2020–21 |Ligue 1 |18||9||colspan="2"|—||3||1||colspan="2"|—||9{{efn|name=UCL}}||6||1{{efn|name=TDC}}||1||31||17 |- |2021–22 |Ligue 1 |22||13||colspan="2"|—||0||0||colspan="2"|—||6{{efn|name=UCL}}||0||0||0||28||13 |- |2022–23 |Ligue 1 |20||13||colspan="2"|—||2||1||colspan="2"|—||6{{efn|name=UCL}}||2||1{{efn|name=TDC}}||2||29||18 |- !colspan="2"|Total !112!!82!!colspan="2"|—!!11!!8!!6!!3!!41!!22!!3!!3!!173!!118 |- |rowspan="3"|[[Al-Hilal FC|Al-Hilal]] |2023–24 |[[Saudi Professional League|Saudi Pro League]] |3||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0||colspan="2"|—||2{{efn|name=ACL|Appearances in [[AFC Champions League|AFC Champions League]]}}||1||0||0||5||1 |- |2024–25 |Saudi Pro League |0||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0||colspan="2"|—||2{{efn|name=ACL}}||0||0||0||2||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !3!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!0!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!4!!1!!0!!0!!7!!1 |- |rowspan="3"|Santos |2025 |Série A |20||8||7||3||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||28||11 |- |2026 |Série A |9||6||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||3{{efn|name=COS}}||2||colspan="2"|—||16||8 |- !colspan="2"|Total !29!!14!!9!!3!!3!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!3!!2!!colspan="2"|—!!44!!19 |- !colspan="3"|Career total !370!!218!!85!!57!!49!!36!!6!!3!!115!!60!!10!!6!!635!!379 |} {{notelist}} ===International=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Appearances and goals by national team, year and competition<ref name="IntStatistics2">{{cite web | url = http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/39625/Neymar.html | title = Neymar | website = National Football Teams | access-date = 26 March 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141021141052/http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/39625/Neymar.html | archive-date = 21 October 2014}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |National team!! rowspan="2" |Year!! colspan="2" |Competitive!! colspan="2" |Friendly!! colspan="2" |Total |- !Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="17"|[[Brazil naitional fitbaw team|Brazil]] |2010||colspan="2"|–||2||1||2||1 |- |2011||4<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances at the [[2011 Copa América]]</ref>||2||9||5||13||7 |- |2012||colspan="2"|–||12||9||12||9 |- |2013||5<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances at the [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup]]</ref>||4||14||6||19||10 |- |2014||5<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances at the [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup]]</ref>||4||9||11||14||15 |- |2015||4<ref group="lower-alpha">Twa appearances an wan goal at the [[2015 Copa América]], twa appearances in the 2018 FIFA Warld Cup qualification</ref>||1||5||3||9||4 |- |2016||6<ref name="WCQ2018" group="lower-alpha">Appearance(s) in 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification</ref>||4||0||0||6||4 |- |2017||6<ref name="WCQ2018" group="lower-alpha" />||2||2||1||8||3 |- |2018||5<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances at the [[2018 FIFA Warld Cup]]</ref>||2||8||5||13||7 |- |2019||colspan="2"|–||5||1||5||1 |- |2020||2<ref name="WCQ2022" group="lower-alpha">Appearances in 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification</ref>||3||0||0||2||3 |- |2021||13<ref group="lower-alpha">Six appearances an twa goals at the 2021 Copa América, seiven appearances an three goals in the 2022 FIFA Warld Cup qualification</ref>||6||0||0||13||6 |- |2022||4<ref group="lower-alpha">Wan appearance an wan goal in the 2022 FIFA Warld Cup qualification, three appearances an twa goals at the [[2022 FIFA Warld Cup]]</ref>||3||4||4||8||7 |- |2023||4<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances in the 2026 FIFA Warld Cup qualification</ref>||2||0||0||4||2 |- |2024||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|– |- |2025||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|– |- |2026||2<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearance at the [[2026 FIFA Warld Cup]]</ref>||1||0||0||2||1 |- !colspan="2"|Total !60!!34!!70!!46!!130!!80 |} {{notelist}} ==Honours== ==== Santos ==== * [[Copa do Brasil]]: 2010<ref name="achievements">{{cite web |title=Neymar |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/staff/players/2016-2017/neymar-jr |publisher=FC Barcelona |access-date=11 August 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812023551/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/staff/players/2016-2017/neymar-jr |archive-date=12 August 2017 }}</ref> * [[Copa Libertadores]]: 2011 * Recopa Sudamericana: 2012 * [[Campeonato Paulista]]: 2010, 2011, 2012; runner-up: 2009, 2013 * [[FIFA Club World Cup]] runner-up: 2011 ==== Barcelona ==== * [[La Liga]]: 2014–15, 2015–16<ref name="achievements" /> * [[Copa del Rey]]: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17; runner-up: 2013–14 * Supercopa de España: 2013 * [[UEFA Champions League]]: 2014–15 * FIFA Club World Cup: 2015 ==== Paris Saint-Germain ==== * [[Ligue 1]]: 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2021–22, 2022–23 * Coupe de France: 2017–18, 2019–20, 2020–21; runner-up: 2018–19 * Coupe de la Ligue: 2017–18, 2019–20 * Trophée des Champions: 2018, 2020, 2022 * UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2019–20 ==== Al-Hilal ==== * [[Saudi Professional League|Saudi Pro League]]: 2023–24<ref name=":56">{{cite news |date=5 May 2024 |title="I Couldn't Give Them Much" – Injured Neymar Hints About Future With Al Hilal Following Saudi Pro League Triumph |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/soccer-football-news-i-couldnt-give-them-much-injured-neymar-hints-about-future-with-al-hilal-following-saudi-pro-league-triumph/ |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=Essentially Sports via internet archive |archive-date=2024-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514195912/https://www.essentiallysports.com/soccer-football-news-i-couldnt-give-them-much-injured-neymar-hints-about-future-with-al-hilal-following-saudi-pro-league-triumph/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Brazil U20 ==== * South American U-20 Championship: 2011<ref name="achievements" /> ==== Brazil U23 ==== * Summer Olympics gold medal: 2016 *Summer Olympics silver medal: 2012<ref>{{cite news |last=Irvin |first=Duncan |date=11 August 2012 |title=Mexico Wins Soccer Gold Medal, 2-1 |url=http://london2012.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/11/live-coverage-of-mexico-brazil-soccer-final/ |access-date=15 April 2025 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> ==== Brazil ==== * [[FIFA Confederations Cup]]: [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup|2013]]<ref name="Brazil 3–0 Spain">{{cite web|author=Ben Smith|date=1 July 2013|title=Brazil 3–0 Spain|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/23093784|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808215622/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/23093784|archive-date=8 August 2019|access-date=2 September 2017|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> * [[Copa América]] runner-up: 2021 [[File:Neymargoldenball.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Neymar wi the Golden Ball award for best player at the [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup|2013 Confederations Cup]]]] ==== Individual awards ==== * Copa do Brasil top scorer: 2010 * Bola de Prata: 2010, 2011 * Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year: 2010, 2011, 2012<ref>{{cite web|date=6 December 2010|title=Prêmio Craque do Brasileirão|url=http://globoesporte.globo.com/temporeal/cobertura/livre/06-12-2010/premio-craque-do-brasileirao/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110073731/http://globoesporte.globo.com/temporeal/cobertura/livre/06-12-2010/premio-craque-do-brasileirao/|archive-date=10 November 2020|access-date=19 May 2009|publisher=Globo Esporte|language=pt}}</ref><ref name="prêmiocraquedobrasileirão2011" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Conheça os grandes vencedores do futebol brasileiro |trans-title=Meet the big winners of Brazilian football |url=http://www.cbf.com.br/Not%C3%ADcias/2012/11/23/Conhe%C3%A7a%20os%20grandes%20vencedores%20do%20futebol%20brasileiro |date=23 November 2012 |access-date=23 November 2012 |publisher=CBF |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130141048/http://www.cbf.com.br/Not%C3%ADcias/2012/11/23/Conhe%C3%A7a%20os%20grandes%20vencedores%20do%20futebol%20brasileiro |archive-date=30 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Chuteira de Ouro: 2010, 2011, 2012 * South American U-20 Championship top scorer: 2011 * Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Best Player: 2011<ref name="prêmiocraquedobrasileirão2011">{{cite web |title=Os eleitos do Prêmio Craque do Brasileirão! |url=http://www.lanceactivo.com.br/www-lanceactivo-com-br-a-beira-do-campo/Blog/os-eleitos-do-premio-craque-do-brasileirao-/81551 |date=6 December 2011 |access-date=24 December 2011 |publisher=Lance! |language=pt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426071425/http://www.lanceactivo.com.br/www-lanceactivo-com-br-a-beira-do-campo/Blog/os-eleitos-do-premio-craque-do-brasileirao-/81551 |archive-date=26 April 2012 }}</ref> * Bola de Ouro: 2011, 2012 * Troféu Mesa Redonda Best Player: 2011,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://trofeumesaredonda.com.br/historico/2011.html#fotos-ano |title=Troféu Mesa Redonda 2011 |website=Troféu Mesa Redonda |language=pt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126181227/https://trofeumesaredonda.com.br/historico/2011.html#fotos-ano |archive-date=26 November 2024}}</ref> 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=https://trofeumesaredonda.com.br/historico/2012.html#fotos-ano |title=Troféu Mesa Redonda 2012 |website=Troféu Mesa Redonda |language=pt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122170925/https://trofeumesaredonda.com.br/historico/2012.html#fotos-ano |archive-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> * Copa Libertadores Best Player: 2011<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paulo |first=Por Felipe Zito São |date=2011-11-24 |title=Neymar recebe troféu de melhor jogador da Taça Libertadores 2011 |url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/santos/noticia/2011/11/neymar-recebe-trofeu-de-melhor-jogador-da-taca-libertadores-2011.html |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=globoesporte.com}}</ref> * Copa Libertadores top assist provider: 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rankings Copa Libertadores 2010/11 {{!}} Goalscorers, assists and more |url=https://www.besoccer.com/competition/rankings/copa_libertadores/2011 |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=BeSoccer EN |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * South American Footballer of the Year: 2011, 2012 * COB Best Player in Brazil: 2011, 2012<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-22 |title=Neymar es nombrado Mejor Jugador del año en Brasil |url=https://www.record.com.mx/historia/neymar-es-nombrado-mejor-jugador-del-ano-en-brasil-2025110212463467933 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=RÉCORD |language=es}}</ref> * ''World Soccer'' Young Player of the Year: 2011 * [[FIFA Club World Cup]] Bronze Ball: 2011 * [[FIFA Puskás Award]]: [[FIFA Puskás Award#2011|2011]] * Meus Prêmios Nick Favourite Athlete: 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nickelodeon {{!}} Homepage |url=https://www.nick.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514190023/http://meuspremiosnick.uol.com.br/vencedores/ |archive-date=2012-05-14 |access-date=2026-07-20 |website=Nick |language=pt}}</ref> * [[Campeonato Paulista]] top scorer: 2012 * Copa Libertadores top scorer: 2012 ^{(jynt wi Matías Alustiza)} * Campeonato Paulista Best Player: 2012,<ref name=":46" /> 2013<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neymar Jr. Official |url=https://www.neymarjr.com/ |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Neymar Jr. |language=en}}</ref> * ''El País'' Ideal Team of America: 2012<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-12-27 |title=Cuatro jugadores de la "U" integran el "Equipo Ideal de América 2012" |url=https://www.latercera.com/noticia/cuatro-jugadores-de-la-u-integran-el-equipo-ideal-de-america-2012/ |access-date=2026-07-20 |website=La Tercera |language=es}}</ref> * CBF & COB Copa Libertadores Team of the Year: 2012<ref name=":46">{{Cite web |title=Neymar Jr. Official |url=https://www.neymarjr.com/ |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Neymar Jr. |language=en}}</ref> * IFFHS World's Best International Goal Scorer runner-up: 2012, 2014<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFFHS |url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/914 |access-date=2026-06-19 |website=iffhs.com |archive-date=2022-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113210804/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/914 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball: [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup#Awards|2013]] * FIFA Confederations Cup Bronze Shoe: 2013 * FIFA Confederations Cup Dream Team: 2013 * FIFA World Cup Dream Team: [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup|2014]] * FIFA World Cup Bronze Boot: [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup|2014]] * ''L'Équipe'' Ideal XI: 2014,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Messi and Neymar named in L’Équipe Ideal XI |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/1115817/messi-and-neymar-named-in-lequipe-ideal-xi |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=FC Barcelona |language=en}}</ref> 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-03 |title=L'Equipe Name Their 2017 Team Of The Year |url=https://www.soccerladuma.co.za/international/messi-ronaldo-neymar-mbappe-watch/lequipe-name-their-2017-team-of-the-year-20180103 |access-date=2026-07-28 |website=Soccer Laduma |language=en}}</ref> 2020<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espn.com.br/futebol/artigo/_/id/7988886/com-neymar-sem-messi-jornal-frances-escala-selecao-melhores-temporada |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=espn.com.br|title=Com Neymar e sem Messi, jornal francês escala seleção de melhores da temporada|date=4 January 2021}}</ref> * Samba de Ouro: 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2021, 2022<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sambafoot.com/en/news/67568_neymar_wins_his_first_samba_gold.html |title=Neymar wins his first Samba Gold |website=Sambafoot |date=31 December 2014 |access-date=10 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094358/http://www.sambafoot.com/en/news/67568_neymar_wins_his_first_samba_gold.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Neymar wins the Samba Gold Award for the fourth time|url=https://www.sambafoot.com/en/news/neymar-wins-the-samba-gold-award-for-the-fourth-time|date=7 May 2021|access-date=7 May 2021|website=Sambafoot}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sambafoot.com/en/news/neymar-winner-samba-gold-2021|title=Neymar is the big winner of the Samba Gold Trophy 2021|last=Kolade|first=Daniel|date=2 February 2022|website=Sambafoot|access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sambafoot.com/news/neymar-is-the-winner-of-the-2022-samba-gold-trophy-player-wins-the-award-for-the-6th-time|title=Neymar is the winner of the 2022 Samba Gold Trophy; player wins the award for the 6th time|last=Seixas|first=Josué|date=8 February 2023|website=Sambafoot|access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref> * Copa del Rey top scorer: 2014–15<ref>{{cite web |title=Copa del Rey Top Scorer: 2014–15 |url=http://www.worldfootball.net/goalgetter/esp-copa-del-rey-2014-2015/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126190602/https://www.worldfootball.net/goalgetter/esp-copa-del-rey-2014-2015/ |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=24 May 2016 |publisher=World Football}}</ref> * UEFA Champions League top scorer: 2014–15 ^{(jynt wi [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] an [[Lionel Messi]])} * UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: 2014–15,<ref>{{cite news |date=9 June 2015 |title=UEFA Champions League squad of the season |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0253-0d802a501f23-68765bf409b3-1000--uefa-champions-league-squad-of-the-season/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611133541/http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid%3D2255077.html#uefa+champions+league+squad+season |archive-date=11 June 2015 |access-date=9 June 2015 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> 2019–20,<ref>{{cite news |date=28 August 2020 |title=UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0260-103d6b6179e6-7a1932c7a58c-1000--uefa-champions-league-squad-of-the-season |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114125542/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0260-103d6b6179e6-7a1932c7a58c-1000--uefa-champions-league-squad-of-the-season/ |archive-date=14 November 2020 |access-date=28 August 2020 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> 2020–21<ref>{{cite news |date=31 May 2021 |title=UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0269-12688c451cdd-b6efcb4ce948-1000--champions-league-all-star-squad/ |access-date=1 June 2021 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> * ''France Football'' Best Player in the World (U-23): 2015<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neymar é considerado por revista francesa o melhor jogador com até 23 anos |url=https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/futebol/ultimas-noticias/2015/03/19/neymar-e-considerado-por-revista-o-melhor-jogador-com-menos-de-23-anos.htm |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref> * La Liga Best American Player: 2014–15<ref>{{cite journal |date=30 November 2015 |title=Messi beats Ronaldo to top prize at La Liga awards |url=http://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/messi-beats-ronaldo-top-prize-la-liga-awards |journal=Four Four Two |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401183940/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/messi-beats-ronaldo-top-prize-la-liga-awards |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=8 March 2016}}</ref> * La Liga Player of the Month: November 2015<ref>[http://www.laliga.es/en/news/neymar-named-liga-bbva-player-of-the-month-for-november Neymar named Liga BBVA Player of the Month for November] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912234658/http://www.laliga.es/en/news/neymar-named-liga-bbva-player-of-the-month-for-november|date=12 September 2017}}; LFP.es 8 December 2015</ref> * FIFA Club World Cup top assist provider: 2015<ref>{{cite web |title=Club World Cup 2015 » Assists |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/assists/klub-wm-2015/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115131840/https://www.worldfootball.net/assists/klub-wm-2015/ |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=World Football}}</ref> * UEFA Team of the Year: 2015,<ref>{{cite news |date=8 January 2016 |title=Team of the Year 2015 |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0253-0d809ae6dd3b-3da0ae473003-1000--uefa-com-users-team-of-the-year-2015/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616091057/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0253-0d809ae6dd3b-3da0ae473003-1000--uefa-com-users-team-of-the-year-2015/?autoplay=true&referrer=%2fuefachampionsleague%2fnews%2fnewsid%3d2322451 |archive-date=16 June 2020 |access-date=8 January 2016 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> 2020<ref>{{cite news |date=20 January 2021 |title=UEFA.com fans' Team of the Year 2020 revealed |url=https://www.uefa.com/news-media/news/0265-1160a803540f-283794ce2b95-1000--uefa-com-fans-teams-of-the-year-2020-announced/ |access-date=20 January 2021 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> * ''France Football'' World XI: 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/detail/article/messi-neymar-jr-iniesta-and-alves-in-france-football-world-xi-of-2015|title=Messi, Neymar Jr, Iniesta and Alves in France Football World XI of 2015|publisher=FC Barcelona.com|date=30 December 2015|access-date=30 December 2015|archive-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608174905/http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/detail/article/messi-neymar-jr-iniesta-and-alves-in-france-football-world-xi-of-2015|url-status=live}}</ref> * ''Sky Sports'' Top 100 Players of the Year runner-up: 2015,<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |date=26 December 2015 |title=Messi, Neymar Named Top Players Of Year |url=https://news.sky.com/story/messi-neymar-named-top-players-of-year-10334797 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> 2016<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2016 |title=Top 100 players of 2016 |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11096/10704085/top-100-players-of-2016-full-list-as-ranked-by-whoscored-com |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> * ''L'Équipe'' Top 100 Players of the Year runner-up: 2015<ref name=":60">{{Cite web |title=Leo Messi, Neymar Jr and Luis Suárez are top 3 players, according to l'Equipe |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/1072964/leo-messi-neymar-jr-and-luis-suarez-are-top-players-according-to-lequipe |access-date=2026-07-26 |website=www.fcbarcelona.com |language=en}}</ref> * [[Ballon d'Or]] third place: 2015, 2017<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cox |first=Michael |date=2023-09-11 |title=Neymar deserves to be considered one of football’s true greats |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4838524/2023/09/09/neymar-pele-brazil/ |access-date=2026-06-11 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * FIFA FIFPRO World 11: 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2016 |title=2015 FIFA FIFPro World XI revealed |url=https://www.fifa.com/the-best-fifa-football-awards/news/2015-fifa-fifpro-world-xi-revealed-2754606 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926045700/https://www.fifa.com/the-best-fifa-football-awards/news/2015-fifa-fifpro-world-xi-revealed-2754606 |archive-date=26 September 2019 |access-date=15 January 2021 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> 2017<ref>{{cite web |date=24 October 2017 |title=HISTORY - THE FIFA FIFPRO WORLD 11 OF 2017 |url=https://www.fifpro.org/en/industry/world-11/history-the-fifa-fifpro-world-11-of-2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207161004/https://fifpro.org/en/industry/world-11/history-the-fifa-fifpro-world-11-of-2017 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=FIFPRO}}</ref> * UEFA Champions League top assist provider: 2015–16, 2016–17<ref>{{cite web |title=Champions League 2016/2017 " Assists |url=http://www.worldfootball.net/assists/champions-league-2016-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805142321/https://www.worldfootball.net/assists/champions-league-2016-2017/ |archive-date=5 August 2020 |access-date=25 October 2017 |publisher=WorldFootball}}</ref> * WhoScored?/''[[The Guardian]]'' La Liga Team of the Season: 2015–16<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laurence |first=Martin |date=2016-05-18 |title=Teams of the season: best XIs from the Premier League and around Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/who-scored-blog/2016/may/18/premier-league-team-season-2015-16 |access-date=2026-07-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> * COB Best Footballer of the Olympics: 2016<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Neymar Jr. Official |url=https://www.neymarjr.com/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Neymar Jr. |language=en}}</ref> * WhoScored?/''[[The Guardian]]'' Team of the Year: 2016<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laurence |first=Martin |date=2017-01-10 |title=An alternative to Fifa's team of 2016 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/who-scored-blog/2017/jan/10/fifa-best-team-year-2016-alternative |access-date=2026-07-04 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> * IFFHS Men's World Team: 2017<ref>{{cite web |date=12 December 2017 |title=THE IFFHS MEN WORLD TEAM 2017 |url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/480 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115130546/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/480 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |publisher=IFFHS}}</ref> * IFFHS World's Best Left Winger: 2017<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFFHS |url=https://www.iffhs.com/awards/31 |access-date=2026-06-19 |website=iffhs.com }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * ''L'Équipe'' Les 30 qui font le foot Français first place: 2017<ref>{{Cite web |title=Les 30 qui font le foot français - 1er : Neymar, système solaire |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Article/Les-30-qui-font-le-foot-francais-neymar-systeme-solaire/863618 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref> * Ligue 1 top assist provider: 2017–18<ref name=":39">{{Cite web |title=PSG 2017-18: Neymar's highs and lows in a title-winning season|url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-my/football/ligue-1/articles/psg-2017-18-neymars-highs-and-lows-in-a-tit-7 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=beIN SPORTS -asia}}</ref> * UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Year: 2017–18<ref>{{cite news |title=Trophées UNFP : Neymar, Mbappé... Découvrez le palmarès 2018 |url=http://www.rtl.fr/sport/football/trophees-unfp-neymar-mbappe-decouvrez-le-palmares-2018-7793373391 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106095424/https://www.rtl.fr/sport/football/trophees-unfp-neymar-mbappe-decouvrez-le-palmares-2018-7793373391 |archive-date=6 January 2021 |access-date=14 May 2018 |publisher=RTL}}</ref> * UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2017–18,<ref name=":6">{{cite news |title=Trophées UNFP : Neymar élu joueur de Ligue 1, Le PSG rafle tout ou presque |url=http://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-1/actualites/la-ceremonie-des-trophees-unfp-en-direct-908921 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213021701/https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-1/actualites/la-ceremonie-des-trophees-unfp-en-direct-908921 |archive-date=13 December 2020 |access-date=13 May 2018}}</ref> 2018–19,<ref name=":7">{{cite web |date=19 May 2019 |title=Mbappé Wins Awards Double |url=https://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/article/mbappe-wins-awards-double.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525011547/https://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/article/mbappe-wins-awards-double.htm |archive-date=25 May 2019 |access-date=19 May 2019 |website=ligue1.com}}</ref> 2020–21<ref name=":16">{{cite news |date=24 May 2021 |title=Trophées UNFP : cinq Parisiens, deux Lillois et deux Lyonnais dans l'équipe type |trans-title=Trophées UNFP : five Parisiens, two Lillois and two Lyonnais in the typical team |url=https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-1/fil-info/trophees-unfp-cinq-parisiens-deux-lillois-et-deux-lyonnais-dans-l-equipe-type-1045019 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=Le Figaro |language=fr}}</ref> * ESM Team of the Year: 2017–18<ref name=":36">{{Cite news |title=Messi, Salah & Co.: Die ESM-Topelf der Saison |url=https://www.kicker.de/messi-salah-26-co-_die-esm-topelf-der-saison-725703/slideshow |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106090401/https://www.kicker.de/messi-salah-26-co-_die-esm-topelf-der-saison-725703/slideshow |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-06-26 |work=kicker |language=de-DE}}</ref> * CIES Football Observatory Most Valuable Player in Europe: 2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weekly Post 237 |url=https://football-observatory.com/IMG/sites/b5wp/2018/237/en/ |access-date=2026-07-28 |website=football-observatory.com}}</ref> * ''Placar'' magazine Best Brazilian Player Post-Pelé: 2019<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-02-14 |title=Revista Placar aponta Neymar como maior jogador brasileiro pós-Pelé e polemiza |url=https://esporte.ig.com.br/futebol/2019-02-14/neymar-revista-placar-melhor-pos-pele.html |access-date=2026-07-20 |website=Portal iG |language=pt-BR}}</ref> * ''France Football'' Team of the Decade: 2011–2020<ref>{{Cite web |last=NicolasB |date=2019-12-29 |title=Neymar seul joueur du PSG dans l'équipe-type de la décennie de France Football |url=https://www.parisfans.fr/autour-du-psg/neymar-seul-joueur-du-psg-dans-lequipe-type-de-la-decennie-de-france-football-438229.html |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=ParisFans |language=fr-FR}}</ref> * Trivela Team of the Decade: 2011–2020<ref name="auto2" /> * UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month: December 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neymar Jr. Official |url=https://www.neymarjr.com/ |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Neymar Jr. |language=en}}</ref> Januar 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2020 |title=Neymar gets Player of the Month nod for January |url=https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/NEWS/2020/02/21/neymar-gets-player-of-the-month-nod-for-january |access-date=25 September 2022 |website=Ligue1 }}</ref> August 2022<ref name="unfp.org">{{cite web |date=22 September 2022 |title=Neymar Jr, joueur du mois d'août de la Ligue 1 Uber Eats ! |trans-title=Neymar Jr, player of the month for August in Ligue 1 Uber Eats! |url=https://www.unfp.org/2022/09/neymar-jr-joueur-du-mois-daout-de-la-ligue-1-uber-eats/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |publisher=National Union of Professional Footballers |language=fr |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005124224/https://www.unfp.org/2022/09/neymar-jr-joueur-du-mois-daout-de-la-ligue-1-uber-eats/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''L'Équipe'' Best Player in Ligue 1: 2019–20<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |last=Sport |date=2020-05-03 |title=Neymar, nombrado mejor jugador de la Ligue 1 |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/neymar-nombrado-mejor-jugador-ligue-7948649 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Diario Sport |language=es |archive-date=30 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260630211306/https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/neymar-nombrado-mejor-jugador-ligue-7948649 |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''L'Équipe'' Ligue 1 Team of the Season: 2019–20<ref>{{Cite web |last=Español |first=En |date=2020-04-11 |title=Mbappe and Neymar named in L'Equipe's Ligue 1 team of the season |url=https://e01-marca.uecdn.es/en/football/international-football/2020/04/11/5e92036c268e3ef54d8b456c.html |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=MARCA in English |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * ''France Football'' Ligue 1 Team of the Season: 2019–20<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2020 |title=Neymar fica fora do top 3 do Campeonato Francês eleito pela France Football |url=https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/futebol/ultimas-noticias/lancepress/2020/05/01/neymar-fica-de-fora-da-lista-dos-tres-melhores-do-campeonato-frances-eleitos-pela-france-football.htm |website=Universo Online}}</ref> * ''France Football'' Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2020 |title=Com Neymar e mais três do PSG, revista francesa apresenta a seleção de 2020 do Francês |url=https://www.espn.com.br/futebol/artigo/_/id/7959877/com-neymar-e-mais-tres-do-psg-revista-francesa-apresenta-a-selecao-de-2020-do-frances |website=ESPN.com.br}}</ref> * IFFHS Best South American Player of the Decade runner-up: 2011–2020<ref name=":44">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-08 |title=Neymar Finished at 4th Behind Messi, Ronaldo and Iniesta for the IFFHS World's Best Player of the Decade Honor |url=https://onefootball.com/en/news/neymar-finished-at-4th-behind-messi-ronaldo-and-iniesta-for-the-iffhs-worlds-best-player-of-the-decade-honor-32344574 |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=OneFootball }}</ref> * IFFHS CONMEBOL Team of the Decade: 2011–2020<ref>{{cite web |date=26 January 2021 |title=IFFHS MAN TEAM - CONMEBOL - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020 |url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/921 |work=IFFHS |access-date=2026-07-29 |archive-date=2022-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011044/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/921 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * IFFHS All-time Men's South American Dream Team (B)<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFFHS |url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1116 |access-date=2026-06-19 |website=iffhs.com |archive-date=2022-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407062346/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1116 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Maracanã Hall of Fame<ref name="auto2" /> * Copa América Golden Ball: 2021^{(jynt wi Messi)} * Copa América Team of the Tournament: 2021<ref>{{cite news |date=13 July 2021 |title=Uno por uno, el equipo ideal de la CONMEBOL Copa América 2021 elegido por el GET |url=https://copaamerica.com/es/noticias/equipo-ideal-get-conmebol-copa-america-2021/ |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=Copa América |language=es}}</ref> * IFFHS Best Playmaker of the Copa América: 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFFHS |url=https://iffhs.com/posts/1194# |access-date=2026-06-19 |website=iffhs.com }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Globe Soccer Player Career Award: 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neymar Jr (Player Career Award) |url=https://www.globesoccer.com/winners/neymar-jr-player-career-award-2024/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Globe Soccer Awards }}</ref> * Campeonato Paulista Best Goal: 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=Neymar vence o prêmio de gol mais bonito do Paulistão 2025; veja o golaço |url=https://tntsports.com.br/futebolbrasileiro/Neymar-vence-o-premio-de-gol-mais-bonito-do-Paulistao-2025-veja-o-golaco-20250328-0029.html |website=TNT Sports.br }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category|Neymar}} *{{Official website|http://www.neymaroficial.com/}} {{pt icon}} *{{NFT player|pid=39625}} {{Paris Saint-Germain F.C. squad}} {{Navboxes colour |title=Brazil squads |bg=#FEDF00 |fg=#009B3A |bordercolor=#002776 |list1= {{Brazil squad 2011 Copa América}} {{Brazil men's football squad 2012 Summer Olympics}} {{Brazil squad 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{Brazil squad 2014 FIFA World Cup}} {{Brazil squad 2015 Copa América}} {{Brazil men's football squad 2016 Summer Olympics}} {{Brazil squad 2018 FIFA World Cup}} }} {{Navboxes colour |title= Awairds |bg= gold |fg= navy |bordercolor=black |list1= {{South American Youth Football Championship awards}} {{Copa do Brasil top scorers}} {{Chuteira de Ouro}} {{2010 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year}} {{2010 Bola de Prata}} {{2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year}} {{2011 Bola de Prata}} {{2012 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year}} {{Copa Santander Libertadores MVP Award}} {{Craque do Brasileirão}} {{Bola de Ouro}} {{South American Footballer of the Year}} {{FIFA Puskás Award winners}} {{Copa Libertadores top scorers}} {{FIFA Confederations Cup awards}} {{2014 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament}} {{Samba Gold}} {{Copa del Rey top scorers}} {{UEFA Champions League top scorers}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Neymar}} [[Category:1992 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Brazilian Christians]] [[Category:Brazilian fitbawers]] [[Category:Brazilian expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:Brazil youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Brazil internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Fitbawers at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:2013 FIFA Confederations Cup players]] [[Category:2014 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:Olympic fitbawers o Brazil]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in fitbaw]] [[Category:Olympic siller medallists for Brazil]] [[Category:Fowk frae Mogi das Cruzes]] [[Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Santos Futebol Clube players]] [[Category:FC Barcelona players]] [[Category:Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players]] [[Category:Sooth American Youth Championship players]] [[Category:2011 Copa América players]] [[Category:Medallists at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:FIFA Confederations Cup-winnin players]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Spain]] [[Category:Brazil unner-20 internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:2018 FIFA Warld Cup players]] h0if16k6hgskdytpi62a6svavibu69k 0 76826 927404 918437 2026-11-09T17:33:14Z Dr. Thomas Liptak 126687 Dealbh làithreach air a chur ris (2026) 927404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Korean settlement | title = Sagan-dong | img = | imgwidth = | imgcaption = | hangul = 사간동 | hanja = {{linktext|司|諫|洞}} | rr = Sagan dong | mr = Sakan tong | divs = | map = |mapcaption = }} [[File:Seoul, Jongno District, Central Council of the Taego Order of Korean Buddhism.jpg|thumb|Comhairle Mheadhanach Òrdugh Taego de Bhuddhachd Chòreanach ann an Sagan-dong]] '''Sagan-dong''' is a ''[[dong (neebourheid)|dong]]'', neebourheid o [[Jongno-gu]] in [[Seoul]], [[Sooth Korea]]. It is a legal dong (법정동 {{linktext|法|定|洞}}) admeenistered unner its admeenistrative dong (행정동 {{linktext|行|政|洞}}), [[Samcheong-dong]].<ref name="encyber">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=763371&contentno=763371|title=사간동 (Sagan-dong 司諫洞)|publisher=Doosan Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-04-25|language=Korean|archive-date=2013-01-22|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122141434/http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=763371&contentno=763371|url-status=dead}}</ref> == See an aw == *[[Admeenistrative diveesions o Sooth Korea]] ==References== {{Reflist}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=139888&contentno=139888|title=종로구 (Jongno-gu 鍾路區)|publisher=Doosan Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-04-25|language=Korean|archive-date=2012-12-04|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121204161724/http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=139888&contentno=139888|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web |url=http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf040100010 |title=Chronicle of Beopjeong-dong and Haengjeong-dong |publisher=[[Guro-gu]] Official website |language=Korean |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120702/http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf040100010 |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.mapo.go.kr/Design/html_cms/e_ward/03_office_dong_law.jsp |title=Mapo Information |work=The chart of Beopjeong-dong assigned by Haengjeong-dong (행정동별 관할 법정동 일람표) |publisher=[[Mapo-gu]] Official website |language=Korean |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-date=2007-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105043941/http://www.mapo.go.kr/Design/html_cms/e_ward/03_office_dong_law.jsp |url-status=dead }} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.jongno.go.kr/english/index.jsp Jongno-gu Offeecial steid in Inglis] *{{ko}} [http://www.jongno.go.kr/index.jsp Jongno-gu Offeecial steid] *{{ko}} [http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/page?pageId=550302150 Status quo o Jongno-gu bi admeenistrative dong]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050427054105/http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/page?pageId=550302150 |date=2005-04-27 }} *{{ko}} [http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/dong/index.jsp?dp=4 Samcheong-dong Resident office]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113050705/http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/dong/index.jsp?dp=4 |date=2006-11-13 }} {{Jongno-gu}} {{coord missing|Sooth Korea}} [[Category:Neebourheids o Jongno-gu]] 78ot0er5wtcvks2g8gty3gm1uwbb7q0 927405 927404 2026-11-09T17:38:51Z CiphriusKane 74958 Pit inti Scots, as iss isna the Gaelic wiki 927405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Korean settlement | title = Sagan-dong | img = | imgwidth = | imgcaption = | hangul = 사간동 | hanja = {{linktext|司|諫|洞}} | rr = Sagan dong | mr = Sakan tong | divs = | map = |mapcaption = }} [[File:Seoul, Jongno District, Central Council of the Taego Order of Korean Buddhism.jpg|thumb|Central Cooncil o the Taego Order in Sagan-dong]] '''Sagan-dong''' is a ''[[dong (neebourheid)|dong]]'', neebourheid o [[Jongno-gu]] in [[Seoul]], [[Sooth Korea]]. It is a legal dong (법정동 {{linktext|法|定|洞}}) administered unner its administrative dong (행정동 {{linktext|行|政|洞}}), [[Samcheong-dong]].<ref name="encyber">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=763371&contentno=763371|title=사간동 (Sagan-dong 司諫洞)|publisher=Doosan Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-04-25|language=Korean|archive-date=2013-01-22|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122141434/http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=763371&contentno=763371|url-status=dead}}</ref> == See an aw == *[[Admeenistrative diveesions o Sooth Korea]] ==References== {{Reflist}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=139888&contentno=139888|title=종로구 (Jongno-gu 鍾路區)|publisher=Doosan Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-04-25|language=Korean|archive-date=2012-12-04|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121204161724/http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=139888&contentno=139888|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web |url=http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf040100010 |title=Chronicle of Beopjeong-dong and Haengjeong-dong |publisher=[[Guro-gu]] Official website |language=Korean |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120702/http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf040100010 |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.mapo.go.kr/Design/html_cms/e_ward/03_office_dong_law.jsp |title=Mapo Information |work=The chart of Beopjeong-dong assigned by Haengjeong-dong (행정동별 관할 법정동 일람표) |publisher=[[Mapo-gu]] Official website |language=Korean |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-date=2007-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105043941/http://www.mapo.go.kr/Design/html_cms/e_ward/03_office_dong_law.jsp |url-status=dead }} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.jongno.go.kr/english/index.jsp Jongno-gu Offeecial steid in Inglis] *{{ko}} [http://www.jongno.go.kr/index.jsp Jongno-gu Offeecial steid] *{{ko}} [http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/page?pageId=550302150 Status quo o Jongno-gu bi admeenistrative dong]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050427054105/http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/page?pageId=550302150 |date=2005-04-27 }} *{{ko}} [http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/dong/index.jsp?dp=4 Samcheong-dong Resident office]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113050705/http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/dong/index.jsp?dp=4 |date=2006-11-13 }} {{Jongno-gu}} {{coord missing|Sooth Korea}} [[Category:Neebourheids o Jongno-gu]] 9m9fn2uk2fjof7pr1y4za2feuexvpz6 927411 927405 2026-11-09T18:31:40Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 addit stub tag 927411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Korean settlement | title = Sagan-dong | img = | imgwidth = | imgcaption = | hangul = 사간동 | hanja = {{linktext|司|諫|洞}} | rr = Sagan dong | mr = Sakan tong | divs = | map = |mapcaption = }} [[File:Seoul, Jongno District, Central Council of the Taego Order of Korean Buddhism.jpg|thumb|Central Cooncil o the Taego Order in Sagan-dong]] '''Sagan-dong''' is a ''[[dong (neebourheid)|dong]]'', neebourheid o [[Jongno-gu]] in [[Seoul]], [[Sooth Korea]]. It is a legal dong (법정동 {{linktext|法|定|洞}}) administered unner its administrative dong (행정동 {{linktext|行|政|洞}}), [[Samcheong-dong]].<ref name="encyber">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=763371&contentno=763371|title=사간동 (Sagan-dong 司諫洞)|publisher=Doosan Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-04-25|language=Korean|archive-date=2013-01-22|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122141434/http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=763371&contentno=763371|url-status=dead}}</ref> == See an aw == *[[Admeenistrative diveesions o Sooth Korea]] ==References== {{Reflist}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=139888&contentno=139888|title=종로구 (Jongno-gu 鍾路區)|publisher=Doosan Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-04-25|language=Korean|archive-date=2012-12-04|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121204161724/http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=139888&contentno=139888|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web |url=http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf040100010 |title=Chronicle of Beopjeong-dong and Haengjeong-dong |publisher=[[Guro-gu]] Official website |language=Korean |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120702/http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf040100010 |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.mapo.go.kr/Design/html_cms/e_ward/03_office_dong_law.jsp |title=Mapo Information |work=The chart of Beopjeong-dong assigned by Haengjeong-dong (행정동별 관할 법정동 일람표) |publisher=[[Mapo-gu]] Official website |language=Korean |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-date=2007-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105043941/http://www.mapo.go.kr/Design/html_cms/e_ward/03_office_dong_law.jsp |url-status=dead }} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.jongno.go.kr/english/index.jsp Jongno-gu Offeecial steid in Inglis] *{{ko}} [http://www.jongno.go.kr/index.jsp Jongno-gu Offeecial steid] *{{ko}} [http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/page?pageId=550302150 Status quo o Jongno-gu bi admeenistrative dong]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050427054105/http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/page?pageId=550302150 |date=2005-04-27 }} *{{ko}} [http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/dong/index.jsp?dp=4 Samcheong-dong Resident office]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113050705/http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/dong/index.jsp?dp=4 |date=2006-11-13 }} {{Jongno-gu}} {{coord missing|Sooth Korea}} {{Stub/Sooth Korea}} [[Category:Neebourheids o Jongno-gu]] p0tal3j553r0kbp1szb1lejvbfbkrg7 927659 927411 2026-11-10T02:56:08Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Korean settlement | title = Sagan-dong | hangul = 사간동 | hanja = {{linktext|司|諫|洞}} | rr = Sagan dong | mr = Sakan tong }} [[File:Seoul, Jongno District, Central Council of the Taego Order of Korean Buddhism.jpg|thumb|Central Cooncil o the Taego Order in Sagan-dong]] '''Sagan-dong''' is a ''[[dong (neebourheid)|dong]]'', neebourheid o [[Jongno-gu]] in [[Seoul]], [[Sooth Korea]]. It is a legal dong (법정동 {{linktext|法|定|洞}}) administered unner its administrative dong (행정동 {{linktext|行|政|洞}}), [[Samcheong-dong]].<ref name="encyber">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=763371&contentno=763371|title=사간동 (Sagan-dong 司諫洞)|publisher=Doosan Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-04-25|language=Korean|archive-date=2013-01-22|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122141434/http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=763371&contentno=763371|url-status=dead}}</ref> == See an aw == *[[Admeenistrative diveesions o Sooth Korea]] ==References== {{Reflist}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=139888&contentno=139888|title=종로구 (Jongno-gu 鍾路區)|publisher=Doosan Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-04-25|language=Korean|archive-date=2012-12-04|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121204161724/http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=139888&contentno=139888|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web |url=http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf040100010 |title=Chronicle of Beopjeong-dong and Haengjeong-dong |publisher=[[Guro-gu]] Official website |language=Korean |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120702/http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf040100010 |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.mapo.go.kr/Design/html_cms/e_ward/03_office_dong_law.jsp |title=Mapo Information |work=The chart of Beopjeong-dong assigned by Haengjeong-dong (행정동별 관할 법정동 일람표) |publisher=[[Mapo-gu]] Official website |language=Korean |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-date=2007-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105043941/http://www.mapo.go.kr/Design/html_cms/e_ward/03_office_dong_law.jsp |url-status=dead }} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.jongno.go.kr/english/index.jsp Jongno-gu Offeecial steid in Inglis] *{{ko}} [http://www.jongno.go.kr/index.jsp Jongno-gu Offeecial steid] *{{ko}} [http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/page?pageId=550302150 Status quo o Jongno-gu bi admeenistrative dong]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050427054105/http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/page?pageId=550302150 |date=2005-04-27 }} *{{ko}} [http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/dong/index.jsp?dp=4 Samcheong-dong Resident office]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113050705/http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/dong/index.jsp?dp=4 |date=2006-11-13 }} {{Jongno-gu}} {{coord missing|Sooth Korea}} {{Stub/Sooth Korea}} [[Category:Neebourheids o Jongno-gu]] 8m2wfhx44yj74sql3t8zlfpx37f0261 0 77574 927321 913633 2026-11-09T14:33:13Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; later career an retiral addit, soorced 927321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}} {{Portuguese name|dos Santos|Emboaba}} {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = Oscar | image = Oscar dos Santos 2012 CL.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Oscar playin for [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] in 2012 | fullname = Oscar dos Santos<br />Emboaba Júnior<ref name="Barclays Premier League Squad Numbers 2013/14">{{Cite news | title = Barclays Premier League Squad Numbers 2013/14 | url = http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/news/news/2013-14/aug/premier-league-squad-numbers-seasons-2013-14.html | publisher = Premier League | date = 16 August 2013 | accessdate = 17 August 2013 | archive-date = 2013-09-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130925003258/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/news/news/2013-14/aug/premier-league-squad-numbers-seasons-2013-14.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1991|9|9}} | birth_place = [[Americana, São Paulo|Americana]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], Brazil | height = {{convert|1.80|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/oscar|title=Player Profile: Oscar|publisher=Premier League|accessdate=24 December 2013|archive-date=2013-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224043001/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/oscar|url-status=dead}}</ref> | position = Attackin midfielder / Winger | youthyears1 = 1998–2004 | youthyears2 = 2004–2009 | youthclubs1 = União Barbarense | youthclubs2 = [[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]] | years1 = 2008–2010 | clubs1 = [[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]] | caps1 = 11 | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2010–2012 | clubs2 = [[Sport Club Internacional|Internacional]] | caps2 = 36| goals2 = 11 | years3 = 2012–2017 | clubs3 = [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] | caps3 = 131 | goals3 = 21 | years4 = 2017–2024 | clubs4 = [[Shanghai SIPG F.C.|Shanghai Port]] | caps4 = 179 | goals4 = 58 | years5 = 2025 | clubs5 = [[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]] | caps5 = 18 | goals5 = 2 | nationalyears1 = 2009–2011 | nationalteam1 = Brazil U20 |nationalcaps1 = 25 | nationalgoals1 = 6 | nationalyears2 = 2012 | nationalteam2 = Brazil U23 | nationalcaps2 = 6 | nationalgoals2 = 1 | nationalyears3 = 2011–2015 | nationalteam3 = [[Brazil naitional fitbaw team|Brazil]] | nationalcaps3 = 48 | nationalgoals3 = 12 | medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry| {{BRA}}}} {{MedalSport|Men's fitbaw}} {{MedalSilver|[[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Lunnon]]|Team Competition}} }} '''Oscar dos Santos Emboaba Júnior''' ({{IPA-pt|osˈkaʁ duˈsɐ̃tus imboˈabɐ ˈʒũnioɾ|br}}; born 9 September 1991), kent as '''Oscar''', is a Brazilian umwhile [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]] that played as an attackin midfielder or winger. He played for [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[Shanghai SIPG F.C.|Shanghai Port]] an the [[Brazil naitional fitbaw team|Brazil naitional team]]. Oscar began his career at [[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]], whaur he wan the Brazilian Serie A in 2008. In 2009, he gaed tae court against the club acause o irregularities in his contract. Efter a series o controversies he left for [[Sport Club Internacional|Internacional]], whaur he spent the next three years o his career. His displays for club an kintra led tae him signin for [[Premier League]] club [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] in 2012. Oscar is a Brazil internaitional an haes representit his kintra at the unner-20 level, at the [[2012 Simmer Olympics]] an at senior level. On 20 August 2011, Oscar scored three goals in the 2011 FIFA U-20 Warld Cup final win against Portugal,<ref name="FIFA">{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/matches/round=255631/match=300145903/index.html|title=Oscar treble wins thrilling final for Brazil|date=21 August 2011|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=22 August 2011|archive-date=2016-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127215235/http://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/matches/round=255631/match=300145903/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> becomin the first player tae score a hat-trick in the FIFA U-20 Warld Cup final.<ref name="Cometh the hour, cometh the Oscar">{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/news/newsid=1496105/|title=Cometh the hour, cometh the Oscar|date=21 August 2011|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=22 August 2011}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Oscar later describit his performances at the tournament as bein a "gateway to the senior side".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/news/newsid=1683986/index.html|title=Oscar extols Colombia springboard|date=20 August 2012|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=22 October 2012|archive-date=2012-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010140837/http://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/news/newsid=1683986/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He wan his first cap for the naitional team against [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team|Argentinae]]. His first goal cam against Argentinae an aw, in a 4–3 defeat in Juin 2012. His playin style an ability drew comparisons wi Brazilian attackin midfielder [[Kaká]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/3296/brazil/2012/07/12/3236875/chelsea-target-oscar-is-living-up-to-kaka-comparisons |title=Chelsea target Oscar is living up to Kaka comparisons |publisher=Goal.com |date=12 July 2012 |accessdate=30 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Malyon, Ed |url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/chelsea-and-tottenham-target-oscar-what-1139500 |title=Chelsea and Tottenham target Oscar: What fans can expect from the new Kaka by South American fitbaw expert Ed Malyon |newspaper=Daily Mirror |date=25 July 2012 |accessdate=30 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hereisthecity.com/2012/09/20/chelseas-oscar-the-new-kaka/ |title=Chelsea’s Oscar&nbsp;– ‘the new Kaka’? |publisher=Hereisthecity.com |date=20 September 2012 |accessdate=30 September 2012 |archive-date=2013-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729045430/http://hereisthecity.com/2012/09/20/chelseas-oscar-the-new-kaka/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Later career == Efter five year at Chelsea, Oscar flittit tae Shanghai SIPG (later Shanghai Port) in the [[Chinese Super League]] in 2017. Ower aicht year in Cheenae he wan three league titles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2025/jan/01/oscar-chinese-super-league-eight-years-three-league-titles-and-lots-money|title=Eight years, three league titles and lots of money: how Oscar made a success of China stay|first=John|last=Duerden|work=The Guardian |date=1 January 2025}}</ref> On 25 December 2024 he gaed back tae São Paulo on a three-year contract.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leonan |first=Erico |date=2024-12-24 |title=São Paulo acerta a contratação de Oscar |url=https://www.saopaulofc.net/sao-paulo-acerta-a-contratacao-de-oscar/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=SPFC |language=pt-BR}}</ref> In December 2025 he telt the club he wis endin his career acause o a heal problem, efter faintin durin a medical examination, an he annoonced his retiral on 4 Aprile 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/sao-paulo/noticia/2025/12/12/oscar-comunica-sao-paulo-que-vai-encerrar-carreira-de-jogador-de-futebol.ghtml|title=Oscar decide encerrar carreira e vai rescindir com o São Paulo|date=12 December 2025|access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://odia.ig.com.br/esporte/2026/04/7231625-antigo-alvo-do-flamengo-oscar-anuncia-aposentadoria-queria-fazer-mais.html|title=Antigo alvo do Flamengo, Oscar anuncia aposentadoria: 'Queria fazer mais'|date=4 April 2026|access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category|Oscar (fitbawer born 1991)}} *[http://www.chelseafc.com/first-team/player/60550 Profile] on [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelseafc.com]] *{{FIFA player|312868|Oscar}} {{Navboxes colour |title=Brazil squads |bg=#FEDF00 |fg=#009B3A |bordercolor=#002776 |list1= {{Brazil men's fitbaw squad 2012 Summer Olympics}} {{Brazil squad 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{Brazil squad 2014 FIFA World Cup}} }} {{2014 FIFA Warld Cup Team o the Toornament}} {{Shanghai SIPG F.C. squad}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oscar}} [[Category:1991 births]] [[Category:Brazil internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Brazil youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Brazilian expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:Brazilian fitbawers]] [[Category:Brazilian Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players]] [[Category:Chelsea F.C. players]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Ingland]] [[Category:2014 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:FIFA Confederations Cup-winnin players]] [[Category:Fitbawers at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Medallists at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic fitbawers o Brazil]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in fitbaw]] [[Category:Olympic siller medallists for Brazil]] [[Category:Fowk frae Americana, São Paulo]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:São Paulo FC players]] [[Category:Sport Club Internacional players]] [[Category:2013 FIFA Confederations Cup players]] [[Category:Shanghai SIPG F.C. players]] ddcs05ji1uvr9c44rjm106l4mjekv74 0 78180 927328 894224 2026-11-09T14:44:40Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; quotes back in the original 927328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = Bernabé Ferreyra | image = Bernabe_ferreyra_posando.jpg | image_size = | caption = Ferreyra in 1936 while playin for [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]. | height = | birth_date = {{birth date|1909|2|12}} | birth_place = Rufino, [[Argentinae]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1972|5|22|1909|2|12}} | currentclub = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentinae]] | clubnumber = | position = Forrit | years1 = 1927–1932 | caps1 = 43 | goals1 = 45 | clubs1 = [[Club Atlético Tigre|Tigre]] | years2 = 1930–1931 | caps2 = 0 | goals2 = 0 | clubs2 = → [[Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield|Vélez Sársfield]] (loan) | years3 = 1932–1939 | caps3 = 185 | goals3 = 187 | clubs3 = [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] | nationalyears1 = 1930–1937 | nationalcaps1 = 4 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalteam1 = [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team|Argentinae]] }} '''Bernabé Ferreyra''' (12 Februar 1909 – 22 Mey 1972) wis a [[Argentinae|Argentine]] [[association fitbaw]] forrit. He wis ane o the first professional players in Argentine fitbaw tae become hivily popular, sae muckle that a film wis makkit o his life. ==Playin career== ===Club=== [[File:Bferreyra lastmatch 1939.jpg|thumb|left|Ferreyra an fans durin his last match in 1939.]] Ferreyra stairtit playin at 14 for Jorge Newbery, a local club in his hame toun. At 18 he gaed tae BAP, a club o Junín, [[Buenos Aires Province]]. His senior career stairtit in 1926 wi [[Newell's Old Boys]], whan Argentine fitbaw wis still amateur. Syne he gaed tae Tigre. He scored 4 goals against El Porvenir in his first match. He wis lent tae [[Club Atlético Huracán|Huracán]] for a tour o Brazil, whaur he played 8 matches an scored 11 goals. Atween 1930 an 1931 Tigre lent him for free tae [[Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield|Vélez Sársfield]], tae play wi the club durin thair Pan-American tour.<ref name=velez>{{cite web |url=http://www.velezsarsfield.net/club/historia/ |title=Historia del Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield |publisher=VelezSarsfield.net |language=Spanish |accessdate=2010-10-27 |archive-date=2012-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702234933/http://www.velezsarsfield.net/club/historia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He scored 38 goals wi the team durin the tour.<ref name=velez/> In 1932, Ferreyra wis transferred frae Tigre tae [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] for a record transfer fee o 23,000 poonds.<ref>[http://soccer-europe.com/Data/Finance/Historical.html Historical Soccer Transfers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626053806/http://soccer-europe.com/Data/Finance/Historical.html |date=2007-06-26 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.worldsoccer.com/features/historical_list_of_record_transfers_in_football_features_55678.html Feature Article – World Soccer News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629150928/http://www.worldsoccer.com/features/historical_list_of_record_transfers_in_football_features_55678.html |date=2011-06-29 }}</ref> The record stuid for 20 year, the langest it haes ever stuid unbroken. His first match for River wis on 13 Mairch 1932 against Chacarita. River wan 3–1 an Ferreyra scored 2 goals. He played 185 matches for River an scored 187 goals, an average o 1.01 goals a gemme.<ref name=tarin>{{Cite web |url=http://www.taringa.net/posts/deportes/2417760/Idolos-de-River-Plate---Bernabe-Ferreyra.html |title=Idolos de River Plate: Bernabé Ferreyra |access-date=2014-07-11 |archive-date=2015-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915222707/http://www.taringa.net/posts/deportes/2417760/Idolos-de-River-Plate---Bernabe-Ferreyra.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He wan three league titles, aw wi [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] (1932, 1936 an 1937). In the 1932 league tournament, he wis the tap scorer wi 43 goals. That makkit him the tap scorer in Sooth Americae.<ref>http://goalscorers.narod.ru/Most_successful.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310220842/http://goalscorers.narod.ru/Most_successful.htm |date=2007-03-10 }}</ref> Ferreyra's last match wis on 11 Mey 1939 against [[Newell's Old Boys]]. The match endit 2–2 an Ferreyra didna score. He retired at 29, an never taen on a coachin job.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Wi Valeriano López an [[Arthur Friedenreich]], Ferreyra is ane o the anerly professional fitbawers in the Americas tae average mair nor ae goal a match. He scored 206 goals in 197 gemmes frae the stairt o the professional era in 1931 tae his retiral in 1939. He wis that weel kent for the strenth o his shot that the newspaper ''Crítica'' offered a prize tae the first [[Goalkeeper (association fitbaw)|goalkeeper]] that coud play against him athoot lettin in a goal.<ref>[http://riverplate.brinkster.net/Paginas/IN_Idolos_Bernabe.asp River Plate Online – Bernabé Ferreyra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429190843/http://riverplate.brinkster.net/Paginas/IN_Idolos_Bernabe.asp |date=2007-04-29 }}</ref> ===Naitional team=== Ferreyra played his first gemme for the [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team]] on 25 Mey 1931, against [[Uruguay naitional fitbaw team|Uruguay]] in a Copa Lipton match, but he didna play weel an the journalists criticised him. His time wi the naitional team wis short, an he never played at a [[FIFA Warld Cup]]. ==Personal life== Ferreyra wis born in the ceety o Rufino, [[Santa Fe Province]]. He mairit Juanita in 1936, an thay haed twa sons, Bernabé Daniel an Carlos Alberto. Ower his career he wis kent as "El Mortero de Rufino",<ref name=autogenerated1>http://www.rufinoweb.com.ar/noticia.asp?idn=2307{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.eldiariony.com/noticias/columnistasdetail.aspx?sectionId=84&Txtid=721258 El Diario/LA PRENSA OnLine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185639/http://www.eldiariony.com/noticias/columnistasdetail.aspx?sectionId=84&Txtid=721258 |date=2007-09-30 }}</ref> for his strenth as a striker an his poweful shot. He wis kent as ''La Fiera'' (Spaingie for "The Wild Animal") an aw. ==Quotes== Quotes frae Ferreyra himsel an frae some o his teammates an ither weel-kent players:<ref name=tarin/> {{cquote|My brithers keepit tellin me I had tae be the stronger shuiter in the toun. They made me kick the baa frae mornin tae efternuin, ilka day. They aye encouraged me, shoutin: 'Harder, even harder!' }} {{cquote|I'd raither retire frae fitbaw afore fitbaw retires frae me}} {{cquote|'So ye are "La Fiera" (The Fierce): I wantit tae meet ye', said [[Carlos Gardel]] tae Ferreyra, wha answered: 'Na, maister, it is you that are "La Fiera" when ye sing'.<ref name="burgo">[https://www.tycsports.com/al-angulo/marini-apodos-millonarios-ciclon-fortin-boca-id346075.html Hugo Marini, el rey de los apodos: Millonarios, Ciclón y El Fortín (y eso que era hincha de Boca)] on TyC Sports, 26 May 2021 by [[Andrés Burgo]]</ref>}} {{cquote|Bernabé wis an exceptional player: his rivals had tae wirk on him twice as hard as wi ither players. For aa o us, his teammates, he made things easier. But as a man, he wis valued mair. Bernabé earned as muckle siller as he wantit but he wisna concerned wi keepin it. He gied ither fowk a lot o siller, wi nae thocht o gettin ocht in return. When he shook yer haun, ye could be shuir that ye had a freend for the rest o yer life .([[José Manuel Moreno]])|source= [[José Manuel Moreno]] aboot Ferreyra}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.sitioriverplatense.com.ar/bernabefoto.htm At River Plate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000555/http://www.sitioriverplatense.com.ar/bernabefoto.htm |date=2007-09-29 }} {{es icon}} *{{Wayback |date=20071020025056 |url=futbolfactory.futbolweb.net/index.php?ff=historicos&f2=00001&idjugador=223 |title=Futbol Factory profile }} {{es icon}} {{s-start}} {{s-sports}} {{succession box|title=Warld fitbaw transfer record|before=David Jack|after=Johnny Morris|years=1932–1949}} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ferreyra, Bernabe}} [[Category:1909 births]] [[Category:1972 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae General López Depairtment]] [[Category:Argentine fitbawers]] [[Category:Argentinae internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Argentine Primera División players]] [[Category:Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield fitbawers]] [[Category:River Plate fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw forrits]] 8676ovsi5ud24y85gp90yu93zibh1zp 927329 927328 2026-11-09T14:50:38Z Monospaced 75295 Tweak owersettin, clarify owersettin o quotations 927329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = Bernabé Ferreyra | image = Bernabe_ferreyra_posando.jpg | image_size = | caption = Ferreyra in 1936 while playin for [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]. | height = | birth_date = {{birth date|1909|2|12}} | birth_place = Rufino, [[Argentinae]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1972|5|22|1909|2|12}} | currentclub = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentinae]] | clubnumber = | position = Forrit | years1 = 1927–1932 | caps1 = 43 | goals1 = 45 | clubs1 = [[Club Atlético Tigre|Tigre]] | years2 = 1930–1931 | caps2 = 0 | goals2 = 0 | clubs2 = → [[Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield|Vélez Sársfield]] (loan) | years3 = 1932–1939 | caps3 = 185 | goals3 = 187 | clubs3 = [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] | nationalyears1 = 1930–1937 | nationalcaps1 = 4 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalteam1 = [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team|Argentinae]] }} '''Bernabé Ferreyra''' (12 Februar 1909 – 22 Mey 1972) wis a [[Argentinae|Argentine]] [[association fitbaw]] forrit. He wis ane o the first professional players in Argentine fitbaw tae become that popular that a film wis makkit aboot his life. ==Playin career== ===Club=== [[File:Bferreyra lastmatch 1939.jpg|thumb|left|Ferreyra an fans durin his last match in 1939.]] Ferreyra stairtit playin at 14 for Jorge Newbery, a local club in his hame toun. At 18 he gaed tae BAP, a club o Junín, [[Buenos Aires Province]]. His senior career stairtit in 1926 wi [[Newell's Old Boys]], whan Argentine fitbaw wis still amateur. Syne he gaed tae Tigre. He scored 4 goals against El Porvenir in his first match. He wis lent tae [[Club Atlético Huracán|Huracán]] for a tour o Brazil, whaur he played 8 matches an scored 11 goals. Atween 1930 an 1931 Tigre lent him for free tae [[Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield|Vélez Sársfield]], tae play wi the club durin thair Pan-American tour.<ref name=velez>{{cite web |url=http://www.velezsarsfield.net/club/historia/ |title=Historia del Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield |publisher=VelezSarsfield.net |language=Spanish |accessdate=2010-10-27 |archive-date=2012-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702234933/http://www.velezsarsfield.net/club/historia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He scored 38 goals wi the team durin the tour.<ref name=velez/> In 1932, Ferreyra wis transferred frae Tigre tae [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] for a record transfer fee o 23,000 poonds.<ref>[http://soccer-europe.com/Data/Finance/Historical.html Historical Soccer Transfers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626053806/http://soccer-europe.com/Data/Finance/Historical.html |date=2007-06-26 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.worldsoccer.com/features/historical_list_of_record_transfers_in_football_features_55678.html Feature Article – World Soccer News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629150928/http://www.worldsoccer.com/features/historical_list_of_record_transfers_in_football_features_55678.html |date=2011-06-29 }}</ref> The record stuid for 20 year, the langest it haes ever stuid unbroken. His first match for River wis on 13 Mairch 1932 against Chacarita. River wan 3–1 an Ferreyra scored 2 goals. He played 185 matches for River an scored 187 goals, an average o 1.01 goals a gemme.<ref name=tarin>{{Cite web |url=http://www.taringa.net/posts/deportes/2417760/Idolos-de-River-Plate---Bernabe-Ferreyra.html |title=Idolos de River Plate: Bernabé Ferreyra |access-date=2014-07-11 |archive-date=2015-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915222707/http://www.taringa.net/posts/deportes/2417760/Idolos-de-River-Plate---Bernabe-Ferreyra.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He wan three league titles, aw wi [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] (1932, 1936 an 1937). In the 1932 league tournament, he wis the tap scorer wi 43 goals. That makkit him the tap scorer in Sooth Americae.<ref>http://goalscorers.narod.ru/Most_successful.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310220842/http://goalscorers.narod.ru/Most_successful.htm |date=2007-03-10 }}</ref> Ferreyra's last match wis on 11 Mey 1939 against [[Newell's Old Boys]]. The match endit 2–2 an Ferreyra didna score. He retired at 29, an never taen on a coachin job.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Wi Valeriano López an [[Arthur Friedenreich]], Ferreyra is ane o the anerly professional fitbawers in the Americas tae average mair nor ae goal a match. He scored 206 goals in 197 gemmes frae the stairt o the professional era in 1931 tae his retiral in 1939. He wis that weel kent for the strenth o his shot that the newspaper ''Crítica'' offered a prize tae the first [[Goalkeeper (association fitbaw)|goalkeeper]] that coud play against him athoot lettin in a goal.<ref>[http://riverplate.brinkster.net/Paginas/IN_Idolos_Bernabe.asp River Plate Online – Bernabé Ferreyra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429190843/http://riverplate.brinkster.net/Paginas/IN_Idolos_Bernabe.asp |date=2007-04-29 }}</ref> ===Naitional team=== Ferreyra played his first gemme for the [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team]] on 25 Mey 1931, against [[Uruguay naitional fitbaw team|Uruguay]] in a Copa Lipton match, but he didna play weel an the journalists criticised him. His time wi the naitional team wis short, an he never played at a [[FIFA Warld Cup]]. ==Personal life== Ferreyra wis born in the ceety o Rufino, [[Santa Fe Province]]. He mairit Juanita in 1936, an thay haed twa sons, Bernabé Daniel an Carlos Alberto. Ower his career he wis kent as "El Mortero de Rufino",<ref name=autogenerated1>http://www.rufinoweb.com.ar/noticia.asp?idn=2307{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.eldiariony.com/noticias/columnistasdetail.aspx?sectionId=84&Txtid=721258 El Diario/LA PRENSA OnLine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185639/http://www.eldiariony.com/noticias/columnistasdetail.aspx?sectionId=84&Txtid=721258 |date=2007-09-30 }}</ref> for his strenth as a striker an his poweful shot. He wis kent as ''La Fiera'' (Spaingie for "The Wild Animal") an aw. ==Quotes== Quotes frae Ferreyra himsel an frae some o his teammates an ither weel-kent players, owerset frae the Spanish:<ref name=tarin/> {{cquote|My brithers wis set on me bein the haurdest shuiter in the toun. Mornin an efternuin they had me kickin the baw. 'Haurder… mair! Haurder yet!' }} {{cquote|Afore fitbaw leaves me, I'd raither leave it masel}} {{cquote|'Sae ye're La Fiera… I wantit tae meet ye', said [[Carlos Gardel]] tae Ferreyra, an he answered: 'Na, maister. It's you that's La Fiera when ye sing'.<ref name="burgo">[https://www.tycsports.com/al-angulo/marini-apodos-millonarios-ciclon-fortin-boca-id346075.html Hugo Marini, el rey de los apodos: Millonarios, Ciclón y El Fortín (y eso que era hincha de Boca)] on TyC Sports, 26 May 2021 by [[Andrés Burgo]]</ref>}} {{cquote|As a player he wis exceptional: he made his rivals mark him twice as close, an that made the gemme easier for the rest o us. As a man he wis worth mair yet. He earned aw the siller he wantit, but he never bothered aboot keepin it. He gied it awa by the haunfu, an never socht ocht back. When he shook yer haun, ye kent ye had a freend in him for life.|source= [[José Manuel Moreno]] aboot Ferreyra}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.sitioriverplatense.com.ar/bernabefoto.htm At River Plate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000555/http://www.sitioriverplatense.com.ar/bernabefoto.htm |date=2007-09-29 }} {{es icon}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071020025056/http://futbolfactory.futbolweb.net/index.php?ff=historicos&f2=00001&idjugador=223 Futbol Factory profile] (archived 20 October 2007) {{es icon}} {{s-start}} {{s-sports}} {{succession box|title=Warld fitbaw transfer record|before=David Jack|after=Johnny Morris|years=1932–1949}} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ferreyra, Bernabe}} [[Category:1909 births]] [[Category:1972 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae General López Depairtment]] [[Category:Argentine fitbawers]] [[Category:Argentinae internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Argentine Primera División players]] [[Category:Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield fitbawers]] [[Category:River Plate fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw forrits]] 03x8u5x5l8hcfdhncd0vvr945jdr7pp 927330 927329 2026-11-09T14:55:56Z Monospaced 75295 927330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = Bernabé Ferreyra | image = Bernabe_ferreyra_posando.jpg | image_size = | caption = Ferreyra in 1936 while playin for [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]. | height = | birth_date = {{birth date|1909|2|12}} | birth_place = Rufino, [[Argentinae]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1972|5|22|1909|2|12}} | currentclub = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentinae]] | clubnumber = | position = Forrit | years1 = 1927–1932 | caps1 = 43 | goals1 = 45 | clubs1 = [[Club Atlético Tigre|Tigre]] | years2 = 1930–1931 | caps2 = 0 | goals2 = 0 | clubs2 = → [[Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield|Vélez Sársfield]] (loan) | years3 = 1932–1939 | caps3 = 185 | goals3 = 187 | clubs3 = [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] | nationalyears1 = 1930–1937 | nationalcaps1 = 4 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalteam1 = [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team|Argentinae]] }} '''Bernabé Ferreyra''' (12 Februar 1909 – 22 Mey 1972) wis a [[Argentinae|Argentine]] [[association fitbaw]] forrit. He wis ane o the first professional players in Argentine fitbaw tae become that popular that a film wis makkit aboot his life. ==Playin career== ===Club=== [[File:Bferreyra lastmatch 1939.jpg|thumb|left|Ferreyra an fans durin his last match in 1939.]] Ferreyra stairtit playin at 14 for Jorge Newbery, a local club in his hame toun. At 18 he gaed tae BAP, a club o Junín, [[Buenos Aires Province]]. His senior career stairtit in 1926 wi [[Newell's Old Boys]], whan Argentine fitbaw wis still amateur. Syne he gaed tae Tigre. He scored 4 goals against El Porvenir in his first match. He wis lent tae [[Club Atlético Huracán|Huracán]] for a tour o Brazil, whaur he played 8 matches an scored 11 goals. Atween 1930 an 1931 Tigre lent him for free tae [[Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield|Vélez Sársfield]], tae play wi the club durin thair Pan-American tour.<ref name=velez>{{cite web |url=http://www.velezsarsfield.net/club/historia/ |title=Historia del Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield |publisher=VelezSarsfield.net |language=Spanish |accessdate=2010-10-27 |archive-date=2012-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702234933/http://www.velezsarsfield.net/club/historia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He scored 38 goals wi the team durin the tour.<ref name=velez/> In 1932, Ferreyra wis transferred frae Tigre tae [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] for a record transfer fee o 23,000 poonds.<ref>[http://soccer-europe.com/Data/Finance/Historical.html Historical Soccer Transfers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626053806/http://soccer-europe.com/Data/Finance/Historical.html |date=2007-06-26 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.worldsoccer.com/features/historical_list_of_record_transfers_in_football_features_55678.html Feature Article – World Soccer News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629150928/http://www.worldsoccer.com/features/historical_list_of_record_transfers_in_football_features_55678.html |date=2011-06-29 }}</ref> The record stuid for 20 year, the langest it haes ever stuid unbroken. His first match for River wis on 13 Mairch 1932 against Chacarita. River wan 3–1 an Ferreyra scored 2 goals. He played 185 matches for River an scored 187 goals, an average o 1.01 goals a gemme.<ref name=tarin>{{Cite web |url=http://www.taringa.net/posts/deportes/2417760/Idolos-de-River-Plate---Bernabe-Ferreyra.html |title=Idolos de River Plate: Bernabé Ferreyra |access-date=2014-07-11 |archive-date=2015-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915222707/http://www.taringa.net/posts/deportes/2417760/Idolos-de-River-Plate---Bernabe-Ferreyra.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He wan three league titles, aw wi [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] (1932, 1936 an 1937). In the 1932 league tournament, he wis the tap scorer wi 43 goals. That makkit him the tap scorer in Sooth Americae.<ref>http://goalscorers.narod.ru/Most_successful.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310220842/http://goalscorers.narod.ru/Most_successful.htm |date=2007-03-10 }}</ref> Ferreyra's last match wis on 11 Mey 1939 against [[Newell's Old Boys]]. The match endit 2–2 an Ferreyra didna score. He retired at 29, an never taen on a coachin job.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Wi Valeriano López an [[Arthur Friedenreich]], Ferreyra is ane o the anerly professional fitbawers in the Americas tae average mair nor ae goal a match. He scored 206 goals in 197 gemmes frae the stairt o the professional era in 1931 tae his retiral in 1939. He wis that weel kent for the strenth o his shot that the newspaper ''Crítica'' offered a prize tae the first [[Goalkeeper (association fitbaw)|goalkeeper]] that coud play against him athoot lettin in a goal.<ref>[http://riverplate.brinkster.net/Paginas/IN_Idolos_Bernabe.asp River Plate Online – Bernabé Ferreyra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429190843/http://riverplate.brinkster.net/Paginas/IN_Idolos_Bernabe.asp |date=2007-04-29 }}</ref> ===Naitional team=== Ferreyra played his first gemme for the [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team]] on 25 Mey 1931, against [[Uruguay naitional fitbaw team|Uruguay]] in a Copa Lipton match, but he didna play weel an the journalists criticised him. His time wi the naitional team wis short, an he never played at a [[FIFA Warld Cup]]. ==Personal life== Ferreyra wis born in the ceety o Rufino, [[Santa Fe Province]]. He mairit Juanita in 1936, an thay haed twa sons, Bernabé Daniel an Carlos Alberto. Ower his career he wis kent as "El Mortero de Rufino",<ref name=autogenerated1>http://www.rufinoweb.com.ar/noticia.asp?idn=2307{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.eldiariony.com/noticias/columnistasdetail.aspx?sectionId=84&Txtid=721258 El Diario/LA PRENSA OnLine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185639/http://www.eldiariony.com/noticias/columnistasdetail.aspx?sectionId=84&Txtid=721258 |date=2007-09-30 }}</ref> for his strenth as a striker an his poweful shot. He wis kent as ''La Fiera'' (Spaingie for "The Wild Animal") an aw. ==Quotes== Quotes frae Ferreyra himsel an frae some o his teammates an ither weel-kent players, owerset frae the Spanish:<ref name=comogardel>[https://www.lanacion.com.ar/306970-la-fiera-fue-tan-idolo-como-gardel La Fiera fue tan ídolo como Gardel] on ''La Nación'', 22 May 2001</ref> {{cquote|My brithers wis set on me bein the haurdest shuiter in the toun. Mornin an efternuin they had me kickin the baw. 'Haurder… mair! Haurder yet!' }} {{cquote|Afore fitbaw leaves me, I'd raither leave it masel}} {{cquote|'Sae ye're La Fiera… I wantit tae meet ye', said [[Carlos Gardel]] tae Ferreyra, an he answered: 'Na, maister. It's you that's La Fiera when ye sing'.<ref name="burgo">[https://www.tycsports.com/al-angulo/marini-apodos-millonarios-ciclon-fortin-boca-id346075.html Hugo Marini, el rey de los apodos: Millonarios, Ciclón y El Fortín (y eso que era hincha de Boca)] on TyC Sports, 26 May 2021 by [[Andrés Burgo]]</ref>}} {{cquote|As a player he wis exceptional: he made his rivals mark him twice as close, an that made the gemme easier for the rest o us. As a man he wis worth mair yet. He earned aw the siller he wantit, but he never bothered aboot keepin it. He gied it awa by the haunfu, an never socht ocht back. When he shook yer haun, ye kent ye had a freend in him for life.|source= [[José Manuel Moreno]] aboot Ferreyra}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.sitioriverplatense.com.ar/bernabefoto.htm At River Plate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000555/http://www.sitioriverplatense.com.ar/bernabefoto.htm |date=2007-09-29 }} {{es icon}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071020025056/http://futbolfactory.futbolweb.net/index.php?ff=historicos&f2=00001&idjugador=223 Futbol Factory profile] (archived 20 October 2007) {{es icon}} {{s-start}} {{s-sports}} {{succession box|title=Warld fitbaw transfer record|before=David Jack|after=Johnny Morris|years=1932–1949}} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ferreyra, Bernabe}} [[Category:1909 births]] [[Category:1972 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae General López Depairtment]] [[Category:Argentine fitbawers]] [[Category:Argentinae internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Argentine Primera División players]] [[Category:Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield fitbawers]] [[Category:River Plate fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw forrits]] 10h0o1t4t788cpkpmpieuwicgw1ewgf 0 78336 927325 899138 2026-11-09T14:39:56Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; managin career addit, soorced 927325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = Luiz Felipe Scolari | image = Felipão cropped.jpg{{!}}border |image_size = 250 |caption = Scolari at a press conference at the 2014 FIFA Warld Cup | fullname = Luiz Felipe Scolari | height = {{Height|m=1.85}}<ref name="Imdb">{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1528462/bio|title=Biography for Luiz Felipe Scolari|work=IMDb}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|11|9|df=y}} | birth_place = Passo Fundo, [[Brazil]] | currentclub = | position = [[Defender (association fitbaw)|Defender]] | youthyears1 = 1966–1973 | youthclubs1 = Aimoré de São Leopoldo-[[Rio Grande do Sul|RS]] | years1 = 1973–1979 | clubs1 = Caxias | caps1 = | goals1 = | years2 = 1980 | clubs2 = Juventude | caps2 = | goals2 = | years3 = 1980–1981 | clubs3 = Novo Hamburgo | caps3 = | goals3 = | years4 = 1981 | clubs4 = CSA | caps4 = | goals4 = | manageryears1 = 1982 | managerclubs1 = CSA | manageryears2 = 1982–1983 | managerclubs2 = Juventude | manageryears3 = 1983 | managerclubs3 = Brasil de Pelotas | manageryears4 = 1984–1985 | managerclubs4 = Al-Shabab | manageryears5 = 1986 | managerclubs5 = Brasil de Pelotas | manageryears6 = 1986–1987 | managerclubs6 = Juventude | manageryears7 = 1987 | managerclubs7 = [[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]] | manageryears8 = 1988 | managerclubs8 = Goiás | manageryears9 = 1988–1990 | managerclubs9 = Al Qadisiya | manageryears10 = 1990 | managerclubs10 = [[Kuwait naitional fitbaw team|Kuwait]] | manageryears11 = 1990 | managerclubs11 = [[Coritiba Foot Ball Club|Coritiba]] | manageryears12 = 1991 | managerclubs12 = Criciúma | manageryears13 = 1991 | managerclubs13 = Al-Ahli | manageryears14 = 1992 | managerclubs14 = Al Qadisiya | manageryears15 = 1993–1996 | managerclubs15 = [[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]] | manageryears16 = 1996–1997 | managerclubs16 = Júbilo Iwata | manageryears17 = 1997–2000 | managerclubs17 = [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] | manageryears18 = 2000–2001 | managerclubs18 = [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]] | manageryears19 = 2001–2002 | managerclubs19 = [[Brazil naitional fitbaw team|Brazil]] | manageryears20 = 2003–2008 | managerclubs20 = [[Portugal naitional fitbaw team|Portugal]] | manageryears21 = 2008–2009 | managerclubs21 = [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] | manageryears22 = 2009–2010 | managerclubs22 = Bunyodkor | manageryears23 = 2010–2012 | managerclubs23 = [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] | manageryears24 = 2012–2014 | managerclubs24 = [[Brazil naitional fitbaw team|Brazil]] |manageryears25 = 2014–2015 | managerclubs25 = [[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]] |manageryears26 = 2015–2017 | managerclubs26 = Guangzhou Evergrande |manageryears27 = 2018–2019 | managerclubs27 = [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] |manageryears28 = 2020–2021 | managerclubs28 = Cruzeiro |manageryears29 = 2021 | managerclubs29 = [[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]] |manageryears30 = 2022 | managerclubs30 = Athletico Paranaense |manageryears31 = 2023–2024 | managerclubs31 = Atlético Mineiro | medaltemplates = {{Medal|Team|{{fb|Kuwait}}}} {{Medal|W|Gulf Cup of Nations|1990}} {{Medal|Team|{{fb|Brazil}}}} (2001-2002) {{Medal|W|[[FIFA Warld Cup]]|[[2002 FIFA Warld Cup|2002]]}} {{Medal|Team|{{fb|Portugal}}}} {{Medal|Runner-up|European Championship|[[UEFA Euro 2004|2004]]}} {{Medal|Team|{{fb|Brazil}}}} (2012-2014) {{Medal|W|[[FIFA Confederations Cup]]|[[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup|2013]]}} {{Medal|3rd|[[FIFA Warld Cup]]|[[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]]}} }} '''Luiz Felipe Scolari''' ({{IPA-pt|luˈis fɪˈɫipɪ sko̞ˈlaɾi|br}}, {{IPA-pt|ˈɫwiʃ fɨˈɫip(ɨ) ʃkuˈɫaɾi|eu}}), <small>ComIH</small> (born 9 November 1948), kent as '''Felipão''' in Brazil an as '''Phil Scolari''' or '''Big Phil''' in the Inglis-spikkin warld,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/premier_league/chelsea/article5683439.ece | location=London | work=The Times | first=Fiona | last=Hamilton | subscription=yes }}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/sport/football/1280239/Phil-Scolari-named-as-new-Chelsea-boss-in-deal-worth-15m-The-Portugal-coach-to-sign-Deco-for-10m-from-Barcelona.html | title=Phil yer boots, Scolari | location=London | work=The Sun | first=Ian | last=McGarry}}</ref> is a Brazilian [[Association fitbaw|fitbaw]] manager an umwhile [[Defender (association fitbaw)|defender]]. He is thocht bi monie pundits tae be ane o the maist successfu managers o aw time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2019/08/20/50-greatest-football-managers-all-time |title=The 50 Greatest Football Managers of All Time |magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=20 August 2019 |access-date=7 July 2024 }}</ref> He played maistly for Caxias afore turnin tae managin in 1982. He led the [[Brazil naitional fitbaw team|Brazil naitional team]] tae win the [[2002 FIFA Warld Cup]], beatin [[Germany naitional fitbaw team|Germany]] 2–0 in the final.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/10/sports/plus-soccer-scolari-resigns-as-brazil-s-coach.html | title = Scolari Resigns As Brazil's Coach | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 10 August 2002 | access-date = 9 February 2009}}</ref> He wis manager o the [[Portugal naitional fitbaw team|Portugal naitional team]] frae 2003 tae 2008, an took them tae the final o [[UEFA Euro 2004]], that thay lost 1–0 tae Greece.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/euro_2004/3860105.stm | title = Greece win Euro 2004 | first = Phil | last = McNulty | work= BBC Sport | date = 4 July 2004 | access-date = 9 February 2009 }}</ref> Efter spells in club management, includin at [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], he gaed back tae manage Brazil in 2012, an wan the 2013 Confederations Cup at hame.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bagchi |first1=Rob |title=Brazil v Spain: Confederations Cup final – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/jun/30/brazil-spain-live-confederations-cup-final |access-date=7 July 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=30 June 2013}}</ref> In 2015 he wan the Chinese Super League an the AFC Champions League in his first season wi Guangzhou Evergrande.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/3952/asia/2015/11/22/17561252/scolari-winning-feels-extraordinary| title = Scolari: Winning feels extraordinary| work= Goal.com| date = 22 November 2015| access-date = 25 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306225727/http://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/3952/asia/2015/11/22/17561252/scolari-winning-feels-extraordinary|archive-date=6 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Navboxes |title=Awairds an achievements |titlestyle=background: gold |list1= {{FIFA World Cup winning managers}} {{Copa Libertadores winning managers}} {{South American Coach of the Year}} {{Chinese Football Association Coach of the Year}} }} {{Navboxes |title= Luiz Felipe Scolari internaitional toornaments |list1= {{Brazil Squad 2001 Copa América}} {{Brazil Squad 2002 World Cup}} {{Portugal Squad 2004 Euro Cup}} {{Portugal Squad 2006 World Cup}} {{Portugal Squad 2008 Euro Cup}} {{Brazil squad 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{Brazil squad 2014 FIFA World Cup}} }} {{Navboxes |title= Luiz Felipe Scolari managerial poseetions |list1= {{Esporte Clube Juventude managers}} {{Brasil de Pelotas managers}} {{Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense managers}} {{Goiás Esporte Clube managers}} {{Kuwait national football team managers}} {{Coritiba Foot Ball Club managers}} {{Criciúma Esporte Clube managers}} {{Al-Ahli Saudi FC managers}} {{Júbilo Iwata managers}} {{Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras managers}} {{Cruzeiro Esporte Clube managers}} {{Brazil national football team managers}} {{Portugal national football team managers}} {{Chelsea F.C. managers}} {{FC Bunyodkor managers}} {{Guangzhou Evergrande F.C. managers}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Scolari, Luiz Felipe}} [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:Fowk frae Passo Fundo]] [[Category:Fowk frae Rio Grande do Sul]] [[Category:Brazilian Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Brazilian fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw defenders]] [[Category:Sociedade Esportiva e Recreativa Caxias do Sul players]] [[Category:Esporte Clube Novo Hamburgo players]] [[Category:Centro Sportivo Alagoano players]] [[Category:Brazilian fitbaw managers]] [[Category:Brazilian expatriate fitbaw managers]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbaw managers in Ingland]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbaw managers in Portugal]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbaw managers in Japan]] [[Category:Brazilian expatriates in Japan]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbaw managers in Kuwait]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbaw managers in Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Brazilian expatriates in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Brazilian expatriates in Kuwait]] [[Category:2001 Copa América managers]] [[Category:2002 FIFA Warld Cup managers]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2004 managers]] [[Category:2006 FIFA Warld Cup managers]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2008 managers]] [[Category:2013 FIFA Confederations Cup managers]] [[Category:2014 FIFA Warld Cup managers]] [[Category:FIFA Warld Cup-winnin managers]] [[Category:Premier League managers]] [[Category:Brazil naitional fitbaw team managers]] [[Category:Portugal naitional fitbaw team managers]] [[Category:Kuwait naitional fitbaw team managers]] [[Category:Chelsea F.C. managers]] [[Category:Cruzeiro Esporte Clube managers]] [[Category:Júbilo Iwata managers]] [[Category:Centro Sportivo Alagoano managers]] [[Category:Qadsia SC managers]] [[Category:Esporte Clube Juventude managers]] [[Category:FC Bunyodkor managers]] [[Category:Al-Ahli SC (Jeddah) managers]] [[Category:Al Shabab FC (Riyadh) managers]] [[Category:Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense managers]] [[Category:Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras managers]] [[Category:FIFA Confederations Cup-winnin managers]] [[Category:Criciúma Esporte Clube managers]] [[Category:Grêmio Esportivo Brasil managers]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Brazilian fowk o Italian strynd]] [[Category:Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao F.C. managers]] nkslw8s2y5sobp7u7t02urwop815bsn 927327 927325 2026-11-09T14:43:21Z Monospaced 75295 927327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = Luiz Felipe Scolari | image = Felipão cropped.jpg{{!}}border |image_size = 250 |caption = Scolari at a press conference at the 2014 FIFA Warld Cup | fullname = Luiz Felipe Scolari | height = {{Height|m=1.85}}<ref name="Imdb">{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1528462/bio|title=Biography for Luiz Felipe Scolari|work=IMDb}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|11|9|df=y}} | birth_place = Passo Fundo, [[Brazil]] | currentclub = | position = [[Defender (association fitbaw)|Defender]] | youthyears1 = 1966–1973 | youthclubs1 = Aimoré de São Leopoldo-[[Rio Grande do Sul|RS]] | years1 = 1973–1979 | clubs1 = Caxias | caps1 = | goals1 = | years2 = 1980 | clubs2 = Juventude | caps2 = | goals2 = | years3 = 1980–1981 | clubs3 = Novo Hamburgo | caps3 = | goals3 = | years4 = 1981 | clubs4 = CSA | caps4 = | goals4 = | manageryears1 = 1982 | managerclubs1 = CSA | manageryears2 = 1982–1983 | managerclubs2 = Juventude | manageryears3 = 1983 | managerclubs3 = Brasil de Pelotas | manageryears4 = 1984–1985 | managerclubs4 = Al-Shabab | manageryears5 = 1986 | managerclubs5 = Brasil de Pelotas | manageryears6 = 1986–1987 | managerclubs6 = Juventude | manageryears7 = 1987 | managerclubs7 = [[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]] | manageryears8 = 1988 | managerclubs8 = Goiás | manageryears9 = 1988–1990 | managerclubs9 = Al Qadisiya | manageryears10 = 1990 | managerclubs10 = [[Kuwait naitional fitbaw team|Kuwait]] | manageryears11 = 1990 | managerclubs11 = [[Coritiba Foot Ball Club|Coritiba]] | manageryears12 = 1991 | managerclubs12 = Criciúma | manageryears13 = 1991 | managerclubs13 = Al-Ahli | manageryears14 = 1992 | managerclubs14 = Al Qadisiya | manageryears15 = 1993–1996 | managerclubs15 = [[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]] | manageryears16 = 1996–1997 | managerclubs16 = Júbilo Iwata | manageryears17 = 1997–2000 | managerclubs17 = [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] | manageryears18 = 2000–2001 | managerclubs18 = [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]] | manageryears19 = 2001–2002 | managerclubs19 = [[Brazil naitional fitbaw team|Brazil]] | manageryears20 = 2003–2008 | managerclubs20 = [[Portugal naitional fitbaw team|Portugal]] | manageryears21 = 2008–2009 | managerclubs21 = [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] | manageryears22 = 2009–2010 | managerclubs22 = Bunyodkor | manageryears23 = 2010–2012 | managerclubs23 = [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] | manageryears24 = 2012–2014 | managerclubs24 = [[Brazil naitional fitbaw team|Brazil]] |manageryears25 = 2014–2015 | managerclubs25 = [[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]] |manageryears26 = 2015–2017 | managerclubs26 = Guangzhou Evergrande |manageryears27 = 2018–2019 | managerclubs27 = [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] |manageryears28 = 2020–2021 | managerclubs28 = Cruzeiro |manageryears29 = 2021 | managerclubs29 = [[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]] |manageryears30 = 2022 | managerclubs30 = Athletico Paranaense |manageryears31 = 2023–2024 | managerclubs31 = Atlético Mineiro | medaltemplates = {{Medal|Team|{{fb|Kuwait}}}} {{Medal|W|Gulf Cup of Nations|1990}} {{Medal|Team|{{fb|Brazil}}}} (2001-2002) {{Medal|W|[[FIFA Warld Cup]]|[[2002 FIFA Warld Cup|2002]]}} {{Medal|Team|{{fb|Portugal}}}} {{Medal|Runner-up|European Championship|[[UEFA Euro 2004|2004]]}} {{Medal|Team|{{fb|Brazil}}}} (2012-2014) {{Medal|W|[[FIFA Confederations Cup]]|[[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup|2013]]}} {{Medal|3rd|[[FIFA Warld Cup]]|[[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]]}} }} '''Luiz Felipe Scolari''' ({{IPA-pt|luˈis fɪˈɫipɪ sko̞ˈlaɾi|br}}, {{IPA-pt|ˈɫwiʃ fɨˈɫip(ɨ) ʃkuˈɫaɾi|eu}}), <small>ComIH</small> (born 9 November 1948), kent as '''Felipão''' in Brazil an as '''Phil Scolari''' or '''Big Phil''' in the Inglis-spikkin warld,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-goes-back-to-the-future-hiring-scolari-and-parreira/a-16417346|title=Brazil hires 'Big Phil' - again|website=www.dw.com|first=Mark|last=Hallam|date=November 29, 2012|access-date=November 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/sport/football/1280239/Phil-Scolari-named-as-new-Chelsea-boss-in-deal-worth-15m-The-Portugal-coach-to-sign-Deco-for-10m-from-Barcelona.html | title=Phil yer boots, Scolari | location=London | work=The Sun | first=Ian | last=McGarry}}</ref> is a Brazilian [[Association fitbaw|fitbaw]] manager an umwhile [[Defender (association fitbaw)|defender]]. He is thocht bi monie pundits tae be ane o the maist successfu managers o aw time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2019/08/20/50-greatest-football-managers-all-time |title=The 50 Greatest Football Managers of All Time |magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=20 August 2019 |access-date=7 July 2024 }}</ref> He played maistly for Caxias afore turnin tae managin in 1982. He led the [[Brazil naitional fitbaw team|Brazil naitional team]] tae win the [[2002 FIFA Warld Cup]], beatin [[Germany naitional fitbaw team|Germany]] 2–0 in the final.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/10/sports/plus-soccer-scolari-resigns-as-brazil-s-coach.html | title = Scolari Resigns As Brazil's Coach | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 10 August 2002 | access-date = 9 February 2009}}</ref> He wis manager o the [[Portugal naitional fitbaw team|Portugal naitional team]] frae 2003 tae 2008, an took them tae the final o [[UEFA Euro 2004]], that thay lost 1–0 tae Greece.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/euro_2004/3860105.stm | title = Greece win Euro 2004 | first = Phil | last = McNulty | work= BBC Sport | date = 4 July 2004 | access-date = 9 February 2009 }}</ref> Efter spells in club management, includin at [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], he gaed back tae manage Brazil in 2012, an wan the 2013 Confederations Cup at hame.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bagchi |first1=Rob |title=Brazil v Spain: Confederations Cup final – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/jun/30/brazil-spain-live-confederations-cup-final |access-date=7 July 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=30 June 2013}}</ref> In 2015 he wan the Chinese Super League an the AFC Champions League in his first season wi Guangzhou Evergrande.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/3952/asia/2015/11/22/17561252/scolari-winning-feels-extraordinary| title = Scolari: Winning feels extraordinary| work= Goal.com| date = 22 November 2015| access-date = 25 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306225727/http://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/3952/asia/2015/11/22/17561252/scolari-winning-feels-extraordinary|archive-date=6 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Navboxes |title=Awairds an achievements |titlestyle=background: gold |list1= {{FIFA World Cup winning managers}} {{Copa Libertadores winning managers}} {{South American Coach of the Year}} {{Chinese Football Association Coach of the Year}} }} {{Navboxes |title= Luiz Felipe Scolari internaitional toornaments |list1= {{Brazil Squad 2001 Copa América}} {{Brazil Squad 2002 World Cup}} {{Portugal Squad 2004 Euro Cup}} {{Portugal Squad 2006 World Cup}} {{Portugal Squad 2008 Euro Cup}} {{Brazil squad 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{Brazil squad 2014 FIFA World Cup}} }} {{Navboxes |title= Luiz Felipe Scolari managerial poseetions |list1= {{Esporte Clube Juventude managers}} {{Brasil de Pelotas managers}} {{Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense managers}} {{Goiás Esporte Clube managers}} {{Kuwait national football team managers}} {{Coritiba Foot Ball Club managers}} {{Criciúma Esporte Clube managers}} {{Al-Ahli Saudi FC managers}} {{Júbilo Iwata managers}} {{Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras managers}} {{Cruzeiro Esporte Clube managers}} {{Brazil national football team managers}} {{Portugal national football team managers}} {{Chelsea F.C. managers}} {{FC Bunyodkor managers}} {{Guangzhou Evergrande F.C. managers}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Scolari, Luiz Felipe}} [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:Fowk frae Passo Fundo]] [[Category:Fowk frae Rio Grande do Sul]] [[Category:Brazilian Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Brazilian fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw defenders]] [[Category:Sociedade Esportiva e Recreativa Caxias do Sul players]] [[Category:Esporte Clube Novo Hamburgo players]] [[Category:Centro Sportivo Alagoano players]] [[Category:Brazilian fitbaw managers]] [[Category:Brazilian expatriate fitbaw managers]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbaw managers in Ingland]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbaw managers in Portugal]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbaw managers in Japan]] [[Category:Brazilian expatriates in Japan]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbaw managers in Kuwait]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbaw managers in Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Brazilian expatriates in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Brazilian expatriates in Kuwait]] [[Category:2001 Copa América managers]] [[Category:2002 FIFA Warld Cup managers]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2004 managers]] [[Category:2006 FIFA Warld Cup managers]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2008 managers]] [[Category:2013 FIFA Confederations Cup managers]] [[Category:2014 FIFA Warld Cup managers]] [[Category:FIFA Warld Cup-winnin managers]] [[Category:Premier League managers]] [[Category:Brazil naitional fitbaw team managers]] [[Category:Portugal naitional fitbaw team managers]] [[Category:Kuwait naitional fitbaw team managers]] [[Category:Chelsea F.C. managers]] [[Category:Cruzeiro Esporte Clube managers]] [[Category:Júbilo Iwata managers]] [[Category:Centro Sportivo Alagoano managers]] [[Category:Qadsia SC managers]] [[Category:Esporte Clube Juventude managers]] [[Category:FC Bunyodkor managers]] [[Category:Al-Ahli SC (Jeddah) managers]] [[Category:Al Shabab FC (Riyadh) managers]] [[Category:Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense managers]] [[Category:Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras managers]] [[Category:FIFA Confederations Cup-winnin managers]] [[Category:Criciúma Esporte Clube managers]] [[Category:Grêmio Esportivo Brasil managers]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Brazilian fowk o Italian strynd]] [[Category:Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao F.C. managers]] kad9jtp261wnhxo5ci1kqlppbf86fwt 0 79601 927381 913683 2026-11-09T15:51:15Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; expandit, notes owerset 927381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox instrument |name=Bass guitar |names=Bass, electric bass guitar, electric bass |background=string |classification=String instrument (fingered or picked; whiles strummed) |hornbostel_sachs=321.322 |hornbostel_sachs_desc=Composite chordophone |inventors=Paul Tutmarc, [[Leo Fender]] |developed=1930s |range=[[File:Range contrabass.png|130px|center]]<div class="center">(a standart tuned fower-string bass guitar)</div> |related = * [[Electric guitar]] * [[Double bass]] * Acoustic bass guitar }} The '''bass guitar'''<ref>Accordin tae the ''New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', an electric bass guitar is "a guitar, uisually wi fower heavy strings tuned E1'–A1'–D2–G2" (in the original Inglis: "Electric bass guitar [bass guitar] [is] a Guitar, usually with four heavy strings tuned E1'-A1'-D2-G2."). ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London, 2001)</ref> (cried the '''electric bass'''<ref>The ''New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'' defines the term ''bass'' as "a short form o double bass or electric bass guitar" (in the original Inglis: "Bass (iv). A contraction of Double bass or Electric bass guitar."). Ibid.</ref><ref>The richt term is "electric bass", an it's aften wrangly cried "bass guitar", accordin tae Tom Wheeler, ''The Guitar Book'', pp 101–2. ''Guitars'' bi Evans an Evans, page 342, agrees.</ref><ref>Tho "electric bass" is ane o the common names for the instrument, "bass guitar" an "electric bass guitar" are uised commonly an aw, an some writers claim thay're historically accurate (for example "How The Fender Bass Changed The World" in the references section).</ref> or juist the '''bass''' an aw; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|eɪ|s}}) is the lowest-pitched member o the [[guitar]] faimily. It looks an is biggit lik an [[electric guitar]], but wi a langer neck an scale lenth, an maist hae fower strings, tho five-, sax- an mair-stringed models are makkit an aw. It is played maistly wi the fingers or [[Thoum|thumb]], bi pluckin, slappin, poppin, tappin or thumpin, or wi a plectrum (aften cried a pick). The electric bass guitar wis inventit in the mid 1950s tae tak the place o the [[double bass]] in [[pop muisic|popular muisic]], as it is lichter, smaller an easier tae cairry, maist models hae frets that mak it easier tae play in tune, an it haes electromagnetic pickups for amplification. It is uisually tuned the same as the double bass, an octave lower nor the fower lowest strings o a guitar, uisually E, A, D an G. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bass Guitar}} [[Category:Electric bass guitars]] [[Category:American inventions]] [[Category:Amplified instruments]] [[Category:String instruments]] [[Category:American muisical instruments]] [[Category:Contrabass instruments]] [[Category:Bass guitars]] [[Category:Guitars]] [[Category:Bass (soond)]] [[Category:Rhythm section]] 0b2bdr7504tv5twf6y9kmgd7kd93uj1 927384 927381 2026-11-09T15:55:54Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 less informal. Gin A'm wrang, please revert 927384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox instrument |name=Bass guitar |names=Bass, electric bass guitar, electric bass |background=string |classification=String instrument (fingered or picked; whiles strummed) |hornbostel_sachs=321.322 |hornbostel_sachs_desc=Composite chordophone |inventors=Paul Tutmarc, [[Leo Fender]] |developed=1930s |range=[[File:Range contrabass.png|130px|center]]<div class="center">(a standart tuned fower-string bass guitar)</div> |related = * [[Electric guitar]] * [[Double bass]] * Acoustic bass guitar }} The '''bass guitar'''<ref>Accordin tae the ''New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', an electric bass guitar is "a guitar, uisually wi fower heavy strings tuned E1'–A1'–D2–G2" (in the original Inglis: "Electric bass guitar [bass guitar] [is] a Guitar, usually with four heavy strings tuned E1'-A1'-D2-G2."). ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London, 2001)</ref> (cried the '''electric bass'''<ref>The ''New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'' defines the term ''bass'' as "a short form o double bass or electric bass guitar" (in the original Inglis: "Bass (iv). A contraction of Double bass or Electric bass guitar."). Ibid.</ref><ref>The richt term is "electric bass", an it's aften wrangly cried "bass guitar", accordin tae Tom Wheeler, ''The Guitar Book'', pp 101–2. ''Guitars'' bi Evans an Evans, page 342, agrees.</ref><ref>Tho "electric bass" is ane o the common names for the instrument, "bass guitar" an "electric bass guitar" are uised commonly an aw, an some writers claim thay're historically accurate (for example "How The Fender Bass Changed The World" in the references section).</ref> or juist the '''bass''' an aw; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|eɪ|s}}) is the lowest-pitched member o the [[guitar]] faimily. It is lik tae an is biggit lik an [[electric guitar]], but wi a langer neck an scale lenth, an maist hae fower strings, tho five-, sax- an mair-stringed models are makkit an aw. It is played maistly wi the fingers or [[Thoum|thumb]], bi pluckin, slappin, poppin, tappin or thumpin, or wi a plectrum (aften cried a pick). The electric bass guitar wis inventit in the mid 1950s tae tak the place o the [[double bass]] in [[pop muisic|popular muisic]], as it is lichter, smaller an easier tae cairry, maist models hae frets that mak it easier tae play in tune, an it haes electromagnetic pickups for amplification. It is uisually tuned the same as the double bass, an octave lower nor the fower lowest strings o a guitar, uisually E, A, D an G. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bass Guitar}} [[Category:Electric bass guitars]] [[Category:American inventions]] [[Category:Amplified instruments]] [[Category:String instruments]] [[Category:American muisical instruments]] [[Category:Contrabass instruments]] [[Category:Bass guitars]] [[Category:Guitars]] [[Category:Bass (soond)]] [[Category:Rhythm section]] cgn4yggu9s7ynq452jqwu4enb0qbwfp 0 80284 927576 922547 2026-11-10T01:08:48Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; history addit, soorced 927576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisic genre | name = Hip hop | bgcolor = darkblue | color = white | stylistic_origins = [[Funk]], [[disco]], dub, rhythm an blues, [[reggae]], dancehall, toastin, performance poetry, spoken wird, signifyin', The Dozens, scat sangin, talkin blues | cultural_origins = 1970s, [[The Bronx|the Bronx]], New York Ceety | instruments = [[Turntablism|Turntable]], synthesizer, DAW, rappin, drum machine, sampler, drums, [[guitar]], [[bass guitar|bass]], [[piano]], beatboxin, [[vocals]] | derivatives = Electro, breakbeat, auldschuil jungle, drum an bass, [[trip hop]], grime, breakbeat hairdcore, neo soul, big beat | subgenres = {{flatlist| * Alternative hip hop * [[Turntablism]] * Christian hip hop * Conscious hip hop * Experimental hip hop * Freestyle rap * [[Gangsta rap]] * Homo hop * Haurdcore hip hop * Horrorcore * Instrumental hip hop * Mafioso rap * Nerdcore * Poleetical hip hop * Baltimore club * Bounce * Brick City club * Chicano rap * Native American hip hop * Jerkin' }} | fusiongenres = {{flatlist| * Country rap * Australie hip hop * Hip hop soul * Hip hoose * [[Crunk]] * Hyphy * Jazz rap * Merenrap * [[Neo soul]] * [[Nu metal]] * Ragga * Reggaeton * Rap opera * Rap rock * Rapcore * Rap&nbsp;metal * Cumbia rap * Merenrap * Hiplife * Low Bap * Ghettotech * Glitch hop * Wonky * Industrial hip hop * New jack swing * Psychedelic hip hop }} | regional_scenes = {{flatlist| * Atlanta hip hop * Bangladeshi hip hop * East Coast hip hop * Wast Coast hip hop * Soothren hip hop * Midwest hip hop * Breetish hip hop * French hip hop * Kenyan hip hop * Japanese hip hop * Korean hip hop * Israeli hip hop * Nepalese hip hop * Romanie hip hop }} | current_year = yes }} '''Hip hop muisic''', cried '''hip-hop''',<ref name="Merriam-Webster-hip-hop">Merriam-Webster Dictionary entry on hip-hop, retrieved from [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hip%20hop merriam-webster.com]: A subculture especially of inner-city youths who are typically devotees of rap music; the stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rap; also rap together with this music.</ref><ref name="britannica-rap"/> '''rap muisic'''<ref name="britannica-rap">[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] article on rap, retrieved from [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/665039/rap britannica.com]: Rap, musical style in which rhythmic and/or rhyming speech is chanted (“rapped”) to musical accompaniment. This backing music, which can include digital sampling (music and sounds extracted from other recordings), is also called hip-hop, the name used to refer to a broader cultural movement that includes rap, deejaying (turntable manipulation), graffiti painting, and break dancing.</ref><ref name="AllMusic-rap">[[AllMusic]] article for rap, retrieved from [http://allmusic.com/explore/genre/rap-d1 AllMusic.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013192132/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/genre/rap-d1 |date=2010-10-13 }}</ref><ref>Harvard Dictionary of Music article for rap, retrieved from [http://www.credoreference.com/ CredoReference]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> or '''hip-hop muisic''' an aw,<ref name="britannica-rap"/><ref name="britannica-hip-hop">[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] article on hip-hop, retrieved from [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266545/hip-hop britannica.com]: Hip-hop, cultural movement that attained widespread popularity in the 1980s and ’90s; also, the backing music for rap, the musical style incorporating rhythmic and/or rhyming speech that became the movement’s most lasting and influential art form.</ref> is a [[muisic genre]] o popular muisic that is maistly a stylised rhythmic muisic that gangs wi rappin, a rhythmic an rhymin speech that is chantit.<ref name="britannica-rap"/> It cam aboot in the early 1970s, alang wi the hip hop culture aroond it, in [[New York Ceety]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of Rap & Hip-Hop |url=https://timeline.carnegiehall.org/genres/rap-hip-hop |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Timeline of African American Music |language=en}}</ref> Rappin is common eneuch that it is the defining pairt o the genre. Ither key pairts are the disc jockey (DJ), [[turntablism]], scratchin, beatboxin an instrumental tracks. The genre an its culture grew oot o block pairties in [[The Bronx|the Bronx]], wi influences frae African-American, Afro-Caribbean an Latino communities.<ref name=":0" /> DJs stairtit stretchin oot the instrumental brakes o popular records whan thay saw hou excitit it makkit the croods. The lang brakes gied a platform tae brakdancers an rappers, an let the hip hop style grow. In the mid 1980s hip hop stairtit tae diversify, an the years atween the mid 1980s an mid 1990s becam kent as its "golden age", whan the genre wan wide critical praise an selt in great nummers. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hip Hop Muisic}} [[Category:Hip hop| ]] [[Category:African-American cultural history]] [[Category:African-American cultur]] [[Category:African-American muisic]] [[Category:American styles o muisic]] [[Category:Electronic muisic genres|Hip]] [[Category:20t-century muisic genres]] [[Category:21st-century muisic genres]] cugeigrij64e73hfzaz0oxwd50qkkjk 0 80359 927314 883661 2026-11-09T14:10:58Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; managerial career addit (Man City, Arsenal, 2026 Premier League), soorced 927314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spanish name|Arteta|Amatriain}} {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = Mikel Arteta | image = Mikel Arteta 20111017.jpg | image_size = 175 | caption = Arteta in a match against [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]] in 2011 | fullname = Mikel Arteta Amatriain | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|3|26|df=y}} | birth_place = [[San Sebastián]], Spain | height = {{convert|1.79|m|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=48233/profile/index.html |title=Mikel Arteta |publisher=UEFA |date=8 January 2014 |access-date=4 March 2014 |archive-date=2018-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301153133/http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=48233/profile/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | position = Midfielder | currentclub = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] (manager) | clubnumber = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] (heid coach) | youthyears1 = 1994–1997 |youthclubs1 = Antiguoko | youthyears2 = 1997–1999 |youthclubs2 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | years1 = 1999 |clubs1 = [[FC Barcelona C|Barcelona C]] |caps1 = 5 |goals1 = 1 | years2 = 1999–2002 |clubs2 = [[FC Barcelona B|Barcelona B]] |caps2 = 42 |goals2 = 3 | years3 = 2001–2002 |clubs3 = → [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] (loan) |caps3 = 31 |goals3 = 2 | years4 = 2002–2004 |clubs4 = [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] |caps4 = 50 |goals4 = 12 | years5 = 2004–2005 |clubs5 = [[Real Sociedad]] |caps5 = 15 |goals5 = 1 | years6 = 2005 |clubs6 = → [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] (loan) |caps6 = 12 |goals6 = 1 | years7 = 2005–2011 |clubs7 = [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] |caps7 = 162 |goals7 = 27 | years8 = 2011–2016 |clubs8 = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] |caps8 = 110 |goals8 = 14 | totalcaps = 427 |totalgoals = 61 | nationalyears1 = 1998–1999 |nationalteam1 = Spain U16 |nationalcaps1 = 10 |nationalgoals1 = 4 | nationalyears2 = 1999 |nationalteam2 = Spain U17 |nationalcaps2 = 7 |nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 1999–2001 |nationalteam3 = Spain U18 |nationalcaps3 = 13 |nationalgoals3 = 1 | nationalyears4 = 2002–2003 |nationalteam4 = Spain U21 |nationalcaps4 = 12 |nationalgoals4 = 2 | manageryears1 = 2016–2019 | managerclubs1 = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] (assistant) | manageryears2 = 2019– | managerclubs2 = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] }} '''Mikel Arteta Amatriain''' (born 26 Mairch 1982) is a Spaingie professional fitbaw manager an umwhile [[association fitbaw|player]], that is manager o [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]. As a midfielder, Arteta stairtit oot as a trainee wi [[FC Barcelona]] but coudna brak intae the first team, an wis lent tae [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] in the [[Ligue 1|French league]]. He then signed for the [[Scottish Premier League]] club [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]], an wan the domestic treble o the league, [[Scottish Cup]] an [[Scottish League Cup|League Cup]] wi them in 2002–03. Efter his success in [[Scotland]] he gaed back tae Spain tae play for [[Real Sociedad]], but didna establish himsel in the first team, an wis lent tae [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] for the rest o the 2004–05 season afore signin for guid in Julie 2005. He flittit tae Arsenal in 2011, becam caiptain in August 2014, an retired in 2016. He played for Spain at unner-21 level, but never for the [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|senior naitional team]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/2010/04/01/cahill-calls-for-arteta-call-up |publisher=evertonfc.com |title=Cahill Calls for Arteta Call Up |access-date=24 July 2010 |archive-date=2012-03-15 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66BqJimk5?url=http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/2010/04/01/cahill-calls-for-arteta-call-up |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efter retirin he becam an assistant coach tae [[Pep Guardiola]] at [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]].<ref name="mcity">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mancity.com/news/first-team/first-team-news/2016/july/mikel-arteta-joined-guardiola|title=Mikel Arteta joins City's coaching staff|last=Clayton|first=David|website=www.mancity.com|language=en|access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref> He gaed back tae Arsenal as heid coach in December 2019,<ref name="appt">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/50817660|title=Mikel Arteta: Arsenal appoint ex-midfielder as manager|date=20 December 2019|publisher=BBC|access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref> wan the FA Cup in his first season,<ref name="facup">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53460340 |title=Arsenal 2–0 Manchester City: Mikel Arteta exposes City's deficiencies |work=BBC Sport |date=18 July 2020 }}</ref> an in 2026 led the club tae thair first [[Premier League]] title in 22 year.<ref name="pl26">{{Cite web |last=Hafez |first=Shamoon |title=AFC Bournemouth 1–1 Manchester City |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/c775dxrxk3gt |date=19 May 2026 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Club career == === Early career === Born in [[San Sebastián]], [[Gipuzkoa]], Basque Kintra, Arteta began his fitbaw career at Antiguoko an befriendit fellae midfielder [[Xabi Alonso]] as thay wad play thegither every weekend. The twa wad aften play alang the beaches an gutters o [[San Sebastián]] an dreamt o playin thegither at [[Real Sociedad]]. Arteta left for the [[FC Barcelona B]] squad at 15 years o age while Alonso signed for Real Sociedad later.<ref name=Arteta&Alonso>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/mikel-arteta-its-a-long-way-from-san-sebastian-515944.html |work=The Independent |title=Mikel Arteta: 'It's a long way from San Sebastian...' |access-date=13 August 2010 |location=London |date=19 November 2005 |archive-date=2012-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126151047/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/mikel-arteta-its-a-long-way-from-san-sebastian-515944.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Despite his potential Arteta failed tae break intae the first team, an went oot on lend tae French club [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] in Dizember 2000. In Paris, durin a season an a hauf, Arteta wis uised bi manager Luis Fernández as a playmaker. While PSG fand Arteta crucial for thair gemme, wanted tae keep him at the end o the lend period, an haed a buyin first option, Arteta's transfer tae [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] wis finally arrangit as early as in Mairch 2002, as mair financially interestin for Barcelona.<ref name=parisien>{{cite news |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/sports/les-glasgow-rangers-subtilisent-arteta-au-psg-20-03-2002-2002911582.php |newspaper=Le Parisien |access-date=14 July 2014 |date=20 March 2002}}</ref> === Rangers === Arteta jynt [[Scotland|Scottish]] club Rangers in 2002, winnin the 2003 [[Scottish Premier League]] title as weel as the [[Scottish Cup]] an [[Scottish League Cup]]. Arteta enjoyed a successfu first season at [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] an quickly established himsel as a first team regular an a fans' favourite. He returned tae Spain efter twa seasons in Glesga.<ref name=Arteta&Alonso /> === Real Sociedad === He jyned [[Real Sociedad]] for €5.2 million in 2004 wi the idea o Arteta an [[Xabi Alonso]] playin thegither. However, Alonso left for [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] an Arteta failed tae establish hissel in the team.<ref name=Arteta&Alonso /> === Everton === [[File:Mikel Arteta vs Bohemians.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Arteta playin for Everton.]] [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] manager [[David Moyes]] signed Arteta in the 2005 Januar transfer windae on loan wi a view tae a permanent transfer. Seen as a replacement for Dens midfielder Thomas Gravesen, Arteta played a vital pairt in helpin Everton achieve [[UEFA Champions League]] qualification possibility, however thay war knockit oot in the last qualifyin roond.<ref name=Arteta&Alonso /> He scored his first Everton goal in the 4–0 victory ower [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]]. Arteta signed a permanent five-year deal in Julie 2005 for a fee o £2 million. The 2005–06 season saw Arteta pick up baith the Everton ''Fans' Player of the Season'' an the ''Players' Player of the Season'' awairds.<ref name=EFCprofile>{{cite web |url=http://www.evertonfc.com/player-profile/mikel-arteta |title=Squad Profiles: Mikel Arteta |publisher=evertonfc.com |access-date=2008-08-01 |archive-date=2009-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016192213/http://www.evertonfc.com/player-profile/mikel-arteta |url-status=dead }}</ref> Arteta's guid shape extendit intae 2006–07. As weel as retainin his stairtin place, he frequently turned in man-o-the-match displays, an finished the season wi nine goals frae the 35 league gemms he played. Arteta wis awairdit the ''Player of the Season Award'' for the second consecutive year.<ref name=EFCprofile /> He wis votit the Premiership's 'Midfielder of the Year' bi the readers o Sky Sports an aw, beatin [[PFA Players' Player of the Year]] [[Cristiano Ronaldo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/arteta-named-best-midfield.html |publisher=evertonfc.com |title=Midfielder of the year |access-date=17 June 2007 |archive-date=2007-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018084006/http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/arteta-named-best-midfield.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Leon Osman & Mikel Arteta.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Arteta wi Leon Osman in 2008.]] Arteta's creativity wis a essential pairt o Everton's attackin play the follaein season, an he haed scored sax goals bi the end o Januar.<ref name="evertonfc.com">[http://www.evertonfc.com/player-profile/mikel-arteta Mikel Arteta / Everton Squad, Everton Players / evertonfc.com – The Official Website of Everton Football Club] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016192213/http://www.evertonfc.com/player-profile/mikel-arteta |date=2009-10-16 }}. Evertonfc.com (28 March 1982). Retrieved on 2012-06-11.</ref> That impruivit further a season later, scorin nine times in the 2006–07 season an ance again endin the season as the Player of the Year. He helpit Everton secur a place in the [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]] an wis rankit bi the ACTIM Index as the saxt best player in the Premiership but it did no earn him a caw-up intae the full Spain squad.<ref name="evertonfc.com" /> Durin the simmer o 2007, he signed a new five-year contract.<ref name="evertonfc.com" /> Arteta addit anither accolade tae his growin collection durin the 2007–08 season, when he pickit up North West Footballer of the Year awaird. He then becam the first Everton player in five years tae get the Liverpool Echo's Sports Personality of the Year awaird in Januar 2008. Arteta suffered a painch injury in the second hauf o the season, an shortly afore the final gemme of the campaign, he underwent surgery tae rectify the problem.<ref name="evertonfc.com" /> He scored his first goal o the 2008–09 season in the [[Premier League]] opener versus [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]] wi a free kick. He wis named caiptain for a 2–2 draw wi [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]], scorin a penalty in the gemme. In Februar, Arteta wis carriet aff on a stretcher in a 0–0 draw wi [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle]] haein injured a ligament in his knee, days efter his first inclusion in the Spainyie naitional team squad. The injury kept him oot for the rest o the 2008–09 season an the first five month o 2009–10. Ower the course o the season, Arteta began tae play again in the centre o the field, uisually bein pairtnered wi a defensive midfielder, giein him the freedom tae dictate the tempo o the gemme an connectin wi Pienaar an Osman on the wing. Arteta cam back frae injury in Januar 2010 as a substitute in an [[FA Cup]] tee against [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham City]], afore stairtin in a 2–1 hame Premier League win against [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]. His first twa goals o the season war scored in a 5–1 win ower [[Hull City A.F.C.|Hull City]] in Mairch 2010. In August that year he signed a five-year contract extension wi Everton.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/2010/08/13/arteta-contract-photo-exclusive |publisher=Everton F.C. |title=Arteta Contract Photo Exclusive |date=13 August 2010 |access-date=13 August 2010 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134129/http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/2010/08/13/arteta-contract-photo-exclusive |url-status=dead }}</ref> The 2010/11 season pruivit tae be no sae successfu as expectit for baith the team an the player. Efter early goals in the season, against Manchester United (in a thriller 3-3 comeback in Goodison Park) an in the Merseyside Derby 2-0 victory, Arteta suffered a loss o shape that wad be crucial in Everton push for a European spot. He begun tae shaw again glimpses o creative pouer in the feenal pairt o the season, when he wis played again on the wing, enjoyin mair freedom an space. Upon depairtin Everton, Arteta said "I am 29 years old so I haven’t got much time left to take a chance like this one. I have done my best for Everton."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/14744368.stm |title=Arteta defends move to Arsenal |publisher=BBC Sport |date=1 September 2011 |access-date=1 December 2011}}</ref> A few weeks later he revealed tae the Liverpool Echo that the spirit in Everton's dressin room is the 'best in football'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/everton-fc/everton-fc-news/2011/10/07/mikel-arteta-spirit-in-everton-fc-s-dressing-room-is-the-best-in-football-100252-29554361/ |title=Arteta believes Everton team spirit is the best in football |publisher=Liverpool Echo |date=7 October 2011 |access-date=1 December 2011}}</ref> === Arsenal === ==== 2011–12 season ==== [[File:Mikel Arteta Arsenal Borussia Dortmund.jpg|thumb|Arteta an Arsenal against [[Borussia Dortmund]] in the UEFA Champions League.]] Arteta signed wi [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] on 31 August 2011 on a fower-year deal for a reportit fee of £10 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arteta joins Arsenal on a four-year deal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/arteta-joins-arsenal-on-a-four-year-deal |work=Arsenal.com |date=31 August 2011 |access-date=2014-08-26 |archive-date=2012-03-15 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66BqLAOAE?url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/arteta-joins-arsenal-on-a-four-year-deal |url-status=dead }}</ref> Arteta wis gien the nummer 8 jersey, which wis last worn bi [[Samir Nasri]], that haed left the club for [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] juist ower a week earlier. He played his first gemme on 10 September in a 1–0 hame win against [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]].<ref>McNulty, Phil. (10 September 2011) [http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/14772989 BBC Sport – Arsenal 1–0 Swansea]. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved on 2012-06-11.</ref> Arteta scored his first [[Premier League]] goal for Arsenal in a 4–3 loss against [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]] at Ewood Park.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/sport/football/3820401/Blackburn-4-Arsenal-3.html |location=London |work=The Sun |first=Rob |last=Beasley |title=Blackburn 4 Arsenal 3}}</ref> He scored his second goal for the club in a 3–0 hame win against [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]] as he stairtit tae settle weel intae his playmakkin role at Arsenal.<ref>[http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/282224/Arsenal-3-West-Brom-0-Arteta-is-feeling-at-home Home of the Daily and Sunday Express | Football]. Express.co.uk (7 November 2011). Retrieved on 2012-06-11.</ref> He stairtit the scorin wi a 25-yard "swervin lang range shot" in a 4–0 awa win against [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]] at the DW Stadium an aw.<ref>Sinnott, John. (3 December 2011) [http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/15901915 BBC Sport – Wigan 0–4 Arsenal]. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved on 2012-06-11.</ref> Arteta wis able tae hae his first chance tae caiptain the Gunners in the third roond FA Cup victory ower Leeds United, maistly notably remembered for the second debut o [[Thierry Henry]]. His fowert Premier League goal o the season came on 4 Februar as Arsenal thrashed Blackburn 7–1 at the [[Emirates Stadium|Emirates]], scorin frae the edge o the aurie as a clearance frae a corner reached him.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/16779019 "Arsenal 7–1 Blackburn"] BBC Sport.4 February 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2012.</ref> On 26 Februar, Arsenal fand thairsels 2–0 doun in the North Lunnon derby against [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Spurs]], an Arteta providit a assist for Bacary Sagna tae reduce the deficit tae 2–1. Arsenal wan the spiel 5–2. He then scored a brilliant 35-yard free-kick on 24 Mairch in a 3–0 win ower [[Aston Villa]], helpin his team go a further three pynts aheid o [[:en:North London derby|North Lunnon rivals]] [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Spurs]] in the race tae secure Champions League fitbaw.<ref>[http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/310552/Arsenal-3-Aston-Villa-0-Arsene-Wenger-has-new-spring-to-his-step Home of the Daily and Sunday Express | Football]. Express.co.uk (26 March 2012). Retrieved on 2012-06-11.</ref> On 8 Apryle, he scored the winnin goal frae 25 yards oot in a 1–0 win against Manchester City at the Emirates, playin, what seemit at the time, a crucial role in the title race as the defeat for City left thaim aicht pynts ahint rivals Manchester United.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17576401 "Arsenal 1–0 Manchester City"] BBC Sport. 8 April 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012.</ref> Arteta suffered a ankle sprain in his side's 2–1 loss tae Wigan Athletic on 16 Apryle efter less nor ten minutes, that sidelined him for the remainder o the season.<ref>[http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/1051233/arsenal-midfielder-mikel-arteta-ruled-out-of-run-in?cc=5901 Arsenal midfielder Mikel Arteta ruled out of run-in – ESPN Soccernet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423144827/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/1051233/arsenal-midfielder-mikel-arteta-ruled-out-of-run-in?cc=5901 |date=2012-04-23 }}. Soccernet.espn.go.com (20 April 2012). Retrieved on 2012-06-11.</ref> This, however, didna detract frae his excellent first season at Arsenal; as a result he wis votit bi the fans as the fift maist important player o the 2011–12 campaign in Arsenal's Player of the Season poll.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/player-of-the-season-in-fifth-place-is |first=Rob |last=Kelly |title=Player of the Season – in fifth place is... |publisher=Arsenal.com |date=28 May 2012 |access-date=2012-07-23 |archive-date=2012-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705024401/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/player-of-the-season-in-fifth-place-is |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== 2012–13 season ==== [[File:Mikel Arteta (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|150px|Arteta in 2012]] On 17 August, Arteta wis annooncit as the new vice caiptain o the club efter the depairtur o umwhile caiptain [[Robin van Persie]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/vermaelen-confirmed-as-new-arsenal-captain |title=Vermaelen confirmed as new Arsenal captain |date=17 August 2012 |access-date=2012-07-23}}</ref> Follaein the depairtur o Alex Song, Arteta haed muivit ontae a deeper role an haes adaptit weel tae it. On 27 October 2012, he scored his first goal o the season wi a close range tap in against [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]] tae win the gemme 1–0.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/sat-1pmwenger-arteta-plays-intelligent-role |title=Wenger – arsenal plays an intelligent role |publisher=Arsenal.com |date=15 September 2012 |access-date=2014-08-26 |archive-date=2013-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224163621/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/sat-1pmwenger-arteta-plays-intelligent-role |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 10 November 2012, Arteta missed a chance tae win a gemme against Fulham, as his penalty at the daith wis savit bi [[Mark Schwarzer]]. The gemme finished 3–3.<ref>{{cite web |first=John |last=Stanton |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20190108 |title=Arsenal 3-3 Fulham |publisher=BBC Sport |date=10 November 2012 |access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref> On 8 Dizember 2012, Arteta scored twa penalties tae secure Arsenal's 2–0 hame victory ower West Bromwich Albion an wis namit Man of the Match.<ref>{{cite web |first=Mandeep |last=Sanghera |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20564961 |title=Arsenal 2-0 West Brom |publisher=BBC Sport |date=8 December 2012 |access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref> On 22 Dizember 2012, Arteta scored a second hauf penalty at Wigan Athletic tae win three pynts for Arsenal. On 13 Januar 2013, the day o the Premier League match wi Manchester City, Arsenal reportit that Arteta wad be oot for three weeks due tae a ankle problem he got in trainin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/21006473 |title=Arsenal's Mikel Arteta ruled out for three weeks |date=14 January 2013 |access-date=2013-01-16}}</ref> On 30 Mairch, Arteta scored frae the spot efter Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain winnin a penalty. Arsenal went tae beat Reading 4–1. On 13 Apryle, Arteta scored the equaliser frae the penalty spot as Arsenal came frae ahint tae beat [[Norwich City F.C.|Norwich City]] 3–1 at hame. On 4 Mey, Arteta got his fowert assist o the [[:en:2012–13 in English fitbaw|2012–13 season]], bi passin the baw tae [[Theo Walcott]], that slottit hame in the first minute against Queens Park Rangers. He wis votit bi the fans as the fowert best player o the 2012–13 campaign in Arsenal's Player of the Season poll, efter leadin the team tae thair 17t consecutive tap fower feenish. ==== 2013–14 season ==== Arteta missed Arsenal's first fower gemmes o the [[Premier League]] campaign due tae injury, but returned tae the squad afore thair gemme against [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]].<ref>http://www.express.co.uk/sport/football/430915/Mikel-Arteta-back-as-Arsene-Wenger-hails-Aaron-Ramsey-ahead-of-Stoke-clash</ref> On 26 October 2013, he scored his first goal o the season in a 2–0 awa win ower [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]] frae the [[Penalty kick|penalty spot]]. However, he wis sent aff later in the same match bi referee Chris Foy for a foul on Marouane Chamakh.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/crystal-palace-0-arsenal-2-match-report-gunners-made-to-work-by-rejuvenated-eagles-8906080.html |title=Crystal Palace 0 Arsenal 2 match report: Gunners made to work by rejuvenated Eagles |date=27 October 2013 |work=The Independent |access-date=2014-08-26 |archive-date=2014-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101070518/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/crystal-palace-0-arsenal-2-match-report-gunners-made-to-work-by-rejuvenated-eagles-8906080.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Arteta got his second reid caird o the season in Arsenal's 2–0 defeat tae [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]] in a [[2013–14 UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] group stage match in Dizember 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25303686 |title=Napoli 2-0 Arsenal |date=11 December 2013 |access-date=8 March 2014 |work=BBC |last=Magowan |first=Alistair}}</ref> On 8 Mairch 2014, Arteta scored a penalty against [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] in the FA Cup quairter-feenal, helpin Arsenal tae a 4–1 win.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26395193 |title=Arsenal 4-1 Everton |date=8 March 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014 |work=BBC}}</ref> On 12 Apryle 2014, Arteta scored ane o the penalties in the FA Cup semi-feenal shuitoot against [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]] tae send Arsenal tae the feenal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26897266 |title=Arsenal 1-1 Wigan |date=12 April 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014 |work=BBC}}</ref> On 17 Mey 2014, Arteta wan his first major honours wi Arsenal, caiptainin the team as thay beat [[Hull City A.F.C.|Hull City]] 3–2 at [[Wembley Stadium]] in the [[2014 FA Cup Feenal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27354148 |title=Arsenal 3-2 Hull |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=2014-05-18}}</ref> ==== 2014–15 season ==== In August 2014, Arteta wis annooncit as [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal's]] new club caiptain. He describit the appointment as "a big honour an a privilege, wi a big responsibility".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/20140810/wenger-on-winning-and-attacking-options |publisher=Arsenal |date=10 August 2014 |title=Wenger on winning and attacking options |access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="l24">{{cite web |title=Arteta looks to build on Community Shield win and reflects on captaincy |url=http://www.london24.com/sport/football/clubs/arsenal/arteta_looks_to_build_on_community_shield_win_and_reflects_on_captaincy_1_3721077 |publisher=London 24 |access-date=9 July 2015 |date=11 August 2014 |archive-date=2015-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710151655/http://www.london24.com/sport/football/clubs/arsenal/arteta_looks_to_build_on_community_shield_win_and_reflects_on_captaincy_1_3721077 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 10 August, he wan his first trophy as full-time caiptain, playin the full 90 minutes as Arsenal beat Manchester City 3–0 in the 2014 FA Community Shield.<ref name="l24" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28647186 |title=Arsenal 3–0 Man City |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=2014-12-21}}</ref> He scored his first goal of the season, a penalty, in a 3–3 Champions League draw wi [[R.S.C. Anderlecht|Anderlecht]] on 4 November 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29362849 |title=Arsenal 3–3 Anderlecht |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=2014-12-21}}</ref> ==== 2015–16 season ==== On 8 Julie 2015, manager Arsène Wenger revealed that Arteta haed signed a ane-year extension wi Arsenal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/20150708/wenger-arteta-has-signed-new-deal |title=Wenger – Arteta has signed new deal |date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Arteta came on as a substitute as Arsenal beat [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] 1–0 tae win the 2015 FA Community Shield.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/33667216 |title=Arsenal 1–0 Chelsea |date=2 August 2015 |access-date=2 August 2015 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> This wis his first competitive appearance for the club syne November 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=24034&season_id=144 |title=Games played by Mikel Arteta in 2014/2015 |access-date=2 August 2015 |publisher=soccerbase.com}}</ref> == Internaitional career == Mikel Arteta is eligible for the [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spainyie]] naitional fitbaw team. Arteta haes played for Spain at Unner 16, Unner 17, Unner 18 an Under 21 levels but haes no played for the senior internaitional team. He representit Spain in the U16 European Championships, UEFA-CAF Meridian Cup, FIFA U17 Warld Cup an caiptained Spain in the U21 European Championships qualifyin campaign. In August 2010, several Breetish news organisations erroneously reportit that Arteta wad be eligible tae play for the [[Ingland naitional fitbaw team]] due tae his eligibility for a Breetish passport. The player isnae eligible for Ingland acause FIFA Statutes stipulate that the player needs tae hae held a Breetish passport at the time when he representit Spain at the U16 European Championships an in addeetion he wad hae required five years o eddication in Breetain afore turnin 18.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/scotland/8955046.stm |work=BBC News |title=Arteta pick not possible – Levein |date=30 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/england/7975748/Fabio-Capello-embarrassed-as-Fifa-rule-confirms-Mikel-Artetas-ineligibility-to-play-for-England.html |work=Daily Telegraph |title=Fabio Capello embarrassed as Fifa rule confirms Mikel Arteta's ineligibility to play for England |date=1 September 2010 |location=London}}</ref> In November 2011, Arteta reiteratit his desire tae ane day represent his kintra at internaitional level. "It’s one of my targets and I won’t stop going for it because I really want to represent my country". He went on tae praise the current Spainyie midfield as "the best midfield the world has ever seen".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/arteta-spain-s-midfield-is-the-best-ever |work=Arsenal.com |title=Arteta – Spain’s midfield is the best ever |date=10 November 2011 |access-date=2014-08-26 |archive-date=2011-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219151217/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/arteta-spain-s-midfield-is-the-best-ever |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 10 October 2012, fellae Spaniard an Arsenal team-mate [[Santi Cazorla]] said that it wis 'strange' that Arteta haed niver been caaed up bi Spain despite consistently impressin in the Premier League.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.goal.com/en-my/news/3890/england/2012/10/10/3439366/arteta-spain-snub-strange-says-arsenal-team-mate-cazorla |work=Goal.com |title=Arteta Spain snub 'strange', says Arsenal team-mate Cazorla |date=10 October 2012}}</ref> == Coachin an managerial career == === Manchester City === On 3 Julie 2016 Arteta wis appintit an assistant coach at Manchester City, warkin unner Pep Guardiola.<ref name="mcity" /> At City he wan twa Premier League titles, an FA Cup an twa EFL Cups. === Arsenal === On 20 December 2019 Arteta wis appintit heid coach o Arsenal.<ref name="appt" /> In his first season Arsenal beat Chelsea 2–1 in the 2020 FA Cup final, makin Arteta the first person tae win the FA Cup as baith caiptain an coach o Arsenal.<ref name="facup" /> In August 2020 thay wan the FA Community Shield against [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] on penalties.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 August 2020|title=Arsenal beat Liverpool on penalties to win Community Shield|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/av/football/53961456|access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref> On 19 Mey 2026 Arsenal war crouned champions o the Premier League,<ref name="pl26" /> an Arteta becam the first manager tae win the Premier League wi a club he haed played for.<ref>{{cite web |last=McAleer |first=Ben |url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4660971/every-premier-league-title-winning-manager-in-history |title=Every manager to win a title in Premier League history |publisher=Premier League |date=19 May 2026 }}</ref> Later that month thay lost the Champions League final tae [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] on penalties, efter a 1–1 draw.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/sports/20260530-arteta-s-arsenal-realise-evolution-needed-after-psg-final-loss |title=Arteta's Arsenal realise evolution needed after PSG final loss |publisher=RFI |date=31 May 2026 }}</ref> == Style o play == [[File:Mikel Arteta corner kick Arsenal vs Swansea.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Arteta takkin a corner kick for Arsenal.]] Whiles initially thocht o as a "pivot" or defensive midfielder in the moud o his hero [[Pep Guardiola]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/sport/football.html?in_article_id=476065&in_page_id=1779 |location=London |work=Daily Mail |title=Arteta: Artist of Goodison |date=17 August 2007}}</ref> it is anerly sin bein shiftit tae a mair attackin role, first bi Luis Fernandez in PSG,<ref name=parisien /> then bi David Moyes in Everton, that Arteta's career haes truly begun tae flourish. Awtho he achievit moderate success frae central midfield wi PSG an Rangers, his muive tae a mair attackin role saw him ratit as the saxt maist effective player in the [[Premier League]] in 2006-07 bi the offeecial player ratins seestem the Actim Index. Wi 100 fouls committit against him in the 2006–07 season he wis the maist fouled player in the Premier League.<ref name="ESPNsoccernet: Mikel Arteta">[http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/stats?id=9840&cc=5739 ESPNsoccernet: Mikel Arteta]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Soccernet.espn.go.com (26 March 1982). Retrieved on 2012-06-11.</ref> Addeetionally, he haes pruivit an extremely potent creative force thanks mainly tae his pinpoint crossin ability an propensity for the killer pass, wi his tot o 12 league assists in the 2006–07 season bein third tae [[Cesc Fàbregas]] an [[Cristiano Ronaldo]].<ref>[http://www.premierleague.com/page/Statistics Players] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203132930/http://www.premierleague.com/page/Statistics |date=2010-12-03 }}. Premierleague.com. Retrieved on 2012-06-11.</ref> == Career statistics == === Club === {{updated|match played 16 August 2014}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Mikel Arteta |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=24034 |work=Soccerbase |access-date=26 May 2014}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="3"|Cup^[[#1|1]] !colspan="3"|Europe !colspan="3"|Tot |- !Apps!!Goals!!Assists!!Apps!!Goals!!Assists!!Apps!!Goals!!Assists!!Apps!!Goals!!Assists |- | rowspan="3"|[[FC Barcelona B|Barcelona B]] |[[:en:1999–2000 Segunda División B|1999–2000]] |26||1||–||colspan="6"|—||26||1||– |- |[[:en:2000–01 Segunda División B|2000–01]] |16||2||–||colspan="6"|—||16||2||– |- ! Tot !42!!3!!–!!colspan="6"|—!!42!!3!!– |- | rowspan="3"|[[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] |[[:en:2000–01 French Division 1|2000–01]] |6||1||0||1||0||0||4||0||0||11||1||0 |- |[[:en:2001–02 French Division 1|2001–02]] |25||1||0||7||2||0||10||1||0||42||4||0 |- !| Tot !31!!2!!0!!8!!2!!0!!14!!1!!0!!53!!5!!0 |- | rowspan="3"|[[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] |[[:en:2002-03 Scottish Premier League|2002–03]] |27||4||0||7||1||0||1||0||0||35||5||0 |- |[[:en:2003-04 Scottish Premier League|2003–04]] |23||8||0||4||0||0||6||1||0||33||9||0 |- !| Tot !50!!12!!0!!11!!1!!0!!7!!1!!0!!68!!14!!0 |- | rowspan="2"|[[Real Sociedad]] |[[:en:2004-05 La Liga|2004–05]] |15||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="3"|—||15||1||0 |- !| Tot !15!!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!colspan="3"|—!!15!!1!!0 |- | rowspan="9"|[[Everton F.C.|Everton]] |[[:en:2004-05 FA Premier League|2004–05]] |12||1||2||1||0||0||colspan="3"|—||13||1||2 |- |[[:en:2005-06 FA Premier League|2005–06]] |29||1||7||5||1||0||3||1||0||37||3||7 |- |[[:en:2006-07 FA Premier League|2006–07]] |35||9||12||4||0||0||colspan="3"|—||39||9||12 |- |[[:en:2007-08 Premier League|2007–08]] |28||1||7||2||0||0||7||3||0||37||4||7 |- |[[:en:2008-09 Premier League|2008–09]] |26||6||7||3||1||0||2||0||0||31||7||7 |- |[[:en:2009-10 Premier League|2009–10]] |13||6||2||1||0||0||2||0||0||16||6||2 |- |[[:en:2010-11 Premier League|2010–11]] |29||3||4||4||0||0||colspan="3"|—||33||3||4 |- |[[:en:2011-12 Premier League|2011–12]] |2||1||0||1||1||0||colspan="3"|—||3||2||0 |- !| Tot !174!!28!!41!!21!!3!!0!!14!!4!!0!!209!!35!!41 |- | rowspan="5"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] |[[:en:2011-12 Premier League|2011–12]] |29||6||3||3||0||0||6||0||0||38||6||3 |- |[[:en:2012-13 Premier League|2012–13]] |34||6||4||2||0||1||7||0||1||43||6||6 |- |[[:en:2013-14 Premier League|2013–14]] |31||2||0||6||1||0||6||0||0||43||3||0 |- |[[:en:2014-15 Premier League|2014–15]] |1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||0 |- !| Tot !95!!14!!7!!11!!1!!1!!19!!0!!1!!125!!15!!9 |- !colspan="2"|Career tot !407!!60!!48!!50!!7!!1!!53!!6!!1!!512!!72!!50 |} :<div id="1">¹ <small> Includes Coupe de France, Coupe de la Ligue, [[Scottish Cup]], [[Scottish League Cup]], [[FA Cup]] an [[Football League Cup]]</small> </div> == Honours == === Club === ;Paris Saint-Germain *[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]] (1): [[:en:2001 UEFA Intertoto Cup|2001]] ;Rangers *[[Scottish Premier League]] (1): [[:en:Scottish Premier League 2002-03|2002–03]] *[[Scottish Cup]] (1): [[:en:2003 Scottish Cup Final|2002–03]] *[[Scottish League Cup]] (1): [[:en:2003 Scottish League Cup Final|2002–03]] ;Arsenal *[[FA Cup]] (1): [[:en:2013–14 FA Cup|2013–14]] *[[FA Community Shield]] (1): [[:en:2014 FA Community Shield|2014]] === Internaitional === ;Spain *UEFA European Unner-16 Fitbaa Championship: [[:en:1999 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship|1999]] *UEFA-CAF Meridian Cup: 1999 === Individual === *Scottish Premier League Young Player of the Month (2): September 2002, August 2003 *Everton Player of the Season (2): 2005–06, 2006–07 *Everton Players' Player of the Season (1): 2005–06 *Sky Sports Midfielder of the Year (1): 2006–07 *North West Player of the Year (1): 2006–07 == Personal life == Arteta's wife is the umwhile Miss Spain Lorena Bernal.<ref name=mailarticle /> wi that he haes twa sons, Gabriel an Daniel. He is close friends wi [[Xabi Alonso]], that plays for [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]. The twa uised tae be neebours at Liverpool's Albert Dock apartment complex.<ref name=mailarticle>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/sport/football.html?in_article_id=476065&in_page_id=1779 |title=Arteta: Artist of Goodison |access-date=17 August 2007 |location=London |work=Daily Mail |date=17 August 2007}}</ref> Arteta is multilingual, speakin fluent Spainyie, [[Basque leid|Basque]], [[Catalan leid|Catalan]] an Inglis. He speaks some French, Italian an [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]].<ref>[http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/arteta-s-love-affair.html Arteta's Love Affair with Everton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018084009/http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/arteta-s-love-affair.html |date=2007-10-18 }}. Evertonfc.com (15 September 2007). Retrieved on 2012-06-11.</ref> Recently, Mikel haes testit positive for [[Coronavirus]] <ref> [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51865442]</ref> == References == {{reflist|2}} == Freemit airtins == *[http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/mikel-arteta Premier League Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905193706/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/mikel-arteta |date=2014-09-05 }} *[http://www.arsenal.com/first-team/players/mikel-arteta Arsenal F.C. Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129122147/http://www.arsenal.com/first-team/players/mikel-arteta |date=2011-11-29 }} *[http://www.evertonfc.com/player-profile/mikel-arteta Everton F.C. Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016192213/http://www.evertonfc.com/player-profile/mikel-arteta |date=2009-10-16 }} *[http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=24034 Soccerbase Profile] *[http://www.lfp.fr/joueur/arteta-amatriain-mikel LFP Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608214548/http://www.lfp.fr/joueur/arteta-amatriain-mikel |date=2015-06-08 }} *[http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=175416/ FIFA Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124214807/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=175416/ |date=2015-01-24 }} *[http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=48233/profile/index.html UEFA Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301153133/http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=48233/profile/index.html |date=2018-03-01 }} *[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm3174346/ IMDb Profile] {{Everton F.C. Player of the Year}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Arteta, Mikel}} [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae San Sebastián]] [[Category:Spaingie fitbawers]] [[Category:Spain youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Spain unner-21 internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Basque fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw midfielders]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Segunda División B players]] [[Category:Tercera División players]] [[Category:FC Barcelona C players]] [[Category:FC Barcelona B players]] [[Category:Real Sociedad fitbawers]] [[Category:Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players]] [[Category:Rangers F.C. players]] [[Category:Everton F.C. players]] [[Category:Arsenal F.C. players]] [[Category:Ligue 1 players]] [[Category:Scottish Premier League players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Fraunce]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Scotland]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Ingland]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriate sportsfowk in Fraunce]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriate sportsfowk in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriates in Ingland]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriates in Scotland]] gx3q02emeq09jhb676yr1b6x6qoey7l 927552 927314 2026-11-10T00:20:36Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin an grammar fixes, lang sentences split, quotes owerset 927552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spanish name|Arteta|Amatriain}} {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = Mikel Arteta | image = Mikel Arteta 20111017.jpg | image_size = 175 | caption = Arteta in a match against [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]] in 2011 | fullname = Mikel Arteta Amatriain | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|3|26|df=y}} | birth_place = [[San Sebastián]], Spain | height = {{convert|1.79|m|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=48233/profile/index.html |title=Mikel Arteta |publisher=UEFA |date=8 January 2014 |access-date=4 March 2014 |archive-date=2018-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301153133/http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=48233/profile/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | position = Midfielder | currentclub = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] (manager) | clubnumber = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] (heid coach) | youthyears1 = 1994–1997 |youthclubs1 = Antiguoko | youthyears2 = 1997–1999 |youthclubs2 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | years1 = 1999 |clubs1 = [[FC Barcelona C|Barcelona C]] |caps1 = 5 |goals1 = 1 | years2 = 1999–2002 |clubs2 = [[FC Barcelona B|Barcelona B]] |caps2 = 42 |goals2 = 3 | years3 = 2001–2002 |clubs3 = → [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] (loan) |caps3 = 31 |goals3 = 2 | years4 = 2002–2004 |clubs4 = [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] |caps4 = 50 |goals4 = 12 | years5 = 2004–2005 |clubs5 = [[Real Sociedad]] |caps5 = 15 |goals5 = 1 | years6 = 2005 |clubs6 = → [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] (loan) |caps6 = 12 |goals6 = 1 | years7 = 2005–2011 |clubs7 = [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] |caps7 = 162 |goals7 = 27 | years8 = 2011–2016 |clubs8 = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] |caps8 = 110 |goals8 = 14 | totalcaps = 427 |totalgoals = 61 | nationalyears1 = 1998–1999 |nationalteam1 = Spain U16 |nationalcaps1 = 10 |nationalgoals1 = 4 | nationalyears2 = 1999 |nationalteam2 = Spain U17 |nationalcaps2 = 7 |nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 1999–2001 |nationalteam3 = Spain U18 |nationalcaps3 = 13 |nationalgoals3 = 1 | nationalyears4 = 2002–2003 |nationalteam4 = Spain U21 |nationalcaps4 = 12 |nationalgoals4 = 2 | manageryears1 = 2016–2019 | managerclubs1 = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] (assistant) | manageryears2 = 2019– | managerclubs2 = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] }} '''Mikel Arteta Amatriain''' (born 26 Mairch 1982) is a Spaingie professional fitbaw manager an umwhile [[association fitbaw|player]], that is manager o [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]. As a midfielder, Arteta stairtit oot as a trainee wi [[FC Barcelona]] but coudna brak intae the first team, an wis lent tae [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] in the [[Ligue 1|French league]]. He then signed for the [[Scottish Premier League]] club [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]], an wan the domestic treble o the league, [[Scottish Cup]] an [[Scottish League Cup|League Cup]] wi them in 2002–03. Efter his success in [[Scotland]] he gaed back tae Spain tae play for [[Real Sociedad]], but didna establish himsel in the first team. He wis lent tae [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] for the rest o the 2004–05 season afore signin for guid in Julie 2005. He flittit tae Arsenal in 2011, becam caiptain in August 2014, an retired in 2016. He played for Spain at unner-21 level, but never for the [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|senior naitional team]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/2010/04/01/cahill-calls-for-arteta-call-up |publisher=evertonfc.com |title=Cahill Calls for Arteta Call Up |access-date=24 July 2010 |archive-date=2012-03-15 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66BqJimk5?url=http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/2010/04/01/cahill-calls-for-arteta-call-up |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efter retirin he becam an assistant coach tae [[Pep Guardiola]] at [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]].<ref name="mcity">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mancity.com/news/first-team/first-team-news/2016/july/mikel-arteta-joined-guardiola|title=Mikel Arteta joins City's coaching staff|last=Clayton|first=David|website=www.mancity.com|language=en|access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref> He gaed back tae Arsenal as heid coach in December 2019,<ref name="appt">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/50817660|title=Mikel Arteta: Arsenal appoint ex-midfielder as manager|date=20 December 2019|publisher=BBC|access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref> wan the FA Cup in his first season,<ref name="facup">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53460340 |title=Arsenal 2–0 Manchester City: Mikel Arteta exposes City's deficiencies |work=BBC Sport |date=18 July 2020 }}</ref> an in 2026 led the club tae thair first [[Premier League]] title in 22 year.<ref name="pl26">{{Cite web |last=Hafez |first=Shamoon |title=AFC Bournemouth 1–1 Manchester City |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/c775dxrxk3gt |date=19 May 2026 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Club career == === Early career === Born in [[San Sebastián]], [[Gipuzkoa]], Basque Kintra, Arteta began his fitbaw career at Antiguoko an befriendit fellae midfielder [[Xabi Alonso]] as thay wad play thegither every weekend. The twa wad aften play alang the beaches an gutters o [[San Sebastián]] an dreamt o playin thegither at [[Real Sociedad]]. Arteta left for the [[FC Barcelona B]] squad at 15 years o age while Alonso signed for Real Sociedad later.<ref name=Arteta&Alonso>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/mikel-arteta-its-a-long-way-from-san-sebastian-515944.html |work=The Independent |title=Mikel Arteta: 'It's a long way from San Sebastian...' |access-date=13 August 2010 |location=London |date=19 November 2005 |archive-date=2012-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126151047/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/mikel-arteta-its-a-long-way-from-san-sebastian-515944.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Despite his potential Arteta failed tae break intae the first team, an went oot on lend tae French club [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] in Dizember 2000. In Paris, durin a season an a hauf, Arteta wis uised bi manager Luis Fernández as a playmaker. PSG fand Arteta crucial for thair gemme, wanted tae keep him at the end o the lend period, an haed a buyin first option. Even sae, Arteta's transfer tae [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] wis finally arrangit as early as in Mairch 2002, as mair financially interestin for Barcelona.<ref name=parisien>{{cite news |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/sports/les-glasgow-rangers-subtilisent-arteta-au-psg-20-03-2002-2002911582.php |newspaper=Le Parisien |access-date=14 July 2014 |date=20 March 2002}}</ref> === Rangers === Arteta jynt [[Scotland|Scottish]] club Rangers in 2002, winnin the 2003 [[Scottish Premier League]] title as weel as the [[Scottish Cup]] an [[Scottish League Cup]]. Arteta enjoyed a successfu first season at [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] an quickly established himsel as a first team regular an a fans' favourite. He returned tae Spain efter twa seasons in Glesga.<ref name=Arteta&Alonso /> === Real Sociedad === He jyned [[Real Sociedad]] for €5.2 million in 2004 wi the idea o Arteta an [[Xabi Alonso]] playin thegither. However, Alonso left for [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] an Arteta failed tae establish hissel in the team.<ref name=Arteta&Alonso /> === Everton === [[File:Mikel Arteta vs Bohemians.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Arteta playin for Everton.]] [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] manager [[David Moyes]] signed Arteta in the 2005 Januar transfer windae on loan wi a view tae a permanent transfer. Seen as a replacement for Dens midfielder Thomas Gravesen, Arteta played a vital pairt in helpin Everton achieve [[UEFA Champions League]] qualification possibility, however thay war knockit oot in the last qualifyin roond.<ref name=Arteta&Alonso /> He scored his first Everton goal in the 4–0 victory ower [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]]. Arteta signed a permanent five-year deal in Julie 2005 for a fee o £2 million. The 2005–06 season saw Arteta pick up baith the Everton ''Fans' Player of the Season'' an the ''Players' Player of the Season'' awards.<ref name=EFCprofile>{{cite web |url=http://www.evertonfc.com/player-profile/mikel-arteta |title=Squad Profiles: Mikel Arteta |publisher=evertonfc.com |access-date=2008-08-01 |archive-date=2009-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016192213/http://www.evertonfc.com/player-profile/mikel-arteta |url-status=dead }}</ref> Arteta's guid shape extendit intae 2006–07. As weel as retainin his stairtin place, he frequently turned in man-o-the-match displays, an finished the season wi nine goals frae the 35 league gemms he played. Arteta wis awairdit the ''Player of the Season Award'' for the second consecutive year.<ref name=EFCprofile /> He wis votit the Premiership's 'Midfielder of the Year' bi the readers o Sky Sports an aw, beatin [[PFA Players' Player of the Year]] [[Cristiano Ronaldo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/arteta-named-best-midfield.html |publisher=evertonfc.com |title=Midfielder of the year |access-date=17 June 2007 |archive-date=2007-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018084006/http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/arteta-named-best-midfield.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Leon Osman & Mikel Arteta.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Arteta wi Leon Osman in 2008.]] Arteta's creativity wis a essential pairt o Everton's attackin play the follaein season, an he haed scored sax goals bi the end o Januar.<ref name="evertonfc.com">[http://www.evertonfc.com/player-profile/mikel-arteta Mikel Arteta / Everton Squad, Everton Players / evertonfc.com – The Official Website of Everton Football Club] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016192213/http://www.evertonfc.com/player-profile/mikel-arteta |date=2009-10-16 }}. Evertonfc.com (28 March 1982). Retrieved on 2012-06-11.</ref> That impruivit further a season later, scorin nine times in the 2006–07 season an ance again endin the season as the Player of the Year. He helpit Everton secur a place in the [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]] an wis rankit bi the ACTIM Index as the saxt best player in the Premiership but it did no earn him a caw-up intae the full Spain squad.<ref name="evertonfc.com" /> Durin the simmer o 2007, he signed a new five-year contract.<ref name="evertonfc.com" /> Arteta addit anither accolade tae his growin collection durin the 2007–08 season, when he pickit up North West Footballer of the Year award. He then becam the first Everton player in five years tae get the Liverpool Echo's Sports Personality of the Year award in Januar 2008. Arteta suffered a painch injury in the second hauf o the season, an shortly afore the final gemme of the campaign, he underwent surgery tae rectify the problem.<ref name="evertonfc.com" /> He scored his first goal o the 2008–09 season in the [[Premier League]] opener versus [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]] wi a free kick. He wis named caiptain for a 2–2 draw wi [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]], scorin a penalty in the gemme. In Februar, Arteta wis carriet aff on a stretcher in a 0–0 draw wi [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle]] haein injured a ligament in his knee, days efter his first inclusion in the Spainyie naitional team squad. The injury kept him oot for the rest o the 2008–09 season an the first five month o 2009–10. Ower the course o the season, Arteta began tae play again in the centre o the field. He wis uisually pairtnered wi a defensive midfielder, giein him the freedom tae dictate the tempo o the gemme an connectin wi Pienaar an Osman on the wing. Arteta cam back frae injury in Januar 2010 as a substitute in an [[FA Cup]] tee against [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham City]], afore stairtin in a 2–1 hame Premier League win against [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]. His first twa goals o the season war scored in a 5–1 win ower [[Hull City A.F.C.|Hull City]] in Mairch 2010. In August that year he signed a five-year contract extension wi Everton.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/2010/08/13/arteta-contract-photo-exclusive |publisher=Everton F.C. |title=Arteta Contract Photo Exclusive |date=13 August 2010 |access-date=13 August 2010 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134129/http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/2010/08/13/arteta-contract-photo-exclusive |url-status=dead }}</ref> The 2010/11 season pruivit tae be no sae successfu as expectit for baith the team an the player. Efter early goals in the season, against Manchester United (in a thriller 3-3 comeback in Goodison Park) an in the Merseyside Derby 2-0 victory, Arteta suffered a loss o shape. This wad be crucial in Everton push for a European spot. He begun tae shaw again glimpses o creative pouer in the feenal pairt o the season, when he wis played again on the wing, enjoyin mair freedom an space. Upon depairtin Everton, Arteta said "A am 29 years old so A hivnae got much time left to take a chance like this one. A have done my best for Everton."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "I am 29 years old so I haven’t got much time left to take a chance like this one. I have done my best for Everton."</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/14744368.stm |title=Arteta defends move to Arsenal |publisher=BBC Sport |date=1 September 2011 |access-date=1 December 2011}}</ref> A few weeks later he revealed tae the Liverpool Echo that the spirit in Everton's dressin room is the 'best in football'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/everton-fc/everton-fc-news/2011/10/07/mikel-arteta-spirit-in-everton-fc-s-dressing-room-is-the-best-in-football-100252-29554361/ |title=Arteta believes Everton team spirit is the best in football |publisher=Liverpool Echo |date=7 October 2011 |access-date=1 December 2011}}</ref> === Arsenal === ==== 2011–12 season ==== [[File:Mikel Arteta Arsenal Borussia Dortmund.jpg|thumb|Arteta an Arsenal against [[Borussia Dortmund]] in the UEFA Champions League.]] Arteta signed wi [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] on 31 August 2011 on a fower-year deal for a reportit fee of £10 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arteta joins Arsenal on a four-year deal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/arteta-joins-arsenal-on-a-four-year-deal |work=Arsenal.com |date=31 August 2011 |access-date=2014-08-26 |archive-date=2012-03-15 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66BqLAOAE?url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/arteta-joins-arsenal-on-a-four-year-deal |url-status=dead }}</ref> Arteta wis gien the nummer 8 jersey, which wis last worn bi [[Samir Nasri]], that haed left the club for [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] juist ower a week earlier. He played his first gemme on 10 September in a 1–0 hame win against [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]].<ref>McNulty, Phil. (10 September 2011) [http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/14772989 BBC Sport – Arsenal 1–0 Swansea]. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved on 2012-06-11.</ref> Arteta scored his first [[Premier League]] goal for Arsenal in a 4–3 loss against [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]] at Ewood Park.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/sport/football/3820401/Blackburn-4-Arsenal-3.html |location=London |work=The Sun |first=Rob |last=Beasley |title=Blackburn 4 Arsenal 3}}</ref> He scored his second goal for the club in a 3–0 hame win against [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]] as he stairtit tae settle weel intae his playmakkin role at Arsenal.<ref>[http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/282224/Arsenal-3-West-Brom-0-Arteta-is-feeling-at-home Home of the Daily and Sunday Express | Football]. Express.co.uk (7 November 2011). Retrieved on 2012-06-11.</ref> He stairtit the scorin wi a 25-yard "swervin lang range shot" in a 4–0 awa win against [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]] at the DW Stadium an aw.<ref>Sinnott, John. (3 December 2011) [http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/15901915 BBC Sport – Wigan 0–4 Arsenal]. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved on 2012-06-11.</ref> Arteta wis able tae hae his first chance tae caiptain the Gunners in the third roond FA Cup victory ower Leeds United, maistly notably remembered for the second debut o [[Thierry Henry]]. His fowert Premier League goal o the season came on 4 Februar as Arsenal thrashed Blackburn 7–1 at the [[Emirates Stadium|Emirates]], scorin frae the edge o the aurie as a clearance frae a corner reached him.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/16779019 "Arsenal 7–1 Blackburn"] BBC Sport.4 February 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2012.</ref> On 26 Februar, Arsenal fand thairsels 2–0 doun in the North Lunnon derby against [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Spurs]], an Arteta providit a assist for Bacary Sagna tae reduce the deficit tae 2–1. Arsenal wan the spiel 5–2. He then scored a brilliant 35-yard free-kick on 24 Mairch in a 3–0 win ower [[Aston Villa]]. This helpit his team go a further three pynts aheid o [[:en:North London derby|North Lunnon rivals]] [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Spurs]] in the race tae secure Champions League fitbaw.<ref>[http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/310552/Arsenal-3-Aston-Villa-0-Arsene-Wenger-has-new-spring-to-his-step Home of the Daily and Sunday Express | Football]. Express.co.uk (26 March 2012). Retrieved on 2012-06-11.</ref> On 8 Apryle, he scored the winnin goal frae 25 yards oot in a 1–0 win against Manchester City at the Emirates. He played what seemit at the time a crucial role in the title race, as the defeat for City left thaim aicht pynts ahint rivals Manchester United.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17576401 "Arsenal 1–0 Manchester City"] BBC Sport. 8 April 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012.</ref> Arteta suffered a ankle sprain in his side's 2–1 loss tae Wigan Athletic on 16 Apryle efter less nor ten minutes, that sidelined him for the remainder o the season.<ref>[http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/1051233/arsenal-midfielder-mikel-arteta-ruled-out-of-run-in?cc=5901 Arsenal midfielder Mikel Arteta ruled out of run-in – ESPN Soccernet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423144827/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/1051233/arsenal-midfielder-mikel-arteta-ruled-out-of-run-in?cc=5901 |date=2012-04-23 }}. Soccernet.espn.go.com (20 April 2012). Retrieved on 2012-06-11.</ref> This, however, didna detract frae his excellent first season at Arsenal; as a result he wis votit bi the fans as the fift maist important player o the 2011–12 campaign in Arsenal's Player of the Season poll.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/player-of-the-season-in-fifth-place-is |first=Rob |last=Kelly |title=Player of the Season – in fifth place is... |publisher=Arsenal.com |date=28 May 2012 |access-date=2012-07-23 |archive-date=2012-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705024401/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/player-of-the-season-in-fifth-place-is |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== 2012–13 season ==== [[File:Mikel Arteta (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|150px|Arteta in 2012]] On 17 August, Arteta wis annooncit as the new vice caiptain o the club efter the depairtur o umwhile caiptain [[Robin van Persie]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/vermaelen-confirmed-as-new-arsenal-captain |title=Vermaelen confirmed as new Arsenal captain |date=17 August 2012 |access-date=2012-07-23}}</ref> Follaein the depairtur o Alex Song, Arteta haed muivit ontae a deeper role an haes adaptit weel tae it. On 27 October 2012, he scored his first goal o the season wi a close range tap in against [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]] tae win the gemme 1–0.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/sat-1pmwenger-arteta-plays-intelligent-role |title=Wenger – arsenal plays an intelligent role |publisher=Arsenal.com |date=15 September 2012 |access-date=2014-08-26 |archive-date=2013-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224163621/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/sat-1pmwenger-arteta-plays-intelligent-role |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 10 November 2012, Arteta missed a chance tae win a gemme against Fulham, as his penalty at the daith wis savit bi [[Mark Schwarzer]]. The gemme finished 3–3.<ref>{{cite web |first=John |last=Stanton |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20190108 |title=Arsenal 3-3 Fulham |publisher=BBC Sport |date=10 November 2012 |access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref> On 8 Dizember 2012, Arteta scored twa penalties tae secure Arsenal's 2–0 hame victory ower West Bromwich Albion an wis namit Man of the Match.<ref>{{cite web |first=Mandeep |last=Sanghera |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20564961 |title=Arsenal 2-0 West Brom |publisher=BBC Sport |date=8 December 2012 |access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref> On 22 Dizember 2012, Arteta scored a second hauf penalty at Wigan Athletic tae win three pynts for Arsenal. On 13 Januar 2013, the day o the Premier League match wi Manchester City, Arsenal reportit that Arteta wad be oot for three weeks due tae a ankle problem he got in trainin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/21006473 |title=Arsenal's Mikel Arteta ruled out for three weeks |date=14 January 2013 |access-date=2013-01-16}}</ref> On 30 Mairch, Arteta scored frae the spot efter Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain winnin a penalty. Arsenal went tae beat Reading 4–1. On 13 Apryle, Arteta scored the equaliser frae the penalty spot as Arsenal came frae ahint tae beat [[Norwich City F.C.|Norwich City]] 3–1 at hame. On 4 Mey, Arteta got his fowert assist o the [[:en:2012–13 in English fitbaw|2012–13 season]], bi passin the baw tae [[Theo Walcott]], that slottit hame in the first minute against Queens Park Rangers. He wis votit bi the fans as the fowert best player o the 2012–13 campaign in Arsenal's Player of the Season poll, efter leadin the team tae thair 17t consecutive tap fower feenish. ==== 2013–14 season ==== Arteta missed Arsenal's first fower gemmes o the [[Premier League]] campaign due tae injury, but returned tae the squad afore thair gemme against [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]].<ref>http://www.express.co.uk/sport/football/430915/Mikel-Arteta-back-as-Arsene-Wenger-hails-Aaron-Ramsey-ahead-of-Stoke-clash</ref> On 26 October 2013, he scored his first goal o the season in a 2–0 awa win ower [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]] frae the [[Penalty kick|penalty spot]]. However, he wis sent aff later in the same match bi referee Chris Foy for a foul on Marouane Chamakh.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/crystal-palace-0-arsenal-2-match-report-gunners-made-to-work-by-rejuvenated-eagles-8906080.html |title=Crystal Palace 0 Arsenal 2 match report: Gunners made to work by rejuvenated Eagles |date=27 October 2013 |work=The Independent |access-date=2014-08-26 |archive-date=2014-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101070518/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/crystal-palace-0-arsenal-2-match-report-gunners-made-to-work-by-rejuvenated-eagles-8906080.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Arteta got his second reid caird o the season in Arsenal's 2–0 defeat tae [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]] in a [[2013–14 UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] group stage match in Dizember 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25303686 |title=Napoli 2-0 Arsenal |date=11 December 2013 |access-date=8 March 2014 |work=BBC |last=Magowan |first=Alistair}}</ref> On 8 Mairch 2014, Arteta scored a penalty against [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] in the FA Cup quairter-feenal, helpin Arsenal tae a 4–1 win.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26395193 |title=Arsenal 4-1 Everton |date=8 March 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014 |work=BBC}}</ref> On 12 Apryle 2014, Arteta scored ane o the penalties in the FA Cup semi-feenal shuitoot against [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]] tae send Arsenal tae the feenal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26897266 |title=Arsenal 1-1 Wigan |date=12 April 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014 |work=BBC}}</ref> On 17 Mey 2014, Arteta wan his first major honours wi Arsenal, caiptainin the team as thay beat [[Hull City A.F.C.|Hull City]] 3–2 at [[Wembley Stadium]] in the [[2014 FA Cup Feenal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27354148 |title=Arsenal 3-2 Hull |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=2014-05-18}}</ref> ==== 2014–15 season ==== In August 2014, Arteta wis annooncit as [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal's]] new club caiptain. He describit the appointment as "a big honour an a privilege, wi a big responsibility".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/20140810/wenger-on-winning-and-attacking-options |publisher=Arsenal |date=10 August 2014 |title=Wenger on winning and attacking options |access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="l24">{{cite web |title=Arteta looks to build on Community Shield win and reflects on captaincy |url=http://www.london24.com/sport/football/clubs/arsenal/arteta_looks_to_build_on_community_shield_win_and_reflects_on_captaincy_1_3721077 |publisher=London 24 |access-date=9 July 2015 |date=11 August 2014 |archive-date=2015-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710151655/http://www.london24.com/sport/football/clubs/arsenal/arteta_looks_to_build_on_community_shield_win_and_reflects_on_captaincy_1_3721077 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 10 August, he wan his first trophy as full-time caiptain, playin the full 90 minutes as Arsenal beat Manchester City 3–0 in the 2014 FA Community Shield.<ref name="l24" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28647186 |title=Arsenal 3–0 Man City |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=2014-12-21}}</ref> He scored his first goal of the season, a penalty, in a 3–3 Champions League draw wi [[R.S.C. Anderlecht|Anderlecht]] on 4 November 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29362849 |title=Arsenal 3–3 Anderlecht |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=2014-12-21}}</ref> ==== 2015–16 season ==== On 8 Julie 2015, manager Arsène Wenger revealed that Arteta haed signed a ane-year extension wi Arsenal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/20150708/wenger-arteta-has-signed-new-deal |title=Wenger – Arteta has signed new deal |date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Arteta came on as a substitute as Arsenal beat [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] 1–0 tae win the 2015 FA Community Shield.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/33667216 |title=Arsenal 1–0 Chelsea |date=2 August 2015 |access-date=2 August 2015 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> This wis his first competitive appearance for the club syne November 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=24034&season_id=144 |title=Games played by Mikel Arteta in 2014/2015 |access-date=2 August 2015 |publisher=soccerbase.com}}</ref> == Internaitional career == Mikel Arteta is eligible for the [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spainyie]] naitional fitbaw team. Arteta haes played for Spain at Unner 16, Unner 17, Unner 18 an Under 21 levels but haes no played for the senior internaitional team. He representit Spain in the U16 European Championships, UEFA-CAF Meridian Cup, FIFA U17 Warld Cup an caiptained Spain in the U21 European Championships qualifyin campaign. In August 2010, several Breetish news organisations erroneously reportit that Arteta wad be eligible tae play for the [[Ingland naitional fitbaw team]] due tae his eligibility for a Breetish passport. The player isnae eligible for Ingland acause FIFA Statutes stipulate that the player needs tae hae held a Breetish passport at the time when he representit Spain at the U16 European Championships. In addeetion, he wad hae required five years o eddication in Breetain afore turnin 18.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/scotland/8955046.stm |work=BBC News |title=Arteta pick not possible – Levein |date=30 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/england/7975748/Fabio-Capello-embarrassed-as-Fifa-rule-confirms-Mikel-Artetas-ineligibility-to-play-for-England.html |work=Daily Telegraph |title=Fabio Capello embarrassed as Fifa rule confirms Mikel Arteta's ineligibility to play for England |date=1 September 2010 |location=London}}</ref> In November 2011, Arteta reiteratit his desire tae ane day represent his kintra at internaitional level. "It’s one of my targets and A winnae stop going for it because A really want to represent my country".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "It’s one of my targets and I won’t stop going for it because I really want to represent my country"</ref> He went on tae praise the current Spainyie midfield as "the best midfield the world has ever seen".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/arteta-spain-s-midfield-is-the-best-ever |work=Arsenal.com |title=Arteta – Spain’s midfield is the best ever |date=10 November 2011 |access-date=2014-08-26 |archive-date=2011-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219151217/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/arteta-spain-s-midfield-is-the-best-ever |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 10 October 2012, fellae Spaniard an Arsenal team-mate [[Santi Cazorla]] said that it wis 'strange' that Arteta haed niver been caaed up bi Spain despite consistently impressin in the Premier League.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.goal.com/en-my/news/3890/england/2012/10/10/3439366/arteta-spain-snub-strange-says-arsenal-team-mate-cazorla |work=Goal.com |title=Arteta Spain snub 'strange', says Arsenal team-mate Cazorla |date=10 October 2012}}</ref> == Coachin an managerial career == === Manchester City === On 3 Julie 2016 Arteta wis appintit an assistant coach at Manchester City, warkin unner Pep Guardiola.<ref name="mcity" /> At City he wan twa Premier League titles, an FA Cup an twa EFL Cups. === Arsenal === On 20 December 2019 Arteta wis appintit heid coach o Arsenal.<ref name="appt" /> In his first season Arsenal beat Chelsea 2–1 in the 2020 FA Cup final, makin Arteta the first person tae win the FA Cup as baith caiptain an coach o Arsenal.<ref name="facup" /> In August 2020 thay wan the FA Community Shield against [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] on penalties.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 August 2020|title=Arsenal beat Liverpool on penalties to win Community Shield|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/av/football/53961456|access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref> On 19 Mey 2026 Arsenal war crouned champions o the Premier League,<ref name="pl26" /> an Arteta becam the first manager tae win the Premier League wi a club he haed played for.<ref>{{cite web |last=McAleer |first=Ben |url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4660971/every-premier-league-title-winning-manager-in-history |title=Every manager to win a title in Premier League history |publisher=Premier League |date=19 May 2026 }}</ref> Later that month thay lost the Champions League final tae [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] on penalties, efter a 1–1 draw.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/sports/20260530-arteta-s-arsenal-realise-evolution-needed-after-psg-final-loss |title=Arteta's Arsenal realise evolution needed after PSG final loss |publisher=RFI |date=31 May 2026 }}</ref> == Style o play == [[File:Mikel Arteta corner kick Arsenal vs Swansea.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Arteta takkin a corner kick for Arsenal.]] He wis initially thocht o as a "pivot" or defensive midfielder in the moud o his hero [[Pep Guardiola]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/sport/football.html?in_article_id=476065&in_page_id=1779 |location=London |work=Daily Mail |title=Arteta: Artist of Goodison |date=17 August 2007}}</ref> It is anerly sin bein shiftit tae a mair attackin role, first bi Luis Fernandez in PSG,<ref name=parisien /> then bi David Moyes in Everton, that Arteta's career haes truly begun tae flourish. He achievit moderate success frae central midfield wi PSG an Rangers. His muive tae a mair attackin role, tho, saw him ratit as the saxt maist effective player in the [[Premier League]] in 2006-07 bi the offeecial player ratins seestem the Actim Index. Wi 100 fouls committit against him in the 2006–07 season he wis the maist fouled player in the Premier League.<ref name="ESPNsoccernet: Mikel Arteta">[http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/stats?id=9840&cc=5739 ESPNsoccernet: Mikel Arteta]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Soccernet.espn.go.com (26 March 1982). Retrieved on 2012-06-11.</ref> Addeetionally, he haes pruivit an extremely potent creative force thanks mainly tae his pinpoint crossin ability an propensity for the killer pass. His tot o 12 league assists in the 2006–07 season wis third tae [[Cesc Fàbregas]] an [[Cristiano Ronaldo]].<ref>[http://www.premierleague.com/page/Statistics Players] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203132930/http://www.premierleague.com/page/Statistics |date=2010-12-03 }}. Premierleague.com. Retrieved on 2012-06-11.</ref> == Career statistics == === Club === {{updated|match played 16 August 2014}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Mikel Arteta |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=24034 |work=Soccerbase |access-date=26 May 2014}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="3"|Cup^[[#1|1]] !colspan="3"|Europe !colspan="3"|Tot |- !Apps!!Goals!!Assists!!Apps!!Goals!!Assists!!Apps!!Goals!!Assists!!Apps!!Goals!!Assists |- | rowspan="3"|[[FC Barcelona B|Barcelona B]] |[[:en:1999–2000 Segunda División B|1999–2000]] |26||1||–||colspan="6"|—||26||1||– |- |[[:en:2000–01 Segunda División B|2000–01]] |16||2||–||colspan="6"|—||16||2||– |- ! Tot !42!!3!!–!!colspan="6"|—!!42!!3!!– |- | rowspan="3"|[[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] |[[:en:2000–01 French Division 1|2000–01]] |6||1||0||1||0||0||4||0||0||11||1||0 |- |[[:en:2001–02 French Division 1|2001–02]] |25||1||0||7||2||0||10||1||0||42||4||0 |- !| Tot !31!!2!!0!!8!!2!!0!!14!!1!!0!!53!!5!!0 |- | rowspan="3"|[[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] |[[:en:2002-03 Scottish Premier League|2002–03]] |27||4||0||7||1||0||1||0||0||35||5||0 |- |[[:en:2003-04 Scottish Premier League|2003–04]] |23||8||0||4||0||0||6||1||0||33||9||0 |- !| Tot !50!!12!!0!!11!!1!!0!!7!!1!!0!!68!!14!!0 |- | rowspan="2"|[[Real Sociedad]] |[[:en:2004-05 La Liga|2004–05]] |15||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="3"|—||15||1||0 |- !| Tot !15!!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!colspan="3"|—!!15!!1!!0 |- | rowspan="9"|[[Everton F.C.|Everton]] |[[:en:2004-05 FA Premier League|2004–05]] |12||1||2||1||0||0||colspan="3"|—||13||1||2 |- |[[:en:2005-06 FA Premier League|2005–06]] |29||1||7||5||1||0||3||1||0||37||3||7 |- |[[:en:2006-07 FA Premier League|2006–07]] |35||9||12||4||0||0||colspan="3"|—||39||9||12 |- |[[:en:2007-08 Premier League|2007–08]] |28||1||7||2||0||0||7||3||0||37||4||7 |- |[[:en:2008-09 Premier League|2008–09]] |26||6||7||3||1||0||2||0||0||31||7||7 |- |[[:en:2009-10 Premier League|2009–10]] |13||6||2||1||0||0||2||0||0||16||6||2 |- |[[:en:2010-11 Premier League|2010–11]] |29||3||4||4||0||0||colspan="3"|—||33||3||4 |- |[[:en:2011-12 Premier League|2011–12]] |2||1||0||1||1||0||colspan="3"|—||3||2||0 |- !| Tot !174!!28!!41!!21!!3!!0!!14!!4!!0!!209!!35!!41 |- | rowspan="5"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] |[[:en:2011-12 Premier League|2011–12]] |29||6||3||3||0||0||6||0||0||38||6||3 |- |[[:en:2012-13 Premier League|2012–13]] |34||6||4||2||0||1||7||0||1||43||6||6 |- |[[:en:2013-14 Premier League|2013–14]] |31||2||0||6||1||0||6||0||0||43||3||0 |- |[[:en:2014-15 Premier League|2014–15]] |1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||0 |- !| Tot !95!!14!!7!!11!!1!!1!!19!!0!!1!!125!!15!!9 |- !colspan="2"|Career tot !407!!60!!48!!50!!7!!1!!53!!6!!1!!512!!72!!50 |} :<div id="1">¹ <small> Includes Coupe de France, Coupe de la Ligue, [[Scottish Cup]], [[Scottish League Cup]], [[FA Cup]] an [[Football League Cup]]</small> </div> == Honours == === Club === ;Paris Saint-Germain *[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]] (1): [[:en:2001 UEFA Intertoto Cup|2001]] ;Rangers *[[Scottish Premier League]] (1): [[:en:Scottish Premier League 2002-03|2002–03]] *[[Scottish Cup]] (1): [[:en:2003 Scottish Cup Final|2002–03]] *[[Scottish League Cup]] (1): [[:en:2003 Scottish League Cup Final|2002–03]] ;Arsenal *[[FA Cup]] (1): [[:en:2013–14 FA Cup|2013–14]] *[[FA Community Shield]] (1): [[:en:2014 FA Community Shield|2014]] === Internaitional === ;Spain *UEFA European Unner-16 Fitbaa Championship: [[:en:1999 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship|1999]] *UEFA-CAF Meridian Cup: 1999 === Individual === *Scottish Premier League Young Player of the Month (2): September 2002, August 2003 *Everton Player of the Season (2): 2005–06, 2006–07 *Everton Players' Player of the Season (1): 2005–06 *Sky Sports Midfielder of the Year (1): 2006–07 *North West Player of the Year (1): 2006–07 == Personal life == Arteta's wife is the umwhile Miss Spain Lorena Bernal.<ref name=mailarticle /> wi that he haes twa sons, Gabriel an Daniel. He is close friends wi [[Xabi Alonso]], that plays for [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]. The twa uised tae be neebours at Liverpool's Albert Dock apartment complex.<ref name=mailarticle>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/sport/football.html?in_article_id=476065&in_page_id=1779 |title=Arteta: Artist of Goodison |access-date=17 August 2007 |location=London |work=Daily Mail |date=17 August 2007}}</ref> Arteta is multilingual, speakin fluent Spainyie, [[Basque leid|Basque]], [[Catalan leid|Catalan]] an Inglis. He speaks some French, Italian an [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]].<ref>[http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/arteta-s-love-affair.html Arteta's Love Affair with Everton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018084009/http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/arteta-s-love-affair.html |date=2007-10-18 }}. Evertonfc.com (15 September 2007). Retrieved on 2012-06-11.</ref> Recently, Mikel haes testit positive for [[Coronavirus]] <ref> [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51865442]</ref> == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == {{reflist|2}} == Freemit airtins == *[http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/mikel-arteta Premier League Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905193706/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/mikel-arteta |date=2014-09-05 }} *[http://www.arsenal.com/first-team/players/mikel-arteta Arsenal F.C. Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129122147/http://www.arsenal.com/first-team/players/mikel-arteta |date=2011-11-29 }} *[http://www.evertonfc.com/player-profile/mikel-arteta Everton F.C. Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016192213/http://www.evertonfc.com/player-profile/mikel-arteta |date=2009-10-16 }} *[http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=24034 Soccerbase Profile] *[http://www.lfp.fr/joueur/arteta-amatriain-mikel LFP Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608214548/http://www.lfp.fr/joueur/arteta-amatriain-mikel |date=2015-06-08 }} *[http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=175416/ FIFA Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124214807/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=175416/ |date=2015-01-24 }} *[http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=48233/profile/index.html UEFA Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301153133/http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=48233/profile/index.html |date=2018-03-01 }} *[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm3174346/ IMDb Profile] {{Everton F.C. Player of the Year}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Arteta, Mikel}} [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae San Sebastián]] [[Category:Spaingie fitbawers]] [[Category:Spain youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Spain unner-21 internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Basque fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw midfielders]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Segunda División B players]] [[Category:Tercera División players]] [[Category:FC Barcelona C players]] [[Category:FC Barcelona B players]] [[Category:Real Sociedad fitbawers]] [[Category:Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players]] [[Category:Rangers F.C. players]] [[Category:Everton F.C. players]] [[Category:Arsenal F.C. players]] [[Category:Ligue 1 players]] [[Category:Scottish Premier League players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Fraunce]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Scotland]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Ingland]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriate sportsfowk in Fraunce]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriate sportsfowk in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriates in Ingland]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriates in Scotland]] 3ffvyt96yjeo17dyjhaiujb449v67dw 0 80528 927698 920221 2026-11-10T04:21:38Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 927698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airport | name = La Gomera Airport | nativename = La Gomera Airport ODB | nativename-a = | nativename-r = | image = Aeropuertodelagomera.jpg | image-width = 200 | caption = | IATA = GMZ | ICAO = GCGM <div class="center">{{Location map|Spain Canary Islands|width=200|float=center |caption=|mark=Airplane_silhouette.svg|marksize=10 |label=GMZ|position=right |lat_deg=28|lat_min=01|lat_sec=47|lat_dir=N |lon_deg=17|lon_min=12|lon_sec=53|lon_dir=W }}<small>Location of airport in Canary Islands</small></div> | type = Public | owner = | operator = [[Aena]] | city-served = | location = [[Playa Santiago]] | elevation-f = 716 | elevation-m = 218 | coordinates = {{Coord|28|01|47|N|017|12|53|W|type:airport_region:ES}} | website = | metric-elev = Y | metric-rwy = Y | r1-number = 09/27 | r1-length-f = 4,921 | r1-length-m = 1,500 | r1-surface = [[Asphalt]] | stat-year = | stat1-header = | stat1-data = | stat2-header = | stat2-data = | footnotes = Soorce:Spainish [[Aeronautical Information Publication|AIP]] at [[European Organisation fur the Safety o Air Navigation|EUROCONTROL]]<ref name="AIP">[http://www.ead.eurocontrol.int/publicuser/protect/pu/main.jsp EAD Basic]</ref> }} '''La Gomera Airport''' {{Airport codes|GMZ|GCGM}} is a [[airport]] locatit near the toun o [[Playa Santiago]] on the island o [[La Gomera]] in the [[Canary Islands]], {{convert|34|km|abbr=on}} soothwast<ref name="AIP"/> bi road frae the island's caipital city, [[San Sebastián de la Gomera]]. Awtho the runway wis completit in 1994, the terminal did no open till 1999. Wi a {{convert|1500|x|30|m|abbr=on|0}} runwey the airport can anerly tak [[turbo-prop]] inter-island flichts, no jets frae mainland Europe, an anerly operates durin daylicht. Thare are twa return flichts per day, tae [[Tenerife North Airport|Tenerife North]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aena-aeropuertos.es/csee/Satellite/Aeropuerto-La-Gomera/en/Page/1056529998666//Airport-destinations.html|title=Airport destinations - La Gomera Airport|publisher=[[Aena]]|accessdate=2012-01-01|archive-date=2013-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306233227/http://www.aena-aeropuertos.es/csee/Satellite/Aeropuerto-La-Gomera/en/Page/1056529998666/Airport-destinations.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Awtho {{convert|34|km|abbr=on}} frae the island caipital, the airport wis locatit here tae avoid disturbin the [[Garajonay Naitional Pairk]] an avoid the cloudier an foggier climate tae the North o the island, whilst the volcanic terrain gies few suitable steids onywhaur on La Gomera, awtho even this steid required extensive embankments at baith ends o the runway. ==History== Aviation in the island o [[La Gomera]] stairtit in the 1950s, when a private airfield wis constructit. Its name wis "El Revolcadero" an it was situated in Tecina.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aena-aeropuertos.es/csee/ContentServer/Aeropuerto-La-Gomera/en/Page/1048243383869//History.html|title=History - La Gomera Airport|publisher=[[Aena]]|accessdate=2014-01-15|archive-date=2014-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116120756/http://www.aena-aeropuertos.es/csee/ContentServer/Aeropuerto-La-Gomera/en/Page/1048243383869//History.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This airfield haed a runwey (09-27), an hangar an a smaw staund which wis uised as control touer. The airfield wis for the awner's private uise an for emergencies an fumigation wirks. In the year 1962, the island haed a lot o sanitar assistance problems, so studies tae build a airport in the island wur stairtit, but this project wis no carriet oot till 1975. Housomeivver, due tae the openin o the [[Tenerife Sooth Airport]] an a new maritime line wi the island, the project wis again delayed. Feenally, in the 1980s, problems wi woondit evacuations necessitatit biggin a airport in the island, an on 27 Julie 1987 a greement for the construction o the airport wis signed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gobcan.es/boc/1991/040/boc-1991-040-017.pdf|title=BOLETÍN OFICIAL DE CANARIAS. 361 - RESOLUCION de 13 de febrero de 1991, de la Secretaría General Técnica, por la que se dispone la publicación del Convenio de 11 de enero de 1991, entre la Administración del Estado y el Gobierno de Canarias para la financiación, gestión y seguimiento de las obras de infraestructura del aeropuerto de La Gomera (B.O.E. nº 64, de 15.3.91)|publisher=[[Gobierno de Canarias]]|accessdate=2014-01-15}}</ref> At the end o 1997, aw is ready tae begin wi the wirks an, at the end o 1994 the arifield haed a runwey (09-27), a aircraft pairkin an a taxi wey tae the runwey. The electit place tae build the instalations wis the "Meseta de los Acantilados" (Plateau Clints), which is locatit 2 kilometres frae the auld airfield of "El Revolcadero". At the end o 1995, when Aeropuertos Españoles y Navegación Aérea (AENA), leeiterally "Spainyie Airports an Air Navigation", teuk ower the airport, a passenger terminal wis built, which wis inauguratit in 1992. This passenger terminal haes twa floors an we can see in it the teepical Canarian airchitectur. ==Airlines an destinations== {{Airport-dest-list | [[Binter Canarias]] | [[Tenerife North Airport|Tenerife-North]] }} ==Statistics== In the next chairt, the evolution o passengers traffec bi year is indicatit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aena-aeropuertos.es/csee/ContentServer/Aeropuerto-La-Gomera/en/Page/1048243383865/|title=Evolution of passenger traffic|publisher=[[Aena]]|accessdate=2014-01-15|archive-date=2014-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116120759/http://www.aena-aeropuertos.es/csee/ContentServer/Aeropuerto-La-Gomera/en/Page/1048243383865/|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! 2004 !! 2005 !! 2006 !! 2007 !! 2008 !! 2009 !! 2010 !! 2011 !! 2012 !! 2013 |- | 30,774|| 34,496|| 38,852|| 40,569|| 41,890|| 34,605|| 32,252|| 32,713|| 19,707 || 24,469 |- |} ==References== {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Portal|Spain|Aviation}} *[http://www.aena-aeropuertos.es/csee/ContentServer/Aeropuerto-La-Gomera/en/La-Gomera.html La Gomera Airport (offeecial steid)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517031917/http://www.aena-aeropuertos.es/csee/ContentServer/Aeropuerto-La-Gomera/en/La-Gomera.html |date=2014-05-17 }} {{en icon}} * Information aboot [http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=SP00001&sch=GCGM La Gomera Airport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116100418/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=SP00001&sch=GCGM |date=2014-01-16 }} in [http://worldaerodata.com/ World Aero Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525203926/http://worldaerodata.com/ |date=2012-05-25 }} * Meteorological and air navegation information about [http://www.fallingrain.com/icao/GCGM.html La Gomera Airport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915142056/http://www.fallingrain.com/icao/GCGM.html |date=2015-09-15 }} in [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/index.html Global Gazetteer Version 2.2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209182700/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/index.html |date=2010-02-09 }} * [http://azworldairports.com/airports/a1292gmz.cfm La Gomera Airport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116102331/http://azworldairports.com/airports/a1292gmz.cfm |date=2014-01-16 }} in [http://www.azworldairports.com/cfm/homepage.cfm AZ World airports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924181230/http://www.azworldairports.com/cfm/homepage.cfm |date=2014-09-24 }} [[Category:Airports in the Canary Islands]] [[Category:La Gomera]] hshmd48zovvwvr0da826qshylid9gcw 0 80694 927632 895885 2026-11-10T01:59:39Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Hipódromo | type = Subbarrio | image_skyline = Street in Hipódromo, Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico.jpg | image_caption = Urban decay on a street in Hipódromo, Santurce | image_map = Hipódromo (sub-barrio).png | subdivision_type = Commonwealth | subdivision_name = [[Puerto Rico]] | subdivision_type1 = Municipality | subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of San Juan, Puerto Rico.svg}} [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] | subdivision_type2 = Barrio | subdivision_name2 = Santurce | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = <ref name="2010 Census" /> | area_total_sq_mi = .10 | area_land_sq_mi = .10 | population_as_of = 2010 | population_note = Soorce: 2010 Census | population_total = 1523 | population_density_sq_mi = 15,230 | timezone = AST | utc_offset = &minus;4 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{GNIS|2415499|Hipódromo Subbarrio}}</ref> | elevation_ft = 23 }} '''Hipódromo''' is ane o the fowerty subbarrios o Santurce, [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]. ==Population== In 1940 Hipódromo haed a population o 3,700. In 2000 it haed a population o 2,017.<ref>[https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-53-eng.pdf Puerto Rico 2000: Population and Housing Unit Counts]</ref> In 2010 it haed a population o 1,523, an a population density o 15,230 fowk per square mile.<ref name="2010 Census">{{cite book|title=Puerto Rico 2010 population and housing unit counts.pdf | url=https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo35934/cph-2-53.pdf|year=2010|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{Commons category-inline}} {{Coord|18|26|44|N|66|04|16|W|source:kolossus-eswiki|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hipodromo (Santurce)}} [[Category:Santurce, Puerto Rico]] m0hizejsvsiijiekvu876bk90a94cvu 0 81320 927500 908904 2026-11-09T22:33:13Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead expandit wi Time 100 soorce 927500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie |image = Emma Watson interview in 2017.jpg |caption = Watson in 2017 |birth_name = Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson |birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|4|15}} |birth_place = [[Paris|Paris, Fraunce]] |nationality = British |alma_mater = Brown Universite<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/emma-watson-certified-yoga-instructor/story?id=23143394 "Why Emma Watson Became a Certified Yoga Instructor".] ''ABC News''. Retrieved 1 April 2014</ref> |occupation = {{Flat list| *Actress *model}} |years_active = 1999–2022 }} '''Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson'''<ref name=letterman>{{cite episode|title=Emma Watson|series=Late Show with David Letterman|serieslink=Late Show with David Letterman|network=CBS|airdate=8 July 2009|number= 3145}}</ref> (born 15 Apryle 1990)<ref name=rovi>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/300014/Emma-Watson/biography|accessdate=12 January 2008|title=Emma Watson|work=[[The New York Times]] via internet archive|first=Sarah|last=Sloboda|archive-date=2015-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706195127/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/300014/Emma-Watson/biography|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> is an [[Inglis]] [[actress]] an model. She becam weel kent as a bairn playin Hermione Granger in the ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter]]'' films, an later starred as Belle in ''[[Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' (2017) an as Meg March in ''[[Little Women (2019 film)|Little Women]]'' (2019). In 2014 she wis appointit a [[UN Women]] Guidwill Ambassador, an in 2015 ''Time'' named her ane o the 100 maist influential fowk in the warld.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Abramson |first=Jill |title=Emma Watson by Jill Abramson: TIME 100 |url=https://time.com/3823057/emma-watson-2015-time-100/ |magazine=Time |date=15 April 2015 |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127235250/https://time.com/3823057/emma-watson-2015-time-100/ |url-status=live}}</ref> == Filmography == ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2001 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'' | Hermione Granger | Kent as ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'' an aw |- | 2002 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' | Hermione Granger | |- | 2004 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' | Hermione Granger | |- | 2005 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' | Hermione Granger | |- | 2007 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'' | Hermione Granger | |- | 2007 | ''Ballet Shoes'' | Pauline Fossil | Telly film |- | 2008 | ''{{sortname|The|Tale of Despereaux|The Tale of Despereaux (film)}}'' | Princess Pea | Vyce |- | 2009 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'' | Hermione Granger | |- | 2010 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1]]'' | Hermione Granger | |- | 2011 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]'' | Hermione Granger | |- | 2011 | ''My Week with Marilyn'' | Lucy | |- | 2012 | ''{{sortname|The|Perks of Being a Wallflower|The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)}}'' | Sam | |- | 2013 | ''This Is the End'' | Hersel | |- | 2013 | ''{{sortname|The|Bling Ring}}'' | Nicki Moore | |- | 2014 | ''Noah'' | Ila | |- | 2015 | ''Regression'' | Angela Gray |<ref name=Regressionfilming>{{cite news|last1=Christine|title=Emma Watson is back in Toronto for ‘Regression’|url=http://www.onlocationvacations.com/2014/06/03/emma-watson-is-back-in-toronto-for-regression/|accessdate=7 June 2014|publisher=onlocationvacations.com|date=3 June 2014|archive-date=2014-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715014832/http://www.onlocationvacations.com/2014/06/03/emma-watson-is-back-in-toronto-for-regression/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2015 | ''Colonia'' | Lena |<ref name=Coloniafilming>{{cite web|last=Jagernauth|first=Kevin|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/first-look-emma-watson-in-thriller-colonia-20141027|title=First Look: Emma Watson In Thriller ''Colonia''|website=The Playlist|date=27 October 2014|accessdate=3 November 2014|archive-date=2014-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103053435/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/first-look-emma-watson-in-thriller-colonia-20141027|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |2017 | ''[[Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' | Belle | <ref name=Stevens>{{cite news |last=Kit |first=Borys |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/disneys-beauty-beast-casts-dan-779323 |title=Disney's ''Beauty and the Beast'' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=4 March 2015 |access-date=5 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305215127/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/disneys-beauty-beast-casts-dan-779323 |archive-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> |- |2017 | ''The Circle'' | Mae Holland | <ref name="circle">{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2015/06/24/emma-watson-the-circle-tom-hanks|title=Emma Watson to star in ''The Circle'' opposite Tom Hanks|work=Entertainment Weekly's EW.com via internet archive|first=Jessica|last=Derschowitz|access-date=2025-09-25|archive-date=2015-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626003401/http://www.ew.com/article/2015/06/24/emma-watson-the-circle-tom-hanks|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |- |2019 | ''[[Little Women (2019 film)|Little Women]]'' | Margaret "Meg" March |<ref name="littlewomen">{{cite magazine |title='Little Women' Review: Greta Gerwig Makes An Old Story Feel New Again |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2019/11/25/little-women-review-greta-gerwig-saoirse-ronan-emma-watson-florence-pugh-timothee-chalamet/ |magazine=Forbes |first=Scott|last=Mendelson|access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229191742/https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2019/11/25/little-women-review-greta-gerwig-saoirse-ronan-emma-watson-florence-pugh-timothee-chalamet/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |} ===TV=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |- !scope="col"| Year !scope="col"| Title !scope="col"| Role !scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- ! scope="row"| 2015 | ''The Vicar of Dibley'' | Reverend Iris | Episode: "The Bishop of Dibley" | <ref name=Vicar>{{cite web |url=http://www.comedy.co.uk/guide/tv/the_vicar_of_dibley/episodes/2015/1/ |title=''The Vicar of Dibley'' – Comic Relief Special: The Bishop of Dibley |website=British Comedy Guide |access-date=22 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409024915/http://www.comedy.co.uk/guide/tv/the_vicar_of_dibley/episodes/2015/1 |archive-date=9 April 2015}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2022 |''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter 20th Anniversary: Return to Hogwarts]]'' | rowspan="2" | Hersel | rowspan="2" | Telly special | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=20 December 2021 |title='Harry Potter 20th Anniversary: Return To Hogwarts' Trailer Gets The Gang Back Together |url=https://deadline.com/video/harry-potter-20th-anniversary-return-to-hogwarts-trailer-hbo-max/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228210759/https://deadline.com/video/harry-potter-20th-anniversary-return-to-hogwarts-trailer-hbo-max/ |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=28 December 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- |''Pickled'' |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Seitz |first1=Loree |title=Emma Watson, Will Ferrell, Daniel Dae Kim and More to Battle It Out on CBS' Pickleball Tourney |url=https://www.thewrap.com/emma-watson-will-ferrell-cbs-pickleball-tourney/ |website=TheWrap |date=12 October 2022}}</ref> |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Watson, Emma}} [[Category:21st-century Inglis actresses]] [[Category:1990 births]] [[Category:Actresses frae Paris]] [[Category:Alumni o Worcester College, Oxford]] [[Category:Brown Universite alumni]] [[Category:Fowk named in the Panama Papers]] [[Category:Harry Potter actors]] [[Category:Inglis child actresses]] [[Category:Inglis female models]] [[Category:Inglis feminists]] [[Category:Inglis film actresses]] [[Category:Inglis televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Headington Schuil, Oxford]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at The Dragon School]] [[Category:Fowk frae Oxford]] {{stub/Fillum}} {{stub/Ingland}} 6wtffowyedpwtz5lsmfju2xz2sv660g 927664 927500 2026-11-10T03:04:17Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie |image = Emma Watson interview in 2017.jpg |caption = Watson in 2017 |birth_name = Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson |birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|4|15}} |birth_place = [[Paris|Paris, Fraunce]] |nationality = British |alma_mater = Brown Universite<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/emma-watson-certified-yoga-instructor/story?id=23143394 "Why Emma Watson Became a Certified Yoga Instructor".] ''ABC News''. Retrieved 1 April 2014</ref> |occupation = {{Flat list| *Actress *model}} |years_active = 1999–2022 }} '''Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson'''<ref name=letterman>{{cite episode|title=Emma Watson|series=Late Show with David Letterman|serieslink=Late Show with David Letterman|network=CBS|airdate=8 July 2009|number= 3145}}</ref> (born 15 Aprile 1990)<ref name=rovi>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/300014/Emma-Watson/biography|accessdate=12 January 2008|title=Emma Watson|work=[[The New York Times]] via internet archive|first=Sarah|last=Sloboda|archive-date=2015-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706195127/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/300014/Emma-Watson/biography|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> is an Inglis actress an model. She becam weel kent as a bairn playin Hermione Granger in the ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter]]'' films, an later starred as Belle in ''[[Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' (2017) an as Meg March in ''[[Little Women (2019 film)|Little Women]]'' (2019). In 2014 she wis appointit a [[UN Women]] Guidwill Ambassador, an in 2015 ''Time'' named her ane o the 100 maist influential fowk in the warld.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Abramson |first=Jill |title=Emma Watson by Jill Abramson: TIME 100 |url=https://time.com/3823057/emma-watson-2015-time-100/ |magazine=Time |date=15 April 2015 |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127235250/https://time.com/3823057/emma-watson-2015-time-100/ |url-status=live}}</ref> == Filmography == ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2001 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'' | Hermione Granger | Kent as ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'' an aw |- | 2002 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' | Hermione Granger | |- | 2004 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' | Hermione Granger | |- | 2005 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' | Hermione Granger | |- | 2007 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'' | Hermione Granger | |- | 2007 | ''Ballet Shoes'' | Pauline Fossil | Telly film |- | 2008 | ''{{sortname|The|Tale of Despereaux|The Tale of Despereaux (film)}}'' | Princess Pea | Vyce |- | 2009 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'' | Hermione Granger | |- | 2010 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1]]'' | Hermione Granger | |- | 2011 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]'' | Hermione Granger | |- | 2011 | ''My Week with Marilyn'' | Lucy | |- | 2012 | ''{{sortname|The|Perks of Being a Wallflower|The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)}}'' | Sam | |- | 2013 | ''This Is the End'' | Hersel | |- | 2013 | ''{{sortname|The|Bling Ring}}'' | Nicki Moore | |- | 2014 | ''Noah'' | Ila | |- | 2015 | ''Regression'' | Angela Gray |<ref name=Regressionfilming>{{cite news|last1=Christine|title=Emma Watson is back in Toronto for ‘Regression’|url=http://www.onlocationvacations.com/2014/06/03/emma-watson-is-back-in-toronto-for-regression/|accessdate=7 June 2014|publisher=onlocationvacations.com|date=3 June 2014|archive-date=2014-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715014832/http://www.onlocationvacations.com/2014/06/03/emma-watson-is-back-in-toronto-for-regression/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2015 | ''Colonia'' | Lena |<ref name=Coloniafilming>{{cite web|last=Jagernauth|first=Kevin|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/first-look-emma-watson-in-thriller-colonia-20141027|title=First Look: Emma Watson In Thriller ''Colonia''|website=The Playlist|date=27 October 2014|accessdate=3 November 2014|archive-date=2014-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103053435/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/first-look-emma-watson-in-thriller-colonia-20141027|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |2017 | ''[[Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' | Belle | <ref name=Stevens>{{cite news |last=Kit |first=Borys |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/disneys-beauty-beast-casts-dan-779323 |title=Disney's ''Beauty and the Beast'' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=4 March 2015 |access-date=5 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305215127/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/disneys-beauty-beast-casts-dan-779323 |archive-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> |- |2017 | ''The Circle'' | Mae Holland | <ref name="circle">{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2015/06/24/emma-watson-the-circle-tom-hanks|title=Emma Watson to star in ''The Circle'' opposite Tom Hanks|work=Entertainment Weekly's EW.com via internet archive|first=Jessica|last=Derschowitz|access-date=2025-09-25|archive-date=2015-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626003401/http://www.ew.com/article/2015/06/24/emma-watson-the-circle-tom-hanks|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |- |2019 | ''[[Little Women (2019 film)|Little Women]]'' | Margaret "Meg" March |<ref name="littlewomen">{{cite magazine |title='Little Women' Review: Greta Gerwig Makes An Old Story Feel New Again |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2019/11/25/little-women-review-greta-gerwig-saoirse-ronan-emma-watson-florence-pugh-timothee-chalamet/ |magazine=Forbes |first=Scott|last=Mendelson|access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229191742/https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2019/11/25/little-women-review-greta-gerwig-saoirse-ronan-emma-watson-florence-pugh-timothee-chalamet/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |} ===TV=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |- !scope="col"| Year !scope="col"| Title !scope="col"| Role !scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- ! scope="row"| 2015 | ''The Vicar of Dibley'' | Reverend Iris | Episode: "The Bishop of Dibley" | <ref name=Vicar>{{cite web |url=http://www.comedy.co.uk/guide/tv/the_vicar_of_dibley/episodes/2015/1/ |title=''The Vicar of Dibley'' – Comic Relief Special: The Bishop of Dibley |website=British Comedy Guide |access-date=22 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409024915/http://www.comedy.co.uk/guide/tv/the_vicar_of_dibley/episodes/2015/1 |archive-date=9 April 2015}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2022 |''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter 20th Anniversary: Return to Hogwarts]]'' | rowspan="2" | Hersel | rowspan="2" | Telly special | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=20 December 2021 |title='Harry Potter 20th Anniversary: Return To Hogwarts' Trailer Gets The Gang Back Together |url=https://deadline.com/video/harry-potter-20th-anniversary-return-to-hogwarts-trailer-hbo-max/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228210759/https://deadline.com/video/harry-potter-20th-anniversary-return-to-hogwarts-trailer-hbo-max/ |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=28 December 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- |''Pickled'' |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Seitz |first1=Loree |title=Emma Watson, Will Ferrell, Daniel Dae Kim and More to Battle It Out on CBS' Pickleball Tourney |url=https://www.thewrap.com/emma-watson-will-ferrell-cbs-pickleball-tourney/ |website=TheWrap |date=12 October 2022}}</ref> |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Watson, Emma}} [[Category:21st-century Inglis actresses]] [[Category:1990 births]] [[Category:Actresses frae Paris]] [[Category:Alumni o Worcester College, Oxford]] [[Category:Brown Universite alumni]] [[Category:Fowk named in the Panama Papers]] [[Category:Harry Potter actors]] [[Category:Inglis child actresses]] [[Category:Inglis female models]] [[Category:Inglis feminists]] [[Category:Inglis film actresses]] [[Category:Inglis televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Headington Schuil, Oxford]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at The Dragon School]] [[Category:Fowk frae Oxford]] {{stub/Fillum}} {{stub/Ingland}} a2t03wymqoqt94i3nq6hb0tvit7p0bo 927665 927664 2026-11-10T03:05:32Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie |image = Emma Watson interview in 2017.jpg |caption = Watson in 2017 |birth_name = Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson |birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|4|15}} |birth_place = [[Paris]], Fraunce |nationality = British |alma_mater = Brown Universite<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/emma-watson-certified-yoga-instructor/story?id=23143394 "Why Emma Watson Became a Certified Yoga Instructor".] ''ABC News''. Retrieved 1 April 2014</ref> |occupation = {{Flat list| *Actress *model}} |years_active = 1999–2022 }} '''Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson'''<ref name=letterman>{{cite episode|title=Emma Watson|series=Late Show with David Letterman|serieslink=Late Show with David Letterman|network=CBS|airdate=8 July 2009|number= 3145}}</ref> (born 15 Aprile 1990)<ref name=rovi>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/300014/Emma-Watson/biography|accessdate=12 January 2008|title=Emma Watson|work=[[The New York Times]] via internet archive|first=Sarah|last=Sloboda|archive-date=2015-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706195127/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/300014/Emma-Watson/biography|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> is an Inglis actress an model. She becam weel kent as a bairn playin Hermione Granger in the ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter]]'' films, an later starred as Belle in ''[[Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' (2017) an as Meg March in ''[[Little Women (2019 film)|Little Women]]'' (2019). In 2014 she wis appointit a [[UN Women]] Guidwill Ambassador, an in 2015 ''Time'' named her ane o the 100 maist influential fowk in the warld.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Abramson |first=Jill |title=Emma Watson by Jill Abramson: TIME 100 |url=https://time.com/3823057/emma-watson-2015-time-100/ |magazine=Time |date=15 April 2015 |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127235250/https://time.com/3823057/emma-watson-2015-time-100/ |url-status=live}}</ref> == Filmography == ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2001 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'' | Hermione Granger | Kent as ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'' an aw |- | 2002 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' | Hermione Granger | |- | 2004 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' | Hermione Granger | |- | 2005 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' | Hermione Granger | |- | 2007 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'' | Hermione Granger | |- | 2007 | ''Ballet Shoes'' | Pauline Fossil | Telly film |- | 2008 | ''{{sortname|The|Tale of Despereaux|The Tale of Despereaux (film)}}'' | Princess Pea | Vyce |- | 2009 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'' | Hermione Granger | |- | 2010 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1]]'' | Hermione Granger | |- | 2011 | ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]'' | Hermione Granger | |- | 2011 | ''My Week with Marilyn'' | Lucy | |- | 2012 | ''{{sortname|The|Perks of Being a Wallflower|The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)}}'' | Sam | |- | 2013 | ''This Is the End'' | Hersel | |- | 2013 | ''{{sortname|The|Bling Ring}}'' | Nicki Moore | |- | 2014 | ''Noah'' | Ila | |- | 2015 | ''Regression'' | Angela Gray |<ref name=Regressionfilming>{{cite news|last1=Christine|title=Emma Watson is back in Toronto for ‘Regression’|url=http://www.onlocationvacations.com/2014/06/03/emma-watson-is-back-in-toronto-for-regression/|accessdate=7 June 2014|publisher=onlocationvacations.com|date=3 June 2014|archive-date=2014-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715014832/http://www.onlocationvacations.com/2014/06/03/emma-watson-is-back-in-toronto-for-regression/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2015 | ''Colonia'' | Lena |<ref name=Coloniafilming>{{cite web|last=Jagernauth|first=Kevin|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/first-look-emma-watson-in-thriller-colonia-20141027|title=First Look: Emma Watson In Thriller ''Colonia''|website=The Playlist|date=27 October 2014|accessdate=3 November 2014|archive-date=2014-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103053435/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/first-look-emma-watson-in-thriller-colonia-20141027|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |2017 | ''[[Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' | Belle | <ref name=Stevens>{{cite news |last=Kit |first=Borys |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/disneys-beauty-beast-casts-dan-779323 |title=Disney's ''Beauty and the Beast'' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=4 March 2015 |access-date=5 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305215127/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/disneys-beauty-beast-casts-dan-779323 |archive-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> |- |2017 | ''The Circle'' | Mae Holland | <ref name="circle">{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2015/06/24/emma-watson-the-circle-tom-hanks|title=Emma Watson to star in ''The Circle'' opposite Tom Hanks|work=Entertainment Weekly's EW.com via internet archive|first=Jessica|last=Derschowitz|access-date=2025-09-25|archive-date=2015-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626003401/http://www.ew.com/article/2015/06/24/emma-watson-the-circle-tom-hanks|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |- |2019 | ''[[Little Women (2019 film)|Little Women]]'' | Margaret "Meg" March |<ref name="littlewomen">{{cite magazine |title='Little Women' Review: Greta Gerwig Makes An Old Story Feel New Again |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2019/11/25/little-women-review-greta-gerwig-saoirse-ronan-emma-watson-florence-pugh-timothee-chalamet/ |magazine=Forbes |first=Scott|last=Mendelson|access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229191742/https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2019/11/25/little-women-review-greta-gerwig-saoirse-ronan-emma-watson-florence-pugh-timothee-chalamet/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |} ===TV=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |- !scope="col"| Year !scope="col"| Title !scope="col"| Role !scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- ! scope="row"| 2015 | ''The Vicar of Dibley'' | Reverend Iris | Episode: "The Bishop of Dibley" | <ref name=Vicar>{{cite web |url=http://www.comedy.co.uk/guide/tv/the_vicar_of_dibley/episodes/2015/1/ |title=''The Vicar of Dibley'' – Comic Relief Special: The Bishop of Dibley |website=British Comedy Guide |access-date=22 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409024915/http://www.comedy.co.uk/guide/tv/the_vicar_of_dibley/episodes/2015/1 |archive-date=9 April 2015}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2022 |''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter 20th Anniversary: Return to Hogwarts]]'' | rowspan="2" | Hersel | rowspan="2" | Telly special | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=20 December 2021 |title='Harry Potter 20th Anniversary: Return To Hogwarts' Trailer Gets The Gang Back Together |url=https://deadline.com/video/harry-potter-20th-anniversary-return-to-hogwarts-trailer-hbo-max/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228210759/https://deadline.com/video/harry-potter-20th-anniversary-return-to-hogwarts-trailer-hbo-max/ |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=28 December 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- |''Pickled'' |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Seitz |first1=Loree |title=Emma Watson, Will Ferrell, Daniel Dae Kim and More to Battle It Out on CBS' Pickleball Tourney |url=https://www.thewrap.com/emma-watson-will-ferrell-cbs-pickleball-tourney/ |website=TheWrap |date=12 October 2022}}</ref> |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Watson, Emma}} [[Category:21st-century Inglis actresses]] [[Category:1990 births]] [[Category:Actresses frae Paris]] [[Category:Alumni o Worcester College, Oxford]] [[Category:Brown Universite alumni]] [[Category:Fowk named in the Panama Papers]] [[Category:Harry Potter actors]] [[Category:Inglis child actresses]] [[Category:Inglis female models]] [[Category:Inglis feminists]] [[Category:Inglis film actresses]] [[Category:Inglis televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Headington Schuil, Oxford]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at The Dragon School]] [[Category:Fowk frae Oxford]] {{stub/Fillum}} {{stub/Ingland}} 5ocpapmbxf0j3v0yux6y4a1wy7nibjq 0 81329 927340 831241 2026-11-09T15:01:35Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; career brocht up tae date (retired 2023), soorced 927340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = Bojan | image = Borjan... Revelação Espanhola!.jpg | image_size = 200 | caption = Bojan wi [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] in 2008 | fullname = Bojan Krkić Pérez<ref>{{Cite news|title=FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2009 presented by Toyota: List of Players|url=http://www.fifadata.com/document/fcwc/2009/PDF/FCWC_2009_SquadLists_BAR.pdf|publisher=FIFA|format=PDF|page=1|date=1 December 2009|accessdate=28 March 2014|archive-date=2019-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629190325/https://www.fifadata.com/document/fcwc/2009/PDF/FCWC_2009_SquadLists_BAR.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|08|28|df=23}} | birth_place = Linyola, Spain | height = {{height|m=1.70}} | position = Forrit / Winger | youthyears1 = 1999–2006 | youthclubs1 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | years1 = 2006–2007 | clubs1 = [[FC Barcelona B|Barcelona B]] | caps1 = 22 | goals1 = 10 | years2 = 2007–2011 | clubs2 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | caps2 = 104 | goals2 = 26 | years3 = 2011–2013 | clubs3 = [[A.S. Roma|Roma]] | caps3 = 33 | goals3 = 7 | years4 = 2012–2013 | clubs4 = → [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] (loan) | caps4 = 19 | goals4 = 3 | years5 = 2013–2014 | clubs5 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | caps5 = 0 | goals5 = 0 | years6 = 2013–2014 | clubs6 = → [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] (loan) | caps6 = 24 | goals6 = 4 | years7 = 2014–2019 | clubs7 = [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]] | caps7 = 74 | goals7 = 15 | years8 = 2017 | clubs8 = → [[1. FSV Mainz 05|Mainz 05]] (loan) | caps8 = 11 | goals8 = 1 | years9 = 2017–2018 | clubs9 = → [[Deportivo Alavés|Alavés]] (loan) | caps9 = 13 | goals9 = 0 | years10 = 2019–2020 | clubs10 = Montreal Impact | caps10 = 25 | goals10 = 7 | years11 = 2021–2023 | clubs11 = Vissel Kobe | caps11 = 20 | goals11 = 1 | pcupdate = 8 October 2019 | nationalyears1 = 2006–2007 | nationalteam1 = Spain U17 | nationalcaps1 = 20 | nationalgoals1 = 16 | nationalyears2 = 2007–2011 | nationalteam2 = Spain U21 | nationalcaps2 = 21 | nationalgoals2 = 4 | nationalyears3 = 2008 | nationalteam3 = [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spain]] | nationalcaps3 = 1 | nationalgoals3 = 0 | nationalyears4 = 2007– | nationalteam4 = [[Catalonie naitional fitbaw team|Catalonie]] | nationalcaps4 = 8 | nationalgoals4 = 7 }} '''Bojan Krkić Pérez''' ({{IPA-es|ˈboʝaŋ ˈkirkit͡ʃ ˈpeɾeθ}}; {{lang-sr-Cyrl|Бојан Кркић Перез}} {{IPA-sh|bǒjan kr̩̂kit͡ɕ|}}; born 28 August 1990), kent as juist '''Bojan''' an aw, is a Spaingie umwhile [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]] that played as a forrit or winger. Bojan cam up throu the youth ranks at [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]'s La Masia, whaur he wis reportit tae hae scored ower 900 goals for its youth teams, brakkin [[Lionel Messi]]'s record.<ref name="Bojan Krkic: Catalan kid">{{cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/bojan-krkic-catalan-kid-1936616.html | title=Bojan Krkic: Catalan kid | work=Independent| date=6 April 2010 | access-date=22 July 2014 | author=Jenson, Pete}}</ref> He played his first gemme for the first team at 17, an in fower season at the [[Camp Nou]] he scored 41 goals in 162 gemmes. In Julie 2011 he wis selt tae [[A.S. Roma|Roma]] for €12 million,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/noticies/futbol/temporada11-12/07/22/n110712118387.html|url-status=dead |archive-date=3 August 2012 |title=Bojan, transferred to AS Roma |date=22 July 2011 |access-date=24 July 2011 |work=FC Barcelona }}</ref> an efter that he played on loan for [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] an [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]], wi whom he wan the [[Eredivisie]], afore jynin [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]] in 2014. Efter loans tae Mainz 05<ref>{{cite news|title=Bojan Krkic: Stoke City forward joins Mainz on loan|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/38788266|work=BBC Sport|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> an Alavés, he played a season for the Montreal Impact in [[Major League Soccer]], an syne twa season for Vissel Kobe in Japan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/bojan-krkic-firmara-vissel-kobe-11977259|title=Bojan Krkic firmará por el Vissel Kobe|website=Sport|access-date=8 August 2021|date=9 August 2021}}</ref> He retired at 32, an annoonced it at the Camp Nou on 23 Mairch 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/barcelona-espbarcelona/story/4908043/ex-barcelona-prodigy-bojan-krkic-announces-retirement-aged-32|website=ESPN.com|title=Ex-Barcelona prodigy Bojan Krkic announces retirement aged 32|date=23 March 2023}}</ref> As a Spain youth internaitional he wan European Championships wi the unner-17 team in 2007 an the unner-21 team in 2011, an he wan his anerly cap for the senior team in 2008. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship awards}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Krkic, Bojan}} [[Category:1990 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Pla d'Urgell]] [[Category:Spaingie fitbawers]] [[Category:Catalan fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw forrits]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Segunda División B players]] [[Category:Serie A players]] [[Category:Eredivisie players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:FC Barcelona B players]] [[Category:FC Barcelona players]] [[Category:A.S. Roma players]] [[Category:A.C. Milan players]] [[Category:AFC Ajax players]] [[Category:Stoke City F.C. players]] [[Category:Spain youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Spain unner-21 internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Spain internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Italy]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in the Netherlands]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Ingland]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriates in Italy]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriates in the Netherlands]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriates in Ingland]] [[Category:Spaingie fowk o Serbie strynd]] [[Category:1. FSV Mainz 05 players]] [[Category:Deportivo Alavés players]] [[Category:Montreal Impact players]] {{stub/Sport}} lt1ag7monfk4einz8ofbo698jdfq1dt 0 82377 927444 818489 2026-11-09T20:26:29Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; expandit, soorced 927444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox instrument |name=Didgeridoo |image=Australiandidgeridoos.jpg |image_capt =A, B an C: three didgeridoos made an decoratit bi traditional custodians o the instrument<br>D: a typical non-traditional Aboriginal didgeridoo made for the tourist tred<br>E: a didgeridoo made bi non-Aboriginal fowk in Australie, no decoratit |background=brass |classification= *[[Wind instrument|Wind]] *Aerophone |hornbostel_sachs_desc=Aerophone soondit bi lip vibration |range=Written range:[[File:Range trumpet.svg|180px|center]] |related=[[Trumpet]], Flugelhorn, Cornet, Bugle,<br/>Naitural trumpet, Post horn, Roman tuba, Bucina, Shofar, Conch, Lur, Baritone horn, Bronze Age Irish horn }} The '''didgeridoo''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|ɪ|d|ʒ|ə|r|ɪ|ˈ|d|uː}}), also spelt '''didjeridu''', is a wind [[muisical instrument|instrument]], played wi vibratin lips tae mak a lang drone, uisin a special wey o braithin cried circular braithin. It wis developit bi the [[Indigenous Australies|Aboriginal fowk]] o northren [[Australie]] at least 1,000 year syne, an is played aw ower the warld the day, tho it is aye maist closely tied tae Indigenous Australie muisic. A didgeridoo is uisually cylindrical or conical, an can be onything frae 1 tae 3 metre lang; maist are aboot 1.2 metre. Generally, the langer the instrument, the lower its pitch, but flared instruments play heicher nor unflared anes o the same lenth.<ref>Fletcher, N.H. (1996) The didjeridu (didgeridoo). ''Acoustics Australia'' 24, 11–15.</ref> It haes been cried a dronepipe an aw.<ref name=eb>{{cite web | title=Didjeridu: Musical instrument | website=Encyclopædia Britannica | url=https://www.britannica.com/art/didjeridu | access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref> Didgeridoos are uisually makkit frae hardwids, especially the [[eucalyptus]] species that are native tae northren an central Australie.<ref>Taylor R., Cloake J, and Forner J. (2002) Harvesting rates of a Yolgnu harvester and comparison of selection of didjeridu by the Yolngu and Jawoyn, ''Harvesting of didjeridu by Aboriginal people and their participation in the industry in the Northern Territory'' (ed. R. Taylor) pp. 25–31. Report to AFFA Australia. Northern Territory Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment, Palmerston, NT.</ref> The idea that the wird ''didgeridoo'' comes frae Irish {{lang|ga|dúdaire dubh}} or Scots Gaelic {{lang|gd|dùdaire dúth}} is disputit.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.flinders.edu.au/news/articles/?fj09v13s02 |title=It's as Irish as – er – didgeridoo |publisher=Flinders University |work=Flinders Journal |date=10–23 June 2002 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020819082521/http://www.flinders.edu.au/news/articles/?fj09v13s02 |archive-date=19 August 2002 |access-date=30 October 2012}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Australie Aboriginal muisic]] [[Category:Australie Inglis]] [[Category:Australie muisical instruments]] [[Category:Circular braithin]] [[Category:Naitural horns]] 3anr0fmm39mgtmyhi6wuxpalg4zrl6m 0 86985 927348 925556 2026-11-09T15:10:14Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name= Tlacolulita Zapotec |altname= (Asunción Tlacolulita) |nativename= |state=[[Mexico]] |region=[[Oaxaca]] |speakers=140 |date=1990 census |ref=e17 |familycolor=American |fam1=[[Oto-Manguean]] |fam2=[[Zapotecan leids|Zapotecan]] |fam3=[[Zapotec leids|Zapotec]] |fam4=Sierra Sur |fam5=Yautepec |iso3=zpk |glotto=tlac1240 |glottorefname=Tlacolulita Zapotec }} '''Tlacolulita Zapotec''' (Sootheastren Yautepec Zapotec) is a [[Zapotec leids|Zapotec leid]] o [[Oaxaca]], [[Mexico]]. It is no closely relatit tae ither leids. In Mey 2014, students frae [[Swarthmore College]] visitit [[Tlacolula de Matamoros]] tae present their online [https://web.archive.org/web/20150115090519/http://talkingdictionary.swarthmore.edu/zapotec/ Tlacolula Valley Zapotec] talkin dictionar tae local leaders. It wis estimatit that aboot 100 elderly speakers remain.<ref>{{Cite web | last = Doughtery | first = Ryan | title = Linguistics Students Help Revitalize Critically Endangered Language in Mexico | work = News & Events, Swarthmore College | accessdate = 2014-07-18 | date = 2014-05-27 | url = http://www.swarthmore.edu/news-events/linguistics-students-help-revitalize-critically-endangered-language-mexico }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150115090519/http://talkingdictionary.swarthmore.edu/zapotec/ Tlacolula Valley Zapotec] talkin dictionar [[Category:Zapotec leids]] sckac5jlx60pm1zkrbhuqjc6v36g0c3 0 88561 927487 912766 2026-11-09T21:35:27Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; soorce addit 927487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = The Pebble and the Penguin | director = [[Don Bluth]] <small>(uncredited)</small><br>[[Gary Goldman]] <small>(uncredited)</small> | producer = Russell Boland<br />James Butterworth<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bcdb.com/bcdb/cartoon.cgi?film=23404|title=The Pebble And The Penguin (1995) Feature Length Theatrical Animated Film|publisher=Bcdb.com|date=April 11, 1995|accessdate=October 19, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />Don Bluth <small>(uncredited)</small><br />Gary Goldman <small>(uncredited)</small> <br />John Pomeroy <small>(uncredited)</small> | screenplay = Rachel Koretsky<br />Steven Whitestone<ref name="autogenerated1"/> | narrator = Shani Wallis | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Martin Short]] * [[Jim Belushi|James Belushi]] * [[Tim Curry]] * [[Annie Golden]]}} | music = Barry Manilow<br />Bruce Sussman {{small|(sangs)}}<br />Mark Watters {{small|(score)}} | editing = Thomas Moss<br />Fiona Trayler | studio = Don Bluth Limited | distributor = [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM/UA Distribution Co.]] | released = 12 April 1995<ref name=AFI1>{{cite web |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=60053 |title=The Pebble and the Penguin |accessdate=October 23, 2015 |publisher=AFI Catalog of Feature Films}}</ref> | runtime = 74 meenit | country = Unitit States<ref name=AFI1 /> | language = Inglis | budget = $28 million | gross = $3,983,912 <ref name="Boxofficemojo">{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=pebbleandthepenguin.htm|title=The Pebble and the Penguin (1995)|publisher=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> }} '''''The Pebble and the Penguin''''' is a 1995 American [[animation|animatit]] muisical adventur film directit bi [[Don Bluth]] an [[Gary Goldman]].<ref name="couldbeatdisney">{{cite news|url=https://nerdist.com/article/secret-of-nimh-don-bluth-retrospective-1982/ |title=How the Secret of Nimh Proved Don Bluth Could Beat Disney |date=June 3, 2022|website=Nerdist}}</ref> The vyces in it include [[Martin Short]], [[Jim Belushi]], [[Tim Curry]] an [[Annie Golden]]. It is based on the real matein rituals o the [[Adélie penguin|Adélie penguins]] in [[Antarctica]]. It follaes a blate, stammerin penguin cried Hubie that tries tae win ower a bonnie penguin cried Marina bi giein her a pebble that drappit oot the sky. He haes tae keep her frae an ill-willed penguin cried Drake that wants her for himsel. Tae dae that, Hubie teams up wi Rocko, a crabbit but guid-hertit rockhopper penguin. Near the end o production, [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] chynged the film a guid deal, an Bluth an Goldman left an askit for thair nems tae be taen aff it. The film wis released in cinemas on 12 April 1995,<ref name=AFI1 /> an it wis the last film makkit bi Sullivan Bluth Studios afore the studio gaed bankrupt in 1995. == Cast an chairacters == * [[Martin Short]] as Hubie, an [[Adélie penguin|Adélie penguin]] * Jim Belushi as Rocko, a northren rockhopper penguin * [[Tim Curry]] as Drake * [[Annie Golden]] as Marina * Alissa King as Petra * Louise Vallance as Priscilla an Chinstrap 2 * Will Ryan as Royal an Tika * Neil Ross as Scrawny * Stan Jones as McCallister * S. Scott Bullock as Chubby an Gentoo * Philip L. Clarke as King * Shani Wallis as the narrator * B. J. Ward as Megellenic 1 * Hamilton Camp as Megellenic 2 * Angeline Ball as Gwynne an Chinstrap 3 * Kendall Cunningham as Timmy * Pat Musick as Chinstrap 1 * Michael Nunes as Beany * Maggie Roswell as additional vyces<ref name="Maggie Roswell at donbluth.com">Maggie Roswell at [http://www.maggieroswell.com/ maggieroswell.com]</ref> == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{Wikiquote}} * {{IMDb title|114108}} * {{Bcdb title|23404}} * {{AllMovie title|134628}} * {{Mojo title|pebbleandthepenguin}} * {{Rotten-tomatoes|pebble_and_the_penguin}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pebble and the Penguin, The}} [[Category:1995 films]] [[Category:1995 animatit films]] [[Category:1990s American animatit films]] [[Category:1990s fantasy films]] [[Category:1990s muisical comedy films]] [[Category:1990s romantic comedy films]] [[Category:1990s romantic drama films]] [[Category:1990s comedy-drama films]] [[Category:American buddy films]] [[Category:American childer's animatit adventur films]] [[Category:American childer's animatit comedy films]] [[Category:American childer's animatit fantasy films]] [[Category:American fantasy-comedy films]] [[Category:American comedy-drama films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:Animatit adventur films]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot freendship]] [[Category:Animatit buddy films]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot penguins]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Films directed bi Don Bluth]] [[Category:Films directed bi Gary Goldman]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Films produced bi Don Bluth an Gary Goldman]] [[Category:Films set in Antarctica]] [[Category:Films set in Brazil]] [[Category:Erse animatit fantasy films]] [[Category:Erse muisical films]] [[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animatit films]] [[Category:Sullivan Bluth Studios films]] 0tv80pthfuayeyk39wt517nlc5cou9c 0 94280 927334 897465 2026-11-09T14:57:42Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; playin an managin career addit, soorced 927334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = Diego Simeone | image = Diego_Simeone_-_01.jpg | image_size = 250 | caption = Simeone durin an [[Atlético Madrid]] press conference in September 2013 | fullname = Diego Pablo Simeone | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|4|28|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentinae]] | height = {{height|m=1.80}} | position = Defensive midfielder | currentclub = [[Atlético Madrid]] (manager) | years1 = 1987–1990 | clubs1 = [[Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield|Vélez Sársfield]] | caps1 = 76 | goals1 = 14 | years2 = 1990–1992 | clubs2 = Pisa | caps2 = 55 | goals2 = 6 | years3 = 1992–1994 | clubs3 = [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] | caps3 = 64 | goals3 = 12 | years4 = 1994–1997 | clubs4 = [[Atlético Madrid]] | caps4 = 98 | goals4 = 21 | years5 = 1997–1999 | clubs5 = [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]] | caps5 = 57 | goals5 = 11 | years6 = 1999–2003 | clubs6 = [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]] | caps6 = 90 | goals6 = 15 | years7 = 2003–2005 | clubs7 = [[Atlético Madrid]] | caps7 = 36 | goals7 = 2 | years8 = 2005–2006 | clubs8 = [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing]] | caps8 = 37 | goals8 = 3 | totalcaps = 513 | totalgoals = 84 | nationalyears1 = 1989 | nationalteam1 = Argentinae U20 | nationalcaps1 = 4 | nationalgoals1 = 1 | nationalyears2 = 1988 | nationalteam2 = Argentinae U23 | nationalcaps2 = 10 | nationalgoals2 = 2 | nationalyears3 = 1988–2002 | nationalteam3 = [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team|Argentinae]] | nationalcaps3 = 106 | nationalgoals3 = 11 | manageryears1 = 2006 | managerclubs1 = [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing]] | manageryears2 = 2006–2007 | managerclubs2 = [[Estudiantes de La Plata|Estudiantes]] | manageryears3 = 2007–2008 | managerclubs3 = [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] | manageryears4 = 2009–2010 | managerclubs4 = [[San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]] | manageryears5 = 2011 | managerclubs5 = Catania | manageryears6 = 2011 | managerclubs6 = [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing]] | manageryears7 = 2011– | managerclubs7 = [[Atlético Madrid]] }} '''Diego Pablo Simeone''' ({{IPA-es|ˈdjeɣo ˈpaβlo simeˈone}}; born 28 Aprile 1970), kent as '''Cholo''' an aw, is an Argentine [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] manager an umwhile player. He haes been heid coach o [[Atlético Madrid]] syne 2011, an he is the langest-servin manager in [[La Liga]]. As a midfielder he played in Argentinae, Italy an Spain, for clubs includin [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]], Atlético Madrid, [[Inter Milan]] an [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]]. He wan 106 caps for [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team|Argentinae]],<ref name="RSSSF">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/arg-recintlp.html|title=RSSSF Argentine international players|publisher=RSSSF}}</ref> an played at three [[FIFA Warld Cup]]s, in 1994, 1998 an 2002, an wan the [[Copa América]] in 1991 an 1993. As a manager he led Estudiantes de La Plata tae thair first league title in 23 year in 2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/10/31/um/m-01300708.htm|title=Simeone, el gran estratega del fútbol argentino|last=Lagares|first=Juan|publisher=Clarin|date=31 October 2006|access-date=10 November 2006|archive-date=17 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617171043/https://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/10/31/um/m-01300708.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> an wan the Argentine title wi River Plate an aw. At Atlético his first season endit wi the [[UEFA Europa League]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eurosport.yahoo.com/09052012/58/europa-league-falcao-inspires-atletico-europa-crown.html|title=Europa League – Falcao inspires Atletico to Europa crown|work=EuroSport|date=9 May 2012|access-date=9 May 2012|publisher=[[Yahoo!]]|last=Quarrell|first=Dan|archive-date=16 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> He haes wan La Liga twice, in 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zonalmarking.net/2014/05/19/barcelona-1-1-atletico-simeones-side-seal-historic-title-victory-at-the-camp-nou/|title=Barcelona 1–1 Atletico: Simeone's side seal historic title victory at the Camp Nou|date=9 May 2014|access-date=28 September 2018|archive-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929000326/https://www.zonalmarking.net/2014/05/19/barcelona-1-1-atletico-simeones-side-seal-historic-title-victory-at-the-camp-nou/|url-status=dead}}</ref> an 2021,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/may/22/real-valladolid-atletico-madrid-la-liga-match-report|title=Atlético Madrid clinch La Liga title after Luis Suárez seals win at Real Valladolid|work=The Guardian|date=22 May 2021|access-date=24 February 2026|last=Lowe|first=Sid}}</ref> brakkin the haud o [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] an [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] on the league, an he haes taen the club tae twa [[UEFA Champions League]] finals. == References == {{reflist}} {{Navboxes colour |title = Awairds |bg = Gold |fg = Black |bordercolor = Black |list1= {{UEFA Cup / Europa League winning managers}} {{Trofeo EFE}} {{La Liga Coach of the Year (LFP)}} {{Miguel Muñoz Trophy}} }} {{Navboxes colour |title=Argentinae squads |bg=#6AB5FF |fg=white |bordercolor=#00355E |list1= {{Argentina squad 1991 Copa América}} {{Argentina Squad 1992 King Fahd Cup}} {{Argentina squad 1993 Copa América}} {{Argentina Squad 1994 World Cup}} {{Argentina squad 1995 Copa América}} {{Argentina Squad 1996 Summer Olympics}} {{Argentina Squad 1998 FIFA World Cup}} {{Argentina squad 1999 Copa América}} {{Argentina Squad 2002 FIFA World Cup}} }} {{Navboxes |title= Diego Simeone managerial positions |list1= {{Racing Club managers}} {{River Plate managers}} {{Estudiantes de La Plata managers}} {{San Lorenzo de Almagro managers}} {{Atlético Madrid managers}} }} {{La Liga managers}} {{Atlético de Madrid squad}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Simeone, Diego}} [[Category:Argentine fitbawers]] [[Category:Argentine fowk o Italian strynd]] [[Category:Argentinae youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Argentinae internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:FIFA Century Club]] [[Category:Association fitbaw midfielders]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid fitbawers]] [[Category:Inter Milan players]] [[Category:A.C. Pisa 1909 players]] [[Category:Racing Club de Avellaneda fitbawers]] [[Category:S.S. Lazio players]] [[Category:Sevilla FC players]] [[Category:Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield fitbawers]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Serie A players]] [[Category:Olympic fitbawers o Argentinae]] [[Category:Olympic siller medallists for Argentinae]] [[Category:Fitbawers at the 1996 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:1991 Copa América players]] [[Category:1992 Keeng Fahd Cup players]] [[Category:1993 Copa América players]] [[Category:1994 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:1995 Copa América players]] [[Category:1998 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:1999 Copa América players]] [[Category:2002 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:Copa América-winning players]] [[Category:FIFA Confederations Cup-winnin players]] [[Category:Argentine fitbaw managers]] [[Category:Racing Club de Avellaneda managers]] [[Category:River Plate managers]] [[Category:Estudiantes de La Plata managers]] [[Category:Calcio Catania managers]] [[Category:Serie A managers]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid managers]] [[Category:La Liga managers]] [[Category:Fowk frae Buenos Aires]] [[Category:1970 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Argentine expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Italy]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Spain]] [[Category:Argentine Primera División players]] [[Category:Argentine expatriate sportsfowk in Italy]] [[Category:Argentine expatriate sportsfowk in Spain]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbaw managers in Italy]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in fitbaw]] [[Category:Primeira Liga managers]] [[Category:UEFA Cup winnin managers]] nnpeq6bihwhdjg1sjro133nbn64q55v 1 94281 927335 496643 2026-11-09T14:58:02Z Monospaced 75295 927335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} {{Translatit page|eN|Diego Simeone}} {{Translatit page|en|Diego Simeone|version=1384563568}} qs4f53fs0at95x7egw37dqrsnijbl6q 927338 927335 2026-11-09T15:00:55Z CiphriusKane 74958 Dinna need twa 927338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} {{Translatit page|en|Diego Simeone|version=1384563568}} kjetw8e9vw31tkviv3kuu6yjejmw9t7 0 94548 927331 874660 2026-11-09T14:56:27Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; career an internaitional honours addit, soorced 927331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spanish name|Capdevila|Méndez}} {{Infobox fitbaw biography |name = Joan Capdevila |image = Joan Capdevila 2013 Catalonia.jpg |caption = Capdevila in action for [[Catalonie naitional fitbaw team|Catalonie]] in 2013 |fullname = Joan Capdevila i Méndez<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|title=FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010: List of players|publisher=FIFA|page=29|date=4 June 2010|accessdate=13 September 2013|format=PDF|archive-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517205300/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|2|3|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Tàrrega]], Spain |height = {{convert|1.82|m|abbr=on}} |position = [[Defender (association fitbaw)#Full-back|Left back]] |currentclub = |clubnumber = |youthyears1 = | youthclubs1 = Tàrrega |years1 = 1996–1997 | clubs1 = Tàrrega | caps1 = 34 | goals1 = 3 |years2 = 1997–1998 | clubs2 = Espanyol B | caps2 = 45 | goals2 = 4 |years3 = 1998–1999 | clubs3 = [[RCD Espanyol|Espanyol]] | caps3 = 29 | goals3 = 4 |years4 = 1999–2000 | clubs4 = [[Atlético Madrid]] | caps4 = 31 | goals4 = 2 |years5 = 2000–2007 | clubs5 = [[Deportivo de La Coruña|Deportivo La Coruña]] | caps5 = 179 | goals5 = 15 |years6 = 2007–2011 | clubs6 = [[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]] | caps6 = 140 | goals6 = 15 |years7 = 2011–2012 | clubs7 = [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] | caps7 = 5 | goals7 = 0 |years8 = 2012–2014 | clubs8 = [[RCD Espanyol|Espanyol]] | caps8 = 31 | goals8 = 0 |years9 = 2014 | clubs9 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] | caps9 = 6 | goals9 = 0 |years10 = 2015 | clubs10 = Lierse | caps10 = 4 | goals10 = 0 |years11 = 2016–2017 | clubs11 = [[FC Santa Coloma|Santa Coloma]] | caps11 = 7 | goals11 = 0 |totalcaps = 517 | totalgoals = 43 |nationalyears1 = 1998–2000 | nationalteam1 = Spain U21 | nationalcaps1 = 13 | nationalgoals1 = 0 |nationalyears2 = 2000 | nationalteam2 = Spain U23 | nationalcaps2 = 4 | nationalgoals2 = 0 |nationalyears3 = 2002–2011 | nationalteam3 = [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spain]] | nationalcaps3 = 60 | nationalgoals3 = 4 |nationalyears4 = 2002–2013 | nationalteam4 = [[Catalonie naitional fitbaw team|Catalonie]] | nationalcaps4 = 10 | nationalgoals4 = 0 |medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{ESP}}}} {{MedalSport|Men's Fitbaa}} {{MedalSilver|[[2000 Simmer Olympics|2000 Sydney]]|Team Competition}} }} '''Joan Capdevila i Méndez''' ({{IPA-ca|ʒuˈaŋ kədːəˈβiɫə}}; born 3 Februar 1978) is a Spaingie umwhile professional [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]] that played as a left-back. Ower 15 season in [[La Liga]] he played 410 gemmes an scored 36 goals, maistly for [[Deportivo de La Coruña|Deportivo]] an [[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ecodiario.eleconomista.es/futbol/noticias/1754016/12/09/Los-goles-de-Capdevila-garantizan-las-victorias-del-Villarreal.html|title=Los goles de Capdevila garantizan las victorias del Villarreal|trans-title=Capdevila goals equal Villarreal wins|publisher=El Economista|language=es|date=7 December 2009|access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref> In a senior career o 21 year he played in Portugal, Indie, Belgium an Andorrae an aw, an he annoonced his retiral on 5 Julie 2017, at 39.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.villarrealusa.com/2017/7/5/15920608/joan-capdevila-villarreals-world-cup-winner-retires|title=Joan Capdevila, Villarreal's World Cup winner, retires|publisher=Villarreal USA|date=5 July 2017|access-date=5 July 2017}}</ref> Capdevila wan 60 caps for [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spain]]. He wan a siller medal at the [[2000 Simmer Olympics]],<ref name=ST>{{cite web|url=http://www.soccertimes.com/international/2000/games/sep30.htm|title=Cameroon's "Indomitable Lions" win shootout over Spain to take Olympic gold.|publisher=Soccer Times|date=30 September 2000|access-date=26 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322111703/http://www.soccertimes.com/international/2000/games/sep30.htm|archive-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> an he wis a member o the squads that wan [[UEFA Euro 2008|Euro 2008]], whaur he becam first choice at left-back,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/spains-2008-euro-winning-squad-where-they-are-now/3|title=Spain's Euro 2008 winning squad – Where are they now?|publisher=Sportskeeda|first=Ashwin|last=Hanagudu|date=26 April 2016|access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref> an the [[2010 FIFA Warld Cup|2010 World Cup]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Navboxes colour |title=Spain squads |bg=#C60B1E |fg=#FFC400 |bordercolor=#000033 |list1= {{Spain squad 2000 Summer Olympics}} {{Spain squad UEFA Euro 2004}} {{Spain squad UEFA Euro 2008}} {{Spain squad 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{Spain squad 2010 FIFA World Cup}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Capdevila, Joan}} [[Category:1978 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Tàrrega]] [[Category:Spaingie fitbawers]] [[Category:Catalan fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw defenders]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Segunda División B players]] [[Category:Tercera División players]] [[Category:RCD Espanyol B fitbawers]] [[Category:RCD Espanyol fitbawers]] [[Category:Deportivo de La Coruña players]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid fitbawers]] [[Category:Villarreal CF players]] [[Category:Primeira Liga players]] [[Category:S.L. Benfica fitbawers]] [[Category:Indian Super League players]] [[Category:NorthEast United FC players]] [[Category:Indian Super League marquee players]] [[Category:Belgian Pro League players]] [[Category:K. Lierse S.K. players]] [[Category:Spain unner-21 internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Spain unner-23 internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Spain internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2004 players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players]] [[Category:2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA European Championship-winnin players]] [[Category:2010 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:FIFA Warld Cup-winnin players]] [[Category:Fitbawers at the 2000 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic fitbawers o Spain]] [[Category:Olympic siller medallists for Spain]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in fitbaw]] [[Category:Catalonie internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Portugal]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Indie]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Belgium]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriates in Portugal]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriates in Indie]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriates in Belgium]] [[Category:FC Santa Coloma players]] gdh8dcqe19b0j0ptot15j0i3mnl01mn 1 94549 927333 496692 2026-11-09T14:57:29Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} {{translatit page|En|Joan Capdevila}} {{Translatit page|en|Joan Capdevila|version=1383392634}} km4fyrbobe71dm95n97huhv7vsu2ii3 1 95005 927371 452116 2026-11-09T15:43:59Z Monospaced 75295 927371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} {{Translatit page|en|Jane Goodall|version=1381259278}} pnt1tqi2usl8n9s40a4v0patbomazyq 0 95070 927336 869501 2026-11-09T15:00:17Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; career, Warld Cups an the San Siro addit, soorced 927336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = Giuseppe Meazza | image = Giuseppe Meazza 1935.jpg | image_size = 200 | fullname = | height = {{height|m=1.69}} | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1910|8|23}} | birth_place = [[Milan]], [[Kinrick o Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1979|8|21|1910|8|23}} | death_place = Lissone, Italy | position = Centre forrit<br>Inside forrit | years1 = 1927–1940 | clubs1 = [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]] | caps1 = 348 | goals1 = 241 | years2 = 1940–1942 | clubs2 = [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] | caps2 = 37 | goals2 = 9 | years3 = 1942–1943 | clubs3 = [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] | caps3 = 27 | goals3 = 10 | years4 = 1944 | clubs4 = Varese | caps4 = 20 | goals4 = 7 | years5 = 1945–1946 | clubs5 = [[Atalanta B.C.|Atalanta]] | caps5 = 14 | goals5 = 2 | years6 = 1946–1947 | clubs6 = [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]] | caps6 = 17 | goals6 = 2 | nationalyears1 = 1930–1939 | nationalteam1 = [[Italy naitional fitbaw team|Italy]] | nationalcaps1 = 53 | nationalgoals1 = 33 | manageryears1 = 1946 | managerclubs1 = [[Atalanta B.C.|Atalanta]] | manageryears2 = 1946–1948 | managerclubs2 = [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]] | manageryears3 = 1948–1949 | managerclubs3 = [[Beşiktaş J.K.|Beşiktaş]] | manageryears4 = 1949–1951 | managerclubs4 = Pro Patria | manageryears5 = 1952–1953 | managerclubs5 = [[Italy naitional fitbaw team|Italy]] | manageryears6 = 1955–1956 | managerclubs6 = [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]] | manageryears7 = 1957 | managerclubs7 = [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]] }} '''Giuseppe "Peppino" Meazza''' ({{IPA-it|d͡ʒuˈzɛppe meˈatt͡sa}}; 23 August 1910 – 21 August 1979), kent as '''il Balilla''' an aw, wis an [[Italy|Italian]] [[Association fitbaw|fitbaw]] player an manager. He played maistly for [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]] in the 1930s, an wan three [[Serie A]] titles wi them; he played for [[A.C. Milan|Milan]], [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]], Varese an [[Atalanta B.C.|Atalanta]] an aw. He led [[Italy naitional fitbaw team|Italy]] tae win twa [[FIFA Warld Cup|World Cups]] ane efter the ither, in [[1934 FIFA World Cup|1934]] at hame an in [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938]] as caiptain. He is ane o anerly fower Italian players that hae wan twa World Cups.<ref name="Record e Curiosità">{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/static/speciale/2010/sudafrica/nazionale/record.html|title=Record e Curiosità|trans-title=Records and Trivia|publisher=La Repubblica|language=it|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/static/speciale/2010/sudafrica/storia/record-individuali.html|title=Presenze|trans-title=Appearances|publisher=la Repubblica|language=it|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> Acause o his skill, his goalscorin an his creativity, the Italian press aften cried him ''Il genio'' (the genius).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.sky.it/sport/calcio_italiano/2010/08/17/giuseppe_meazza_cento_anni.html|title=Peppino Meazza: 100 anni fa nacque Balilla, Genio del calcio|publisher=Sky.it|language=it|date=17 August 2010|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053646/http://sport.sky.it/sport/calcio_italiano/2010/08/17/giuseppe_meazza_cento_anni.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He haes been rankit the fowert best player in the history o the World Cup.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/europe-travel/italy/the-ten-greatest-world-cup-players-no-4-giuseppe-meazza-italy-dhh8528hm5x | location=London | work=The Times | title=The ten greatest World Cup playersbr No 4 Giuseppe Meazza Italy | date=22 March 2010}}</ref> Efter he retired he coached the Italy naitional team an several clubs, includin Inter, Atalanta an the Turkish club [[Beşiktaş J.K.|Beşiktaş]]. In 1980 the [[San Siro]] stadium in his hame ceety o [[Milan]] wis renamed the ''Stadio Giuseppe Meazza'' in his honour.<ref name="Stadio Giuseppe Meazza">{{cite web|url=http://www.football-italia.net/clubs/Inter/stadium|title=Stadio Giuseppe Meazza|publisher=Football Italia|access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Navboxes |title=Awairds |titlestyle=background: gold |list1= {{FIFA World Cup Winning Captain}} {{FIFA World Cup Golden Ball}} {{Serie A top scorers}} {{1934 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament}} }} {{Navboxes colour |title= Italy squads |bg= #0066bc |fg= white |list1= {{Italy Squad 1934 World Cup}} {{Italy Squad 1938 World Cup}} {{Italy Squad 1952 Summer Olympics}} }} {{Navboxes |title= Giuseppe Meazza managerial poseetions |list1= {{Atalanta B.C. managers}} {{F.C. Internazionale Milano managers}} {{Beşiktaş JK managers}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Meazza, Giuseppe}} [[Category:1910 births]] [[Category:1979 daiths]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Milan]] [[Category:Italian fitbawers]] [[Category:Italy internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:FIFA Warld Cup-winnin caiptains]] [[Category:Italian fitbaw managers]] [[Category:Inter Milan players]] [[Category:A.C. Milan players]] [[Category:Juventus F.C. players]] [[Category:Atalanta B.C. players]] [[Category:A.S. Varese 1910 players]] [[Category:Serie A players]] [[Category:Atalanta B.C. managers]] [[Category:Beşiktaş J.K. managers]] [[Category:Inter Milan managers]] [[Category:Serie A managers]] [[Category:1934 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:1938 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:FIFA Warld Cup-winnin players]] [[Category:Süper Lig managers]] [[Category:Italy naitional fitbaw team managers]] [[Category:Pro Patria Calcio managers]] {{stub/Sport}} s0zcaohkz7gjrqwcn1qzkizpxz8wpjb 0 95207 927554 926974 2026-11-10T00:22:31Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin an grammar fixes, lang sentences split 927554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Donald Trump |image = Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg | order = 45t & 47t | office = Preses o the Unitit States | vicepresident = [[JD Vance]] | term_start = 20 Januar 2025 | predecessor = [[Joe Biden]] | vicepresident1 = [[Mike Pence]] | term_start1 = 20 Januar 2017 | term_end1 = 20 Januar 2021 | predecessor1 = [[Barack Obama]] | successor1 = Joe Biden |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|6|14}} |birth_place = [[New York Ceety]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S. | residence = {{plainlist| * [[Mar-a-Lago]] }} |party = [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican]] {{small|(1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present)}} |otherparty = [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic]] {{small|(afore 1987, 2001–2009)}}<br>Reform {{small|(1999–2001)}}<br>[[Independent politeecian|Independent]] {{small|(2011–2012)}}<ref name="politifact">{{cite news |last=Gillin |first=Joshua |title=Bush says Trump was a Democrat longer than a Republican `in the last decade’ |work=PolitiFact |date=August 24, 2015 |url=http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2015/aug/24/jeb-bush/bush-says-trump-was-democrat-longer-republican-las/ |access-date=2015-10-21 }}</ref><ref name="sargent">{{cite web |url=http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/blogs/hilary-sargent/2014/01/22/the-man-responsible-for-donald-trump-never-ending-presidential-campaign/95LunCt63n3xKoq5DyJNFI/blog.html |title=The Man Responsible for Donald Trump’s Never-Ending Presidential Campaign |last=Sargent |first=Hilary |date=January 22, 2014 |website=Boston.com |quote=A New Hampshire Republican activist named Mike Dunbar dreamed up the idea of a Donald Trump presidency [in] early summer of 1987... Dunbar launched a ‘Draft Trump’ campaign... Stories about a possible Trump presidency ran in newspapers across the country... (Trump was registered as a Democrat at the time...) |access-date=2016-11-09 |archive-date=2016-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603074751/http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/blogs/hilary-sargent/2014/01/22/the-man-responsible-for-donald-trump-never-ending-presidential-campaign/95LunCt63n3xKoq5DyJNFI/blog.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Ivana Trump|Ivana Zelníčková]]<br>|1977|1990|end=div}}|{{marriage|Marla Maples<br>|1993|1999|end=div}}|{{marriage|[[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]]<br>|2005}}}}<!-- Omit married names (the use of married names implies that their surname before the marriage was "Trump", and overrules WP:COMMONNAME) --> |children = {{unbulleted list|[[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Jr.]]|[[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]]|Eric|Tiffany|Barron}} |alma_mater = Fordham Varsity<br>[[Varsity o Pennsylvanie]] {{small|(BS)}} |religion = [[Presbyterianism]] |signature = Donald Trump (Presidential signature).svg |signature_alt = Donald J Trump stylised autograph, in ink | website = {{plainlist| * {{URL|https://donaldjtrump.com|Offeecial wabsteid}} * {{URL|https://whitehouse.gov/administration/president-trump|White House wabsteid}} }} | nickname = "The Donald"<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story/ |title=Why does everyone call Donald Trump 'The Donald'? It's an interesting story. |last=Argetsinger |first=Amy |date=September 1, 2015 |website=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> }} '''Donald John Trump''' (born 14 Juin 1946) is an American politician, media personality an businessman that is the 47t [[Preses o the Unitit States]]. A member o the [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican Pairty]], he served as the 45t preses frae 2017 tae 2021. Born intae a walthy faimily in [[New York Ceety]], Trump graduatit frae the [[Varsity o Pennsylvanie]] in 1968 wi a bachelor's degree in [[economics]]. He becam preses o his faimily's property business in 1971, gied it the nem the Trump Organization, an stairtit buyin an biggin skyscrapers, hotels, casinos an gowf coorses. Frae 2004 tae 2015 he hostit the reality telly shaw ''[[The Apprentice]]''. He wan the [[2016 Unitit States presidential election|2016 presidential election]] agin the [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic]] candidate [[Hillary Clinton]]. In his first presidency Trump brocht in a traivel ban on seiven Muslim-majority kintras, signed the {{lang|en|Tax Cuts and Jobs Act}} an appointit three justices tae the Supreme Court. Efter he tint the [[2020 Unitit States presidential election|2020 election]] tae [[Joe Biden]], he refuised tae concede, an his supporters attackit the [[Unitit States Capitol]] on 6 Januar 2021. He wis impeached twice, in 2019 an 2021, an the Senate acquittit him baith times. In 2024 a New York court fund him guilty on 34 coonts o fausifyin business records, makkin him the first US preses convictit o a felony. He wan the 2024 election agin [[Kamala Harris]] an stairtit his second presidency on 20 Januar 2025. In his second term he haes pit tariffs on near aa kintras an cut the federal wirkforce, an his administration's actions hae been challenged in mair nor 550 lawsuits. == Early life an education == Trump wis born on 14 Juin 1946 at Jamaica Hospital in [[Queens]], New York Ceety, the fowert bairn o Fred Trump an Mary Anne MacLeod Trump.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|pp=30, 37}} He is o German an Scots strynd.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=v}} He grew up wi his fower brithers an sisters in a 23-room mansion in the Jamaica Estates pairt o Queens.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}</ref> His faither sent him tae the New York Military Academy, a private bairdin schuil, frae the aicht tae the twalt grade.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|pp=33, 38, 45}} He gaed tae Fordham Varsity in 1964,{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|pp=45}} then flittit tae the Wharton School o the Varsity o Pennsylvanie, an graduatit in Mey 1968 wi a Bachelor o Science in economics.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|pp=47–50}} He wis exemptit frae the draft in the [[Vietnam War]] on a claim o bone spurs in his heels.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=48}} == Business career == === Property === Frae 1968 Trump wrocht for Trump Management, his faither's property company, that luikit efter mair nor fowerteen thoosand flats for middle-cless fowk in Queens, Staten Island an [[Brooklyn]].{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|pp=51–53}} In 1971 he becam preses o the business an his faither its chairman.{{sfn|Barrett|2016|p=75}} The lawyer Roy Cohn wis his fixer an mentor for 13 year in the 1970s an 1980s.<ref name="Mahler2016Cohn">{{cite news |last1=Mahler |first1=Jonathan |last2=Flegenheimer |first2=Matt |title=What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html |access-date=May 26, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 20, 2016 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In 1973, wi Cohn's help, Trump coonter-suid the US government for 100 million US dollars ower its chairge that his properties haed discriminatit agin Black tenants an fowk luikin for flats. The case wis settled wi an agreement tae desegregate.{{sfn|Barrett|2016|pp=82–84}} In 1980 he got the richts tae develop [[Trump Touer]], a skyscraper in Midtown [[Manhattan]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump |date=April 8, 1984 |access-date=September 29, 2021 |first=William E. |last=Geist |author-link=Bill Geist |magazine=The New York Times Magazine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/magazine/the-expanding-empire-of-donald-trump.html |url-access=limited}}</ref> It wis his main hame till 2019.<ref name="moved">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/trump-new-york-florida-primary-residence.html |title=Trump, Lifelong New Yorker, Declares Himself a Resident of Florida |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |author-link=Maggie Haberman |date=October 31, 2019 |access-date=January 24, 2020 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In 1985 he bocht the [[Mar-a-Lago]] estate in Palm Beach, [[Florida]],<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Peterson-Withorn |first=Chase |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2018/04/23/donald-trump-has-gained-more-than-100-million-on-mar-a-lago/ |title=Donald Trump Has Gained More Than $100 Million On Mar-a-Lago |magazine=Forbes |date=April 23, 2018 |access-date=July 4, 2018}}</ref> that he declared his main hame in 2019.<ref name="moved" /> He stairtit biggin an buyin gowf coorses in 1999, an bi 2016 he awned 17 gowf coorses roond the warld.<ref>{{cite news |last=Garcia |first=Ahiza |date=December 29, 2016 |title=Trump's 17 golf courses teed up: Everything you need to know |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/12/29/news/donald-trump-golf-courses/ |access-date=December 15, 2025 |work=CNN Business}}</ref> === Casinos an bankruptcies === In 1984 Trump appent Harrah's at Trump Plaza, a hotel an casino in [[Atlantic City]], wi siller an management help frae the Holiday Corporation.<ref name="fall">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.phillymag.com/news/2015/08/16/donald-trump-atlantic-city-empire/ |title=The Truth About the Rise and Fall of Donald Trump's Atlantic City Empire |magazine=Philadelphia |date=August 16, 2015 |access-date=March 21, 2016 |first=Dan |last=McQuade}}</ref> In 1985 he bocht the Atlantic City Hilton Hotel afore it appent, an gied it the nem Trump's Castle. Baith casinos gaed intae Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1992.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/03/09/Trumps-Castle-and-Plaza-file-for-bankruptcy/3105700117200/ |title=Trump's Castle and Plaza file for bankruptcy |work=UPI News |date=March 9, 1992 |access-date=May 25, 2023}}</ref> In 1988 he bocht a third Atlantic City casino, the Trump Taj Mahal, that appent in Aprile 1990 efter costin 1.1 billion US dollars.<ref name="fall" /> Atween 1991 an 2009 his hotel an casino businesses in Atlantic City an New York gaed intae Chapter 11 bankruptcy sax times, tho Trump hissel never gaed bankrupt.<ref name="TW">{{cite news |last=Winter |first=Tom |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-bankruptcy-math-doesn-t-add-n598376 |title=Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up |work=NBC News |date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=February 26, 2020}}</ref> Accordin tae a review bi ''USA Today'' in 2018, Trump an his businesses haed been involved in mair nor 4,000 lawsuits.<ref name=usat-lawsuits>{{cite news |date=n.d. |title=Donald Trump: Three decades: 4,095 lawsuits |url=https://www.usatoday.com/pages/interactives/trump-lawsuits/ |first1=Nick |last1=Penzenstadler |first2=Steve |last2=Reilly |first3=David |last3=Wilson |first4=Karen |last4=Yi |first5=Pim |last5=Linders |first6=John |last6=Kelly |first7=Jeff |last7=Dionise |access-date=August 26, 2025 |work=USA Today}}</ref> === Media === Trump haes published 19 buiks unner his nem, maist o them written or co-written bi ghaistwriters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-books-tweet-ghostwriter-tim-o-brien-tony-schwartz-writer-response-a8431271.html |title=Trump boasted about writing many books – his ghostwriter says otherwise |newspaper=The Independent |first=Andrew |last=Buncombe |date=July 4, 2018 |access-date=October 11, 2020}}</ref> His first buik, ''The Art of the Deal'' (1987), wis a best seller an makkit him kent ootwith New York as a rich an successfu businessman.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/25/donald-trumps-ghostwriter-tells-all |title=Donald Trump's Ghostwriter Tells All |magazine=The New Yorker |first=Jane |last=Mayer |author-link=Jane Mayer |date=July 18, 2016 |access-date=June 19, 2017}}</ref> Frae 2004 tae 2015 he hostit ''[[The Apprentice]]'', a reality telly shaw. In the shaws he pleyed a superrich chief executive that sent contestants hame wi the catchphrase {{lang|en|"you're fired"}}.<ref name="show">{{cite news |last1=Grynbaum |first1=Michael M. |last2=Parker |first2=Ashley |author-link2=Ashley Parker |date=July 16, 2016 |title=Donald Trump the Political Showman, Born on 'The Apprentice' |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/17/business/media/donald-trump-apprentice.html |access-date=July 8, 2018 |url-access=limited}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' cried his portrayal {{lang|en|"a highly flattering, highly fictionalized version"}} o hissel.<ref name="show" /> He earned mair nor 400 million US dollars frae the shaws an the licensin deals that gaed wi them.<ref>{{cite news |last=Poniewozik |first=James |author-link=James Poniewozik |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/28/arts/television/trump-taxes-apprentice.html |title=Donald Trump Was the Real Winner of 'The Apprentice' |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 28, 2020 |access-date=October 18, 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In 1996 he bocht the Miss Universe pageants, amang them Miss USA an Miss Teen USA.{{sfn|Haberman|2022|pp=129–130}} == Political career == === Early ambitions === Trump haes chynged pairty several times. He registered as a Republican in Queens in 1969 an in Manhattan in 1987.{{sfn|Barrett|2016|p=75}} He joined the Independence Pairty, the New York state branch o the Reform Pairty, in 1999, the Democrats in 2001, the Republicans again in 2009, nae pairty in 2011, an the Republicans aince mair in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hall |first=Amy |title=Donald Trump was once a registered Democrat and party donor. So why did he jump ship? |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/donald-trump-was-once-a-registered-democrat-and-party-donor-why-did-he-jump-ship/wj85mj5yq |website=SBS News |access-date=March 29, 2025 |date=July 25, 2024}}</ref> In 1987 he pit full-page adverts in the main newspapers<ref name="hint">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/02/nyregion/trump-gives-a-vague-hint-of-candidacy.html |title=Trump Gives a Vague Hint of Candidacy |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Michael |last=Oreskes |author-link=Michael Oreskes |date=September 2, 1987 |access-date=February 17, 2016 |url-access=limited}}</ref> settin oot his views on foreign policy an hou tae dae awa wi the federal budget deficit.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/18/us/trump-urged-to-head-gala-of-democrats.html |title=Trump Urged To Head Gala Of Democrats |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 18, 1987 |access-date=October 1, 2021 |first=Fox |last=Butterfield |author-link=Fox Butterfield |url-access=limited}}</ref> He wis a candidate in the 2000 Reform Pairty presidential primaries for three month afore he drew back in Februar 2000.<ref>{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Winger |author-link=Richard Winger |title=Donald Trump Ran For President in 2000 in Several Reform Party Presidential Primaries |date=December 25, 2011 |access-date=October 1, 2021 |website=Ballot Access News |url=https://ballot-access.org/2011/12/25/donald-trump-ran-for-president-in-2000-in-several-reform-party-presidential-primaries/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Clift |first=Eleanor |author-link=Eleanor Clift |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-last-time-trump-wrecked-a-party |title=The Last Time Trump Wrecked a Party |work=The Daily Beast |date=July 18, 2016 |access-date=October 14, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nagourney |first=Adam |author-link=Adam Nagourney |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/021400wh-ref-trump.html |title=Reform Bid Said to Be a No-Go for Trump |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 14, 2000 |access-date=December 26, 2020 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === 2016 election === Trump annoonced his candidacy for the 2016 election in Juin 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lerner |first=Adam B. |author-link=Adam B. Lerner |date=June 16, 2015 |title=The 10 best lines from Donald Trump's announcement speech |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/donald-trump-2016-announcement-10-best-lines-119066 |access-date=June 7, 2018 |work=Politico}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=May 13, 2016 |title=The Lie of Trump's 'Self-Funding' Campaign |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/05/trumps-self-funding-lie/482691/ |access-date=June 7, 2018 |work=The Atlantic}}</ref> Uisin the slogan {{lang|en|"[[Make America Great Again]]"}}, that he haed trademarked in 2012,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Wilson |first=Chris |url=https://time.com/5084673/donald-trump-make-america-great-again-trademark/ |title='Make America High Again' and 279 Other Ways People Are Ripping Off Trump's Campaign Slogan |magazine=Time |date=January 8, 2018 |access-date=April 13, 2026}}</ref> he campaigned as a rich, successfu businessman an an ootsider wi nae political experience.<ref>{{cite news |last=Terris |first=Ben |title=Donald Trump begins 2016 bid, citing his outsider status |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/donald-trump-is-now-a-candidate-for-president-of-the-united-states/2015/06/16/5e6d738e-1441-11e5-9ddc-e3353542100c_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=June 16, 2015 |access-date=April 26, 2025 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kiewiet de Jonge |first=Chad |date=December 19, 2015 |title=Outsider Sentiment Leaves Its Mark on 2016 Races (Poll) |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/outsider-sentiment-leaves-mark-2016-races-poll/story?id=35850546 |access-date=April 26, 2025 |work=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Newport |first1=Frank |last2=Saad |first2=Lydia |title=Trump Support Built on Outsider Status, Business Experience |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/189773/trump-support-built-outsider-status-business-experience.aspx |publisher=Gallup, Inc. |date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=April 26, 2025}}</ref> In the campaign he got a record amoont o free media coverage,<ref name="Cillizza-160614">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/06/14/this-harvard-study-is-a-powerful-indictment-of-the-medias-role-in-donald-trumps-rise/ |title=This Harvard study is a powerful indictment of the media's role in Donald Trump's rise |first=Chris |last=Cillizza |author-link=Chris Cillizza |date=June 14, 2016 |access-date=October 1, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> estimatit at $2 billion.<ref>{{cite news |title=$2 Billion Worth of Free Media for Donald Trump |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/16/upshot/measuring-donald-trumps-mammoth-advantage-in-free-media.html |first1=Nicholas |last1=Confessore |author-link1=Nicholas Confessore |first2=Karen |last2=Yourish |date=March 15, 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> Trump wan the election wi 304 electoral votes tae Hillary Clinton's 227.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Kiersten |last1=Schmidt |first2=Wilson |last2=Andrews |title=A Historic Number of Electors Defected, and Most Were Supposed to Vote for Clinton |date=December 19, 2016 |access-date=January 31, 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/19/us/elections/electoral-college-results.html |url-access=limited}}</ref> He wis the fift person tae be electit preses tho he tint the popular vote: he got aboot 2.87 million fewer votes nor Clinton, 46.1% tae her 48.2%.<ref>{{cite web |title=FEDERAL ELECTIONS 2016 -- Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives |url=https://www.fec.gov/documents/1889/federalelections2016.pdf#page=10 |publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]] |date=December 2017 |access-date=August 12, 2020}}</ref> He wis the only preses that haed never served in the militar nor held ony government office afore.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/11/13587532/donald-trump-no-experience |title=Donald Trump will be the only US president ever with no political or military experience |last=Crockett |first=Zachary |date=November 11, 2016 |work=Vox |access-date=January 3, 2017}}</ref> === First presidency (2017–2021) === Trump wis sworn in on 20 Januar 2017. The day efter, an estimatit 2.6 million fowk roond the warld, 500,000 o them in Washington, D.C., mairched agin him in the Women's Mairches.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/21/womens-march-aims-start-movement-trump-inauguration/96864158/ |title=At 2.6 million strong, Women's Marches crush expectations |last1=Przybyla |first1=Heidi M. |last2=Schouten |first2=Fredreka |date=January 21, 2017 |work=USA Today |access-date=January 22, 2017}}</ref> '''Economy.''' Trump teuk office at the heicht o the langest economic expansion in American history,<ref name=VanDam>{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Van Dam |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/01/08/trump-jobs-record/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=Trump will have the worst jobs record in modern U.S. history. It's not just the pandemic. |date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=October 2, 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref> that stairtit in 2009 an gaed on till Februar 2020, whan the COVID-19 recession began.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smialek |first=Jeanna |date=June 8, 2020 |title=The U.S. Entered a Recession in February |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/08/business/economy/us-economy-recession-2020.html |access-date=June 10, 2020 |url-access=limited}}</ref> Bi late 2019 the Unitit States recordit some o the lawest unemployment rates in decades, wi notable faws in [[African Americans|African-American]], [[Hispanic an Latino Americans|Hispanic]] an Asian-American unemployment. Economists debate hou faur Trump's policies brocht this aboot, an some pit it doun tae the recovery that wis awready unnerwey efter the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Unemployment Rate Falls to 50-Year Low – The White House|url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/articles/u-s-unemployment-rate-falls-50-year-low/|access-date=2025-11-14|website=trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov}}</ref> In December 2017 he signed the {{lang|en|Tax Cuts and Jobs Act}}, that cut tax rates for businesses an individuals.<ref>{{cite news |last=Long |first=Heather |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/12/15/the-final-gop-tax-bill-is-complete-heres-what-is-in-it/ |title=The final GOP tax bill is complete. Here's what is in it. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=December 15, 2017 |access-date=July 31, 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/12/15/us/politics/final-republican-tax-bill-cuts.html |title=What's in the Final Republican Tax Bill |work=[[The New York Times]] |first1=Wilson |last1=Andrews |first2=Alicia |last2=Parlapiano |date=December 15, 2017 |access-date=December 22, 2017 |url-access=limited}}</ref> '''Immigration.''' In Januar 2017 Trump signed an executive order that stappit citizens o sax Muslim-majority kintras frae comin in for fower month, an citizens o [[Sirie]] for guid.<ref name="frontline">{{cite news |last1=Walters |first1=Joanna |last2=Helmore |first2=Edward |last3=Dehghan |first3=Saeed Kamali |author-link3=Saeed Kamali Dehghan |date=January 28, 2017 |title=US airports on frontline as Donald Trump's travel ban causes chaos and protests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/28/airports-us-immigration-ban-muslim-countries-trump |access-date=July 19, 2017 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="airport">{{cite news |date=January 28, 2017 |title=Protests erupt at airports nationwide over immigration action |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/protests-airports-immigration-action-president-trump/ |access-date=March 22, 2021 |work=CBS News}}</ref> '''Judiciary.''' Trump appointit 234 federal judges, amang them three tae the Supreme Court: Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh an Amy Coney Barrett,<ref>{{cite web |last=Gramlich |first=John |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/01/13/how-trump-compares-with-other-recent-presidents-in-appointing-federal-judges/ |title=How Trump compares with other recent presidents in appointing federal judges |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=May 30, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/2025-01/apptsbypres.pdf |title=Judgeship Appointments by President |work=United States Courts |access-date=January 16, 2026}}</ref> that shiftit the Court tae the richt politically.<ref>{{cite news |work=Politico |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/26/trump-legacy-supreme-court-422058 |title=Trump's legacy is now the Supreme Court |first=Anita |last=Kumar |date=September 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=Voice of America |title=Trump's Lasting Legacy: Conservative Supermajority on Supreme Court |first=Masood |last=Farivar |date=December 24, 2020 |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/usa_trumps-lasting-legacy-conservative-supermajority-supreme-court/6199935.html |access-date=December 21, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nine Black Robes: Inside the Supreme Court's Drive to the Right and Its Historic Consequences |first=Joan |last=Biskupic |author-link=Joan Biskupic |url=https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2023/06/02/nine-black-robes-supreme-court |date=June 2, 2023 |work=WBUR-FM |access-date=December 21, 2023}}</ref> '''Foreign policy.''' In 2018 Trump stairtit a trade war wi [[Republic o the Fowk o Cheena|China]], pittin on tariffs an ither trade barriers that he said wad force China tae end lang-staundin unfair tradin practices an the infringement o intellectual property.<ref>{{cite news |last=Swanson |first=Ana |date=July 5, 2018 |title=Trump's Trade War With China Is Officially Underway |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/business/china-us-trade-war-trump-tariffs.html |access-date=May 26, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> He wis the first sittin US preses tae meet a leader o [[North Korea]], meetin Kim Jong Un three times atween Juin 2018 an Juin 2019 tae talk aboot denuclearisation. The talks broke doun in October 2019 wi nae agreement.<ref>{{cite news |last=McCurry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/aug/26/donald-trump-kim-jong-un-north-korea-summits-a-short-history |first=Justin |title=Handshakes and hope but little progress: a short history of Trump-Kim summits |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=August 26, 2025 |access-date=September 18, 2026}}</ref> He teuk the US oot o the Paris Agreement on climate chynge in his first presidency; Biden brocht the US back intae it in 2021, an Trump teuk it oot again in his second presidency.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Daly |first1=Matthew |last2=Borenstein |first2=Seth |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Trump signs executive order directing US withdrawal from the Paris climate agreement — again |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-paris-agreement-climate-change-788907bb89fe307a964be757313cdfb0 |access-date=January 23, 2025 |work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> '''COVID-19.''' Efter he haed ignored public health warnins an cries for action frae health officials in his ain administration for weeks, Trump set up the White Hoose Coronavirus Task Force at the end o Januar 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-outbreak-task-force-created-by-trump-to-lead-us-government-response-to-wuhan-virus/ |title=Trump creates task force to lead U.S. coronavirus response |work=CBS News |date=January 30, 2020 |access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref> In Mairch 2020 he signed the CARES Act, a 2.2 trillion US dollars economic stimulus bill backit bi baith pairties, the lairgest stimulus in US history.<ref name="NY Times stimulus united senate">{{cite news |last1=Hulse |first1=Carl |author-link1=Carl Hulse |last2=Cochrane |first2=Emily |title=As Coronavirus Spread, Largest Stimulus in History United a Polarized Senate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/26/us/coronavirus-senate-stimulus-package.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 26, 2020 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="AP Trump signs 2.2">{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Andrew |last2=Fram |first2=Alan |last3=Kellman |first3=Laurie |last4=Superville |first4=Darlene |title=Trump signs $2.2T stimulus after swift congressional votes |url=https://apnews.com/2099a53bb8adf2def7ee7329ea322f9d |work=[[AP News]] |date=March 28, 2020 |access-date=November 27, 2024}}</ref> '''Impeachments.''' Trump wis impeached twice bi the [[Unitit States Hoose o Representatives|Hoose o Representatives]], an acquittit bi the [[Unitit States Senate|Senate]] baith times. The first impeachment cam efter a whistleblower complained that in Julie 2019 Trump haed pit pressure on the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] preses Volodymyr Zelenskyy tae investigate Joe an Hunter Biden.<ref name="undermine">{{cite news |last=Bump |first=Philip |title=Trump wanted Russia's main geopolitical adversary to help undermine the Russian interference story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/25/trump-wanted-russias-main-geopolitical-adversary-help-him-undermine-russian-interference-story/ |access-date=October 1, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=September 25, 2019 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In December 2019 the Hoose votit tae impeach him for abuse o pouer an obstruction o Congress,<ref>{{cite news |last=Gregorian |first=Dareh |title=Trump impeached by the House for abuse of power, obstruction of Congress |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/trump-impeached-house-abuse-power-n1104196 |access-date=December 18, 2019 |work=NBC News |date=December 18, 2019}}</ref> an the Senate acquittit him in Februar 2020.<ref>{{cite news |work=CNBC |date=February 5, 2020 |title=Trump acquitted of both charges in Senate impeachment trial |last1=Wilkie |first1=Christina |last2=Breuninger |first2=Kevin |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/05/trump-acquitted-in-impeachment-trial.html |access-date=February 2, 2021}}</ref> The second impeachment cam efter the attack on the Capitol on 6 Januar 2021, whan the Hoose chairged him wi incitement o insurrection on 13 Januar 2021.<ref name=SecondImpeachment>{{cite news |last=Fandos |first=Nicholas |title=Trump Impeached for Inciting Insurrection |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/politics/trump-impeached.html |access-date=January 14, 2021 |date=January 13, 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref> He left office on 20 Januar an wis acquittit on 13 Februar; seiven Republican senators votit tae convict him.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levine |first1=Sam |last2=Gambino |first2=Lauren |date=February 13, 2021 |title=Donald Trump acquitted in impeachment trial |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/13/donald-trump-acquitted-impeachment-trial |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=February 13, 2021}}</ref> === 2020 election an 6 Januar === Biden wan the election in November 2020, wi 81.3 million votes (51.3 percent) tae Trump's 74.2 million (46.8 percent)<ref name="vote1">{{cite news |date=December 11, 2020 |title=Presidential Election Results: Biden Wins |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results-president.html |access-date=December 11, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="vote2">{{cite news |date=December 10, 2020 |title=2020 US Presidential Election Results: Live Map |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Elections/2020-us-presidential-election-results-live-map |access-date=December 11, 2020 |work=ABC News}}</ref> an 306 electoral votes tae Trump's 232.<ref name="formalize">{{cite news |last1=Holder |first1=Josh |last2=Gabriel |first2=Trip |author-link2=Trip Gabriel |last3=Paz |first3=Isabella Grullón |date=December 14, 2020 |title=Biden's 306 Electoral College Votes Make His Victory Official |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/14/us/elections/electoral-college-results.html |access-date=October 9, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> Trump declared victory the mornin efter the election, afore the results war kent.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 4, 2020 |title=With results from key states unclear, Trump declares victory |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/with-results-key-states-unclear-trump-declares-victory-2020-11-04/ |access-date=November 10, 2020 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On 6 Januar 2021, while Congress wis certifyin the results, Trump held a rally whaur he cried for the election tae be owerturned, an telt his supporters tae {{lang|en|"fight like hell"}} an mairch tae the Capitol.<ref>{{cite news |last=Savage |first=Charlie |author-link=Charlie Savage (journalist) |date=January 10, 2021 |title=Incitement to Riot? What Trump Told Supporters Before Mob Stormed Capitol |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/10/us/trump-speech-riot.html |access-date=January 11, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> His supporters then broke intae the biggin, stappin the certification an makkin Congress evacuate.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Shelley |last2=Shin |first2=Youjin |last3=Rindler |first3=Danielle |date=January 9, 2021 |title=How one of America's ugliest days unraveled inside and outside the Capitol |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2021/capitol-insurrection-visual-timeline/ |access-date=May 2, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> Mair nor 140 polis officers war injured, an five fowk deed durin or efter the attack.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rubin |first1=Olivia |last2=Mallin |first2=Alexander |last3=Steakin |first3=Will |date=January 4, 2022 |title=By the numbers: How the Jan. 6 investigation is shaping up 1 year later |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/numbers-jan-investigation-shaping-year/story?id=82057743 |access-date=June 4, 2023 |work=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cameron |first=Chris |date=January 5, 2022 |title=These Are the People Who Died in Connection With the Capitol Riot |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/05/us/politics/jan-6-capitol-deaths.html |access-date=January 29, 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> === 2024 election === In November 2022 Trump annoonced he wad rin in the 2024 presidential election.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arnsdorf |first1=Isaac |last2=Scherer |first2=Michael |author-link2=Michael Scherer (journalist) |date=November 15, 2022 |title=Trump, who as president fomented an insurrection, says he is running again |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/11/15/trump-2024-announcement-running-president/ |access-date=December 5, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Schouten |first=Fredreka |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Questions about Donald Trump's campaign money, answered |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/16/politics/donald-trump-war-chest-presidential-campaign/index.html |access-date=December 5, 2022 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> On 13 Julie 2024 he wis shot in the lug in an assassination attempt at a campaign rally in Butler Township, Pennsylvanie.<ref name="Browne-2024">{{cite news |last1=Browne |first1=Malachy |last2=Lum |first2=Devon |last3=Cardia |first3=Alexander |date=July 26, 2024 |title=Speculation Swirls About What Hit Trump. An Analysis Suggests It was a Bullet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/26/us/politics/trump-shooter-bullet-trajectory-ear.html |access-date=July 29, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hutchinson |first1=Bill |last2=Cohen |first2=Miles |date=July 16, 2024 |title=Gunman opened fire at Trump rally as witnesses say they tried to alert police |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/witnesses-trump-assassination-attempt-gunman-roof-shooting/story?id=111947616 |access-date=July 17, 2024 |work=ABC News}}</ref> He wan the election in November 2024 wi 312 electoral votes tae the sittin vice preses Kamala Harris's 226.<ref>{{cite news |title=2024 Presidential Election Results |url=https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/ |date=November 25, 2024 |access-date=November 25, 2024 |work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> === Second presidency (2025–) === Trump stairtit his second term whan he wis sworn in on 20 Januar 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Morgan |first1=David |last2=Borter |first2=Gabriella |last3=Mason |first3=Jeff |last4=Ax |first4=Joseph |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Trump sworn in a second time, says he was 'saved by God' to rescue America |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/triumphant-trump-returns-white-house-launching-new-era-upheaval-2025-01-20/ |access-date=January 20, 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> He becam the auldest preses tae tak office,<ref>{{cite news |last=Hussein |first=Mohamed H. |date=January 20, 2025 |title=How does Trump's age at inauguration compare with other presidents? |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/20/how-does-trumps-age-at-inauguration-compare-to-other-presidents |access-date=January 20, 2025}}</ref> the first wi a felony conviction, an the second tae serve twa terms that warna back tae back.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ogwude |first1=Haadiza |last2=Page |first2=Susan |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Is Donald Trump the oldest president sworn into office? A look at his historic feats |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2025/01/20/who-is-the-oldest-president-to-be-sworn-in-donald-trump/77776042007/ |access-date=January 20, 2025}}</ref> Afore he haed been a hunner days in office, he haed signed mair executive orders nor ony ither preses in thair first hunner days.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Doan |first1=Laura |last2=Ingram |first2=Julia |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-issues-record-100-executive-order-of-second-term-breakdown/ |title=Trump issues record 100th executive order within first 100 days of term. Here's a breakdown. |work=CBS News |date=March 26, 2025 |access-date=November 8, 2025}}</ref> Bi the middle o Januar 2026 his orders an actions haed been challenged in mair nor 550 lawsuits.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 12, 2026 |title=Litigation Tracker: Legal Challenges to Trump Administration Actions |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/107087/tracker-litigation-legal-challenges-trump-administration/ |access-date=January 13, 2026 |website=Just Security}}</ref> He stairtit mass sackins o federal employees.<ref name="Collinson">{{cite news |last=Collinson |first=Stephen |date=January 28, 2025 |title=Trump sets about his retribution agenda with relish |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/28/politics/trump-retribution-agenda-analysis/index.html |access-date=January 28, 2025}}</ref> On immigration, he resumed the "Remain in Mexico" policy, designatit drug cartels as terrorist groups an ordered wirk on a border waw tae stairt again.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bustillo |first=Ximena |title=Trump signs sweeping actions on immigration and border security on Day 1 |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/01/20/g-s1-43650/trump-inauguration-day-one-immigration |work=NPR News |date=January 20, 2025 |access-date=February 16, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Cbsjan28">{{cite news |last=Montoya-Galvez |first=Camilo |title=Trump's sweeping immigration crackdown targets some legal means to enter U.S., too |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-migrants-crackdown-legal-immigration/ |website=CBS News |date=January 28, 2025 |access-date=February 16, 2025}}</ref> In Mairch 2025 he uised the Alien Enemies Act o 1798 tae deport migrants withoot trial tae be jiled at the Terrorism Confinement Center in El Salvador.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Renteria |first1=Nelson |last2=O'Boyle |first2=Brendan |last3=Cortes |first3=Raul |date=March 20, 2025 |title=Explainer: What is El Salvador's mega-prison holding Venezuelans deported from the US? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/what-is-el-salvadors-mega-prison-that-could-take-us-criminals-2025-02-04/ |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> His economic policies hae been descrived as protectionist,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Douglas |first1=Jason |last2=Fairless |first2=Tom |date=March 24, 2025 |title=Trade War Explodes Across World at Pace Not Seen in Decades |url=https://www.wsj.com/economy/trade/trade-war-explodes-across-world-at-pace-not-seen-in-decades-0b6d6513 |access-date=March 25, 2025 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref> an he haes pit tariffs on maist kintras, wi lairge tariffs on major tradin pairtners sic as China, [[Canadae]] an [[Mexico]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Swanson |first1=Ana |last2=Austen |first2=Ian |last3=Romero |first3=Simon |author-link3=Simon Romero |title=Trump's Tariffs on Canada, Mexico and China Snap Into Effect |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/04/business/economy/trump-tariffs-canada-mexico-china.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 4, 2025 |date=March 4, 2025 |url-access=limited}}</ref> He stairtit a global trade war, wi tariffs at thair heichest level syne the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act o 1930 at the stairt o the Great Depression.<ref>{{cite news |last=Goldman |first=David |date=August 1, 2025 |title=Trump's new tariffs have no precedent in the modern era |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/08/01/economy/tariff-policy-trump-trade |access-date=August 8, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Romm |first=Tony |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/07/business/economy/trump-tariffs-trade-war.html |title=Staggering U.S. Tariffs Begin as Trump Widens Trade War |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 7, 2025 |access-date=August 9, 2025 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In Februar 2026 the Supreme Court ruled that the tariffs he haed pit on unner the International Emergency Economic Powers Act war illegal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fritze |first1=John |last2=Cole |first2=Devan |last3=Buchwald |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Sneed |first4=Tierney Sneed |title=Supreme Court rules that Trump's sweeping emergency tariffs are illegal |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/20/politics/supreme-court-tariffs |work=[[CNN]] |date=February 20, 2026 |access-date=February 20, 2026}}</ref> His plan for a ceasefire in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] atween [[Israel]] an Hamas wis signed in October 2025.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-hamas-agree-gaza-ceasefire-return-hostages-2025-10-09/ |title=Gazans trek to ruined homes as Israeli forces pull back under ceasefire |last1=Lubell |first1=Maayan |last2=Al-Mughrabi |first2=Nidal |work=[[Reuters]] |date=October 9, 2025 |access-date=October 9, 2025 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In Januar 2026 the US capturt the [[Venezuela]]n preses Nicolás Maduro in a militar raid an teuk him tae New York, whaur he wis chairged wi drug traffickin.<ref>{{cite news |last=Downs |first=Garrett |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/04/trump-venezuela-maduro-pardon-honduras.html |title=Trump admin pressed on pardon for ex-Honduras president after Venezuela's Maduro snatched |work=CNBC |date=January 4, 2026 |access-date=January 6, 2026}}</ref> In Februar 2026 Trump authorised joint US–Israeli air strikes on [[Iran]], that stairtit the 2026 Iran war an killed the Iranian supreme leader Ali Khamenei.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sanger |first=David E. |author-link=David E. Sanger |date=February 28, 2026 |title=For Trump, the Iran Attack Is the Ultimate War of Choice |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/28/us/politics/trump-iran-attack.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Holm |first1=Phil |last2=Jarrett |first2=Will |last3=Vineys |first3=Kevin |title=The US-Israeli war with Iran in maps, graphics and images |url=https://apnews.com/photo-gallery/iran-us-israel-war-conflict-gulf-visuals-8fc2192e3c05d30fd7dad5b18b9743b7 |work=[[AP News]] |date=March 3, 2026 |access-date=March 4, 2026}}</ref> == Legal affairs == In 2022 New York State brocht a civil case agin Trump, accusin him o blawin up the value o the Trump Organization tae get an advantage wi lenders an banks.<ref>{{cite news |last=Scannell |first=Kara |date=September 21, 2022 |title=New York attorney general files civil fraud lawsuit against Trump, some of his children and his business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/21/politics/trump-new-york-attorney-general-letitia-james-fraud-lawsuit/index.html |access-date=September 21, 2022 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref name="TF">{{cite news |last1=Bromwich |first1=Jonah E. |last2=Protess |first2=Ben |date=February 17, 2024 |title=Trump Fraud Trial Penalty Will Exceed $450 Million |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/16/nyregion/trump-civil-fraud-trial-ruling.html |access-date=February 17, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dienst|first=Tom Winter and Jonathan|date=2022-01-19|title=NY AG says investigation into Trump and his business found 'significant evidence' suggesting fraud|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/19/new-york-attorney-general-alleges-trumps-company-misled-banks-and-tax-officials.html|access-date=2025-11-14|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> He wis fund liable an ordered tae pey near 355 million US dollars plus interest.<ref name="TF" /> In August 2025 the appeal court upheld his liability but quashed the fine as excessive.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bromwich |first1=Jonah E. |last2=Protess |first2=Ben |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/21/nyregion/trump-fraud-james.html |title=Divided Court Eliminates Trump's Half-Billion-Dollar Fine in Fraud Case |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 21, 2025 |access-date=August 26, 2025 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In Mey 2024 Trump wis convictit on 34 felony coonts o fausifyin business records.<ref name="conv">{{cite news |last1=Protess |first1=Ben |last2=Bromwich |first2=Jonah E. |last3=Haberman |first3=Maggie |author-link3=Maggie Haberman |last4=Christobek |first4=Kate |last5=McKinley |first5=Jesse |author-link5=Jesse McKinley |last6=Rashbaum |first6=William K. |date=May 30, 2024 |title=Trump Convicted on All Counts to Become America's First Felon President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/30/nyregion/trump-convicted-hush-money-trial.html |access-date=January 22, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> The case cam frae evidence that he haed bookit hush-money payments tae the adult film actress Stormy Daniels as business expenses, tae cover up an alleged affair wi her in 2006–2007, durin the 2016 election.<ref name="conv" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Bump |first=Philip |date=August 21, 2018 |title=How the campaign finance charges against Michael Cohen implicate Trump |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2018/08/21/how-the-campaign-finance-charges-against-michael-cohen-may-implicate-trump |access-date=July 25, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> On 10 Januar 2025 the judge, Juan Merchan, gied him a sentence wi nae penalty, sayin that ony punishment wad hae interfered wi presidential immunity.<ref name="uds">{{cite news |last1=Hawkins |first1=Derek |last2=Jacobs |first2=Shayna |last3=Berman |first3=Mark |date=January 10, 2025 |title=What Trump's unconditional discharge sentence means in the hush money case |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2025/01/10/trump-criminal-sentence-unconditional-discharge-no-penalty/ |access-date=January 11, 2025 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> In 2019 the journalist E. Jean Carroll accused Trump o rapin her in the 1990s an suid him for defamation ower his denial.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ransom |first=Jan |date=November 4, 2019 |title=E. Jean Carroll, Who Accused Trump of Rape, Sues Him for Defamation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/04/nyregion/jean-carroll-sues-trump.html |access-date=January 24, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> He wis fund liable for sexual abuse an defamation an ordered tae pey 5 million US dollars in ae case<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=Becky |last2=Bernstein |first2=Andrea |last3=Marritz |first3=Ilya |last4=Lawrence |first4=Quil |date=May 9, 2023 |title=A jury finds Trump liable for battery and defamation in E. Jean Carroll trial |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/05/09/1174975870/trump-carroll-verdict |access-date=May 10, 2023 |work=NPR News}}</ref> an 83.3 million US dollars in the ither.<ref name="uphold">{{cite news |last=Offenhartz |first=Jake |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-carroll-appeal-award-d587004df6f7c46ec4a17b563a38bfa9 |title=Appeals court upholds E. Jean Carroll's $83.3M defamation judgment against Trump |work=[[AP News]] |date=September 8, 2025 |access-date=September 11, 2025}}</ref> Efter he wis reelectit, the federal cases agin him ower the 2020 election an ower classified documents war dismissed, acause the Justice Depairtment disna prosecute a sittin preses.<ref>{{cite news |last=Halpert |first=Madeline |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gvd7kxxj5o |title=Special counsel's last criminal case against Trump dismissed |work=[[BBC News]] |date=November 27, 2024 |access-date=May 5, 2026}}</ref> == Assessments == Efter his first term, historians rankit Trump the fowert-warst preses in C-SPAN's 2021 survey o presidential historians.<ref>{{cite web |year=2021 |url=https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/ |title=Presidential Historians Survey 2021 |work=C-SPAN |access-date=June 30, 2021}}</ref> Some scholars, amang them the historian Robert Paxton, hae descrived his politics as [[fascism|fascist]];<ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/robert-paxton-trump-fascist-1560652]</ref> his political views hae been descrived as populist,{{sfn|Ross|2024|p=298}}{{sfn|Urbinati|2019}} an Trump haes descrived hissel as a {{lang|en|"nationalist"}}.<ref>{{cite news |first=William |last=Cummings |title='I am a nationalist': Trump's embrace of controversial label sparks uproar |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/24/trump-says-hes-nationalist-what-means-why-its-controversial/1748521002/ |work=USA Today |date=October 24, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> == Personal life == In 1977 Trump mairit [[Ivana Trump|Ivana Zelníčková]], an they haed three bairns, Donald Jr., Ivanka an Eric. They divorced in 1990.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barron |first=James |author-link=James Barron (journalist) |date=December 12, 1990 |title=Trumps Get Divorce; Next, Who Gets What? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/12/nyregion/trumps-get-divorce-next-who-gets-what.html |access-date=March 5, 2023 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> He mairit Marla Maples in 1993, an they haed ae dochter, Tiffany, afore they divorced in 1999.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hafner |first=Josh |date=July 19, 2016 |title=Get to know Donald's other daughter: Tiffany Trump |url=https://usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2016/07/19/who-is-tiffany-trump/87321708/ |access-date=July 10, 2022 |newspaper=USA Today}}</ref> In 2005 he mairit [[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]], a model frae [[Slovenie]];{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=266}} thair son Barron wis born in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 2, 2021 |title=Donald Trump Fast Facts |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/04/us/donald-trump-fast-facts/ |access-date=September 29, 2021 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> He said he wis a Presbyterian in 2016,<ref>{{cite web |last=Campbell |first=Colin |title=Trump: If I'm president, 'Christianity will have power' in the US |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-christianity-merry-christmas-2016-1 |website=Business Insider |access-date=January 20, 2025 |date=January 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Engel |first=Pamela |title=Trump on God: 'Hopefully I won't have to be asking for much forgiveness' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-on-god-jesus-2016-6 |website=Business Insider |access-date=January 20, 2025 |date=June 8, 2016}}</ref> an in 2020 that he wis a nondenominational Christian.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Jenkins |first1=Jack |last2=Mwaura |first2=Maina |title=Trump, confirmed a Presbyterian, now identifies as 'non-denominational Christian' |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2020/10/24/trump-confirmed-presbyterian-now-identifies-non-denominational |magazine=America |access-date=January 20, 2025 |date=October 24, 2020}}</ref> In 2026 ''Forbes'' pit his wirth at 6.5 billion US dollars, makkin him the 645t walthiest person in the warld.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Peterson-Withorn |first1=Chase |last2=Chung |first2=Grace |last3=Durot |first3=Matt |year=2026 |title=Forbes World's Billionaires List - The Richest in 2026 |url=https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/ |magazine=Forbes |access-date=March 24, 2026}} – Scroll down and enter "trump" in the search box.</ref> == Scots connection == Trump's mither, Mary Anne MacLeod, wis born in Tong on the [[Lewis an Harris|Isle o Lewis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottishroots.com/people/donald.php|title=People: Donald Trump|author=Reid, Tony|author2=Reid, Stuart|date=January 30, 2017|work=ScottishRoots.com|location=Edinburgh, SCT|access-date=August 20, 2018|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="kruse">{{cite news|last=Kruse|first=Michael|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/11/03/mary-macleod-trump-donald-trump-mother-biography-mom-immigrant-scotland-215779|title=The Mystery of Mary Trump|work=Politico Magazine|date=November 4, 2017|accessdate=November 4, 2017}}</ref> He awns twa [[gowf]] coorses in Scotland: Trump International Golf Links at [[Balmedie]], [[Aiberdeenshire]], syne 2012,<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump's wind farm fight 'for Scotland's benefit'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-14940814|work=BBC News|date=15 September 2011}}</ref> an Turnberry, on the [[Firth o Clyde]] in [[Ayrshire]], syne 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/trump-scotland-what-does-president-own-northern-uk-country-1020757|title=Trump in Scotland: What Does the President Own in the Northern U.K. Country?|last1=Lemon|first1=Jason|date=12 July 2018|website=Newsweek|accessdate=17 September 2018|quote=In December, the Turnberry course also lost a controversial tax break from the Scottish government, The Guardian reported. Scottish Finance Secretary Derek Mackay was pressured to make the changes after it was revealed earlier in the year that the Trump property had kept more than $140,000 a year due to a business rates relief scheme.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jun/24/donald-trumps-flies-in-for-scotland-visit-amid|title=Donald Trump flies in for Scotland visit as protesters converge on Turnberry|last1=MacAskill|first1=Ewen|date=24 Jun 2016|website=The Guardian}}</ref> In his first presidency, tho he haed said he wad keep awa frae {{lang|en|"new foreign deals"}}, the Trump Organization gaed on expandin its business in Scotland, Dubai an the Dominican Republic.<ref name="BBC041817">{{cite news |date=April 18, 2017 |title=Donald Trump: A list of potential conflicts of interest |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38069298 |access-date=October 2, 2021 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="Venook">{{cite news |last=Venook |first=Jeremy |title=Trump's Interests vs. America's, Dubai Edition |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/08/donald-trump-conflicts-of-interests/508382/ |work=The Atlantic |date=August 9, 2017 |access-date=October 2, 2021}}</ref> He haed plans for a second coorse in Aiberdeenshire, tho the first haes been criticised for the damage it did tae the naitural environment o the aurie.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Trump golf course provokes fury in Scotland |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/17/new-trump-golf-course-provokes-fury-in-scotland |work=the Guardian |date=17 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} === Warks citit === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Barrett |first=Wayne |author-link=Wayne Barrett |date=2016 |orig-date=1992 |title=Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention |publisher=Regan Arts |isbn=978-1-68245-079-6}} * {{cite book |title=Confidence Man: The Making of Donald Trump and the Breaking of America |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |author-link=Maggie Haberman |date=2022 |publisher=Penguin Press |isbn=978-0-593-29734-6}} * {{cite book |title=Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President |last1=Kranish |first1=Michael |author-link1=Michael Kranish |last2=Fisher |first2=Marc |author-link2=Marc Fisher |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=2017 |orig-year=2016 |isbn=978-1-5011-5652-6 |title-link=Trump Revealed}} * {{cite journal |last=Ross |first=Bertrall L. |date=July 1, 2024 |title=Polarization, Populism, and the Crisis of American Democracy |journal=Annual Review of Law and Social Science |volume=20 |pages=293–308 |doi=10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-041922-035113 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last=Urbinati |first=Nadia |author-link=Nadia Urbinati |date=May 2019 |title=Political Theory of Populism |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070753 |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=22 |access-date=December 20, 2024 |pages=111–127 |issn=1094-2939 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070753 |url-access=subscription}} {{refend}} {{Authority control}} {{Current G8 Leaders}} {{Current G20 Leaders}} {{Current APEC Leaders}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Donald}} [[Category:Donald Trump| ]] [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:20t-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:21st-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:21st-century American politeecians]] [[Category:Alt-richt]] [[Category:American actor-politeecians]] [[Category:American beauty pageant ainers]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:American business writers]] [[Category:American casino industry businessfowk]] [[Category:American Presbyterians]] [[Category:American conspiracy theorists]] [[Category:American hoteliers]] [[Category:American infoteeners]] [[Category:American investors]] [[Category:American naitionalists]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American poleetical fondraisers]] [[Category:American poleetical writers]] [[Category:American real estate businessfowk]] [[Category:American reality televeesion producers]] [[Category:American televeesion hosts]] [[Category:American televeesion personalities]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Conservatism in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Creetics o the European Union]] [[Category:Fordham Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:New York Military Academy alumni]] [[Category:New York Republicans]] [[Category:Fowk frae Jamaica, Queens]] [[Category:Fowk frae Manhattan]] [[Category:Fowk frae Queens, New York]] [[Category:Fowk named in the Panama Papers]] [[Category:Politeecians frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Preses o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Republican Pairty (Unitit States) presidential nominees]] [[Category:Republican Pairty Preses o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Richt-weeng populism in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Televeesion producers frae New York]] [[Category:The Apprentice (TV series)]] [[Category:The Trump Organization employees]] [[Category:United States Football League executives]] [[Category:Unitit States presidential candidates, 2000]] [[Category:Candidates in the 2016 Unitit States presidential election]] [[Category:Wharton School o the Varsity o Pennsylvanie alumni]] [[Category:Writers frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:WWE Hall of Fame]] [[Category:Florida Republicans]] mj8103md1jr2fzew827j23ppmopchsw 0 95312 927294 877682 2026-11-09T12:43:29Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 addit references section tae mend formattin 927294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox state <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Moravie | native_name = Morava | type = [[Historical kintra]] | image_skyline = Mikulov pohled 2.jpg | image_caption = [[Mikulov]], a toun in Moravie | image_shield = Znak Moravy.svg | image_flag = Banner of arms of Moravia.svg | image_map = CZ-cleneni-Morava-wl.png | map_caption = Moravie ''(green an dark grey)'' in relation tae the current [[regions o the Czech Republic]] | image_map1 = EU-Moravia.png | map_caption1 = Location o Moraviea in Europe | coordinates = {{coord|49.5|N|17|E|scale:3000000|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flag|Czech Republic}} | established_title = Established | established_date = 8t century | seat_type = Umwhile caipital | seat = [[Brno]], afore that Brno an [[Olomouc]] together | seat1_type = Lairgest ceety | seat1 = [[Brno]] | seat2_type = Major ceeties | seat2 = [[Ostrava]], [[Olomouc]], [[Zlín]], [[Jihlava]] | area_total_km2 = 22348.87 | population_total = 3100000 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 }} '''Moravia''' ({{lang-cs|Morava}}; {{Audio-de|Mähren|Mähren.ogg}}; {{lang-pl|Morawy}}; {{lang-la|Moravia}}) is a muckle region in the [[Czech Republic]] an ane o the heestorical [[Czech lands]], thegither wi [[Bohemie]] an [[Czech Silesie]]. [[File:Moravská orlice.jpg|thumb|Moravia<ref>{{cite conference | first = Zbyšek | last = Svoboda | first2 = Pavel | last2 = Fojtík | first3 = Petr | last3 = Exner | first4 = Jaroslav | last4 = Martykán | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Odborné vexilologické stanovisko k moravské vlajce | booktitle = Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169 | pages = 3319, 3320 | publisher = Česká vexilologická společnost | date = 2013 | location = Brno | url = http://www.moravska-vlajka.eu/dokumenty/vexilologie-169.pdf | accessdate = | id = | archive-date = 2019-09-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190924150044/http://www.moravska-vlajka.eu/dokumenty/vexilologie-169.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite conference | first = František | last = Pícha | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského | booktitle = Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169 | pages = 3320-3324 | publisher = Česká vexilologická společnost | date = 2013 | location = Brno | url = http://www.moravska-vlajka.eu/dokumenty/vexilologie-169.pdf | accessdate = | id = | archive-date = 2019-09-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190924150044/http://www.moravska-vlajka.eu/dokumenty/vexilologie-169.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Moravie]] [[Category:Heestoric coonties in Moravie]] [[Category:Geografie o the Czech Republic]] [[Category:States o the Haly Roman Empire]] [[Category:Heestorical regions in the Czech Republic]] [[Category:Kinricks an kintras o Austrick-Hungary]] 7ptvzd00gz2vmlycqgx2gjuiscuf768 0 95537 927651 886951 2026-11-10T02:09:32Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Changin 927651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Richt Honourable]] | name = Jeremy Corbyn | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|MP|size=100%}} | image = Official portrait of Jeremy Corbyn crop 2, 2020.jpg | caption = Corbyn in 2020 | monarch = [[Elizabeth II]] | office = [[Leader o the Opposeetion (Unitit Kinrick)|Leader o the Opposeetion]] | primeminister = [[David Cameron]]<br>[[Theresa May]]<br>[[Boris Johnson]] | deputy = [[Angela Eagle]] (2015-16)<br/>[[Emily Thornberry]] (2017-20) | term_start = 12 September 2015 | term_end = 4 Aprile 2020 | predecessor = [[Harriet Harman]] | successor = [[Keir Starmer]] | office1 = [[Leader o the Labour Pairty (UK)|Leader o the Labour Pairty]] | deputy1 = [[Tom Watson (Labour politeecian)|Tom Watson]] | term_start1 = 12 September 2015 | term_end1 = 4 Aprile 2020 | predecessor1 = [[Ed Miliband]] | successor1 = [[Keir Starmer]] | office2 = [[Member o Pairlament]]<br />for [[Islington North (UK Pairlament constituency)|Islington North]] | term_start2 = 9 Juin 1983 | term_end2 = | predecessor2 = [[Michael O'Halloran (Breetish politeecian)|Michael O'Halloran]] | successor2 = | majority2 = 21,194 (43.0%) | birth_name = Jeremy Bernard Corbyn | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|5|26|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lunnon]], [[Ingland]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour]] | spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{marriage|()=small|Jane Chapman|1974|1979}} * {{marriage|()=small|Claudia Bracchitta|1987|1999}} * {{marriage|()=small|Laura Álvarez|2013}} }} | children = 3 sons | alma_mater = [[Varsity o North Lunnon|North Lunnon Polytechnic]] | website = {{URL|jeremycorbyn.org.uk}} }}{{Fix Scots|date=Januar 2020}} '''Jeremy Bernard Corbyn''' (born [[26 Mey]] [[1949]]) is an [[Ingland|Inglis]] [[Politeecian|politícian]], an wis leader o the [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour Pairty]] an [[Leader o the Opposeetion (Unitit Kinrick)|o the Opposítion]] frae the time he wis electit leader in 2015 till 2020, an a member o the [[Unitit Kinrick]] pairlament at Wastmeinster.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-08|title=Jeremy Corbyn {{!}} Biography & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeremy-Corbyn|access-date=2023-10-16|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Born in Chippenham an brocht up in baith [[Wiltshire]] an [[Shropshire]], Corbyn jynt Labour as a teenager. Movin tae [[Lunnon]], he becam a [[tred union]] representative. In 1974, he wis electit tae Haringey Council an becam Secretary o Hornsey Constituency Labour Pairty, till he wis electit as the MP for Islington Nor in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jeremy Corbyn|url=https://members.parliament.uk/member/185/career|url-status=live|access-date=16 October 2023|website=UK Parliament}}</ref> His activism includit roles in Anti-Fascist Action, the Anti-Apartheid Movement, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, an advocatin for a [[unitit Ireland]]. As a backbench MP, he aften votit against the Labour whip, includin the New Labour governments o [[Tony Blair]] an [[Gordon Brown]]. A vocal opponent o the [[Iraq War]], he chairit the Stop the War Coalition frae 2011 till 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-10|title='Jeremy Corbyn should renounce the Stop the War Coalition'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/jeremy-corbyn-should-renounce-the-stop-the-war-coalition-a6768726.html|access-date=2023-10-16|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> Corbyn receivit the Gandhi International Peace Award in 2013 an the Seán Macbride Peace Prize in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MacBride Peace Prize to Jeremy Corbyn – IPB – International Peace Bureau|url=https://www.ipb.org/events/macbride-peace-prize-to-jeremy-corbyn/|access-date=2023-10-16|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About me – Jeremy Corbyn MP|url=https://jeremycorbyn.org.uk/43-2/about-me/|access-date=2023-10-16|language=en-GB}}</ref> Corbyn wis electit Labour leader in 2015. The party's membership increasit sharply, baith durin the leadership campaign an followin his election.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-16|title=Explaining the pro-Corbyn surge in Labour’s membership|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/explaining-the-pro-corbyn-surge-in-labours-membership/|access-date=2023-10-16|website=British Politics and Policy at LSE}}</ref> Takin the party tae [[Left-weeng politics|the left]], he advocatit re[[naitionalisation]] o public utilities an the railweys, a less interventionist military policy, an reversals o austerity cuts tae welfare an public services. Althouch critical o the [[European Union]], he supportit continuit membership in [[Unitit Kinrick European Union membership referendum, 2016|the 2016 referendum]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-09-09|title=Jeremy Corbyn, UK’s unlikely EU warrior, makes last stand on Brexit|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/britain-eu-corbyn/|access-date=2023-10-16}}</ref> Efter Labour MPs socht tae remove him in 2016, he wan a saicant leadership contest.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mandhai|first=Shafik|title=Corbyn re-elected leader of UK’s Labour Party|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/9/24/uk-jeremy-corbyn-wins-labour-leadership-contest|access-date=2023-10-16|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> In the 2017 general election, Labour increasit its share o the vote tae 40%,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-29|title=The 2017 General Election – the numbers behind the result – London Datastore|url=https://data.london.gov.uk/blog/the-2017-general-election-the-numbers-behind-the-result/|access-date=2023-10-16|language=en-US}}</ref> wi Labour's 9.6% vote swing bein its largest syne the 1945 general election. Labour, under Corbyn, achievit a net gain o 30 seats an a hung parliament, but the party remainit in opposition. Accordin tae a number o studies, media coverage o Corbyn haes often been hostile. He haes condemnit antisemitism but haes been criticisit for some o his past associations an his response tae [[antisemitism]] within the Labour Pairty. In the 2019 general election, Labour's vote share o 32% fell bi 7.8% comparit wi 2017 leadin tae a net loss o 60 seats, leavin it wi 202, its fewest syne 1935. Corbyn says that he wadnae lead Labour intae the neist election, triggerin a 2020 leadership election, in which [[Keir Starmer]] wis electit. {{Stub/Politics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Corbyn, Jeremy}} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Jeremy Corbyn| ]] [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o North Lunnon]] [[Category:Amnesty Internaitional fowk]] [[Category:Ainimal richts advocates]] [[Category:Anti-poverty advocates]] [[Category:Breetish anti-fascists]] [[Category:Breetish environmentalists]] [[Category:Breetish feminists]] [[Category:Breetish republicans]] [[Category:Breetish socialists]] [[Category:Breetish trade unionists]] [[Category:Cooncillors in Haringey]] [[Category:Democratic socialists]] [[Category:Inglis anti–Iraq War activists]] [[Category:Inglis anti–nuclear wappens activists]] [[Category:Inglis anti-war activists]] [[Category:Inglis human richts activists]] [[Category:Gandhi Internaitional Peace Awaird Recipients]] [[Category:Hoosin richts activists]] [[Category:Internaitional opponents o apartheid in Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Labour Pairty (UK) MPs]] [[Category:Leaders o the Labour Pairty (UK)]] [[Category:Leaders o the Opposeetion (Unitit Kinrick)]] [[Category:LGBT richts activists frae the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male feminists]] [[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Inglis constituencies]] [[Category:Members o the Privy Cooncil o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Adams' Grammar Schuil]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Castle House Schuil]] [[Category:Fowk frae Chippenham]] [[Category:Fowk frae Finsbury Park]] [[Category:Fowk frae Harringay]] [[Category:Fowk frae Newport, Shropshire]] [[Category:Politics o Islington]] [[Category:UK MPs 1983–1987]] [[Category:UK MPs 1987–1992]] [[Category:UK MPs 1992–1997]] [[Category:UK MPs 1997–2001]] [[Category:UK MPs 2001–2005]] [[Category:UK MPs 2005–2010]] [[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]] [[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]] [[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]] [[Category:UK MPs 2019–]] [[Category:Venezuela solidarity activists]] tlapmfgdqphw4lca3cxiirhd3j42fz7 927655 927651 2026-11-10T02:13:21Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Richt Honourable]] | name = Jeremy Corbyn | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|MP|size=100%}} | image = Official portrait of Jeremy Corbyn crop 2, 2020.jpg | caption = Corbyn in 2020 | monarch = [[Elizabeth II]] | office = [[Leader o the Opposeetion (Unitit Kinrick)|Leader o the Opposeetion]] | primeminister = [[David Cameron]]<br>[[Theresa May]]<br>[[Boris Johnson]] | deputy = [[Angela Eagle]] (2015-16)<br/>[[Emily Thornberry]] (2017-20) | term_start = 12 September 2015 | term_end = 4 Aprile 2020 | predecessor = [[Harriet Harman]] | successor = [[Keir Starmer]] | office1 = [[Leader o the Labour Pairty (UK)|Leader o the Labour Pairty]] | deputy1 = [[Tom Watson (Labour politeecian)|Tom Watson]] | term_start1 = 12 September 2015 | term_end1 = 4 Aprile 2020 | predecessor1 = [[Ed Miliband]] | successor1 = [[Keir Starmer]] | office2 = [[Member o Pairlament]]<br />for [[Islington North (UK Pairlament constituency)|Islington North]] | term_start2 = 9 Juin 1983 | predecessor2 = [[Michael O'Halloran (Breetish politeecian)|Michael O'Halloran]] | majority2 = 21,194 (43.0%) | birth_name = Jeremy Bernard Corbyn | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|5|26|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lunnon]], Ingland | party = [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour]] | spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{marriage|()=small|Jane Chapman|1974|1979}} * {{marriage|()=small|Claudia Bracchitta|1987|1999}} * {{marriage|()=small|Laura Álvarez|2013}} }} | children = 3 sons | alma_mater = [[University o North Lunnon|North Lunnon Polytechnic]] | website = {{URL|jeremycorbyn.org.uk}} }}{{Fix Scots|date=Januar 2020}} '''Jeremy Bernard Corbyn''' (born [[26 Mey]] [[1949]]) is an [[Ingland|Inglis]] [[Politeecian|politícian]], an wis leader o the [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour Pairty]] an [[Leader o the Opposeetion (Unitit Kinrick)|o the Opposítion]] frae the time he wis electit leader in 2015 till 2020, an a member o the [[Unitit Kinrick]] pairlament at Wastmeinster.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-08|title=Jeremy Corbyn {{!}} Biography & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeremy-Corbyn|access-date=2023-10-16|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Born in Chippenham an brocht up in baith [[Wiltshire]] an [[Shropshire]], Corbyn jynt Labour as a teenager. Movin tae [[Lunnon]], he becam a [[tred union]] representative. In 1974, he wis electit tae Haringey Council an becam Secretary o Hornsey Constituency Labour Pairty, till he wis electit as the MP for Islington Nor in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jeremy Corbyn|url=https://members.parliament.uk/member/185/career|url-status=live|access-date=16 October 2023|website=UK Parliament}}</ref> His activism includit roles in Anti-Fascist Action, the Anti-Apartheid Movement, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, an advocatin for a [[unitit Ireland]]. As a backbench MP, he aften votit against the Labour whip, includin the New Labour governments o [[Tony Blair]] an [[Gordon Brown]]. A vocal opponent o the [[Iraq War]], he chairit the Stop the War Coalition frae 2011 till 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-10|title='Jeremy Corbyn should renounce the Stop the War Coalition'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/jeremy-corbyn-should-renounce-the-stop-the-war-coalition-a6768726.html|access-date=2023-10-16|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> Corbyn receivit the Gandhi International Peace Award in 2013 an the Seán Macbride Peace Prize in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MacBride Peace Prize to Jeremy Corbyn – IPB – International Peace Bureau|url=https://www.ipb.org/events/macbride-peace-prize-to-jeremy-corbyn/|access-date=2023-10-16|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About me – Jeremy Corbyn MP|url=https://jeremycorbyn.org.uk/43-2/about-me/|access-date=2023-10-16|language=en-GB}}</ref> Corbyn wis electit Labour leader in 2015. The party's membership increasit sharply, baith durin the leadership campaign an followin his election.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-16|title=Explaining the pro-Corbyn surge in Labour’s membership|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/explaining-the-pro-corbyn-surge-in-labours-membership/|access-date=2023-10-16|website=British Politics and Policy at LSE}}</ref> Takin the party tae [[Left-weeng politics|the left]], he advocatit re[[naitionalisation]] o public utilities an the railweys, a less interventionist military policy, an reversals o austerity cuts tae welfare an public services. Althouch critical o the [[European Union]], he supportit continuit membership in [[Unitit Kinrick European Union membership referendum, 2016|the 2016 referendum]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-09-09|title=Jeremy Corbyn, UK’s unlikely EU warrior, makes last stand on Brexit|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/britain-eu-corbyn/|access-date=2023-10-16}}</ref> Efter Labour MPs socht tae remove him in 2016, he wan a saicant leadership contest.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mandhai|first=Shafik|title=Corbyn re-elected leader of UK’s Labour Party|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/9/24/uk-jeremy-corbyn-wins-labour-leadership-contest|access-date=2023-10-16|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> In the 2017 general election, Labour increasit its share o the vote tae 40%,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-29|title=The 2017 General Election – the numbers behind the result – London Datastore|url=https://data.london.gov.uk/blog/the-2017-general-election-the-numbers-behind-the-result/|access-date=2023-10-16|language=en-US}}</ref> wi Labour's 9.6% vote swing bein its largest syne the 1945 general election. Labour, under Corbyn, achievit a net gain o 30 seats an a hung parliament, but the party remainit in opposition. Accordin tae a number o studies, media coverage o Corbyn haes often been hostile. He haes condemnit antisemitism but haes been criticisit for some o his past associations an his response tae [[antisemitism]] within the Labour Pairty. In the 2019 general election, Labour's vote share o 32% fell bi 7.8% comparit wi 2017 leadin tae a net loss o 60 seats, leavin it wi 202, its fewest syne 1935. Corbyn says that he wadnae lead Labour intae the neist election, triggerin a 2020 leadership election, in which [[Keir Starmer]] wis electit. {{Stub/Politics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Corbyn, Jeremy}} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Jeremy Corbyn| ]] [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o North Lunnon]] [[Category:Amnesty Internaitional fowk]] [[Category:Ainimal richts advocates]] [[Category:Anti-poverty advocates]] [[Category:Breetish anti-fascists]] [[Category:Breetish environmentalists]] [[Category:Breetish feminists]] [[Category:Breetish republicans]] [[Category:Breetish socialists]] [[Category:Breetish trade unionists]] [[Category:Cooncillors in Haringey]] [[Category:Democratic socialists]] [[Category:Inglis anti–Iraq War activists]] [[Category:Inglis anti–nuclear wappens activists]] [[Category:Inglis anti-war activists]] [[Category:Inglis human richts activists]] [[Category:Gandhi Internaitional Peace Awaird Recipients]] [[Category:Hoosin richts activists]] [[Category:Internaitional opponents o apartheid in Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Labour Pairty (UK) MPs]] [[Category:Leaders o the Labour Pairty (UK)]] [[Category:Leaders o the Opposeetion (Unitit Kinrick)]] [[Category:LGBT richts activists frae the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male feminists]] [[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Inglis constituencies]] [[Category:Members o the Privy Cooncil o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Adams' Grammar Schuil]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Castle House Schuil]] [[Category:Fowk frae Chippenham]] [[Category:Fowk frae Finsbury Park]] [[Category:Fowk frae Harringay]] [[Category:Fowk frae Newport, Shropshire]] [[Category:Politics o Islington]] [[Category:UK MPs 1983–1987]] [[Category:UK MPs 1987–1992]] [[Category:UK MPs 1992–1997]] [[Category:UK MPs 1997–2001]] [[Category:UK MPs 2001–2005]] [[Category:UK MPs 2005–2010]] [[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]] [[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]] [[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]] [[Category:UK MPs 2019–]] [[Category:Venezuela solidarity activists]] tv9jgxzh2gdg6sdvfmihdu86rampryp 927656 927655 2026-11-10T02:13:55Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Richt Honourable]] | name = Jeremy Corbyn | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|MP|size=100%}} | image = Official portrait of Jeremy Corbyn crop 2, 2020.jpg | caption = Corbyn in 2020 | monarch = [[Elizabeth II]] | office = [[Leader o the Opposeetion (Unitit Kinrick)|Leader o the Opposeetion]] | primeminister = [[David Cameron]]<br>[[Theresa May]]<br>[[Boris Johnson]] | deputy = [[Angela Eagle]] (2015-16)<br/>[[Emily Thornberry]] (2017-20) | term_start = 12 September 2015 | term_end = 4 Aprile 2020 | predecessor = [[Harriet Harman]] | successor = [[Keir Starmer]] | office1 = [[Leader o the Labour Pairty (UK)|Leader o the Labour Pairty]] | deputy1 = [[Tom Watson (Labour politeecian)|Tom Watson]] | term_start1 = 12 September 2015 | term_end1 = 4 Aprile 2020 | predecessor1 = [[Ed Miliband]] | successor1 = [[Keir Starmer]] | office2 = [[Member o Pairlament]]<br />for [[Islington North (UK Pairlament constituency)|Islington North]] | term_start2 = 9 Juin 1983 | predecessor2 = [[Michael O'Halloran (Breetish politeecian)|Michael O'Halloran]] | majority2 = 21,194 (43.0%) | birth_name = Jeremy Bernard Corbyn | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|5|26|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lunnon]], Ingland | party = [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour]] | spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{marriage|()=small|Jane Chapman|1974|1979}} * {{marriage|()=small|Claudia Bracchitta|1987|1999}} * {{marriage|()=small|Laura Álvarez|2013}} }} | children = 3 sons | alma_mater = [[University o North Lunnon|North Lunnon Polytechnic]] | website = {{URL|jeremycorbyn.org.uk}} }}{{Fix Scots|date=Januar 2020}} '''Jeremy Bernard Corbyn''' (born 26 Mey 1949) is an Inglis politeecian, an wis leader o the [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour Pairty]] an [[Leader o the Opposeetion (Unitit Kinrick)|o the Opposítion]] frae the time he wis electit leader in 2015 till 2020, an a member o the [[Unitit Kinrick]] pairlament at Wastmeinster.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-08|title=Jeremy Corbyn {{!}} Biography & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeremy-Corbyn|access-date=2023-10-16|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Born in Chippenham an brocht up in baith [[Wiltshire]] an [[Shropshire]], Corbyn jynt Labour as a teenager. Movin tae [[Lunnon]], he becam a [[tred union]] representative. In 1974, he wis electit tae Haringey Council an becam Secretary o Hornsey Constituency Labour Pairty, till he wis electit as the MP for Islington Nor in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jeremy Corbyn|url=https://members.parliament.uk/member/185/career|url-status=live|access-date=16 October 2023|website=UK Parliament}}</ref> His activism includit roles in Anti-Fascist Action, the Anti-Apartheid Movement, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, an advocatin for a [[unitit Ireland]]. As a backbench MP, he aften votit against the Labour whip, includin the New Labour governments o [[Tony Blair]] an [[Gordon Brown]]. A vocal opponent o the [[Iraq War]], he chairit the Stop the War Coalition frae 2011 till 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-10|title='Jeremy Corbyn should renounce the Stop the War Coalition'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/jeremy-corbyn-should-renounce-the-stop-the-war-coalition-a6768726.html|access-date=2023-10-16|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> Corbyn receivit the Gandhi International Peace Award in 2013 an the Seán Macbride Peace Prize in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MacBride Peace Prize to Jeremy Corbyn – IPB – International Peace Bureau|url=https://www.ipb.org/events/macbride-peace-prize-to-jeremy-corbyn/|access-date=2023-10-16|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About me – Jeremy Corbyn MP|url=https://jeremycorbyn.org.uk/43-2/about-me/|access-date=2023-10-16|language=en-GB}}</ref> Corbyn wis electit Labour leader in 2015. The party's membership increasit sharply, baith durin the leadership campaign an followin his election.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-16|title=Explaining the pro-Corbyn surge in Labour’s membership|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/explaining-the-pro-corbyn-surge-in-labours-membership/|access-date=2023-10-16|website=British Politics and Policy at LSE}}</ref> Takin the party tae [[Left-weeng politics|the left]], he advocatit re[[naitionalisation]] o public utilities an the railweys, a less interventionist military policy, an reversals o austerity cuts tae welfare an public services. Althouch critical o the [[European Union]], he supportit continuit membership in [[Unitit Kinrick European Union membership referendum, 2016|the 2016 referendum]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-09-09|title=Jeremy Corbyn, UK’s unlikely EU warrior, makes last stand on Brexit|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/britain-eu-corbyn/|access-date=2023-10-16}}</ref> Efter Labour MPs socht tae remove him in 2016, he wan a saicant leadership contest.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mandhai|first=Shafik|title=Corbyn re-elected leader of UK’s Labour Party|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/9/24/uk-jeremy-corbyn-wins-labour-leadership-contest|access-date=2023-10-16|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> In the 2017 general election, Labour increasit its share o the vote tae 40%,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-29|title=The 2017 General Election – the numbers behind the result – London Datastore|url=https://data.london.gov.uk/blog/the-2017-general-election-the-numbers-behind-the-result/|access-date=2023-10-16|language=en-US}}</ref> wi Labour's 9.6% vote swing bein its largest syne the 1945 general election. Labour, under Corbyn, achievit a net gain o 30 seats an a hung parliament, but the party remainit in opposition. Accordin tae a number o studies, media coverage o Corbyn haes often been hostile. He haes condemnit antisemitism but haes been criticisit for some o his past associations an his response tae [[antisemitism]] within the Labour Pairty. In the 2019 general election, Labour's vote share o 32% fell bi 7.8% comparit wi 2017 leadin tae a net loss o 60 seats, leavin it wi 202, its fewest syne 1935. Corbyn says that he wadnae lead Labour intae the neist election, triggerin a 2020 leadership election, in which [[Keir Starmer]] wis electit. {{Stub/Politics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Corbyn, Jeremy}} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Jeremy Corbyn| ]] [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o North Lunnon]] [[Category:Amnesty Internaitional fowk]] [[Category:Ainimal richts advocates]] [[Category:Anti-poverty advocates]] [[Category:Breetish anti-fascists]] [[Category:Breetish environmentalists]] [[Category:Breetish feminists]] [[Category:Breetish republicans]] [[Category:Breetish socialists]] [[Category:Breetish trade unionists]] [[Category:Cooncillors in Haringey]] [[Category:Democratic socialists]] [[Category:Inglis anti–Iraq War activists]] [[Category:Inglis anti–nuclear wappens activists]] [[Category:Inglis anti-war activists]] [[Category:Inglis human richts activists]] [[Category:Gandhi Internaitional Peace Awaird Recipients]] [[Category:Hoosin richts activists]] [[Category:Internaitional opponents o apartheid in Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Labour Pairty (UK) MPs]] [[Category:Leaders o the Labour Pairty (UK)]] [[Category:Leaders o the Opposeetion (Unitit Kinrick)]] [[Category:LGBT richts activists frae the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male feminists]] [[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Inglis constituencies]] [[Category:Members o the Privy Cooncil o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Adams' Grammar Schuil]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Castle House Schuil]] [[Category:Fowk frae Chippenham]] [[Category:Fowk frae Finsbury Park]] [[Category:Fowk frae Harringay]] [[Category:Fowk frae Newport, Shropshire]] [[Category:Politics o Islington]] [[Category:UK MPs 1983–1987]] [[Category:UK MPs 1987–1992]] [[Category:UK MPs 1992–1997]] [[Category:UK MPs 1997–2001]] [[Category:UK MPs 2001–2005]] [[Category:UK MPs 2005–2010]] [[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]] [[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]] [[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]] [[Category:UK MPs 2019–]] [[Category:Venezuela solidarity activists]] k76j3wizjfxj2y2roedbpetc052u7fx 1 101188 927612 672522 2026-11-10T01:51:33Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} {{Translatit page|en|Cornus sanguinea|version=1346406207}} sl9ehgp9oatrwvn26tm1ro2dv3m1d4q 0 123698 927429 808305 2026-11-09T19:51:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 927429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|monarch |name = Frederick II |succession = [[Keeng o Proushie]]<br />[[Elector o Brandenburg]] |image = Friedrich Zweite Alt.jpg |caption = Portrait o Keeng Frederick II bi [[Anton Graff]], pentit in 1781 |reign = 31 Mey 1740 – 17 August 1786 |regent = {{Collapsible list|title=''See Leet''|1=[[Heinrich von Podewils]]<br />[[Georg Dietlof von Arnim-Boitzenburg]]<br />[[Coont Karl-Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein]]<br />[[Friedrich Anton von Heinitz]]}} |reg-type = {{nowrap|[[Meenister Preses o Proushie|Chief Meenister]]}} |predecessor = [[Frederick William I o Proushie|Frederick William I]] |successor = [[Frederick William II o Proushie|Frederick William II]] |spouse = [[Elisabeth Christine o Brunswick-Bevern]] |house = [[Hoose o Hohenzollern]] |father = [[Frederick William I o Proushie]] |mother = [[Sophia Dorothea o Hanover]] |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1712|1|24}} |birth_place = [[Berliner Schloss|Berlin]], [[Kinrick o Proushie|Proushie]] |death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1786|8|17|1712|1|24}} |death_place = [[Potsdam]], Proushie |place of burial = [[Sanssouci]], Potsdam | religion =Offeecially [[Calvinist]], privately [[Deist]] }} '''Frederick II''' ({{lang-de|links=no|Friedrich}}; 24 Januar 1712{{spaced ndash}}17 August 1786) wis the third [[Hoose o Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern]] king, ringin ower the [[Kinrick o Proushie]] frae 1740 till 1786.<ref>Frederick wis the third an last "[[Keeng in Proushie]]"; beginnin in 1772 he uised the teetle "Keeng o Proushie".</ref> His maist signeeficant accomplishments in his ring includit his militar veectories, his reorganisation o [[Proushie Airmy|Proushie airmies]], his patronage o the airts an [[the Enlichtment]] an his feenal success against great odds in the [[Seiven Years' War]]. Frederick wis the last Hohenzollern monarch teetled [[Keeng in Proushie]] an declared himsel [[Keeng o Proushie]] efter achievin sovereignty ower maist historically Proushie launds in 1772. Proushie haed greatly increased its territories an becam a leadin militar pouer in Europe unner his rule. He becam kent as '''Frederick the Great''' ({{lang-de|Friedrich der Große}}) an wis nicknamed ''{{lang|de|Der Alte [[Fritz]]}}'' ("The Auld Fritz") bi the Proushie fowk an eventually the rest o Germany.{{sfn|Richard|1913|p=383}} In his youth, Frederick wis mair interestit in muisic an filosofie nor the airt o war. Nanetheless, upon ascendin tae the Proushie throne he attacked [[Airchduchy o Austrick|Austrick]] an claimed [[Silesie]] in the [[Silesie Wars]], winnin militar acclaim for himsel an Proushie. Taewart the end o his ring, Frederick pheesically connectit maist o his kinrick bi acquirin [[Poland|Pols]] territories in the [[First Pairteetion o Poland]]. He wis an influential militar theorist that's analysis emerged frae his extensive personal battlefield experience an kivert issues o strategy, tactics, mobeelity an logeestics. Conseederin himsel "the first servant o the state",<ref>see {{lang|fr|Antimachiavel}}. In: "{{lang|fr|Œuvres}}". Vol. 8, p. 66, an "{{lang|fr|Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de la maison de Brandenbourg}}". In: "{{lang|fr|Œuvres}}", Vol. 1, p. 123.</ref> Frederick wis a proponent o [[enlichtened absolutism]]. He modrenised the Proushie bureaucracy an ceevil service an pursued releegious policies ootthrou his kinrick that ranged frae tolerance tae segregation.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Stanislaw Salmonowicz|title=Was Frederick the Great an Enlightened Absolute Ruler?|url=https://archive.org/details/polish-western-affairs_1981_22_1-2/page/56|journal=Polish Western Affairs|year=1981|volume= 22|issue=1|pages= 56–69}}</ref> He reformed the judeecial seestem an made it possible for men nae o noble status tae acome juidges an senior bureaucrats. Frederick encouraged immigrants o various naitionalities an faiths tae come tae Proushie, awtho he enactit oppressive meisurs against Pols Catholic subjects in Wast Proushie. Frederick supportit airts an filosofers he favoured as weel as allouin complete freedom o the press an leeteratur.{{sfn|Mitford|2013|p=59}} Maist modren biografers gree that Frederick wis primarily [[homosexual]], an that his sexual orientaition wis central tae his life. Frederick is buiried at his favourite residence, [[Sanssouci]] in [[Potsdam]]. Acause he dee'd bairnless, Frederick wis succeedit by his neffae [[Frederick William II o Proushie|Frederick William II]]. Nearly aw 19t-century German historians made Frederick intae a romantic model o a glorifee'd warrior, praisin his leadership, admeenistrative efficiency, devotion tae duty an success in biggin up Proushie tae a great pouer in Europe. Historian [[Leopold von Ranke]] wis unstintin in his praise o Frederick's "heroic life, inspired bi great ideas, filled wi feats o airms&nbsp;... immortalised bi the raisin o the Proushi state tae the rank o a pouer". [[Johann Gustav Droysen]] wis even mair extollin.{{sfn|Gooch|1947|p=346}} Frederick remeened an admired historical feegur throu [[German Empire|Germany]]'s defeat in [[Warld War I]]. The [[Nazi Pairty|Nazis]] glorifee'd him as a great German leader pre-feegurin [[Adolf Hitler]], that personally eedoleezed him.<ref name=hitler>{{cite book|title=The Triumph of Propaganda: Film and National Socialism, 1933–1945, Volume 1|last=Hoffmann|first=Hilmar|publisher=Berghahn Books|date=1997|page=49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKftDBVbLAQC&pg=PA49|isbn=9781571811226}}</ref> Associations wi him became far less favourable efter the faw o the Nazis, lairgely due tae his status as ane o thair seembols.<ref name=JA>{{cite journal|author=Jürgen Angelow|title=Kontexte ungleicher Deutung|jstor=23898669|journal=Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte|year=2004|volume= 56|issue=2|pages=136–151|doi=10.1163/157007304323015694}}</ref> Houiver, historians in the 21st century nou again view Frederick as ane o the finest generals o the 18t century, ane o the maist enlichtened monarchs o his age an a heichly successfu an capable leader that biggit the foondation for the Kinrick o Proushie tae acome a great pouer that wad contest the [[Austrick]] [[Habsburg Monarchy|Habsburgs]] for leadership amang the German states. ==Teetles an styles== *'''24 Januar 1712 – 31 Mey 1740''' ''[[His Ryal Highness]]'' The Croun Prince o Proushie. *'''31 Mey 1740 – 19 Februar 1772''' – ''His Majesty'' The King in Proushie. *'''19 Februar 1772 – 17 August 1786''' ''His Majesty'' The King o Proushie. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Frederick 02 O Proushie}} [[Category:1712 births]] [[Category:1786 daiths]] [[Category:18t-century German fowk]] [[Category:Age o Enlichtenment]] [[Category:Croun Princes o Proushie]] [[Category:Electors o Brandenburg]] [[Category:German Calvinist an Reformed Christians]] [[Category:German clessical componers]] [[Category:German male componers]] [[Category:German clessical flautists]] [[Category:German militar personnel o the War o the Austrick Succession]] [[Category:German militar personnel o the Seiven Years' War]] [[Category:German militar writers]] [[Category:Hoose o Hohenzollern]] [[Category:Keengs o Proushie]] [[Category:LGBT politeecians frae Germany]] [[Category:LGBT ryalty]] [[Category:Monarchs who war Freemasons]] [[Category:Pre-19t-century LGBT fowk]] [[Category:Princes o Neuchâtel]] [[Category:Protestant monarchs]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Saunt Andrew]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o the Black Eagle]] [[Category:Writers frae Berlin]] [[Category:18t-century clessical componers]] [[Category:Gay muisickers]] [[Category:Gay ryalty]] [[Category:Gay writers]] 0ua1ggc4fhq53y3v08ljtofor1ic82o 0 124085 927394 923012 2026-11-09T16:39:53Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; career an presidency addit, soorced 927394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = ஆ. ப. ஜெ. அப்துல் கலாம்<br>A. P. J. Abdul Kalam |image = Apj abdul kalam.JPG |image_size = 230px |caption = Kalam at the International Buik Fair, Trivandrum, 2014 |office = 11t Preses o Indie |primeminister = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />[[Manmohan Singh]] |vicepresident = Krishan Kant<br />Bhairon Singh Shekhawat |term_start = 25 Julie 2002 |term_end = 25 Julie 2007 |predecessor = [[K. R. Narayanan]] |successor = [[Pratibha Patil]] |birth_name = Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam |birth_date = {{birth date|1931|10|15|df=yes}} |birth_place = [[Rameswaram]], Ramnad Destrict, Madras Presidency, [[Breetish Raj|Breetish Indie]]<br />(nou in Ramanathapuram Destrict, [[Tamil Nadu]], Indie) |death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2015|7|27|1931|10|15}} |death_place = [[Shillong]], Meghalaya, Indie |death_cause = Hert attack |website = {{URL|www.abdulkalam.com|abdulkalam.com}} |religion = [[Islam]]<ref name="andislam">{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/kalam-and-islam/216493|title=Kalam And Islam|access-date=2015-07-29|archive-date=2015-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730222205/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/kalam-and-islam/216493|url-status=dead}}</ref> |nationality = Indian |alma_mater = St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli<br />Madras Institute o Technology |profession = Professor<br />Author<br />Aerospace scientist |signature = Abdul_kalam_autograph.jpg }} '''Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen''' "'''A. P. J.'''" '''Abdul Kalam''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-A.p.j. Abdul Kalam from India pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|ˈ|æ|b|d|ʊ|l|_|k|ə|ˈ|l|ɑː|m}}; 15 October 1931 – 27 Julie 2015) wis an Indian aerospace ingineer an science administrator that served as the 11t Preses o Indie frae 2002 tae 2007. In 1997 he wis gien Indie's heichest civilian honour, the [[Bharat Ratna]], for his contribution tae scientific research an the modrenisation o defence technology in Indie.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/nov/26kal.htm|date=26 November 1997|work=Rediff.com|access-date=13 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717032654/http://www.rediff.com/news/nov/26kal.htm|archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> He wis born an brocht up in a Muslim faimily in [[Rameswaram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], an studied [[physics]] an aerospace ingineerin. For fower decades he wirked as a scientist an science administrator, maistly at the {{lang|en|[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|Defence Research and Development Organisation]]}} (DRDO) an the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). He is popularly kent as the "Missile Man of India" for his wark on ballistic missile an launch vehicle technology. He wis elected Preses in 2002 wi the support o baith the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] an the {{lang|en|[[Indian Naitional Congress|Indian National Congress]]}}, an wis widely cried the "People's President". On 27 Julie 2015 he collapsed while giein a lecture in [[Shillong]] an deed o a hert attack, aged 83. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kalam, Abdul}} [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:2015 daiths]] [[Category:Defence Research an Development Organisation]] [[Category:Indie aerospace ingineers]] [[Category:Indian Space Research Organisation fowk]] [[Category:Indie Muslims]] [[Category:Madras Institute o Technology alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Ramanathapuram destrict]] [[Category:Recipients o the Bharat Ratna]] [[Category:Recipients o the Padma Bhushan]] [[Category:Preses o Indie]] [[Category:Tamil Nadu politeecians]] [[Category:Tamil Nadu scientists]] [[Category:Tamil ingineers]] [[Category:Tamil poets]] [[Category:Varsity o Madras alumni]] [[Category:Tamil fowk]] [[Category:St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli alumni]] [[Category:Nuclear energy in Indie]] [[Category:Recipients o the Padma Vibhushan]] [[Category:Daiths frae myocardial infarction]] nrxs948vzj5xt7kmn2zz0ox6vdqzgid 0 126586 927667 553844 2026-11-10T03:11:19Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mr.Murdoch78 flittit page [[Varsity o Freiburg]] til [[University o Freiburg]] 553844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university |name=Varsity o Freiburg |native_name=Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg |latin_name=Alma Mater Alberto-Ludoviciana |motto=''Die Wahrheit wird euch frei machen'' |mottoeng= The Truth Will Set Ye free |established=1457 |type=Public varsity |budget= 268,3 mio [[EUR]] p.a.,<ref name="verwaltung.uni-freiburg.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.verwaltung.uni-freiburg.de/statdaten/|title=Statistik-Web|author=Ursula Zeller|publisher=|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref> <br/> 560 mio EUR p.a. for the [[University Medical Center Freiburg|Medical Center]]<ref>[http://skl14b.ukl.uni-freiburg.de/onlinemagazin/live/Fakten.html University Medical Center Freiburg facts (de)]</ref> |rector=[[Hans-Jochen Schiewer]] |staff= 4,578 scienteefic staff (includin Medical Center) |students=24,721 |faculty= |location=[[Freiburg im Breisgau]], [[Germany]] | colors= Blue, Reid, White {{color box|#004A99}} {{color box|#C1002A}} {{color box|white}} |affiliations=[[German U15]] <br/> [[European Varsity Association|EUA]] <br/> [[Internaitional Forum o Public Varsities|IFPU]] <br/> [http://www.eucor-uni.org/en/ EUCOR] [[LERU]] |website=[https://www.uni-freiburg.de/start-en.html?set_language=en www.uni-freiburg.de] |image=[[Image:Siegel der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.svg|200px|Seal o the Varsity o Freiburg]] |logo=[[Image:Logo Uni Freiburg.png|170px]] }} The '''Varsity o Freiburg''' (German '''''Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg''''', colloquially '''''Uni Freiburg'''''), whiles referred tae wi its full teetle, the '''Albert Ludwig Varsity o Freiburg''', is a [[public varsity|public]] [[research varsity]] locatit in [[Freiburg im Breisgau]], [[Baden-Württemberg]], Germany. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{coord|47|59|39|N|7|50|49|E|region:DE-NI_type:edu|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Freiburg, Varsity O}} [[Category:Varsity o Freiburg| ]] [[Category:Varsities in Germany]] [[Category:Varsities an colleges in Baden-Württemberg]] [[Category:Eddication in Freiburg im Breisgau|Varsity o Freiburg]] [[Category:1457 establishments]] [[Category:Eddicational institutions established in the 15t century]] [[Category:Veesitor attractions in Freiburg im Breisgau]] oem9lbzhnllpitjxck34h3ban0780gv 927671 927667 2026-11-10T03:12:17Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university |name=Varsity o Freiburg |native_name=Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg |latin_name=Alma Mater Alberto-Ludoviciana |motto=''Die Wahrheit wird euch frei machen'' |mottoeng= The Truth Will Set Ye free |established=1457 |type=Public varsity |budget= 268,3 mio [[EUR]] p.a.,<ref name="verwaltung.uni-freiburg.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.verwaltung.uni-freiburg.de/statdaten/|title=Statistik-Web|author=Ursula Zeller|publisher=|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref> <br/> 560 mio EUR p.a. for the [[University Medical Center Freiburg|Medical Center]]<ref>[http://skl14b.ukl.uni-freiburg.de/onlinemagazin/live/Fakten.html University Medical Center Freiburg facts (de)]</ref> |rector=[[Hans-Jochen Schiewer]] |staff= 4,578 scienteefic staff (includin Medical Center) |students=24,721 |faculty= |location=[[Freiburg im Breisgau]], [[Germany]] | colors= Blue, Reid, White {{color box|#004A99}} {{color box|#C1002A}} {{color box|white}} |affiliations=[[German U15]] <br/> [[European Varsity Association|EUA]] <br/> [[Internaitional Forum o Public Varsities|IFPU]] <br/> [http://www.eucor-uni.org/en/ EUCOR] [[LERU]] |website=[https://www.uni-freiburg.de/start-en.html?set_language=en www.uni-freiburg.de] |image=[[Image:Siegel der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.svg|200px|Seal o the Varsity o Freiburg]] |logo=[[Image:Logo Uni Freiburg.png|170px]] }} The '''University o Freiburg''' (German '''''Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg''''', colloquially '''''Uni Freiburg'''''), whiles referred tae wi its fou title, the '''Albert Ludwig University o Freiburg''', is a [[Public university|public]] [[research varsity|resairch university]] locatit in [[Freiburg im Breisgau]], [[Baden-Württemberg]], Germany. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{coord|47|59|39|N|7|50|49|E|region:DE-NI_type:edu|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Freiburg, Varsity O}} [[Category:Varsity o Freiburg| ]] [[Category:Varsities in Germany]] [[Category:Varsities an colleges in Baden-Württemberg]] [[Category:Eddication in Freiburg im Breisgau|Varsity o Freiburg]] [[Category:1457 establishments]] [[Category:Eddicational institutions established in the 15t century]] [[Category:Veesitor attractions in Freiburg im Breisgau]] 4zqh4lqkji6kf4g9yqmuifv00o050ag 927672 927671 2026-11-10T03:13:28Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university |name=University o Freiburg |native_name=Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg |latin_name=Alma Mater Alberto-Ludoviciana |motto=''Die Wahrheit wird euch frei machen'' |mottoeng= The Truith Will Set Ye Free |established=1457 |type=Public university |budget= 268,3 mio [[EUR]] p.a.,<ref name="verwaltung.uni-freiburg.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.verwaltung.uni-freiburg.de/statdaten/|title=Statistik-Web|author=Ursula Zeller|publisher=|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref> <br/> 560 mio EUR p.a. for the [[University Medical Center Freiburg|Medical Center]]<ref>[http://skl14b.ukl.uni-freiburg.de/onlinemagazin/live/Fakten.html University Medical Center Freiburg facts (de)]</ref> |rector=[[Hans-Jochen Schiewer]] |staff= 4,578 scienteefic staff (includin Medical Center) |students=24,721 |faculty= |location=[[Freiburg im Breisgau]], [[Germany]] | colors= Blue, Reid, White {{color box|#004A99}} {{color box|#C1002A}} {{color box|white}} |affiliations=[[German U15]] <br/> [[European Varsity Association|EUA]] <br/> [[Internaitional Forum o Public Varsities|IFPU]] <br/> [http://www.eucor-uni.org/en/ EUCOR] [[LERU]] |website=[https://www.uni-freiburg.de/start-en.html?set_language=en www.uni-freiburg.de] |image=[[Image:Siegel der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.svg|200px|Seal o the Varsity o Freiburg]] |logo=[[Image:Logo Uni Freiburg.png|170px]] }} The '''University o Freiburg''' (German '''''Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg''''', colloquially '''''Uni Freiburg'''''), whiles referred tae wi its fou title, the '''Albert Ludwig University o Freiburg''', is a [[Public university|public]] [[research varsity|resairch university]] locatit in [[Freiburg im Breisgau]], [[Baden-Württemberg]], Germany. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{coord|47|59|39|N|7|50|49|E|region:DE-NI_type:edu|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Freiburg, Varsity O}} [[Category:Varsity o Freiburg| ]] [[Category:Varsities in Germany]] [[Category:Varsities an colleges in Baden-Württemberg]] [[Category:Eddication in Freiburg im Breisgau|Varsity o Freiburg]] [[Category:1457 establishments]] [[Category:Eddicational institutions established in the 15t century]] [[Category:Veesitor attractions in Freiburg im Breisgau]] sz37x7b2w7mgs9cmb2w0riszqi6xbn6 1 126587 927669 497748 2026-11-10T03:11:20Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mr.Murdoch78 flittit page [[Collogue:Varsity o Freiburg]] til [[Collogue:University o Freiburg]] 497748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} {{translatit page|en|University of Freiburg}} 1oybqpqw2547hufb48b2o1mt11gtplq 0 126588 927682 490979 2026-11-10T03:37:40Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[University o Freiburg]] 927682 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[University o Freiburg]] s4zt7ppcexmfkf4ulm8gsxsn0q35ygm 0 126589 927683 490980 2026-11-10T03:37:45Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[University o Freiburg]] 927683 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[University o Freiburg]] s4zt7ppcexmfkf4ulm8gsxsn0q35ygm 0 126590 927684 490981 2026-11-10T03:37:50Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[University o Freiburg]] 927684 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[University o Freiburg]] s4zt7ppcexmfkf4ulm8gsxsn0q35ygm 0 126682 927375 896066 2026-11-09T15:44:52Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; soorces addit 927375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox occupation | name = Ingineer | image = [[File:Kitty_Joyner_-_Electrical_Engineer_-_GPN-2000-001933.jpg|250px]] | caption = [[Kitty Joyner]], an electrical ingineer, at Langley in 1952 | official_names = Ingineer | type = [[Profession]] | activity_sector =Applied science | competencies = [[Mathematics]] an [[scienteefic|scientific]] knawledge, design, analysis, critical thinkin, ingineerin ethics | formation = Ingineerin education | employment_field = Research an development, [[industry]], [[business]] | related_occupation = [[Scientist]], [[airchitect]], project manager, [[inventor]], [[astronaut]] }} An '''ingineer''' is a [[profession]]al that warks in [[ingineerin]], applyin scientific knawledge, [[mathematics]] an ingenuity tae find solutions tae technical, social an commercial problems.<ref name="bls">{{cite web |author=Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Manual Labor |year=2006 |title=Engineers |url=http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos027.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923001304/http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos027.htm |archive-date=23 September 2006 |access-date=23 September 2006 |work=Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006–07 Edition (via [[Wayback Machine]]) |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is an Engineer?|url=https://www.mtu.edu/engineering/outreach/welcome/engineers/|access-date=2024-06-27|website=Michigan Technological University|language=en}}</ref> The wird ''ingineer'' (Inglis ''engineer'') comes frae the [[Laitin]] wirds {{lang|la|ingeniare}} ("tae contrive, devise") an {{lang|la|ingenium}} ("cleverness").<ref>''Oxford Concise Dictionary'' (1995).</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Ingineerin thrift]] [[Category:Ingineers| ]] [[Category:Science thrift]] lrlgl1fnxrjbwactzi2nq2u9i5hb9qa 0 129679 927420 881442 2026-11-09T19:11:28Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; new infobox, fuller lead, an short sections on his career, nuclear fission, the war, the Nobel Prize, the Max Planck Society an his legacy, owerset frae EN 927420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Otto Hahn | image = Otto Hahn 1970.jpg | birth_date = {{birth date|1879|03|08|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Frankfurt]], Kinrick o Proushie, [[German Empire]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1968|7|28|1879|3|8}} | death_place = [[Göttingen]], Lower Saxony, Wast Germany | education = Marburg University<br />Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München | known_for = Discovery o radioactive elements (1905–1921)<br />Radioactive recoil<br />[[Protactinium]] (1917)<br />Nuclear isomerism (1921)<br />''Applied Radiochemistry'' (1936)<br />Rubidium–strontium datin (1938)<br />Discovery o [[nuclear fission]] (1938) | spouse = Edith Junghans (m. 1913) | children = Hanno Hahn | awards = [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (1944)<br />Max Planck Medal (1949)<br />''Pour le Mérite'' (1952)<br />Faraday Lectureship Prize (1956)<br />Wilhelm Exner Medal (1958)<br />[[Légion d'honneur]] (1959)<br />Enrico Fermi Award (1966) | fields = Nuclear chemistry<br />Radiochemistry | workplaces = [[University College London]]<br />McGill University<br />Friedrich Wilhelm University o Berlin<br />Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry<br />Max Planck Society | doctoral_advisor = Theodor Zincke | academic_advisors = Adolf von Baeyer<br />Emil Fischer<br />[[William Ramsay]]<br />[[Ernest Rutherford]] | doctoral_students = [[Fritz Strassmann]]<br />Siegfried Flügge<br />Nikolaus Riehl | signature = Otto Hahn signature.svg }} '''Otto Hahn''' (8 Mairch 1879 – 28 Julie 1968) wis a German [[chemist]] that wis a pioneer in the field o radiochemistry. He is cried the faither o nuclear chemistry an the discoverer o [[nuclear fission]], the science ahint nuclear reactors an nuclear wappens. Hahn an [[Lise Meitner]] discovert [[Isotope|isotopes]] o the radioactive elements radium, thorium, [[protactinium]] an uranium. He discovert atomic recoil an nuclear isomerism an aw, an wis a pioneer o rubidium–strontium datin. In 1938 Hahn, Meitner, [[Otto Frisch]] an [[Fritz Strassmann]] discovert nuclear fission, an for this Hahn alane wis awairdit the 1944 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]. Hahn studied unner Sir [[William Ramsay]] at [[University College London]], an unner [[Ernest Rutherford]] at McGill University in [[Montreal]], whaur he discovert several new radioactive isotopes. In 1912 he becam heid o the Radioactivity Department o the new Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry (KWIC) in [[Berlin]]. Wirkin wi the Austrian physicist Lise Meitner, he makkit a series o important new discoveries. In the [[Warld War I|First Warld War]] he served wi the chemical warfare unit unner Fritz Haber. Atween 1934 an 1938 he wirkit wi Strassmann an Meitner on isotopes makkit bi bombardin uranium an thorium wi neutrons, that led tae the discovery o nuclear fission. He opposed the [[Nazi Pairty]] an its persecution o the Jews, but in the [[Warld War II|Second Warld War]] he wirkit on the German nuclear wappens programme. At the end o the war he wis arrestit bi the Allies an held at Farm Hall in [[Ingland]] wi nine ither German scientists, frae Julie 1945 tae Januar 1946. Hahn wis the last president o the Kaiser Wilhelm Society in 1946, an the foondin president o its successor, the Max Planck Society, frae 1948 tae 1960. In 1959 he foondit the Federation of German Scientists alang wi ithers, an organisation committit tae responsible science. As he wirkit tae rebuild German science, he becam ane o the maist influential an respectit citizens o postwar Wast Germany. == Early life an education == Otto Hahn wis born in [[Frankfurt]] on 8 Mairch 1879, the youngest son o Heinrich Hahn, a weel-aff glazier, an Charlotte Hahn (born Giese). At the age o 15 he took a parteecular interest in chemistry. His faither wantit him tae study architecture, but Otto perswadit him that he wantit tae be an industrial chemist.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=2–6}} In 1897 Hahn stairtit tae study [[Chemistrie|chemistry]] at Marburg University. He spent twa semesters at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, studyin organic chemistry unner Adolf von Baeyer. In 1901 he got his doctorate at Marburg for a dissertation in classical [[organic chemistry]]. Efter his military service, he gaed back tae Marburg, whaur he wirkit for twa year as assistant tae his doctoral supervisor, Theodor Zincke.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=7–11}}{{sfn|Spence|1970|pp=281–282}} == Early career in Lunnon an Canadae == Hahn still meant tae wirk in industry. A job he wis offert needit him tae hae lived in anither country. For this raison, in 1904, he teuk a post at [[University College London]] unner Sir [[William Ramsay]], the discoverer o the [[noble gas]]es. There Hahn wirkit on radiochemistry, at that time a very new field. In early 1905, wirkin wi salts o radium, he discovert a new substance that he cried radiothorium (thorium-228), that wis then taen tae be a new radioactive element.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=7–11}} In fact it wis an [[isotope]] o the kent element thorium; the idea o an isotope, an the term, wis brocht in in 1913 bi the Breetish chemist Frederick Soddy.{{sfn|Hughes|2009|p=135}} Hahn published his results in the ''Proceedings of the Royal Society'' on 24 Mey 1905.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A New Radio-active Element, Which Evolves Thorium Emanation. Preliminary Communication |first=Otto |last=Hahn |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character |issn=0080-4630 |volume=76 |issue=508 |date=24 May 1905 |pages=115–117 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1905.0009 |bibcode=1905RSPSA..76..115H |doi-access=free }}</ref> It wis the first o mair nor 250 scientific publications in the field o radiochemistry.<ref>{{harvnb|Spence|1970|pp=303–313}} for a full list</ref> Ramsay telt him that radiochemistry haed a bricht future. Hahn decidit that he first needit tae ken mair aboot the subject, an he wrate tae [[Ernest Rutherford]], the leadin expert in the field. Rutherford greed tae tak him on as an assistant.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=15–18}} Frae September 1905 tae the middle o 1906, Hahn wirkit wi Rutherford's group at McGill University in [[Montreal]]. There he fund a short-lived "element" that he cried thorium C (later identified as [[polonium]]-212). He identified radioactinium (thorium-227) an radium D (later identified as lead-210) an aw.{{sfn|Spence|1970|pp=282–283}}{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=24–25}} == Chemical Institute in Berlin == In 1906 Hahn cam back tae Germany, whaur Emil Fischer gied him an umwhile widwirk shop in the basement o the Chemical Institute tae uise as a laboratory.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=37–38}} In the space o a few month Hahn discovert mesothorium I (radium-228), mesothorium II (actinium-228) an, independently o Bertram Boltwood, the mither substance o radium, ionium (later identified as thorium-230). In later years mesothorium I becam very important, acause lik radium-226 it wis weel suitit for medical radiation treatment, but it cost anly hauf as muckle tae mak.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=40–50}}<ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 1945 |title=Nobel Prize for Chemistry for 1944: Prof. Otto Hahn |journal=Nature |volume=156 |issue=3970 |pages=657 |doi=10.1038/156657b0 |bibcode=1945Natur.156R.657. |issn=0028-0836 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Physicists were mair acceptin o Hahn's wark nor chemists, an he stairtit gaun tae a colloquium at the Physics Institute. At ane o thir, on 28 September 1907, he met the Austrian physicist [[Lise Meitner]]. This wis the stairt o the thirty-year collaboration an lifelang close freendship atween the twa scientists.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|p=50}}{{sfn|Hahn|1966|p=65}} Thegither, Hahn an Meitner shawed the radioactive recoil that comes wi alpha particle emission, an explained it correctly.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=58–64}} == Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry == In 1910 Hahn wis appointit professor. Twa year later he becam heid o the Radioactivity Department o the newly foondit Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry (KWIC) in Berlin-Dahlem. The new institute wis appent on 23 October 1912 at a ceremony led bi [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm II]].{{sfn|Sime|1996|pp=44–47}} === First Warld War === In Julie 1914, short afore the ootbrak o the [[Warld War I|First Warld War]], Hahn wis cried back tae active service wi a ''Landwehr'' regiment. He wis awairdit the Iron Cross (2nd Cless) for his pairt in the First Battle of Ypres, took pairt in the Christmas truce o 1914, an wis commissioned as a lieutenant.{{sfn|Spence|1970|pp=286–287}} In the middle o Januar 1915 he wis cried tae meet the chemist Fritz Haber. Haber set oot his plan tae brak the deidlock in the trenches wi [[chlorine]] gas.<ref name="Van der Kloot-2004">{{cite journal|last1=Van der Kloot|first1=W.|title=April 1918: Five Future Nobel Prize-winners Inaugurate Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Academic-industrial-military Complex |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London |issn=0035-9149 |date=2004 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=149–160 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2004.0053|s2cid=145243958}}</ref> Hahn served wi Haber's new unit, Pioneer Regiment 35, in [[Flanders]] an Poland, an in December 1916 he jined the new gas command unit at Imperial Heidquarters.<ref name="Van der Kloot-2004" />{{sfn|Sime|1996|pp=57–61}} === Discovery o protactinium === Bi December 1917 Meitner wis able tae isolate the missin mither isotope o actinium, an in Mairch 1918 she sent their findins for publication.<ref name="Sime-1986">{{cite journal |first=Ruth Lewin |last=Sime |author-link=Ruth Lewin Sime |title=The Discovery of Protactinium |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |issn=0021-9584 |volume=63 |issue=8 |pages=653–657 |date=August 1986 |doi=10.1021/ed063p653 |bibcode=1986JChEd..63..653S }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal |journal=Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und Angewandte Physikalische Chemie |issn=0372-8323 |title=Die Muttersubstanz des Actiniums, Ein Neues Radioaktives Element von Langer Lebensdauer |trans-title=The Parent Substance of Actinium; A New Radioactive Element with a Long Lifetime |first=Lise |last=Meitner |author-link=Lise Meitner |date=1 June 1918 |language=de |doi=10.1002/bbpc.19180241107 |volume=24 |issue=11–12 |pages=169–173 |s2cid=94448132}}</ref> In 1949 IUPAC named the new element protactinium for guid, an confirmed Hahn an Meitner as its discoverers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Protactinium &#124; Pa (Element) |publisher=National Library of Medicine |website=PubChem |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/Protactinium#section=History |access-date=18 June 2020}}</ref> === Nuclear isomerism === In Februar 1921 Hahn published the first report on a new isotope that he cried "uranium Z".<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Hahn |first1= O. |title=Über ein neues radioaktives Zerfallsprodukt im Uran |trans-title=On a New Radioactive Decay Product in Uranium |language=de |doi=10.1007/BF01491321 |journal= Die Naturwissenschaften |issn=0028-1042 |volume=9 |issue=5 |page=84 |year=1921 |bibcode=1921NW......9...84H |s2cid= 28599831 |url= https://zenodo.org/record/2482506 }}</ref> Uranium Z wis the first example o nuclear isomerism.{{sfn|Gerlach|Hahn|1984|p=39}} === Applied Radiochemistry === Hahn becam Deputy Director o the KWIC in 1924, an follaed Alfred Stock as director in 1928.<ref name="Max-Planck-Gesellschaft">{{cite web |title=Otto Hahn |publisher=Max-Planck-Gesellschaft |url=https://www.mpg.de/8241484/otto-hahn |access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref> In 1936 Cornell University Press published ''Applied Radiochemistry'', a buik o the lectures Hahn haed gien as a visitin professor at Cornell University in 1933. It haed a great influence on near aw nuclear chemists an physicists in the [[Unitit States]], the [[Unitit Kinrick]], [[Fraunce]] an the [[Soviet Union]] in the 1930s an 1940s.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=ix–x}} Hahn is cried the faither o nuclear chemistry, that grew oot o applied radiochemistry.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|p=ix}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tietz |first1=Tabea |title=Otto Hahn – the Father of Nuclear Chemistry |url=http://scihi.org/otto-hahn-nuclear-chemistry/ |website=SciHi Blog |date=8 March 2018 |access-date=16 December 2022 |archive-date=5 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305123123/http://scihi.org/otto-hahn-nuclear-chemistry/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Otto Hahn |url=https://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/otto-hahn |website=Atomic Heritage Foundation |access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref> == Nazi Germany == === The impact o Nazism === Fritz Strassmann haed come tae the KWIC tae study unner Hahn. Efter the [[Nazi Pairty]] cam tae pouer in 1933, Strassmann wadnae jine a Nazi-controlled organisation, an therefore coud get nae wark in the chemical industry nor an academic post. Meitner perswadit Hahn tae hire him as an assistant, an he wis suin creditit as a third collaborator on their papers.{{sfn|Sime|1996|pp=156–157, 169}}{{sfn|Walker|2006|p=122}} Hahn spent Februar tae Juin 1933 in the [[Unitit States]] an [[Canadae]] as a visitin professor at Cornell University.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|p=283}} He gied an interview tae the [[Toronto]] ''Star Weekly'' that pentit a flatterin pictur o [[Adolf Hitler]].{{sfn|Sime|2006|p=6}} The Apryle 1933 Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service banned Jews an communists frae academic posts. Meitner wis exempt acause she wis an Austrian citizen, no a German ane.{{sfn|Sime|1996|pp=138–139}} As interim director o Haber's institute, Hahn dismissed a quarter o its staff, amang them three heids o department.{{sfn|Sime|2006|p=10}} === Rubidium–strontium datin === In North America in 1905–1906, Hahn's attention haed been drawn tae a mineral frae [[Manitoba]] that held [[rubidium]]. It cam tae him that bi comparin the strontium in the mineral (that haed aince been rubidium) wi the rubidium that wis left, he coud meisur the age o the mineral.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=85–88}} Rubidium–strontium datin becam a widely uised technique for datin rocks in the 1950s, when mass spectrometry becam common.{{sfn|Bowen|1994|pp=162–163}} === Discovery o nuclear fission === When [[Enrico Fermi]]'s group bombardit uranium atoms wi neutrons, they concludit that new elements wi atomic nummers greater nor 92 haed been makkit.<ref name="Segrè-1989">{{cite journal |title=Discovery of Nuclear Fission |first=Emilio G. |last=Segrè |author-link=Emilio Segrè |journal=Physics Today |issn=0031-9228 |volume=42 |issue=7 |date=July 1989 |pages=38–43 |doi=10.1063/1.881174 |bibcode=1989PhT....42g..38S }}</ref> Atween 1934 an 1938 Hahn, Meitner an Strassmann fund a great nummer o radioactive transmutation products, aw o thaim taen tae be transuranic.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Hahn |first1=O. |title=The Discovery of Fission |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0258-76 |magazine=Scientific American |volume=198 |issue=2 |pages=76–84 |year=1958 |bibcode=1958SciAm.198b..76H}}</ref> Efter Germany annexed Austrick on 12 Mairch 1938, Meitner lost her Austrian citizenship an fled tae [[Swaden]].{{sfn|Sime|1996|pp=184–185}} Afore she left, Hahn gied her a diamond ring that he haed inheritit frae his mither.{{sfn|Sime|1996|pp=200–207}} In late 1938 Hahn an Strassmann fund evidence o isotopes o an alkaline earth metal in their sample. The idea o turnin uranium intae [[barium]] wis seen as absurd.{{sfn|Sime|1996|pp=227–230}} On a visit tae Copenhagen on 10 November, Hahn discussed thir results wi [[Niels Bohr]], Meitner an Otto Robert Frisch.{{sfn|Sime|1996|pp=227–230}} On 22 December 1938 he sent a manuscript tae ''Naturwissenschaften'' reportin their radiochemical results, that were published on 6 Januar 1939.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Hahn |first1= O. |author-link= Otto Hahn |last2= Strassmann |first2= F. |author-link2=Fritz Strassmann |doi= 10.1007/BF01488241 |title=Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle |language=de |journal= Die Naturwissenschaften |issn=0028-1042 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=11–15 |year=1939 |bibcode=1939NW.....27...11H |s2cid= 5920336 |trans-title=On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons}}</ref> As a chemist, Hahn wis sweir tae propose a revolutionary discovery in physics, but Meitner an Frisch wrocht oot a theoretical interpretation o nuclear fission, a term that Frisch teuk frae biology. In Januar an Februar they published twa articles that discussed their theory an confirmed it bi experiment.{{sfn|Frisch|1979|pp=115–116}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Meitner |first1= L. |author-link1= Lise Meitner |last2= Frisch |first2= O. R. |author-link2= Otto Robert Frisch |doi= 10.1038/143239a0 |title= Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: A New Type of Nuclear Reaction |journal= Nature |issn=0028-0836 |volume=143 |issue=3615 |page=239 |date=January 1939 |bibcode= 1939Natur.143..239M|s2cid= 4113262 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frisch |first1=O. R. |author-link1=Otto Robert Frisch |title=Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei Under Neutron Bombardment |doi=10.1038/143276a0 |journal=Nature |issn=0028-0836 |volume=143 |issue=3616 |page=276 |date=February 1939 |bibcode=1939Natur.143..276F|s2cid= 4076376 |doi-access= free }}</ref> In their second publication on fission, Hahn an Strassmann predictit that mair neutrons wad be gien aff in the fission process, that appent up the possibility o a nuclear chain reaction.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hahn |first1=O. |last2=Strassmann |first2=F. |author-link2=Fritz Strassmann |title=Nachweis der Entstehung aktiver Bariumisotope aus Uran und Thorium durch Neutronenbestrahlung; Nachweis weiterer aktiver Bruchstücke bei der Uranspaltung |trans-title=Evidence of the Formation of Active Barium Isotopes From Uranium and Thorium by Neutron Irradiation; Evidence of Further Active Fragments During Uranium Fission |language=de |journal=Naturwissenschaften |issn=0028-1042 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=89–95 |date=February 1939 |doi=10.1007/BF01488988 |bibcode=1939NW.....27...89H |s2cid=33512939 }}</ref> This wis shawn tae be the case bi Frédéric Joliot an his team in Mairch 1939.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Von Halban |first1=H. |author-link=Hans von Halban |last2=Joliot |first2=F. |author-link2=Frédéric Joliot |last3=Kowarski |first3=L. |author-link3=Lew Kowarski |title=Number of Neutrons Liberated in the Nuclear Fission of Uranium|journal=Nature |issn=0028-0836 |volume=143|issue=3625|date=22 April 1939|pages=680 |doi=10.1038/143680a0|bibcode=1939Natur.143..680V |s2cid=4089039 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Second Warld War === Efter the war began on 1 September 1939, the Airmy Wappens Branch teuk control o the German nuclear wappens programme, an Hahn teuk pairt in a lang series o meetins aboot the project.{{sfn|Hoffmann|2001|pp=156–161}} Wi his assistants, he catalogued aboot ane hunner fission product isotopes.{{sfn|Walker|2006|p=132}} On the nicht o 15 Februar 1944 the KWIC biggin wis hit bi a bomb.{{sfn|Walker|2006|p=132}} Hahn's office wis destroyed, alang wi his correspondence wi Rutherford an ither researchers.{{sfn|Walker|2006|p=137}}{{sfn|Hoffmann|2001|p=188}} == Efter the war == === Farm Hall === On 25 Aprile 1945 an airmoured task force frae the Alsos Mission arrived at Tailfingen, whaur the KWIC haed flittit, an Hahn wis telt that he wis unner arrest. He wis held wi ither German scientists, first in Germany, syne at Versailles.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|p=179}}{{sfn|Walker|1993|pp=158–159}}{{sfn|Hoffmann|2001|p=195}} On 3 Januar 1946, sax month efter they cam tae Farm Hall in Ingland, the group wis alloued tae gang back tae Germany.{{sfn|Hoffmann|2001|p=201}} === The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944 === On 16 November 1945 the Ryal Swadish Academy o Sciences annoonced that Hahn haed been awairdit the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (owerset frae the Inglis) "for his discovery o the fission o hivy atomic nuclei".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "for his discovery of the fission of heavy atomic nuclei."</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |url=https://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/index.html |access-date=17 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="Nobel Foundation">{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944: Presentation Speech |publisher=Nobel Foundation |url=https://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/press.html |access-date=3 January 2008}}</ref> Hahn wis still at Farm Hall, an he learnt o the awaird on 18 November throu the ''Daily Telegraph''.{{sfn|Bernstein|2001|pp=282–283}} The Nobel Committee for Chemistry haed recommendit that Hahn alane be gien the prize.{{sfn|Crawford|Sime|Walker|1997|pp=27–32}} On 10 December 1946, King [[Gustaf V o Swaden|Gustav V]] presentit him wi his Nobel Prize medal an diploma.<ref name="Nobel Foundation"/>{{sfn|Crawford|2000|pp=49–50}}{{sfn|Hoffmann|2001|p=209}} === Max Planck Society === Hahn teuk office as president o the Kaiser Wilhelm Society on 1 Aprile 1946, efter he cam back tae Germany.{{sfn|Hoffmann|2001|p=199}}{{sfn|Macrakis|1993|pp=189–190}} On 26 Februar 1948 the Max Planck Society wis foondit tae tak its place, wi Hahn as foondin president.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Founding of Today's Max Planck Society |publisher=Max-Planck-Gesellschaft |url=https://www.mpg.de/955620/7_event3-1948 |access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> In his wark tae rebuild German science, Hahn wis generous in giein ''persilschein'' (whitewash certificates), an wrate ane for Gottfried von Droste, that haed jined the SA in 1933 an the NSDAP in 1937.{{sfn|Walker|2006|p=124}} Hahn served as president o the Max Planck Society till 1960; in that time its budget rose, an its staff grew frae 1,400 tae near 3,000.<ref name="Max-Planck-Gesellschaft" /> === Social responsibility === Efter the Second Warld War, Hahn spak oot strangly against the uise o nuclear energy for military ends. In 1955 he stairtit an organised the Mainau Declaration, whaur he an ither Nobel Prize winners warned the nations o the warld against atomic wappens.{{sfn|Hoffmann|2001|pp=221–222}} He wis ane o the authors o the Göttingen Manifesto o 13 Apryle 1957, whaur he an 17 leadin German atomic scientists protestit against plans for nuclear wappens for the Wast German airmed forces.{{sfn|Hoffmann|2001|pp=231–232}} In 1959 he foondit the Federation of German Scientists in Berlin alang wi ithers.<ref>{{cite web|title=FGS Brochure|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/external/mop-04/fgs-1-en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511012724/http://www.cbd.int/doc/external/mop-04/fgs-1-en.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2008 |url-status=live|website=Convention on Biological Diversity|publisher=Federation of German Scientists|access-date=28 June 2020}}</ref> == Private life == On 22 Mairch 1913 Hahn mairit Edith Junghans (1887–1968), an airt student, in Stettin.{{sfn|Spence|1970|p=286}} They haed ae bairn, Hanno Hahn, that wis born on 9 Apryle 1922.<ref name="Hanno" /> Hanno becam an airt historian, an deed in a caur accident in Fraunce in August 1960, alang wi his wife Ilse.<ref name="Hanno">{{cite web |first=Lee |last=Sorensen |title=Hahn, Hanno |date= 21 February 2018 |publisher= Dictionary of Art Historians |url=https://arthistorians.info/hahnh |access-date=18 June 2020}}</ref> == Daith an legacy == Hahn wis shot in the back in October 1951 bi an embittered inventor. He deed in [[Göttingen]] on 28 Julie 1968. His wife Edith deed anly a fortnicht efter him.{{sfn|Spence|1970|pp=300–301}} He wis buried in the Stadtfriedhof in Göttingen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grab von Otto Hahn aus Göttingen |website=www.friedhofguide.de |url=https://www.friedhofguide.de/grab/deutschland/G%C3%B6ttingen/Stadtfriedhof+G%C3%B6ttingen/Otto+Hahn+08.03.1879_28.07.1968 |access-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629233454/https://www.friedhofguide.de/grab/deutschland/G%C3%B6ttingen/Stadtfriedhof+G%C3%B6ttingen/Otto+Hahn+08.03.1879_28.07.1968 |archive-date=29 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nobelpreisträger auf dem Stadtfriedhof |trans-title=Nobel Prize winners at the City Cemetery |publisher=City of Göttingen |language=de |url=http://www.goettingen.de/pics/medien/1_1229606299/Nobel-Rondell.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022846/http://www.goettingen.de/pics/medien/1_1229606299/Nobel-Rondell.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hahn is coontit the faither o radiochemistry an nuclear chemistry.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|p=ix}} He is maistly mindit for the discovery o nuclear fission, the basis o nuclear pouer an nuclear wappens.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=x–xi}} Glenn Seaborg wrate (owerset frae the Inglis) that "it haes been gien tae very few men tae mak contributions tae science an tae humanity o the size o thae made bi Otto Hahn".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "it has been given to very few men to make contributions to science and to humanity of the magnitude of those made by Otto Hahn".</ref>{{sfn|Hahn|1966|p=ix}} Later commentators hae argied that the leavin oot o Lise Meitner frae the Nobel Prize reflectit sexism an antisemitism in the Nobel Committee.<ref name="Antisemitism">{{cite magazine|title=How Antisemitism and Professional Betrayal Marred Lise Meitner's Scientific Legacy |first1=Katie |last1=Hafner |first2=Ashraya |last2=Gupta |magazine=Scientific American |date=14 September 2023 |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-antisemitism-and-professional-betrayal-marred-lise-meitners-scientific-legacy/ |access-date=4 November 2024}}</ref> Hahn haes been descrived as politically passive in the Nazi era: while he wisnae a pairty member, he tholed colleagues that were, an therefore shared moral complicity.<ref name="Antisemitism" />{{sfn|Walker|2006|p=124}}{{sfn|Sime|2004|p=48}} == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == {{Reflist}} === Warks citit === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Bernstein |first= Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Bernstein |year= 2001 |title= Hitler's Uranium Club: The Secret Recordings at Farm Hall |edition= 2nd |place= New York |publisher= Springer-Verlag |isbn= 978-0-387-95089-1 |oclc=7324621011 |url= https://archive.org/details/hitlersuraniumcl00bern}} * {{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Robert |title=Isotopes in the Earth Sciences |publisher=Chapman and Hall |location=London |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-412-53710-3}} * {{cite journal |last1=Crawford |first1=Elisabeth |first2=Ruth Lewin |last2=Sime |author-link2=Ruth Lewin Sime |first3=Mark |last3=Walker |title=A Nobel Tale of Postwar Injustice |journal=Physics Today |issn=0031-9228 |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=26–32 |date=1997 |doi=10.1063/1.881933 |bibcode=1997PhT....50i..26C}} * {{cite journal |last=Crawford |first=Elisabeth |title=German Scientists and Hitler's Vendetta Against the Nobel Prizes |journal=Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences |issn=0890-9997 |year=2000 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=37–53 |doi=10.2307/27757845 |jstor=27757845}} * {{cite book |last=Frisch |first=Otto |author-link=Otto Robert Frisch |title=What Little I Remember |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1979 |isbn=0-521-40583-1 |oclc=861058137}} * {{cite book |last1=Gerlach |first1=Walther |author-link=Walther Gerlach |last2=Hahn |first2=Dietrich |title=Otto Hahn – Ein Forscherleben unserer Zeit |trans-title=Otto Hahn – A Researcher's Life of Our Time |language=de |publisher=Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft (WVG) |location=Stuttgart |year=1984 |isbn=978-3-8047-0757-3 |oclc=473315990}} * {{cite book |last=Hahn |first=Otto |translator-first=Willy |translator-last=Ley |title=Otto Hahn: A Scientific Autobiography |year=1966 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |oclc=646422716}} * {{cite book |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Klaus |translator-last=Cole |translator-first=J. Michael |title=Otto Hahn: Achievement and Responsibility |date=2001 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=0-387-95057-5 |oclc=468996162}} * {{cite journal |last=Hughes |first= Jeff |author-link=Jeff Hughes (historian) |date=2009 |volume=29 |pages=131–165 |title=Making Isotopes Matter: Francis Aston and the Mass-Spectrograph |journal=Dynamis |issn=0211-9536 |doi=10.4321/S0211-95362009000100007 |doi-access=free |hdl=10481/77556 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite book |last=Macrakis |first=Kristie |author-link=Kristie Macrakis |title=Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=1993 |oclc=538154456 |isbn=978-0-19-507010-1}} * {{cite book |last=Sime |first=Ruth Lewin |author-link=Ruth Lewin Sime |year=1996 |title=Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-08906-8 |oclc=32893857|url=https://archive.org/details/lisemeitnerlifei00sime}} * {{cite book |last=Sime |first=Ruth Lewin |author-link=Ruth Lewin Sime |date=2004 |title=Otto Hahn und die Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Zwischen Vergangenheit und Erinnerung |trans-title=Otto Hahn and the Max Planck Society Between Past and Memory |language=de |publisher=Max-Planck-Gesellschaft |location=Berlin |url=https://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/KWG/Ergebnisse/Ergebnisse14.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050330155722/http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/KWG/Ergebnisse/Ergebnisse14.pdf |archive-date=30 March 2005 |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2020}} * {{cite journal |last=Sime |first=Ruth Lewin |author-link=Ruth Lewin Sime |date=March 2006 |title=The Politics of Memory: Otto Hahn and the Third Reich |journal=Physics in Perspective |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=3–51 |issn=1422-6944 |doi=10.1007/s00016-004-0248-5 |bibcode=2006PhP.....8....3S |s2cid=119479637}} * {{cite journal |last=Spence |first=Robert |year=1970 |title=Otto Hahn 1879–1968 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |volume=16 |pages=279–313 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1970.0010 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last=Walker |first=Mark |title=Otto Hahn: Responsibility and Repression |date=May 2006 |journal=Physics in Perspective |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=116–163 |issn=1422-6944 |doi=10.1007/s00016-006-0277-3 |bibcode=2006PhP.....8..116W |s2cid=120992662}} * {{cite book |last=Walker |first=Mark |title=German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power |year=1993 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-36413-2 |oclc=722061969}} {{refend}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hahn, Otto}} [[Category:1879 births]] [[Category:1968 daiths]] [[Category:Nuclear chemists]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Chemistry]] [[Category:Discoverers o chemical elements]] [[Category:Enrico Fermi Awaird recipients]] [[Category:Faraday Lecturers]] [[Category:Fellaes o the American Academy o Airts an Sciences]] [[Category:Fellaes o the German Academy o Sciences Leopoldina]] 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[[Category:Members o the Bavarian Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Members o the Finnish Academy o Science an Letters]] [[Category:Members o the Proushie Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Members o the Ryal Dens Academy o Sciences an Letters]] [[Category:Members o the Ryal Swadish Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Officiers o the Légion d'honneur]] [[Category:Recipients o the Albert Order]] [[Category:Recipients o the Pour le Mérite (ceevil cless)]] [[Category:Recipients o the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hesse-Nassau]] [[Category:Fowk frae Frankfurt]] [[Category:Varsity o Marburg alumni]] [[Category:Otto Hahn| ]] iavbp5rgcjzhbvet3s78s8ezl2sehu9 927431 927420 2026-11-09T19:54:50Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 4 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 927431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Otto Hahn | image = Otto Hahn 1970.jpg | birth_date = {{birth date|1879|03|08|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Frankfurt]], Kinrick o Proushie, [[German Empire]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1968|7|28|1879|3|8}} | death_place = [[Göttingen]], Lower Saxony, Wast Germany | education = Marburg University<br />Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München | known_for = Discovery o radioactive elements (1905–1921)<br />Radioactive recoil<br />[[Protactinium]] (1917)<br />Nuclear isomerism (1921)<br />''Applied Radiochemistry'' (1936)<br />Rubidium–strontium datin (1938)<br />Discovery o [[nuclear fission]] (1938) | spouse = Edith Junghans (m. 1913) | children = Hanno Hahn | awards = [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (1944)<br />Max Planck Medal (1949)<br />''Pour le Mérite'' (1952)<br />Faraday Lectureship Prize (1956)<br />Wilhelm Exner Medal (1958)<br />[[Légion d'honneur]] (1959)<br />Enrico Fermi Award (1966) | fields = Nuclear chemistry<br />Radiochemistry | workplaces = [[University College London]]<br />McGill University<br />Friedrich Wilhelm University o Berlin<br />Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry<br />Max Planck Society | doctoral_advisor = Theodor Zincke | academic_advisors = Adolf von Baeyer<br />Emil Fischer<br />[[William Ramsay]]<br />[[Ernest Rutherford]] | doctoral_students = [[Fritz Strassmann]]<br />Siegfried Flügge<br />Nikolaus Riehl | signature = Otto Hahn signature.svg }} '''Otto Hahn''' (8 Mairch 1879 – 28 Julie 1968) wis a German [[chemist]] that wis a pioneer in the field o radiochemistry. He is cried the faither o nuclear chemistry an the discoverer o [[nuclear fission]], the science ahint nuclear reactors an nuclear wappens. Hahn an [[Lise Meitner]] discovert [[Isotope|isotopes]] o the radioactive elements radium, thorium, [[protactinium]] an uranium. He discovert atomic recoil an nuclear isomerism an aw, an wis a pioneer o rubidium–strontium datin. In 1938 Hahn, Meitner, [[Otto Frisch]] an [[Fritz Strassmann]] discovert nuclear fission, an for this Hahn alane wis awairdit the 1944 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]. Hahn studied unner Sir [[William Ramsay]] at [[University College London]], an unner [[Ernest Rutherford]] at McGill University in [[Montreal]], whaur he discovert several new radioactive isotopes. In 1912 he becam heid o the Radioactivity Department o the new Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry (KWIC) in [[Berlin]]. Wirkin wi the Austrian physicist Lise Meitner, he makkit a series o important new discoveries. In the [[Warld War I|First Warld War]] he served wi the chemical warfare unit unner Fritz Haber. Atween 1934 an 1938 he wirkit wi Strassmann an Meitner on isotopes makkit bi bombardin uranium an thorium wi neutrons, that led tae the discovery o nuclear fission. He opposed the [[Nazi Pairty]] an its persecution o the Jews, but in the [[Warld War II|Second Warld War]] he wirkit on the German nuclear wappens programme. At the end o the war he wis arrestit bi the Allies an held at Farm Hall in [[Ingland]] wi nine ither German scientists, frae Julie 1945 tae Januar 1946. Hahn wis the last president o the Kaiser Wilhelm Society in 1946, an the foondin president o its successor, the Max Planck Society, frae 1948 tae 1960. In 1959 he foondit the Federation of German Scientists alang wi ithers, an organisation committit tae responsible science. As he wirkit tae rebuild German science, he becam ane o the maist influential an respectit citizens o postwar Wast Germany. == Early life an education == Otto Hahn wis born in [[Frankfurt]] on 8 Mairch 1879, the youngest son o Heinrich Hahn, a weel-aff glazier, an Charlotte Hahn (born Giese). At the age o 15 he took a parteecular interest in chemistry. His faither wantit him tae study architecture, but Otto perswadit him that he wantit tae be an industrial chemist.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=2–6}} In 1897 Hahn stairtit tae study [[Chemistrie|chemistry]] at Marburg University. He spent twa semesters at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, studyin organic chemistry unner Adolf von Baeyer. In 1901 he got his doctorate at Marburg for a dissertation in classical [[organic chemistry]]. Efter his military service, he gaed back tae Marburg, whaur he wirkit for twa year as assistant tae his doctoral supervisor, Theodor Zincke.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=7–11}}{{sfn|Spence|1970|pp=281–282}} == Early career in Lunnon an Canadae == Hahn still meant tae wirk in industry. A job he wis offert needit him tae hae lived in anither country. For this raison, in 1904, he teuk a post at [[University College London]] unner Sir [[William Ramsay]], the discoverer o the [[noble gas]]es. There Hahn wirkit on radiochemistry, at that time a very new field. In early 1905, wirkin wi salts o radium, he discovert a new substance that he cried radiothorium (thorium-228), that wis then taen tae be a new radioactive element.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=7–11}} In fact it wis an [[isotope]] o the kent element thorium; the idea o an isotope, an the term, wis brocht in in 1913 bi the Breetish chemist Frederick Soddy.{{sfn|Hughes|2009|p=135}} Hahn published his results in the ''Proceedings of the Royal Society'' on 24 Mey 1905.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A New Radio-active Element, Which Evolves Thorium Emanation. Preliminary Communication |first=Otto |last=Hahn |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character |issn=0080-4630 |volume=76 |issue=508 |date=24 May 1905 |pages=115–117 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1905.0009 |bibcode=1905RSPSA..76..115H |doi-access=free }}</ref> It wis the first o mair nor 250 scientific publications in the field o radiochemistry.<ref>{{harvnb|Spence|1970|pp=303–313}} for a full list</ref> Ramsay telt him that radiochemistry haed a bricht future. Hahn decidit that he first needit tae ken mair aboot the subject, an he wrate tae [[Ernest Rutherford]], the leadin expert in the field. Rutherford greed tae tak him on as an assistant.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=15–18}} Frae September 1905 tae the middle o 1906, Hahn wirkit wi Rutherford's group at McGill University in [[Montreal]]. There he fund a short-lived "element" that he cried thorium C (later identified as [[polonium]]-212). He identified radioactinium (thorium-227) an radium D (later identified as lead-210) an aw.{{sfn|Spence|1970|pp=282–283}}{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=24–25}} == Chemical Institute in Berlin == In 1906 Hahn cam back tae Germany, whaur Emil Fischer gied him an umwhile widwirk shop in the basement o the Chemical Institute tae uise as a laboratory.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=37–38}} In the space o a few month Hahn discovert mesothorium I (radium-228), mesothorium II (actinium-228) an, independently o Bertram Boltwood, the mither substance o radium, ionium (later identified as thorium-230). In later years mesothorium I becam very important, acause lik radium-226 it wis weel suitit for medical radiation treatment, but it cost anly hauf as muckle tae mak.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=40–50}}<ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 1945 |title=Nobel Prize for Chemistry for 1944: Prof. Otto Hahn |journal=Nature |volume=156 |issue=3970 |pages=657 |doi=10.1038/156657b0 |bibcode=1945Natur.156R.657. |issn=0028-0836 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Physicists were mair acceptin o Hahn's wark nor chemists, an he stairtit gaun tae a colloquium at the Physics Institute. At ane o thir, on 28 September 1907, he met the Austrian physicist [[Lise Meitner]]. This wis the stairt o the thirty-year collaboration an lifelang close freendship atween the twa scientists.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|p=50}}{{sfn|Hahn|1966|p=65}} Thegither, Hahn an Meitner shawed the radioactive recoil that comes wi alpha particle emission, an explained it correctly.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=58–64}} == Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry == In 1910 Hahn wis appointit professor. Twa year later he becam heid o the Radioactivity Department o the newly foondit Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry (KWIC) in Berlin-Dahlem. The new institute wis appent on 23 October 1912 at a ceremony led bi [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm II]].{{sfn|Sime|1996|pp=44–47}} === First Warld War === In Julie 1914, short afore the ootbrak o the [[Warld War I|First Warld War]], Hahn wis cried back tae active service wi a ''Landwehr'' regiment. He wis awairdit the Iron Cross (2nd Cless) for his pairt in the First Battle of Ypres, took pairt in the Christmas truce o 1914, an wis commissioned as a lieutenant.{{sfn|Spence|1970|pp=286–287}} In the middle o Januar 1915 he wis cried tae meet the chemist Fritz Haber. Haber set oot his plan tae brak the deidlock in the trenches wi [[chlorine]] gas.<ref name="Van der Kloot-2004">{{cite journal|last1=Van der Kloot|first1=W.|title=April 1918: Five Future Nobel Prize-winners Inaugurate Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Academic-industrial-military Complex |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London |issn=0035-9149 |date=2004 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=149–160 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2004.0053|s2cid=145243958}}</ref> Hahn served wi Haber's new unit, Pioneer Regiment 35, in [[Flanders]] an Poland, an in December 1916 he jined the new gas command unit at Imperial Heidquarters.<ref name="Van der Kloot-2004" />{{sfn|Sime|1996|pp=57–61}} === Discovery o protactinium === Bi December 1917 Meitner wis able tae isolate the missin mither isotope o actinium, an in Mairch 1918 she sent their findins for publication.<ref name="Sime-1986">{{cite journal |first=Ruth Lewin |last=Sime |author-link=Ruth Lewin Sime |title=The Discovery of Protactinium |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_1986-08_63_8/page/653 |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |issn=0021-9584 |volume=63 |issue=8 |pages=653–657 |date=August 1986 |doi=10.1021/ed063p653 |bibcode=1986JChEd..63..653S }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal |journal=Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und Angewandte Physikalische Chemie |issn=0372-8323 |title=Die Muttersubstanz des Actiniums, Ein Neues Radioaktives Element von Langer Lebensdauer |trans-title=The Parent Substance of Actinium; A New Radioactive Element with a Long Lifetime |first=Lise |last=Meitner |author-link=Lise Meitner |date=1 June 1918 |language=de |doi=10.1002/bbpc.19180241107 |volume=24 |issue=11–12 |pages=169–173 |s2cid=94448132}}</ref> In 1949 IUPAC named the new element protactinium for guid, an confirmed Hahn an Meitner as its discoverers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Protactinium &#124; Pa (Element) |publisher=National Library of Medicine |website=PubChem |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/Protactinium#section=History |access-date=18 June 2020}}</ref> === Nuclear isomerism === In Februar 1921 Hahn published the first report on a new isotope that he cried "uranium Z".<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Hahn |first1= O. |title=Über ein neues radioaktives Zerfallsprodukt im Uran |trans-title=On a New Radioactive Decay Product in Uranium |language=de |doi=10.1007/BF01491321 |journal= Die Naturwissenschaften |issn=0028-1042 |volume=9 |issue=5 |page=84 |year=1921 |bibcode=1921NW......9...84H |s2cid= 28599831 |url= https://zenodo.org/record/2482506 }}</ref> Uranium Z wis the first example o nuclear isomerism.{{sfn|Gerlach|Hahn|1984|p=39}} === Applied Radiochemistry === Hahn becam Deputy Director o the KWIC in 1924, an follaed Alfred Stock as director in 1928.<ref name="Max-Planck-Gesellschaft">{{cite web |title=Otto Hahn |publisher=Max-Planck-Gesellschaft |url=https://www.mpg.de/8241484/otto-hahn |access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref> In 1936 Cornell University Press published ''Applied Radiochemistry'', a buik o the lectures Hahn haed gien as a visitin professor at Cornell University in 1933. It haed a great influence on near aw nuclear chemists an physicists in the [[Unitit States]], the [[Unitit Kinrick]], [[Fraunce]] an the [[Soviet Union]] in the 1930s an 1940s.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=ix–x}} Hahn is cried the faither o nuclear chemistry, that grew oot o applied radiochemistry.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|p=ix}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tietz |first1=Tabea |title=Otto Hahn – the Father of Nuclear Chemistry |url=http://scihi.org/otto-hahn-nuclear-chemistry/ |website=SciHi Blog |date=8 March 2018 |access-date=16 December 2022 |archive-date=5 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305123123/http://scihi.org/otto-hahn-nuclear-chemistry/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Otto Hahn |url=https://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/otto-hahn |website=Atomic Heritage Foundation |access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref> == Nazi Germany == === The impact o Nazism === Fritz Strassmann haed come tae the KWIC tae study unner Hahn. Efter the [[Nazi Pairty]] cam tae pouer in 1933, Strassmann wadnae jine a Nazi-controlled organisation, an therefore coud get nae wark in the chemical industry nor an academic post. Meitner perswadit Hahn tae hire him as an assistant, an he wis suin creditit as a third collaborator on their papers.{{sfn|Sime|1996|pp=156–157, 169}}{{sfn|Walker|2006|p=122}} Hahn spent Februar tae Juin 1933 in the [[Unitit States]] an [[Canadae]] as a visitin professor at Cornell University.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|p=283}} He gied an interview tae the [[Toronto]] ''Star Weekly'' that pentit a flatterin pictur o [[Adolf Hitler]].{{sfn|Sime|2006|p=6}} The Apryle 1933 Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service banned Jews an communists frae academic posts. Meitner wis exempt acause she wis an Austrian citizen, no a German ane.{{sfn|Sime|1996|pp=138–139}} As interim director o Haber's institute, Hahn dismissed a quarter o its staff, amang them three heids o department.{{sfn|Sime|2006|p=10}} === Rubidium–strontium datin === In North America in 1905–1906, Hahn's attention haed been drawn tae a mineral frae [[Manitoba]] that held [[rubidium]]. It cam tae him that bi comparin the strontium in the mineral (that haed aince been rubidium) wi the rubidium that wis left, he coud meisur the age o the mineral.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=85–88}} Rubidium–strontium datin becam a widely uised technique for datin rocks in the 1950s, when mass spectrometry becam common.{{sfn|Bowen|1994|pp=162–163}} === Discovery o nuclear fission === When [[Enrico Fermi]]'s group bombardit uranium atoms wi neutrons, they concludit that new elements wi atomic nummers greater nor 92 haed been makkit.<ref name="Segrè-1989">{{cite journal |title=Discovery of Nuclear Fission |first=Emilio G. |last=Segrè |author-link=Emilio Segrè |journal=Physics Today |issn=0031-9228 |volume=42 |issue=7 |date=July 1989 |pages=38–43 |doi=10.1063/1.881174 |bibcode=1989PhT....42g..38S }}</ref> Atween 1934 an 1938 Hahn, Meitner an Strassmann fund a great nummer o radioactive transmutation products, aw o thaim taen tae be transuranic.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Hahn |first1=O. |title=The Discovery of Fission |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0258-76 |magazine=Scientific American |volume=198 |issue=2 |pages=76–84 |year=1958 |bibcode=1958SciAm.198b..76H}}</ref> Efter Germany annexed Austrick on 12 Mairch 1938, Meitner lost her Austrian citizenship an fled tae [[Swaden]].{{sfn|Sime|1996|pp=184–185}} Afore she left, Hahn gied her a diamond ring that he haed inheritit frae his mither.{{sfn|Sime|1996|pp=200–207}} In late 1938 Hahn an Strassmann fund evidence o isotopes o an alkaline earth metal in their sample. The idea o turnin uranium intae [[barium]] wis seen as absurd.{{sfn|Sime|1996|pp=227–230}} On a visit tae Copenhagen on 10 November, Hahn discussed thir results wi [[Niels Bohr]], Meitner an Otto Robert Frisch.{{sfn|Sime|1996|pp=227–230}} On 22 December 1938 he sent a manuscript tae ''Naturwissenschaften'' reportin their radiochemical results, that were published on 6 Januar 1939.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Hahn |first1= O. |author-link= Otto Hahn |last2= Strassmann |first2= F. |author-link2=Fritz Strassmann |doi= 10.1007/BF01488241 |title=Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_naturwissenschaften_1939-01-06_27_1/page/11 |language=de |journal= Die Naturwissenschaften |issn=0028-1042 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=11–15 |year=1939 |bibcode=1939NW.....27...11H |s2cid= 5920336 |trans-title=On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons}}</ref> As a chemist, Hahn wis sweir tae propose a revolutionary discovery in physics, but Meitner an Frisch wrocht oot a theoretical interpretation o nuclear fission, a term that Frisch teuk frae biology. In Januar an Februar they published twa articles that discussed their theory an confirmed it bi experiment.{{sfn|Frisch|1979|pp=115–116}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Meitner |first1= L. |author-link1= Lise Meitner |last2= Frisch |first2= O. R. |author-link2= Otto Robert Frisch |doi= 10.1038/143239a0 |title= Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: A New Type of Nuclear Reaction |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1939-02-11_143_3615/page/239 |journal= Nature |issn=0028-0836 |volume=143 |issue=3615 |page=239 |date=January 1939 |bibcode= 1939Natur.143..239M|s2cid= 4113262 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frisch |first1=O. R. |author-link1=Otto Robert Frisch |title=Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei Under Neutron Bombardment |doi=10.1038/143276a0 |journal=Nature |issn=0028-0836 |volume=143 |issue=3616 |page=276 |date=February 1939 |bibcode=1939Natur.143..276F|s2cid= 4076376 |doi-access= free }}</ref> In their second publication on fission, Hahn an Strassmann predictit that mair neutrons wad be gien aff in the fission process, that appent up the possibility o a nuclear chain reaction.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hahn |first1=O. |last2=Strassmann |first2=F. |author-link2=Fritz Strassmann |title=Nachweis der Entstehung aktiver Bariumisotope aus Uran und Thorium durch Neutronenbestrahlung; Nachweis weiterer aktiver Bruchstücke bei der Uranspaltung |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_naturwissenschaften_1939-02-10_27_6/page/89 |trans-title=Evidence of the Formation of Active Barium Isotopes From Uranium and Thorium by Neutron Irradiation; Evidence of Further Active Fragments During Uranium Fission |language=de |journal=Naturwissenschaften |issn=0028-1042 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=89–95 |date=February 1939 |doi=10.1007/BF01488988 |bibcode=1939NW.....27...89H |s2cid=33512939 }}</ref> This wis shawn tae be the case bi Frédéric Joliot an his team in Mairch 1939.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Von Halban |first1=H. |author-link=Hans von Halban |last2=Joliot |first2=F. |author-link2=Frédéric Joliot |last3=Kowarski |first3=L. |author-link3=Lew Kowarski |title=Number of Neutrons Liberated in the Nuclear Fission of Uranium|journal=Nature |issn=0028-0836 |volume=143|issue=3625|date=22 April 1939|pages=680 |doi=10.1038/143680a0|bibcode=1939Natur.143..680V |s2cid=4089039 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Second Warld War === Efter the war began on 1 September 1939, the Airmy Wappens Branch teuk control o the German nuclear wappens programme, an Hahn teuk pairt in a lang series o meetins aboot the project.{{sfn|Hoffmann|2001|pp=156–161}} Wi his assistants, he catalogued aboot ane hunner fission product isotopes.{{sfn|Walker|2006|p=132}} On the nicht o 15 Februar 1944 the KWIC biggin wis hit bi a bomb.{{sfn|Walker|2006|p=132}} Hahn's office wis destroyed, alang wi his correspondence wi Rutherford an ither researchers.{{sfn|Walker|2006|p=137}}{{sfn|Hoffmann|2001|p=188}} == Efter the war == === Farm Hall === On 25 Aprile 1945 an airmoured task force frae the Alsos Mission arrived at Tailfingen, whaur the KWIC haed flittit, an Hahn wis telt that he wis unner arrest. He wis held wi ither German scientists, first in Germany, syne at Versailles.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|p=179}}{{sfn|Walker|1993|pp=158–159}}{{sfn|Hoffmann|2001|p=195}} On 3 Januar 1946, sax month efter they cam tae Farm Hall in Ingland, the group wis alloued tae gang back tae Germany.{{sfn|Hoffmann|2001|p=201}} === The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944 === On 16 November 1945 the Ryal Swadish Academy o Sciences annoonced that Hahn haed been awairdit the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (owerset frae the Inglis) "for his discovery o the fission o hivy atomic nuclei".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "for his discovery of the fission of heavy atomic nuclei."</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |url=https://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/index.html |access-date=17 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="Nobel Foundation">{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944: Presentation Speech |publisher=Nobel Foundation |url=https://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/press.html |access-date=3 January 2008}}</ref> Hahn wis still at Farm Hall, an he learnt o the awaird on 18 November throu the ''Daily Telegraph''.{{sfn|Bernstein|2001|pp=282–283}} The Nobel Committee for Chemistry haed recommendit that Hahn alane be gien the prize.{{sfn|Crawford|Sime|Walker|1997|pp=27–32}} On 10 December 1946, King [[Gustaf V o Swaden|Gustav V]] presentit him wi his Nobel Prize medal an diploma.<ref name="Nobel Foundation"/>{{sfn|Crawford|2000|pp=49–50}}{{sfn|Hoffmann|2001|p=209}} === Max Planck Society === Hahn teuk office as president o the Kaiser Wilhelm Society on 1 Aprile 1946, efter he cam back tae Germany.{{sfn|Hoffmann|2001|p=199}}{{sfn|Macrakis|1993|pp=189–190}} On 26 Februar 1948 the Max Planck Society wis foondit tae tak its place, wi Hahn as foondin president.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Founding of Today's Max Planck Society |publisher=Max-Planck-Gesellschaft |url=https://www.mpg.de/955620/7_event3-1948 |access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> In his wark tae rebuild German science, Hahn wis generous in giein ''persilschein'' (whitewash certificates), an wrate ane for Gottfried von Droste, that haed jined the SA in 1933 an the NSDAP in 1937.{{sfn|Walker|2006|p=124}} Hahn served as president o the Max Planck Society till 1960; in that time its budget rose, an its staff grew frae 1,400 tae near 3,000.<ref name="Max-Planck-Gesellschaft" /> === Social responsibility === Efter the Second Warld War, Hahn spak oot strangly against the uise o nuclear energy for military ends. In 1955 he stairtit an organised the Mainau Declaration, whaur he an ither Nobel Prize winners warned the nations o the warld against atomic wappens.{{sfn|Hoffmann|2001|pp=221–222}} He wis ane o the authors o the Göttingen Manifesto o 13 Apryle 1957, whaur he an 17 leadin German atomic scientists protestit against plans for nuclear wappens for the Wast German airmed forces.{{sfn|Hoffmann|2001|pp=231–232}} In 1959 he foondit the Federation of German Scientists in Berlin alang wi ithers.<ref>{{cite web|title=FGS Brochure|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/external/mop-04/fgs-1-en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511012724/http://www.cbd.int/doc/external/mop-04/fgs-1-en.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2008 |url-status=live|website=Convention on Biological Diversity|publisher=Federation of German Scientists|access-date=28 June 2020}}</ref> == Private life == On 22 Mairch 1913 Hahn mairit Edith Junghans (1887–1968), an airt student, in Stettin.{{sfn|Spence|1970|p=286}} They haed ae bairn, Hanno Hahn, that wis born on 9 Apryle 1922.<ref name="Hanno" /> Hanno becam an airt historian, an deed in a caur accident in Fraunce in August 1960, alang wi his wife Ilse.<ref name="Hanno">{{cite web |first=Lee |last=Sorensen |title=Hahn, Hanno |date= 21 February 2018 |publisher= Dictionary of Art Historians |url=https://arthistorians.info/hahnh |access-date=18 June 2020}}</ref> == Daith an legacy == Hahn wis shot in the back in October 1951 bi an embittered inventor. He deed in [[Göttingen]] on 28 Julie 1968. His wife Edith deed anly a fortnicht efter him.{{sfn|Spence|1970|pp=300–301}} He wis buried in the Stadtfriedhof in Göttingen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grab von Otto Hahn aus Göttingen |website=www.friedhofguide.de |url=https://www.friedhofguide.de/grab/deutschland/G%C3%B6ttingen/Stadtfriedhof+G%C3%B6ttingen/Otto+Hahn+08.03.1879_28.07.1968 |access-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629233454/https://www.friedhofguide.de/grab/deutschland/G%C3%B6ttingen/Stadtfriedhof+G%C3%B6ttingen/Otto+Hahn+08.03.1879_28.07.1968 |archive-date=29 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nobelpreisträger auf dem Stadtfriedhof |trans-title=Nobel Prize winners at the City Cemetery |publisher=City of Göttingen |language=de |url=http://www.goettingen.de/pics/medien/1_1229606299/Nobel-Rondell.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022846/http://www.goettingen.de/pics/medien/1_1229606299/Nobel-Rondell.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hahn is coontit the faither o radiochemistry an nuclear chemistry.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|p=ix}} He is maistly mindit for the discovery o nuclear fission, the basis o nuclear pouer an nuclear wappens.{{sfn|Hahn|1966|pp=x–xi}} Glenn Seaborg wrate (owerset frae the Inglis) that "it haes been gien tae very few men tae mak contributions tae science an tae humanity o the size o thae made bi Otto Hahn".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "it has been given to very few men to make contributions to science and to humanity of the magnitude of those made by Otto Hahn".</ref>{{sfn|Hahn|1966|p=ix}} Later commentators hae argied that the leavin oot o Lise Meitner frae the Nobel Prize reflectit sexism an antisemitism in the Nobel Committee.<ref name="Antisemitism">{{cite magazine|title=How Antisemitism and Professional Betrayal Marred Lise Meitner's Scientific Legacy |first1=Katie |last1=Hafner |first2=Ashraya |last2=Gupta |magazine=Scientific American |date=14 September 2023 |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-antisemitism-and-professional-betrayal-marred-lise-meitners-scientific-legacy/ |access-date=4 November 2024}}</ref> Hahn haes been descrived as politically passive in the Nazi era: while he wisnae a pairty member, he tholed colleagues that were, an therefore shared moral complicity.<ref name="Antisemitism" />{{sfn|Walker|2006|p=124}}{{sfn|Sime|2004|p=48}} == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == {{Reflist}} === Warks citit === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Bernstein |first= Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Bernstein |year= 2001 |title= Hitler's Uranium Club: The Secret Recordings at Farm Hall |edition= 2nd |place= New York |publisher= Springer-Verlag |isbn= 978-0-387-95089-1 |oclc=7324621011 |url= https://archive.org/details/hitlersuraniumcl00bern}} * {{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Robert |title=Isotopes in the Earth Sciences |publisher=Chapman and Hall |location=London |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-412-53710-3}} * {{cite journal |last1=Crawford |first1=Elisabeth |first2=Ruth Lewin |last2=Sime |author-link2=Ruth Lewin Sime |first3=Mark |last3=Walker |title=A Nobel Tale of Postwar Injustice |journal=Physics Today |issn=0031-9228 |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=26–32 |date=1997 |doi=10.1063/1.881933 |bibcode=1997PhT....50i..26C}} * {{cite journal |last=Crawford |first=Elisabeth |title=German Scientists and Hitler's Vendetta Against the Nobel Prizes |journal=Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences |issn=0890-9997 |year=2000 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=37–53 |doi=10.2307/27757845 |jstor=27757845}} * {{cite book |last=Frisch |first=Otto |author-link=Otto Robert Frisch |title=What Little I Remember |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1979 |isbn=0-521-40583-1 |oclc=861058137}} * {{cite book |last1=Gerlach |first1=Walther |author-link=Walther Gerlach |last2=Hahn |first2=Dietrich |title=Otto Hahn – Ein Forscherleben unserer Zeit |trans-title=Otto Hahn – A Researcher's Life of Our Time |language=de |publisher=Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft (WVG) |location=Stuttgart |year=1984 |isbn=978-3-8047-0757-3 |oclc=473315990}} * {{cite book |last=Hahn |first=Otto |translator-first=Willy |translator-last=Ley |title=Otto Hahn: A Scientific Autobiography |year=1966 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |oclc=646422716}} * {{cite book |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Klaus |translator-last=Cole |translator-first=J. Michael |title=Otto Hahn: Achievement and Responsibility |date=2001 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=0-387-95057-5 |oclc=468996162}} * {{cite journal |last=Hughes |first= Jeff |author-link=Jeff Hughes (historian) |date=2009 |volume=29 |pages=131–165 |title=Making Isotopes Matter: Francis Aston and the Mass-Spectrograph |journal=Dynamis |issn=0211-9536 |doi=10.4321/S0211-95362009000100007 |doi-access=free |hdl=10481/77556 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite book |last=Macrakis |first=Kristie |author-link=Kristie Macrakis |title=Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=1993 |oclc=538154456 |isbn=978-0-19-507010-1}} * {{cite book |last=Sime |first=Ruth Lewin |author-link=Ruth Lewin Sime |year=1996 |title=Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-08906-8 |oclc=32893857|url=https://archive.org/details/lisemeitnerlifei00sime}} * {{cite book |last=Sime |first=Ruth Lewin |author-link=Ruth Lewin Sime |date=2004 |title=Otto Hahn und die Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Zwischen Vergangenheit und Erinnerung |trans-title=Otto Hahn and the Max Planck Society Between Past and Memory |language=de |publisher=Max-Planck-Gesellschaft |location=Berlin |url=https://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/KWG/Ergebnisse/Ergebnisse14.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050330155722/http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/KWG/Ergebnisse/Ergebnisse14.pdf |archive-date=30 March 2005 |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2020}} * {{cite journal |last=Sime |first=Ruth Lewin |author-link=Ruth Lewin Sime |date=March 2006 |title=The Politics of Memory: Otto Hahn and the Third Reich |journal=Physics in Perspective |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=3–51 |issn=1422-6944 |doi=10.1007/s00016-004-0248-5 |bibcode=2006PhP.....8....3S |s2cid=119479637}} * {{cite journal |last=Spence |first=Robert |year=1970 |title=Otto Hahn 1879–1968 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |volume=16 |pages=279–313 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1970.0010 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last=Walker |first=Mark |title=Otto Hahn: Responsibility and Repression |date=May 2006 |journal=Physics in Perspective |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=116–163 |issn=1422-6944 |doi=10.1007/s00016-006-0277-3 |bibcode=2006PhP.....8..116W |s2cid=120992662}} * {{cite book |last=Walker |first=Mark |title=German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power |year=1993 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-36413-2 |oclc=722061969}} {{refend}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hahn, Otto}} [[Category:1879 births]] [[Category:1968 daiths]] [[Category:Nuclear chemists]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Chemistry]] [[Category:Discoverers o chemical elements]] [[Category:Enrico Fermi Awaird recipients]] [[Category:Faraday Lecturers]] [[Category:Fellaes o the American Academy o Airts an Sciences]] [[Category:Fellaes o the German Academy o Sciences Leopoldina]] [[Category:Foreign Members o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Free Varsity o Berlin faculty]] [[Category:German chemists]] [[Category:German militar personnel o Warld War I]] [[Category:German Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Grand Crosses 1st cless o the Order o Meerit o the Federal Republic o Germany]] [[Category:Winners o the Max Planck Medal]] [[Category:Members o the Pontifical Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Honorary members o the Romanie Academy]] [[Category:Honorary Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Humboldt Varsity o Berlin alumni]] [[Category:Humboldt Varsity o Berlin faculty]] [[Category:Knichts o the Hoose Order o Hohenzollern]] [[Category:Ludwig Maximilian Varsity o Munich alumni]] [[Category:Max Planck Society fowk]] [[Category:German pacifists]] [[Category:German anti–nuclear wappens activists]] [[Category:German humanitarians]] [[Category:Members o the Austrick Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Foreign Fellaes o the Indie Naitional Science Academy]] [[Category:Members o the Bavarian Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Members o the Finnish Academy o Science an Letters]] [[Category:Members o the Proushie Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Members o the Ryal Dens Academy o Sciences an Letters]] [[Category:Members o the Ryal Swadish Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Officiers o the Légion d'honneur]] [[Category:Recipients o the Albert Order]] [[Category:Recipients o the Pour le Mérite (ceevil cless)]] [[Category:Recipients o the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hesse-Nassau]] [[Category:Fowk frae Frankfurt]] [[Category:Varsity o Marburg alumni]] [[Category:Otto Hahn| ]] l5f63dv3n5wrek7ntrz520w3ui2lnkh 0 130739 927564 918741 2026-11-10T00:56:24Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Lady and the Tramp | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Hamilton Luske]] * [[Clyde Geronimi]] * [[Wilfred Jackson]] }} | story = {{Plainlist| * Erdman Penner * Joe Rinaldi * Ralph Wright * Don DaGradi }} | based_on = {{Based on|"Happy Dan, the Cynical Dog"|[[Ward Greene]]}} | producer = [[Walt Disney]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Peggy Lee]] * [[Barbara Luddy]] * Larry Roberts * Bill Thompson * Bill Baucom * Verna Felton * Lee Millar * The Mellomen }} | editing = Don Halliday | music = Oliver Wallace | studio = Walt Disney Productions | distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Buena Vista Film Distribution]] | released = {{Film date|1955|6|22|df=y}} | runtime = 76 meenit | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = US$4&nbsp;million<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0048280/|title=Lady and the Tramp|website=Box Office Mojo|access-date=January 5, 2012}}</ref> | gross = US$187&nbsp;million<ref name="ToonedIn">{{cite magazine|last1=Mallory|first1=Michael|last2=D'Alessandro|first2=Anthony|date=October 27, 2003|title=Tooned in: Disney's ani classics set the bar and lit the way for future generations|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tooned+in%3A+Disney%27s+ani+classics+set+the+bar+and+lit+the+way+for...-a0110473946|magazine=Variety|via=The Free Library|access-date=May 10, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013000440/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tooned+in%3a+Disney%27s+ani+classics+set+the+bar+and+lit+the+way+for...-a0110473946|archive-date=October 13, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''''Lady and the Tramp''''' is an American animatit muisical romantic comedy film frae 1955, produced bi Walt Disney Productions an released bi Buena Vista Film Distribution. It is based on "Happy Dan, the Cynical Dog", a story bi [[Ward Greene]] in the magazine ''Cosmopolitan'' in 1945, an it wis directit bi [[Hamilton Luske]], [[Clyde Geronimi]] an [[Wilfred Jackson]]. The film follaes Lady, a pampered Cocker Spaniel, as she growes frae a puppy tae a grown dug, faces chynges in her faimily, an meets an faws in luve wi Tramp, a mongrel wi nae hame. ''Lady and the Tramp'' wis released in cinemas on 22 Juin 1955, an it wis a box office success. At first the critics wis divided, but its reputation haes grown wi time, an the day it is coontit amang the greatest animatit films o aw time.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Lady and the Tramp {{!}} The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films|url=https://entertainment.time.com/2011/06/23/the-25-all-time-best-animated-films/|magazine=Time|date=2011-06-21|access-date=2025-12-01|issn=0040-781X|language=en-US|first=Richard|last=Corliss}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The 100 best animated films of all time|url=https://www.timeout.com/film/best-animated-movies|work=Time Out Worldwide|access-date=2025-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924030213/https://www.timeout.com/film/best-animated-movies|archive-date=2025-09-24|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Plot== In a New England toun in 1909, "Jim Dear" gies his wife "Darling" a Cocker Spaniel puppy for Christmas. The puppy, Lady, is brocht up pampered bi her lovin owners, an maks freends wi the neebors' dugs, Jock, a Scottish Terrier, an Trusty, an auld bloodhound. On the ither side o the toun, a stray terrier cross cried Tramp lives free on the streets an keeps oot the road o the dug-catcher. Jim Dear an Darling gang awa for a short trip an leave the hoose, Lady an their new bairn in the care o Jim Dear's auntie Sarah. She cannae thole dugs, an brings her twa Siamese cats, Si an Am. Sarah taks Lady tae be fittit wi a muzzle, but Lady escapes intae the streets, whaur stray dugs set on her. Tramp saves her an taks her roond the toun, wi a denner at Tony's Restaurant. That nicht Lady sees a rat gang intae the hoose throu the windae o the bairn's room. Tramp fechts an kills the rat, but in the fecht he coups the bairn's cot bi accident. Sarah thinks the dugs gaed for the bairn. She haes Tramp taen awa bi the dug-catcher an locks Lady in the cellar. Whan Jim Dear an Darling come hame, Lady leads them tae the deid rat, which pruives whit happened. Jim Dear an Darling come in time tae save Tramp, an he is taen intae the faimily. Bi the neist Christmas, Tramp haes settled doon wi Lady, an the twa o them haes puppies. ==Voices== * [[Peggy Lee]] as Darling, Lady's owner an Jim Dear's wife; she voices Peg, an Si an Am, an aw{{sfn|Maltin|1995|p=125}} * [[Barbara Luddy]] as Lady, a Cocker Spaniel{{sfn|Maltin|1995|p=125}} * Larry Roberts as Tramp, a mongrel{{sfn|Maltin|1995|p=125}} * Bill Thompson as Jock, a Scottish Terrier, ane o Lady's neebors{{sfn|Maltin|1995|p=125}} * Bill Baucom as Trusty, a bloodhound{{sfn|Maltin|1995|p=125}} * Stan Freberg as the Beaver{{sfn|Maltin|1995|p=125}} * Verna Felton as Auntie Sarah, Jim Dear's auntie{{sfn|Maltin|1995|p=125}} * Alan Reed as Boris, a Borzoi{{sfn|Maltin|1995|p=125}} * George Givot as Tony, owner an chef o Tony's restaurant{{sfn|Maltin|1995|p=125}} * Dallas McKennon as Toughy, a stray{{sfn|Maltin|1995|p=125}} * Lee Millar as Jim Dear, Lady's owner an Darling's man{{sfn|Maltin|1995|p=125}} ==Makkin the film== ===Developin the story=== Accordin tae the film's publicity, ''Lady and the Tramp'' haed its stairt in an incident in 1925.{{sfn|Koenig|1997|p=97}} Walt Disney bocht his wife Lillian a chow puppy for Christmas an gied it tae her in a hatbox.{{sfn|Gabler|2006|p=105}} In 1943 Disney read "Happy Dan, the Cynical Dog", a story bi Ward Greene, that wis published in ''Cosmopolitan'' in Februar 1945.<ref name="archive">{{cite web|work=Disney Archives|title=Lady and the Tramp History|url=https://disney.go.com/vault/archives/movies/ladytramp/ladytramp.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224175329/http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/movies/ladytramp/ladytramp.html|archive-date=February 24, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Greene|first1=Ward|title=Happy Dan, The Cynical Dog|journal=Cosmopolitan|date=February 1945|volume=118|issue=2|page=19}}</ref> In Juin 1952 Disney annoonced that the film wis in production wi a budget o 2.5 million US dollars, an wid be released in 1954.<ref>{{cite news |last=Weiler |first=A. H. |author-link=A. H. Weiler |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1952/06/29/archives/by-way-of-report-of-disneys-dog-cartoon-feature-other-items.html |title=By Way of Report |newspaper=The New York Times |page=X3 |date=June 29, 1952 |access-date=October 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016005827/https://www.nytimes.com/1952/06/29/archives/by-way-of-report-of-disneys-dog-cartoon-feature-other-items.html |archive-date=October 16, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Barrier|1999|p=554}} ===Castin=== Barbara Luddy, a radio actress, wis picked as the voice o Lady frae a dozen actresses that auditioned.<ref name="CastingofFilmVoices">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/valley-times/46654703/|title=Casting of Film Voices Hard Task|newspaper=Valley Times|page=11|date=June 22, 1955|access-date=October 15, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202041750/https://www.newspapers.com/article/valley-times/46654703/|archive-date=December 2, 2024|via=Newspapers.com|url-status=live}} {{Open access}}</ref> ===Animation=== Frank Thomas animatit the scene whaur Lady an Tramp share a plate o spaghetti, sung ower bi George Givot wi the ballad "Bella Notte". It haes syne become ane o the maist memorable romantic scenes in the history o cinema.{{sfn|Canemaker|2001|p=194}} Midwey throu production, Disney decidit the film wid be shawn in CinemaScope, which makkit ''Lady and the Tramp'' the first full-length animatit feature filmed in that process.<ref name="archive"/> ===Muisic=== Peggy Lee an Sonny Burke wrote the sangs. In the film Lee sings "La La Lu", "The Siamese Cat Song" an "He's a Tramp".<ref>{{cite web|work=Peggy Lee's Official Website|title=Peggy Lee's Film Appearances|url=http://www.peggylee.com/solos/films.html|access-date=2009-05-04|archive-date=2017-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528120310/http://www.peggylee.com/solos/films.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Release== ''Lady and the Tramp'' haed its warld premiere at the State-Lake Theatre in Chicago on 16 Juin 1955,<ref>{{cite news |last=Lyon |first=Herb |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/371601806/ |title=Tower Ticker |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |at=Part 2, p. 8 |date=June 3, 1955 |access-date=October 16, 2025 |quote=''Lady and the Tramp'' opens June 16 at the State Lake [and will stay for weeks] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016182819/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/371601806/ |archive-date=October 16, 2025 |via=Newspapers.com |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> an went on general release on 22 Juin.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://d23.com/a-to-z/lady-and-the-tramp-film/|title=Lady and the Tramp (film)|website=D23|access-date=March 27, 2020|archive-date=April 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409112342/https://d23.com/a-to-z/lady-and-the-tramp-film/|url-status=live}}</ref> On its first release it taen in mair nor ony ither Disney animatit feature syne ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'' (1937),{{sfn|Newcomb|1994|p=80}} wi an estimatit 6.5 million US dollars in rentals tae the distributor.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/variety201-1956-01/page/n673|title=1955's Top Film Grossers|page=1|magazine=Variety|date=January 25, 1956|access-date=June 12, 2018|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> an 187 million US dollars warldwide.<ref name="ToonedIn"/> ==Reception== ===Whit the critics said=== On its first release the film got mixed reviews frae the critics.<ref name="TheStoryOfLadyandtheTramp">{{cite web|url=http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/ladyandthetramp/index.html|title=Special Exhibit Articles: ''Lady and the Tramp''|website=Walt Disney Family Museum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822192056/http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/ladyandthetramp/index.html |archive-date=August 22, 2007|access-date=December 24, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lady and the Tramp (1955) |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/51552-LADY-ANDTHETRAMP?sid=5e189075-e544-49d4-a29e-3cfc68bcde8e&sr=11.372259&cp=1&pos=0 |access-date=November 1, 2024 |website=AFI Catalog of Feature Films |quote=critical reception to the released film was lukewarm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Braden |first=Donna R. |date=June 21, 2020 |title=Lady and the Tramp Celebrates 65 Years |url=https://www.thehenryford.org/explore/blog/lady-and-the-tramp-celebrates-65-years |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[The Henry Ford]] |quote=this animated feature film received mixed reviews when it was first released on June 22, 1955}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Taylor |date=April 7, 2021 |title=Every Animated Disney Movie From The 20th Century, In Chronological Order |url=https://www.cbr.com/every-20th-century-disney-animated-movie/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |work=Comic Book Resources |quote=On June 22, 1955, Lady and the Tramp debuted to mixed reviews}}</ref> Bosley Crowther o ''The New York Times'' said it wisnae the best Disney haed duin, an fand faut wi its sentimentality an its animation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Crowther|first=Bosley|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1955/06/24/archives/screen-dogs-and-lovers-disneys-lady-and-the-tramp-at-roxy.html|title=Screen: Dogs and Lovers|newspaper=The New York Times|page=17|date=June 24, 1955|access-date=June 12, 2018|archive-date=June 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613043843/https://www.nytimes.com/1955/06/24/archives/screen-dogs-and-lovers-disneys-lady-and-the-tramp-at-roxy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film haes several ethnic an cultural stereotypes in it, an the twa Siamese cats in parteecular is seen as racist stereotypes o Asian fowk.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Espinoza |first1=Andrea Daniela |title=Lady & The Tramp: 10 Things That Didn't Age Well |url=https://screenrant.com/disney-lady-and-the-tramp-aged-poorly/ |work=ScreenRant |date=March 20, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In 2020 Disney+ pit a content warnin at the stairt o the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Disney updates content warning for racism in classic films |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-54566087 |work=BBC |date=October 16, 2020}}</ref> ==Ither media== ''Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure'' wis released on 27 Februar 2001. Walt Disney Pictures makkit a live-action remake, wi Justin Theroux an Tessa Thompson as the voices o Tramp an Lady,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Couch|first1=Aaron|title=Justin Theroux to Voice Star in Disney's 'Lady and the Tramp' Remake|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/lady-tramp-remake-star-justin-theroux-1130108|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=July 26, 2018|access-date=July 26, 2018|language=en|archive-date=July 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727020322/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/lady-tramp-remake-star-justin-theroux-1130108|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/tessa-thompson-lady-and-the-tramp-benedict-wong/|title=Exclusive: Tessa Thompson to Star in 'Lady and the Tramp' for Disney's Streaming Service|last=Sneider|first=Jeff|website=Collider|date=August 14, 2018|access-date=August 14, 2018|archive-date=August 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815024308/http://collider.com/tessa-thompson-lady-and-the-tramp-benedict-wong/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/thomas-mann-lady-and-the-tramp-jim-dear-1202909041/|title=Thomas Mann Joins Disney's Live-Action 'Lady and the Tramp' (EXCLUSIVE)|website=Variety|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=August 17, 2018|access-date=August 17, 2018|archive-date=August 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817214752/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/thomas-mann-lady-and-the-tramp-jim-dear-1202909041/|url-status=live}}</ref> that haed its premiere on Disney+ on its launch day in the US, 12 November 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/04/lady-and-the-tramp-disney-launch-sean-baily-live-action-slate-1202594405/|title=Disney Film Production Chief Sean Bailey On Streaming Service's Live-Action Slate; 'Lady And The Tramp' Available At Launch|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=April 11, 2019|access-date=April 11, 2019|archive-date=April 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414084622/https://deadline.com/2019/04/lady-and-the-tramp-disney-launch-sean-baily-live-action-slate-1202594405/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Beuks== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Barrier|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Barrier|title=Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age|url=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodcartoon00barr|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-1980-2079-0|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last=Canemaker|first=John|title=Walt Disney's Nine Old Men and the Art of Animation|url=https://archive.org/details/waltdisneysnineo0000cane/mode/2up|year=2001|publisher=Disney Editions|isbn=978-0-7868-6496-6|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last=Gabler|first=Neal|author-link=Neal Gabler|title=Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination|url=https://archive.org/details/waltdisneytriump0000gabl|year=2006|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-0-6797-5747-4}} * {{cite book|last=Koenig|first=David|title=Mouse Under Glass: Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks|url=https://archive.org/details/mouseunderglasss0000koen|publisher=Bonaventure Press|isbn=978-0-9640-6051-7|year=1997|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last=Maltin|first=Leonard|author-link=Leonard Maltin|title=The Disney Films|url=https://archive.org/details/disneyfilms0000malt|year=1995|publisher=Disney Editions|isbn=978-0-7868-8527-5|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last=Newcomb|first=Horace|title=Television: The Critical View|year=1994|edition=Fifth|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-511927-4|url=https://archive.org/details/television00hora/|url-access=registration}} {{Refend}} ==Freemit airtins== {{wikiquote}} * {{Offeecial wabsteid|https://movies.disney.com/lady-and-the-tramp}} * {{IMDb title|0048280}} * {{tcmdb title|80607}} * {{Bcdb title|31}} * {{AllMovie title|28038}} * {{Rotten-tomatoes|lady_and_the_tramp}} * {{Mojo title|ladyandthetramp}} {{Walt Disney Animation Studios}} [[Category:1955 animatit films]] [[Category:1955 films]] [[Category:1950s American animatit films]] [[Category:1950s bairns' animatit films]] [[Category:1950s romantic muisical films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American bairns' animatit films]] [[Category:American romantic muisical films]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot dugs]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Animatit romance films]] [[Category:CinemaScope films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Films based on short feection]] [[Category:Films directit bi Clyde Geronimi]] [[Category:Films directit bi Hamilton Luske]] [[Category:Films directit bi Wilfred Jackson]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Films scored bi Oliver Wallace]] [[Category:Films set in 1909]] [[Category:Films set in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Rotoscoped films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] nbunf4dthqbui1azfgly1qm5ipnfy39 0 131510 927437 910027 2026-11-09T20:04:07Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; drops section addit, soorced 927437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox gemme |italic title = no |title = Shogi |image_link = Shogi.jpg |image_size = 290px |image_caption = A gemme o shogi on a magnetic travel set. Captured pieces in the tray (bottom centre) can be dropped back intae play on the buird bi the player that teuk them. |genre = [[Buird gemme]]<br />Abstract strategy gemme |players = 2 |ages = 5+ |setup_time = < 2 meenit |playing_time = 30 meenit tae 2 oors (uisually) |random_chance = Nane |skills = Strategy, tactics |AKA = Japanese chess <br />The Generals' Gemme }} {{Nihongo|'''Shogi'''|将棋|shōgi}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|oʊ|ɡ|iː}}, {{IPA-ja|ɕo̞ːɡi|lang}} or {{IPA-ja|ɕo̞ːŋi|}}), also cried '''Japanese chess''' or the '''Generals' Game''', is a twa-player strategy buird gemme native tae [[Japan]]. It is in the same faimily as [[Wastren warld|Wastren]] (internaitional) [[chess]], chaturanga, makruk, shatranj an [[xiangqi]], an it is the maist popular o the Japanese chess variants.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hosking|first=A.L.|title=The Art of Shogi|publisher=The Shogi Foundation|year=1997|pages=1-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Fergus Duniho; Hans Bodlaender|title=Shogi (将棋): Japanese Chess – The Chess Variant Pages|url=https://www.chessvariants.com/shogi.html|access-date=2025-11-10|website=www.chessvariants.com|language=en}}</ref> == Drops == A kenspeckle feature o shogi is that whan a player captures ane o thair opponent's pieces, thay keep it "in haund" (''mochigoma'') an can drap it back intae the gemme on a later turn. Shogi wis the first gemme o the chess faimily in history wi this rule.<ref name="chessvariants1">{{cite web |url= http://www.chessvariants.com/shogi.html |title=Shogi: Japanese Chess | work = The Chess Variant Pages | access-date= 8 March 2012}}</ref> ==Famous players== * [[Kana Satomi]] * [[Hiroe Nakai]] * [[Ichiyo Shimizu]] == References == <references /> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shogi}} [[Category:Shogi| ]] [[Category:Asian cultur]] [[Category:Japanese gemmes]] [[Category:Japanese wirds an phrases]] [[Category:Buirdsports]] {{stub/Japan}} 8sxbnhrqrw9vr2yp35u50s92xr5opg4 0 138455 927613 807044 2026-11-10T01:51:42Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927613 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gujarat Gulfs.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.3|The Gulf o Khambhat on the richt. Image bi the NASA Earth Observatory.]] [[File:Gulf of Cambay (North part) 1896.jpg|thumb|The Gulf o Cambay (north pairt) in 1896]] [[File:Gulf of Cambay (South part) 1896.jpg|thumb|The Gulf o Cambay (sooth pairt) in 1896]] The '''Gulf o Khambhat''' ({{IPA|gu|kʰəmbʱat̪|lang}}), kent as the '''Gulf o Cambay''' an aw, is a bay on the Arabian Sea coast o [[Indie]]. It mairches wi the state o [[Gujarat]], juist north o [[Mumbai]] an Diu Island.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Cambay, Gulf of |volume=5 |page=82}}</ref> The gulf is aboot {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}} lang. It is aboot {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide in the north, an up tae {{convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide in the sooth. The major rivers that drain Gujarat, the Narmada, Tapti, Mahi an Sabarmati, form estuaries in the gulf.<ref>Saha, S., Banerjee, S., Burley, S.D., Ghosh, A. and Saraswati, P.K. (2010). The influence of flood basaltic source terrains on the efficiency of tectonic setting discrimination diagrams: an example from the Gulf of Khambhat, western India. Sedimentary Geology 228 (1): 1–13.</ref><ref name="GK: Which Ancient City Was Found Under The Sea In The Gulf Of Khambhat?">{{cite news |title=GK: Which Ancient City Was Found Under The Sea In The Gulf Of Khambhat? |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/gk-which-ancient-city-was-found-under-the-sea-in-the-gulf-of-khambhat-ws-kl-9358004.html |access-date=30 May 2026 |publisher=News 18 |date=29 May 2025}}</ref> It divides the Kathiawar Peninsula frae the sooth-east pairt o Gujarat.<ref name=CAP>{{Cite book |author1=Nowell, K. |author2=Jackson, P. |title= Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan |url=http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf |year=1996 |publisher=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |location= Gland, Switzerland |isbn=2-8317-0045-0 |pages= 17–21 |chapter= Panthera Leo}}</ref><ref name="TrivediSoni2006">Trivedi, P. and Soni, V. C. (2012). [http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Trivedi-Purna.pdf Significant bird records and local extinctions in Purna and Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuaries, Gujarat, India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810033443/http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Trivedi-Purna.pdf |date=2017-08-10 }}</ref><ref name="Jhalaetal2011">Jhala, Y. V., Qureshi, Q., Sinha, P. R. (Eds.) (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120120232451/http://www.projecttiger.nic.in/whtsnew/Tiger_Status_oct_2010.pdf ''Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India, 2010.''] National Tiger Conservation Authority, Government of India, New Delhi, and Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. TR 2011/003.</ref> There are plans tae build a {{convert|60|km|adj=on}} dyke across the gulf throu the Kalpasar Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kalpasar.gujarat.gov.in/mainpage.htm|title=The Gulf of Khambhat Development Project|publisher=Gujarat|access-date=18 May 2013|archive-date=4 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804112218/http://kalpasar.gujarat.gov.in/mainpage.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wildlife == Tae the wast o the gulf, [[Asiatic lion]]s bide in the Gir Forest National Park an the laund roond aboot it, the region o Kathiawar or Saurashtra.<ref name=CAP/><ref name=DeshGujarat>{{cite news |url=http://deshgujarat.com/2015/05/10/asiatic-lion-population-up-from-411-to-523-in-five-years/ |title=Asiatic Lion population up from 411 to 523 in five years |publisher=Desh Gujarat |date=2015-05-10 |access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref> Tae the east o the gulf, [[Bengal teeger|Bengal tigers]] uised tae bide in the Dangs' Forest an the Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, whaur Gujarat meets [[Maharashtra]] an [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name=Karanth03>{{cite journal |author=Karanth, K. U. |year=2003 |url=http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=8073 |title=Tiger ecology and conservation in the Indian subcontinent |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=100 |issue=2–3 |pages=169–189 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310174120/http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=8073 |archive-date=2012-03-10 }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Coord|21|30|N|72|30|E|region:IN_type:waterbody_scale:2500000|display=title}} {{Leet o seas}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gulf O Khambhat}} [[Category:Gulf o Khambhat| ]] [[Category:Laundforms o Gujarat]] [[Category:Gulfs o Indie|Khambhat]] [[Category:Arabie Sea]] [[Category:Gulfs o the Indian Ocean|Khambhat]] q1azhcyqwzs666iy0gs91i428pneqdx 927648 927613 2026-11-10T02:07:28Z Monospaced 75295 Gujarati pronunciation template fixed 927648 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gujarat Gulfs.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.3|The Gulf o Khambhat on the richt. Image bi the NASA Earth Observatory.]] [[File:Gulf of Cambay (North part) 1896.jpg|thumb|The Gulf o Cambay (north pairt) in 1896]] [[File:Gulf of Cambay (South part) 1896.jpg|thumb|The Gulf o Cambay (sooth pairt) in 1896]] The '''Gulf o Khambhat''' ({{IPA-gu|kʰəmbʱat̪|lang}}), kent as the '''Gulf o Cambay''' an aw, is a bay on the Arabian Sea coast o [[Indie]]. It mairches wi the state o [[Gujarat]], juist north o [[Mumbai]] an Diu Island.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Cambay, Gulf of |volume=5 |page=82}}</ref> The gulf is aboot {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}} lang. It is aboot {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide in the north, an up tae {{convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide in the sooth. The major rivers that drain Gujarat, the Narmada, Tapti, Mahi an Sabarmati, form estuaries in the gulf.<ref>Saha, S., Banerjee, S., Burley, S.D., Ghosh, A. and Saraswati, P.K. (2010). The influence of flood basaltic source terrains on the efficiency of tectonic setting discrimination diagrams: an example from the Gulf of Khambhat, western India. Sedimentary Geology 228 (1): 1–13.</ref><ref name="GK: Which Ancient City Was Found Under The Sea In The Gulf Of Khambhat?">{{cite news |title=GK: Which Ancient City Was Found Under The Sea In The Gulf Of Khambhat? |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/gk-which-ancient-city-was-found-under-the-sea-in-the-gulf-of-khambhat-ws-kl-9358004.html |access-date=30 May 2026 |publisher=News 18 |date=29 May 2025}}</ref> It divides the Kathiawar Peninsula frae the sooth-east pairt o Gujarat.<ref name=CAP>{{Cite book |author1=Nowell, K. |author2=Jackson, P. |title= Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan |url=http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf |year=1996 |publisher=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |location= Gland, Switzerland |isbn=2-8317-0045-0 |pages= 17–21 |chapter= Panthera Leo}}</ref><ref name="TrivediSoni2006">Trivedi, P. and Soni, V. C. (2012). [http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Trivedi-Purna.pdf Significant bird records and local extinctions in Purna and Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuaries, Gujarat, India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810033443/http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Trivedi-Purna.pdf |date=2017-08-10 }}</ref><ref name="Jhalaetal2011">Jhala, Y. V., Qureshi, Q., Sinha, P. R. (Eds.) (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120120232451/http://www.projecttiger.nic.in/whtsnew/Tiger_Status_oct_2010.pdf ''Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India, 2010.''] National Tiger Conservation Authority, Government of India, New Delhi, and Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. TR 2011/003.</ref> There are plans tae build a {{convert|60|km|adj=on}} dyke across the gulf throu the Kalpasar Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kalpasar.gujarat.gov.in/mainpage.htm|title=The Gulf of Khambhat Development Project|publisher=Gujarat|access-date=18 May 2013|archive-date=4 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804112218/http://kalpasar.gujarat.gov.in/mainpage.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wildlife == Tae the wast o the gulf, [[Asiatic lion]]s bide in the Gir Forest National Park an the laund roond aboot it, the region o Kathiawar or Saurashtra.<ref name=CAP/><ref name=DeshGujarat>{{cite news |url=http://deshgujarat.com/2015/05/10/asiatic-lion-population-up-from-411-to-523-in-five-years/ |title=Asiatic Lion population up from 411 to 523 in five years |publisher=Desh Gujarat |date=2015-05-10 |access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref> Tae the east o the gulf, [[Bengal teeger|Bengal tigers]] uised tae bide in the Dangs' Forest an the Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, whaur Gujarat meets [[Maharashtra]] an [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name=Karanth03>{{cite journal |author=Karanth, K. U. |year=2003 |url=http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=8073 |title=Tiger ecology and conservation in the Indian subcontinent |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=100 |issue=2–3 |pages=169–189 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310174120/http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=8073 |archive-date=2012-03-10 }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Coord|21|30|N|72|30|E|region:IN_type:waterbody_scale:2500000|display=title}} {{Leet o seas}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gulf O Khambhat}} [[Category:Gulf o Khambhat| ]] [[Category:Laundforms o Gujarat]] [[Category:Gulfs o Indie|Khambhat]] [[Category:Arabie Sea]] [[Category:Gulfs o the Indian Ocean|Khambhat]] 946w01m1xk7vdb516ggan1bx9k7uolq 0 138522 927299 909133 2026-11-09T13:02:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927299 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shche ne vmerla Ukraina''' ([[Ukrainian language|ukr.]] ''Державний гімн України'') is the main sang o [[Ukraine]]. It is the naitional seembol, alang wi the coat o airms an banner. == In Scots == : Ukraine's glore hasna perished yet, nor her freedom. : Upon us, fallae compatriots, weird shall smile aince mair. : Oor faes will vainish, lik dew in the mornin sun, : An we an aw shall rule, brithers, in a free laund o oor ain. :: Souls an bouks we'll lay doun, aw for oor freedom, :: An we will shaw that we, brithers, are o the Cossack naition! == Oreeginal (Ukrainian leid) == : Ще не вмерли України ні слава, ні воля. : Ще нам, браття українці, усміхнеться доля. : Згинуть наші вороженьки, як роса на сонці, : Запануєм і ми, браття, у своїй сторонці. : Душу й тіло ми положим за нашу свободу, : І покажем, що ми, браття, козацького роду. : Станем, браття, в бій кривавий від Сяну до Дону, : В ріднім краю панувати не дамо нікому; : Чорне море ще всміхнеться, дід Дніпро зрадіє, : Ще у нашій Україні доленька наспіє. : Душу, тіло ми положим за нашу свободу, : І покажем, що ми, браття, козацького роду. : А завзяття, праця щира свого ще докаже, : Ще ся волі в Україні піснь гучна розляже, : За Карпати відоб'ється, згомонить степами, : України слава стане поміж ворогами. : Душу, тіло ми положим за нашу свободу, : І покажем, що ми, браття, козацького роду. == References == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221113235829/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=602-15&p=1144227733539789 The Law of Ukraine "On the State Anthem"] * [http://youtube.com/watch?v=dJeLiPnz6E8 Anthem of Ukraine] in [[YouTube]] * [http://www.svoboda.org/media/video/25199662.html The anthem of Ukraine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112122107/http://www.svoboda.org/media/video/25199662.html |date=2014-01-12 }} [[Euromaidan]]ом (04:00 13.12.[[2013]]) * [https://soundcloud.com/champagne-morning/ukraine-anthem The anthem of Ukraine variety show choir Alice White] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806035410/https://soundcloud.com/champagne-morning/ukraine-anthem |date=2016-08-06 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shche Ne Vmerla Ukrainy}} [[Category:Naitional anthems]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Ukraine]] [[Category:Ukrainian muisic]] [[Category:1863 sangs]] [[Category:Ukrainian patriotic sangs]] [[Category:European anthems]] d42j3o0ujb8wryn937pxt7aquttyel1 0 140805 927526 791038 2026-11-09T23:56:24Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 addit stub tag 927526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK Racecourse | Name = Musselburrae | Image = | Caption = | Website = http://www.musselburgh-racecourse.co.uk | Location = [[Musselburrae]], [[East Lowden]] | Owner = | Opened = 1816 | Channel = [[Racing UK]] | CourseType = [[Flat racin|Flat]]<br />[[Naitional Hunt]] | NotableRaces = William Hill Scots Sprint Cup, Ryal Mile Handicap | Prev = [[Mercat Rasen Racecoorse|Market Rasen]] | Next = [[Newbury Racecoorse|Newbury]] }} '''Musselburrae Racecoorse''' is a [[horse racin]] venue locatit in the Millhill aurie o [[Musselburrae]], [[East Lowden]], [[Scotland]], [[UK]], close tae the [[River Esk, Lowden|River Esk]]. {{coord|55|56|49.37|N|3|2|22.18|W|type:landmark|display=title}} {{Stub/Scotland}} [[Category:Biggins an structurs in East Lowden]] [[Category:Sports venues in East Lowden]] [[Category:Veesitor attractions in East Lowden]] [[Category:Horse racin venues in Scotland]] [[Category:Musselburrae]] [[Category:Sports venues completit in 1816]] [[Category:1816 establishments in Scotland]] 7382boskbwt6o68lmz1qy1sl4gqjudr 927663 927526 2026-11-10T03:03:05Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK Racecourse | Name = Musselburrae | Website = http://www.musselburgh-racecourse.co.uk | Location = [[Musselburrae]], [[East Lowden]] | Opened = 1816 | Channel = [[Racing UK]] | CourseType = [[Flat racin|Flat]]<br />[[Naitional Hunt]] | NotableRaces = William Hill Scots Sprint Cup, Ryal Mile Handicap | Prev = [[Mercat Rasen Racecoorse|Market Rasen]] | Next = [[Newbury Racecoorse|Newbury]] }} '''Musselburrae Racecoorse''' is a [[horse racin]] venue locatit in the Millhill aurie o [[Musselburrae]], [[East Lowden]], [[Scotland]], [[UK]], close tae the [[River Esk, Lowden|River Esk]]. {{coord|55|56|49.37|N|3|2|22.18|W|type:landmark|display=title}} {{Stub/Scotland}} [[Category:Biggins an structurs in East Lowden]] [[Category:Sports venues in East Lowden]] [[Category:Veesitor attractions in East Lowden]] [[Category:Horse racin venues in Scotland]] [[Category:Musselburrae]] [[Category:Sports venues completit in 1816]] [[Category:1816 establishments in Scotland]] 3md3ndasbe6g6mvet16p6opvcq62b79 0 142529 927641 895560 2026-11-10T02:03:18Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|the seat o Nevada Coonty, Californie|Nevada City, Californie}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Nevada City | type = [[Ghaist toun]] | coordinates = {{coord|39|26|15|N|118|40|17|W|type:city_region:US-NV_source:GNIS-enwiki|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = <ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|848160|Nevada City (historical)}}</ref> | elevation_ft = 3930 | elevation_m = 1198 | elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/> | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[Unitit States]] | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = [[Nevada]] | subdivision_type2 = Coonty | subdivision_name2 = Churchill | pushpin_map = USA Nevada | pushpin_label = Nevada City | pushpin_label_position = top }} '''Nevada City''' is a [[ghaist toun]] in Churchill Coonty, Nevada, Unitit States. It is juist east o Fallon, Nevada, near the present intersection o State Route 118 an U.S. Highway 50. It wis foondit in 1916 as a socialist community cried the Nevada Cooperative Colony. The project failed in 1919 acause o misleadin advertisin, mismanagement, an possibly dubious financial dealins bi the Nevada Colony Corporation's directors. Thir directors war connectit wi the similar Llano del Rio colony near [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite book| author=Wilbur S Shepperson| title=Retreat to Nevada: A socialist colony of World War I| url=https://archive.org/details/retreattonevadas00shep| url-access=registration| publisher=University of Nevada Press| year=1966}}</ref> Anither factor in its end wis that its residents' stand against [[Warld War I]] wis unpopular. This led tae twa deaths. Churchill Coonty Sheriff Mark Wildes wis shot deid when he tried tae arrest a colonist, Paul Walters, as a draft evader. Walters, a socialist fermer that bade in Oklahoma afore, wis a husband an the faither o three. He wis tracked through the canyons an shot deid.<ref>Nevad appeal "This week marks centennial of lawman's death" https://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/2018/may/22/this-week-marks-centennial-of-lawmans-death/ accessed May 29, 2025</ref> Bi 1919 maist o the faimilies haed flittit, an the colony gaed intae receivership.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://archive.org/details/historyofnevada0000elli| url-access=registration| author=Russell R. Elliott| title=History of Nevada| publisher=University of Nebraska Press| page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofnevada0000elli/page/238 238]| year=1987}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ghaist touns in Nevada]] atiwpsykmb3et9dgsmr877guzjemevz 0 142913 927308 895458 2026-11-09T13:50:08Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Springfield, Massachusetts | official_name = City of Springfield | nickname = The City of Firsts; The City of Progress;<ref name="cardcow1">{{cite web |url=http://www.cardcow.com/12517/city-progress-new-library-merrick-park-state-street-springfield-massachusetts/ |title=The City of Progress New City Library, Merrick Park, State Street Springfield, MA |publisher=Cardcow.com}}</ref><ref name="cardcow2">{{cite web |url=http://www.cardcow.com/129088/city-progress-winchester-square-springfield-massachusetts/ |title=The City Of Progress, Winchester Square Springfield, MA |publisher=Cardcow.com}}</ref><ref name="ebooksread1">{{cite web |author=Denis Larionov & Alexander Zhulin |url=http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/george-storrs-graves/progressive-springfield-massachusetts-var/1-progressive-springfield-massachusetts-var.shtml |title=Progressive Springfield, Massachusetts by George Storrs Graves |publisher=Ebooksread.com |access-date=2016-05-13 |archive-date=2012-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012044233/http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/george-storrs-graves/progressive-springfield-massachusetts-var/1-progressive-springfield-massachusetts-var.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> The City of Homes; A City in the Forest;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/picturesquesprin00grav#page/n3/mode/2up |title=Picturesque Springfield and West Springfield, Massachusetts |publisher=Archive.org |accessdate=December 27, 2011}}</ref> Hoop City; The Metropolis of Western New England<ref name="archive.org">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/progressivesprin00grav#page/n1/mode/2up |title=Progressive Springfield, Massachusetts |publisher=Archive.org |accessdate=December 27, 2011}}</ref><ref name="archive.org"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/picturesquesprin00grav#page/n1/mode/2up |title=Picturesque Springfield and West Springfield, Massachusetts |publisher=Archive.org |accessdate=December 27, 2011}}</ref> | image_caption = | motto = | image_skyline = Springfield Skyline, MA.jpg | image_flag = Flag of Springfield, Massachusetts.svg | image_seal = | image_map = Springfield_ma_highlight.png | mapsize = 250px | map_caption = Location in Hampden Coonty in Massachusetts | pushpin_map = USA | pushpin_map_caption = Location in the Unitit States | coordinates = {{coord|42|06|05|N|72|35|25|W|region:US-MA|display=inline}} | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = Unitit States | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = [[Massachusetts]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Leet o coonties in Massachusetts|Coonty]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Hampden Coonty, Massachusetts|Hampden]] | established_title = Settled | established_date = 14 Mey 1636 | established_title2 = Incorporatit | established_date2 = 1852 | founder = [[William Pynchon]] | government_type = [[Mayor-cooncil government|Mayor-cooncil ceety]] | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = [[Domenic Sarno]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]]) | leader_title1 = <!--Board of<br/>&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Selectmen--> | leader_name1 = | area_total_km2 = 86.0 | area_total_sq_mi = 33.2 | area_land_km2 = 83.1 | area_land_sq_mi = 32.1 | area_water_km2 = 2.9 | settlement_type = Ceety | area_water_sq_mi = 1.1 | population_total = 153,060 | population_as_of = 2010 | population_density_km2 = 1841.9 | population_metro = 698,903 | population_density_sq_mi = 4768.2 | population_footnotes = <ref name="2010census"/> | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="2009popest"/> | elevation_m = 21 | elevation_ft = 70 | timezone = [[Eastren Staundart Time Zone|Eastren]] | utc_offset = -5 | timezone_DST = [[Eastren Staundart Time Zone|Eastren]] | utc_offset_DST = -4 | postal_code_type = ZIP code | postal_code = 01101, 01103–01105, 01107–01109, 01119, 01128–01129, 01151 | area_code = [[Area code 413|413]] | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] | blank_info = 25-67000 | blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] featur ID | blank1_info = 0609092 | website = {{URL|http://www.springfieldma.gov}} | footnotes = }} '''Springfield''' is a ceety in wastren [[New England]], an the [[Coonty seat|seat]] o [[Hampden Coonty, Massachusetts|Hampden Coonty]], Massachusetts, in the [[Unitit States]].<ref name="GR6">{{cite web |url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |accessdate=June 7, 2011 |title=Find a County |publisher=National Association of Counties}}</ref> Springfield sits on the eastren bank o the [[Connecticut River]] near its confluence wi three rivers: the wastren [[Westfield River]], the eastren [[Chicopee River]], an the eastren [[Mill River (Springfield, Massachusetts)|Mill River]]. As o the [[2010 Unitit States Census|2010 Census]], the ceety's population wis 153,060.<ref name="2010census">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST16&prodType=table |title=Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010&nbsp;– State&nbsp;– County Subdivision, 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=March 23, 2011}}</ref> [[Springfield, Massachusetts metropolitan aurie|Metropolitan Springfield]], as ane o twa metropolitan auries in [[Massachusetts]] (the ither bein [[Greater Boston]]), haed an estimatit population o 698,903 as o 2009.<ref name="2009popest">July 1, 2009, estimated: {{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2009/CBSA-EST2009-01.csv |title=Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009 (CBSA-EST2009-01) |format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]] |work=2009 Population Estimates |publisher=United States Census Bureau, Population Division |date=March 23, 2010 |accessdate=March 29, 2010}}</ref> ==Notes an references== ===Notes=== {{notelist}} ===References=== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Further readin== * {{cite book |last=Swift |first=Esther M. |date=1969 |title=West Springfield Massachusetts: A Town History |publisher=West Springfield Heritage Association |oclc=69843}} * {{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Atlas of Springfield City, Massachusetts |url=http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/127876?show=full |location=Boston, Massachusetts |publisher=Geo. H. Walker & Co. |date=1882}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Springfield, Massachusetts}} {{wikivoyage|Springfield (Massachusetts)|Springfield, Massachusetts}} {{EB1911 Poster|Springfield (Massachusetts)|Springfield, Massachusetts}} * [http://www.springfieldma.gov City of Springfield, Massachusetts] {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} offeecial ceety wabsteid * [http://www.valleyvisitor.com Greater Springfield Convention and Visitors Bureau] {{Geographic location | Centre = Springfield, Massachusetts | North = [[Chicopee, Massachusetts|Chicopee]] | Northeast = [[Ludlow, Massachusetts|Ludlow]] | East = [[Wilbraham, Massachusetts|Wilbraham]] | Sootheast = [[East Longmeadow, Massachusetts|East Longmeadow]] | Sooth = [[Longmeadow, Massachusetts|Longmeadow]] | Soothwast = [[Agawam, Massachusetts|Agawam]] | Wast = [[West Springfield, Massachusetts|West Springfield]]/[[Connecticut River]] | Northwast = [[West Springfield, Massachusetts|West Springfield]] }} {{Coord|42.112411|-72.547455|display=title}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Springfield, Massachusetts| ]] [[Category:Ceeties in Massachusetts]] [[Category:Coonty seats in Massachusetts]] [[Category:Early American industrial centres]] [[Category:Erse-American cultur in Massachusetts]] [[Category:Erse-American history]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Massachusetts]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 1630s]] [[Category:Ceeties in Hampden Coonty, Massachusetts]] [[Category:Populatit places on the Connecticut River]] [[Category:Springfield, Massachusetts metropolitan aurie]] [[Category:Varsity touns in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Roushie-American cultur in Massachusetts]] [[Category:Hispanic an Latino American cultur in Massachusetts]] 1jtkv9aqhnj4q3qvif0dgesng7hiz7n 0 142964 927293 927267 2026-11-09T12:42:21Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 927293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Reseda |image_map = Map of Reseda neighborhood, Los Angeles, California.jpg |map_caption = Boundaries o Reseda as drawn bi the ''Los Angeles Times'' |pushpin_map = United States San Fernando Valley |pushpin_label_position = bottom |pushpin_map_caption = Location athin Los Angeles/San Fernando Valley |pushpin_map1 = California |pushpin_label_position1 = bottom |pushpin_map_caption1 = Location athin Californie |settlement_type = [[Neebourheids o Los Angeles|Neebourheid o Los Angeles]] |coordinates = {{coord|34|12|4|N|118|32|8|W|region:US-CA|display=inline}} }} '''Reseda''' {{IPAc-en|r|ə|ˈ|s|iː|d|ə}} is a neebourheid in the [[San Fernando Valley]] in [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie]]. It wis foondit in 1912, an its central business destrict stairtit in 1915. The neebourheid wis devotit tae agricultur for mony years. Yirdquauks struck the aurie in 1971 an 1994. The neebourheid haes fifteen public an five private schuils. The commonty includes public pairks, a senior center an a regional branch librar. Pairts o Reseda hae been uised in several motion pictur an telly productions. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category|Reseda, Los Angeles}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160524110349/http://www.resedacouncil.org/ The Reseda Neighborhood Council] {{Geographic location | Centre = Reseda | North = [[Northridge, Los Angeles|Northridge]] | Northeast = [[North Hills, Los Angeles|North Hills]] | East = [[Lake Balboa, Los Angeles|Lake Balboa]] | Southeast = [[Sepulveda Basin#Points of interest|Sepulveda Basin]] | South = [[Tarzana, Los Angeles|Tarzana]] & [[Encino, Los Angeles|Encino]] | Southwest = [[Woodland Hills, Los Angeles|Woodland Hills]] | West = [[Winnetka, Los Angeles|Winnetka]] | Northwest = [[Chatsworth, Californie|Chatsworth]] }} {{Coord|34|12|4|N|118|32|8|W|type:city_region:US|display=title}} [[Category:Reseda, Los Angeles| ]] [[Category:1912 establishments]] [[Category:Commonties in the San Fernando Valley]] [[Category:Neebourheids in Los Angeles]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 1910s]] [[Category:1910s establishments in North Americae]] 391m9fk81ypxok3s23r2179iz1adsz7 0 144521 927700 867951 2026-11-10T04:25:36Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 an aa disnae gae tae the middle o a sentence 927700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography |name = Claudio Bravo |image = 2015 UEFA Super Cup 45.jpg |image_size = 250 |caption = Bravo wi [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] in 2015 |fullname = Claudio Andrés Bravo Muñoz |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|4|13|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Buin, Chile|Viluco]], Chile |height = 1.85 m<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/staff/players/c-bravo|title=C. Bravo - Claudio Bravo - FC Barcelona|publisher=}}</ref> |position = [[Goalkeeper (association fitbaw)|Goalkeeper]] |currentclub = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] | clubnumber = 1 |youthyears1 = | youthclubs1 = [[Colo-Colo]] | years1 = 2002–2006 | clubs1 = [[Colo-Colo]] | caps1 = 123 | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2006–2014 | clubs2 = [[Real Sociedad]] | caps2 = 229 | goals2 = 1 | years3 = 2014–2016 | clubs3 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | caps3 = 70 | goals3 = 0 | years4 = 2016– | clubs4 = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] | caps4 = 23 | goals4 = 0 |nationalyears1 = 2004 | nationalteam1 = [[Chile U23]] | nationalcaps1 = 7 | nationalgoals1 = 0 |nationalyears2 = 2004– | nationalteam2 = [[Chile naitional fitbaw team|Chile]] | nationalcaps2 = 118 | nationalgoals2 = 0 |medaltemplates = {{MedalCompetition|[[Copa América]]}} {{Medal|W|[[2015 Copa América|2015 Chile]]|[[Chile naitional fitbaw team|Team]]}} |club-update = 9 October 2017 |nationalteam-update = 9 October 2017 }} '''Claudio Andrés Bravo Muñoz''' ({{IPA-es|ˈklauðjo ˈβɾaβo}}; born 13 Aprile 1983) is a Chilean professional [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]] wha plays for Inglis club [[Manchester City]] an the [[Chile naitional fitbaw team|Chile naitional team]] as a [[Goalkeeper (association fitbaw)|goalkeeper]], is the [[Caiptain (association fitbaw)|caiptain]] o the naitional team an aa. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Manchester City F.C. squad}} {{Navboxes |title=Chile squads |bg=#D72B1F |fg=white |bordercolor=#0039A6 |list1= {{Chile squad 2004 Copa América}} {{Chile squad 2007 Copa América}} {{Chile squad 2010 FIFA World Cup}} {{Chile squad 2011 Copa América}} {{Chile squad 2014 FIFA World Cup}} {{Chile squad 2015 Copa América}} {{Chile squad Copa América Centenario}} {{Chile squad 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup}} }} {{Navboxes | title = Awards | bg = gold | fg = navy | list1 = {{Chilean Footballer of the Year}} {{La Liga Zamora Trophy}} {{La Liga Goalkeeper of the Year}} {{2014–15 La Liga Team of the Year}} {{2015 Copa América Team of the Tournament}} {{Copa América Centenario Team of the Tournament}} {{FIFA Confederations Cup awards}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bravo, Claudio}} [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Maipo Province]] [[Category:Chilean fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw goalkeepers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw goalkeepers wha hae scored]] [[Category:Campeonato Nacional (Chile) players]] [[Category:Colo-Colo players]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Segunda División players]] [[Category:Real Sociedad fitbawers]] [[Category:FC Barcelona players]] [[Category:Chile internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:2004 Copa América players]] [[Category:2007 Copa América players]] [[Category:2010 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:2011 Copa América players]] [[Category:2014 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:2015 Copa América players]] [[Category:Copa América Centenario players]] [[Category:Copa América-winnin players]] [[Category:Chilean expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Spain]] [[Category:Chilean expatriates in Spain]] [[Category:FIFA Century Club]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:Manchester City F.C. players]] o0zic8zps3m2yek8lfqjvqigmt2et97 0 144606 927337 868062 2026-11-09T15:00:45Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead expandit, soorced 927337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = Carlos Valderrama | image = Carlos Valderrama 2016.jpg | image_size = 300px | caption = Valderrama in 2010 | fullname = Carlos Alberto Valderrama Palacio | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|9|2}} | birth_place = [[Santa Marta]], [[Colombie]] | height = 1.75 m<ref>{{NFT player|pid=13683|accessdate = 14 September 2014}}</ref> | position = Midfielder | years1 = 1981–1984 | clubs1 = [[Unión Magdalena]] | caps1 = 94 | goals1 = 5 | years2 = 1984 | clubs2 = [[Millonarios F.C.|Millonarios]] | caps2 = 33 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 1985–1988 | clubs3 = [[Deportivo Cali]] | caps3 = 131 | goals3 = 22 | years4 = 1988–1991 | clubs4 = [[Montpellier HSC|Montpellier]] | caps4 = 77 | goals4 = 4 | years5 = 1991–1992 | clubs5 = [[Real Valladolid]] | caps5 = 17 | goals5 = 1 | years6 = 1992–1993 | clubs6 = [[Independiente Medellín]] | caps6 = 10 | goals6 = 1 | years7 = 1993–1995 | clubs7 = [[Junior F.C.|Junior]] | caps7 = 82 | goals7 = 5 | years8 = 1996–1997 | clubs8 = [[Tampa Bay Mutiny]] | caps8 = 43 | goals8 = 7 | years9 = 1996–1997 | clubs9 = → [[Deportivo Cali]] (loan) | caps9 = 19 | goals9 = 4 | years10 = 1997–1999 | clubs10 = [[Miami Fusion]] | caps10 = 24 | goals10 = 3 | years11 = 1999–2001 | clubs11 = [[Tampa Bay Mutiny]] | caps11 = 71 | goals11 = 5 | years12 = 2001–2002 | clubs12 = [[Colorado Rapids]] | caps12 = 39 | goals12 = 1 | totalcaps = 619 | totalgoals = 54 | nationalyears1 = 1985–1998 | nationalteam1 = [[Colombie naitional fitbaa team|Colombie]] | nationalcaps1 = 111 | nationalgoals1 = 12 | manageryears1 = 2007 |managerclubs1 = [[Junior F.C.|Junior]] (assistant manager) }} {{spanish name 2|Valderrama|Palacio}} '''Carlos Alberto Valderrama Palacio''' ({{IPA-es|ˈkarlos alˈberto βaldeˈrama paˈlasjo}};<ref>Colombie Spaingie pronunciation.</ref> born 2 September 1961 in [[Santa Marta]], [[Colombie]]), kent as ''El Pibe'' ("The Kid") an aw,<ref name=Profile>{{cite web|url=http://www.colombia.com/biografias/autonoticias/deportes/2002/07/25/detallenoticia590.asp|title=CARLOS 'EL PIBE' VALDERRAMA (Futbolista)|publisher=colombia.com|language=es|access-date=5 January 2016}}</ref> is a Colombie umwhile [[Association fitbaw|fitbaw player]]. A creative attackin midfielder, he is thocht bi monie fowk tae be ane o the best Sooth American players in history,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2019/07/04/50-greatest-south-american-footballers-all-time | title=50 Greatest South American Footballers of All Time | date=4 July 2019 }}</ref> an [[Pelé]] named him in the [[FIFA 100]] leet o the warld's greatest livin players.<ref name="Colombian king">{{cite web|url=http://espnfc.com/world-cup/feature?id=780320&cc=5901&ver=us|title=Carlos Valderrama: Colombian king|publisher=ESPN|author1=Jon Carter|access-date=5 January 2017|date=5 May 2010|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> He wan the South American Footballer of the Year award in 1987 an 1993. Valderrama played for the [[Colombie naitional fitbaw team|Colombie naitional team]] frae 1985 tae 1998, wi 111 caps an 11 goals, makin him the fowert maist-cappit player in its history.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-copa-bra-col-report-idUKKCN2E007P |title=Soccer-Late goal gives Brazil controversial 2–1 win over Colombia |work=Reuters |date=24 June 2021 |access-date=24 June 2021 }}</ref> He played in three [[FIFA Warld Cup]]s an five [[Copa América]] tournaments. Efter maist o his career in Sooth Americae an Europe, he played in [[Major League Soccer]] in the Unitit States frae its first season, an helpit mak the league popular in the late 1990s. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Navboxes colour |bg=gold |fg=navy |title= Awairds |list1= {{FIFA 100}} {{South American Footballer of the Year}} {{MLS All-Star Game MVP}} {{Major League Soccer MVP Award}} {{MLSXI}} }} {{Navboxes colour |title=Colombia squads |bg=#FFCD00 |fg=#003087 |bordercolor=#C8102E |list1= {{Colombia squad 1987 Copa América}} {{Colombia squad 1989 Copa América}} {{Colombia squad 1990 FIFA World Cup}} {{Colombia squad 1991 Copa América}} {{Colombia squad 1993 Copa América}} {{Colombia squad 1994 FIFA World Cup}} {{Colombia squad 1995 Copa América}} {{Colombia squad 1998 FIFA World Cup}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Valderrama, Carlos}} [[Category:1961 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Colombie fitbawers]] [[Category:FIFA 100]] [[Category:Unión Magdalena fitbawers]] [[Category:Deportivo Cali fitbawers]] [[Category:Millonarios Fútbol Club fitbawers]] [[Category:Montpellier HSC players]] [[Category:Colombie expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Fraunce]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Spain]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Real Valladolid fitbawers]] [[Category:Independiente Medellín fitbawers]] [[Category:Junior F.C. fitbawers]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Tampa Bay Mutiny players]] [[Category:Major League Soccer players]] [[Category:Major League Soccer MVPs]] [[Category:Miami Fusion F.C. players]] [[Category:Colorado Rapids players]] [[Category:Colombie internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:1990 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:1994 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:1998 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:Fowk frae Santa Marta]] [[Category:FIFA Century Club]] [[Category:1987 Copa América players]] [[Category:1989 Copa América players]] [[Category:1991 Copa América players]] [[Category:1993 Copa América players]] [[Category:1995 Copa América players]] [[Category:Ligue 1 players]] [[Category:Sooth American Fitbawer o the Year winners]] [[Category:Major League Soccer All-Stars]] [[Category:Colombie fowk o African strynd]] {{stub/Sport}} 9h0fre9y0kef98ed7dtzrzvnackckrc 1 144607 927339 527722 2026-11-09T15:01:21Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{translatit page|EN|Carlos Valderrama}} {{Translatit page|en|Carlos Valderrama|version=1381992346}} cpxsi16kb7xtseqb3kkqk3s57bty526 0 145575 927494 694779 2026-11-09T21:48:56Z Zorpo 139978 927494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country |native_name = ''Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija''{{ref label|sh-lat|a|}}<br/>{{font|text=Социјалистичка Федеративна Република Југославија|size=12.4px}}{{ref label|sh-cyr|b|}}<br/>''Socialistična federativna republika<br/>Jugoslavija''{{ref label|sl|c|}} |conventional_long_name = Socialist Federal Republic o Yugoslavie |common_name = Yugoslavie | |continent = Europe |region = Balkans |country = Yugoslavie |era = [[Cauld War]] |government_type = [[Titoist]] [[Ane-pairty state|ane-pairty]] [[Federalism|federal]] [[republic]] | |year_start = 1945|year_end = 1992 |life_span = 1945–1992 |event_start = [[Proclamation]] |date_start = 29 November |event_end = [[Breakup o Yugoslavie|Disintegration]] |date_end = 27 April |event1 = [[1946 Yugoslav Constitution|Constitution adoptit]] |date_event1 = 31 Januar 1946 |event2 = [[Balkan Pact (1953)|Balkan Pact signed]] |date_event2 = 28 Februar 1953 |event3 = [[Daith an funeral o Josip Broz Tito|Daith o Josip Tito]] |date_event3 = 4 Mey 1980 |event4 = [[Ten-Day War]] |date_event4 = 27 Juin – 7 Julie 1991 | |p1 = Kinrick o Yugoslavie |flag_p1 = Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg |p2 = Free Territory o Trieste |flag_p2 = Free Territory Trieste Flag.svg |s1 = Croatie |flag_s1 = Flag of Croatia.svg |s2 = Slovenie |flag_s2 = Flag of Slovenia.svg |s3 = Republic o Macedonie{{!}}Macedonie |flag_s3 = Flag of North Macedonia (1992–1995).svg |s4 = Republic o Bosnie an Herzegovinae{{!}}Bosnie an Herzegovinae |flag_s4 = Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1998).svg |s5 = Serbie an Montenegro{{!}}FR Yugoslavie |flag_s5 = Flag of FR Yugoslavia.svg | |image_flag = Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg |flag = Banner o Yugoslavie |flag_type = Flag |image_coat = GRB JUGOSLAVIJE.svg |symbol = Emblem o Yugoslavie |symbol_type = Emblem |image_map = Yugoslavia 1956-1990.svg |image_map_caption = The Socialist Federal Republic o Yugoslavia in 1989. | |capital = [[Belgrade]] |national_motto = ''[[Britherhuid an unity|Bratstvo i jedinstvo]]''<br/>Братство и јединство<br/><small>"Britherhuid an unity"</small> |national_anthem = ''[[Hey, Slavs|Hej, Slaveni]]''<br/>Хеј, Словени<br/>''Hej, Sloveni''<br/><small>"Hey, Slavs"</small><br/><center>[[File:United States Navy Band - Hey, Slavs.ogg]]</center> |common_languages = {{Collapsible list | expand= | title = [[Offeecial leid|Offeecial]] | 1 = None at federal level{{ref label|d|d}} | 2 = [[Serbo-Croatie]]{{ref label|e|e}}<br><small>(de facto; 1974-1992)</small> | 3 = "''Leids o fowks o Yugoslavie''" (1974 Constitution) }}{{Collapsible list | expand= | framestyle = | titlestyle = | title = [[Regional leids|Regional]] | 1 =[[Albanie leid|Albanie]] | 3 =[[Croatie leid|Croatie]] | 4 =[[Macedonie leid|Macedonie]]{{ref label|f|f}} | 5 =[[Serbie leid|Serbie]] | 6 =[[Slovene leid|Slovene]]{{ref label|g|g}} }} |religion = |currency = [[Yugoslav dinar]] | |leader1 = [[Josip Broz Tito]] <small>(first)</small> |leader2 = [[Milan Pančevski]] <small>(last)</small> |year_leader1 = 1945–1980 |year_leader2 = 1989–1990 |title_leader = [[Chairman o the League o Communists o Yugoslavie|General Secretar]] | |representative1 = [[Ivan Ribar]] <small>(first)</small> |representative2 = [[Branko Kostic]] <small>(actin), (last)</small> |year_representative1 = 1945–1953 |year_representative2 = 1991–1992 |title_representative = [[Leet o heids o state o Yugoslavie|Preses]] | |deputy1 = [[Josip Broz Tito]] <small>(first)</small> |deputy2 = [[Aleksandar Mitrović (politeecian)|Aleksandar Mitrović]] <small>(actin), (last)</small> |year_deputy1 = 1945–1963 |year_deputy2 = 1991–1992 |title_deputy = [[Prime Meenister o Yugoslavie|Prime Meenister]] | |legislature = [[Pairlament o Yugoslavie|Federal Assembly]] |house1 = [[Federal Assembly o the SFRY|Chamber o Republics]] |house2 = [[Federal Assembly o the SFRY|Federal Chamber]] | |stat_year1 = 1989 |stat_area1 = 255804 |stat_pop1 = 23724919 |cctld = [[.yu]] |calling_code = 38 |today = {{flagcountry|Bosnie an Herzegovinae}}<br/>{{flagcountry|Croatie}}<br/>{{flagcountry|Macedonie}}<br/>{{flagcountry|Montenegro}}<br/>{{flagcountry|Slovenie}}<br/>{{flagcountry|Serbie}} |footnote_a = {{note|sh-lat}} Full name in the [[Serbo-Croatie leid|Serbo-Croatie]] an [[Macedonie leid|Macedonie]] leids, written in the [[Gaj's Laitin alphabet|Laitin alphabet]] (see [[Socialist Federal Republic o Yugoslavia#Name|Name]] section for details). |footnote_b = {{note|sh-cyr}} Full name in [[Serbo-Croatie leid|Serbo-Croatie]] an [[Macedonie leid|Macedonie]], written in [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]. |footnote_c = {{note|sl}} Full name in the [[Slovene leid]] (Slovene anly uises [[Gaj's Latin alphabet|Laitin]]). |footnote_d = {{note|d}} Thare wis no proclaimed offeecial leid at federal level.<ref name="Hladczuk1992">{{cite book|author=John Hladczuk|title=International Handbook of Reading Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yL9_N1K1Q0C&pg=PA454|date=1 January 1992|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-26253-1|pages=454–}}</ref><ref name="Altman1978">{{cite book|author=Gavro Altman|title=Yugoslavia: A Multinational Community|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-mNAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Jugoslovenska stvarnost}}</ref><ref name="Tulasiewicz1971">{{cite book|author=Jan Bruno Tulasiewicz|title=Economic Growth and Development: A Case Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1wkAAAAMAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Morris Print. Company}}</ref> |footnote_e = {{note|e}} [[Serbo-Croatie]] wis a ''de facto'' offeecial leid. Its regional varieties war recognized an made offeecial in thair respective republics:<ref name="Hladczuk1992" /><ref name="Altman1978" /> as ''Serbian'' in [[SR Serbie]] an [[SR Montenegro]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Avguštin Lah|title=The Yugoslav Federation: What is It? : the Position of the Peoples and National Minorities of Yugoslavia in the self-managing Federation|url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=4OqNAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_book_similarbooks|year=1972|publisher=Medunarodna Politika}}</ref> ''Croatie'' in [[SR Croatie]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pravo.unizg.hr/_download/repository/Ustav_Socijalisticke_RH_1974.pdf |format=PDF |title=Ustav Socijalističke Republike Hrvatske (1974), Član 138 |trans_title=Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Croatia (1974), Article 138 |language=Croatian |date=22 February 1974 |accessdate=24 July 2012 |publisher=[[Narodne novine]]}}</ref> an as ''Bosnie'', ''Serbie'' an ''Croatie'' in [[SR Bosnie an Herzegovinae]]. |footnote_f = {{note|f}} Offeecial in [[SR Macedonie]]. |footnote_g = {{note|g}} Offeecial in [[SR Slovenie]]. }} The '''Socialist Federal Republic o Yugoslavie''' ('''SFR Yugoslavie''' or '''SFRY''') wis the [[Yugoslavie|Yugoslav state]] that existit frae its foondation in the eftermath o [[Warld War II]] till its dissolution in 1992 amid the [[Yugoslav Wars]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Coord|42|47|N|19|28|E|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic O}} [[Category:Seicont Yugoslavie| ]] [[Category:Communism in Yugoslavie|*Socialist Yugoslavie]] [[Category:History o Yugoslavie|.Socialist Yugoslavie]] [[Category:Umwhile kintras in the Balkans|Socialist Yugoslavie]] [[Category:Communist states]] [[Category:Umwhile socialist republics]] [[Category:Umwhile Slavic kintras|Socialist Yugoslavie]] [[Category:Sootheastren Europe|Socialist Yugoslavie]] [[Category:1945 establishments in Yugoslavie|Socialist Yugoslavie]] [[Category:1963 establishments in Yugoslavie|Socialist Federal Republic o Yugoslavie]] [[Category:1992 disestablishments in Yugoslavie| Socialist Yugoslavie]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1943|Socialist Yugoslavie]] [[Category:States an territories disestablished in 1992|Socialist Yugoslavie]] [[Category:1992 disestablishments in Europe|Socialist Yugoslavie]] [[Category:Umwhile member states o the Unitit Naitions|Socialist Yugoslavie]] [[Category:Umwhile polities o the Cauld War]] [[Category:Atheist states]] [[Category:Ane-pairty states|Socialist Yugoslavie]] [[Category:Yugoslavie|*Socialist Federal Republic o Yugoslavie]] [[Category:1940s in Yugoslavie|*]] [[Category:1950s in Yugoslavie|*]] [[Category:1960s in Yugoslavie|*]] [[Category:1970s in Yugoslavie|*]] [[Category:1980s in Yugoslavie|*]] [[Category:1990s in Yugoslavie|*]] [[Category:20t century in Kosovo]] [[Category:20t century in Montenegro]] [[Category:20t century in Slovenie]] [[Category:Yugoslav Bosnie an Herzegovinae|.]] 0ynjvm06ui7w8esfm94106b0oq21av3 0 149598 927645 896071 2026-11-10T02:04:39Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927645 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Aigas Power Station PH-1.jpg|thumb|Aigas Power Station]] The '''River Beauly''' ({{lang-gd|Abhainn nam Manach}}, {{IPA|gd|ˈavɪɲ nə ˈmanəx|pron}}) is a river in the [[Scots Hielands]], aboot 15&nbsp;km wast o the ceety o [[Innerness]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=River Beauly from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst3085.html|access-date=2024-06-27|website=www.scottish-places.info|language=en-gb}}</ref> It is aboot {{convert|25|km}} lang. It begins near the village o Struy, whaur the River Farrar an the River Glass come thegither ({{gbmapping|NH408399}}). The river meanders east, passin tae the sooth o the village o [[Beulie]], an flows intae the [[Beauly Firth]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Bartholomew gazetteer of places in Britain |date=1986 |publisher=Bartholomew |location=Edinburgh |isbn=0702807311 |page=18}}</ref> The river got its first brig in aboot 1817, when [[Thomas Telford]] biggit the Lovat Bridge, wi five arches, aboot 1&nbsp;km sooth-wast o Beulie.{{cn|date=May 2026}} This brig cairied the A9, the main road north, till the [[Kessock Brig]] wis appent in 1982. A railwey brig ower the river on the edge o Beulie wis biggit in the 1860s tae cairy the Inverness & Ross-shire Railway (noo the [[Far North Line]]). Anither road brig, near Kilmorack, wis biggit in the 20t century. [[File:Kilmorack Power Station PH-1.jpg|thumb|Kilmorack Power Station]] The river is pairt o the Affric-Beauly hydro-electric pouer scheme, wi dams an pouer stations at Aigas an Kilmorack. Baith hae 20MW generators an fish ladders that let saumon pass, an the Aigas fish ladder is open tae visitors in the simmer. Eilean Aigas is an island in the river. == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{commons category}} *[http://www.scottish-southern.co.uk/pftg/hydroschemes/affricbeauly.asp Affric / Beauly hydro scheme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050216085233/http://www.scottish-southern.co.uk/pftg/hydroschemes/affricbeauly.asp |date=16 February 2005 }} - [[SSE plc]] {{coord|57.42148|-4.65268|type:landmark_region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(NH408399)|display=title}} [[Category:Rivers o Hieland (cooncil area)|Beauly]] {{Stub/Scotland}} rdhnxdygrf2fmwokcd48x4i393jauin 927647 927645 2026-11-10T02:07:01Z Monospaced 75295 Gaelic pronunciation template fixed 927647 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Aigas Power Station PH-1.jpg|thumb|Aigas Power Station]] The '''River Beauly''' ({{lang-gd|Abhainn nam Manach}}, {{IPA-gd|ˈavɪɲ nə ˈmanəx|pron}}) is a river in the [[Scots Hielands]], aboot 15&nbsp;km wast o the ceety o [[Innerness]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=River Beauly from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst3085.html|access-date=2024-06-27|website=www.scottish-places.info|language=en-gb}}</ref> It is aboot {{convert|25|km}} lang. It begins near the village o Struy, whaur the River Farrar an the River Glass come thegither ({{gbmapping|NH408399}}). The river meanders east, passin tae the sooth o the village o [[Beulie]], an flows intae the [[Beauly Firth]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Bartholomew gazetteer of places in Britain |date=1986 |publisher=Bartholomew |location=Edinburgh |isbn=0702807311 |page=18}}</ref> The river got its first brig in aboot 1817, when [[Thomas Telford]] biggit the Lovat Bridge, wi five arches, aboot 1&nbsp;km sooth-wast o Beulie.{{cn|date=May 2026}} This brig cairied the A9, the main road north, till the [[Kessock Brig]] wis appent in 1982. A railwey brig ower the river on the edge o Beulie wis biggit in the 1860s tae cairy the Inverness & Ross-shire Railway (noo the [[Far North Line]]). Anither road brig, near Kilmorack, wis biggit in the 20t century. [[File:Kilmorack Power Station PH-1.jpg|thumb|Kilmorack Power Station]] The river is pairt o the Affric-Beauly hydro-electric pouer scheme, wi dams an pouer stations at Aigas an Kilmorack. Baith hae 20MW generators an fish ladders that let saumon pass, an the Aigas fish ladder is open tae visitors in the simmer. Eilean Aigas is an island in the river. == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{commons category}} *[http://www.scottish-southern.co.uk/pftg/hydroschemes/affricbeauly.asp Affric / Beauly hydro scheme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050216085233/http://www.scottish-southern.co.uk/pftg/hydroschemes/affricbeauly.asp |date=16 February 2005 }} - [[SSE plc]] {{coord|57.42148|-4.65268|type:landmark_region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(NH408399)|display=title}} [[Category:Rivers o Hieland (cooncil area)|Beauly]] {{Stub/Scotland}} 1bh3lt9yjk9np7gz2svcc5ytrsaghsi 0 150348 927575 779504 2026-11-10T01:07:53Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; career addit, soorced 927575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Jimmy Page | image = Jimmy Page at the Echo music award 2013.jpg | caption = Page at the Echo awards, 2013 | background = non_vocal_instrumentalist | birth_name = James Patrick Page | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1944|01|09|}} | birth_place = [[Heston]], Middlesex, Ingland | instrument = [[Guitar]] | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Rock muisic|Rock]] * [[blues]] * folk }} | occupation = {{flatlist| * Musician * sangwriter * record producer }} | years_active = 1957–the day | label = {{flatlist| * Swan Song * [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] * Geffen }} | associated_acts = {{flatlist| * [[The Yardbirds]] * [[Led Zeppelin]] * the Firm * Coverdale•Page * {{lang|en|[[Page and Plant|Page and Plant]]}} }} | website = {{URL|jimmypage.com}} | notable_instruments = {{flatlist| * [[Gibson Les Paul]] * Gibson EDS-1275 * [[Fender Telecaster]] * Danelectro 3021 }} }} '''James Patrick Page''', {{post-nominals|OBE|size=100%|country=GBR}} (born 9 Januar 1944)<ref>{{cite book |last=Page |first=Jimmy |title=Jimmy Page by Jimmy Page |publisher=Genesis Publications |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-905662-17-3}}</ref> is an Inglis musician, sangwriter an record producer that becam famous warldwide as the guitarist an foonder o the [[rock muisic|rock]] baund [[Led Zeppelin]]. Page stairtit oot as a session musician in Lunnon, an bi the mid 1960s he wis a weel-kent session guitarist in Breetain. He wis a member o [[the Yardbirds]] frae 1966 tae 1968, an whan thay split up he foondit Led Zeppelin, that wis active frae 1968 tae 1980. Efter the drummer John Bonham deed in 1980, Page played wi the Firm, Coverdale–Page an {{lang|en|[[Page and Plant|Page and Plant]]}}, an he played in a Led Zeppelin reunion in 2007. He is coontit ane o the greatest an maist influential guitarists o aw time.<ref name="allmusicpage">{{cite web|last=Prato|first=Greg|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/jimmy-page-mn0000089021|title=Jimmy Page Biography|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=11 November 2008|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408042619/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/jimmy-page-mn0000089021|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' haes cried him "the pontiff of power riffing", an placed him third on its list o the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" in 2015, ahint Jimi Hendrix an Eric Clapton, an third again in 2023.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Outrider |date=25 August 1998 |magazine=Rolling Stone |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/outrider-250084/ |last=Fricke |first=David |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516004708/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/outrider-250084/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=100 Greatest Guitarists |date=18 December 2015 |magazine=Rolling Stone |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/100-greatest-guitarists-153675/ritchie-blackmore-52823/ |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516004709/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/100-greatest-guitarists-153675/ritchie-blackmore-52823/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=13 October 2023 |title=The 250 Greatest Guitarists of All Time |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-guitarists-1234814010/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014003828/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-guitarists-1234814010/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He is in the {{lang|en|[[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]}} twice, as a member o the Yardbirds (1992) an o Led Zeppelin (1995). ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Page, Jimmy}} [[Category:Jimmy Page| ]] [[Category:1944 births]] [[Category:Atlantic Records airtists]] [[Category:Breetish mandolinists]] [[Category:Breetish rhythm an blues buim muisickers]] [[Category:20t-century guitarists]] [[Category:21st-century guitarists]] [[Category:Inglis blues guitarists]] [[Category:Inglis folk guitarists]] [[Category:Inglis hivy metal guitarists]] [[Category:Inglis rock guitarists]] [[Category:Inglis session muisickers]] [[Category:Inglis sangwriters]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Irish strynd]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Kennedy Center honourees]] [[Category:Kerrang! Awards winners]] [[Category:Lead guitarists]] [[Category:Led Zeppelin members]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Lunnon]] [[Category:Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Pedal steel guitarists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Heston]] [[Category:Fowk frae Windsor, Berkshire]] [[Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:Skiffle]] [[Category:Slide guitarists]] [[Category:The Firm (rock baund) members]] [[Category:The Yardbirds members]] [[Category:TVT Records airtists]] i7k41at6jat5avoiys47phe9nfoimmm 0 150755 927295 783030 2026-11-09T12:44:28Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 927295 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hockey''' is a faimily o [[sport]]s in which twa teams play against ilk ither bi tryin to maneuver a [[baw]] or a [[Hockey puck|puck]] intae the opponent's goal uisin a [[hockey stick]]. In mony auries, ane sport (teepically [[field hockey]] or [[ice hockey]]<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Liebeck|editor1-first=Elaine|editor2-last=Pollard|editor2-first=Helen|title=The Oxford Paperback Dictionary|year=1994|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|isbn=0-19-280012-4|edition=4th}}</ref>) is generally referred tae simply as hockey. ==References== {{Reflist}}{{Stub/Sport}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Hockey| ]] 53ub3oqntd6lx4yhpc63p44y69qry1b 0 154071 927439 913691 2026-11-09T20:05:49Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; structure section addit, soorced 927439 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Evensong in York Minster.jpg|thumb|Evensang practice in the quier o York Meenster]] A '''queir''' (or '''chorus''') is a muisical ensemble o sangsters. '''Choral muisic''' is the [[muisic]] written for sic an ensemble tae perform, or the muisic the ensemble sings. Queirs can perform muisic frae the [[classical muisic]] repertoire, that rins frae the [[Middle Ages|medieval era]] tae the present, or [[Pop muisic|popular muisic]]. Maist queirs are led bi a conductor, that leads the performance wi gestures o the airms, hauns an face. The term ''queir'' is aften uised for groups attached tae a kirk, whaur a ''chorus'' sings in theatres or concert haws, but the distinction isna strict. Queirs can sing wi nae instruments, or wi a [[piano]], [[accordion]], [[pipe organ]], a sma ensemble or an [[orchestra]]. == Structure == Maist queirs hae fower sections, that sing in fower-pairt harmony, but there's nae limit tae the nummer o pairts as lang as there's a sangster for ilka pairt. [[Thomas Tallis]] wrote a motet in 40 pairts, ''Spem in alium'', for aicht queirs o five pairts ilk. Singin wi nae instruments is uisually cried [[a cappella]]. The American Choral Directors Association wad raither caw it "unaccompanied", acause ''a cappella'' means singin "as in the chapel", an a lot o unaccompanied muisic the day is secular.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://acda.org/page.asp?page=choralreviewinformationcj |title=See "Choral Reviews Format" on ACDA.org |access-date=2012-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403101844/http://acda.org/page.asp?page=choralreviewinformationcj |archive-date=2015-04-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The main jobs o the conductor or queir maister are tae bring the performers thegither, set the [[tempo]], gie clear beats, an listen hard an shape the soond o the ensemble.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Conducting|title=Oxford Concise Dictionary of Music|author1=Michael Kennedy|author-link1=Michael Kennedy (music critic)|author2=Joyce Bourne Kennedy|edition=Fifth|publisher=Oxford University Press, Oxford|date=2007|isbn=9780199203833|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/conciseoxforddic2007kenn}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Queirs| ]] [[Category:Teeps o muisical groups]] [[Category:Vocal muisic]] 0xnjf771w0b8s56halgozonsc7asvc2 0 155134 927559 926606 2026-11-10T00:24:24Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin an grammar fixes, lang sentences split 927559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots|date=October 2020}} {{Needs Mair Soorces}} Cultural Anthropology is the study ay [[human]] societal practice an culture; pit simply "The study 'o whis wey fowk leeves their lifes". Specifically the ettle is the study 'o cultural variation amang humans aen is in contrest tae <nowiki>Social anthropology</nowiki> which percei'es cultural variation as a subsit ay the anthropological constant. Fowk at study Cultural anthropology is cried Cultural Anthropologists. Cultural Anthropolgie is frae the Unitid States, an Social anthropology is frae Europe<ref>Dianteill, Erwan, "Cultural Anthropology or Social Anthropology? A Transatlantic Dispute", L’Année sociologique 1/2012 (Vol. 62), p. 93-122.</ref>. Thes includes the study ay customs, [[economics]] an poleetical organisation, [[law]] an conflict resolution, patterns ay consumption an exchange, [[kinship]] an fowk structure, gender relations, childbearin' an socialisation, [[releegion]]. Present-day Anthropologists are an aa concerned whis issues ay globalism, ethnic veeolence, gender studies, trans-nationalism an local experience, an tae emergin' cultures ay cyberspace. Cultural anthropology ahgubly haes beginnins in the wurk o <nowiki>Sir Edward Tylor</nowiki>, wher in his beuk in 1896 he defined the earliest concept 'o Cultural Anthropolgie<ref>Tylor, Edward. 1920 [1871]. Primitive Culture. Vol 1. New York: J.P. Putnam’s Sons.</ref>. But oan tae ather hain, [[Franz Boas]] is considered tae be the faither ay modren anthropolige<ref>Stocking. George W., Jr. 1960.Franz Boas and the Founding of the American Anthropological Association. AmericanAnthropologist62: 1–17</ref>. == Wee Parts 'o Anthropological Study == Mony anthropologists an thinkers hae affected tae study ay anthropology an applee'd modifeecations. A body direct wey tae kin thes is tae swatch at aa the different wee auries at fowk study specifically. Listed belaw are a few: * <nowiki>Applied anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>anthropology 'o Airt</nowiki> * <nowiki>Cognifyin anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>anthropology 'o Developin</nowiki> * <nowiki>Ecologie anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>Economics anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>anthropology 'o Gender and Scuttle</nowiki> * <nowiki>Historie and Bygane anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>Kin anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>Law anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>Media anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>Medicin anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>anthropology 'o Politics</nowiki> * <nowiki>Psychologie and Behavioral anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>Public anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>anthropology of Religions</nowiki> * <nowiki>Cyborg Anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>Transpersonal anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>Urban anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>anthropology 'o Swatch 'o Real 'Hins</nowiki> * <nowiki>Marxist anthropology</nowiki> == Cultural anthropology O'er Syne == 'Tis a sin at Cultural anthropology wasnae uissed fur unnerstaundin human culture in a positiv wey. Bygane Cultural anthropology wis uised tae judge ather cultures. Cultural anthropology war aft uised fur <ref>colonialism</ref> an excucse fur bein coarse oon ananther culture at wisnae Western. Afair the concept 'o Cultural Relatavism fowk whae studyin anthropology wis believin in <nowiki>Evolootionary anthropology</nowiki>. Cultural Anthropologists back en are aft considered awfy racist an tae ken wit anthropology as a square social science, in pairt coz 'o Evolootionary anthropology. Til Franz Boas git scunnurt wit it an becam the faither 'o modren anthropology en he thooght up Culture Relitavism<ref>Holloway, M. (1997) The Paradoxical Legacy of Franz Boas—father of American anthropology. Natural History. November 1997.</ref> Later anthropolgie wis changed mair bi ither anthropologists. Majur theories loch feminism an marxism waur influencial. == Methods == Aft, thee mense methods ay study are considered tae maist common in anthroplogie. === Fowk Observation === A teep ay study at tries tae kin culture bi gainin close fimiliarity wi a social crew. Thes kin ay studyin' wis thooght up bi mony anthropologists, but notably <nowiki>Bronislaw Malinowski</nowiki> an [[Franz Boas]]. Fowk observation oft involves informal interviews, participation in tae life ay tae fowk, crew discussions, an readin' aboot local bygane syne. === Ethnographie === Aen ethnographie is a teep ay [[beuk]] which is factual abit a fowk at th' time when it wis written. The write thes beuk anthropologists bide wi the fowk fur some time usin' the lest method ay fowk observation. In Cultural anthropology the focus is oan seembols an values ay a fowk. === Culture Comparin === Aft anthropologists compaur tois are mair cultures tae fin' whit's different atween them an whit's the sam. Thes method is uised maist common tae disprove the idea ay "universal human trufs", showin' how diverse human culture is. A body ensaumple is the idea at aa human beings are monogamoos, which disnae allaw fur polygamoos cultures. An anither ensaumple is at aa human cultures are patriarchal, which is false coz thaur are matriarchal cultures. 6xu1aih81t9sd4a3cx8mzm03w80min8 927562 927559 2026-11-10T00:55:02Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927562 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cultural anthropology''' is a branch o [[Antropologie|anthropology]] that studies cultural variation amang humans. It staunds in contrast tae social anthropology, that sees cultural variation as a subset o a posited anthropological constant. The term sociocultural anthropology covers baith the cultural an the social anthropology tradeetions.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=William F.|s2cid=56375779|title=1997|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|volume=26|pages=439–64|doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.439|year=1997}}</ref> Cultural anthropology haes a rich methodology. This includes participant observation (aften cried fieldwork, acause the anthropologist haes tae spend a lang time at the place o research), interviews an surveys.<ref>"In his earlier work, like many anthropologists of this generation, Lévi-Strauss draws attention to the necessary and urgent task of maintaining and extending the empirical foundations of anthropology in the practice of fieldwork.": In Christopher Johnson, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NIJHaX0u-hUC&pg=PP1 Claude Levi-Strauss: the formative years] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110192941/https://books.google.com/books?id=NIJHaX0u-hUC&pg=PP1 |date=2023-01-10 }}'', Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 31</ref> == History == Modren anthropology cam up in the 19th century, alang wi significant chynges in the Wastren warld. Thae chynges brocht a new interest in unnerstaundin humankind, its origins, its unity an its plurality. But it wis in the early 20th century that cultural anthropology stairtit tae tak a mair pluralistic view o cultures an societies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultural anthropology – Historical Development, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Fieldwork {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/cultural-anthropology/Historical-development-of-cultural-anthropology |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The term itsel wis coined bi the circle aroond [[Franz Boas]], that pit forrit the key theories o cultural relativism an historical particularism.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Reinvention of Humanity: How a Circle of Renegade Anthropologists Reinvented Race, Sex, and Gender |author=King, Charles |ISBN=9781784705862 |date=2020 |page=8 |location=London |publisher=[[Vintage Books]]}}</ref> Ane o the earliest accoonts o whit "culture" means in anthropology cam frae Sir Edward Tylor.<ref>[[Edward Burnett Tylor|Tylor, Edward]]. 1920 [1871]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=VxZMk2PEUsoC&pg=PP1 Primitive Culture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215161535/https://books.google.com/books?id=VxZMk2PEUsoC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1 |date=2022-12-15 }}''. Vol 1. New York: J.P. Putnam's Sons.</ref> Franz Boas is cried the faither o modren anthropology.<ref>Stocking. George W., Jr. 1960.Franz Boas and the Founding of the American Anthropological Association. AmericanAnthropologist62: 1–17</ref> == Cultural relativism == Cultural relativism is a principle that Franz Boas set doun as axiomatic in anthropological research, an his students later makkit it popular.<ref name="Levitsky 2009 115–133">{{Cite journal|last1=Levitsky|first1=Steven|last2=Murillo|first2=Maria|s2cid=55981325|date=2009|title=Variation in Institutional Strength|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|volume=12|pages=115–33|doi=10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.091106.121756|doi-access=free}}</ref> Boas didnae coin the term, but it becam common amang anthropologists efter he deed in 1942. Boas argued that cultural development isnae determined bi genetic ancestry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utpa.edu/faculty/mglazer/theory/cultural_relativism.htm |title=Cultural Relativism |access-date=2007-06-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613222929/http://www.utpa.edu/faculty/mglazer/Theory/cultural_relativism.htm |archive-date=2007-06-13 }}</ref> Boas an his students saw that research in ither cultures needit methods that avoid the limits o the researcher's ain ethnocentrism. Ane sic method is ethnography. In it the researcher bides wi fowk o anither culture for a lang time, tae learn the local leid an tak on pairt o that culture.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Heyer | first1 = Virginia | year = 1948 | title = In Reply to Elgin Williams | journal = American Anthropologist | volume = 50 | issue = 1| pages = 163–66 | doi=10.1525/aa.1948.50.1.02a00290| s2cid = 161978412 | doi-access = }}</ref> Cultural anthropology grew up in the [[Unitit States]]. Alang wi it, social anthropology grew as an academic discipline in [[Breitain]] an [[Fraunce]].<ref name="Ho 2009 739–747">{{Cite journal|last=Ho|first=Karen|date=2009|title=Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street|journal=Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews|volume=41|pages=739–47}}</ref><ref>Dianteill, Erwan, "Cultural Anthropology or Social Anthropology? A Transatlantic Dispute", L’Année sociologique 1/2012 (Vol. 62), p. 93-122.</ref> == Methods == Participant observation is ane o the main methods o research in cultural anthropology. It rests on the idea that the best wey tae unnerstaund a group o fowk is tae deal wi them closely ower a lang time.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Social and Cultural Anthropology: A Very Short Introduction|last1=Monaghan|first1=John|last2=Just|first2=Peter|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-285346-2|location=New York}}</ref> The method stairtit in the field research o social anthropologists. Amang them were Bronisław Malinowski in Breitain an the students o Franz Boas in the Unitit States. In the past the group studied wis a smaw, non-Wastren society. The day it micht be a company, a kirk group, a sports team or a smaw toun.<ref name=":4" /> Ane common criticism o participant observation is that it lacks objectivity.<ref name=":4" /> Acause ilka anthropologist haes their ain backgrund an experiences, ilka ane micht interpret the same culture different. The method raises ethical questions an aw, as the anthropologist controls whit they report aboot a culture.<ref name=":4" /> Simply bi bein there, a researcher chynges a culture.<ref name=":4" /> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Cultural anthropology]] hxv62mz6sfvkzdz2sggcajlyp3jirgs 0 155372 927614 896093 2026-11-10T01:52:25Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927614 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:River Ugie and footbridge - geograph.org.uk - 138171.jpg|thumb|The River Ugie near [[Peterheid]]]] The '''River Ugie''' or '''Ugie Watter''' is a river in [[Buchan]], [[Aiberdeenshire]], Scotland.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munro |first1=David M. |last2=Gittings |first2=Bruce |last3=Munro |first3=David |title=Scotland: an encyclopedia of places & landscape |date=2006 |publisher=Collins |location=Glasgow |isbn=9780004724669 |page=469}}</ref> It begins whaur twa burns, the North Ugie an the South Ugie, jyne near Longside. Frae there the river rins east an faws intae the [[North Sea]] near Buchanhaven, north o [[Peterheid]].<ref>{{cite web |title=River Ugie |url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst2654.html |website=Gazetteer for Scotland |access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref> == Prehistory == There is a guid deal o evidence o prehistoric settlement in the Ugie's catchment, maistly in the catchment o the South Ugie Watter. Ane example is the Catto Long Barrow,<ref>C. Michael Hogan (2008) [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/11227/catto.html#fieldnotes ''Catto Long Barrow fieldnotes'', The Modern Antiquarian]</ref> a wee bit sooth o the main stream o the Ugie. == Settlements == [[File:Balmoor Bridge.jpg|thumb|Balmoor Bridge gangs ower the river juist north o Peterheid]] (frae wast tae east) * [[Auld Deer]] * Stuartfield * [[Mintla]] * Inverquhomery * Longside * Rora * Newseat * Inverugie * [[Peterheid]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{coord|57|30|N|1|47|W|display=title|region:GB_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Category:Rivers o Aiberdeenshire|Ugie]] {{Stub/Scotland}} m1ivmyhumeunz15hdcmudgc6r3larjb 927615 927614 2026-11-10T01:54:08Z Monospaced 75295 Copyedit 927615 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:River Ugie and footbridge - geograph.org.uk - 138171.jpg|thumb|The River Ugie near [[Peterheid]]]] The '''River Ugie''' or '''Ugie Watter''' is a river in [[Buchan]], [[Aiberdeenshire]], Scotland.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munro |first1=David M. |last2=Gittings |first2=Bruce |last3=Munro |first3=David |title=Scotland: an encyclopedia of places & landscape |date=2006 |publisher=Collins |location=Glasgow |isbn=9780004724669 |page=469}}</ref> It stairts whaur twa burns, the North Ugie an the South Ugie, jyne near Longside. Frae there the river rins east an faws intae the [[North Sea]] near Buchanhaven, north o [[Peterheid]].<ref>{{cite web |title=River Ugie |url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst2654.html |website=Gazetteer for Scotland |access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref> == Prehistory == There is muckle evidence o prehistoric settlement in the Ugie's catchment, maistly in the catchment o the South Ugie Watter. Ane example is the Catto Long Barrow,<ref>C. Michael Hogan (2008) [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/11227/catto.html#fieldnotes ''Catto Long Barrow fieldnotes'', The Modern Antiquarian]</ref> a wee bit sooth o the main stream o the Ugie. == Settlements == [[File:Balmoor Bridge.jpg|thumb|Balmoor Bridge gangs ower the river juist north o Peterheid]] (frae wast tae east) * [[Auld Deer]] * Stuartfield * [[Mintla]] * Inverquhomery * Longside * Rora * Newseat * Inverugie * [[Peterheid]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{coord|57|30|N|1|47|W|display=title|region:GB_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Category:Rivers o Aiberdeenshire|Ugie]] {{Stub/Scotland}} qub9zne482iw3qzkmnlhfgqpm96r0xv 0 158474 927540 927007 2026-11-10T00:09:03Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin an grammar fixes, lang sentences split, quotes owerset 927540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Mel Gibson<br><small> AO |image = Mel_Gibson_Cannes_2016_3.jpg |caption = Gibson at the Cannes Film Festival in 2016 |birth_name = {{nowrap|Mel Colmcille Gerard Gibson}} |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|1|3}} |birth_place = Peekskill, [[New York (state)|New York]], Unitit States |death_date = |death_place = |nationality = <!-- UNCLEAR - DIFFERENT SOURCES STATE DIFFERENT NATIONALITIES - PLEASE SEE TALK --> |occupation = Actor, filmmaker |years_active = 1976–present |net_worth = {{decrease}} US$425 million (2011)<ref name=KKatie>Kindelan, Katie. [http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2011/12/mel-gibsons-loses-half-of-his-850-million-fortune-to-ex-wife-in-divorce/ "Mel Gibson Loses Half of His $850 Million Fortune to Ex-Wife in Divorce"], Good Morning America, published 12-26-2011. Retrieved 11-05-2015.</ref> |website = |parents = Hutton Gibson<br> Anne Reilly |relatives = Donal Gibson <small>(brither)</small><br>Eva Mylott <small>(faither's mither)</small> |children = 9 |spouse = {{marriage|Robyn Moore<br>|1980|2011|end=div}} |partner = Oksana Grigorieva (2009–2010)<br>Rosalind Ross (2014–present) |signature = Firma de Mel Gibson.svg }} '''Mel Colmcille Gerard Gibson''' {{post-nominals|country=USA-cats|AO}} (born 3 Januar 1956) is an American actor an film-makar. He wis born in Peekskill, New York, an flittit wi his parents tae [[Sydney]], [[Australie]], when he wis 12 year auld. Gibson is best kent as an action hero, for pairts sic as Martin Riggs in the ''Lethal Weapon'' series o buddy cop films, an Max Rockatansky in the first three films o the post-apocalyptic ''Mad Max'' action series.<ref name="Cagle">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998731-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724012602/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998731-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 24, 2010|title=Cinema: A Softer Side of Mel|last=Cagle|first=Jess|date=December 11, 2000|magazine=Time|access-date=July 20, 2010}}</ref> Efter legal troubles, an controversial remarks o his that cam oot in public, his popularity in Hollywood fell awa, but he cam back as a director wi ''Hacksaw Ridge'' (2016), that wan twa Oscars. == Career == He studied actin at the Australian {{lang|en|National Institute of Dramatic Art}}. In the 1980s he foondit Icon Entertainment, a production company that the independent film director Atom Egoyan haes cried "an alternative to the studio system."<ref>{{cite news | title = Mad Mel's passion for vengeance | author = Brian D. Johnson | publisher = Maclean's | date = December 25, 2006}}</ref> The director Peter Weir cast him as ane o the leads in the [[Warld War I]] drama ''Gallipoli'' (1981), that critics praised an that wan Gibson a Best Actor Award frae the Australian Film Institute.<ref name="autogenerated1">The Australian Film Institute. [http://www.afi.org.au/Past_Winners2/AM/ContentManagerNet/ContentDisplay.aspx?ContentID=6460&Section=Past_Winners Past Winners] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723062132/http://www.afi.org.au/Past_Winners2/AM/ContentManagerNet/ContentDisplay.aspx?ContentID=6460&Section=Past_Winners |date=July 23, 2010 }}</ref> The film helpit gie Gibson a nem as a serious actor that coud play monie kinds o pairt. In 1995 Gibson produced, directit an starred in the historical epic ''[[Braveheart]]'', on [[William Wallace]], that wan him the Golden Globe an the Academy Award for Best Director, alang wi the Academy Award for Best Picture. In 2004 he directit an produced the [[Bible|biblical]] drama ''The Passion of the Christ'', that makkit a lot o siller but wis controversial forby. His directin o the 2006 action-adventure film ''Apocalypto'', that is set in Mesoamericae in the early 16t century, got mair notice frae critics. In 2016, efter ten year awa frae directin, Gibson cam back wi ''Hacksaw Ridge'', a [[Warld War II]] drama on the conscientious objector Desmond Doss, played bi Andrew Garfield.<ref name=November2014Deadline>{{cite news|last1=Jaafar|first1=Ali|title=Mel Gibson In Talks To Direct 'Hacksaw Ridge' With Andrew Garfield Starring In War Hero Pic|url=https://deadline.com/2014/11/mel-gibson-and-andrew-garfield-circling-hacksaw-ridge-1201290454/|access-date=November 23, 2014|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=November 20, 2014|archive-date=November 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123054408/http://deadline.com/2014/11/mel-gibson-and-andrew-garfield-circling-hacksaw-ridge-1201290454/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film wis weel liked bi critics an did weel at the box affice. In Januar 2025 [[Donald Trump]], than president-elect, nemmed Gibson ane o three "special ambassadors" tae [[Hollywood]], alang wi the actors Jon Voight an Sylvester Stallone. Trump said he wantit them tae mak Hollywood "stronger than ever before" bi bringin back business lost tae "foreign countries".<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Moreau |first=Jordan |date=2025-01-16 |title=Trump Names Sylvester Stallone, Mel Gibson and Jon Voight as 'Special Ambassadors' to 'Troubled' Hollywood: They'll Bring 'Lost Business' Back |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/trump-sylvester-stallone-mel-gibson-jon-voight-ambassadors-hollywood-1236276088 |magazine=Variety |language=en-US |access-date=2025-01-16 |archive-date=January 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116183238/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/trump-sylvester-stallone-mel-gibson-jon-voight-ambassadors-hollywood-1236276088/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He said the three wad be his "eyes and ears", but whit they wad dae wisna set oot.<ref>{{cite news |last=Horton|first=Adrian |title=Trump names Mel Gibson, Jon Voight and Sylvester Stallone as Hollywood 'special ambassadors' |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2025-01-16 |url=https://theguardian.com/film/2025/jan/16/trump-mel-gibson-jon-voight-sylvester-stallone |access-date=2025-01-16}}</ref> == Controversies == In 1991 the American organisation GLAAD accused Gibson o homophobia efter he makkit derogatory remarks aboot gay fowk in an interview wi the Spanish newspaper ''El País''.<ref name="sfbay">Wockner, Rex. [http://www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=5399 "Mel Gibson, Circa 1992, "Refuses to Apologize to Gays"."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109141256/http://www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=5399 |date=November 9, 2013 }} ''San Francisco Bay Times''. August 17, 2006. Quote: Asked what he thought of gay people, he said, "They take it up the ass." Gibson then proceeded to point at his posterior and said: "This is only for taking a shit." When reminded that he had worked closely with gay people at drama school, Gibson said, "They were good people, kind, I like them. But their thing is not my thing." When the interviewer asked if Gibson was afraid that people would think he is gay because he's an actor, Gibson replied, "Do I sound like a homosexual? Do I talk like them? Do I move like them? What happens is when you're an actor, they stick that label on you."</ref><ref name="deangelis">DeAngelis, Michael. [https://books.google.com/books?id=aZkshPsocwgC&pg=PA165 ''Gay Fandom and Crossover Stardom''.] Duke University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-8223-2738-4}}, p. 166.</ref> In 1999 he said o the remarks, "A shouldnae have said it, but A was tickling a bit of vodka during that interview, and the quote came back to bite me on the ass."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "I shouldn't have said it, but I was tickling a bit of vodka during that interview, and the quote came back to bite me on the ass."</ref><ref name="NutTeKoha">Nui Te Koka. "Did I say that?" ''The Daily Telegraph''. January 30, 1999, pg 33.</ref> ''[[The Passion of the Christ]]'' (2004) wis criticised as antisemitic. The Anti-Defamation League accused Gibson o [[antisemitism]] ower the wey the film shawed Caiaphas an the Sanhedrin. The critic Katha Pollitt wrate in ''The Nation'' that Gibson haed broken "just about every precept" o the American Catholic bishops' 1988 guidelines on hou Jews shoud be portrayed in Passion dramas.<ref name="pollitt">{{cite news |last=Pollitt |first=Katha |date=March 11, 2004 |title=The Protocols of Mel Gibson |work=[[The Nation]] |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/protocols-mel-gibson/ |access-date=August 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018024641/https://www.thenation.com/article/protocols-mel-gibson/ |archive-date=October 18, 2010}}</ref> Ithers defendit him, amang them the Orthodox Jewish rabbi Daniel Lapin an the radio presenter Michael Medved.<ref name="Lapin">{{cite web| url=https://forward.com/news/6434/passion-critics-endanger-jews-angry-rabbis/| website=fordward.com| title='Passion' Critics Endanger Jews, Angry Rabbis Claim, Attacking Groups, Foxman| last=Cattan| first=Nacha| date=March 5, 2004| access-date=March 5, 2004| archive-date=October 17, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017050225/http://forward.com/news/6434/passion-critics-endanger-jews-angry-rabbis/| url-status=live}}</ref> Gibson said that "If anyone has distorted Gospel passages to rationalize cruelty towards Jews or anyone, it's in defiance of repeated Papal condemnation."<ref>{{cite news | title=Mel Gibson Interview | work=The Globe and Mail|date=February 14, 2004}}</ref> On 28 Julie 2006 Gibson wis arrestit in Malibu, California, for drink-drivin while he wis speedin wi an open bottle o drink in the caur. Accordin tae the arrest report, he said tae the officer, "Fucking Jews... the Jews are responsible for all the wars in the world. Are you a Jew?"<ref>{{cite news|last=Weiner|first=Allison Hope|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/30/us/30gibson.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Mel Gibson Apologizes for Tirade After Arrest|date=July 30, 2006|access-date=June 6, 2020|archive-date=June 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613121700/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/30/us/30gibson.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=tmz>{{cite news|url=https://www.tmz.com/2006/07/28/gibsons-anti-semitic-tirade-alleged-cover-up/|title=Gibson's Anti-Semitic Tirade Alleged Cover Up|work=TMZ.com|date=July 28, 2006|access-date=June 6, 2020|archive-date=May 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531031522/https://www.tmz.com/2006/07/28/gibsons-anti-semitic-tirade-alleged-cover-up/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sara|last=Dover|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/james-mee-jewish-cop-who-arrested-mel-gibson-gets-trial-discrimination-suit-394898|title=James Mee: Jewish Cop Who Arrested Mel Gibson Gets Trial in Discrimination Suit|date=January 12, 2012|work=International Business Times|access-date=November 27, 2016|archive-date=February 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210120815/http://www.ibtimes.com/james-mee-jewish-cop-who-arrested-mel-gibson-gets-trial-discrimination-suit-394898|url-status=live}}</ref> Efter the report wis leaked tae the wabsteid TMZ, Gibson apologised twice throu his publicist.<ref name="apology2">{{cite web |url=http://www.today.com/id/14135592 |title=Gibson's statement about anti-Semitic remarks |website=Today.com |date=August 1, 2006 |access-date=July 12, 2010 |archive-date=June 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625022946/http://www.today.com/id/14135592 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He caad his behaviour "despicable", said the remarks were "blurted out in a moment of insanity",<ref name="first role">{{cite news |title=Gibson takes first starring role in six years |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/apr/29/news.melgibson |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=April 29, 2008 |access-date=May 12, 2010 |archive-date=October 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023114106/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/apr/29/news.melgibson |url-status=live }}</ref> an askit tae meet Jewish leaders.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gibson Asks Jews For Help To Find 'Appropriate Path To Healing'|url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/mel-gibson/gibson-asks-jews-for-help-to-find-appropriate-path-to-healing_article_1069|date=August 1, 2006|work=Access Hollywood|access-date=May 24, 2009|archive-date=July 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723062011/http://www.accesshollywood.com/mel-gibson/gibson-asks-jews-for-help-to-find-appropriate-path-to-healing_article_1069|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 17 August 2006 he pleadit no contest tae a misdemeanour chairge o drink-drivin an wis gien three year o probation.<ref name="first role" /> In Julie 2010 recordins o phone caws atween Gibson an his umwhile pairtner Oksana Grigorieva were leaked. In them he uised a racist slur, sayin that if she wis raped bi a gang o Black men it wad be her ain faut, an threatened tae burn doun her hoose wi her inside it.<ref name="guardianjuly2">{{cite news | first = Ed | last = Pilkington | url = https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jul/02/mel-gibson-racist-rant | title = Mel Gibson faces flak again after alleged racist rant | date = July 2, 2010 |work=[[The Guardian]] | access-date =July 2, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="telegraphjuly15">{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/7891640/Mel-Gibson-threatens-to-burn-house-down-in-new-tape.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100717181200/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/7891640/Mel-Gibson-threatens-to-burn-house-down-in-new-tape.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = July 17, 2010 | title = Mel Gibson 'threatens to burn house down in new tape' | date = July 15, 2010 |work=The Daily Telegraph | access-date =July 15, 2010 }}</ref> Grigorieva said the voices on the recordins were hers an Gibson's, accordin tae [[CNN]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/celebrity.news.gossip/07/14/mel.gibson.rant/index.html|title=RadarOnline releases another purported Gibson rant|work=[[CNN]]|date=July 16, 2010|access-date=February 3, 2022|archive-date=February 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203064534/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/celebrity.news.gossip/07/14/mel.gibson.rant/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A restrainin order relatit tae domestic violence barred him frae comin near Grigorieva or their dochter.<ref name="guardianjuly2"/> The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department stairtit a domestic violence investigation,<ref name="abuseinvestigation2">{{cite news|url=https://vancouversun.com/entertainment/movie-guide/Gibson+investigated+domestic+violence/3252404/story.html |title=Mel Gibson investigated for domestic violence |date=July 8, 2010 |work=The Vancouver Sun |access-date=July 9, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710200701/http://www.vancouversun.com/entertainment/movie-guide/Gibson%2Binvestigated%2Bdomestic%2Bviolence/3252404/story.html |archive-date=July 10, 2010}}</ref> that wis drappit when Gibson pleadit no contest tae a misdemeanour battery chairge in Mairch 2011.<ref name=nocontest>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 11, 2011 |title=Mel Gibson in Plea Deal in Battering Case |author=Michael Cieply |author-link=Michael Cieply |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/12/business/media/12gibson.html |access-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409203247/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/12/business/media/12gibson.html |archive-date=April 9, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The actress Winona Ryder haes said that at a pairty Gibson askit a gay freend o hers if he wad get AIDS frae speakin wi him, an askit her, a Jewish woman, if she wis an "oven dodger".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Earl |first=William |date=2020-06-23 |title=Winona Ryder Accuses Mel Gibson of Making Anti-Semitic and Homophobic Remarks |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/winona-ryder-mel-gibson-oven-dodger-1234646288/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414212708/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/winona-ryder-mel-gibson-oven-dodger-1234646288/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Child |first1=Ben |title=Winona Ryder: Mel Gibson called me an 'oven dodger' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/dec/17/winona-ryder-mel-gibson |access-date=31 July 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=17 December 2010}}</ref> A representative o Gibson denied it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mel Gibson denies Winona Ryder's anti-Semitism accusation - National {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7096628/mel-gibson-anti-semitic-comments-winona-ryder/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=Global News |language=en-US |archive-date=August 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808165826/https://globalnews.ca/news/7096628/mel-gibson-anti-semitic-comments-winona-ryder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Gibson's statements led tae him bein blacklistit in Hollywood for near ten year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/shane-black-mel-gibson-is-being-blacklisted-2016-5|title=The 'Lethal Weapon' writer says Mel Gibson is 'blacklisted' in Hollywood|first=Jason|last=Guerrasio|date=May 21, 2016|website=Business Insider Australia|access-date=December 26, 2020|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126125310/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/shane-black-mel-gibson-is-being-blacklisted-2016-5|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014 [[Robert Downey Jr.]] an the journalist Allison Hope Weiner baith caad for him tae be forgien.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/robert-downey-jr-forgive-mel-gibson/|title=Robert Downey Jr.: Forgive Mel Gibson|work=Times of Israel|date=7 October 2014|access-date=November 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2014/03/mel-gibson-career-hollywood-deserves-chance-697084/|title=A Journalist's Plea On 10th Anniversary Of 'The Passion Of The Christ': Hollywood, Take Mel Gibson Off Your Blacklist|first=Allison Hope Weiner Special To|last=Deadline|date=March 11, 2014|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=November 27, 2016|archive-date=November 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118031941/http://deadline.com/2014/03/mel-gibson-career-hollywood-deserves-chance-697084/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Hacksaw Ridge]]'' (2016), that got sax Oscar nominations, wis seen as a "thaw" in his reputation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Siegel|first1=Tatiana|title=Mel Gibson Is No Longer Persona Non Grata in Hollywood|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mel-gibson-is-no-longer-937208|access-date=November 6, 2016|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=October 12, 2016|archive-date=November 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107225501/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mel-gibson-is-no-longer-937208|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2026 he wis accused o mockin a sign leid interpreter at Fan Expo Canada in [[Toronto]]. He apologised, sayin, "There was no intended maliciousness attached, and I certainly apologize to anyone who was upset by it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/mel-gibson-mocks-asl-interpreter-fan-expo-apologizes-1236847278/|title=Mel Gibson Apologizes for Mocking Sign Language Interpreter as Backlash Grows: 'Thoughtless Idiocy' With 'No Intended Maliciousness'|website=Variety|date=August 31, 2026|access-date=August 31, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2026/08/31/mel-gibson-criticized-for-hand-gestures-asl-interpreter/|title=Mel Gibson Catches Heat For Allegedly Mocking Deaf Interpreter at Canadian Fan Expo|website=TMZ|date=August 31, 2026|access-date=August 31, 2026}}</ref> == Honours == On 25 Julie 1997 Gibson wis makkit an honorary Officer o the Order o Australie (AO) for his "service to the Australian film industry". The award is honorary acause the full awards gang anerly tae Australian citizens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/869892 |title=It's an Honour&nbsp;– Honours&nbsp;– Search Australian Honours |publisher=Itsanhonour.gov.au |date=July 25, 1997 |access-date=July 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222042237/https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/869892 |archive-date=February 22, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Notes == <references group="note"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gibson, Mel}} [[Category:Mel Gibson| ]] [[Category:1956 births]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American writers]] [[Category:American emigrants tae Australie]] [[Category:American film directors]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male stage actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American fowk o Australie strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Welsh strynd]] [[Category:American philanthropists]] [[Category:American Roman Catholics]] [[Category:American male screenwriters]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:American Tradeetionalist Catholics]] [[Category:Best Actor AACTA Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Directin Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Director Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Erse male film actors]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae New York]] [[Category:National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Peekskill, New York]] [[Category:Male actors frae Sydney]] [[Category:Producers that wan the Best Pictur Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Inglis-leid film directors]] [[Category:Academy Awaird winners]] qtmf7r5yudb0483ruhzzyk02d7afwbu 927660 927540 2026-11-10T02:57:30Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie |name = Mel Gibson<br><small> AO |image = Mel_Gibson_Cannes_2016_3.jpg |caption = Gibson at the Cannes Film Festival in 2016 |birth_name = {{nowrap|Mel Colmcille Gerard Gibson}} |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|1|3}} |birth_place = Peekskill, [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S. |occupation = Actor, filmmaker |years_active = 1976–present |net_worth = {{decrease}} US$425 million (2011)<ref name=KKatie>Kindelan, Katie. [http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2011/12/mel-gibsons-loses-half-of-his-850-million-fortune-to-ex-wife-in-divorce/ "Mel Gibson Loses Half of His $850 Million Fortune to Ex-Wife in Divorce"], Good Morning America, published 12-26-2011. Retrieved 11-05-2015.</ref> |parents = Hutton Gibson<br> Anne Reilly |relatives = Donal Gibson <small>(brither)</small><br>Eva Mylott <small>(faither's mither)</small> |children = 9 |spouse = {{marriage|Robyn Moore<br>|1980|2011|end=div}} |partner = Oksana Grigorieva (2009–2010)<br>Rosalind Ross (2014–present) |signature = Firma de Mel Gibson.svg }} '''Mel Colmcille Gerard Gibson''' {{post-nominals|country=USA-cats|AO}} (born 3 Januar 1956) is an American actor an film-makar. He wis born in Peekskill, New York, an flittit wi his parents tae [[Sydney]], [[Australie]], when he wis 12 year auld. Gibson is best kent as an action hero, for pairts sic as Martin Riggs in the ''Lethal Weapon'' series o buddy cop films, an Max Rockatansky in the first three films o the post-apocalyptic ''Mad Max'' action series.<ref name="Cagle">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998731-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724012602/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998731-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 24, 2010|title=Cinema: A Softer Side of Mel|last=Cagle|first=Jess|date=December 11, 2000|magazine=Time|access-date=July 20, 2010}}</ref> Efter legal troubles, an controversial remarks o his that cam oot in public, his popularity in Hollywood fell awa, but he cam back as a director wi ''Hacksaw Ridge'' (2016), that wan twa Oscars. == Career == He studied actin at the Australian {{lang|en|National Institute of Dramatic Art}}. In the 1980s he foondit Icon Entertainment, a production company that the independent film director Atom Egoyan haes cried "an alternative to the studio system."<ref>{{cite news | title = Mad Mel's passion for vengeance | author = Brian D. Johnson | publisher = Maclean's | date = December 25, 2006}}</ref> The director Peter Weir cast him as ane o the leads in the [[Warld War I]] drama ''Gallipoli'' (1981), that critics praised an that wan Gibson a Best Actor Award frae the Australian Film Institute.<ref name="autogenerated1">The Australian Film Institute. [http://www.afi.org.au/Past_Winners2/AM/ContentManagerNet/ContentDisplay.aspx?ContentID=6460&Section=Past_Winners Past Winners] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723062132/http://www.afi.org.au/Past_Winners2/AM/ContentManagerNet/ContentDisplay.aspx?ContentID=6460&Section=Past_Winners |date=July 23, 2010 }}</ref> The film helpit gie Gibson a nem as a serious actor that coud play monie kinds o pairt. In 1995 Gibson produced, directit an starred in the historical epic ''[[Braveheart]]'', on [[William Wallace]], that wan him the Golden Globe an the Academy Award for Best Director, alang wi the Academy Award for Best Picture. In 2004 he directit an produced the [[Bible|biblical]] drama ''The Passion of the Christ'', that makkit a lot o siller but wis controversial forby. His directin o the 2006 action-adventure film ''Apocalypto'', that is set in Mesoamericae in the early 16t century, got mair notice frae critics. In 2016, efter ten year awa frae directin, Gibson cam back wi ''Hacksaw Ridge'', a [[Warld War II]] drama on the conscientious objector Desmond Doss, played bi Andrew Garfield.<ref name=November2014Deadline>{{cite news|last1=Jaafar|first1=Ali|title=Mel Gibson In Talks To Direct 'Hacksaw Ridge' With Andrew Garfield Starring In War Hero Pic|url=https://deadline.com/2014/11/mel-gibson-and-andrew-garfield-circling-hacksaw-ridge-1201290454/|access-date=November 23, 2014|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=November 20, 2014|archive-date=November 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123054408/http://deadline.com/2014/11/mel-gibson-and-andrew-garfield-circling-hacksaw-ridge-1201290454/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film wis weel liked bi critics an did weel at the box affice. In Januar 2025 [[Donald Trump]], than president-elect, nemmed Gibson ane o three "special ambassadors" tae [[Hollywood]], alang wi the actors Jon Voight an Sylvester Stallone. Trump said he wantit them tae mak Hollywood "stronger than ever before" bi bringin back business lost tae "foreign countries".<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Moreau |first=Jordan |date=2025-01-16 |title=Trump Names Sylvester Stallone, Mel Gibson and Jon Voight as 'Special Ambassadors' to 'Troubled' Hollywood: They'll Bring 'Lost Business' Back |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/trump-sylvester-stallone-mel-gibson-jon-voight-ambassadors-hollywood-1236276088 |magazine=Variety |language=en-US |access-date=2025-01-16 |archive-date=January 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116183238/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/trump-sylvester-stallone-mel-gibson-jon-voight-ambassadors-hollywood-1236276088/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He said the three wad be his "eyes and ears", but whit they wad dae wisna set oot.<ref>{{cite news |last=Horton|first=Adrian |title=Trump names Mel Gibson, Jon Voight and Sylvester Stallone as Hollywood 'special ambassadors' |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2025-01-16 |url=https://theguardian.com/film/2025/jan/16/trump-mel-gibson-jon-voight-sylvester-stallone |access-date=2025-01-16}}</ref> == Controversies == In 1991 the American organisation GLAAD accused Gibson o homophobia efter he makkit derogatory remarks aboot gay fowk in an interview wi the Spanish newspaper ''El País''.<ref name="sfbay">Wockner, Rex. [http://www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=5399 "Mel Gibson, Circa 1992, "Refuses to Apologize to Gays"."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109141256/http://www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=5399 |date=November 9, 2013 }} ''San Francisco Bay Times''. August 17, 2006. Quote: Asked what he thought of gay people, he said, "They take it up the ass." Gibson then proceeded to point at his posterior and said: "This is only for taking a shit." When reminded that he had worked closely with gay people at drama school, Gibson said, "They were good people, kind, I like them. But their thing is not my thing." When the interviewer asked if Gibson was afraid that people would think he is gay because he's an actor, Gibson replied, "Do I sound like a homosexual? Do I talk like them? Do I move like them? What happens is when you're an actor, they stick that label on you."</ref><ref name="deangelis">DeAngelis, Michael. [https://books.google.com/books?id=aZkshPsocwgC&pg=PA165 ''Gay Fandom and Crossover Stardom''.] Duke University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-8223-2738-4}}, p. 166.</ref> In 1999 he said o the remarks, "A shouldnae have said it, but A was tickling a bit of vodka during that interview, and the quote came back to bite me on the ass."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "I shouldn't have said it, but I was tickling a bit of vodka during that interview, and the quote came back to bite me on the ass."</ref><ref name="NutTeKoha">Nui Te Koka. "Did I say that?" ''The Daily Telegraph''. January 30, 1999, pg 33.</ref> ''[[The Passion of the Christ]]'' (2004) wis criticised as antisemitic. The Anti-Defamation League accused Gibson o [[antisemitism]] ower the wey the film shawed Caiaphas an the Sanhedrin. The critic Katha Pollitt wrate in ''The Nation'' that Gibson haed broken "just about every precept" o the American Catholic bishops' 1988 guidelines on hou Jews shoud be portrayed in Passion dramas.<ref name="pollitt">{{cite news |last=Pollitt |first=Katha |date=March 11, 2004 |title=The Protocols of Mel Gibson |work=[[The Nation]] |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/protocols-mel-gibson/ |access-date=August 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018024641/https://www.thenation.com/article/protocols-mel-gibson/ |archive-date=October 18, 2010}}</ref> Ithers defendit him, amang them the Orthodox Jewish rabbi Daniel Lapin an the radio presenter Michael Medved.<ref name="Lapin">{{cite web| url=https://forward.com/news/6434/passion-critics-endanger-jews-angry-rabbis/| website=fordward.com| title='Passion' Critics Endanger Jews, Angry Rabbis Claim, Attacking Groups, Foxman| last=Cattan| first=Nacha| date=March 5, 2004| access-date=March 5, 2004| archive-date=October 17, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017050225/http://forward.com/news/6434/passion-critics-endanger-jews-angry-rabbis/| url-status=live}}</ref> Gibson said that "If anyone has distorted Gospel passages to rationalize cruelty towards Jews or anyone, it's in defiance of repeated Papal condemnation."<ref>{{cite news | title=Mel Gibson Interview | work=The Globe and Mail|date=February 14, 2004}}</ref> On 28 Julie 2006 Gibson wis arrestit in Malibu, California, for drink-drivin while he wis speedin wi an open bottle o drink in the caur. Accordin tae the arrest report, he said tae the officer, "Fucking Jews... the Jews are responsible for all the wars in the world. Are you a Jew?"<ref>{{cite news|last=Weiner|first=Allison Hope|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/30/us/30gibson.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Mel Gibson Apologizes for Tirade After Arrest|date=July 30, 2006|access-date=June 6, 2020|archive-date=June 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613121700/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/30/us/30gibson.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=tmz>{{cite news|url=https://www.tmz.com/2006/07/28/gibsons-anti-semitic-tirade-alleged-cover-up/|title=Gibson's Anti-Semitic Tirade Alleged Cover Up|work=TMZ.com|date=July 28, 2006|access-date=June 6, 2020|archive-date=May 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531031522/https://www.tmz.com/2006/07/28/gibsons-anti-semitic-tirade-alleged-cover-up/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sara|last=Dover|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/james-mee-jewish-cop-who-arrested-mel-gibson-gets-trial-discrimination-suit-394898|title=James Mee: Jewish Cop Who Arrested Mel Gibson Gets Trial in Discrimination Suit|date=January 12, 2012|work=International Business Times|access-date=November 27, 2016|archive-date=February 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210120815/http://www.ibtimes.com/james-mee-jewish-cop-who-arrested-mel-gibson-gets-trial-discrimination-suit-394898|url-status=live}}</ref> Efter the report wis leaked tae the wabsteid TMZ, Gibson apologised twice throu his publicist.<ref name="apology2">{{cite web |url=http://www.today.com/id/14135592 |title=Gibson's statement about anti-Semitic remarks |website=Today.com |date=August 1, 2006 |access-date=July 12, 2010 |archive-date=June 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625022946/http://www.today.com/id/14135592 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He caad his behaviour "despicable", said the remarks were "blurted out in a moment of insanity",<ref name="first role">{{cite news |title=Gibson takes first starring role in six years |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/apr/29/news.melgibson |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=April 29, 2008 |access-date=May 12, 2010 |archive-date=October 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023114106/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/apr/29/news.melgibson |url-status=live }}</ref> an askit tae meet Jewish leaders.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gibson Asks Jews For Help To Find 'Appropriate Path To Healing'|url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/mel-gibson/gibson-asks-jews-for-help-to-find-appropriate-path-to-healing_article_1069|date=August 1, 2006|work=Access Hollywood|access-date=May 24, 2009|archive-date=July 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723062011/http://www.accesshollywood.com/mel-gibson/gibson-asks-jews-for-help-to-find-appropriate-path-to-healing_article_1069|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 17 August 2006 he pleadit no contest tae a misdemeanour chairge o drink-drivin an wis gien three year o probation.<ref name="first role" /> In Julie 2010 recordins o phone caws atween Gibson an his umwhile pairtner Oksana Grigorieva were leaked. In them he uised a racist slur, sayin that if she wis raped bi a gang o Black men it wad be her ain faut, an threatened tae burn doun her hoose wi her inside it.<ref name="guardianjuly2">{{cite news | first = Ed | last = Pilkington | url = https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jul/02/mel-gibson-racist-rant | title = Mel Gibson faces flak again after alleged racist rant | date = July 2, 2010 |work=[[The Guardian]] | access-date =July 2, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="telegraphjuly15">{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/7891640/Mel-Gibson-threatens-to-burn-house-down-in-new-tape.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100717181200/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/7891640/Mel-Gibson-threatens-to-burn-house-down-in-new-tape.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = July 17, 2010 | title = Mel Gibson 'threatens to burn house down in new tape' | date = July 15, 2010 |work=The Daily Telegraph | access-date =July 15, 2010 }}</ref> Grigorieva said the voices on the recordins were hers an Gibson's, accordin tae [[CNN]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/celebrity.news.gossip/07/14/mel.gibson.rant/index.html|title=RadarOnline releases another purported Gibson rant|work=[[CNN]]|date=July 16, 2010|access-date=February 3, 2022|archive-date=February 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203064534/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/celebrity.news.gossip/07/14/mel.gibson.rant/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A restrainin order relatit tae domestic violence barred him frae comin near Grigorieva or their dochter.<ref name="guardianjuly2"/> The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department stairtit a domestic violence investigation,<ref name="abuseinvestigation2">{{cite news|url=https://vancouversun.com/entertainment/movie-guide/Gibson+investigated+domestic+violence/3252404/story.html |title=Mel Gibson investigated for domestic violence |date=July 8, 2010 |work=The Vancouver Sun |access-date=July 9, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710200701/http://www.vancouversun.com/entertainment/movie-guide/Gibson%2Binvestigated%2Bdomestic%2Bviolence/3252404/story.html |archive-date=July 10, 2010}}</ref> that wis drappit when Gibson pleadit no contest tae a misdemeanour battery chairge in Mairch 2011.<ref name=nocontest>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 11, 2011 |title=Mel Gibson in Plea Deal in Battering Case |author=Michael Cieply |author-link=Michael Cieply |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/12/business/media/12gibson.html |access-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409203247/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/12/business/media/12gibson.html |archive-date=April 9, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The actress Winona Ryder haes said that at a pairty Gibson askit a gay freend o hers if he wad get AIDS frae speakin wi him, an askit her, a Jewish woman, if she wis an "oven dodger".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Earl |first=William |date=2020-06-23 |title=Winona Ryder Accuses Mel Gibson of Making Anti-Semitic and Homophobic Remarks |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/winona-ryder-mel-gibson-oven-dodger-1234646288/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414212708/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/winona-ryder-mel-gibson-oven-dodger-1234646288/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Child |first1=Ben |title=Winona Ryder: Mel Gibson called me an 'oven dodger' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/dec/17/winona-ryder-mel-gibson |access-date=31 July 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=17 December 2010}}</ref> A representative o Gibson denied it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mel Gibson denies Winona Ryder's anti-Semitism accusation - National {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7096628/mel-gibson-anti-semitic-comments-winona-ryder/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=Global News |language=en-US |archive-date=August 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808165826/https://globalnews.ca/news/7096628/mel-gibson-anti-semitic-comments-winona-ryder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Gibson's statements led tae him bein blacklistit in Hollywood for near ten year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/shane-black-mel-gibson-is-being-blacklisted-2016-5|title=The 'Lethal Weapon' writer says Mel Gibson is 'blacklisted' in Hollywood|first=Jason|last=Guerrasio|date=May 21, 2016|website=Business Insider Australia|access-date=December 26, 2020|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126125310/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/shane-black-mel-gibson-is-being-blacklisted-2016-5|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014 [[Robert Downey Jr.]] an the journalist Allison Hope Weiner baith caad for him tae be forgien.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/robert-downey-jr-forgive-mel-gibson/|title=Robert Downey Jr.: Forgive Mel Gibson|work=Times of Israel|date=7 October 2014|access-date=November 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2014/03/mel-gibson-career-hollywood-deserves-chance-697084/|title=A Journalist's Plea On 10th Anniversary Of 'The Passion Of The Christ': Hollywood, Take Mel Gibson Off Your Blacklist|first=Allison Hope Weiner Special To|last=Deadline|date=March 11, 2014|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=November 27, 2016|archive-date=November 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118031941/http://deadline.com/2014/03/mel-gibson-career-hollywood-deserves-chance-697084/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Hacksaw Ridge]]'' (2016), that got sax Oscar nominations, wis seen as a "thaw" in his reputation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Siegel|first1=Tatiana|title=Mel Gibson Is No Longer Persona Non Grata in Hollywood|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mel-gibson-is-no-longer-937208|access-date=November 6, 2016|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=October 12, 2016|archive-date=November 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107225501/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mel-gibson-is-no-longer-937208|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2026 he wis accused o mockin a sign leid interpreter at Fan Expo Canada in [[Toronto]]. He apologised, sayin, "There was no intended maliciousness attached, and I certainly apologize to anyone who was upset by it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/mel-gibson-mocks-asl-interpreter-fan-expo-apologizes-1236847278/|title=Mel Gibson Apologizes for Mocking Sign Language Interpreter as Backlash Grows: 'Thoughtless Idiocy' With 'No Intended Maliciousness'|website=Variety|date=August 31, 2026|access-date=August 31, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2026/08/31/mel-gibson-criticized-for-hand-gestures-asl-interpreter/|title=Mel Gibson Catches Heat For Allegedly Mocking Deaf Interpreter at Canadian Fan Expo|website=TMZ|date=August 31, 2026|access-date=August 31, 2026}}</ref> == Honours == On 25 Julie 1997 Gibson wis makkit an honorary Officer o the Order o Australie (AO) for his "service to the Australian film industry". The award is honorary acause the full awards gang anerly tae Australian citizens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/869892 |title=It's an Honour&nbsp;– Honours&nbsp;– Search Australian Honours |publisher=Itsanhonour.gov.au |date=July 25, 1997 |access-date=July 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222042237/https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/869892 |archive-date=February 22, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Notes == <references group="note"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gibson, Mel}} [[Category:Mel Gibson| ]] [[Category:1956 births]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American writers]] [[Category:American emigrants tae Australie]] [[Category:American film directors]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male stage actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American fowk o Australie strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Welsh strynd]] [[Category:American philanthropists]] [[Category:American Roman Catholics]] [[Category:American male screenwriters]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:American Tradeetionalist Catholics]] [[Category:Best Actor AACTA Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Directin Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Director Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Erse male film actors]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae New York]] [[Category:National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Peekskill, New York]] [[Category:Male actors frae Sydney]] [[Category:Producers that wan the Best Pictur Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Inglis-leid film directors]] [[Category:Academy Awaird winners]] agvfzfuvqeyrzczb00qyhexhk7j51e4 0 162521 927386 918110 2026-11-09T16:00:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox software | name = Unity | logo = Unity_5_logo.svg | logo_size = 200px | screenshot = | developer = [[Unity Technologies]] | released = 1.0 / {{Start date and age|2005|06|08}} | latest_release_version = 5.5.2 | latest_release_date = {{Start date and age|2017|02|24}} | operating_system = {{Collapsible list | title = {{nobreak|Creation}} | 1 = [[macOS]] | 2 = [[Linux]] (experimental)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.unity3d.com/2015/08/26/unity-comes-to-linux-experimental-build-now-available/ |title=Unity Comes to Linux: Experimental Build Now Available |work=Unity Technologies Blog |access-date=2017-03-11 |archive-date=2017-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917163145/https://blogs.unity3d.com/2015/08/26/unity-comes-to-linux-experimental-build-now-available/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 3 = [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] }} {{Collapsible list | title = Deployment | 1 = [[Android (operatin seestem)|Android]] | 2 = [[Android TV]] | 3 = [[Gear VR]] | 4 = [[Google Cardboard]] | 5 = [[HTC Vive]] | 6 = [[iOS]] | 7 = [[Linux]] | 8 = [[Microsoft HoloLens]] | 9 = [[Nintendo 3DS line]] | 10 = [[Oculus Rift]] | 11 = [[macOS]] | 12 = [[PlayStation 4]] | 13 = [[PlayStation Vita]] | 14 = [[PlayStation VR]] | 15 = [[Samsung Smart TV]] | 16 = [[Tizen]] | 17 = [[tvOS]] | 18 = [[Wii U]] | 19 = [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] | 20 = [[Windows Phone]] | 21 = [[Windows Store]] | 22 = [[WebGL]] | 23 = [[Xbox One]] | 24 = [[Google Daydream]] | 25 = [[Nintendo Switch]] | 26 = [[Facebook Gameroom]] | 27 = [[Fire OS]] }} {{Collapsible list | title = Deprecatit (v5.3) | 1 = [[Adobe Flash]] | 2 = [[Google Native Client]] | 3 = [[Unity Web Player]]<ref name="WPRoadmap">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.unity3d.com/2015/10/08/unity-web-player-roadmap/ |title=Unity Web Player Roadmap |work=Unity Technologies Blog |access-date=2017-03-11 |archive-date=2017-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822181826/https://blogs.unity3d.com/2015/10/08/unity-web-player-roadmap/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 4 = [[Wii]] }}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unity3d.com/unity/system-requirements |title=System Requirements |work=Unity Technologies |access-date=2017-03-11 |archive-date=2017-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707215610/https://unity3d.com/unity/system-requirements |url-status=dead }}</ref> | programming_language = [[C (programmin leid)|C]], [[C++]] (Runtime)<br /> [[C Sharp (programmin leid)|C#]], [[JavaScript]] (or UnityScript), [[Boo (programmin leid)|Boo]] (Unity API)<ref>[http://answers.unity3d.com/questions/9675/is-unity-engine-written-in-monoc-or-c.html Is Unity Engine written in Mono/C#? or C++]</ref> | genre = [[Gemme ingine]] | platform = [[IA-32]], [[x86-64]], [[ARM airchitectur|ARM]] | size = | language = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] | license = [[Proprietary saftware|Proprietary]] | website = {{Official URL}} }} '''Unity''' is a [[cross-platform]] [[gemme ingine]] developed bi [[Unity Technologies]]<ref name="Riccitiello interview">{{cite interview|interviewer=Dean Takahashi|first=John|last=Riccitiello|date=October 23, 2014|url=http://venturebeat.com/2014/10/23/john-riccitiello-sets-out-to-identify-the-engine-of-growth-for-unity-technologies-interview/|title=John Riccitiello sets out to identify the engine of growth for Unity Technologies (interview)|work=VentureBeat|accessdate=January 18, 2015|archive-date=2015-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117174953/http://venturebeat.com/2014/10/23/john-riccitiello-sets-out-to-identify-the-engine-of-growth-for-unity-technologies-interview/|url-status=dead}}</ref> an uised tae develop [[video gemme]]s for [[Personal computer|PC]], [[Video gemme console|consoles]], [[mobile device]]s an [[wabsteid]]s. First annoonced anly for [[OS X]], at Apple's [[Apple Worldwide Developers Conference|Worldwide Developers Conference]] in 2005, it haes since been extendit tae target 27 platforms.<ref name="Unity Multiplatform">{{cite web|title=Unity - Multiplatform|url=http://unity3d.com/unity/multiplatform/|accessdate=August 4, 2015|archive-date=2017-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624184434/https://unity3d.com/unity/multiplatform|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://slashdot.org/topic/cloud/how-unity3d-become-a-game-development-beast/ |title=How Unity3D became a game-development beast |publisher=Dice |website=Slashdot.org |date=June 3, 2013 |accessdate=July 13, 2014 |archive-date=2014-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213080715/http://slashdot.org/topic/cloud/how-unity3d-become-a-game-development-beast/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nintendo provides free licenses o Unity 5 tae aw licensed Nintendo Developers alang wi thair [[saftware development kit]]<nowiki/>s (SDKs) for the [[Wii U]] an [[Nintendo 3DS Faimily]].<ref name="VB Unity interview">{{Cite interview | title=Game developers, start your Unity 3D engines | first=David | last=Helgason | date=November 2, 2012 | interviewer=Dean Takahashi | publisher=[[VentureBeat]] | work=GamesBeat | url=http://venturebeat.com/2012/11/02/game-developers-start-your-unity-3d-engines-interview/ | accessdate=July 13, 2014 | archive-date=2016-10-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022224641/http://venturebeat.com/2012/11/02/game-developers-start-your-unity-3d-engines-interview/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://developer.nintendo.com/|title=Homepage - Nintendo Developer Portal|website=developer.nintendo.com|access-date=2016-08-23}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:.NET gemme ingines]] [[Category:Gemme ingines for Linux]] [[Category:iPhone video gemme engines]] [[Category:MacOS programmin tuils]] [[Category:Mono project applications]] [[Category:Unity (gemme ingine) gemmes| ]] [[Category:Video gemme ingines]] [[Category:Video gemme IDE]] 1h9lclwcifjd83gwdnqdxsgghoo2cvy 0 163346 927363 811964 2026-11-09T15:41:36Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; Silicon Valley an later views addit, soorced 927363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |nobel=yes | name = William Shockley | image = William Shockley, Stanford University.jpg | birth_name = William Bradford Shockley {{abbr|Jr.|Junior}} | birth_date = {{Birth date|1910|2|13}} | birth_place = [[Greater Lunnon]], [[Ingland]],<br/>Unitit Kinrick | death_date = {{Death date and age|1989|8|12|1910|2|13}} | death_place = Stanford, Californie, Unitit States | alma_mater={{Plainlist| * [[MIT]] * Caltech }} | nationality = [[Unitit States|American]] | known_for = {{Plainlist| * Pynt-contact transistor an BJT * Shockley diode equation * Read-Shockley equation * Shockley diode * Shockley-Ramo theorem * Haynes-Shockley experiment * Shockley-Queisser leemit }} | prizes = {{Plainlist| * [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1956) * Comstock Prize in Physics (1953) * Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize (1953) * Wilhelm Exner Medal (1963) * IEEE Medal of Honor (1980) }} | work_institution = {{Plainlist| * [[Bell Labs]] * Shockley Semiconductor<br>Stanford University }} | doctoral_advisor = John C. Slater }} '''William Bradford Shockley Jr.''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|ɑː|k|l|i}}; 13 Februar 1910 – 12 August 1989) wis an American physicist an inventor. He wis the manager o a research group at [[Bell Labs]] that includit [[John Bardeen]] an [[Walter Houser Brattain|Walter Brattain]]. The three scientists inventit the [[pynt-contact transistor]] in 1947 an war jyntly gien the 1956 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] "for thair researches on semiconductors an thair discovery o the transistor effect"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect".</ref>.<ref name="Nobel Prize">{{Cite web|title=Nobel Prize in Physics 1956|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1956/summary/|url-status=live|publisher=NobelPrize.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914090334/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1956/index.html|archive-date=2008-09-14|access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> Pairtly acause o Shockley's attempts tae sell a new transistor design in the 1950s an 1960s, [[Silicon Valley]] in Californie becam a hotbed o electronics innovation. He took on brilliant staff but suin turned them against him wi his autocratic an erratic management; thay left an foondit major companies in the industry.<ref name=MM18>{{Cite web |first=Mike | last = Moffitt |date=2018-08-21 |title=How a racist genius created Silicon Valley by being a terrible boss |url=https://www.sfgate.com/tech/article/Silicon-Valley-Shockley-racist-semiconductor-lab-13164228.php |access-date=2022-07-17 |website= SFGate | publisher = Hearst Communications | language=en-US}}</ref> In his later life, while he wis a professor o electrical engineerin at Stanford University an efter, Shockley becam kent for openly promotin [[racism]] an [[eugenics]].<ref name="latimesobit">{{cite news |last1=Boyer |first1=Edward J. |date=August 14, 1989 |title=Controversial Nobel Laureate Shockley Dies |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-08-14-mn-369-story.html |access-date=May 11, 2015}}</ref> ==Notes== <references group="note"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shockley, William}} [[Category:1910 births]] [[Category:1989 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century physicists]] [[Category:Members o the Unitit States Naitional Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:American atheists]] [[Category:American eugenicists]] [[Category:American inventors]] [[Category:American Nobel laureates]] [[Category:American physicists]] [[Category:Californie Institute o Technology alumni]] [[Category:Experimental physicists]] [[Category:IEEE Medal o Honour recipients]] [[Category:Massachusetts Institute o Technology alumni]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]] [[Category:Daiths frae cancer o the prostate]] [[Category:Quantum physicists]] [[Category:Race an intelligence controversy]] [[Category:Scientists at Bell Labs]] [[Category:Semiconductor physicists]] [[Category:Silicon Valley fowk]] [[Category:Stanford Varsity School of Engineering faculty]] [[Category:Columbia Varsity fowk]] [[Category:Sperm donation]] [[Category:Daiths frae cancer in Californie]] [[Category:Naitional Academy o Sciences laureates]] [[Category:Scientists frae Californie]] [[Category:Science an technology in the San Francisco Bay Aurie]] [[Category:Winners o the Comstock Prize in Physics]] [[Category:Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize winners]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hanover Tounship, New Jersey]] [[Category:20t-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:Unitit States Airmy Science Buird fowk]] [[Category:Californie Republicans]] ezr102dnnbj8gsmv5mtn71b3tqx3lfj 1 163347 927366 571048 2026-11-09T15:42:16Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|William Shockley}} {{Translatit page|en|William Shockley|version=1384435755}} 757kijdv7xtsieb3j3raqrwctkyh4of 927368 927366 2026-11-09T15:43:20Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 redundant, second box has the needed info 927368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|William Shockley|version=1384435755}} mv8uswj13vezblj442ixgpqqd2k9yyj 0 163430 927367 810012 2026-11-09T15:43:10Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; Fermilab an The God Particle addit, soorced 927367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |nobel=yes |name = Leon M. Lederman |image = Leon M. Lederman.jpg |caption=Lederman on 11 May 2007 |birth_name=Leon Max Lederman |birth_date = {{birth date|1922|07|15|mf=yes}} |birth_place = [[New York Ceety]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S. |death_date = 3 October 2018 (aged 96) |residence = Unitit States |nationality = [[Unitit States]] |workplaces = Columbia University<br>[[Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory]]<br>Illinois Institute of Technology |alma_mater = City College of New York<br />Columbia University |known_for = Groundbreakin contributions tae [[neutrino]]s, the [[bottom quark]] |awards = [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1988)<br/>[[Wolf Prize in Physics]] (1982)<br/>National Medal of Science (1965)<br/>Vannevar Bush Award (2012)<br/>William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement (1991) |spouse=Florence Gordon (three bairns)<br>Ellen Carr<ref name="Carey2014">{{cite book|author=Charles W. Carey|title=American Scientists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=00r9waSNv1cC&pg=PR2|date=14 May 2014|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0807-0|pages=223}}</ref> |field = [[Physics]] }} '''Leon Max Lederman''' (15 Julie 1922 – 3 October 2018) wis an American experimental physicist that wan the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1988, alang wi [[Melvin Schwartz]] an [[Jack Steinberger]], for research on [[neutrino]]s. He wan the [[Wolf Prize in Physics]] an aw in 1982, alang wi [[Martin Lewis Perl]], for research on [[quark]]s an [[lepton]]s. Lederman wis director emeritus o [[Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory|Fermilab]] in Batavia, Illinois. In 1986 he foondit the {{lang|en|Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy}} in Aurora, Illinois, whaur he wis resident scholar emeritus frae 2012 till his daith in 2018.<ref name="Nobel_biography">{{cite journal|last=Lederman|first=Leon M.|year=1988|editor2-last=Ekspång|editor2-first=Gösta|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988: Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1988/lederman-facts.html|journal=Nobel Lectures, Physics 1981–1990|access-date=22 May 2012|editor1-first=Tore|editor1-last=Frängsmyr}}</ref> He wis a weel-kent science writer, an his 1993 buik ''The God Particle'' brocht the term intae popular uise for the [[Higgs boson]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lederman, Leon}} [[Category:1922 births]] [[Category:2018 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century American mathematicians]] [[Category:21st-century American mathematicians]] [[Category:American atheists]] [[Category:American Nobel laureates]] [[Category:American fowk o Roushie-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:American physicists]] [[Category:City College of New York alumni]] [[Category:Columbia Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Columbia Varsity faculty]] [[Category:Enrico Fermi Awaird recipients]] [[Category:Experimental physicists]] [[Category:Guggenheim Fellaes]] [[Category:Illinois Institute o Technology faculty]] [[Category:Recipients o the Great Cross o the Naitional Order o Scienteefic Merit (Brazil)]] [[Category:Jewish American scientists]] [[Category:Jewish atheists]] [[Category:Jewish physicists]] [[Category:Naitional Medal o Science laureates]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]] [[Category:Particle physicists]] [[Category:Varsity o Chicago faculty]] [[Category:Wolf Prize in Physics laureates]] [[Category:Jewish inventors]] [[Category:American sceptics]] [[Category:Members o the Unitit States Naitional Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Foreign Members o the Roushie Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]] [[Category:Members o JASON]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi CERN]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi Fermilab]] [[Category:Ford Foundation fellaeships]] {{stub/Science}} 443fujft8dnlldiapdscgibdemfp2g1 1 163431 927369 571154 2026-11-09T15:43:25Z Monospaced 75295 Owersetting ref 927369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|En|Leon M. Lederman}} {{Translatit page|en|Leon M. Lederman|version=1375976297}} 81rqgijg05vbigypd0v6j1lb75b3nhv 0 163436 927362 845316 2026-11-09T15:41:12Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; Nobel citation addit, soorced 927362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |nobel=yes | name= Jerome Isaac Friedman | image=Jerry Friedman in Valencia, Rey Jaime event, June 2016.jpg |caption=Friedman in Valencia, Spain, Juin 2016 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1930|3|28|mf=yes}} | birth_place = [[Chicago, Illinois]] | nationality = [[Unitit States]] | field = [[Physics]] | alma_mater = University o Chicago | work_institution = [[MIT]] | doctoral_advisor=[[Enrico Fermi]] | known_for = Experimental pruif o [[quark]]s | prizes= [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1990) | spouse=Tania Letetsky-Baranovsky (m. 1956; fower bairns)<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2mXwLKBkkeIC&q=Letetsky-Baranovsky&dq=Letetsky-Baranovsky&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RIYXUc71Ke7xyAHHjIDYBg&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAQ|title = Nobel Prize winners: Supplement, 1987-1991 : an H.W. Wilson biographical dictionary, Volume 2|date = 1992|accessdate = June 3, 2014|website = Google Books|publisher = H.W. Wilson Co.|last = |first = }} </ref> }} '''Jerome Isaac Friedman''' (born 28 Mairch 1930) is a [[physicist]] frae America. At the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] he is institute professor an emeritus professor o physics. He wan the 1990 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] alang wi [[Henry W. Kendall|Henry Kendall]] an [[Richard E. Taylor|Richard Taylor]] "for thair pioneerin investigations o deep inelastic scatterin o electrons on protons an bound neutrons, that haes been o essential importance for the development o the quark model in particle physics"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics".</ref>.<ref name="nobel-citation">{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1990/ |title=Nobel prize citation |publisher=Nobelprize.org |access-date=2011-01-08}}</ref> Their wark shawed that [[protons]] hae an inside structur, that wis later kent tae be [[quarks]]. Friedman is ane o the sponsors on the board o the ''[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]''. ==Notes== <references group="note"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Friedman, Jerome Isaac}} [[Category:American physicists]] [[Category:Experimental physicists]] [[Category:1930 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]] [[Category:American Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Members o the American Physical Society]] [[Category:Members o the Unitit States Naitional Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Winners o the Panofsky Prize]] [[Category:Massachusetts Institute o Technology faculty]] [[Category:Varsity o Belgrade faculty]] [[Category:American atheists]] [[Category:American fowk o Roushie-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:Jewish American scientists]] [[Category:Jewish physicists]] [[Category:Jewish atheists]] [[Category:20t-century physicists]] [[Category:21st-century physicists]] [[Category:20t-century American scientists]] [[Category:21st-century American scientists]] {{stub/Science}} k6w0t92scymiml3d7ycopxhtx5s44k8 1 163437 927364 571161 2026-11-09T15:41:55Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{translatit page|EN|Jerome Isaac Friedman}} {{Translatit page|en|Jerome Isaac Friedman|version=1372019888}} 20hzkrrx41vqawcqomswaiw7bqnsni4 0 167713 927372 912647 2026-11-09T15:44:19Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; uises addit, soorced 927372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Distinguish|menthol|methanal}} {{Chembox | Verifiedfields = changed | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 409752739 | ImageFileL1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} | ImageFileL1 = Methanol Lewis.svg | ImageNameL1 = Skeletal formula o methanol wi some explicit hydrogens addit | ImageFileR1 = Methanol-3D-vdW.png | ImageNameR1 = Spacefill model o methanol | ImageFileL2 = Methanol-2D.svg | ImageNameL2 = Stereo skeletal formula o methanol wi aw explicit hydrogen addit | ImageFileR2 = Methanol-3D-balls.png | ImageNameR2 = Baw an stick model o methanol | PIN = Methanol<ref name=iupac2013>{{cite book | title = Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book) | publisher = The Royal Society of Chemistry | date = 2014 | location = Cambridge | page = 692 | doi = 10.1039/9781849733069-FP001 | isbn = 978-0-85404-182-4}}</ref> | OtherNames = Carbinol<br />Columbian spirits<br/>Hydroxymethane<br />Methyl alcohol<br />Methyl hydrate<br />Methyl hydroxide<br />Methylic alcohol<br />Methylol<br />Pyroligneous spirit<br/>Wood alcohol<br/>Wood naphtha<br/>Wood spirit |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers | CASNo = 67-56-1 | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | PubChem = 887 | ChemSpiderID = 864 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | UNII = Y4S76JWI15 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | EINECS = 200-659-6 | UNNumber = 1230 | KEGG = D02309 | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | MeSHName = Methanol | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI = 17790 | ChEMBL = 14688 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | RTECS = PC1400000 | Beilstein = 1098229 | Gmelin = 449 | 3DMet = B01170 | SMILES = CO | StdInChI = 1S/CH4O/c1-2/h2H,1H3 | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | InChI = 1/CH4O/c1-2/h2H,1H3 | StdInChIKey = OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | InChIKey = OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYAX }} |Section2={{Chembox Properties | Formula = {{chem|CH|3|OH}} | MolarMass = 32.04 g mol<sup>−1</sup> | Appearance = Colourless liquid | Density = 0.792 g·cm<sup>−3</sup><ref>{{RubberBible86th}}</ref> | BoilingPtC = 64.7 | MeltingPtC = -97.6 | Solubility = miscible | RefractIndex = 1.33141<ref>{{cite web|url=http://refractiveindex.info/?group=LIQUIDS&material=Methanol|title=RefractiveIndex.INFO - Refractive index database|publisher=}}</ref> | VaporPressure = 13.02 kPa (at 20&nbsp;°C) | LogP = -0.69 | pKa = 15.5<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ballinger | first1 = P. | last2 = Long | first2 = F.A. | year = 1960 | title =Acid Ionization Constants of Alcohols. II. Acidities of Some Substituted Methanols and Related Compounds | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 82 | issue = 4 | pages = 795–798 | doi = 10.1021/ja01489a008 }}</ref> | Viscosity = 0.545 mPa×s (at 25&nbsp;°C) <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = González | first1 = Begoña | year = 2007 | title = Density, dynamic viscosity, and derived properties of binary mixtures of methanol or ethanol with water, ethyl acetate, and methyl acetate at T = (293.15, 298.15, and 303.15) K | journal = The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics | volume = 39 | issue = 12 | pages = 1578–1588 | doi = 10.1016/j.jct.2007.05.004 }}</ref> | Dipole = 1.69 D | MagSus = -21.40·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol }} |Section3={{Chembox Hazards | Hazards_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_29750029.html#er|title=The Emergency Response Safety and Health Database: Systematic Agent: METHANOL|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=26 August 2009}}</ref> | GHSPictograms = {{GHS flame}} {{GHS skull and crossbones}} {{GHS health hazard}}<ref name=labchem>{{cite web|title=Methanol|url=http://www.labchem.com/tools/msds/msds/VT430.pdf|website=Lab Chem|publisher=Valtech|accessdate=10 March 2016|archive-date=2016-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310201322/http://www.labchem.com/tools/msds/msds/VT430.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | GHSSignalWord = '''Danger''' <ref name=labchem/> | HPhrases = {{H-phrases|225|301|311|331|370}}<ref name=labchem/> | PPhrases = {{P-phrases|210|233|240|241|242|243|260|264|270|280|301+310|303+361+353|304+340|330|363|370+378|403+233|235|405|501}}<ref name=labchem/> | EUClass = {{Hazchem F}} {{Hazchem T}} | RPhrases = {{R11}}, {{R23/24/25}}, {{R39/23/24/25}} | SPhrases = {{S1/2}}, {{S7}}, {{S16}}, {{S36/37}}, {{S45}} | NFPA-H = 3 | NFPA-F = 3 | NFPA-R = 0 | FlashPtC = 11 to 12 | AutoignitionPtC = 470<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.methanol.org/Health-And-Safety/Safety-Resources/Health---Safety/Methanex-TISH-Guide.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311081112/http://www.methanol.org/Health-And-Safety/Safety-Resources/Health---Safety/Methanex-TISH-Guide.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-03-11|title=METHANOL INSTITUTE|publisher=|access-date=2017-04-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ExploLimits = 6%-36%<ref name=PGCH/> | PEL = TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m<sup>3</sup>)<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0397}}</ref> | IDLH = 6000 ppm<ref name=PGCH/> | LC50 = 64,000 ppm (rat, 4 hr)<ref name=IDLH>{{IDLH|67561|Methanol}}</ref> | LD50 = 5628 mg/kg (rat, oral)<br/>7300 mg/kg (moose, oral)<br/>12880 mg/kg (rat, oral)<br/>14200 mg/kg (rabbit, oral)<ref name=IDLH/> | REL = TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m<sup>3</sup>) ST 250 ppm (325 mg/m<sup>3</sup>) [skin]<ref name=PGCH/> | LCLo = 33,082 ppm (cat, 6 hr)<br/>37,594 ppm (moose, 2 hr)<ref name=IDLH/> }} |Section4={{Chembox Related | OtherCompounds = Methanethiol<br />Silanol }} }} '''Methanol''', an aw kent as '''methyl alcohol''' amang ither names, is the simplest [[Alcohol|alcohol]], a chemical wi the [[chemical formula|formula]] [[carbon|C]][[hydrogen|H]]<sub>3</sub>[[oxygen|O]][[hydrogen|H]] (aften shortened tae MeOH). It is a licht, volatile, colourless an flammable liquid wi a smell lik [[ethanol]], but it is mair poisonous. Methanol got the nem "'''wid alcohol'''" acause it wis aince makkit maistly bi the destructive distillation o wid. The day, industrial methanol is makkit maistly bi the hydrogenation o [[carbon monoxide]].<ref name=Ullmann>{{cite book|year=2005|publisher=Wiley-VCH|location=Weinheim|doi=10.1002/14356007.a16_465|author1=Fiedler, E. |author2=Grossmann, G. |author3=Burkhard Kersebohm, D. |author4=Weiss, G. |author5=Witte, C. |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|chapter=Methanol|isbn=978-3-527-30673-2}}</ref> Mair nor 20 million tonnes are makkit ilka year. It is uised tae mak ither chemicals, amang them formaldehyde an acetic acid.<ref name=Ullmann /> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Alkanols]] [[Category:Alcohol solvents]] [[Category:Anatomical preservation]] [[Category:Biofuels]] [[Category:Energy storage]] [[Category:Hazardous air pollutants]] [[Category:Human metabolites]] [[Category:Neurotoxins]] [[Category:Oxygenates]] [[Category:Commodity chemicals]] [[Category:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators]] dw8vl09t0cgyezfkx8dc7a6omvs709r 1 167714 927373 584204 2026-11-09T15:44:33Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|EN|Methanol}} {{Translatit page|en|Methanol|version=1380006541}} b5hqz3my14y5x5iuzht6zyqdopoyjno 0 168024 927440 889446 2026-11-09T20:11:45Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead rewritten frae EN 927440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisic genre |name = Reggae |image = Bob-Marley.jpg | caption = The reggae artist [[Bob Marley]] in 1980 |bgcolor = green |color = white |stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Mento]]|R&B|jazz|[[ska]]|[[rocksteady]]|[[soul muisic|soul]]}} |cultural_origins = Late 1960s [[Jamaica]], especially [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] |instruments = {{hlist|[[Bass guitar|Bass]]|drums|percussion|[[guitar]]|organ|[[piano]]|synthesizers|brass instrument|melodica}} |derivatives = {{hlist|[[Dancehall]]|dub|[[Hip hop muisic|hip hop]]|ragga|drum an bass}} |subgenrelist = Reggae genres |subgenres = {{plainlist| * Roots reggae * Lovers rock * Reggae en Español }} |fusiongenres = {{plainlist| * Reggae fusion * Seggae * 2 Tone * Samba reggae * Reggaestep }} |regional_scenes = {{plainlist| * Africae * Australie * Germany * Japan * New Zealand * Nigerie * Panama * Philippines * Poland * Trinidad an Tobago }} |other_topics = {{plainlist| * [[Muisic o Jamaica]] }} }} '''Reggae''' is a [[muisic genre]] that stairtit in [[Jamaica]] in the late 1960s. The term is also uised for the modren popular muisic o Jamaica an its [[Jamaican diaspora|diaspora]].<ref>Stephen Davis. "Reggae." ''Grove Music Online''. ''Oxford Music Online''. Oxford University Press. Web.16 Feb. 2016.</ref> The 1968 single "Do the Reggay" bi {{lang|en|[[Toots and the Maytals|Toots and the Maytals]]}} wis the first popular sang tae uise the wird ''reggae'', an sae gied the genre its nem an brocht it tae a warldwide audience.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/frederick-toots-hibbert-10673303#acclaimed-musician |title=Frederick "Toots" Hibbert Biography |publisher=biography.com |date= |accessdate=2016-07-02 |archive-date=2016-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809204903/http://www.biography.com/people/frederick-toots-hibbert-10673303#acclaimed-musician |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/reggae?s=t |title=reggae |publisher=Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. |date= |accessdate=2016-07-10}}</ref> ==Relatit pages== * [[Muisic]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Reggae| ]] [[Category:Jamaican styles o muisic]] [[Category:Muisic genres]] 33x98vzyr6qocn67r29z8m4lfmfa4r5 0 168187 927466 819768 2026-11-09T20:52:20Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead expandit, soorced 927466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Israel "IZ" Kamakawiwoʻole | image = Israel Kamakawiwoʻole.jpg | caption = Israel in 1993 | image_size = 220px | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Israel Kaʻanoʻi Kamakawiwoʻole | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Ukulele]] * vocals }} | birth_date = {{birth date|1959|05|20|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Honolulu]], Territory o Hawaii | death_date = {{Death date and age|1997|06|26|1959|05|20}} | death_place = [[Honolulu, Hawaii]], [[Unitit States|U.S.]] | origin = Hawaii, Unitit States | genre = {{flatlist| * Hawaiian * fowk * warld * [[reggae]] }} | occupation = {{flatlist| * Sangster * sangwriter }} | years_active = 1976–1997 | label = {{flatlist| * Mountain Apple Company }} | associated_acts = Makaha Sons of Niʻihau }} '''Israel Kaʻanoʻi Kamakawiwoʻole'''{{efn|{{IPA|haw|kəˌmɐkəˌvivoˈʔole}}; meanin 'the fearless ee, the bauld face'<ref name="The Official Site of Israel IZ Kamakawiwo`ole – This is the place for everything IZ Music, Stories, Videos.">{{cite web |title=Biography |website=The Official Site of Israel IZ Kamakawiwo`ole – This is the place for everything IZ Music, Stories, Videos. |url=https://izhawaii.com/biography/ |access-date=December 11, 2019 |archive-date=December 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211053937/https://izhawaii.com/biography/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} (20 Mey 1959 – 26 Juin 1997), also cried '''Braddah IZ''' or juist '''IZ''', wis an American muisicker an sangster frae [[Hawaii]] an a campaigner for Hawaiian sovereignty. He is coontit ane o the greatest muisickers frae Hawaii, an the maist successfu muisicker the state haes haed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2022 |title=18 Of The Greatest And Most Famous Musicians From Hawaii |url=https://hellomusictheory.com/learn/famous-musicians-from-hawaii/ |access-date=November 28, 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=West |first=Macey |date=April 11, 2023 |title=20 Famous Musicians From Hawaii – Singersroom.com |url=https://singersroom.com/famous-musicians-from-hawaii/ |access-date=November 28, 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wi his [[ukulele]] playin, an the wey he brocht ither genres sic as [[jazz]] an [[reggae]] intae his muisic, he is aye an influence on Hawaiian muisic.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gordon |first1=Mike |last2=Creamer |first2=Beverly |last3=Harada |first3=Wayne |title=The Legacy: A Voice Of Hawai'i and Hawaiians |url=http://iz.honoluluadvertiser.com/story_p3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522051205/http://iz.honoluluadvertiser.com/story_p3.html |archive-date=May 22, 2008 |access-date=August 19, 2008 |work=The Honolulu Advertiser}}</ref> In 2010 [[NPR]] listit him amang its "50 Great Voices" an cried him "The Voice of Hawaii".<ref>{{cite web |last=Kamakawiwo |first=Israel |date=December 6, 2010 |title=Israel Kamakawiwo'ole: The Voice Of Hawaii |url=https://www.npr.org/2010/12/06/131812500/israel-kamakawiwo-ole-the-voice-of-hawaii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416062754/http://www.npr.org/2010/12/06/131812500/israel-kamakawiwo-ole-the-voice-of-hawaii |archive-date=April 16, 2017 |access-date=August 3, 2021 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> His 1993 studio album, ''Facing Future'', brocht him commercial success an mainstream popularity. His medley o "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" an "What a Wonderful World", frae his album ''Ka ʻAnoʻi'' (1990), spent 375 weeks at the tap o the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' World Digital Songs chairt. ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kamakawiwoole, Israel}} [[Category:1959 births]] [[Category:1997 daiths]] [[Category:Native Hawaiian muisickers]] [[Category:American male sangsters]] [[Category:Sangwriters frae Hawaii]] [[Category:Native Hawaiian activists]] [[Category:American ukulele players]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Hawaii]] [[Category:Converts tae Christianity]] [[Category:20t-century American sangsters]] [[Category:Mountain Apple Company airtists]] [[Category:Na Hoku Hanohano Awaird winners]] o9fsy5t3qjxkolsdkk05wd90qulmn6n 927469 927466 2026-11-09T20:57:13Z Monospaced 75295 Smoothed the sentence on his influence; muisicker → musician (nae dictionar entry fund) 927469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Israel "IZ" Kamakawiwoʻole | image = Israel Kamakawiwoʻole.jpg | caption = Israel in 1993 | image_size = 220px | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Israel Kaʻanoʻi Kamakawiwoʻole | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Ukulele]] * vocals }} | birth_date = {{birth date|1959|05|20|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Honolulu]], Territory o Hawaii | death_date = {{Death date and age|1997|06|26|1959|05|20}} | death_place = [[Honolulu, Hawaii]], [[Unitit States|U.S.]] | origin = Hawaii, Unitit States | genre = {{flatlist| * Hawaiian * fowk * warld * [[reggae]] }} | occupation = {{flatlist| * Sangster * sangwriter }} | years_active = 1976–1997 | label = {{flatlist| * Mountain Apple Company }} | associated_acts = Makaha Sons of Niʻihau }} '''Israel Kaʻanoʻi Kamakawiwoʻole'''{{efn|{{IPA|haw|kəˌmɐkəˌvivoˈʔole}}; meanin 'the fearless ee, the bauld face'<ref name="The Official Site of Israel IZ Kamakawiwo`ole – This is the place for everything IZ Music, Stories, Videos.">{{cite web |title=Biography |website=The Official Site of Israel IZ Kamakawiwo`ole – This is the place for everything IZ Music, Stories, Videos. |url=https://izhawaii.com/biography/ |access-date=December 11, 2019 |archive-date=December 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211053937/https://izhawaii.com/biography/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} (20 Mey 1959 – 26 Juin 1997), also cried '''Braddah IZ''' or juist '''IZ''', wis an American musician an sangster frae [[Hawaii]] an a campaigner for Hawaiian sovereignty. He is coontit ane o the greatest musicians frae Hawaii, an the maist successfu musician the state haes haed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2022 |title=18 Of The Greatest And Most Famous Musicians From Hawaii |url=https://hellomusictheory.com/learn/famous-musicians-from-hawaii/ |access-date=November 28, 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=West |first=Macey |date=April 11, 2023 |title=20 Famous Musicians From Hawaii – Singersroom.com |url=https://singersroom.com/famous-musicians-from-hawaii/ |access-date=November 28, 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> His [[ukulele]] playin, an the wey he brocht ither genres sic as [[jazz]] an [[reggae]] intae his muisic, mak him an influence on Hawaiian muisic tae this day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gordon |first1=Mike |last2=Creamer |first2=Beverly |last3=Harada |first3=Wayne |title=The Legacy: A Voice Of Hawai'i and Hawaiians |url=http://iz.honoluluadvertiser.com/story_p3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522051205/http://iz.honoluluadvertiser.com/story_p3.html |archive-date=May 22, 2008 |access-date=August 19, 2008 |work=The Honolulu Advertiser}}</ref> In 2010 [[NPR]] listit him amang its "50 Great Voices" an cried him "The Voice of Hawaii".<ref>{{cite web |last=Kamakawiwo |first=Israel |date=December 6, 2010 |title=Israel Kamakawiwo'ole: The Voice Of Hawaii |url=https://www.npr.org/2010/12/06/131812500/israel-kamakawiwo-ole-the-voice-of-hawaii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416062754/http://www.npr.org/2010/12/06/131812500/israel-kamakawiwo-ole-the-voice-of-hawaii |archive-date=April 16, 2017 |access-date=August 3, 2021 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> His 1993 studio album, ''Facing Future'', brocht him commercial success an mainstream popularity. His medley o "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" an "What a Wonderful World", frae his album ''Ka ʻAnoʻi'' (1990), spent 375 weeks at the tap o the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' World Digital Songs chairt. ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kamakawiwoole, Israel}} [[Category:1959 births]] [[Category:1997 daiths]] [[Category:Native Hawaiian musicians]] [[Category:American male sangsters]] [[Category:Sangwriters frae Hawaii]] [[Category:Native Hawaiian activists]] [[Category:American ukulele players]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Hawaii]] [[Category:Converts tae Christianity]] [[Category:20t-century American sangsters]] [[Category:Mountain Apple Company airtists]] [[Category:Na Hoku Hanohano Awaird winners]] 133gwotigbgb16rtqidfberwr2i91rd 0 168418 927421 830595 2026-11-09T19:13:36Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; hale article owerset frae en: discovery, condition, claes an gear, datin, scientific studies, daith, legal dispute an show 927421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Ötzi | image = Otzi-Quinson.jpg | caption = Ötzi's mummified remains on show at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology | birth_date = {{circa|3275 BC}} | birth_place = Near whit is noo the village o Feldthurns (Velturno), north o [[Bolzano]], [[Italy]] | death_date = {{circa|3230 BC}} (aged {{circa|45}}) | death_place = [[Ötztal Alps]], near Tisenjoch on the border atween [[Austrick]] an Italy | death_cause = Bluid loss frae an arrae wound in his shouther<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/iceman-murder-mystery.html|title=NOVA - Iceman Murder Mystery|author=|work=pbs.org}}</ref> | resting_place = [[South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology]], [[Sooth Tyrol]], Italy | other_names = Ötzi the Iceman; Similaun man; Tyrolean Iceman; Man frae Hauslabjoch; Hauslabjoch mummy | known_for = The auldest kent natural [[mummy]] o a European man frae the Copper Age | height = {{cvt|160|cm|ftin}} }} '''Ötzi''' ({{IPA-de|ˈœtsi|-|De-Oetzi-pronunciation.ogg}}; {{circa|3275 BC|3230 BC}}), an aw cried '''the Iceman''', the '''Similaun man''' or the '''Tyrolean Iceman''', is the natural [[mummy]] o a man that lived in the 4t millennium BC.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last1=Kean |first1=Walter F. |last2=Tocchio |first2=Shannon |last3=Kean |first3=Mary |last4=Rainsford |first4=K. D. |title=The musculoskeletal abnormalities of the Similaun Iceman ('ÖTZI'): clues to chronic pain and possible treatments |journal=Inflammopharmacology |date=February 2013 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |doi=10.1007/s10787-012-0153-5 |pmid=23096483 |pmc=3560943 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |last2=Prüfer |first2=Kay |last3=Krause-Kyora |first3=Ben |last4=Childebayeva |first4=Ainash |last5=Schuenemann |first5=Verena J. |last6=Coia |first6=Valentina |last7=Maixner |first7=Frank |last8=Zink |first8=Albert |last9=Schiffels |first9=Stephan |last10=Krause |first10=Johannes |date=2023-09-13 |title=High-coverage genome of the Tyrolean Iceman reveals unusually high Anatolian farmer ancestry |journal=Cell Genomics |volume=3 |issue=9 |at=100377 |doi=10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100377 }}</ref> His remains were fund on 19 September 1991 in the [[Ötztal Alps]], on the border atween Austrick an Italy, an that is whaur the bye-nem "Ötzi" comes frae. He is the auldest natural human mummy that is kent in Europe, an he gies a view o Europeans in the Copper Age that naebody haed afore. Researchers think somebody else killt Ötzi, acause there is an arraheid stuck in his left shouther, an ither wounds forby. Hou he lived an hou he deed hae been the subject o muckle study an speculation. His remains an his belangins are on show at the [[South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology]] in [[Bolzano]], [[Sooth Tyrol]], Italy. == Discovery == Ötzi wis fund on 19 September 1991 bi Helmut an Erika Simon, twa German tourists, near the Tisenjoch pass in the Ötztal Alps. They saw the tap hauf o his body stickin oot the ice, aboot {{convert|3210|m|ft}} abuin sea level.<ref name="Pilo2023">{{cite journal |last1=Pilø |first1=Lars |last2=Reitmaier |first2=Thomas |last3=Fischer |first3=Andrea |last4=Barrett |first4=James H. |last5=Nesje |first5=Atle |title=Ötzi, 30 years on: A reappraisal of the depositional and post-depositional history of the find |journal=The Holocene |volume=33 |issue=1 |year=2023 |pages=112–125 |doi=10.1177/09596836221126133|hdl=11250/3054486 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Acause the steid wis near the border, the Austrian polis an the Italian Carabinieri were baith tellt. At first, fowk thocht he wis a muntain climmer that haed deed no lang syne.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery">{{cite web |title=The Discovery |url=https://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi/the-discovery |website=South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology |access-date=3 September 2026}}</ref> The wark tae get his body oot stairtit the neist day. Bad wather held it up, an it gaed on till 23 September.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> In that time, the muntain climmers [[Reinhold Messner]] an Hans Kammerlander leukit at some o Ötzi's belangins: leather claes, birk bark boxes an an aix. Efter he saw a drawin o the aix, Messner said the remains micht be faur aulder than first thocht.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> Several fowk cam tae the steid afore Ötzi wis taen oot. Some fragile things were trampit on, an ithers were liftit afore onybody wrate doun whaur they lay, an some o the evidence o whaur his belangins haed been lyin wis lost. Researchers spak tae the visitors efterwards tae wark oot whaur the finds haed been.<ref name="Pilo2023"/> Ötzi wis taen oot the ice at last on 23 September, fower days efter he wis fund. Nae archaeologist wis there.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> A dagger wis fund aside him, an a lang widden object nearby wis later kent tae be a bowe. His body wis flown tae Vent, an then taen tae the Institute of Forensic Medicine in [[Innsbruck]] tae be examined.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> It still wisnae clear whether Ötzi haed been fund in Austrick or Italy. The border set doun bi the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye o 1919 wis meant tae follae the watershed o the Alps, but snaw an ice haed makkit the place ill tae map richt.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> On 2 October, thirteen days efter the discovery, an offeecial survey pit the steid {{convert|92.56|m|yd}} inside Italy, in Sooth Tyrol.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> Sooth Tyrol claimed Ötzi as its ain, but greed that his body coud bide in Innsbruck for the time while the examinations gaed on.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/><ref name="Brida2014">{{cite journal |last1=Brida |first1=Juan Gabriel |last2=Meleddu |first2=Marta |last3=Pulina |first3=Manuela |title=Investigating informal learning at a cultural site |journal=Economics Bulletin |volume=34 |issue=2 |year=2014 |pages=634–650}}</ref> == Condition == When Ötzi wis taen oot in September 1991, he wis a wat mummy that the [[glacier]] ice haed keepit naturally. Muckle o the watter in his body haed been lost, but near the hale o him wis keepit. His tissues, banes an innards were in guid order, an his mummified body wis aboot {{cvt|1.54|m|ftin}} lang.<ref name="MuseumBody">{{cite web |title=The Body |url=https://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi/the-body |website=South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology |access-date=3 September 2026}}</ref> Ither pairts o his body haed gane as it decayed. The ootmaist layer o his skin haed come aff, an his body hair wis lost. His finger an tae nails haed come aff an aw. Tufts o his daurk hair were fund aroon the body, an ae fingernail an twa taenails were fund in later digs.<ref name="MuseumBody"/> Ötzi wis damaged mair when he wis taen oot an haundled efter. A pneumatic drill damaged his hip, his left airm wis broke while he wis bein haundled, an pairts o his claes were wrackit.<ref name="nationalgeo">{{cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=David |title=The Iceman: Lone Voyager From the Copper Age |journal=National Geographic |date=June 1993 |volume=183 |issue=6 |pages=45–46}}</ref> His longbow wis broke an aw when he wis taen oot.<ref name="nationalgeo"/> Wind an wather haed damaged his claes efter the ice aroon him meltit, an they were damaged mair when he wis taen oot.<ref name="MuseumClothing">{{cite web |title=Ötzi's Clothing |url=https://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi/clothing |website=South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology |access-date=3 September 2026}}</ref> Bi 24 September 1991, the day efter he wis taen oot, Ötzi's body haed stairtit tae decay. He wis pit in a cauld cell at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Innsbruck that wis set up lik the glacier.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> [[Fungus]] stairtit growin on his skin at the mortuary an aw, an within days scientists stairtit tae keep the mummy mair cannily.<ref name="nationalgeo"/> == Claes an gear == [[File:OtzishoesS1340065.jpg|thumb|left|A copy o Ötzi's shae at the Bata Shoe Museum]] Ötzi wore a cloak o wovven gress, an a coat, a belt, a pair o leggins, a loincloth an shaes, aw o leather frae different skins. He wore a bearskin bunnet an aw, wi a leather chin strap. The coat, belt, leggins an loincloth were makkit o upricht strips o leather shewed thegither wi sinew. A pooch shewed ontae his belt held a nummer o uisefu things: a scraper, a drill, a flint flake, a bane awl an a dried fungus.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The Belt and Pouch |url=http://www.iceman.it/en/node/275 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311083938/http://www.iceman.it/en/node/275 |archive-date=2009-03-11 |access-date=2016-04-23 |publisher=South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology}}</ref> The shaes were watterticht an braid, seemin makkit for walkin ower snaw. The soles were bearskin, the taps were deer hide, an there wis a nettin o tree bark. Saft gress gaed aroon the fit inside the shae, lik modren socks.<ref name=":3" /> The leather loincloth an the hide coat were makkit o sheepskin. The sheep were nearer the modren hame-bred sheep o Europe than wild sheep, an at least fower beasts' skins were uised. The leggins were makkit o leather frae hame-bred goats.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Netburn |first=Deborah |date=2016-08-18 |title=How Otzi the Iceman outfitted himself: Fur from brown bears and leather from roe deer |url=https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-otzi-iceman-garments-quiver-20160818-snap-story.html |access-date=2022-10-31 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> DNA frae sax o his claes shawed whaur the materials cam frae. The shae laces were makkit frae European kye an the quiver frae wild [[Rae deer|rae deer]], while the fur bunnet cam frae a line o [[Broun beir|broun bear]] that still bides in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Davis |first=Nicola |date=2016-08-30 |title=It becometh the iceman: clothing study reveals stylish secrets of leather-loving ancient |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/18/it-becometh-the-iceman-otzi-clothing-study-reveals-stylish-secrets-of-leather-loving-ancient |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830164637/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/18/it-becometh-the-iceman-otzi-clothing-study-reveals-stylish-secrets-of-leather-loving-ancient |archive-date=2016-08-30 |access-date=2016-08-30 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Romey |first=Kristin |date=18 August 2016 |title=Here's What the Iceman Was Wearing When He Died 5,300 Years Ago |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/otzi-iceman-european-alps-mummy-clothing-dna-leather-fur-archaeology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819105927/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/otzi-iceman-european-alps-mummy-clothing-dna-leather-fur-archaeology/ |archive-date=2016-08-19 |access-date=2016-08-18 |magazine=National Geographic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Sullivan |first1=Niall J. |last2=Teasdale |first2=Matthew D. |last3=Mattiangeli |first3=Valeria |last4=Maixner |first4=Frank |last5=Pinhasi |first5=Ron |last6=Bradley |first6=Daniel G. |last7=Zink |first7=Albert |date=2016-08-18 |title=A whole mitochondria analysis of the Tyrolean Iceman's leather provides insights into the animal sources of Copper Age clothing |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=6 |at=31279 |bibcode=2016NatSR...631279O |doi=10.1038/srep31279 |doi-access=free|pmc=4989873 |pmid=27537861}}</ref> [[File:ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg|thumb|upright|A copy o Ötzi's capper aix]] The ither things fund wi the Iceman were a capper aix wi a [[Taxus baccata|yew]] haunle, a knife wi a chert blade an an ash haunle, an a quiver o 14 arraes wi shafts o viburnum an dugwid.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fleur |first=Nicholas St |date=2018-06-21 |title=The Final Hours of the Iceman's Tools |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/21/science/otzi-iceman-tools.html?rref=collection/column/trilobites |access-date=2018-07-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petraglia |first1=Michael D. |last2=Wierer |first2=Ursula |last3=Arrighi |first3=Simona |last4=Bertola |first4=Stefano |last5=Kaufmann |first5=Günther |last6=Baumgarten |first6=Benno |last7=Pedrotti |first7=Annaluisa |last8=Pernter |first8=Patrizia |last9=Pelegrin |first9=Jacques |year=2018 |editor-last=Petraglia |editor-first=Michael D. |title=The Iceman's lithic toolkit: Raw material, technology, typology and use |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=13 |issue=6 |at=e0198292 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1398292W |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0198292 |pmc=6010222 |pmid=29924811 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Twa o the arraes, that were broke, haed flint heids an fletchin. The ither 12 werenae feenished an haed nae heids. In the quiver wi the arraes there wis whit is thocht tae be a bowe string, a tuil naebody kens the uise o, an an antler tuil that micht hae been uised tae shairpen arraheids.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fowler |first=Brenda |title=Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man found in an Alpine Glacier |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-226-25823-2 |location=Chicago, Ill. |pages=105–106}}</ref> There wis an unfeenished yew longbow forby, {{cvt|1.82|m|in}} lang.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |title=Europe: A History |title-link=Europe: A History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-820171-7 |location=Oxford}}</ref> Amang Ötzi's belangins there were berries, twa birk bark baskets an twa kynds o polypore [[Puddock stuil|puddock stuils]] wi leather strings through them. Ane o them, the birk fungus, is kent tae kill worms in the guts, an it wis likly uised as a medicine.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Capasso |first=Luigi |date=December 1998 |title=5300 years ago, the Ice Man used natural laxatives and antibiotics |journal=Lancet |volume=352 |issue=9143 |page=1864 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79939-6 |pmid=9851424 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The ither wis a kynd o tinder fungus, pairt o whit leuks tae hae been a fire-lichtin kit. The kit haed pieces o mair than a dozen different plants, an flint an [[pyrite]] for strikin spairks. The aix's haunle is {{cvt|60|cm|in}} lang, makkit o yew that wis wrocht wi care. The aix heid is {{convert|9.5|cm|in}} lang an near pure [[capper]].<ref name="Axe">{{Cite web |title=The Axe – Ötzi – South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology |url=http://www.iceman.it/en/node/277 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116010012/http://www.iceman.it/en/node/277 |archive-date=2010-11-16 |access-date=2010-09-12 |website=iceman.it}}</ref> It wis cast, an no haurdened efter. Capper ore in the Alps wis mined in Ötzi's time, but a 2017 study fund that the capper in the aix cam frae the sooth o [[Tuscany]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Artioli |first1=Gilberto |last2=Angelini |first2=Ivana |last3=Kaufmann |first3=Günther |last4=Canovaro |first4=Caterina |last5=Dal Sasso |first5=Gregorio |last6=Villa |first6=Igor Maria |date=2017 |title=Long-distance connections in the Copper Age: New evidence from the Alpine Iceman's copper axe |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=7 |at=e0179263 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1279263A |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0179263 |pmc=5497943 |pmid=28678801 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The heid wis set intae the forkit end o the haunle an held there wi birk tar an ticht leather lashin. The blade shaws clear signs o bein uised for choppin an cuttin. An aix lik this wid hae been a dear possession, as a tuil an as a mark o staunin baith.<ref name="Axe" /> == Datin == On 24 September, at the medical examiner's office in Innsbruck, the find wis examined bi the archaeologist Konrad Spindler o the University of Innsbruck. He dated it tae at least fower thoosand year auld, frae the type o aix amang the things fund wi it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fowler |first=Brenda |title=Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man Found in an Alpine Glacier |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-226-25823-2 |page=37&nbsp;''ff''}}</ref><ref name="Iceman-2013">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=The Incredible Age of the Find |url=http://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi-age |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624085502/http://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi-age |archive-date=2015-06-24 |access-date=2015-08-03 |publisher=South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology}}</ref> Tissue samples frae the body, an ither things fund wi it, were studied later at several scientific institutions. The results shawed clearly that the remains belanged tae somebody that lived atween 3359 an 3105 BC, some 5,100 year syne.<ref name="Iceman-2013" /> Mair exact estimates gie a 66% chance that he deed atween 3239 an 3105 BC, a 33% chance that he deed atween 3359 an 3294 BC, an a 1% chance that he deed atween 3277 an 3268 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bonani |first1=Georges |last2=Ivy |first2=Susan D. |last3=Hajdas |first3=Irena |last4=Niklaus |first4=Thomas R. |last5=Suter |first5=Martin |date=1994 |title=Ams 14 C Age Determinations of Tissue, Bone and Grass Samples from the Ötztal Ice Man |journal=Radiocarbon |language=en |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=247–250 |bibcode=1994Radcb..36..247B |doi=10.1017/S0033822200040534 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Scientific studies == === Body an heal === When he deed, aroon 3230 BC, Ötzi wis aboot 45 year auld. His body wis aboot {{cvt|160|cm|ftin}} heich, an he is thocht tae hae weighed aboot {{cvt|50|kg}} when he wis livin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2000-09-26 |title=Iceman is defrosted for gene tests: New techniques may link Copper Age shepherd to present-day relatives |url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,373487,00.html |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2012 |title=Mummy Melodrama: Top 9 Secrets About Otzi the Iceman |url=https://www.livescience.com/24666-otzi-iceman-mummy-life-death.html |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=Live Science |publisher=Future plc}}</ref> A 2006 study that uised CT scans o his skeleton gied a wee bit different figures, {{cvt|158|cm|ftin}} an {{cvt|61|kg}}.<ref name="Ruff-2006">{{Cite journal |last1=Ruff |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Holt |first2=Brigitte M. |last3=Sládek |first3=Vladimír |last4=Berner |first4=Margit |last5=Murphy |first5=William A. Jr. |last6=Zur Nedden |first6=Dieter |last7=Seidler |first7=Horst |last8=Recheis |first8=Wolfgang |date=July 2006 |title=Body size, body proportions, and mobility in the Tyrolean "Iceman" |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=91–101 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.02.001 |pmid=16549104}}</ref> His shin banes shaw that he traivelt muckle ower roch grund, mair than maist ither [[Neolithic]] European men the researchers leukit at.<ref name="Ruff-2006"/> His banes, jynts an muscles shaw lang-time damage tae his spine, an arthritis in his richt knee an cuit. Researchers think thir likly gied him lang-lastin pain in his back, richt knee an richt cuit in the later years o his life.<ref name=":4" /> Ötzi haed several heal problems. He haed whipworm, a parasite o the guts, tho naebody kens hou ill the infection wis.<ref name="Dickson-2003">{{Cite journal |last1=Dickson |first1=James H. |last2=Oeggl |first2=Klaus |last3=Handley |first3=Linda L. |date=May 2003 |title=The Iceman Reconsidered |journal=Scientific American |volume=288 |issue=5 |pages=70–79 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0503-70 |pmid=12701332}}</ref> Bi his mid-40s, his teeth were sair worn an haed several holes, an he haed gum disease forby. Researchers airt the holes in his teeth tae chynges in diet that cam wi the spreid o fermin in the Neolithic.<ref name="Seiler-2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Seiler |first1=Roger |last2=Spielman |first2=Andrew I. |last3=Zink |first3=Albert |last4=Rühli |first4=Frank |date=June 2013 |title=Oral pathologies of the Neolithic Iceman, c.3,300 BC |journal=European Journal of Oral Sciences |volume=121 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=137–141 |doi=10.1111/eos.12037 |pmid=23659234}}</ref> Ae fingernail that is left haes three Beau's lines, grooves that come when illness stops a nail growin. They shaw that Ötzi wis ill three times in his last sax month, the last time aboot twa month afore he deed, for at least twa weeks.<ref name="Dickson-2003"/> Ötzi haed ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' an aw. In 2016, researchers rebiggit the bacterium's 5,300-year-auld [[genome]] frae his guts. It belanged tae hpAsia2, a population o bacteria frae Asie that wis in Europe in prehistoric times, afore it mixed wi strains frae Africae.<ref name="Maixner-2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Maixner |first1=Frank |last2=Krause-Kyora |first2=Ben |last3=Turaev |first3=Dmitrij |last4=Herbig |first4=Alexander |last5=Hoopmann |first5=Michael R. |last6=Hallows |first6=Janice L. |last7=Kusebauch |first7=Ulrike |last8=Egarter Vigl |first8=Eduard |last9=Malfertheiner |first9=Peter |display-authors=3 |date=8 January 2016 |title=The 5,300-year-old ''Helicobacter pylori'' genome of the Iceman |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=351 |issue=6269 |pages=162–165 |doi=10.1126/science.aad2545 |pmid=26744403 |pmc=4775254}}</ref> DNA frae Ötzi haed sequences frae the bacteria ''Borrelia'' forby. A 2012 study said they were ''Borrelia burgdorferi'', a cause o [[Lyme disease]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Keller |first1=Andreas |last2=Graefen |first2=Angela |last3=Ball |first3=Markus |last4=Matzas |first4=Mark |last5=Boisguerin |first5=Vassilis |last6=Maixner |first6=Frank |last7=Leidinger |first7=Petra |last8=Backes |first8=Christina |last9=Khairat |first9=Rabab |display-authors=3 |date=2012 |title=New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing |journal=Nature Communications |volume=3 |page=698 |doi=10.1038/ncomms1701 |pmid=22426219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A 2013 study o the same data fund that maist o the sequences coudnae be set doun tae ony ae species, an that the auncient strain wis different in its genes frae the ''B. burgdorferi'' that is kent the day.<ref name="Ames-2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Ames |first1=Sasha K. |last2=Hysom |first2=David A. |last3=Gardner |first3=Shea N. |last4=Lloyd |first4=Glynn S. |last5=Gokhale |first5=Mayuri B. |last6=Allen |first6=Jonathan E. |date=2013 |title=Scalable metagenomic taxonomy classification using a reference genome database |journal=Bioinformatics |volume=29 |issue=18 |pages=2253–2260 |doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btt389 |pmid=23828782 |pmc=3753567}}</ref> === Whaur he cam frae === Studies o pollen, stour an the [[isotope]]s in his teeth shaw that he spent his bairnheid near whit is noo the Sooth Tyrol village o Feldthurns, north o Bolzano. Later he gaed tae bide in glens aboot {{convert|50|km}} faurer north.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Wolfgang |title=Origin and Migration of the Alpine Iceman |date=2003-10-31 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=302 |issue=5646 |pages=862–866 |bibcode=2003Sci...302..862M |doi=10.1126/science.1089837 |pmid=14593178 |name-list-style=vanc |display-authors=1 |last2=Fricke |first2=H |last3=Halliday |first3=AN |last4=McCulloch |first4=MT |last5=Wartho |first5=JA}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Who was Ötzi the Iceman? |url=http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/identity.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217203826/http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/identity.htm |archive-date=2007-12-17 |website=Mummy Tombs}}</ref> === Diet === In 2009, a CAT scan shawed that efter daith his stamack haed shiftit up tae whaur the boddom o his lung wid uisually be. In it were the hauf-digestit remains o ibex meat, which shaws he haed likly haed a meal less than twa hours afore he deed. Wheat grains were fund an aw.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Than |first=Ker |date=2011-06-23 |title=Iceman's Stomach Sampled – Filled With Goat Meat |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/06/110623-iceman-mummy-otzi-meal-goat-stomach-science/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626140019/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/06/110623-iceman-mummy-otzi-meal-goat-stomach-science |archive-date=2011-06-26 |access-date=2011-06-24 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]}}</ref> His intestines held twa meals, ane o [[chamois]] meat an the ither o [[Reid deer|reid deer]] an yerb breid, baith eaten wi ruits an fruit. The last meal wis eaten aboot aicht hours afore he deed. The grain eaten wi baith meals wis a weel-processed einkorn wheat bran,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holden |first=T.G. |title=Bones and the Man: Studies in Honour of Don Brothwell |publisher=Oxbow Books |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-84217-060-1 |editor-last=Dobney |editor-first=Keith |editor-link=Keith Dobney |location=Oxford |pages=35–40 |chapter=The Food Remains from the Colon of the Tyrolean Ice Man |editor-last2=O'Connor |editor-first2=Terry}}</ref> possibly breid. Near the body there were caff an grains o einkorn an [[Baurley|baurley]], an seeds o [[Lint|lint]] an poppy, that micht hae come frae the Iceman's provisions. There were kernels o slaes, an seeds o different wild berries, forby.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heiss |first1=Andreas G. |last2=Oeggl |first2=Klaus |title=The plant macro-remains from the Iceman site (Tisenjoch, Italian–Austrian border, eastern Alps): new results on the glacier mummy's environment |journal=Vegetation History and Archaeobotany |date=January 2009 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=23–35 |doi=10.1007/s00334-007-0140-8 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00334-007-0140-8 |bibcode=2009VegHA..18...23H |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The pollen in the first meal shawed it haed been eaten in a [[Pinophyta|conifer]] forest hauf wey up a muntain. The pollen wis that weel keepit that the cells inside were still hale, which shaws it haed been fresh (aboot twa hours auld) when Ötzi deed. That pits his daith in the spring or early simmer. Einkorn wheat is hairstit in the late simmer, an slaes in the hairst, an thir maun hae been keepit frae the year afore.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bortenschlager |first1=Sigmar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=roEsBAAAQBAJ&q=Einkorn+wheat+is+harvested+in+the+late+summer,+and+sloes+in+the+autumn;+these+must+have+been+stored+from+the+previous+yea&pg=PA104 |title=The Iceman and his Natural Environment: Palaeobotanical Results |last2=Oeggl |first2=Klaus |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-7091-6758-8 |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, researchers studied his stamack an guts in detail. Ötzi wis thocht tae be a vegetarian afore, but this study shawed that he ate baith meat an plants. Frae traces o DNA an proteins, the researchers fund that his last meal wis fat an meat frae ibex an reid deer, wi einkorn wheat. Traces o bracken, that is pushionous tae fowk, were fund in his stamack an aw. The researchers thocht he either ate it as a medicine for the parasites in his guts, or wrappit his ither food in it an ate the pushionous spores bi accident.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maixner |first1=Frank |last2=Turaev |first2=Dmitrij |last3=Cazenave-Gassiot |first3=Amaury |last4=Janko |first4=Marek |last5=Krause-Kyora |first5=Ben |last6=Hoopmann |first6=Michael R. |last7=Kusebauch |first7=Ulrike |last8=Sartain |first8=Mark |last9=Guerriero |first9=Gea |last10=o'Sullivan |first10=Niall |last11=Teasdale |first11=Matthew |last12=Cipollini |first12=Giovanna |last13=Paladin |first13=Alice |last14=Mattiangeli |first14=Valeria |last15=Samadelli |first15=Marco |display-authors=29 |date=2018-07-23 |title=The Iceman's Last Meal Consisted of Fat, Wild Meat, and Cereals |journal=Current Biology |volume=28 |issue=14 |pages=2348–2355.e9 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.067 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6065529/ |pmc=6065529 |pmid=30017480 |last16=Tecchiati |first16=Umberto |last17=Putzer |first17=Andreas |last18=Palazoglu |first18=Mine |last19=Meissen |first19=John |last20=Lösch |first20=Sandra |last21=Rausch |first21=Philipp |last22=Baines |first22=John F. |last23=Kim |first23=Bum Jin |last24=An |first24=Hyun-Joo |last25=Gostner |first25=Paul |last26=Egarter-Vigl |first26=Eduard |last27=Malfertheiner |first27=Peter |last28=Keller |first28=Andreas |last29=Stark |first29=Robert W. |last30=Wenk |first30=Markus |bibcode=2018CBio...28E2348M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zink |first1=Albert R. |last2=Maixner |first2=Frank |title=The Current Situation of the Tyrolean Iceman |journal=Gerontology |date=2019 |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=699–706 |doi=10.1159/000501878 |url=https://karger.com/ger/article/65/6/699/148083/The-Current-Situation-of-the-Tyrolean-Iceman |pmid=31505504 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>[https://www.science.org/content/article/iceman-s-last-meal-was-high-fat-feast The ‘Iceman's' last meal was a high-fat feast]</ref> === Wark === Heich levels o [[capper]] an [[airsenic]] were fund in his hair. Thon, alang wi his aix blade that is 99.7% capper, haes led scientists tae speculate that he wirkit at smeltin capper.<ref>{{Cite news |last=<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> |date=2002-09-16 |title=Iceman's final meal |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2262615.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330095330/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2262615.stm |archive-date=2015-03-30 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The proportions o his shin bane, [[Thee bane|thee bane]] an pelvis shaw that he likly walkit lang distances ower hilly grund. This degree o traivellin isnae seen in ither Europeans o the Copper Age, an it micht mean he wis a herd in the heich hills.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ruff |first1=Christopher |last2=Holt |first2=BM |last3=Sládek |first3=V |last4=Berner |first4=M |last5=Murphy |first5=WA Jr |last6=Zur Nedden |first6=D |last7=Seidler |first7=H |last8=Recheis |first8=W |date=July 2006 |title=Body size, body proportions, and mobility in the Tyrolean "Iceman" |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=91–101 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.02.001 |pmid=16549104 |bibcode=2006JHumE..51...91R }}</ref> === Tattoos === Ötzi haed 61 tattoos in aw. They were 19 groups o black lines, {{cvt|1|-|3|mm}} braid an {{cvt|7|-|40|mm}} lang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Samadelli |first1=M |last2=M Melis |last3=M Miccoli |last4=E Egarter-Vigl |last5=AR Zink |date=2015 |title=Complete Mapping of the Tattoos of the 5300-year-old Tyrolean Iceman |journal=Journal of Cultural Heritage |volume=16 |pages=753–758 |doi=10.1016/j.culher.2014.12.005 |number=5}}</ref> The maist o the merks are on his legs, that hae 12 groups o lines atween them.<ref name="Deter-Wolf-2015">{{Cite web |last=Deter-Wolf |first=Aaron |date=2015-01-22 |title=Scan finds new tattoos on 5300-year-old Iceman |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113319184/scan-finds-new-tattoos-on-5300-year-old-iceman-012215/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033016/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113319184/scan-finds-new-tattoos-on-5300-year-old-iceman-012215/ |archive-date=2015-11-17 |access-date=2015-11-16}}</ref> Unner the microscope, the tattoos shawed that they were makkit wi pigment frae fireside ash or suit.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pabst |first1=M.A. |last2=I Letofsky-Papst |last3=E Bock |last4=M Moser |last5=L Dorfer |last6=E Egarter-Vigl |last7=F Hoffer |date=2009 |title=The Tattoos of the Tyrolean Iceman: A Light Microscopical, Ultrastructural and Element Analytical Study |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=36 |issue=10 |pages=2335–2341 |bibcode=2009JArSc..36.2335P |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2009.06.016}}</ref> In 2024 a team o researchers tried oot different weys o tattooin. They fund that Ötzi's tattoos were maist likly makkit bi jabbin the skin wi a bane pynt or a capper awl, no bi cuttin it, as wis thocht afore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taub |first1=Benjamin |title=Ötzi The Iceman's Tattoos Recreated On Living Skin To Discover How They Were Made |url=https://www.iflscience.com/otzi-the-icemans-tattoos-recreated-on-living-skin-to-discover-how-they-were-made-73407 |work=IFLScience |date=15 March 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deter-Wolf |first1=Aaron |last2=Robitaille |first2=Benoît |last3=Riday |first3=Danny |last4=Burlot |first4=Aurélien |last5=Sialuk Jacobsen |first5=Maya |title=Chalcolithic Tattooing: Historical and Experimental Evaluation of the Tyrolean Iceman's Body Markings |journal=European Journal of Archaeology |date=August 2024 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=267–288 |doi=10.1017/eaa.2024.5 }}</ref><ref name="Piombino-Mascali-2020">{{cite book |last1=Piombino-Mascali |first1=Dario |last2=Krutak |first2=Lars |title=Purposeful Pain |chapter=Therapeutic Tattoos and Ancient Mummies: The Case of the Iceman |series=Bioarchaeology and Social Theory |date=2020 |pages=119–136 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-32181-9_6 |isbn=978-3-030-32180-2 }}</ref> X-rays o his banes shawed wear on monie o the tattooed pairts, in the lower spine an in the knee an mair in the cuit jynts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spindler |first=Konrad |title=The man in the ice |publisher=Phoenix |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-7538-1260-0 |pages=178–184}}</ref> The tattoos micht hae been pairt o a cure for pain lik acupressure or acupuncture,<ref name="Deter-Wolf-2015" /> tho Ötzi lived at least 2,000 year afore thae were first uised in Cheenae ({{c.}} 1000 BC).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dorfer |first1=L |last2=M Moser |last3=F Bahr |last4=K Spindler |last5=E Egarter-Vigl |last6=S Giullén |last7=G Dohr |last8=T Kenner |date=September 1999 |title=A medical report from the stone age? |journal=The Lancet |volume=354 |issue=9183 |pages=1023–1025 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(98)12242-0 |pmid=10501382 }}</ref> Ötzi wis ance thocht tae be the auldest tattooed human mummy yet fund.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deter-Wolf |first=Aaron |date=2015-11-11 |title=It's official: Ötzi the Iceman has the oldest tattoos in the world |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113410697/its-official-otzi-the-iceman-has-the-oldest-tattoos-in-the-world-111115/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115131532/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113410697/its-official-otzi-the-iceman-has-the-oldest-tattoos-in-the-world-111115/ |archive-date=2015-11-15 |access-date=2015-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Deter-Wolf |first1=Aaron |last2=Robitaille |first2=Benoît |last3=Krutak |first3=Lars |last4=Galliot |first4=Sébastien |date=February 2016 |title=The World's Oldest Tattoos |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01227846 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |volume=5 |pages=19–24 |bibcode=2016JArSR...5...19D |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.11.007 }}</ref> In 2018, but, tattoos were fund on Egyptian mummies frae near the same time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daley |first=Jason |date=2019-12-05 |title=Infrared Reveals Egyptian Mummies' Hidden Tattoos |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/infrared-reveals-egyptian-mummies-hidden-tattoos-180973700/ |access-date=2020-06-20 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> === Genes === Ötzi's hale genome wis first sequenced in 2012.<ref name="Keller-2012">{{cite journal |display-authors=2 |last1=Keller |first1=Andreas |last2=Graefen |first2=Angela |last3=Ball |first3=Markus |last4=Matzas |first4=Mark |last5=Boisguerin |first5=Valesca |last6=Maixner |first6=Frank |last7=Leidinger |first7=Petra |last8=Backes |first8=Christina |last9=Khairat |first9=Rabab |last10=Forster |first10=Michael |last11=Stade |first11=Björn |last12=Franke |first12=Andre |last13=Mayer |first13=Jens |last14=Spangler |first14=Jessica |last15=McLaughlin |first15=Stephen |last16=Shah |first16=Minita |last17=Lee |first17=Clarence |last18=Harkins |first18=Timothy T. |last19=Sartori |first19=Alexander |last20=Moreno-Estrada |first20=Andres |last21=Henn |first21=Brenna |last22=Sikora |first22=Martin |last23=Semino |first23=Ornella |last24=Chiaroni |first24=Jacques |last25=Rootsi |first25=Siiri |last26=Myres |first26=Natalie M. |last27=Cabrera |first27=Vicente M. |last28=Underhill |first28=Peter A. |last29=Bustamante |first29=Carlos D. |last30=Vigl |first30=Eduard Egarter |last31=Samadelli |first31=Marco |last32=Cipollini |first32=Giovanna |last33=Haas |first33=Jan |last34=Katus |first34=Hugo |last35=O'Connor |first35=Brian D. |last36=Carlson |first36=Marc R.J. |last37=Meder |first37=Benjamin |last38=Blin |first38=Nikolaus |last39=Meese |first39=Eckart |last40=Pusch |first40=Carsten M. |last41=Zink |first41=Albert |title=New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing |journal=Nature Communications |date=28 February 2012 |volume=3 |issue=1 |at=698 |pmid=22426219 |bibcode=2012NatCo...3..698K |doi=10.1038/ncomms1701 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A new genome wi faur less contamination frae modren fowk wis published in 2023.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Ke |display-authors=etal |date=2023 |title=High-coverage genome of the Tyrolean Iceman reveals unusually high Anatolian farmer ancestry |journal=Cell Genomics |volume=3 |issue=9 |at=100377 |doi=10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100377 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ötzi is maist closely sib tae Sooth Europeans, mair than ony, tae fowk that hae lang been cut aff frae ithers, lik the [[Corsicae|Corsicans]] an [[Sardinie|Sardinians]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-19 |title=Ancient DNA reveals genetic relationship between today's Sardinians and Neolithic Europeans – HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology |url=http://hudsonalpha.org/ancient-dna-reveals-genetic-relationship-between-todays-sardinians-and-neolithic-europeans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008061113/http://hudsonalpha.org/ancient-dna-reveals-genetic-relationship-between-todays-sardinians-and-neolithic-europeans |archive-date=2016-10-08 |access-date=2016-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Keller-2012"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Callaway |first1=Ewen |title=Iceman's DNA reveals health risks and relations |journal=Nature |date=28 February 2012 |doi=10.1038/nature.2012.10130 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-02-28 |title=Tratti genetici comuni tra la mummia Oetzi e gli attuali abitanti di Sardegna e Corsica |url=http://notizie.tiscali.it/articoli/scienza/12/02/tratti-genetici-oetzi-abitanti-sardegna-corsica.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302190033/http://notizie.tiscali.it/articoli/scienza/12/02/tratti-genetici-oetzi-abitanti-sardegna-corsica.html |archive-date=2012-03-02 |publisher=Tiscali |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pinkowski |first=Jennifer |date=2021-09-15 |title=Ötzi the Iceman: What we know 30 years after his discovery |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/tzi-the-iceman-what-we-know-30-years-after-his-discovery |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915193800/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/tzi-the-iceman-what-we-know-30-years-after-his-discovery |archive-date=15 September 2021 |work=National Geographic}}</ref> The 2023 study fund that 90% o his ancestry cam frae the fermers that cam frae [[Anatolie]], the heichest amang Europeans o his time. Less cam frae European hunter-gaitherers, an nane frae the fowk o the Steppe.<ref name="Wang-2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |last2=Prüfer |first2=Kay |last3=Krause-Kyora |first3=Ben |last4=Childebayeva |first4=Ainash |last5=Schuenemann |first5=Verena J. |last6=Coia |first6=Valentina |last7=Maixner |first7=Frank |last8=Zink |first8=Albert |last9=Schiffels |first9=Stephan |last10=Krause |first10=Johannes |date=2023-08-16 |title=High-coverage genome of the Tyrolean Iceman reveals unusually high Anatolian farmer ancestry |journal=Cell Genomics |volume=3 |issue=9 |at=100377 |doi=10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100377 |quote=The weighted genetic score of dark pigmentation in the Iceman is estimated to be 0.591, higher than the score of present-day southern European populations taking Sardinians as an example (Table S11), which the Iceman shares closest genetic affinity to (Figure S1) and which represent the highest level of pigmentation among modern-day European groups,29 although it is lower than the score of ancient LBK farmers and the Luxembourg_Loschbour.DG hunter-gatherer. |doi-access=free}}</ref> The study fund that he likly haed daurker skin than Europeans the day, that he wis likly bald, an that he micht hae haed metabolic disorders linked tae obesity.<ref name="Wang-2023" /> In October 2013, it wis reportit that 19 modren men in [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]] belang tae the same line on the faither's side (Y-DNA haplogroup G-L91) as Ötzi. Scientists at the Institute of Legal Medicine in Innsbruck haed studied the DNA o mair than 3,700 men in Tyrol that gied bluid, an fund 19 (c. 0.5%) that shared the same haplogroup wi him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-10-10 |title=Link to Oetzi the Iceman found in living Austrians |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24477038 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012043826/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24477038 |archive-date=2013-10-12 |access-date=2013-10-12 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bettinger |first=Blaine |date=2013-10-16 |title=Identifying Ötzi the Iceman's Relatives |url=https://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2013/10/16/identifying-otzi-the-icemans-relatives/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=The Genetic Genealogist |language=en-US}}</ref> == Daith == === Efter his daith === Ötzi's body wisnae aye frozen efter he deed. His tissues first turnt intae adipocere, a waxy substance that comes frae body fat in wat conditions, afore the body dried oot. This shaws that Ötzi lay months in watter ower several seasons afore he dried oot an wis keepit in the ice.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bereuter |first1=T. L. |title=Human Mummies |last2=Lorbeer |first2=E. |last3=Reiter |first3=C. |last4=Seidler |first4=H. |last5=Unterdorfer |first5=H. |year=1996 |isbn=978-3-7091-7352-7 |pages=273–278 |chapter=Post-mortem alterations of human lipids – Part II: Lipid composition of a 5300-year-old mummy |doi=10.1007/978-3-7091-6565-2_26}}</ref> === Hou he deed === At first, fowk thocht Ötzi deed o the cauld in a winter storm. Later it wis speculatit that he haed been a human sacrifice, possibly acause he wis a chief.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ives |first=Sarah |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/10/1030_031030_icemandeath.html |title=Was ancient alpine 'Iceman' killed in battle? |date=2003-10-30 |work=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic News]] |access-date=2007-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015063145/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/10/1030_031030_icemandeath.html |archive-date=2007-10-15 }}</ref><ref name="Rollo-2002">{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |name-list-style=vanc |last1=Rollo |first1=Franco |last2=Ubaldi |first2=Massimo |last3=Ermini |first3=Luca |last4=Marota |first4=Isolina |title=Ötzi's last meals: DNA analysis of the intestinal content of the Neolithic glacier mummy from the Alps |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=October 2002 |volume=99 |issue=20 |pages=12594–12599 |doi=10.1073/pnas.192184599 |bibcode=2002PNAS...9912594R |pmc=130505 |pmid=12244211 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This idea cam frae theories that haed been pit forrit for bodies fund in peat bogs, lik Tollund Man an Lindow Man.<ref name="Rollo-2002" /> In 2001, X-rays an a CT scan shawed that Ötzi haed an arraheid stuck in his left shouther when he deed,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pain |first=Stephanie |date=2001-07-26 |title=Arrow points to foul play in ancient iceman's death |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1080 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823042935/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1080 |archive-date=2014-08-23 |publisher=NewScientistTech}}</ref> an a wee tear in his coat that matched it.<ref name="Deem-2008a">{{Cite web |last=Deem |first=James M. |date=2008-01-03 |title=Ötzi: Iceman of the Alps: Scientific studies |url=http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/studies.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902231211/http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/studies.html |archive-date=2015-09-02 |access-date=2008-01-06}}</ref> Researchers thocht that he deed o bluid loss frae the wound, an that it wid likly hae killt him even wi modren medicine.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Alok |date=2007-06-07 |title=Iceman bled to death, scientists say |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/jun/07/archaeology.internationalnews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313233825/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/jun/07/archaeology.internationalnews |archive-date=2016-03-13 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Mair research fund that the arrae's shaft haed been taen oot afore he deed. There were bruises an cuts on his haunds, wrists an chest, an an injury tae his brain that pynts tae a blaw on the heid. He haed a cut at the boddom o his thoum frae something shairp that gaed in tae the bane. The wound haed nae scar, which shaws it wis fresh when he deed. The view the noo is that Ötzi bled tae daith efter the arrae brak his shouther blade an damaged nerves an bluid vessels, afore it stuck near his lung.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2002-03-21 |title=How Oetzi the Iceman was stabbed in the back and lost his fight for life |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/mar/21/humanities.research1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209193136/http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/humanities/story/0,,671346,00.html |archive-date=2007-12-09 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> DNA tests in 2003 are said tae hae fund traces o bluid frae at least fower ither fowk on his gear: ane on his knife, twa on ae arraheid in his quiver, an a fowerth on his coat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USATODAY.com – 'Iceman' was murdered, science sleuths say |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2003-08-11-iceman-murder_x.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627042824/http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2003-08-11-iceman-murder_x.htm |archive-date=2012-06-27 |website=USA Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fagan |first1=Brian M. |last2=Durrani |first2=Nadia |title=In the Beginning: An Introduction to Archaeology |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34643-2 |doi=10.4324/9781003471974 |page=303 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNOPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA303 }}</ref> Some read thir finds tae mean that Ötzi killt twa fowk wi the same arrae an got it back baith times. On this readin, the bluid on his coat wis frae a woundit freend he micht hae cairried on his back.<ref name="Deem-2008a" /> === Anither idea o whaur he deed === Maist research haes taen it that Ötzi deed near whaur he wis fund.<ref name="Vanzetti-2010">A. Vanzetti, M. Vidale, M. Gallinaro, D.W. Frayer, and L. Bondioli. "[http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/084/ant0840681.htm The iceman as a burial] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906094420/http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/Ant/084/ant0840681.htm |date=2010-09-06}}." ''Antiquity''. Volume: 84 Number: 325 Page: 681–692. September 2010</ref> In 2010, the archaeologist Alessandro Vanzetti o the Sapienza University of Rome, an his colleagues, said that Ötzi deed faur lower doun an wis buried heicher up the muntains.<ref name="Vanzetti-2010" /> Frae their study o the things fund near Ötzi, an whaur they lay, the Iceman micht hae been laid on whit is been taen for a stane burial mound. Syne his body shiftit wi ilka thaw, afore it froze again.<ref name="Bower-2010">"[http://sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/62670/description/Prehistoric_%E2%80%98Iceman%E2%80%99_gets_ceremonial_twist Prehistoric 'Iceman' gets ceremonial twist] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830181108/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/62670/description/Prehistoric_%E2%80%98Iceman%E2%80%99_gets_ceremonial_twist |date=2010-08-30}}", ''Science News'', 25 September 2010. (Retrieved 19 September 2010)</ref> The archaeobotanist Klaus Oeggl o the University of Innsbruck greed that the body likly shiftit frae the ridge this wey, but he said the paper gied nae strang evidence that the scattered stanes were a burial platform.<ref name="Bower-2010"/> The biological anthropologist Albert Zink says forby that the Iceman's banes shaw nae dislocations that a slide doun the hill wid hae left, an that the clots o bluid in his arrae wound wid shaw damage if the body haed been shiftit up the muntain.<ref name="Bower-2010"/> == Legal dispute == [[File:Oetzi Memorial.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The Ötzi memorial near Tisenjoch]] Efter Ötzi wis fund, ither fowk claimed that they haed fund his body first, an no Helmut an Erika Simon. Unner Italian law, the Simons haed the richt tae a finder's fee o 25% o Ötzi's value.<ref name="BBC News-2008">{{Cite news |last= |date=2008-09-29 |title='Iceman' row ends after 17 years |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7643286.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930070344/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7643286.stm |archive-date=2008-09-30 |work=BBC News}}</ref> In 1994, three year efter the discovery, the provincial government o Sooth Tyrol offered them 10 million lire (€5,200), an they turnt it doun.<ref name="BBC News-2008"/> In 2003, a coort in Bolzano recognised the Simons as Ötzi's offeecial finders.<ref name="Deem-2008b">{{Cite web |last=Deem |first=James M. |date=September 2008 |title=Ötzi: Iceman of the Alps: Finder's fee lawsuits |url=http://mummytombs.com/otzi/lawsuit.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102055614/http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/lawsuit.htm |archive-date=2008-11-02 |access-date=2008-10-01 |publisher=Mummy Tombs}}</ref> Helmut Simon deed the neist year, afore the dispute wis sattled. In 2006, a coort o appeal confirmed that the Simons haed fund Ötzi an haed the richt tae a finder's fee.<ref name="Deem-2008b"/> The case endit in September 2008, seventeen year efter the discovery, when Erika Simon an the provincial government greed on a payment o €150,000.<ref name="BBC News-2008"/> == On show == Syne 1998, Ötzi haes been on show at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, the capital o Sooth Tyrol.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Brida |first1=Juan Gabriel |last2=Meleddu |first2=Marta |last3=Pulina |first3=Manuela |title=Understanding Urban Tourism Attractiveness: The Case of the Archaeological Ötzi Museum in Bolzano |journal=Journal of Travel Research |date=November 2012 |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=730–741 |doi=10.1177/0047287512437858 }}</ref> A reconstruction o his face haes been makkit for the museum wi modren 3D scannin. It shaws the Iceman leukin auld for his 45 year, wi deep-set broun een, a beard, a lined face an howe cheeks. He is shawn as tired an unkempt.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lorenzi |first=Rossella |date=2011-02-25 |title=The Iceman Mummy: Finally Face to Face |url=http://news.discovery.com/history/otzi-face-reconstruction-110225.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619001445/http://news.discovery.com/history/otzi-face-reconstruction-110225.html |archive-date=2011-06-19 |access-date=2011-06-24 |publisher=Discovery News}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Otzi The Iceman}} [[Category:Fowk wi Lyme disease]] [[Category:Mummies]] [[Category:Copper Age Europe]] [[Category:Airchaeological airtefacts]] [[Category:Anthropology]] [[Category:History o the Alps]] [[Category:Fowk frae Sooth Tyrol]] [[Category:Airchaeological discoveries in Austrick]] [[Category:Airchaeological discoveries in Italy]] [[Category:Historical fowk wha war forensically reconstructit]] [[Category:1991 in Italy]] [[Category:1991 in science]] [[Category:1991 in Austrick]] [[Category:4t-millennium BC daiths]] [[Category:Unsolved daiths]] [[Category:Curses]] mz8gpcwmulbe2sk6kp7upw1qknyeru8 927426 927421 2026-11-09T19:47:21Z Monospaced 75295 Plainer wordin, spellin fixes 927426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Ötzi | image = Otzi-Quinson.jpg | caption = Ötzi's mummified remains on show at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology | birth_date = {{circa|3275 BC}} | birth_place = Near whit is noo the village o Feldthurns (Velturno), north o [[Bolzano]], [[Italy]] | death_date = {{circa|3230 BC}} (aged {{circa|45}}) | death_place = [[Ötztal Alps]], near Tisenjoch on the border atween [[Austrick]] an Italy | death_cause = Bluid loss frae an arrae wound in his shouther<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/iceman-murder-mystery.html|title=NOVA - Iceman Murder Mystery|author=|work=pbs.org}}</ref> | resting_place = [[South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology]], [[Sooth Tyrol]], Italy | other_names = Ötzi the Iceman; Similaun man; Tyrolean Iceman; Man frae Hauslabjoch; Hauslabjoch mummy | known_for = The auldest kent natural [[mummy]] o a European man frae the Copper Age | height = {{cvt|160|cm|ftin}} }} '''Ötzi''' ({{IPA-de|ˈœtsi|-|De-Oetzi-pronunciation.ogg}}; {{circa|3275 BC|3230 BC}}), also cried '''the Iceman''', the '''Similaun man''' or the '''Tyrolean Iceman''', is the natural [[mummy]] o a man that lived in the 4t millennium BC.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last1=Kean |first1=Walter F. |last2=Tocchio |first2=Shannon |last3=Kean |first3=Mary |last4=Rainsford |first4=K. D. |title=The musculoskeletal abnormalities of the Similaun Iceman ('ÖTZI'): clues to chronic pain and possible treatments |journal=Inflammopharmacology |date=February 2013 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |doi=10.1007/s10787-012-0153-5 |pmid=23096483 |pmc=3560943 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |last2=Prüfer |first2=Kay |last3=Krause-Kyora |first3=Ben |last4=Childebayeva |first4=Ainash |last5=Schuenemann |first5=Verena J. |last6=Coia |first6=Valentina |last7=Maixner |first7=Frank |last8=Zink |first8=Albert |last9=Schiffels |first9=Stephan |last10=Krause |first10=Johannes |date=2023-09-13 |title=High-coverage genome of the Tyrolean Iceman reveals unusually high Anatolian farmer ancestry |journal=Cell Genomics |volume=3 |issue=9 |at=100377 |doi=10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100377 }}</ref> His remains were fund on 19 September 1991 in the [[Ötztal Alps]], on the border atween Austrick an Italy, an that is whaur the nem "Ötzi" comes frae. He is the auldest natural human mummy that is kent in Europe, an it gies a view o Copper Age Europeans that nae earlier find haes gien. Researchers think somebody else killt Ötzi, acause there is an arraheid stuck in his left shouther, an ither wounds forby. Hou he lived an hou he deed hae been the subject o muckle study an speculation. His remains an his belangins are on show at the [[South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology]] in [[Bolzano]], [[Sooth Tyrol]], Italy. == Discovery == Ötzi wis fund on 19 September 1991 bi Helmut an Erika Simon, twa German tourists, near the Tisenjoch pass in the Ötztal Alps. They saw the tap hauf o his body stickin oot the ice, aboot {{convert|3210|m|ft}} abuin sea level.<ref name="Pilo2023">{{cite journal |last1=Pilø |first1=Lars |last2=Reitmaier |first2=Thomas |last3=Fischer |first3=Andrea |last4=Barrett |first4=James H. |last5=Nesje |first5=Atle |title=Ötzi, 30 years on: A reappraisal of the depositional and post-depositional history of the find |journal=The Holocene |volume=33 |issue=1 |year=2023 |pages=112–125 |doi=10.1177/09596836221126133|hdl=11250/3054486 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Acause the steid wis near the border, the Austrian polis an the Italian Carabinieri were baith tellt. At first, fowk thocht he wis a muntain climmer that haed deed no lang syne.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery">{{cite web |title=The Discovery |url=https://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi/the-discovery |website=South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology |access-date=3 September 2026}}</ref> The wark tae get his body oot stairtit the neist day. Bad wather held it up, an it gaed on till 23 September.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> In that time, the muntain climmers [[Reinhold Messner]] an Hans Kammerlander leukit at some o Ötzi's belangins: leather claes, birk bark boxes an an aix. Efter he saw a drawin o the aix, Messner said the remains micht be faur aulder than first thocht.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> Several fowk cam tae the steid afore Ötzi wis taen oot. Some fragile things were trampit on, an ithers were liftit afore onybody wrate doun whaur they lay, an some o the evidence o whaur his belangins haed been lyin wis lost. Researchers spak tae the visitors efterwards tae wark oot whaur the finds haed been.<ref name="Pilo2023"/> Ötzi wis taen oot the ice at last on 23 September, fower days efter he wis fund. Nae archaeologist wis there.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> A dagger wis fund aside him, an a lang widden object nearby wis later kent tae be a bowe. His body wis flown tae Vent, an then taen tae the Institute of Forensic Medicine in [[Innsbruck]] tae be examined.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> It still wisnae clear whether Ötzi haed been fund in Austrick or Italy. The border set doun bi the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye o 1919 wis meant tae follae the watershed o the Alps, but snaw an ice haed makkit the place ill tae map richt.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> On 2 October, thirteen days efter the discovery, an offeecial survey pit the steid {{convert|92.56|m|yd}} inside Italy, in Sooth Tyrol.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> Sooth Tyrol claimed Ötzi as its ain, but greed that his body coud bide in Innsbruck for the time while the examinations gaed on.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/><ref name="Brida2014">{{cite journal |last1=Brida |first1=Juan Gabriel |last2=Meleddu |first2=Marta |last3=Pulina |first3=Manuela |title=Investigating informal learning at a cultural site |journal=Economics Bulletin |volume=34 |issue=2 |year=2014 |pages=634–650}}</ref> == Condition == When Ötzi wis taen oot in September 1991, he wis a wat mummy that the [[glacier]] ice haed keepit naturally. Muckle o the watter in his body haed been lost, but near the hale o him wis keepit. His tissues, banes an innards were in guid order, an his mummified body wis aboot {{cvt|1.54|m|ftin}} lang.<ref name="MuseumBody">{{cite web |title=The Body |url=https://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi/the-body |website=South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology |access-date=3 September 2026}}</ref> Ither pairts o his body haed gane as it decayed. The ootmaist layer o his skin haed come aff, an his body hair wis lost. His finger an tae nails haed come aff an aw. Tufts o his daurk hair were fund aroon the body, an ae fingernail an twa taenails were fund in later digs.<ref name="MuseumBody"/> Ötzi wis damaged mair when he wis taen oot an haundled efter. A pneumatic drill damaged his hip, his left airm wis broke while he wis bein haundled, an pairts o his claes were wrackit.<ref name="nationalgeo">{{cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=David |title=The Iceman: Lone Voyager From the Copper Age |journal=National Geographic |date=June 1993 |volume=183 |issue=6 |pages=45–46}}</ref> His longbow wis broke an aw when he wis taen oot.<ref name="nationalgeo"/> Wind an wather haed damaged his claes efter the ice aroon him meltit, an they were damaged mair when he wis taen oot.<ref name="MuseumClothing">{{cite web |title=Ötzi's Clothing |url=https://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi/clothing |website=South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology |access-date=3 September 2026}}</ref> Bi 24 September 1991, the day efter he wis taen oot, Ötzi's body haed stairtit tae decay. He wis pit in a cauld cell at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Innsbruck that wis set up lik the glacier.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> [[Fungus]] stairtit growin on his skin at the mortuary an aw, an within days scientists stairtit tae keep the mummy mair cannily.<ref name="nationalgeo"/> == Claes an gear == [[File:OtzishoesS1340065.jpg|thumb|left|A copy o Ötzi's shae at the Bata Shoe Museum]] Ötzi wore a cloak o woven gress, an a coat, a belt, a pair o leggins, a loincloth an shaes, aw o leather frae different skins. He wore a bearskin bunnet an aw, wi a leather chin strap. The coat, belt, leggins an loincloth were makkit o upricht strips o leather shewed thegither wi sinew. A pooch shewed ontae his belt held a nummer o uisefu things: a scraper, a drill, a flint flake, a bane awl an a dried fungus.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The Belt and Pouch |url=http://www.iceman.it/en/node/275 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311083938/http://www.iceman.it/en/node/275 |archive-date=2009-03-11 |access-date=2016-04-23 |publisher=South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology}}</ref> The shaes were watterticht an braid, seemin makkit for walkin ower snaw. The soles were bearskin, the taps were deer hide, an there wis a nettin o tree bark. Saft gress gaed aroon the fit inside the shae, lik modren socks.<ref name=":3" /> The leather loincloth an the hide coat were makkit o sheepskin. The sheep were nearer the modren hame-bred sheep o Europe than wild sheep, an at least fower beasts' skins were uised. The leggins were makkit o leather frae hame-bred goats.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Netburn |first=Deborah |date=2016-08-18 |title=How Otzi the Iceman outfitted himself: Fur from brown bears and leather from roe deer |url=https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-otzi-iceman-garments-quiver-20160818-snap-story.html |access-date=2022-10-31 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> DNA frae sax o his claes shawed whaur the materials cam frae. The shae laces were makkit frae European kye an the quiver frae wild [[Rae deer|rae deer]], while the fur bunnet cam frae a line o [[Broun beir|broun bear]] that still bides in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Davis |first=Nicola |date=2016-08-30 |title=It becometh the iceman: clothing study reveals stylish secrets of leather-loving ancient |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/18/it-becometh-the-iceman-otzi-clothing-study-reveals-stylish-secrets-of-leather-loving-ancient |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830164637/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/18/it-becometh-the-iceman-otzi-clothing-study-reveals-stylish-secrets-of-leather-loving-ancient |archive-date=2016-08-30 |access-date=2016-08-30 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Romey |first=Kristin |date=18 August 2016 |title=Here's What the Iceman Was Wearing When He Died 5,300 Years Ago |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/otzi-iceman-european-alps-mummy-clothing-dna-leather-fur-archaeology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819105927/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/otzi-iceman-european-alps-mummy-clothing-dna-leather-fur-archaeology/ |archive-date=2016-08-19 |access-date=2016-08-18 |magazine=National Geographic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Sullivan |first1=Niall J. |last2=Teasdale |first2=Matthew D. |last3=Mattiangeli |first3=Valeria |last4=Maixner |first4=Frank |last5=Pinhasi |first5=Ron |last6=Bradley |first6=Daniel G. |last7=Zink |first7=Albert |date=2016-08-18 |title=A whole mitochondria analysis of the Tyrolean Iceman's leather provides insights into the animal sources of Copper Age clothing |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=6 |at=31279 |bibcode=2016NatSR...631279O |doi=10.1038/srep31279 |doi-access=free|pmc=4989873 |pmid=27537861}}</ref> [[File:ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg|thumb|upright|A copy o Ötzi's capper aix]] The ither things fund wi the Iceman were a capper aix wi a [[Taxus baccata|yew]] haunle, a knife wi a chert blade an an ash haunle, an a quiver o 14 arraes wi shafts o viburnum an dugwid.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fleur |first=Nicholas St |date=2018-06-21 |title=The Final Hours of the Iceman's Tools |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/21/science/otzi-iceman-tools.html?rref=collection/column/trilobites |access-date=2018-07-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petraglia |first1=Michael D. |last2=Wierer |first2=Ursula |last3=Arrighi |first3=Simona |last4=Bertola |first4=Stefano |last5=Kaufmann |first5=Günther |last6=Baumgarten |first6=Benno |last7=Pedrotti |first7=Annaluisa |last8=Pernter |first8=Patrizia |last9=Pelegrin |first9=Jacques |year=2018 |editor-last=Petraglia |editor-first=Michael D. |title=The Iceman's lithic toolkit: Raw material, technology, typology and use |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=13 |issue=6 |at=e0198292 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1398292W |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0198292 |pmc=6010222 |pmid=29924811 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Twa o the arraes, that were broke, haed flint heids an fletchin. The ither 12 werenae feenished an haed nae heids. In the quiver wi the arraes there wis whit is thocht tae be a bowe string, a tuil naebody kens the uise o, an an antler tuil that micht hae been uised tae shairpen arraheids.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fowler |first=Brenda |title=Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man found in an Alpine Glacier |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-226-25823-2 |location=Chicago, Ill. |pages=105–106}}</ref> There wis an unfeenished yew longbow forby, {{cvt|1.82|m|in}} lang.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |title=Europe: A History |title-link=Europe: A History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-820171-7 |location=Oxford}}</ref> Amang Ötzi's belangins there were berries, twa birk bark baskets an twa kynds o polypore [[Puddock stuil|puddock stuils]] wi leather strings through them. Ane o them, the birk fungus, is kent tae kill worms in the guts, an it wis likly uised as a medicine.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Capasso |first=Luigi |date=December 1998 |title=5300 years ago, the Ice Man used natural laxatives and antibiotics |journal=Lancet |volume=352 |issue=9143 |page=1864 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79939-6 |pmid=9851424 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The ither wis a kynd o tinder fungus, pairt o whit leuks tae hae been a fire-lichtin kit. The kit haed pieces o mair than a dozen different plants, an flint an [[pyrite]] for strikin spairks. The aix's haunle is {{cvt|60|cm|in}} lang, makkit o yew that wis wrocht wi care. The aix heid is {{convert|9.5|cm|in}} lang an near pure [[capper]].<ref name="Axe">{{Cite web |title=The Axe – Ötzi – South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology |url=http://www.iceman.it/en/node/277 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116010012/http://www.iceman.it/en/node/277 |archive-date=2010-11-16 |access-date=2010-09-12 |website=iceman.it}}</ref> It wis cast, an no haurdened efter. Capper ore in the Alps wis mined in Ötzi's time, but a 2017 study fund that the capper in the aix cam frae the sooth o [[Tuscany]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Artioli |first1=Gilberto |last2=Angelini |first2=Ivana |last3=Kaufmann |first3=Günther |last4=Canovaro |first4=Caterina |last5=Dal Sasso |first5=Gregorio |last6=Villa |first6=Igor Maria |date=2017 |title=Long-distance connections in the Copper Age: New evidence from the Alpine Iceman's copper axe |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=7 |at=e0179263 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1279263A |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0179263 |pmc=5497943 |pmid=28678801 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The heid wis set intae the forkit end o the haunle an held there wi birk tar an ticht leather lashin. The blade shaws clear signs o bein uised for choppin an cuttin. An aix lik this wid hae been a dear possession, as a tuil an as a mark o staunin baith.<ref name="Axe" /> == Datin == On 24 September, at the medical examiner's office in Innsbruck, the find wis examined bi the archaeologist Konrad Spindler o the University of Innsbruck. He dated it tae at least fower thoosand year auld, frae the type o aix amang the things fund wi it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fowler |first=Brenda |title=Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man Found in an Alpine Glacier |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-226-25823-2 |page=37&nbsp;''ff''}}</ref><ref name="Iceman-2013">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=The Incredible Age of the Find |url=http://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi-age |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624085502/http://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi-age |archive-date=2015-06-24 |access-date=2015-08-03 |publisher=South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology}}</ref> Tissue samples frae the body, an ither things fund wi it, were studied later at several scientific institutions. The results shawed clearly that the remains belanged tae somebody that lived atween 3359 an 3105 BC, some 5,100 year syne.<ref name="Iceman-2013" /> Mair exact estimates gie a 66% chance that he deed atween 3239 an 3105 BC, a 33% chance that he deed atween 3359 an 3294 BC, an a 1% chance that he deed atween 3277 an 3268 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bonani |first1=Georges |last2=Ivy |first2=Susan D. |last3=Hajdas |first3=Irena |last4=Niklaus |first4=Thomas R. |last5=Suter |first5=Martin |date=1994 |title=Ams 14 C Age Determinations of Tissue, Bone and Grass Samples from the Ötztal Ice Man |journal=Radiocarbon |language=en |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=247–250 |bibcode=1994Radcb..36..247B |doi=10.1017/S0033822200040534 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Scientific studies == === Body an heal === When he deed, aroon 3230 BC, Ötzi wis aboot 45 year auld. His body wis aboot {{cvt|160|cm|ftin}} heich, an he is thocht tae hae weighed aboot {{cvt|50|kg}} when he wis livin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2000-09-26 |title=Iceman is defrosted for gene tests: New techniques may link Copper Age shepherd to present-day relatives |url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,373487,00.html |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2012 |title=Mummy Melodrama: Top 9 Secrets About Otzi the Iceman |url=https://www.livescience.com/24666-otzi-iceman-mummy-life-death.html |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=Live Science |publisher=Future plc}}</ref> A 2006 study that uised CT scans o his skeleton gied a wee bit different figures, {{cvt|158|cm|ftin}} an {{cvt|61|kg}}.<ref name="Ruff-2006">{{Cite journal |last1=Ruff |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Holt |first2=Brigitte M. |last3=Sládek |first3=Vladimír |last4=Berner |first4=Margit |last5=Murphy |first5=William A. Jr. |last6=Zur Nedden |first6=Dieter |last7=Seidler |first7=Horst |last8=Recheis |first8=Wolfgang |date=July 2006 |title=Body size, body proportions, and mobility in the Tyrolean "Iceman" |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=91–101 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.02.001 |pmid=16549104}}</ref> His shin banes shaw that he traivelt muckle ower roch grund, mair than maist ither [[Neolithic]] European men the researchers leukit at.<ref name="Ruff-2006"/> His banes, jynts an muscles shaw lang-time damage tae his spine, an arthritis in his richt knee an cuit. Researchers think thir likly gied him lang-lastin pain in his back, richt knee an richt cuit in the later years o his life.<ref name=":4" /> Ötzi haed several heal problems. He haed whipworm, a parasite o the guts, tho naebody kens hou ill the infection wis.<ref name="Dickson-2003">{{Cite journal |last1=Dickson |first1=James H. |last2=Oeggl |first2=Klaus |last3=Handley |first3=Linda L. |date=May 2003 |title=The Iceman Reconsidered |journal=Scientific American |volume=288 |issue=5 |pages=70–79 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0503-70 |pmid=12701332}}</ref> Bi his mid-40s, his teeth were sair worn an haed several holes, an he haed gum disease forby. Researchers airt the holes in his teeth tae chynges in diet that cam wi the spreid o fermin in the Neolithic.<ref name="Seiler-2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Seiler |first1=Roger |last2=Spielman |first2=Andrew I. |last3=Zink |first3=Albert |last4=Rühli |first4=Frank |date=June 2013 |title=Oral pathologies of the Neolithic Iceman, c.3,300 BC |journal=European Journal of Oral Sciences |volume=121 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=137–141 |doi=10.1111/eos.12037 |pmid=23659234}}</ref> Ae fingernail that is left haes three Beau's lines, grooves that come when illness stops a nail growin. They shaw that Ötzi wis ill three times in his last sax month, the last time aboot twa month afore he deed, for at least twa weeks.<ref name="Dickson-2003"/> Ötzi haed ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' an aw. In 2016, researchers rebiggit the bacterium's 5,300-year-auld [[genome]] frae his guts. It belanged tae hpAsia2, a population o bacteria frae Asie that wis in Europe in prehistoric times, afore it mixed wi strains frae Africae.<ref name="Maixner-2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Maixner |first1=Frank |last2=Krause-Kyora |first2=Ben |last3=Turaev |first3=Dmitrij |last4=Herbig |first4=Alexander |last5=Hoopmann |first5=Michael R. |last6=Hallows |first6=Janice L. |last7=Kusebauch |first7=Ulrike |last8=Egarter Vigl |first8=Eduard |last9=Malfertheiner |first9=Peter |display-authors=3 |date=8 January 2016 |title=The 5,300-year-old ''Helicobacter pylori'' genome of the Iceman |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=351 |issue=6269 |pages=162–165 |doi=10.1126/science.aad2545 |pmid=26744403 |pmc=4775254}}</ref> DNA frae Ötzi haed sequences frae the bacteria ''Borrelia'' forby. A 2012 study said they were ''Borrelia burgdorferi'', a cause o [[Lyme disease]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Keller |first1=Andreas |last2=Graefen |first2=Angela |last3=Ball |first3=Markus |last4=Matzas |first4=Mark |last5=Boisguerin |first5=Vassilis |last6=Maixner |first6=Frank |last7=Leidinger |first7=Petra |last8=Backes |first8=Christina |last9=Khairat |first9=Rabab |display-authors=3 |date=2012 |title=New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing |journal=Nature Communications |volume=3 |page=698 |doi=10.1038/ncomms1701 |pmid=22426219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A 2013 study o the same data fund that maist o the sequences coudnae be set doun tae ony ae species, an that the auncient strain wis different in its genes frae the ''B. burgdorferi'' that is kent the day.<ref name="Ames-2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Ames |first1=Sasha K. |last2=Hysom |first2=David A. |last3=Gardner |first3=Shea N. |last4=Lloyd |first4=Glynn S. |last5=Gokhale |first5=Mayuri B. |last6=Allen |first6=Jonathan E. |date=2013 |title=Scalable metagenomic taxonomy classification using a reference genome database |journal=Bioinformatics |volume=29 |issue=18 |pages=2253–2260 |doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btt389 |pmid=23828782 |pmc=3753567}}</ref> === Whaur he cam frae === Studies o pollen, stour an the [[isotope]]s in his teeth shaw that he spent his bairnheid near whit is noo the Sooth Tyrol village o Feldthurns, north o Bolzano. Later he gaed tae bide in glens aboot {{convert|50|km}} faurer north.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Wolfgang |title=Origin and Migration of the Alpine Iceman |date=2003-10-31 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=302 |issue=5646 |pages=862–866 |bibcode=2003Sci...302..862M |doi=10.1126/science.1089837 |pmid=14593178 |name-list-style=vanc |display-authors=1 |last2=Fricke |first2=H |last3=Halliday |first3=AN |last4=McCulloch |first4=MT |last5=Wartho |first5=JA}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Who was Ötzi the Iceman? |url=http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/identity.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217203826/http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/identity.htm |archive-date=2007-12-17 |website=Mummy Tombs}}</ref> === Diet === In 2009, a CAT scan shawed that efter daith his stamack haed shiftit up tae whaur the boddom o his lung wid uisually be. In it were the hauf-digestit remains o ibex meat, which shaws he haed likly haed a meal less than twa hours afore he deed. Wheat grains were fund an aw.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Than |first=Ker |date=2011-06-23 |title=Iceman's Stomach Sampled – Filled With Goat Meat |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/06/110623-iceman-mummy-otzi-meal-goat-stomach-science/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626140019/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/06/110623-iceman-mummy-otzi-meal-goat-stomach-science |archive-date=2011-06-26 |access-date=2011-06-24 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]}}</ref> His intestines held twa meals, ane o [[chamois]] meat an the ither o [[Reid deer|reid deer]] an herb breid, baith eaten wi ruits an fruit. The last meal wis eaten aboot aicht hours afore he deed. The grain eaten wi baith meals wis a weel-processed einkorn wheat bran,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holden |first=T.G. |title=Bones and the Man: Studies in Honour of Don Brothwell |publisher=Oxbow Books |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-84217-060-1 |editor-last=Dobney |editor-first=Keith |editor-link=Keith Dobney |location=Oxford |pages=35–40 |chapter=The Food Remains from the Colon of the Tyrolean Ice Man |editor-last2=O'Connor |editor-first2=Terry}}</ref> possibly breid. Near the body there were caff an grains o einkorn an [[Baurley|baurley]], an seeds o [[Lint|lint]] an poppy, that micht hae come frae the Iceman's provisions. There were kernels o slaes, an seeds o different wild berries, forby.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heiss |first1=Andreas G. |last2=Oeggl |first2=Klaus |title=The plant macro-remains from the Iceman site (Tisenjoch, Italian–Austrian border, eastern Alps): new results on the glacier mummy's environment |journal=Vegetation History and Archaeobotany |date=January 2009 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=23–35 |doi=10.1007/s00334-007-0140-8 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00334-007-0140-8 |bibcode=2009VegHA..18...23H |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The pollen in the first meal shawed it haed been eaten in a [[Pinophyta|conifer]] forest hauf wey up a muntain. The pollen wis that weel keepit that the cells inside were still hale, which shaws it haed been fresh (aboot twa hours auld) when Ötzi deed. That pits his daith in the spring or early simmer. Einkorn wheat is hairstit in the late simmer, an slaes in the hairst, an thir maun hae been keepit frae the year afore.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bortenschlager |first1=Sigmar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=roEsBAAAQBAJ&q=Einkorn+wheat+is+harvested+in+the+late+summer,+and+sloes+in+the+autumn;+these+must+have+been+stored+from+the+previous+yea&pg=PA104 |title=The Iceman and his Natural Environment: Palaeobotanical Results |last2=Oeggl |first2=Klaus |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-7091-6758-8 |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, researchers studied his stamack an guts in detail. Ötzi wis thocht tae be a vegetarian afore, but this study shawed that he ate baith meat an plants. Frae traces o DNA an proteins, the researchers fund that his last meal wis fat an meat frae ibex an reid deer, wi einkorn wheat. Traces o bracken, that is pushionous tae fowk, were fund in his stamack an aw. The researchers thocht he either ate it as a medicine for the parasites in his guts, or wrappit his ither food in it an ate the pushionous spores bi accident.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maixner |first1=Frank |last2=Turaev |first2=Dmitrij |last3=Cazenave-Gassiot |first3=Amaury |last4=Janko |first4=Marek |last5=Krause-Kyora |first5=Ben |last6=Hoopmann |first6=Michael R. |last7=Kusebauch |first7=Ulrike |last8=Sartain |first8=Mark |last9=Guerriero |first9=Gea |last10=o'Sullivan |first10=Niall |last11=Teasdale |first11=Matthew |last12=Cipollini |first12=Giovanna |last13=Paladin |first13=Alice |last14=Mattiangeli |first14=Valeria |last15=Samadelli |first15=Marco |display-authors=29 |date=2018-07-23 |title=The Iceman's Last Meal Consisted of Fat, Wild Meat, and Cereals |journal=Current Biology |volume=28 |issue=14 |pages=2348–2355.e9 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.067 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6065529/ |pmc=6065529 |pmid=30017480 |last16=Tecchiati |first16=Umberto |last17=Putzer |first17=Andreas |last18=Palazoglu |first18=Mine |last19=Meissen |first19=John |last20=Lösch |first20=Sandra |last21=Rausch |first21=Philipp |last22=Baines |first22=John F. |last23=Kim |first23=Bum Jin |last24=An |first24=Hyun-Joo |last25=Gostner |first25=Paul |last26=Egarter-Vigl |first26=Eduard |last27=Malfertheiner |first27=Peter |last28=Keller |first28=Andreas |last29=Stark |first29=Robert W. |last30=Wenk |first30=Markus |bibcode=2018CBio...28E2348M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zink |first1=Albert R. |last2=Maixner |first2=Frank |title=The Current Situation of the Tyrolean Iceman |journal=Gerontology |date=2019 |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=699–706 |doi=10.1159/000501878 |url=https://karger.com/ger/article/65/6/699/148083/The-Current-Situation-of-the-Tyrolean-Iceman |pmid=31505504 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>[https://www.science.org/content/article/iceman-s-last-meal-was-high-fat-feast The ‘Iceman's' last meal was a high-fat feast]</ref> === Wark === Heich levels o [[capper]] an [[Airsenic|arsenic]] were fund in his hair. Thon, alang wi his aix blade that is 99.7% capper, haes led scientists tae speculate that he wirkit at smeltin capper.<ref>{{Cite news |last=<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> |date=2002-09-16 |title=Iceman's final meal |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2262615.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330095330/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2262615.stm |archive-date=2015-03-30 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The proportions o his shin bane, [[Thee bane|thee bane]] an pelvis shaw that he likly walkit lang distances ower hilly grund. This degree o traivellin isnae seen in ither Europeans o the Copper Age, an it micht mean he wis a herd in the heich hills.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ruff |first1=Christopher |last2=Holt |first2=BM |last3=Sládek |first3=V |last4=Berner |first4=M |last5=Murphy |first5=WA Jr |last6=Zur Nedden |first6=D |last7=Seidler |first7=H |last8=Recheis |first8=W |date=July 2006 |title=Body size, body proportions, and mobility in the Tyrolean "Iceman" |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=91–101 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.02.001 |pmid=16549104 |bibcode=2006JHumE..51...91R }}</ref> === Tattoos === Ötzi haed 61 tattoos in aw. They were 19 groups o black lines, {{cvt|1|-|3|mm}} braid an {{cvt|7|-|40|mm}} lang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Samadelli |first1=M |last2=M Melis |last3=M Miccoli |last4=E Egarter-Vigl |last5=AR Zink |date=2015 |title=Complete Mapping of the Tattoos of the 5300-year-old Tyrolean Iceman |journal=Journal of Cultural Heritage |volume=16 |pages=753–758 |doi=10.1016/j.culher.2014.12.005 |number=5}}</ref> The maist o the merks are on his legs, that hae 12 groups o lines atween them.<ref name="Deter-Wolf-2015">{{Cite web |last=Deter-Wolf |first=Aaron |date=2015-01-22 |title=Scan finds new tattoos on 5300-year-old Iceman |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113319184/scan-finds-new-tattoos-on-5300-year-old-iceman-012215/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033016/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113319184/scan-finds-new-tattoos-on-5300-year-old-iceman-012215/ |archive-date=2015-11-17 |access-date=2015-11-16}}</ref> Unner the microscope, the tattoos shawed that they were makkit wi pigment frae fireside ash or suit.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pabst |first1=M.A. |last2=I Letofsky-Papst |last3=E Bock |last4=M Moser |last5=L Dorfer |last6=E Egarter-Vigl |last7=F Hoffer |date=2009 |title=The Tattoos of the Tyrolean Iceman: A Light Microscopical, Ultrastructural and Element Analytical Study |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=36 |issue=10 |pages=2335–2341 |bibcode=2009JArSc..36.2335P |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2009.06.016}}</ref> In 2024 a team o researchers tried oot different weys o tattooin. They fund that Ötzi's tattoos were maist likly makkit bi jabbin the skin wi a bane pynt or a capper awl, no bi cuttin it, as wis thocht afore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taub |first1=Benjamin |title=Ötzi The Iceman's Tattoos Recreated On Living Skin To Discover How They Were Made |url=https://www.iflscience.com/otzi-the-icemans-tattoos-recreated-on-living-skin-to-discover-how-they-were-made-73407 |work=IFLScience |date=15 March 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deter-Wolf |first1=Aaron |last2=Robitaille |first2=Benoît |last3=Riday |first3=Danny |last4=Burlot |first4=Aurélien |last5=Sialuk Jacobsen |first5=Maya |title=Chalcolithic Tattooing: Historical and Experimental Evaluation of the Tyrolean Iceman's Body Markings |journal=European Journal of Archaeology |date=August 2024 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=267–288 |doi=10.1017/eaa.2024.5 }}</ref><ref name="Piombino-Mascali-2020">{{cite book |last1=Piombino-Mascali |first1=Dario |last2=Krutak |first2=Lars |title=Purposeful Pain |chapter=Therapeutic Tattoos and Ancient Mummies: The Case of the Iceman |series=Bioarchaeology and Social Theory |date=2020 |pages=119–136 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-32181-9_6 |isbn=978-3-030-32180-2 }}</ref> X-rays o his banes shawed wear on monie o the tattooed pairts, in the lower spine an in the knee an mair in the cuit jynts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spindler |first=Konrad |title=The man in the ice |publisher=Phoenix |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-7538-1260-0 |pages=178–184}}</ref> The tattoos micht hae been pairt o a cure for pain lik acupressure or acupuncture,<ref name="Deter-Wolf-2015" /> tho Ötzi lived at least 2,000 year afore thae were first uised in Cheenae ({{c.}} 1000 BC).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dorfer |first1=L |last2=M Moser |last3=F Bahr |last4=K Spindler |last5=E Egarter-Vigl |last6=S Giullén |last7=G Dohr |last8=T Kenner |date=September 1999 |title=A medical report from the stone age? |journal=The Lancet |volume=354 |issue=9183 |pages=1023–1025 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(98)12242-0 |pmid=10501382 }}</ref> Ötzi wis ance thocht tae be the auldest tattooed human mummy yet fund.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deter-Wolf |first=Aaron |date=2015-11-11 |title=It's official: Ötzi the Iceman has the oldest tattoos in the world |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113410697/its-official-otzi-the-iceman-has-the-oldest-tattoos-in-the-world-111115/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115131532/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113410697/its-official-otzi-the-iceman-has-the-oldest-tattoos-in-the-world-111115/ |archive-date=2015-11-15 |access-date=2015-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Deter-Wolf |first1=Aaron |last2=Robitaille |first2=Benoît |last3=Krutak |first3=Lars |last4=Galliot |first4=Sébastien |date=February 2016 |title=The World's Oldest Tattoos |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01227846 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |volume=5 |pages=19–24 |bibcode=2016JArSR...5...19D |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.11.007 }}</ref> In 2018, but, tattoos were fund on Egyptian mummies frae near the same time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daley |first=Jason |date=2019-12-05 |title=Infrared Reveals Egyptian Mummies' Hidden Tattoos |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/infrared-reveals-egyptian-mummies-hidden-tattoos-180973700/ |access-date=2020-06-20 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> === Genes === Ötzi's hale genome wis first sequenced in 2012.<ref name="Keller-2012">{{cite journal |display-authors=2 |last1=Keller |first1=Andreas |last2=Graefen |first2=Angela |last3=Ball |first3=Markus |last4=Matzas |first4=Mark |last5=Boisguerin |first5=Valesca |last6=Maixner |first6=Frank |last7=Leidinger |first7=Petra |last8=Backes |first8=Christina |last9=Khairat |first9=Rabab |last10=Forster |first10=Michael |last11=Stade |first11=Björn |last12=Franke |first12=Andre |last13=Mayer |first13=Jens |last14=Spangler |first14=Jessica |last15=McLaughlin |first15=Stephen |last16=Shah |first16=Minita |last17=Lee |first17=Clarence |last18=Harkins |first18=Timothy T. |last19=Sartori |first19=Alexander |last20=Moreno-Estrada |first20=Andres |last21=Henn |first21=Brenna |last22=Sikora |first22=Martin |last23=Semino |first23=Ornella |last24=Chiaroni |first24=Jacques |last25=Rootsi |first25=Siiri |last26=Myres |first26=Natalie M. |last27=Cabrera |first27=Vicente M. |last28=Underhill |first28=Peter A. |last29=Bustamante |first29=Carlos D. |last30=Vigl |first30=Eduard Egarter |last31=Samadelli |first31=Marco |last32=Cipollini |first32=Giovanna |last33=Haas |first33=Jan |last34=Katus |first34=Hugo |last35=O'Connor |first35=Brian D. |last36=Carlson |first36=Marc R.J. |last37=Meder |first37=Benjamin |last38=Blin |first38=Nikolaus |last39=Meese |first39=Eckart |last40=Pusch |first40=Carsten M. |last41=Zink |first41=Albert |title=New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing |journal=Nature Communications |date=28 February 2012 |volume=3 |issue=1 |at=698 |pmid=22426219 |bibcode=2012NatCo...3..698K |doi=10.1038/ncomms1701 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A new genome wi faur less contamination frae modren fowk wis published in 2023.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Ke |display-authors=etal |date=2023 |title=High-coverage genome of the Tyrolean Iceman reveals unusually high Anatolian farmer ancestry |journal=Cell Genomics |volume=3 |issue=9 |at=100377 |doi=10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100377 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ötzi is maist closely sib tae Sooth Europeans, mair than ony, tae fowk that hae lang been cut aff frae ithers, lik the [[Corsicae|Corsicans]] an [[Sardinie|Sardinians]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-19 |title=Ancient DNA reveals genetic relationship between today's Sardinians and Neolithic Europeans – HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology |url=http://hudsonalpha.org/ancient-dna-reveals-genetic-relationship-between-todays-sardinians-and-neolithic-europeans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008061113/http://hudsonalpha.org/ancient-dna-reveals-genetic-relationship-between-todays-sardinians-and-neolithic-europeans |archive-date=2016-10-08 |access-date=2016-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Keller-2012"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Callaway |first1=Ewen |title=Iceman's DNA reveals health risks and relations |journal=Nature |date=28 February 2012 |doi=10.1038/nature.2012.10130 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-02-28 |title=Tratti genetici comuni tra la mummia Oetzi e gli attuali abitanti di Sardegna e Corsica |url=http://notizie.tiscali.it/articoli/scienza/12/02/tratti-genetici-oetzi-abitanti-sardegna-corsica.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302190033/http://notizie.tiscali.it/articoli/scienza/12/02/tratti-genetici-oetzi-abitanti-sardegna-corsica.html |archive-date=2012-03-02 |publisher=Tiscali |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pinkowski |first=Jennifer |date=2021-09-15 |title=Ötzi the Iceman: What we know 30 years after his discovery |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/tzi-the-iceman-what-we-know-30-years-after-his-discovery |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915193800/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/tzi-the-iceman-what-we-know-30-years-after-his-discovery |archive-date=15 September 2021 |work=National Geographic}}</ref> The 2023 study fund that 90% o his ancestry cam frae the fermers that cam frae [[Anatolie]], the heichest amang Europeans o his time. Less cam frae European hunter-gaitherers, an nane frae the fowk o the Steppe.<ref name="Wang-2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |last2=Prüfer |first2=Kay |last3=Krause-Kyora |first3=Ben |last4=Childebayeva |first4=Ainash |last5=Schuenemann |first5=Verena J. |last6=Coia |first6=Valentina |last7=Maixner |first7=Frank |last8=Zink |first8=Albert |last9=Schiffels |first9=Stephan |last10=Krause |first10=Johannes |date=2023-08-16 |title=High-coverage genome of the Tyrolean Iceman reveals unusually high Anatolian farmer ancestry |journal=Cell Genomics |volume=3 |issue=9 |at=100377 |doi=10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100377 |quote=The weighted genetic score of dark pigmentation in the Iceman is estimated to be 0.591, higher than the score of present-day southern European populations taking Sardinians as an example (Table S11), which the Iceman shares closest genetic affinity to (Figure S1) and which represent the highest level of pigmentation among modern-day European groups,29 although it is lower than the score of ancient LBK farmers and the Luxembourg_Loschbour.DG hunter-gatherer. |doi-access=free}}</ref> The study fund that he likly haed daurker skin than Europeans the day, that he wis likly bald, an that he micht hae haed metabolic disorders linked tae obesity.<ref name="Wang-2023" /> In October 2013, it wis reportit that 19 modren men in [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]] belang tae the same line on the faither's side (Y-DNA haplogroup G-L91) as Ötzi. Scientists at the Institute of Legal Medicine in Innsbruck haed studied the DNA o mair than 3,700 men in Tyrol that gied bluid, an fund 19 (c. 0.5%) that shared the same haplogroup wi him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-10-10 |title=Link to Oetzi the Iceman found in living Austrians |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24477038 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012043826/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24477038 |archive-date=2013-10-12 |access-date=2013-10-12 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bettinger |first=Blaine |date=2013-10-16 |title=Identifying Ötzi the Iceman's Relatives |url=https://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2013/10/16/identifying-otzi-the-icemans-relatives/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=The Genetic Genealogist |language=en-US}}</ref> == Daith == === Efter his daith === Ötzi's body wisnae aye frozen efter he deed. His tissues first turnt intae adipocere, a waxy substance that comes frae body fat in wat conditions, afore the body dried oot. This shaws that Ötzi lay months in watter ower several seasons afore he dried oot an wis keepit in the ice.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bereuter |first1=T. L. |title=Human Mummies |last2=Lorbeer |first2=E. |last3=Reiter |first3=C. |last4=Seidler |first4=H. |last5=Unterdorfer |first5=H. |year=1996 |isbn=978-3-7091-7352-7 |pages=273–278 |chapter=Post-mortem alterations of human lipids – Part II: Lipid composition of a 5300-year-old mummy |doi=10.1007/978-3-7091-6565-2_26}}</ref> === Hou he deed === At first, fowk thocht Ötzi deed o the cauld in a winter storm. Later it wis speculatit that he haed been a human sacrifice, possibly acause he wis a chief.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ives |first=Sarah |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/10/1030_031030_icemandeath.html |title=Was ancient alpine 'Iceman' killed in battle? |date=2003-10-30 |work=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic News]] |access-date=2007-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015063145/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/10/1030_031030_icemandeath.html |archive-date=2007-10-15 }}</ref><ref name="Rollo-2002">{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |name-list-style=vanc |last1=Rollo |first1=Franco |last2=Ubaldi |first2=Massimo |last3=Ermini |first3=Luca |last4=Marota |first4=Isolina |title=Ötzi's last meals: DNA analysis of the intestinal content of the Neolithic glacier mummy from the Alps |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=October 2002 |volume=99 |issue=20 |pages=12594–12599 |doi=10.1073/pnas.192184599 |bibcode=2002PNAS...9912594R |pmc=130505 |pmid=12244211 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This idea cam frae theories that haed been pit forrit for bodies fund in peat bogs, lik Tollund Man an Lindow Man.<ref name="Rollo-2002" /> In 2001, X-rays an a CT scan shawed that Ötzi haed an arraheid stuck in his left shouther when he deed,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pain |first=Stephanie |date=2001-07-26 |title=Arrow points to foul play in ancient iceman's death |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1080 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823042935/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1080 |archive-date=2014-08-23 |publisher=NewScientistTech}}</ref> an a wee tear in his coat that matched it.<ref name="Deem-2008a">{{Cite web |last=Deem |first=James M. |date=2008-01-03 |title=Ötzi: Iceman of the Alps: Scientific studies |url=http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/studies.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902231211/http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/studies.html |archive-date=2015-09-02 |access-date=2008-01-06}}</ref> Researchers thocht that he deed o bluid loss frae the wound, an that it wid likly hae killt him even wi modren medicine.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Alok |date=2007-06-07 |title=Iceman bled to death, scientists say |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/jun/07/archaeology.internationalnews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313233825/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/jun/07/archaeology.internationalnews |archive-date=2016-03-13 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Mair research fund that the arrae's shaft haed been taen oot afore he deed. There were bruises an cuts on his haunds, wrists an chest, an an injury tae his brain that pynts tae a blaw on the heid. He haed a cut at the boddom o his thoum frae something shairp that gaed in tae the bane. The wound haed nae scar, which shaws it wis fresh when he deed. The view the noo is that Ötzi bled tae daith efter the arrae brak his shouther blade an damaged nerves an bluid vessels, afore it stuck near his lung.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2002-03-21 |title=How Oetzi the Iceman was stabbed in the back and lost his fight for life |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/mar/21/humanities.research1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209193136/http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/humanities/story/0,,671346,00.html |archive-date=2007-12-09 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> DNA tests in 2003 are said tae hae fund traces o bluid frae at least fower ither fowk on his gear: ane on his knife, twa on ae arraheid in his quiver, an a fowerth on his coat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USATODAY.com – 'Iceman' was murdered, science sleuths say |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2003-08-11-iceman-murder_x.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627042824/http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2003-08-11-iceman-murder_x.htm |archive-date=2012-06-27 |website=USA Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fagan |first1=Brian M. |last2=Durrani |first2=Nadia |title=In the Beginning: An Introduction to Archaeology |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34643-2 |doi=10.4324/9781003471974 |page=303 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNOPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA303 }}</ref> Some read thir finds tae mean that Ötzi killt twa fowk wi the same arrae an got it back baith times. On this readin, the bluid on his coat wis frae a woundit freend he micht hae cairried on his back.<ref name="Deem-2008a" /> === Anither idea o whaur he deed === Maist research haes taen it that Ötzi deed near whaur he wis fund.<ref name="Vanzetti-2010">A. Vanzetti, M. Vidale, M. Gallinaro, D.W. Frayer, and L. Bondioli. "[http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/084/ant0840681.htm The iceman as a burial] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906094420/http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/Ant/084/ant0840681.htm |date=2010-09-06}}." ''Antiquity''. Volume: 84 Number: 325 Page: 681–692. September 2010</ref> In 2010, the archaeologist Alessandro Vanzetti o the Sapienza University of Rome, an his colleagues, said that Ötzi deed faur lower doun an wis buried heicher up the muntains.<ref name="Vanzetti-2010" /> Frae their study o the things fund near Ötzi, an whaur they lay, the Iceman micht hae been laid on whit is been taen for a stane burial mound. Syne his body shiftit wi ilka thaw, afore it froze again.<ref name="Bower-2010">"[http://sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/62670/description/Prehistoric_%E2%80%98Iceman%E2%80%99_gets_ceremonial_twist Prehistoric 'Iceman' gets ceremonial twist] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830181108/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/62670/description/Prehistoric_%E2%80%98Iceman%E2%80%99_gets_ceremonial_twist |date=2010-08-30}}", ''Science News'', 25 September 2010. (Retrieved 19 September 2010)</ref> The archaeobotanist Klaus Oeggl o the University of Innsbruck greed that the body likly shiftit frae the ridge this wey, but he said the paper gied nae strang evidence that the scattered stanes were a burial platform.<ref name="Bower-2010"/> The biological anthropologist Albert Zink says forby that the Iceman's banes shaw nae dislocations that a slide doun the hill wid hae left, an that the clots o bluid in his arrae wound wid shaw damage if the body haed been shiftit up the muntain.<ref name="Bower-2010"/> == Legal dispute == [[File:Oetzi Memorial.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The Ötzi memorial near Tisenjoch]] Efter Ötzi wis fund, ither fowk claimed that they haed fund his body first, an no Helmut an Erika Simon. Unner Italian law, the Simons haed the richt tae a finder's fee o 25% o Ötzi's value.<ref name="BBC News-2008">{{Cite news |last= |date=2008-09-29 |title='Iceman' row ends after 17 years |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7643286.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930070344/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7643286.stm |archive-date=2008-09-30 |work=BBC News}}</ref> In 1994, three year efter the discovery, the provincial government o Sooth Tyrol offered them 10 million lire (€5,200), an they turnt it doun.<ref name="BBC News-2008"/> In 2003, a coort in Bolzano recognised the Simons as Ötzi's offeecial finders.<ref name="Deem-2008b">{{Cite web |last=Deem |first=James M. |date=September 2008 |title=Ötzi: Iceman of the Alps: Finder's fee lawsuits |url=http://mummytombs.com/otzi/lawsuit.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102055614/http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/lawsuit.htm |archive-date=2008-11-02 |access-date=2008-10-01 |publisher=Mummy Tombs}}</ref> Helmut Simon deed the neist year, afore the dispute wis sattled. In 2006, a coort o appeal confirmed that the Simons haed fund Ötzi an haed the richt tae a finder's fee.<ref name="Deem-2008b"/> The case endit in September 2008, seventeen year efter the discovery, when Erika Simon an the provincial government greed on a payment o €150,000.<ref name="BBC News-2008"/> == On show == Syne 1998, Ötzi haes been on show at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, the capital o Sooth Tyrol.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Brida |first1=Juan Gabriel |last2=Meleddu |first2=Marta |last3=Pulina |first3=Manuela |title=Understanding Urban Tourism Attractiveness: The Case of the Archaeological Ötzi Museum in Bolzano |journal=Journal of Travel Research |date=November 2012 |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=730–741 |doi=10.1177/0047287512437858 }}</ref> A reconstruction o his face haes been makkit for the museum wi modren 3D scannin. It shaws the Iceman leukin auld for his 45 year, wi deep-set broun een, a beard, a lined face an howe cheeks. He is shawn as tired an unkempt.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lorenzi |first=Rossella |date=2011-02-25 |title=The Iceman Mummy: Finally Face to Face |url=http://news.discovery.com/history/otzi-face-reconstruction-110225.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619001445/http://news.discovery.com/history/otzi-face-reconstruction-110225.html |archive-date=2011-06-19 |access-date=2011-06-24 |publisher=Discovery News}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Otzi The Iceman}} [[Category:Fowk wi Lyme disease]] [[Category:Mummies]] [[Category:Copper Age Europe]] [[Category:Airchaeological airtefacts]] [[Category:Anthropology]] [[Category:History o the Alps]] [[Category:Fowk frae Sooth Tyrol]] [[Category:Airchaeological discoveries in Austrick]] [[Category:Airchaeological discoveries in Italy]] [[Category:Historical fowk wha war forensically reconstructit]] [[Category:1991 in Italy]] [[Category:1991 in science]] [[Category:1991 in Austrick]] [[Category:4t-millennium BC daiths]] [[Category:Unsolved daiths]] [[Category:Curses]] 1aejwuiqgxq97u641rn693kid8ogi9f 927436 927426 2026-11-09T20:01:06Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 5 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 927436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Ötzi | image = Otzi-Quinson.jpg | caption = Ötzi's mummified remains on show at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology | birth_date = {{circa|3275 BC}} | birth_place = Near whit is noo the village o Feldthurns (Velturno), north o [[Bolzano]], [[Italy]] | death_date = {{circa|3230 BC}} (aged {{circa|45}}) | death_place = [[Ötztal Alps]], near Tisenjoch on the border atween [[Austrick]] an Italy | death_cause = Bluid loss frae an arrae wound in his shouther<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/iceman-murder-mystery.html|title=NOVA - Iceman Murder Mystery|author=|work=pbs.org}}</ref> | resting_place = [[South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology]], [[Sooth Tyrol]], Italy | other_names = Ötzi the Iceman; Similaun man; Tyrolean Iceman; Man frae Hauslabjoch; Hauslabjoch mummy | known_for = The auldest kent natural [[mummy]] o a European man frae the Copper Age | height = {{cvt|160|cm|ftin}} }} '''Ötzi''' ({{IPA-de|ˈœtsi|-|De-Oetzi-pronunciation.ogg}}; {{circa|3275 BC|3230 BC}}), also cried '''the Iceman''', the '''Similaun man''' or the '''Tyrolean Iceman''', is the natural [[mummy]] o a man that lived in the 4t millennium BC.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last1=Kean |first1=Walter F. |last2=Tocchio |first2=Shannon |last3=Kean |first3=Mary |last4=Rainsford |first4=K. D. |title=The musculoskeletal abnormalities of the Similaun Iceman ('ÖTZI'): clues to chronic pain and possible treatments |journal=Inflammopharmacology |date=February 2013 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |doi=10.1007/s10787-012-0153-5 |pmid=23096483 |pmc=3560943 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |last2=Prüfer |first2=Kay |last3=Krause-Kyora |first3=Ben |last4=Childebayeva |first4=Ainash |last5=Schuenemann |first5=Verena J. |last6=Coia |first6=Valentina |last7=Maixner |first7=Frank |last8=Zink |first8=Albert |last9=Schiffels |first9=Stephan |last10=Krause |first10=Johannes |date=2023-09-13 |title=High-coverage genome of the Tyrolean Iceman reveals unusually high Anatolian farmer ancestry |journal=Cell Genomics |volume=3 |issue=9 |at=100377 |doi=10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100377 }}</ref> His remains were fund on 19 September 1991 in the [[Ötztal Alps]], on the border atween Austrick an Italy, an that is whaur the nem "Ötzi" comes frae. He is the auldest natural human mummy that is kent in Europe, an it gies a view o Copper Age Europeans that nae earlier find haes gien. Researchers think somebody else killt Ötzi, acause there is an arraheid stuck in his left shouther, an ither wounds forby. Hou he lived an hou he deed hae been the subject o muckle study an speculation. His remains an his belangins are on show at the [[South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology]] in [[Bolzano]], [[Sooth Tyrol]], Italy. == Discovery == Ötzi wis fund on 19 September 1991 bi Helmut an Erika Simon, twa German tourists, near the Tisenjoch pass in the Ötztal Alps. They saw the tap hauf o his body stickin oot the ice, aboot {{convert|3210|m|ft}} abuin sea level.<ref name="Pilo2023">{{cite journal |last1=Pilø |first1=Lars |last2=Reitmaier |first2=Thomas |last3=Fischer |first3=Andrea |last4=Barrett |first4=James H. |last5=Nesje |first5=Atle |title=Ötzi, 30 years on: A reappraisal of the depositional and post-depositional history of the find |journal=The Holocene |volume=33 |issue=1 |year=2023 |pages=112–125 |doi=10.1177/09596836221126133|hdl=11250/3054486 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Acause the steid wis near the border, the Austrian polis an the Italian Carabinieri were baith tellt. At first, fowk thocht he wis a muntain climmer that haed deed no lang syne.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery">{{cite web |title=The Discovery |url=https://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi/the-discovery |website=South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology |access-date=3 September 2026}}</ref> The wark tae get his body oot stairtit the neist day. Bad wather held it up, an it gaed on till 23 September.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> In that time, the muntain climmers [[Reinhold Messner]] an Hans Kammerlander leukit at some o Ötzi's belangins: leather claes, birk bark boxes an an aix. Efter he saw a drawin o the aix, Messner said the remains micht be faur aulder than first thocht.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> Several fowk cam tae the steid afore Ötzi wis taen oot. Some fragile things were trampit on, an ithers were liftit afore onybody wrate doun whaur they lay, an some o the evidence o whaur his belangins haed been lyin wis lost. Researchers spak tae the visitors efterwards tae wark oot whaur the finds haed been.<ref name="Pilo2023"/> Ötzi wis taen oot the ice at last on 23 September, fower days efter he wis fund. Nae archaeologist wis there.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> A dagger wis fund aside him, an a lang widden object nearby wis later kent tae be a bowe. His body wis flown tae Vent, an then taen tae the Institute of Forensic Medicine in [[Innsbruck]] tae be examined.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> It still wisnae clear whether Ötzi haed been fund in Austrick or Italy. The border set doun bi the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye o 1919 wis meant tae follae the watershed o the Alps, but snaw an ice haed makkit the place ill tae map richt.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> On 2 October, thirteen days efter the discovery, an offeecial survey pit the steid {{convert|92.56|m|yd}} inside Italy, in Sooth Tyrol.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> Sooth Tyrol claimed Ötzi as its ain, but greed that his body coud bide in Innsbruck for the time while the examinations gaed on.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/><ref name="Brida2014">{{cite journal |last1=Brida |first1=Juan Gabriel |last2=Meleddu |first2=Marta |last3=Pulina |first3=Manuela |title=Investigating informal learning at a cultural site |journal=Economics Bulletin |volume=34 |issue=2 |year=2014 |pages=634–650}}</ref> == Condition == When Ötzi wis taen oot in September 1991, he wis a wat mummy that the [[glacier]] ice haed keepit naturally. Muckle o the watter in his body haed been lost, but near the hale o him wis keepit. His tissues, banes an innards were in guid order, an his mummified body wis aboot {{cvt|1.54|m|ftin}} lang.<ref name="MuseumBody">{{cite web |title=The Body |url=https://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi/the-body |website=South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology |access-date=3 September 2026}}</ref> Ither pairts o his body haed gane as it decayed. The ootmaist layer o his skin haed come aff, an his body hair wis lost. His finger an tae nails haed come aff an aw. Tufts o his daurk hair were fund aroon the body, an ae fingernail an twa taenails were fund in later digs.<ref name="MuseumBody"/> Ötzi wis damaged mair when he wis taen oot an haundled efter. A pneumatic drill damaged his hip, his left airm wis broke while he wis bein haundled, an pairts o his claes were wrackit.<ref name="nationalgeo">{{cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=David |title=The Iceman: Lone Voyager From the Copper Age |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_national-geographic_1993-06_183_6/page/45 |journal=National Geographic |date=June 1993 |volume=183 |issue=6 |pages=45–46}}</ref> His longbow wis broke an aw when he wis taen oot.<ref name="nationalgeo"/> Wind an wather haed damaged his claes efter the ice aroon him meltit, an they were damaged mair when he wis taen oot.<ref name="MuseumClothing">{{cite web |title=Ötzi's Clothing |url=https://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi/clothing |website=South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology |access-date=3 September 2026}}</ref> Bi 24 September 1991, the day efter he wis taen oot, Ötzi's body haed stairtit tae decay. He wis pit in a cauld cell at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Innsbruck that wis set up lik the glacier.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> [[Fungus]] stairtit growin on his skin at the mortuary an aw, an within days scientists stairtit tae keep the mummy mair cannily.<ref name="nationalgeo"/> == Claes an gear == [[File:OtzishoesS1340065.jpg|thumb|left|A copy o Ötzi's shae at the Bata Shoe Museum]] Ötzi wore a cloak o woven gress, an a coat, a belt, a pair o leggins, a loincloth an shaes, aw o leather frae different skins. He wore a bearskin bunnet an aw, wi a leather chin strap. The coat, belt, leggins an loincloth were makkit o upricht strips o leather shewed thegither wi sinew. A pooch shewed ontae his belt held a nummer o uisefu things: a scraper, a drill, a flint flake, a bane awl an a dried fungus.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The Belt and Pouch |url=http://www.iceman.it/en/node/275 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311083938/http://www.iceman.it/en/node/275 |archive-date=2009-03-11 |access-date=2016-04-23 |publisher=South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology}}</ref> The shaes were watterticht an braid, seemin makkit for walkin ower snaw. The soles were bearskin, the taps were deer hide, an there wis a nettin o tree bark. Saft gress gaed aroon the fit inside the shae, lik modren socks.<ref name=":3" /> The leather loincloth an the hide coat were makkit o sheepskin. The sheep were nearer the modren hame-bred sheep o Europe than wild sheep, an at least fower beasts' skins were uised. The leggins were makkit o leather frae hame-bred goats.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Netburn |first=Deborah |date=2016-08-18 |title=How Otzi the Iceman outfitted himself: Fur from brown bears and leather from roe deer |url=https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-otzi-iceman-garments-quiver-20160818-snap-story.html |access-date=2022-10-31 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> DNA frae sax o his claes shawed whaur the materials cam frae. The shae laces were makkit frae European kye an the quiver frae wild [[Rae deer|rae deer]], while the fur bunnet cam frae a line o [[Broun beir|broun bear]] that still bides in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Davis |first=Nicola |date=2016-08-30 |title=It becometh the iceman: clothing study reveals stylish secrets of leather-loving ancient |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/18/it-becometh-the-iceman-otzi-clothing-study-reveals-stylish-secrets-of-leather-loving-ancient |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830164637/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/18/it-becometh-the-iceman-otzi-clothing-study-reveals-stylish-secrets-of-leather-loving-ancient |archive-date=2016-08-30 |access-date=2016-08-30 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Romey |first=Kristin |date=18 August 2016 |title=Here's What the Iceman Was Wearing When He Died 5,300 Years Ago |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/otzi-iceman-european-alps-mummy-clothing-dna-leather-fur-archaeology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819105927/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/otzi-iceman-european-alps-mummy-clothing-dna-leather-fur-archaeology/ |archive-date=2016-08-19 |access-date=2016-08-18 |magazine=National Geographic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Sullivan |first1=Niall J. |last2=Teasdale |first2=Matthew D. |last3=Mattiangeli |first3=Valeria |last4=Maixner |first4=Frank |last5=Pinhasi |first5=Ron |last6=Bradley |first6=Daniel G. |last7=Zink |first7=Albert |date=2016-08-18 |title=A whole mitochondria analysis of the Tyrolean Iceman's leather provides insights into the animal sources of Copper Age clothing |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=6 |at=31279 |bibcode=2016NatSR...631279O |doi=10.1038/srep31279 |doi-access=free|pmc=4989873 |pmid=27537861}}</ref> [[File:ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg|thumb|upright|A copy o Ötzi's capper aix]] The ither things fund wi the Iceman were a capper aix wi a [[Taxus baccata|yew]] haunle, a knife wi a chert blade an an ash haunle, an a quiver o 14 arraes wi shafts o viburnum an dugwid.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fleur |first=Nicholas St |date=2018-06-21 |title=The Final Hours of the Iceman's Tools |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/21/science/otzi-iceman-tools.html?rref=collection/column/trilobites |access-date=2018-07-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petraglia |first1=Michael D. |last2=Wierer |first2=Ursula |last3=Arrighi |first3=Simona |last4=Bertola |first4=Stefano |last5=Kaufmann |first5=Günther |last6=Baumgarten |first6=Benno |last7=Pedrotti |first7=Annaluisa |last8=Pernter |first8=Patrizia |last9=Pelegrin |first9=Jacques |year=2018 |editor-last=Petraglia |editor-first=Michael D. |title=The Iceman's lithic toolkit: Raw material, technology, typology and use |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=13 |issue=6 |at=e0198292 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1398292W |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0198292 |pmc=6010222 |pmid=29924811 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Twa o the arraes, that were broke, haed flint heids an fletchin. The ither 12 werenae feenished an haed nae heids. In the quiver wi the arraes there wis whit is thocht tae be a bowe string, a tuil naebody kens the uise o, an an antler tuil that micht hae been uised tae shairpen arraheids.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fowler |first=Brenda |title=Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man found in an Alpine Glacier |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-226-25823-2 |location=Chicago, Ill. |pages=105–106}}</ref> There wis an unfeenished yew longbow forby, {{cvt|1.82|m|in}} lang.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |title=Europe: A History |title-link=Europe: A History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-820171-7 |location=Oxford}}</ref> Amang Ötzi's belangins there were berries, twa birk bark baskets an twa kynds o polypore [[Puddock stuil|puddock stuils]] wi leather strings through them. Ane o them, the birk fungus, is kent tae kill worms in the guts, an it wis likly uised as a medicine.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Capasso |first=Luigi |date=December 1998 |title=5300 years ago, the Ice Man used natural laxatives and antibiotics |journal=Lancet |volume=352 |issue=9143 |page=1864 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79939-6 |pmid=9851424 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The ither wis a kynd o tinder fungus, pairt o whit leuks tae hae been a fire-lichtin kit. The kit haed pieces o mair than a dozen different plants, an flint an [[pyrite]] for strikin spairks. The aix's haunle is {{cvt|60|cm|in}} lang, makkit o yew that wis wrocht wi care. The aix heid is {{convert|9.5|cm|in}} lang an near pure [[capper]].<ref name="Axe">{{Cite web |title=The Axe – Ötzi – South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology |url=http://www.iceman.it/en/node/277 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116010012/http://www.iceman.it/en/node/277 |archive-date=2010-11-16 |access-date=2010-09-12 |website=iceman.it}}</ref> It wis cast, an no haurdened efter. Capper ore in the Alps wis mined in Ötzi's time, but a 2017 study fund that the capper in the aix cam frae the sooth o [[Tuscany]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Artioli |first1=Gilberto |last2=Angelini |first2=Ivana |last3=Kaufmann |first3=Günther |last4=Canovaro |first4=Caterina |last5=Dal Sasso |first5=Gregorio |last6=Villa |first6=Igor Maria |date=2017 |title=Long-distance connections in the Copper Age: New evidence from the Alpine Iceman's copper axe |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=7 |at=e0179263 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1279263A |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0179263 |pmc=5497943 |pmid=28678801 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The heid wis set intae the forkit end o the haunle an held there wi birk tar an ticht leather lashin. The blade shaws clear signs o bein uised for choppin an cuttin. An aix lik this wid hae been a dear possession, as a tuil an as a mark o staunin baith.<ref name="Axe" /> == Datin == On 24 September, at the medical examiner's office in Innsbruck, the find wis examined bi the archaeologist Konrad Spindler o the University of Innsbruck. He dated it tae at least fower thoosand year auld, frae the type o aix amang the things fund wi it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fowler |first=Brenda |title=Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man Found in an Alpine Glacier |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-226-25823-2 |page=37&nbsp;''ff''}}</ref><ref name="Iceman-2013">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=The Incredible Age of the Find |url=http://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi-age |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624085502/http://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi-age |archive-date=2015-06-24 |access-date=2015-08-03 |publisher=South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology}}</ref> Tissue samples frae the body, an ither things fund wi it, were studied later at several scientific institutions. The results shawed clearly that the remains belanged tae somebody that lived atween 3359 an 3105 BC, some 5,100 year syne.<ref name="Iceman-2013" /> Mair exact estimates gie a 66% chance that he deed atween 3239 an 3105 BC, a 33% chance that he deed atween 3359 an 3294 BC, an a 1% chance that he deed atween 3277 an 3268 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bonani |first1=Georges |last2=Ivy |first2=Susan D. |last3=Hajdas |first3=Irena |last4=Niklaus |first4=Thomas R. |last5=Suter |first5=Martin |date=1994 |title=Ams 14 C Age Determinations of Tissue, Bone and Grass Samples from the Ötztal Ice Man |journal=Radiocarbon |language=en |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=247–250 |bibcode=1994Radcb..36..247B |doi=10.1017/S0033822200040534 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Scientific studies == === Body an heal === When he deed, aroon 3230 BC, Ötzi wis aboot 45 year auld. His body wis aboot {{cvt|160|cm|ftin}} heich, an he is thocht tae hae weighed aboot {{cvt|50|kg}} when he wis livin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2000-09-26 |title=Iceman is defrosted for gene tests: New techniques may link Copper Age shepherd to present-day relatives |url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,373487,00.html |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2012 |title=Mummy Melodrama: Top 9 Secrets About Otzi the Iceman |url=https://www.livescience.com/24666-otzi-iceman-mummy-life-death.html |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=Live Science |publisher=Future plc}}</ref> A 2006 study that uised CT scans o his skeleton gied a wee bit different figures, {{cvt|158|cm|ftin}} an {{cvt|61|kg}}.<ref name="Ruff-2006">{{Cite journal |last1=Ruff |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Holt |first2=Brigitte M. |last3=Sládek |first3=Vladimír |last4=Berner |first4=Margit |last5=Murphy |first5=William A. Jr. |last6=Zur Nedden |first6=Dieter |last7=Seidler |first7=Horst |last8=Recheis |first8=Wolfgang |date=July 2006 |title=Body size, body proportions, and mobility in the Tyrolean "Iceman" |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=91–101 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.02.001 |pmid=16549104}}</ref> His shin banes shaw that he traivelt muckle ower roch grund, mair than maist ither [[Neolithic]] European men the researchers leukit at.<ref name="Ruff-2006"/> His banes, jynts an muscles shaw lang-time damage tae his spine, an arthritis in his richt knee an cuit. Researchers think thir likly gied him lang-lastin pain in his back, richt knee an richt cuit in the later years o his life.<ref name=":4" /> Ötzi haed several heal problems. He haed whipworm, a parasite o the guts, tho naebody kens hou ill the infection wis.<ref name="Dickson-2003">{{Cite journal |last1=Dickson |first1=James H. |last2=Oeggl |first2=Klaus |last3=Handley |first3=Linda L. |date=May 2003 |title=The Iceman Reconsidered |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_2003-05_288_5/page/n75 |journal=Scientific American |volume=288 |issue=5 |pages=70–79 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0503-70 |pmid=12701332}}</ref> Bi his mid-40s, his teeth were sair worn an haed several holes, an he haed gum disease forby. Researchers airt the holes in his teeth tae chynges in diet that cam wi the spreid o fermin in the Neolithic.<ref name="Seiler-2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Seiler |first1=Roger |last2=Spielman |first2=Andrew I. |last3=Zink |first3=Albert |last4=Rühli |first4=Frank |date=June 2013 |title=Oral pathologies of the Neolithic Iceman, c.3,300 BC |journal=European Journal of Oral Sciences |volume=121 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=137–141 |doi=10.1111/eos.12037 |pmid=23659234}}</ref> Ae fingernail that is left haes three Beau's lines, grooves that come when illness stops a nail growin. They shaw that Ötzi wis ill three times in his last sax month, the last time aboot twa month afore he deed, for at least twa weeks.<ref name="Dickson-2003"/> Ötzi haed ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' an aw. In 2016, researchers rebiggit the bacterium's 5,300-year-auld [[genome]] frae his guts. It belanged tae hpAsia2, a population o bacteria frae Asie that wis in Europe in prehistoric times, afore it mixed wi strains frae Africae.<ref name="Maixner-2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Maixner |first1=Frank |last2=Krause-Kyora |first2=Ben |last3=Turaev |first3=Dmitrij |last4=Herbig |first4=Alexander |last5=Hoopmann |first5=Michael R. |last6=Hallows |first6=Janice L. |last7=Kusebauch |first7=Ulrike |last8=Egarter Vigl |first8=Eduard |last9=Malfertheiner |first9=Peter |display-authors=3 |date=8 January 2016 |title=The 5,300-year-old ''Helicobacter pylori'' genome of the Iceman |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_science_2016-01-08_351_6269/page/162 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=351 |issue=6269 |pages=162–165 |doi=10.1126/science.aad2545 |pmid=26744403 |pmc=4775254}}</ref> DNA frae Ötzi haed sequences frae the bacteria ''Borrelia'' forby. A 2012 study said they were ''Borrelia burgdorferi'', a cause o [[Lyme disease]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Keller |first1=Andreas |last2=Graefen |first2=Angela |last3=Ball |first3=Markus |last4=Matzas |first4=Mark |last5=Boisguerin |first5=Vassilis |last6=Maixner |first6=Frank |last7=Leidinger |first7=Petra |last8=Backes |first8=Christina |last9=Khairat |first9=Rabab |display-authors=3 |date=2012 |title=New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing |journal=Nature Communications |volume=3 |page=698 |doi=10.1038/ncomms1701 |pmid=22426219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A 2013 study o the same data fund that maist o the sequences coudnae be set doun tae ony ae species, an that the auncient strain wis different in its genes frae the ''B. burgdorferi'' that is kent the day.<ref name="Ames-2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Ames |first1=Sasha K. |last2=Hysom |first2=David A. |last3=Gardner |first3=Shea N. |last4=Lloyd |first4=Glynn S. |last5=Gokhale |first5=Mayuri B. |last6=Allen |first6=Jonathan E. |date=2013 |title=Scalable metagenomic taxonomy classification using a reference genome database |journal=Bioinformatics |volume=29 |issue=18 |pages=2253–2260 |doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btt389 |pmid=23828782 |pmc=3753567}}</ref> === Whaur he cam frae === Studies o pollen, stour an the [[isotope]]s in his teeth shaw that he spent his bairnheid near whit is noo the Sooth Tyrol village o Feldthurns, north o Bolzano. Later he gaed tae bide in glens aboot {{convert|50|km}} faurer north.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Wolfgang |title=Origin and Migration of the Alpine Iceman |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2003-10-31_302_5646/page/862 |date=2003-10-31 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=302 |issue=5646 |pages=862–866 |bibcode=2003Sci...302..862M |doi=10.1126/science.1089837 |pmid=14593178 |name-list-style=vanc |display-authors=1 |last2=Fricke |first2=H |last3=Halliday |first3=AN |last4=McCulloch |first4=MT |last5=Wartho |first5=JA}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Who was Ötzi the Iceman? |url=http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/identity.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217203826/http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/identity.htm |archive-date=2007-12-17 |website=Mummy Tombs}}</ref> === Diet === In 2009, a CAT scan shawed that efter daith his stamack haed shiftit up tae whaur the boddom o his lung wid uisually be. In it were the hauf-digestit remains o ibex meat, which shaws he haed likly haed a meal less than twa hours afore he deed. Wheat grains were fund an aw.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Than |first=Ker |date=2011-06-23 |title=Iceman's Stomach Sampled – Filled With Goat Meat |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/06/110623-iceman-mummy-otzi-meal-goat-stomach-science/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626140019/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/06/110623-iceman-mummy-otzi-meal-goat-stomach-science |archive-date=2011-06-26 |access-date=2011-06-24 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]}}</ref> His intestines held twa meals, ane o [[chamois]] meat an the ither o [[Reid deer|reid deer]] an herb breid, baith eaten wi ruits an fruit. The last meal wis eaten aboot aicht hours afore he deed. The grain eaten wi baith meals wis a weel-processed einkorn wheat bran,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holden |first=T.G. |title=Bones and the Man: Studies in Honour of Don Brothwell |publisher=Oxbow Books |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-84217-060-1 |editor-last=Dobney |editor-first=Keith |editor-link=Keith Dobney |location=Oxford |pages=35–40 |chapter=The Food Remains from the Colon of the Tyrolean Ice Man |editor-last2=O'Connor |editor-first2=Terry}}</ref> possibly breid. Near the body there were caff an grains o einkorn an [[Baurley|baurley]], an seeds o [[Lint|lint]] an poppy, that micht hae come frae the Iceman's provisions. There were kernels o slaes, an seeds o different wild berries, forby.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heiss |first1=Andreas G. |last2=Oeggl |first2=Klaus |title=The plant macro-remains from the Iceman site (Tisenjoch, Italian–Austrian border, eastern Alps): new results on the glacier mummy's environment |journal=Vegetation History and Archaeobotany |date=January 2009 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=23–35 |doi=10.1007/s00334-007-0140-8 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00334-007-0140-8 |bibcode=2009VegHA..18...23H |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The pollen in the first meal shawed it haed been eaten in a [[Pinophyta|conifer]] forest hauf wey up a muntain. The pollen wis that weel keepit that the cells inside were still hale, which shaws it haed been fresh (aboot twa hours auld) when Ötzi deed. That pits his daith in the spring or early simmer. Einkorn wheat is hairstit in the late simmer, an slaes in the hairst, an thir maun hae been keepit frae the year afore.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bortenschlager |first1=Sigmar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=roEsBAAAQBAJ&q=Einkorn+wheat+is+harvested+in+the+late+summer,+and+sloes+in+the+autumn;+these+must+have+been+stored+from+the+previous+yea&pg=PA104 |title=The Iceman and his Natural Environment: Palaeobotanical Results |last2=Oeggl |first2=Klaus |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-7091-6758-8 |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, researchers studied his stamack an guts in detail. Ötzi wis thocht tae be a vegetarian afore, but this study shawed that he ate baith meat an plants. Frae traces o DNA an proteins, the researchers fund that his last meal wis fat an meat frae ibex an reid deer, wi einkorn wheat. Traces o bracken, that is pushionous tae fowk, were fund in his stamack an aw. The researchers thocht he either ate it as a medicine for the parasites in his guts, or wrappit his ither food in it an ate the pushionous spores bi accident.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maixner |first1=Frank |last2=Turaev |first2=Dmitrij |last3=Cazenave-Gassiot |first3=Amaury |last4=Janko |first4=Marek |last5=Krause-Kyora |first5=Ben |last6=Hoopmann |first6=Michael R. |last7=Kusebauch |first7=Ulrike |last8=Sartain |first8=Mark |last9=Guerriero |first9=Gea |last10=o'Sullivan |first10=Niall |last11=Teasdale |first11=Matthew |last12=Cipollini |first12=Giovanna |last13=Paladin |first13=Alice |last14=Mattiangeli |first14=Valeria |last15=Samadelli |first15=Marco |display-authors=29 |date=2018-07-23 |title=The Iceman's Last Meal Consisted of Fat, Wild Meat, and Cereals |journal=Current Biology |volume=28 |issue=14 |pages=2348–2355.e9 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.067 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6065529/ |pmc=6065529 |pmid=30017480 |last16=Tecchiati |first16=Umberto |last17=Putzer |first17=Andreas |last18=Palazoglu |first18=Mine |last19=Meissen |first19=John |last20=Lösch |first20=Sandra |last21=Rausch |first21=Philipp |last22=Baines |first22=John F. |last23=Kim |first23=Bum Jin |last24=An |first24=Hyun-Joo |last25=Gostner |first25=Paul |last26=Egarter-Vigl |first26=Eduard |last27=Malfertheiner |first27=Peter |last28=Keller |first28=Andreas |last29=Stark |first29=Robert W. |last30=Wenk |first30=Markus |bibcode=2018CBio...28E2348M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zink |first1=Albert R. |last2=Maixner |first2=Frank |title=The Current Situation of the Tyrolean Iceman |journal=Gerontology |date=2019 |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=699–706 |doi=10.1159/000501878 |url=https://karger.com/ger/article/65/6/699/148083/The-Current-Situation-of-the-Tyrolean-Iceman |pmid=31505504 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>[https://www.science.org/content/article/iceman-s-last-meal-was-high-fat-feast The ‘Iceman's' last meal was a high-fat feast]</ref> === Wark === Heich levels o [[capper]] an [[Airsenic|arsenic]] were fund in his hair. Thon, alang wi his aix blade that is 99.7% capper, haes led scientists tae speculate that he wirkit at smeltin capper.<ref>{{Cite news |last=<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> |date=2002-09-16 |title=Iceman's final meal |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2262615.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330095330/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2262615.stm |archive-date=2015-03-30 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The proportions o his shin bane, [[Thee bane|thee bane]] an pelvis shaw that he likly walkit lang distances ower hilly grund. This degree o traivellin isnae seen in ither Europeans o the Copper Age, an it micht mean he wis a herd in the heich hills.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ruff |first1=Christopher |last2=Holt |first2=BM |last3=Sládek |first3=V |last4=Berner |first4=M |last5=Murphy |first5=WA Jr |last6=Zur Nedden |first6=D |last7=Seidler |first7=H |last8=Recheis |first8=W |date=July 2006 |title=Body size, body proportions, and mobility in the Tyrolean "Iceman" |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=91–101 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.02.001 |pmid=16549104 |bibcode=2006JHumE..51...91R }}</ref> === Tattoos === Ötzi haed 61 tattoos in aw. They were 19 groups o black lines, {{cvt|1|-|3|mm}} braid an {{cvt|7|-|40|mm}} lang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Samadelli |first1=M |last2=M Melis |last3=M Miccoli |last4=E Egarter-Vigl |last5=AR Zink |date=2015 |title=Complete Mapping of the Tattoos of the 5300-year-old Tyrolean Iceman |journal=Journal of Cultural Heritage |volume=16 |pages=753–758 |doi=10.1016/j.culher.2014.12.005 |number=5}}</ref> The maist o the merks are on his legs, that hae 12 groups o lines atween them.<ref name="Deter-Wolf-2015">{{Cite web |last=Deter-Wolf |first=Aaron |date=2015-01-22 |title=Scan finds new tattoos on 5300-year-old Iceman |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113319184/scan-finds-new-tattoos-on-5300-year-old-iceman-012215/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033016/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113319184/scan-finds-new-tattoos-on-5300-year-old-iceman-012215/ |archive-date=2015-11-17 |access-date=2015-11-16}}</ref> Unner the microscope, the tattoos shawed that they were makkit wi pigment frae fireside ash or suit.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pabst |first1=M.A. |last2=I Letofsky-Papst |last3=E Bock |last4=M Moser |last5=L Dorfer |last6=E Egarter-Vigl |last7=F Hoffer |date=2009 |title=The Tattoos of the Tyrolean Iceman: A Light Microscopical, Ultrastructural and Element Analytical Study |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=36 |issue=10 |pages=2335–2341 |bibcode=2009JArSc..36.2335P |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2009.06.016}}</ref> In 2024 a team o researchers tried oot different weys o tattooin. They fund that Ötzi's tattoos were maist likly makkit bi jabbin the skin wi a bane pynt or a capper awl, no bi cuttin it, as wis thocht afore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taub |first1=Benjamin |title=Ötzi The Iceman's Tattoos Recreated On Living Skin To Discover How They Were Made |url=https://www.iflscience.com/otzi-the-icemans-tattoos-recreated-on-living-skin-to-discover-how-they-were-made-73407 |work=IFLScience |date=15 March 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deter-Wolf |first1=Aaron |last2=Robitaille |first2=Benoît |last3=Riday |first3=Danny |last4=Burlot |first4=Aurélien |last5=Sialuk Jacobsen |first5=Maya |title=Chalcolithic Tattooing: Historical and Experimental Evaluation of the Tyrolean Iceman's Body Markings |journal=European Journal of Archaeology |date=August 2024 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=267–288 |doi=10.1017/eaa.2024.5 }}</ref><ref name="Piombino-Mascali-2020">{{cite book |last1=Piombino-Mascali |first1=Dario |last2=Krutak |first2=Lars |title=Purposeful Pain |chapter=Therapeutic Tattoos and Ancient Mummies: The Case of the Iceman |series=Bioarchaeology and Social Theory |date=2020 |pages=119–136 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-32181-9_6 |isbn=978-3-030-32180-2 }}</ref> X-rays o his banes shawed wear on monie o the tattooed pairts, in the lower spine an in the knee an mair in the cuit jynts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spindler |first=Konrad |title=The man in the ice |publisher=Phoenix |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-7538-1260-0 |pages=178–184}}</ref> The tattoos micht hae been pairt o a cure for pain lik acupressure or acupuncture,<ref name="Deter-Wolf-2015" /> tho Ötzi lived at least 2,000 year afore thae were first uised in Cheenae ({{c.}} 1000 BC).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dorfer |first1=L |last2=M Moser |last3=F Bahr |last4=K Spindler |last5=E Egarter-Vigl |last6=S Giullén |last7=G Dohr |last8=T Kenner |date=September 1999 |title=A medical report from the stone age? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1999-09-18_354_9183/page/1023 |journal=The Lancet |volume=354 |issue=9183 |pages=1023–1025 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(98)12242-0 |pmid=10501382 }}</ref> Ötzi wis ance thocht tae be the auldest tattooed human mummy yet fund.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deter-Wolf |first=Aaron |date=2015-11-11 |title=It's official: Ötzi the Iceman has the oldest tattoos in the world |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113410697/its-official-otzi-the-iceman-has-the-oldest-tattoos-in-the-world-111115/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115131532/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113410697/its-official-otzi-the-iceman-has-the-oldest-tattoos-in-the-world-111115/ |archive-date=2015-11-15 |access-date=2015-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Deter-Wolf |first1=Aaron |last2=Robitaille |first2=Benoît |last3=Krutak |first3=Lars |last4=Galliot |first4=Sébastien |date=February 2016 |title=The World's Oldest Tattoos |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01227846 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |volume=5 |pages=19–24 |bibcode=2016JArSR...5...19D |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.11.007 }}</ref> In 2018, but, tattoos were fund on Egyptian mummies frae near the same time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daley |first=Jason |date=2019-12-05 |title=Infrared Reveals Egyptian Mummies' Hidden Tattoos |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/infrared-reveals-egyptian-mummies-hidden-tattoos-180973700/ |access-date=2020-06-20 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> === Genes === Ötzi's hale genome wis first sequenced in 2012.<ref name="Keller-2012">{{cite journal |display-authors=2 |last1=Keller |first1=Andreas |last2=Graefen |first2=Angela |last3=Ball |first3=Markus |last4=Matzas |first4=Mark |last5=Boisguerin |first5=Valesca |last6=Maixner |first6=Frank |last7=Leidinger |first7=Petra |last8=Backes |first8=Christina |last9=Khairat |first9=Rabab |last10=Forster |first10=Michael |last11=Stade |first11=Björn |last12=Franke |first12=Andre |last13=Mayer |first13=Jens |last14=Spangler |first14=Jessica |last15=McLaughlin |first15=Stephen |last16=Shah |first16=Minita |last17=Lee |first17=Clarence |last18=Harkins |first18=Timothy T. |last19=Sartori |first19=Alexander |last20=Moreno-Estrada |first20=Andres |last21=Henn |first21=Brenna |last22=Sikora |first22=Martin |last23=Semino |first23=Ornella |last24=Chiaroni |first24=Jacques |last25=Rootsi |first25=Siiri |last26=Myres |first26=Natalie M. |last27=Cabrera |first27=Vicente M. |last28=Underhill |first28=Peter A. |last29=Bustamante |first29=Carlos D. |last30=Vigl |first30=Eduard Egarter |last31=Samadelli |first31=Marco |last32=Cipollini |first32=Giovanna |last33=Haas |first33=Jan |last34=Katus |first34=Hugo |last35=O'Connor |first35=Brian D. |last36=Carlson |first36=Marc R.J. |last37=Meder |first37=Benjamin |last38=Blin |first38=Nikolaus |last39=Meese |first39=Eckart |last40=Pusch |first40=Carsten M. |last41=Zink |first41=Albert |title=New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing |journal=Nature Communications |date=28 February 2012 |volume=3 |issue=1 |at=698 |pmid=22426219 |bibcode=2012NatCo...3..698K |doi=10.1038/ncomms1701 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A new genome wi faur less contamination frae modren fowk wis published in 2023.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Ke |display-authors=etal |date=2023 |title=High-coverage genome of the Tyrolean Iceman reveals unusually high Anatolian farmer ancestry |journal=Cell Genomics |volume=3 |issue=9 |at=100377 |doi=10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100377 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ötzi is maist closely sib tae Sooth Europeans, mair than ony, tae fowk that hae lang been cut aff frae ithers, lik the [[Corsicae|Corsicans]] an [[Sardinie|Sardinians]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-19 |title=Ancient DNA reveals genetic relationship between today's Sardinians and Neolithic Europeans – HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology |url=http://hudsonalpha.org/ancient-dna-reveals-genetic-relationship-between-todays-sardinians-and-neolithic-europeans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008061113/http://hudsonalpha.org/ancient-dna-reveals-genetic-relationship-between-todays-sardinians-and-neolithic-europeans |archive-date=2016-10-08 |access-date=2016-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Keller-2012"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Callaway |first1=Ewen |title=Iceman's DNA reveals health risks and relations |journal=Nature |date=28 February 2012 |doi=10.1038/nature.2012.10130 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-02-28 |title=Tratti genetici comuni tra la mummia Oetzi e gli attuali abitanti di Sardegna e Corsica |url=http://notizie.tiscali.it/articoli/scienza/12/02/tratti-genetici-oetzi-abitanti-sardegna-corsica.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302190033/http://notizie.tiscali.it/articoli/scienza/12/02/tratti-genetici-oetzi-abitanti-sardegna-corsica.html |archive-date=2012-03-02 |publisher=Tiscali |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pinkowski |first=Jennifer |date=2021-09-15 |title=Ötzi the Iceman: What we know 30 years after his discovery |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/tzi-the-iceman-what-we-know-30-years-after-his-discovery |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915193800/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/tzi-the-iceman-what-we-know-30-years-after-his-discovery |archive-date=15 September 2021 |work=National Geographic}}</ref> The 2023 study fund that 90% o his ancestry cam frae the fermers that cam frae [[Anatolie]], the heichest amang Europeans o his time. Less cam frae European hunter-gaitherers, an nane frae the fowk o the Steppe.<ref name="Wang-2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |last2=Prüfer |first2=Kay |last3=Krause-Kyora |first3=Ben |last4=Childebayeva |first4=Ainash |last5=Schuenemann |first5=Verena J. |last6=Coia |first6=Valentina |last7=Maixner |first7=Frank |last8=Zink |first8=Albert |last9=Schiffels |first9=Stephan |last10=Krause |first10=Johannes |date=2023-08-16 |title=High-coverage genome of the Tyrolean Iceman reveals unusually high Anatolian farmer ancestry |journal=Cell Genomics |volume=3 |issue=9 |at=100377 |doi=10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100377 |quote=The weighted genetic score of dark pigmentation in the Iceman is estimated to be 0.591, higher than the score of present-day southern European populations taking Sardinians as an example (Table S11), which the Iceman shares closest genetic affinity to (Figure S1) and which represent the highest level of pigmentation among modern-day European groups,29 although it is lower than the score of ancient LBK farmers and the Luxembourg_Loschbour.DG hunter-gatherer. |doi-access=free}}</ref> The study fund that he likly haed daurker skin than Europeans the day, that he wis likly bald, an that he micht hae haed metabolic disorders linked tae obesity.<ref name="Wang-2023" /> In October 2013, it wis reportit that 19 modren men in [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]] belang tae the same line on the faither's side (Y-DNA haplogroup G-L91) as Ötzi. Scientists at the Institute of Legal Medicine in Innsbruck haed studied the DNA o mair than 3,700 men in Tyrol that gied bluid, an fund 19 (c. 0.5%) that shared the same haplogroup wi him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-10-10 |title=Link to Oetzi the Iceman found in living Austrians |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24477038 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012043826/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24477038 |archive-date=2013-10-12 |access-date=2013-10-12 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bettinger |first=Blaine |date=2013-10-16 |title=Identifying Ötzi the Iceman's Relatives |url=https://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2013/10/16/identifying-otzi-the-icemans-relatives/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=The Genetic Genealogist |language=en-US}}</ref> == Daith == === Efter his daith === Ötzi's body wisnae aye frozen efter he deed. His tissues first turnt intae adipocere, a waxy substance that comes frae body fat in wat conditions, afore the body dried oot. This shaws that Ötzi lay months in watter ower several seasons afore he dried oot an wis keepit in the ice.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bereuter |first1=T. L. |title=Human Mummies |last2=Lorbeer |first2=E. |last3=Reiter |first3=C. |last4=Seidler |first4=H. |last5=Unterdorfer |first5=H. |year=1996 |isbn=978-3-7091-7352-7 |pages=273–278 |chapter=Post-mortem alterations of human lipids – Part II: Lipid composition of a 5300-year-old mummy |doi=10.1007/978-3-7091-6565-2_26}}</ref> === Hou he deed === At first, fowk thocht Ötzi deed o the cauld in a winter storm. Later it wis speculatit that he haed been a human sacrifice, possibly acause he wis a chief.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ives |first=Sarah |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/10/1030_031030_icemandeath.html |title=Was ancient alpine 'Iceman' killed in battle? |date=2003-10-30 |work=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic News]] |access-date=2007-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015063145/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/10/1030_031030_icemandeath.html |archive-date=2007-10-15 }}</ref><ref name="Rollo-2002">{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |name-list-style=vanc |last1=Rollo |first1=Franco |last2=Ubaldi |first2=Massimo |last3=Ermini |first3=Luca |last4=Marota |first4=Isolina |title=Ötzi's last meals: DNA analysis of the intestinal content of the Neolithic glacier mummy from the Alps |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=October 2002 |volume=99 |issue=20 |pages=12594–12599 |doi=10.1073/pnas.192184599 |bibcode=2002PNAS...9912594R |pmc=130505 |pmid=12244211 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This idea cam frae theories that haed been pit forrit for bodies fund in peat bogs, lik Tollund Man an Lindow Man.<ref name="Rollo-2002" /> In 2001, X-rays an a CT scan shawed that Ötzi haed an arraheid stuck in his left shouther when he deed,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pain |first=Stephanie |date=2001-07-26 |title=Arrow points to foul play in ancient iceman's death |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1080 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823042935/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1080 |archive-date=2014-08-23 |publisher=NewScientistTech}}</ref> an a wee tear in his coat that matched it.<ref name="Deem-2008a">{{Cite web |last=Deem |first=James M. |date=2008-01-03 |title=Ötzi: Iceman of the Alps: Scientific studies |url=http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/studies.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902231211/http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/studies.html |archive-date=2015-09-02 |access-date=2008-01-06}}</ref> Researchers thocht that he deed o bluid loss frae the wound, an that it wid likly hae killt him even wi modren medicine.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Alok |date=2007-06-07 |title=Iceman bled to death, scientists say |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/jun/07/archaeology.internationalnews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313233825/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/jun/07/archaeology.internationalnews |archive-date=2016-03-13 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Mair research fund that the arrae's shaft haed been taen oot afore he deed. There were bruises an cuts on his haunds, wrists an chest, an an injury tae his brain that pynts tae a blaw on the heid. He haed a cut at the boddom o his thoum frae something shairp that gaed in tae the bane. The wound haed nae scar, which shaws it wis fresh when he deed. The view the noo is that Ötzi bled tae daith efter the arrae brak his shouther blade an damaged nerves an bluid vessels, afore it stuck near his lung.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2002-03-21 |title=How Oetzi the Iceman was stabbed in the back and lost his fight for life |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/mar/21/humanities.research1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209193136/http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/humanities/story/0,,671346,00.html |archive-date=2007-12-09 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> DNA tests in 2003 are said tae hae fund traces o bluid frae at least fower ither fowk on his gear: ane on his knife, twa on ae arraheid in his quiver, an a fowerth on his coat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USATODAY.com – 'Iceman' was murdered, science sleuths say |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2003-08-11-iceman-murder_x.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627042824/http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2003-08-11-iceman-murder_x.htm |archive-date=2012-06-27 |website=USA Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fagan |first1=Brian M. |last2=Durrani |first2=Nadia |title=In the Beginning: An Introduction to Archaeology |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34643-2 |doi=10.4324/9781003471974 |page=303 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNOPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA303 }}</ref> Some read thir finds tae mean that Ötzi killt twa fowk wi the same arrae an got it back baith times. On this readin, the bluid on his coat wis frae a woundit freend he micht hae cairried on his back.<ref name="Deem-2008a" /> === Anither idea o whaur he deed === Maist research haes taen it that Ötzi deed near whaur he wis fund.<ref name="Vanzetti-2010">A. Vanzetti, M. Vidale, M. Gallinaro, D.W. Frayer, and L. Bondioli. "[http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/084/ant0840681.htm The iceman as a burial] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906094420/http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/Ant/084/ant0840681.htm |date=2010-09-06}}." ''Antiquity''. Volume: 84 Number: 325 Page: 681–692. September 2010</ref> In 2010, the archaeologist Alessandro Vanzetti o the Sapienza University of Rome, an his colleagues, said that Ötzi deed faur lower doun an wis buried heicher up the muntains.<ref name="Vanzetti-2010" /> Frae their study o the things fund near Ötzi, an whaur they lay, the Iceman micht hae been laid on whit is been taen for a stane burial mound. Syne his body shiftit wi ilka thaw, afore it froze again.<ref name="Bower-2010">"[http://sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/62670/description/Prehistoric_%E2%80%98Iceman%E2%80%99_gets_ceremonial_twist Prehistoric 'Iceman' gets ceremonial twist] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830181108/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/62670/description/Prehistoric_%E2%80%98Iceman%E2%80%99_gets_ceremonial_twist |date=2010-08-30}}", ''Science News'', 25 September 2010. (Retrieved 19 September 2010)</ref> The archaeobotanist Klaus Oeggl o the University of Innsbruck greed that the body likly shiftit frae the ridge this wey, but he said the paper gied nae strang evidence that the scattered stanes were a burial platform.<ref name="Bower-2010"/> The biological anthropologist Albert Zink says forby that the Iceman's banes shaw nae dislocations that a slide doun the hill wid hae left, an that the clots o bluid in his arrae wound wid shaw damage if the body haed been shiftit up the muntain.<ref name="Bower-2010"/> == Legal dispute == [[File:Oetzi Memorial.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The Ötzi memorial near Tisenjoch]] Efter Ötzi wis fund, ither fowk claimed that they haed fund his body first, an no Helmut an Erika Simon. Unner Italian law, the Simons haed the richt tae a finder's fee o 25% o Ötzi's value.<ref name="BBC News-2008">{{Cite news |last= |date=2008-09-29 |title='Iceman' row ends after 17 years |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7643286.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930070344/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7643286.stm |archive-date=2008-09-30 |work=BBC News}}</ref> In 1994, three year efter the discovery, the provincial government o Sooth Tyrol offered them 10 million lire (€5,200), an they turnt it doun.<ref name="BBC News-2008"/> In 2003, a coort in Bolzano recognised the Simons as Ötzi's offeecial finders.<ref name="Deem-2008b">{{Cite web |last=Deem |first=James M. |date=September 2008 |title=Ötzi: Iceman of the Alps: Finder's fee lawsuits |url=http://mummytombs.com/otzi/lawsuit.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102055614/http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/lawsuit.htm |archive-date=2008-11-02 |access-date=2008-10-01 |publisher=Mummy Tombs}}</ref> Helmut Simon deed the neist year, afore the dispute wis sattled. In 2006, a coort o appeal confirmed that the Simons haed fund Ötzi an haed the richt tae a finder's fee.<ref name="Deem-2008b"/> The case endit in September 2008, seventeen year efter the discovery, when Erika Simon an the provincial government greed on a payment o €150,000.<ref name="BBC News-2008"/> == On show == Syne 1998, Ötzi haes been on show at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, the capital o Sooth Tyrol.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Brida |first1=Juan Gabriel |last2=Meleddu |first2=Marta |last3=Pulina |first3=Manuela |title=Understanding Urban Tourism Attractiveness: The Case of the Archaeological Ötzi Museum in Bolzano |journal=Journal of Travel Research |date=November 2012 |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=730–741 |doi=10.1177/0047287512437858 }}</ref> A reconstruction o his face haes been makkit for the museum wi modren 3D scannin. It shaws the Iceman leukin auld for his 45 year, wi deep-set broun een, a beard, a lined face an howe cheeks. He is shawn as tired an unkempt.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lorenzi |first=Rossella |date=2011-02-25 |title=The Iceman Mummy: Finally Face to Face |url=http://news.discovery.com/history/otzi-face-reconstruction-110225.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619001445/http://news.discovery.com/history/otzi-face-reconstruction-110225.html |archive-date=2011-06-19 |access-date=2011-06-24 |publisher=Discovery News}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Otzi The Iceman}} [[Category:Fowk wi Lyme disease]] [[Category:Mummies]] [[Category:Copper Age Europe]] [[Category:Airchaeological airtefacts]] [[Category:Anthropology]] [[Category:History o the Alps]] [[Category:Fowk frae Sooth Tyrol]] [[Category:Airchaeological discoveries in Austrick]] [[Category:Airchaeological discoveries in Italy]] [[Category:Historical fowk wha war forensically reconstructit]] [[Category:1991 in Italy]] [[Category:1991 in science]] [[Category:1991 in Austrick]] [[Category:4t-millennium BC daiths]] [[Category:Unsolved daiths]] [[Category:Curses]] hyotny1x39q63ocji917yorfdvqe2tc 0 170487 927609 826075 2026-11-10T01:49:17Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927609 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''thorax''' is the middle section (tagma) o the body o a [[Hexapoda|hexapod]] ([[insect]]s an entognathans). It cairries the heid, legs, wings an abdomen. In ither [[arthropod]]s it is cried the mesosoma or the cephalothorax. It is formed bi the prothorax, mesothorax an metathorax. It taks in the scutellum; the cervix, a membrane that separates the heid frae the thorax; an the pleuron, a sclerite on the side o the thorax. In [[Odonata|dragonflies an damselflies]], the mesothorax an metathorax are fused thegither intae the '''synthorax'''.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Complete Field Guide to Dragonflies of Australia |last=Theischinger |first=Günther |last2=Hawking |first2=John |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-643-09073-6 |location=Collingwood, Victoria |page=303}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://medusa.jcu.edu.au/odonata_digital_literature/Tillyard/tillyard_1917_book_searchable.pdf |title=The Biology of Dragonflies |last=Tillyard |first=R. J. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1917 |page=20 |author-link=Robert John Tillyard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703054703/https://medusa.jcu.edu.au/odonata_digital_literature/Tillyard/tillyard_1917_book_searchable.pdf |archive-date=July 3, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the pupae o some insects, sic as [[Midge|mosquitoes]], the heid an thorax can be fused intae a cephalothorax. In the suborder Apocrita (wasps, ants an bees) o the order [[Hymenoptera]], the first segment o the abdomen is fused wi the thorax, an this segment is cried the propodeum. The heid is jyned tae the thorax throu the occipital foramen, that lets the heid muive ower a wide range.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/entomol/hymenoptera.htm |title=General Summary of the Hymenoptera |last=Legner |first=Elrich Fred |website=An Introduction to the Study of Entomology}}</ref> In maist insects that flee, the thorax alloos the uise o asynchronous muscles. {{multiple image | align = center | caption_align = center | header_align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 800 | header = The thorax in different kinds o insect | image1 = Heteroptera morphology-d.svg | caption1 = {{legend|#ffffaa|In Heteroptera|outline=silver}} | image2 = Housefly anatomy-key.svg | caption2 = {{legend|#ffefac|In [[Flee|Diptera]]|outline=silver}} | image3 = Scheme ant worker anatomy-numbered.svg | caption3 = {{legend|#ffe0A0|In [[Eemock|Formicidae]]|outline=silver}} }} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Thorax (insect anatomy)}} [[Category:Insect anatomy]] {{stub/Ainimal}} thap6dd96errypn471lghv4gt0jt2tp 0 170810 927454 916796 2026-11-09T20:40:40Z ~2026-59825-32 139997 cause me didn't like it 927454 wikitext text/x-wiki ==sigma rizzler == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Geological history o Yird]] [[Category:Historical continents]] [[Category:Plate tectonics]] [[Category:Supercontinents]] 1k2crddqbjsgc92yi04x2uaghtbke1c 927473 927454 2026-11-09T21:04:23Z ~2026-59829-22 140000 /* sigma rizzler */ 927473 wikitext text/x-wiki ==SUPER SIGMA RIZZY == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Geological history o Yird]] [[Category:Historical continents]] [[Category:Plate tectonics]] [[Category:Supercontinents]] t7b5gai6crrq19d1j2eaqovqhkt0bg3 927481 927473 2026-11-09T21:12:28Z NDG 120996 Undid 2 revisions from [[Special:Diff/927454|927454]] until [[Special:Diff/927473|927473]] 927481 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pangaea continents.svg|thumb|290px|upright=1.35|Cairt o Pangaea wi modren continental ootlines]] '''Pangaea''' or '''Pangea''' wis a [[supercontinent]] that exeestit durin the late [[Paleozoic]] an early [[Mesozoic]] eras.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Lovett | first = Richard A. | title = Supercontinent Pangaea Pushed, Not Sucked, Into Place | publisher = National Geographic News | date = September 5, 2008 | url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/09/080905-pangaea-suction.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pangea |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |year=2015|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Pangea}}</ref> It assembled frae earlier continental units approximately 335 million years ago, an it begound tae break apart aboot 175 million years ago.<ref>{{cite book|title=Continents and Supercontinents|author1=Rogers, J.J.W.|author2=Santosh, M.|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|publication-place=Oxford|ISBN=0-19-516589-6|page=146}}</ref> In contrast tae the present [[Yird]] an its distribution o continental mass, muckle o Pangaea wis in the [[Soothren Hemisphere|soothren hemisphere]] an surroondit bi a superocean, [[Panthalassa]]. Pangaea wis the maist recent supercontinent tae hae existit an the furst tae be reconstructit bi geologists. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Geological history o Yird]] [[Category:Historical continents]] [[Category:Plate tectonics]] [[Category:Supercontinents]] ipdpqhdw5xgkje4e73w1rbujd1c2vdc 0 171410 927549 927093 2026-11-10T00:19:04Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin an grammar fixes, lang sentences split, quotes owerset 927549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | show_name = Sam & Cat | image = | genre = [[Teen sitcom]] | creator = [[Dan Schneider (TV producer)|Dan Schneider]] | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Jennette McCurdy]] * [[Ariana Grande]] * Cameron Ocasio * Maree Cheatham <!-- not in opening credits but listed as "Starring" in end credits - see talk page for more --> }} | executive_producer = Dan Schneider<br>Warren Bell | producer = Christopher J. Nowak<br>Bruce Rand Berman | theme_music_composer = Michael Corcoran | opentheme = "Just Fine" bi Backhouse Mike | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 1 <!-- This number is the season the last aired episode belongs to --> | num_episodes = 35 <!-- This attribute is for the number episodes that have actually aired --> | list_episodes = Leet o Sam & Cat episodes | runtime = 23 minutes | camera = Videotape (filmized); Multi-camera | company = Schneider's Bakery<br/>Nickelodeon Productions | distributor = [[Viacom Media Networks]] | channel = [[Nickelodeon]]<!--Parameter is for original broadcast network, which was Nickelodeon only.--> | picture_format = 1080i ([[High-definition television|HDTV]]) | audio_format = Stereo | location = Nickelodeon on Sunset<br>Hollywood, California | first_aired = {{Start date|2013|6|8}} | last_aired = {{End date|2014|7|17}} | preceded_by = ''[[iCarly]]''<br>''[[Victorious]]'' | followed_by = | website = http://www.nick.com/shows/sam-and-cat/ }} '''''Sam & Cat''''' is<!-- Do not change "is" to "was". Per MOS:TV, fiction is always treated in the present, even if a series has ended, so "is" is the correct word to use. --> an American [[teen sitcom]] that oreeginally aired frae Juin 8, 2013, tae Julie 17, 2014, on [[Nickelodeon]]. It is a crossover [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]]/sequel o baith ''[[iCarly]]'' an ''[[Victorious]]''. It stars [[Jennette McCurdy]] as Sam Puckett an [[Ariana Grande]] as Cat Valentine. The girls meet bi chance durin a bizarre adventure an acome roommates, then stairt a babysittin business tae earn extra money. The series wis picked up for 20 episodes on November 29, 2012. It began filmin in Januar 2013 an premiered on Juin 8, 2013. The first saison wis doubled tae 40 episodes on Julie 11, 2013.<ref name="hollywoodreporter1"/> At the Nickelodeon upfront meetin wi advertisers on Mairch 13, 2014, Nickelodeon programmin preses Russell Hicks stated that ''Sam & Cat'' haed been renewed for a second series.<ref name=adweek>{{cite web |url=http://www.adweek.com/news/television/nickelodeons-jim-perry-courting-more-adult-advertisers-156309 |title=Nickelodeon's Jim Perry Is Courting More Adult Advertisers |date=March 14, 2014 |accessdate=March 20, 2014 |work=Adweek |first=Sam |last=Thielman|quote=Sam & Cat has been renewed, per programming president Russell Hicks}}</ref> Producer Dan Schneider told ''Adweek'' that saison twa wis slated for twinty episodes.<ref name=adweek2>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/samthielman/status/444223555090518016 |title=Live tweeting at Nick upfront by Adweek staff writer|date=March 13, 2014 |accessdate=July 14, 2014 |publisher=[[Twitter]] |first=Sam |last=Thielman|quote=20-ep order for a new series from Sam & Cat dude Dan Schneider}}</ref> Houiver, that month, ither Nickelodeon soorces stated that an offeecial decision wis yet tae be makkit if the shaw wad be renewed. This led tae monie cancellation rumors efter Nickelodeon put the series on a production hiatus on Apryle 3, 2014.<ref name=deadline140331>{{cite web |url=http://www.deadline.com/2014/04/future-of-nickelodeon-series-sam-cat-in-limbo-amidst-behind-the-scenes-drama/ |title= Future Of Nickelodeon Series 'Sam & Cat' In Limbo Amidst Behind-The-Scenes Drama |date=March 31, 2014 |first=Nellie |last=Andreeva |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |accessdate=April 2, 2014}}</ref> Efter airing 33 episodes, Nickelodeon released a promo statin twa episodes remained tae air.<ref name=SAM&CATWEBSITE>{{cite web | url=http://www.nick.com/shows/sam-and-cat/ | title=Sam & Cat: Next Saturday @ 8pm! | publisher=NICK | date=July 2, 2014 | accessdate=July 3, 2014 | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QyeNMHzN?url=http://www.nick.com/shows/sam-and-cat/ | url-status=dead | archivedate=2014-07-11 | url-status=live }}</ref> On Julie 13, 2014, efter a three-month production hiatus, Nickelodeon canceled the series. It haed produced anly 36 <!-- not 35, see the Deadline.com reference after the end of this sentence - it states 36 episodes: and 36 half-hour episodes were produced (prod. codes: 101–136) -->episodes o a 40 episode order.<ref name=DeadlineCancel>{{cite web |url=http://www.deadline.com/2014/07/sam-cat-wont-cancelled-nickelodeon/ |title=Nickelodeon's 'Sam & Cat' To End Run After One Season |accessdate=July 13, 2014 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |first=Nellie |last=Andreeva |date=July 13, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kaplan|first1=Don|title=Jennette McCurdy's sexy selfie lands her in hot water with Nickelodeon's hit show 'Sam & Cat'|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/selfie-scandal-engulfs-sam-cat-article-1.1741968|website=Daily News|accessdate=November 27, 2014|date=April 1, 2014|location=New York}}</ref> Media outlets attributed the cancellation tae a salary dispute atween McCurdy an Nickelodeon, a feud atween McCurdy an Grande, an the leak o racy photographs o McCurdy. Thay forby pointit tae the risin muisical career o Grande an baith actresses' desires tae muive on tae ither projects. The last episode aired on Julie 17, 2014, as a lead-in tae the first ''Kids' Choice Sports Awards'' ceremony.<ref name=DeadlineCancel /><ref name="TV series finale">{{cite web | url=http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/sam-cat-cancelled-by-nickelodeon-no-season-two-33128/ | title=Sam and Cat cancelled, no season two| publisher=TV Series Finale | date=July 12, 2014 | accessdate= July 13, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="The Hollywood Reporter">{{cite news |first=Philiana |last=Ng |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/nickelodeons-sam-cat-canceled-718195 |title=Nickelodeon Cancels 'Sam & Cat' After Behind-the-Scenes Drama |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=July 13, 2013 |accessdate=July 13, 2014}}</ref><ref name="The Washington Post">{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2014/07/14/sam-cat-canceled-after-one-season-where-did-it-all-go-wrong/ |title='Sam & Cat' canceled after one season: Where did it all go wrong? |accessdate=July 13, 2014 |work=The Washington Post |first=Emily |last=Yahr |date=July 13, 2013}}</ref> ==Plot== Ever syne Carly Shay flittit tae Italy wi her faither (in the series finale o ''[[iCarly]]''), Sam Puckett haes been touring the West Coast on her motorcycle an stops in Venice, Los Angeles. She witnesses Cat Valentine bein thrown intae the back o a garbage truck an rescues her. Thay acome friends an Cat convinces her tae acome roommates efter Cat's cheerful an supportive grandmother Nona flits tae an auld fowk's hame cried Elderly Acres. Tae mak siller raither than gettin traditional efter-schuil jobs, Sam an Cat form an efter-schuil babysitting business cried "Sam and Cat's Super Rockin' Funtime Babysitting Service", whilk leads them intae a series o comical adventures. Forby Nona, ither fowk in thair lives are Dice, thair neist duir neibour that is notorious for aidin fowk for money, an Goomer, a dim-witted professional MMA fighter that Dice manages.<ref name="SAM&CATPICKEDUPHWR">{{cite news | url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/icarly-victorious-spinoff-sam-cat-395824 | title=Nickelodeon Greenlights Spinoff of 'iCarly,' 'Victorious' | work=The Hollywood Reporter | date=November 29, 2012 | accessdate=November 29, 2012 | author=Nordyke, Kimberly}}</ref> ==Cast an chairacters== ===Main=== {{anchor|Sam Puckett}} * [[Jennette McCurdy]] as Sam Puckett. She is rude, aggressive, lues pranks, an hates wirkin. Efter her best friend Carly Shay flittit tae Italy fur tae bide wi her faither, Sam tours the wast coast on her motorcycle til she saves Cat frae a garbage truck. She becomes friends wi Cat an jynes her in the babbysittin job thay stairt. She secretly haes a hert o gowd an a saft spot for Cat, but will threaten violence on onybody that harms her friends. Sam isnae feart o onything an is handy at fechtin or bossin her wey oot o ony situation. {{anchor|Cat Valentine}} * [[Ariana Grande]] as Cat Valentine. She is sweet, naive, bubbly an awmaist always happy. She haes a playfu naitur, eften takes things literally, an faints whan she is frightened. She haes a short attention span an haes bricht reid hair dyed tae resemble her favorite snack, a red velvet cupcake. Cat haes been bidin wi her grandmother Nona syne her parents gaed awa tae veesit her brither. She can be emotional an disnae tak criticism well. In maugre o her ditziness, she is actually gey intelligent an [[Empathy|empathetic]]. In the earlier pairts o the show, Ariana Grande dyed her hair reid whan playin Cat Valentine (which she did whan playin the character on ''Victorious'' an aa) til it wis changed tae her wearing a reid-haired wig in later episodes. {{anchor|Dice}} * Cameron Ocasio as Dice, Sam an Cat's neighbor that bides wi his mom an his weird Aunt Ferjeen (that is notorious for haein "night gas"). Dice is cuil, caum an colleckit, an he kens aa the tenants an gossip. He maks extra siller bi wheelin an dealin, eften sellin unusual items lik hair cuttings frae celebrities (includin some he obtained frae Sam), hats wi misspelled logos, an odd gadgets. He is a talentit pitchman. Dice manages a mixed martial arts fighter named Goomer that isnae gleg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nick.com/shows/sam-and-cat/characters/dice.html |title=Dice from Sam & Cat |publisher=Nick.com |date= |accessdate=June 2, 2013}}</ref> {{anchor|Nona}} * <!-- not in opening credits, listed as "Starring" in end credits, but not in every episode so both recurring and starring in this show -->Maree Cheatham as Nona, Cat's cheerful, supportive, an independent grandmother. Fun-luvin an young at hert, Nona prefers the company o fowk her ain age. Awtho she is always aroond whenever Sam an Cat need her, she haes moved oot o the apartment she shared wi Cat an intae Elderly Acres tae be nearer tae her friends, allouin Sam tae muive in permanently. She is criticized for nae bein in touch wi the younger generation, an tells stories which fail tae interest them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nick.com/shows/sam-and-cat/characters/nona.html |title=Nona from Sam & Cat |publisher=Nick.com |date= |accessdate=June 2, 2013}}</ref> ===Recurring=== * Zoran Korach as Goomer, a professional mixed martial airts fechter that trains at Punchy's Gym. He is 27 year auld but haes the mental ability o somebody a feck younger. He is gey dim-wittit an eith bambeeselt. In maugre o his bairnie naitur, he is gey guid at fechtin. Dice teuk ower his management. * Griffin Kane an Emily Skinner as Max an Chloe, a brither an sister that, alangside thair baby brither Darby, war amang the less rammy bairns babysat bi Nona; Sam an Cat babysit them nou. Thay appear in episodes "#Pilot","#NewGoat", an "#PeezyB". * Sophia Grace Brownlee & Rosie McClelland as Gwen an Ruby, Breetish girls that Sam an Cat babysit in the episode "#TheBritBrats". At first, thay seem polite, but later thay behave quite rude. Thay are experienced con artists that bilk Dice oot o 500 US dollars an Cat oot o her bicycle. In a loose parody o ''The Sting'', Sam concocts a rigged bingo gemme tae trick the Breetish brats intae surrendering Dice's money an Cat's bike.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nick.com/videos/clip/digital-short-sam-and-cat-sophia-grace-interview.html |title=Sophia Grace and Rosie interview Sam & Cat! Episode Clip &#124; Nick Videos |publisher=Nick.com |date=May 23, 2012 |accessdate=June 23, 2013 |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621190350/http://www.nick.com/videos/clip/digital-short-sam-and-cat-sophia-grace-interview.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=8P5Jrx_dQsU#! |title=Sophia Grace & Rosie Rafts |publisher=YouTube |date=February 18, 2013 |accessdate=June 23, 2013}}</ref> Thay war forby in "#RevengeOfTheBritBrats" whaur thay return an drive a wedge atween Sam an Cat. This plan failed whan Sam an Cat caucht onto thair plans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/sam-and-cat-revengeofthebritbrats/EP017396430014?aid=zap2it |title=Sam & Cat Season 1 Episode 11 - RevengeOfTheBritBrats |publisher=Zap2it |accessdate=October 27, 2013 |archive-date=2017-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912055324/http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/sam-and-cat-revengeofthebritbrats/EP017396430014?aid=zap2it |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Dan Schneider (TV producer)|Dan Schneider]] as the vyce o Tandy, a reid robot that works at the restaurant "Bots" as a waiter. * Lisa Lillien as the vyce o Bungle, a blue female robot that works at the restaurant "Bots" as a waitress. * Nick Gore as Randy, a wean that appeart numerous times in the show an is constantly introducin himsel. Randy wis oreeginally supposed tae appear in ane episode, but the creautor o the show, Dan Schneider, foond him funny sae he becam a recurring character.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Schneider|first1=Dan|title=FUN FACTS! Sam & Cat: #TheKillerTunaJump|url=http://danwarp.blogspot.com/2014/01/fun-facts-sam-cat-thekillertunajump.html|website=DanWarp|date=January 18, 2014|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2014-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226093600/http://danwarp.blogspot.com/2014/01/fun-facts-sam-cat-thekillertunajump.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Ronnie Clark as Herb, a man that pretends tae be homeless, but he is in fact rich an ains a condo. * Cyrus Arnold as BJ Malloy, a lad that lues tae eat eggs an caw Dice "Diceberg", acause it rhymes wi "iceberg" an this attitude stresses Dice. He considers Dice as his friend. * Steve Lewis as Brody, a spear fisherman that always boasts his job an is eften seen wi a speargun in his haund. * Ryan P. Shrime as Yokvish, a clerk at the Handy Quick that enjoys takkin selfies an gruimin himsel. ===Special guest stars <!-- This section should ONLY include "SPECIAL" guest stars-->=== * Eric Lange as Mr. Sikowitz, Cat's actin teacher at [[Victorious|Hollywood Arts]], an eccentric agin hippie that occasionally disnae wear shuin. His teaching methods is eften wanconventional, sic as whan he throws a ball at Cat while she is performin, but thay are whiles effective.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lewis |first=Casey |url=http://www.teenvogue.com/entertainment/tv/2013-05/jennette-mccurdy-ariana-grande-sam-and-cat-nickelodeon |title=Jennette McCurdy and Ariana Grande on New Nick Comedy 'Sam & Cat' |work=Teen Vogue |date=May 29, 2013 |accessdate=June 23, 2013}}</ref>&nbsp; He is a recurring character in ''[[Victorious]]'' an appeared in "#MommaGoomer". * [[Penny Marshall]] an Cindy Williams as Sylvia Burke an Janice Dobbins, the oreeginal creators o the puppet show ''Salmon Cat'', a TV show frae the 1970s. Marshall an Williams are famous for playin Laverne DeFazio an Shirley Feeney, respectively, on ''Laverne & Shirley''.<ref name="salmoncat">{{cite web |last=Bibel |first=Sara |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/06/26/penny-marshall-and-cindy-williams-to-reunite-on-nickelodeons-sam-cat/189259/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Tvbythenumbers+%28TVbytheNumbers%29 |title=Penny Marshall and Cindy Williams to Reunite on Nickelodeon's 'Sam & Cat' |publisher=TVbytheNumbers |date=June 26, 2013 |accessdate=June 26, 2013 |archive-date=2015-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019074734/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/06/26/penny-marshall-and-cindy-williams-to-reunite-on-nickelodeons-sam-cat/189259/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Tvbythenumbers+%28TVbytheNumbers%29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kel Mitchell, as Peezy B, a huge rap starn that haes rejected Cat's muisic video audeetion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/22/kel-mitchell-nickelodeon-sam-and-cat_n_3635152.html |title=Kel Mitchell Returns To His Nickelodeon Roots On 'Sam And Cat' This Fall |work=The Huffington Post |date=July 22, 2013 |accessdate=October 27, 2013}}</ref> * Abby Wilde as Stacey Dillsen, a college student umwhile seen in ''[[Zoey 101]]'' that is injured durin a bicycle incident an losses ane o her shuin, whilk Cat finns, leadin her tae finn the second shae. * Scott Baio as Officer Kelvin, a police officer that arrests Sam an Cat for "stealing money" frae an ATM at the Handy Quick whan Yokvish catches on tae Cat's activity. * [[Elizabeth Gillies]] as Jade West, Cat's friend frae Hollywood Arts. She is mean, aggressive, violent, an eften offends Cat. She befriends Sam when thay diskiver that thay hae a lot in common. * [[Nathan Kress]] as Freddie Benson, Sam's friend frae Seattle an ex-boyfriend. He likes technological stuff, an served as technical producer o the iCarly wab show on ''[[iCarly]]''. Cat brings him tae her hoose in order tae flirt wi him at the time when Sam wis hanging oot wi Jade. * [[Matt Bennett]] as Robbie Shapiro, Cat's friend an luve interest. He is a nerd that cairies a puppet named Rex (that he maks speak as a ventriloquist). He kisst Cat in ane o the final episodes o ''[[Victorious]]''. Whan Cat hits on Freddie oot o jealousy o Sam's friendship wi Jade, Robbie is brocht in bi Jade fur that Sam can hit on him. * Michael Eric Reid as Himsel, he plays Sinjin Van Cleef in ''Victorious''. Michael appears in "#BlooperEpisode" an tells Zoran Korach that he kens what it's lik tae be left oot for nae bein a main character. * Danielle Morrow as Nora Dershlit, an auld enemy o Carly, Sam, an Freddie. In "#SuperPsycho," her pet chicken Maurice helps Nora escape frae the prison somewhere near Seattle sae that she can exact her revenge. * Reed Alexander as Nevel Papperman, an auld enemy o Carly, Sam, an Freddie. In "#SuperPsycho," Nevel is seen in a Peter Sinai hospital for the very sick upon contracting Porcupox (a disease which somehow comes frae a porcupine). Sam an Cat veesit him in order tae get advice on how tae find Nora Dershlit. * [[Noah Munck]] as Gibby Gibson, a friend o Carly, Sam, an Freddie. Efter he is visited bi Nora during his date wi a girl at a movie theater, Gibby tips off Sam that Nora haes escaped frae prison. * Jessica Chaffin as Coco Wexler, a character frae ''[[Zoey 101]]'' that Sam an Cat meet at the airport. Coco wis ance mairit tae Carl, then thay divorced. Coco is devastate whan Carl propones tae her mither. * Josh Server as Agent Partridge, an airport agent that interrogates Dice an Goomer efter thay are mistaen for terrorist plotters. ==Production== In August 2012, Nickelodeon annoonced that [[Dan Schneider (TV producer)|Dan Schneider]], the creautor o ''iCarly'' an ''Victorious'', wad be makin a spin-off o baith shows cried ''Sam & Cat'', an ordered the pilot episode.<ref name=SAM&CATPICKEDUPHWR /> The series wis then picked up for 20 episodes in November, wi the premiere planned for 2013. Production began in Januar 2013,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.danwarp.blogspot.com/2012/11/sam-cat-is-go.html |first1=Dan |last1=Schneider |title=Sam & Cat is a GO! |publisher=[[Dan Schneider (TV producer)|Dan Schneider]] |date=November 30, 2012 |accessdate=December 2, 2012 |archive-date=2021-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314192358/http://danwarp.blogspot.com/2012/11/sam-cat-is-go.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> an on Juin 8, 2013, ''Sam & Cat'' premiered in the Unitit States. Several weeks later, on Julie 11, Nickelodeon doubled the saison ane order o 20 episodes, tae 40.<ref name="hollywoodreporter1">{{cite news | first=Kimberly | last=Nordyke |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/nickelodeons-sam-cat-doubles-season-583191 |title=Nickelodeon's 'Sam & Cat' Doubles Season 1 Order |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=November 17, 2011 |accessdate=March 6, 2016}}</ref> Filmin wis scheduled tae resume in early September 2013 tae feenish the second hauf o the first saison.<ref name="hollywoodreporter1"/> Schneider oreeginally aimed for a Mairch 23, 2013, premiere o ''Sam & Cat'', follaein the Kids' Choice Awards;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgzGtzahYjg |title=Jennette McCurdy and Jade at McCurdicon |publisher=YouTube |date=January 20, 2013 |accessdate=January 26, 2013}}</ref> houiver, Nickelodeon intendit for the show tae mak its debut in the faw.<ref name=upfront>{{cite web |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/02/26/nickelodeon-renews-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-and-announces-new-series-breadwinners-the-haunted-hathaways-more/171083/ |title=Nickelodeon Renews 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' and Announces New Series 'Breadwinners', 'The Haunted Hathaways' & More |date=February 26, 2013 |accessdate=March 4, 2013 |first=Amanda |last=Kondolojy |publisher=Nickelodeon press release via Zap2It |archive-date=2016-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411185122/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/02/26/nickelodeon-renews-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-and-announces-new-series-breadwinners-the-haunted-hathaways-more/171083/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On Apryle 18, 2013, the show's twa stars Jennette McCurdy an Ariana Grande, via Twitter, annoonced its premiere wis set for Juin.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/18/sam-cat-premiere-date-ann_n_3112824.html |title='Sam & Cat' Premiere Date Announced By Ariana Grande And Jennette McCurdy |work=The Huffington Post |date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ===Cancellation=== On Apryle 2, 2014, Nickelodeon annoonced the series wad be on hiatus.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/nickelodeons-sam-cat-goes-hiatus-693018 | work=The Hollywood Reporter | title=Nickelodeon's 'Sam & Cat' Goes on Hiatus Amid Drama | date=April 2, 2014}}</ref> Awtho thay insisted the series wis nae cancelled, monie speculated that it wis. This wis due tae a rumored dispute atween McCurdy an the network, Grande's rising muisical career, an baith actresses' desires tae muive on tae ither projects. On Julie 13, 2014, it wis annoonced that the last episode wad be "#GettinWiggy," which aired fower days later.<ref name=DeadlineCancel /> ===Controversy=== In Mairch 2014, Jennette McCurdy becam the subject o scandal efter the leak o photographs revealing McCurdy in various states o undress. Her absence wis noted at the 2014 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, whaur ''Sam & Cat'' won "Favorite Show" an Ariana Grande won "Best Actress." McCurdy claimed that Nickelodeon wis treatin her unfairly an that wis the sole purpose for her failure tae attend the awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teen.com/2014/03/30/celebrities/jennette-mccurdy-kids-choice-awards-ariana-grande-feud/|title=Jennette McCurdy Explains Why She Was a No Show at the 2014 Kids' Choice Awards|publisher=Teen.com|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2014-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404144827/http://www.teen.com/2014/03/30/celebrities/jennette-mccurdy-kids-choice-awards-ariana-grande-feud/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On Apryle 2, 2014, despite reports o a second saison an wi fower episodes yet tae be produced, Nickelodeon abruptly put the series on hiatus. Rumors war that McCurdy an Grande war haein problems wi the network ower thair salaries, wi McCurdy accusing Nickelodeon o paying Grande mair money. Grande later teuk tae social media tae deny the allegations.<ref>{{cite web|last=Grande|first=Ariana|url=http://www.twitlonger.com/show/n_1s18u2b|title=I hate addressing rumors...|via=TwitLonger.com|date=April 4, 2014}}</ref> Houiver, thay anly stated that the hiatus wis planned an said the series wis nae canceled.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.ew.com/article/2014/04/02/nickelodeon-sam-cat-cancellation-rumors | work=Entertainment Weekly | first=Ariana | last=Bacle | title=Nickelodeon denies 'Sam & Cat' cancellation rumors | date=April 2, 2014}}</ref> Houiver, three month later on Julie 13, 2014, Nickelodeon annoonced that the series haed been canceled.<ref name=DeadlineCancel /> For months in atween, rumors o a feud atween Grande an McCurdy ran heich, an still dae efter the series' cancellation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/know-your-beef-ariana-grande-vs-jennette-mccurdy-vs-andre-drummond/|title=Know Your Beef: Ariana Grande vs. Jennette McCurdy (vs. Andre Drummond)|first=Emily|last=Yoshida|work=Grantland}}</ref> Houiver, McCurdy stated in a 2015 interview wi E! Online: "A juist feel that Ariana an me war an are extremely close an extremely like-minded in a lot o different ways. An then sort o as the show dissolved awbody wantit tae find some sort o hidden meaning in oor relationship an some like drama, an A think we butted heads at times but in a very sisterly way. Like she kens me so well an A ken her so well that A think it wis unfortunate that things got misconstrued."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "I just feel that Ariana and I were and are extremely close and extremely like-minded in a lot of different ways, and then sort of as the show dissolved everybody wanted to find some sort of hidden meaning in our relationship and some like drama, and I think we butted heads at times but in a very sisterly way. Like she knows me so well and I know her so well that I think it was unfortunate that things got misconstrued."</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/633761/jennette-mccurdy-addresses-ariana-grande-feud-we-butted-heads-at-times-but-in-a-very-sisterly-way-watch|title=Jennette McCurdy Addresses Ariana Grande Feud: ''We Butted Heads at Times but in a Very Sisterly Way''—Watch!|date=March 9, 2015|publisher=E!}}</ref> ==Reception== ===Ratings=== The pilot episode debuted on Nickelodeon Juin 8, 2013, tae an audience o 4.2 million viewers.<ref>{{cite web |first=Sara |last=Bibel |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/06/11/nickelodeons-sam-cat-debuts-at-number-one-nets-biggest-live-action-launch-in-three-years/186828/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Tvbythenumbers+%28TVbytheNumbers%29 |title=Nickelodeon's 'Sam & Cat' Debuts at Number One, Net's Biggest Live-Action Launch in Three Years |publisher=TVbytheNumbers |date=June 11, 2013 |accessdate=June 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204720/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/06/11/nickelodeons-sam-cat-debuts-at-number-one-nets-biggest-live-action-launch-in-three-years/186828/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+Tvbythenumbers+(TVbytheNumbers) |archive-date=2021-06-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The second episode, ane week later, drew 2.6 million viewers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/ratings/2013/06/18/saturdays-cable-ratings-nbc-sports-network-tops-charts-with-stanley-cup-finals-667111/cable_20130615/ |title=Ratings - Saturday's Cable Ratings: NBC Sports Network Tops Charts with Stanley Cup Finals |publisher=TheFutonCritic.com |date=June 15, 2013 |accessdate=June 23, 2013}}</ref> The maist watched episode is "#TheKillerTunaJump: #Freddie #Jade #Robbie," which aired Januar 18, 2014, tae 4.8 million viewers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/01/21/nickelodeons-sam-cat-special-scores-4-8-million-total-viewers/230917/ |title=Nickelodeon's 'Sam & Cat' Special Scores 4.8 Million Total Viewers |first=Sara |last=Bibel |date=January 21, 2014 |accessdate=January 21, 2014 |publisher=Zap2it.com |archive-date=2015-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231020940/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/01/21/nickelodeons-sam-cat-special-scores-4-8-million-total-viewers/230917/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The second maist watched episode is the pilot (4.2 million), while the least watched is "#SecretSafe" (2.0 million, on October 5, 2013).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/ratings/2013/10/08/saturdays-cable-ratings-and-broadcast-finals-college-football-snares-top-spots-841413/cable_20131005/ |title=Ratings - Saturday's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals: College Football Snares Top Spots |publisher=TheFutonCritic.com |date=October 5, 2013 |accessdate=December 30, 2013}}</ref> In the Unitit Kinrick the series premiere delivered 340,000 viewers, the maist for that week. The Halloween episode premiere on October 26, 2013, brocht 210,000 viewers staying in the same place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barb.co.uk/viewing/weekly-top-10 |title=Top 10 Programmes |publisher=BARB |date=February 16, 2014 |accessdate=March 1, 2014}}</ref> ==Broadcast== The series wis shawn on Nickelodeon warldwide. It premiered in Canada on August 12, 2013, on YTV an on September 7, 2013, on the oreeginal channel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1191691/ytv-fast-forwards-to-fall-with-eight-side-splitting-new-series |title=YTV Canada Inc. &#124; YTV Fast Forwards to Fall with Eight Side-Splitting New Series |publisher=Newswire.ca |date=June 27, 2013 |accessdate=October 27, 2013 |archive-date=2017-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907165404/http://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/ytv-fast-forwards-to-fall-with-eight-side-splitting-new-series-512660511.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The show previewed on September 1, 2013, an premiered on October 14, 2013, in the Unitit Kinrick an Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vimn.com/press/nickelodeon/press-releases/sam-and-cat-premieres-monday-14th-october |title=Sam and Cat Premieres Monday, 14th October |publisher=Viacom Press |date=September 4, 2013 |accessdate=October 27, 2013}}</ref> It previewed on September 30, 2013, an premiered on October 7, 2013, an October 11, 2013, in New Zealand<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nickelodeon-greenlights-additional-20-episodes-of-top-rated-comedy-sam--cat-starring-jennette-mccurdy-and-ariana-grande-215105791.html |title=Nickelodeon Greenlights Additional 20 Episodes Of Top-Rated Comedy Sam & Cat |agency=PR Newswire |date=July 11, 2013 |accessdate=October 27, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nickelodeon.com.au/shows/tvschedule/ |title=Nickelodeon Schedule &#124; Ariana Grande &#124; Ariana Grand &#124; Victorious Nick &#124; Victoria Justice |publisher=Nickelodeon.com.au |date= |accessdate=October 27, 2013 |archive-date=2015-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507162424/http://www.nickelodeon.com.au/shows/tvschedule |url-status=dead }}</ref> an Australie,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nickelodeon.com.au/shows |title=Nickelodeon Shows &#124; SpongeBob SquarePants &#124; SpongeBob Episodes &#124; Games SpongeBob |publisher=Nickelodeon.com.au |date= |accessdate=October 27, 2013 |archive-date=2015-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622230548/http://www.nickelodeon.com.au/shows |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nview.co.uk/show/show-08/f9uerb|title=Watch the EPIC new episode of N-View!|accessdate=June 2, 2013|publisher=N-View|archive-date=2013-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603135356/http://www.nview.co.uk/show/show-08/f9uerb|url-status=dead}}</ref> respectively. In Southeast Asia it stairtit airing on October 19, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nick-asia.com/shows/sam-and-cat/hru46f |title=Watch free Sam & Cat online videos including full episodes and clips only on Nick Asia |publisher=Nick-asia.com |date= |accessdate=December 30, 2013}}</ref> ==Awards an nominations== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Association ! scope="col" | Category ! scope="col" | Nominee ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Result ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref. |- | scope="row" rowspan="3"|2014 | Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards | Favorite TV Show | ''Sam & Cat'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name = "samcatKCA14">{{cite web|title=KCA 2014|url=http://www.nick.com/kids-choice-awards/2014/nominees/|publisher=Nickelodeon|accessdate=March 30, 2014}}</ref> |- | Teen Choice Awards | Choice Comedy TV Show | ''Sam & Cat'' | {{nominated}} | style="text-align:center;" | |- | Kids' Choice Awards Mexico | Internaitional Program Favorite | ''Sam & Cat'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://entretenimiento.starmedia.com/alfombra-roja/lista-ganadores-kids-choice-awards-mexico-2014.html|title=Lista de ganadores de los Kids Choice Awards México 2014|author=Marie Palma F|publisher= starMedia|date=September 22, 2014|accessdate=September 25, 2014|language=Spanish}}</ref> |} == Notes == <references group="note"/> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== * [https://www.nick.com/shows/sam-and-cat ''Sam & Cat''] at Nick.com * {{IMDb title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sam and Cat}} [[Category:2010s American comedy televeesion series]] [[Category:American televeesion sitcoms]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot freendship]] 3x28tmt5iihrthatui99g3tg1l3nil6 0 172317 927623 896088 2026-11-10T01:57:26Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = River Lossie | image = Riverlossie.jpg | source1_location = Hills abuin Dallas, [[Moray]] | mouth_location = [[Lossiemooth]] intae the [[Moray Firth]] | basin_countries = [[Scotland]] | length = {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|400|m|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|5|m3/s|abbr=on}} | basin_size = {{convert|213|km2|abbr=on}} }} The '''River Lossie''' ({{lang-gd|Uisge Losaidh}}) is a river in the north-east o [[Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=River Lossie from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst3258.html|access-date=2024-06-27|website=www.scottish-places.info|language=en-gb}}</ref> It rises in the hills abuin Dallas, in [[Moray]], whaur its soorce is {{convert|400|m}} abuin sea level, an it reaches the sea at [[Lossiemooth]] on the [[Moray Firth]]. In normal conditions the river is very slaw bi the time it gangs throu [[Elgin, Moray|Elgin]]. Atween Elgin an Lossiemooth the slope can haurdly be seen: the river faws less nor {{convert|5|m}} in aw. == Nem an etymology == The river nem ''Lossie'' wis recordit as ''Loscyn'' or ''Lostyn'' in 1189, an it micht be [[Pechts leid|Pictish]] in origin.<ref name="UGlas">{{cite thesis|last1=Rhys |first1=Guto|title=Approaching the Pictish language: historiography, early evidence and the question of Pritenic|degree=PhD |url=http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6285/7/2015RhysPhD.pdf |publisher=University of Glasgow|date=2015}}</ref> The endin ''-yn'' stauns for ''-in'', a Pictish form o the [[Welsh leid|Welsh]] suffix ''yn''. The first element micht be a cognate o either Welsh ''llost'', meanin "tail, spear", or ''llosg'', meanin "burnin".<ref name="UGlas" /> The Lossie haes been identified wi the ''Loksa'' that [[Ptolemy]] recordit,<ref name="UGlas" /> but the [[River Findhorn]] is a mair likly river for it.<ref name="UGlas" /> == Settlements == (frae sooth tae north) * Dallas * Kellas * Paddockhaugh * Pittendreich * [[Elgin, Moray|Elgin]] * Calcots * [[Lossiemooth]] (East Beach Bridge) == References == {{Reflist}} {{coord|57|43|N|3|16|W|display=title|region:GB_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Category:Rivers o Moray|Lossie]] [[Category:Moray Firth catchment aurie|0Lossie]] [[Category:Moray]] {{Stub/Scotland}} 6d19tzrklwypoean5gi2dbgb4s1lswu 0 176472 927620 812335 2026-11-10T01:56:05Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927620 wikitext text/x-wiki In [[nuclear physics]], a '''decay product''' (kent as a '''dochter product''', '''dochter isotope''', '''radio-dochter''' or '''dochter nuclide''' an aw) is the nuclide that is left ower efter [[radioactive decay]]. Radioactive decay aften gangs throu a string o steps (a decay chain). For example, [[Uranium|²³⁸U]] decays tae ²³⁴Th, that decays tae ^234mPa, that decays in its turn, an sae on, doon tae ²⁰⁶Pb (that is stable): :<math chem> \ce{^{238}U ->} \overbrace{ \underbrace\ce{^{234}Th}_\ce{dochter~o~^{238}U} \ce{->} \underbrace\ce{^{234\!m}Pa}_\ce{granddochter~o~^{238}U} \ce{-> \cdots -> {^{206}Pb} }}^\ce{decay~products~o~^{238}U} </math> [[file:Thorium decay chain from lead-212 to lead-208.svg|thumb|left|upright|The decay chain frae leid-212 doon tae leid-208, shawin the intermediate decay products]] In this example: * ²³⁴Th, ^234mPa,...,²⁰⁶Pb are the decay products o ²³⁸U. * ²³⁴Th is the dochter o the parent ²³⁸U. * ^234mPa (234 metastable) is the granddochter o ²³⁸U. Thir micht be cried the dochter products o ²³⁸U an aw.<ref>[http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/library/randrep/du/mr1018.7.gloss.html Glossary of Volume 7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103181840/http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/library/randrep/du/mr1018.7.gloss.html |date=2017-01-03 }} (''Depleted Uranium'' — authors: Naomi H. Harley, Ernest C. Foulkes, Lee H. Hilborne, Arlene Hudson, and C. Ross Anthony) of ''A review of the scientific literature as it pertains to gulf war illnesses''.</ref> Decay products are important for unnerstaundin radioactive decay an for the management o radioactive waste. For elements abuin [[Leid (element)|leid]] in [[Atomic nummer|atomic nummer]], the decay chain uisually ends wi an [[isotope]] o leid or [[bismuth]]. Bismuth itsel decays tae thallium, but the decay is that slow that it can near eneuch be ignored. In monie cases, single members o the decay chain are as radioactive as the parent, but faur smaller in volume or mass. For that reason, awthou uranium isnae dangerously radioactive when it is pure, some pieces o naiturally occurrin pitchblende are gey dangerous acause o the radium-226 in them.<ref name=Ra226>{{cite journal |last=Peh |first=W. C. G. |title=The Discovery of Radioactivity and Radium |date=1996 |journal=Singapore Medical Journal |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=627–630 |url=http://smj.sma.org.sg/3706/3706a16.pdf |pmid=9104065}}</ref> Radium dissolves in watter, an it isnae a ceramic lik the parent. In the same wey, thorium gas mantles are only a wee bit radioactive when they are new, but they get mair radioactive efter juist a few months in storage, as the dochters o ²³²Th build up. Naebody can predict whether ony gien atom o a radioactive substance will decay at ony gien time, but the decay products o a radioactive substance can be predicted extremely weel. Acause o this, decay products are important tae scientists in monie fields that need tae ken the quantity or type o the parent product. Sic studies are done tae measure pollution levels (in an aroon nuclear facilities) an for ither maitters. == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Decay Product}} [[Category:Nuclear pheesics]] [[Category:Nuclear chemistry]] {{stub/Science}} cd9d2xzk5g2hbnxmuuipmrvunv2nw5f 0 177040 927705 817474 2026-11-10T05:14:18Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 eh, tae smaa fur it to be "scotched", it's maistly jist law quality in general. 927705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{taxobox |name = Wine |image = Illustration Berberis vulgaris0.jpg |image_caption=''Berberis vulgaris''<ref>1885 illustration frae Prof. Dr. Otto Wilhelm Thomé Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885, Gera, Germany</ref> |regnum = [[Plant]]ae |unranked_divisio = [[Flouerin plant|Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |ordo = [[Ranunculales]] |familia = [[Berberidaceae]] |genus = ''[[Berberis]]'' |species = '''''B. vulgaris''''' |binomial = ''Berberis vulgaris'' |binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |synonyms= *''Berberis abortiva'' <small>P.Renault</small> *''Berberis acida'' <small>Gilib.</small> *''Berberis aethnensis'' <small>Bourg. ex Willk. & Lange</small> *''Berberis alba'' <small>Poit. & Turpin</small> *''Berberis angulizans'' <small>G.Nicholson</small> *''Berberis apyrena'' <small>K.Koch</small> *''Berberis arborescens'' <small>K.Koch</small> *''Berberis articulata'' <small>Loisel.</small> *''Berberis asperma'' <small>Poit. & Turpin</small> *''Berberis aurea'' <small>Tausch</small> *''Berberis bigelovii'' <small>Schrad.</small> *''Berberis corallina'' <small>G.Nicholson</small> *''Berberis dentata'' <small>Tausch</small> *''Berberis dentata'' var. ''capitata'' <small>Tausch</small> *''Berberis dulcis'' <small>K.Koch</small> *''Berberis dumetorum'' <small>Gouan</small> *''Berberis edulis'' <small>K.Koch</small> *''Berberis elongata'' <small>G.Nicholson</small> *''Berberis globularis'' <small>G.Nicholson</small> *''Berberis hakodate'' <small>Dippel</small> *''Berberis heterophylla'' <small>K.Koch</small> *''Berberis iberica'' <small>Sweet</small> *''Berberis innominata'' <small>Kielm.</small> *''Berberis irritabilis'' <small>Salisb.</small> *''Berberis jacquinii'' <small>K.Koch</small> *''Berberis latifolia'' <small>Poit. & Turpin</small> *''Berberis marginata'' <small>K.Koch</small> *''Berberis maxima'' <small>G.Nicholson</small> *''Berberis maximowiczii'' <small>Regel</small> *''Berberis microphylla'' <small>F.Dietr.</small> *''Berberis mitis'' <small>Schrad.</small> *''Berberis nepalensis'' <small>K.Koch</small> *''Berberis nitens'' <small>Schrad.</small> *''Berberis obovata'' <small>Schrad.</small> *''Berberis orientalis'' <small>C.K.Schneid.</small> *''Berberis pangharengensis'' <small>G.Nicholson</small> *''Berberis pauciflora'' <small>Salisb.</small> *''Berberis racemosa'' <small>Stokes</small> *''Berberis rubra'' <small>Poit. & Turpin</small> *''Berberis sanguinea'' <small>K.Koch</small> *''Berberis sanguinolenta'' <small>K.Koch</small> *''Berberis sibirica'' <small>Schult. & Schult.f.</small> *''Berberis sieboldii'' <small>Dippel</small> *''Berberis sylvestris'' <small>Poit. & Turpin</small> *''Berberis violacea'' <small>Poit. & Turpin</small> |synonyms_ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2674612|title=The Plant List}}</ref> }} '''''Berberis vulgaris''''' L., forby kent as '''wine''' or '''guil-tree''', is a species o [[buss]] in the genus ''[[Berberis]]''. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Berberis|vulgaris]] [[Category:Medicinal plants o Africae]] [[Category:Medicinal plants o Asie]] [[Category:Medicinal plants o Europe]] [[Category:Plants descrived in 1753]] [[Category:Spices]] [[Category:Taxa named bi Carl Linnaeus]] {{stub/Plaunt}} bzjkltgpsh63vy64chbz72cev9fdm9r 0 180755 927543 783587 2026-11-10T00:13:33Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 addit stub tag 927543 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles Gordon, 1st Yerl o Aboyne''' (c1638 - Mairch 1681). The fowerth son o [[George Gordon, 2nt Marquess o Huntly]] an Leddy Anne Campbell, he wis creatit '''1st Yerl o Abyne''' an '''1st Laird Gordon o Strathaven an Glenlivet''' bi [[Letters Patent]] on 10 September 1660. On his daith in 1681 he wis succeedit in the yerldom an lairdship bi his son. {{Stub/Scotland}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Abyne, Charles Gordon, 1st Yerl O}} [[Category:1638 births]] [[Category:1681 daiths]] [[Category:Yerls o Abyne]] bhf4myaftwowife69br6szg6r177h45 0 182046 927685 617733 2026-11-10T03:37:55Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[University o Freiburg]] 927685 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[University o Freiburg]] s4zt7ppcexmfkf4ulm8gsxsn0q35ygm 0 184028 927465 882723 2026-11-09T20:49:45Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; career addit, soorced 927465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = BTS | background = group_or_band | image = BTS during a White House press conference May 31, 2022 (cropped).jpg | landscape = yes | caption = BTS at the [[White Hoose]], 31 Mey 2022 | alias = {{flatlist| *Bangtan Boys *Bulletproof Boy Scouts *Beyond The Scene *{{no wrap|Bangtan Sonyeondan}}}} | origin = [[Seoul]], Sooth Korea | genre = {{flatlist| * [[K-pop]] * [[Hip hop muisic|hip hop]] * [[pop muisic|pop]] * [[electronica]] * [[rock muisic|rock]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/34018/1/the-20-best-k-pop-tracks-of-the-year|title=The 20 best K-Pop tracks of the year|first=Taylor|last=Glasby|work=Dazed|date=December 13, 2016|quote=... seven-piece BTS have been cranking out close-to-the-bone lyrics and impressively melding hip hop, pop, electronica, and rock.|accessdate=February 15, 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221064433/http://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/34018/1/the-20-best-k-pop-tracks-of-the-year|archivedate=December 21, 2016|df=}}</ref> * [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] * EDM}} | years_active = {{start date|2013}}–the day | label = {{flatlist| *[[Big Hit Entertainment]] *Pony Canyon *Def Jam Japan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universal-music.co.jp/bts/news/2017/03/23/|title=シングル「血、汗、涙」を5月10日にリリース！|work=BTS Universal Music Japan Page|publisher=[[Universal Music Group|Universal Music LLC, Japan]]|date=March 23, 2017|accessdate=March 24, 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324175800/http://www.universal-music.co.jp/bts/news/2017/03/23/|archivedate=March 24, 2017|df=}}</ref>}} | website = {{url|bts.ibighit.com}} | current_members = *Jin *Suga *J-Hope *RM *Jimin *V *Jungkook }} {{Infobox Chinese |kanji=防弾少年団 |revhep=Bōdan Shōnendan |hiragana=ぼうだんしょうねんだん |kunrei=Bôdan Syônendan |hangul={{linktext|방탄|소년|단}} |hanja={{linktext|防彈|少年|團}} |rr=Bangtan Sonyeondan |mr=Pangt'an Sonyǒndan }} '''BTS''', also kent as the '''Bangtan Boys''', is a seiven-member [[Sooth Korea]]n boy baund formed in 2010. The members are Jin, Suga, J-Hope, RM, Jimin, V an Jungkook, that write or produce a lot o thair ain muisic. The group stairtit oot as a [[Hip hop muisic|hip hop]] group, but they hae taen in a wide range o genres syne. Thair lyrics deal wi things lik mental health, the bother o growin up, loss, learnin tae lik yersel, an the cost o fame. BTS makkit thair debut in 2013 wi [[Big Hit Entertainment]]. Bi 2017 they haed broken intae the global muisic mercat, an they becam the first act frae Sooth Korea tae tap the ''Billboard'' 200, wi ''Love Yourself: Tear'' (2018). In 2020 thair single "Dynamite" makkit them the first aa-Sooth Korean act tae get tae nummer ane on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. In Juin 2022 the group annoonced a brak sae that the members coud dae thair militar service, that they haed aw feenished bi Juin 2025. Thair first group album in near fower year, ''Arirang'' (2026), gied them thair seivent US nummer ane single, "Swim". As o 2023, BTS is the best-sellin muisical act in Sooth Korean history accordin tae the Circle Chart, wi mair nor 40 million albums selt.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/read?newsId=01092246635640080&mediaCodeNo=258|script-title=ko:빌보드 석권·매출 1조...'K팝 선봉장' BTS가 일군 기적들[BTS 10주년]①|last=Kim|first=Hyun-shik|date=June 9, 2023|website=Edaily|language=ko|trans-title=Sweeping Billboard, 1 trillion won in sales ... The miracles accomplished by BTS, the leader of K-pop [BTS 10th anniversary]①|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608212206/https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/read?newsId=01092246635640080&mediaCodeNo=258|archive-date=June 8, 2023|url-status=live|access-date=June 10, 2022}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:BTS (baund)]] [[Category:Sooth Korean hip hop groups]] [[Category:Muisical groups frae Seoul]] [[Category:2013 establishments in Sooth Korea]] [[Category:K-pop muisic groups]] [[Category:Sooth Korean boy baunds]] [[Category:Muisical groups established in 2013]] [[Category:Sooth Korean dance muisic groups]] [[Category:Mnet Asie Muisic Awaird winners]] [[Category:Melon Muisic Awaird winners]] 7y4i5tu6gy8v3ksaue2745hksjp6yfo 0 185656 927640 887731 2026-11-10T02:02:48Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} {{speciesbox |image = Liunum_catharticum1.jpg |genus = Linum |species = catharticum |authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] |synonyms = {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | *''Cathartolinum catharticum'' <small>(L.) Small</small> *''Cathartolinum pratense'' <small>Rchb.</small> nom. illeg. *''Nezera cathartica'' <small>(L.) Nieuwl.</small> }} |synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2348507 |title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species |accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref> }} '''''Linum catharticum''''', kent as '''purging flax'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1003854.pdf |title=Lardon Chase |publisher=Natural England |accessdate=2 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202155758/http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1003854.pdf |archivedate= 2 February 2016 }}</ref> or '''fairy flax''', an forby as '''fairy lint''' or '''laverock's lint''', is a yerbaceous flouerin plant in the faimily Linaceae. It is native tae [[Great Breetain]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Native flora recorded from postal district CO4 (Colchester area north)|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/fff-pcp/glob.pl?report=pcfllist&group=&sort=&inpostcode=co4|work=The Postcode Plant Database|publisher=Natural History Museum|accessdate=10 January 2013}}</ref> [[Iceland]],<ref Name="HH&GGE2004"/> central Europe an [[Wastren Aisie]]. It is an [[annual plant]] that flouers in Julie an August. It is a kent host o flax rust (''Melampsora lini''), a fungus that causes disease in plants.<ref Name="HH&GGE2004"/> ==References== <references> <ref Name="HH&GGE2004">Helgi Hallgrímsson & Guðríður Gyða Eyjólfsdóttir (2004). [https://rafhladan.is/bitstream/handle/10802/4090/Fjolrit_45.pdf?sequence=1 ''Íslenskt sveppatal I - smásveppir'' [Checklist of Icelandic Fungi I - Microfungi]. Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar. Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands [Icelandic Institute of Natural History]. ISSN 1027-832X</ref> </references> {{Taxonbar|from=Q157896}} [[Category:Linum|catharticum]] [[Category:Flora o Wastren Aisie]] [[Category:Flora o Europe]] [[Category:Plants describit in 1753]] {{stub/Plaunt}} ocp0tv8pbjy01uyvw7zfin1yn0ohiz2 0 189729 927317 901615 2026-11-09T14:20:18Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; career addit, soorced, BLP tidied 927317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = Derek Riordan | image = Derek Riordan 30-04-2016 1.jpg | image_size = 200 | caption = Riordan trainin wi [[York City F.C.|York City]] in 2016 | fullname = Derek George Riordan<ref name=SFReview>{{cite book |title=The Bell's Scottish Football Review 2005.06 |url=https://archive.org/details/scottishfootball0000thom |year=2005 |publisher=Cre8 Publishing |location= |isbn=978-0-9548556-1-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/scottishfootball0000thom/page/28 28]}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|1|16|df=y}}<ref name=SFReview/> | birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland | height = {{height|ft=5|in=10}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Derek Riordan |url=http://www.espnfc.com/player/17678/derek-riordan |website=ESPN FC |accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> | position = Striker | currentclub = | clubnumber = | youthyears1 = 1999–2001 | youthclubs1 = Hibernian | years1 = 2001–2006 | caps1 = 123 | goals1 = 54 | clubs1 = [[Hibernian F.C.|Hibernian]] | years2 = 2003 | caps2 = 2 | goals2 = 3 | clubs2 = → [[Cowdenbeath F.C.|Cowdenbeath]] (lend) | years3 = 2006–2008 | caps3 = 24 | goals3 = 5 | clubs3 = [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] | years4 = 2008–2011 | caps4 = 102 | goals4 = 36 | clubs4 = [[Hibernian F.C.|Hibernian]] | years5 = 2011 | caps5 = 9 | goals5 = 1 | clubs5 = [[Beijing Renhe F.C.|Shaanxi Chanba]] | years6 = 2012 | caps6 = 4 | goals6 = 0 | clubs6 = [[St Johnstone F.C.|St Johnstone]] | years7 = 2012 | caps7 = 11 | goals7 = 0 | clubs7 = [[Bristol Rovers F.C.|Bristol Rovers]] | years8 = 2014 | caps8 = 2 | goals8 = 0 | clubs8 = [[Alloa Athletic F.C.|Alloa Athletic]] | years9 = 2014 | caps9 = 1 | goals9 = 0 | clubs9 = [[Brechin City F.C.|Brechin City]] (trial) | years10= 2015 | caps10= 11 | goals10= 4 | clubs10= [[East Fife F.C.|East Fife]] | years11 = 2016 | caps11= 4 | goals11= 0 | clubs11= [[York City F.C.|York City]] | years12 = 2017 | caps12= 7 | goals12= 3 | clubs12= [[Edinburgh City F.C.|Edinburgh City]] | nationalyears1 = 2001 | nationalteam1 = [[Scotland naitional unner-19 fitbaw team|Scotland U19]] | nationalcaps1 = 5 | nationalgoals1 = 3 | nationalyears2 = 2004–2005 | nationalteam2 = Scotland U21 | nationalcaps2 = 5 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2005–2009 | nationalteam3 = [[Scotland naitional fitbaw team|Scotland]] | nationalcaps3 = 3 | nationalgoals3 = 0 | club-update = 20:20, 2 Juin 2017 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 20:20, 2 Juin 2017 (UTC) }} '''Derek George Riordan''' (born 16 Januar 1983) is a Scots umwhile professional [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]] that played as a striker. He wis cappit three times bi the [[Scotland naitional fitbaw team|Scotland]] naitional team. Riordan stairtit his career wi [[Hibernian F.C.|Hibernian]] in 2001 an haed a short spell on loan wi [[Cowdenbeath F.C.|Cowdenbeath]] in 2003. He becam ane o the tap young players in the [[Scottish Premier League]], winnin the [[PFA Scotland Young Player of the Year]]<ref name=pfa05>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/scotland/2009/02/18/hibs-ace-derek-riordan-eyes-scotland-return-86908-21132521/ |title=Hibs ace Derek Riordan eyes Scotland return |first=Anthony |last=Haggerty |newspaper=Daily Record |location=Glasgow |date=18 February 2009 |access-date=2 May 2011}}</ref> an [[SFWA Young Player of the Year]]<ref name=fwa05>{{cite news |title=Hartson wins writers' top prize |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/scot_prem/4505709.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |date=2 May 2005 |access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref> awards in 2005. He signed for [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] in 2006, but coudna haud doun a regular first-team place, an gaed back tae Hibernian in 2008. Ower his twa spells at [[Easter Road]] he scored 104 goals in 260 appearances.<ref name=fshibs>{{cite web|url=http://www.fitbastats.com/hibs/player.php?playerid=6436|title=Hibernian player Derek Riordan|website=FitbaStats|access-date=28 October 2018}}</ref> He left Hibs as a free agent in 2011 an signed for Shaanxi Baorong Chanba in the [[Chinese Super League]], but the twa-year contract wis endit bi agreement efter anerly fower month. Efter that he haed short spells wi [[St Johnstone F.C.|St Johnstone]], [[Bristol Rovers F.C.|Bristol Rovers]], [[Alloa Athletic F.C.|Alloa Athletic]], [[Brechin City F.C.|Brechin City]], [[East Fife F.C.|East Fife]], [[York City F.C.|York City]], [[Edinburgh City F.C.|Edinburgh City]] an the amateurs St Bernard's. == Later career an life == Riordan wis hamesick durin his spell in Cheenae wi Shaanxi in 2011, an didna care for the fuid, describin it as "{{lang|en|chicken feet, what I was told was frog and other no’ right stuff}}".<ref>https://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/celtic/interview-derek-riordan-plots-his-return-1573907</ref> Efter he left Hibs for the second time he fand it haurd tae get established at ither clubs. In an interview in 2015 he blamed misconceptions aboot him for stoppin him gettin back intae tap-diveesion fitbaw, an said thay cam frae somebody that wis tryin tae sabotage his career.<ref>https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/sport/football/hibs/derek-riordan-someone-has-sabotaged-my-career-879806</ref> He later ran a pub on Easter Road in [[Leith]].<ref>https://www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/edinburgh-news/derek-riordan-take-over-leith-17650391</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Navboxes | title = Awairds | bg = gold | fg = navy | list1 = {{PFA Scotland Young Player of the Year}} {{SFWA Young Player of the Year}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Riordan, Derek}} [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Scots fitbawers]] [[Category:Scotland youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Scotland unner-21 internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Scotland internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw forrits]] [[Category:Hibernian F.C. players]] [[Category:Cowdenbeath F.C. players]] [[Category:Celtic F.C. players]] [[Category:Beijing Renhe F.C. players]] [[Category:St Johnstone F.C. players]] [[Category:Bristol Rovers F.C. players]] [[Category:Alloa Athletic F.C. players]] [[Category:Brechin City F.C. players]] [[Category:East Fife F.C. players]] [[Category:York City F.C. players]] [[Category:Edinburgh City F.C. players]] [[Category:Scottish Premier League players]] [[Category:Scottish Football League players]] [[Category:Chinese Super League players]] [[Category:English Football League players]] [[Category:Scottish Professional Football League players]] [[Category:Scots expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Cheenae]] [[Category:Breetish expatriates in Cheenae]] mltih7qy94s9tz77fjjzv17cxgb51s1 1 189731 927318 652565 2026-11-09T14:20:50Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{translatit page|en|Derek Riordan}} {{Translatit page|en|Derek Riordan|version=1381392176}} 67bhofnvuw8enokty4mc2a9425b7kr3 0 189797 927392 907969 2026-11-09T16:34:53Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 addit stub tag 927392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Stuart McCall | image = Stuart mccall.jpg | image_size = 200 | caption = McCall as [[Sheffield United F.C.|Sheffield United]] coach in 2007 | fullname = Andrew Stuart Murray McCall<ref name="Hugman">{{Hugman|12222|accessdate=3 April 2017}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|6|10|df=y}}<ref name="Hugman"/> | birth_place = [[Leeds]], Ingland | height = {{height|ft=5|in=7}} | position = [[Midfielder]] | currentclub = | youthyears1 = |youthclubs1 = Pudsey Juniors | youthyears2 = |youthclubs2 = Holbeck | youthyears3 = |youthclubs3 = [[Farsley Celtic A.F.C.|Farsley Celtic]] | youthyears4 = 1980–1982 |youthclubs4 = [[Bradford City A.F.C.|Bradford City]] | years1 = 1982–1988 | clubs1 = [[Bradford City A.F.C.|Bradford City]] | caps1 = 238 | goals1 = 37 | years2 = 1988–1991 | clubs2 = [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] | caps2 = 103 | goals2 = 6 | years3 = 1991–1998 | clubs3 = [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] | caps3 = 194 | goals3 = 14 | years4 = 1998–2002 | clubs4 = [[Bradford City A.F.C.|Bradford City]] | caps4 = 157 | goals4 = 8 | years5 = 2002–2005 | clubs5 = [[Sheffield United F.C.|Sheffield United]] | caps5 = 71 | goals5 = 2 | totalcaps = 763 | totalgoals = 67 | nationalyears1 = 1988–1990 | nationalteam1 = [[Scotland naitional unner-21 fitbaw team|Scotland U21]] | nationalcaps1 = 2 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 1990–1998 | nationalteam2 = [[Scotland naitional fitbaw team|Scotland]] | nationalcaps2 = 40 | nationalgoals2 = 1 | manageryears1 = 2000 | managerclubs1 = [[Bradford City A.F.C.|Bradford City]] (caretaker) | manageryears2 = 2007–2010 | managerclubs2 = [[Bradford City A.F.C.|Bradford City]] | manageryears3 = 2010–2014 | managerclubs3 = [[Motherwell F.C.|Motherwell]] | manageryears4 = 2015 | managerclubs4 = [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] | manageryears5 = 2016–2018 | managerclubs5 = [[Bradford City A.F.C.|Bradford City]] }} '''Andrew Stuart Murray McCall''' (born 10 Juin 1964), commonly kent as '''Stuart McCall''', is a perfaisional [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] manager an umwhile player. ==References== {{Reflist}}{{Stub/Sport}}{{Navboxes |title = Awairds |bg = gold |list1 = {{1984–85 Football League Third Division PFA Team of the Year}} {{1986–87 Football League Second Division PFA Team of the Year}} {{Bradford City A.F.C. Player of the Year}} {{Rangers F.C. Hall of Fame}} }} {{Navboxes |title = Scotland squads |bg = #0C1C8C |fg = #FFFFFF |list1= {{Scotland squad 1990 FIFA World Cup}} {{Scotland squad UEFA Euro 1992}} {{Scotland squad UEFA Euro 1996}} }} {{Navboxes | title = Managerial poseetions | list1 = {{Bradford City A.F.C. managers}} {{Motherwell F.C. managers}} {{Rangers F.C. managers}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:McCall, Stuart}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fitbawers frae Leeds]] [[Category:Fitbaw managers frae Leeds]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fitbawers]] [[Category:Scots fitbawers]] [[Category:Scotland unner-21 internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Scotland internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw midfielders]] [[Category:Bradford City A.F.C. players]] [[Category:Everton F.C. players]] [[Category:Rangers F.C. players]] [[Category:Sheffield United F.C. players]] [[Category:Farsley Celtic A.F.C. players]] [[Category:Sheffield United F.C. non-playin staff]] [[Category:Inglis fitbaw managers]] [[Category:Scots fitbaw managers]] [[Category:Bradford City A.F.C. managers]] [[Category:Motherwell F.C. managers]] [[Category:English Football League players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:Scottish Football League players]] [[Category:Premier League managers]] [[Category:English Football League managers]] [[Category:Scottish Premier League managers]] [[Category:Scottish Professional Football League managers]] [[Category:1990 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 1992 players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 1996 players]] [[Category:Rangers F.C. managers]] 654go3ccec4iksae203e6l04rrmwsx8 0 190745 927343 839594 2026-11-09T15:02:23Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; early life, career an honours addit, soorced 927343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = William Wilton |image = | fullname = William Wilton | birth_date = {{birth date|1865|6|9|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Largs]], [[Scotland]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1920|5|2|1865|6|9|df=y}} | death_place = [[Gourock]], [[Scotland]] | manageryears1 = 1899&ndash;1920 | managerclubs1 = [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] }} '''William Wilton''' (9 Juin 1865 – 2 Mey 1920) wis a Scots fitbaw player, admeenistrator an manager. He wis the first manager o [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers Football Club]], an he served in that poseetion frae 1899 till his daith in 1920, leadin Rangers tae nine major trophies. Afore that he haed been Rangers' match secretar for the reserve an first teams. == Early life == Wilton wis born at Blyth's Land on Nelson Street in [[Largs]], [[Ayrshire]], on 9 Juin 1865. His faither, James Wilton, wis a stanemason frae the [[Isle o Arran]], an his mither, Janet Smith, wis a wabster frae [[Paisley]].<ref>Birth certificate of William Wilton, 9 June 1865, Largs District, Ayrshire 602/56;– National Records of Scotland</ref><ref>1861 census return, Largs District, Ayrshire 602/ 6/ 4;– National Records of Scotland</ref> He grew up in Largs an in the Kingston airt o [[Glesga]], an wrocht in Glesga as a mercantile clerk, first wi a shuggar broker an syne wi a firm that makkit machinery for shuggar refinin.<ref>Edinburgh Evening News; Monday 3 May 1920</ref> == Career == Wilton jyned the club as a player in September 1883, but he never got ayont the second eleiven.<ref name=death>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UMVAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JaYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2155%2C200334 Yachting accident: Rangers club secretary drowned], Glasgow Herald, 3 May 1920</ref> He wis suin appintit secretar o the club's youth team an reserve side, an he sat on the committee that owersaw the club's flittin frae Kinning Park tae the first Ibrox grund in 1887. He becam match secretar o the first team in 1889. Rangers shared the first [[Scottish Football League|Scottish League]] title in 1891, an Wilton haed been appintit the league's first treasurer at the stairt o that season. In his ten year as match secretar, the club wan twa league championships, in 1891 an 1899, an three [[Scottish Cup]]s, in 1894, 1897 an 1898. In 1898–99 Rangers wan aw 18 o thair league gemmes, the first perfect league record. Whan the club becam a limitit company in 1899, Wilton wis chosen as manager. Unner him Rangers wan aicht league championships an anither Scottish Cup, an aw nine Glesga Cups an seiven Charity Cups. He guidit the club's flittin tae the second Ibrox Park, the [[Ibrox Stadium]] o the day, in 1899, an its response tae the [[1902 Ibrox disaster|disaster]] there three year efter. In his last season as manager the club wan its tent league championship. Wilton wis drount in a boatin accident in Mey 1920.<ref name=death /> He wis Rangers manager for 881 matches (no coontin his time as secretar), an they wan 553 o them.<ref>[https://www.fitbastats.com/rangers/manager.php?id=119 Rangers manager William Wilton], FitbaStats</ref> He is buried at Cathcart Cemetery in [[East Renfrewshire]].<ref>{{cite news |title=William Wilton |url=https://www.cathcartcemetery.co.uk/williamwilton |access-date=10 April 2023 |publisher=Friends of Cathcart Cemetery}}</ref> == Honours == '''Rangers''' * [[Scottish Football League|Scottish League]] (8): 1899–1900, 1900–01, 1910–11, 1911–12, 1912–13, 1917–18, 1919–20 * [[Scottish Cup]]: 1902–03 == References == {{reflist}} {{Rangers F.C. managers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wilton, William}} [[Category:Rangers F.C. managers]] [[Category:Rangers F.C. players]] [[Category:Scots fitbaw managers]] [[Category:1865 births]] [[Category:1920 daiths]] [[Category:Daiths bi drounin]] [[Category:Accidental daiths in Scotland]] [[Category:Fowk frae Largs]] [[Category:Scottish Football League managers]] [[Category:Scottish Football League]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae North Ayrshire]] 2rdhj1etuavm07htyaajlnfy80jujsb 0 193920 927342 798141 2026-11-09T15:02:08Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; club, internaitional an managerial career addit, soorced 927342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = Duncan Shearer | fullname = Duncan Nichol Shearer | image = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1962|8|28}} | birth_place = [[The Fort (Lochaber)|The Fort]], [[Scotland]] | height = {{convert|1.80|m|ftin|abbr=on}} | position = Striker | currentclub = | clubnumber = | years1 = 1979–1983 | years2 = 1983–1986 | years3 = 1986–1988 | years4 = 1988–1992 | years5 = 1992 | years6 = 1992–1997 | years7 = 1997–2002 | clubs1 = [[Clachnacuddin F.C.|Clachnacuddin]] | clubs2 = [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] | clubs3 = [[Huddersfield Town A.F.C.|Huddersfield Town]] | clubs4 = [[Swindon Town F.C.|Swindon Town]] | clubs5 = [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]] | clubs6 = [[Aberdeen F.C.|Aberdeen]] | clubs7 = [[Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C.|Inverness Caledonian Thistle]] | caps1 = ? | caps2 = 2 | caps3 = 83 | caps4 = 164 | caps5 = 6 | caps6 = 152 | caps7 = 55 | goals1 = ? | goals2 = 1 | goals3 = 38 | goals4 = 79 | goals5 = 1 | goals6 = 55 | goals7 = 17 | totalcaps = 462 | totalgoals = 191 | manageryears1 = 2004–2008 | managerclubs1 = [[Buckie Thistle F.C.|Buckie Thistle]] | nationalyears1 = 1994–1995 | nationalteam1 = [[Scotland naitional fitbaw team|Scotland]] | nationalcaps1 = 7 | nationalgoals1 = 2 | nationalyears2 = 1995–1996 | nationalteam2 = Scotland B<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fitbastats.com/scotlandb/player.php?playerid=109|title=Scotland 'B' profile|publisher=Fitbastats.com|accessdate=14 September 2017}}</ref> | nationalcaps2 = 2 | nationalgoals2 = 1 }} '''Duncan Nichol Shearer''' (born 28 August 1962) is a Scots umwhile professional [[association fitbaw|fitbawer]], that the nou coaches the development squad at [[Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C.|Inverness Caledonian Thistle]]. As a player he wis maistly a striker, for [[Huddersfield Town A.F.C.|Huddersfield Town]], [[Swindon Town F.C.|Swindon Town]], [[Aberdeen F.C.|Aberdeen]] an Inverness. He captained the Scotland B team an played seiven times for the full [[Scotland naitional fitbaw team|Scotland]] side. Syne he gied up playin, Shearer haes been assistant manager at Aberdeen an Inverness, an he managed [[Buckie Thistle F.C.|Buckie Thistle]] in the [[Highland Football League|Highland League]]. He is the brither o Dave Shearer, that played for [[Clachnacuddin F.C.|Clachnacuddin]] an in the English League an aw. As a laddie he played [[shinty]]. == Club career == Shearer wis born in [[Fort William]]. Efter an unsuccessfu trial wi [[Partick Thistle F.C.|Partick Thistle]] as a teenager, he stairtit his career as a striker wi Clachnacuddin, a Highland League club in [[Inverness]]. He flittit tae [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] in 1983, but in three year in [[Lunnon]] he played anerly twa league gemmes, scorin ae goal.<ref name=promised>{{cite news|url=http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/sport/4699297.Forgotten_Shearer_who_helped_Blackburn_Rovers_to_promised_land/|title=Forgotten Shearer who helped Blackburn Rovers to promised land|date=23 October 2009|access-date=15 September 2017|work=Lancashire Telegraph}}</ref> He then signed for Huddersfield Town in the Second Diveesion, scored a hat-trick in his first full gemme for the club, an wis the club's tap scorer in 1986–87 an 1987–88. In 1988 [[Lou Macari]] brocht him tae Swindon for a club record fee o £250,000.<ref name="greats">{{cite book | title=Swindon Town Football Club 100 Greats| last=Mattick| first=Dick| year=2002| publisher=Tempus Publishing| location=Stroud| isbn=0-7524-2714-8| page=99}}</ref> In 1989–90 he scored 21 league goals for Swindon, as weel as the winnin goal in the play-off semi-final against [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]], an he wis pairt o the team that wan promotion at Wembley, anerly for the club tae be demotit for financial irregularities.<ref name="greats"/> He wis Swindon's tap scorer in ilka season he wis there, Player o the Year in 1991, an named in the PFA Team o the Year for Diveesion Twa.<ref name="swinprofile">{{Cite web|url=http://www.swindon-town-fc.co.uk/Person.asp?PersonID=SHEARERD|title=Duncan Shearer|access-date=13 November 2008|publisher=swindon-town-fc.co.uk|work=Player Profile}}</ref> In Mairch 1992 Blackburn bocht him for £800,000. He scored on his debut but played anerly sax gemmes unner [[Kenny Dalglish]], helpin the club tae the play-offs whaur thay wan promotion.<ref name=promised/> Later in 1992 he signed for Aberdeen for £500,000, at 29 year auld.<ref name=darkblue>{{cite web|url=http://www.afcheritage.org/history/darkbluedons/index.cfm?player_id=226|title=Dark Blue Dons - Duncan Shearer|access-date=15 September 2017|publisher=AFC Heritage Trust}}</ref> The fans cried him "Deadly Dunc" for his strike rate.<ref name=promised/> In November 1995 he wan the [[Scottish League Cup]] wi the club, scorin the second goal in the 2–0 win ower [[Dundee F.C.|Dundee]] at [[Hampden Park]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=David |last=McKinney |title=Dodds and Shearer end Aberdeen's wait |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/dodds-and-shearer-end-aberdeens-wait-1583985.html |work=The Independent |location=London |date=27 November 1995 |access-date=15 September 2015}}</ref> He played 152 league gemmes for Aberdeen an scored 55 goals. In 1997, at 35, he cam hame tae the [[Hielands]] tae jyne Inverness Caledonian Thistle, whaur he played twa an a hauf season, playin 55 league gemmes an scorin 17 goals. == Internaitional career == While he wis at Aberdeen, Shearer wis cappit seiven times for Scotland atween 1994 an 1995. He scored twa goals, ane o them the openin goal in an awa win ower [[Finland naitional fitbaw team|Finland]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/match/50763--finland-vs-scotland/|title=Finland 0-2 Scotland|publisher=[[UEFA]]|access-date=15 September 2017}}</ref> that helpit Scotland qualify for [[UEFA Euro 1996|Euro 96]], tho Shearer didna mak the squad for the tournament. He haed never played for Scotland at ony age-group level.<ref name=darkblue/> == Managerial career == In 2000 Shearer becam assistant tae Inverness manager Steve Paterson, an in December 2002 the twa o them left tae tak ower at Aberdeen. They left Aberdeen in 2004. Shearer wis appintit manager o Buckie Thistle in October 2004, an wan the Aberdeenshire Cup twice an the Aberdeenshire Shield aince.<ref name = "61st">{{cite web |url=https://www.aberdeenlive.news/sport/football/football-news/former-aberdeen-goal-hero-duncan-8710066.amp | title=Former Aberdeen goal hero Duncan Shearer celebrates 61st birthday |work=Aberdeenshire Live | date = 28 August 2023}}</ref> He wis sacked in Aprile 2008. He then becam a youth coach at Inverness, an he an Scott Kellacher war pit in temporary chairge o the first team efter [[Terry Butcher]] left for [[Hibernian F.C.|Hibernian]] in November 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/25028424 |title=Inverness CT: No approaches made over manager's post |work=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC |date=21 November 2013 |access-date=21 November 2013}}</ref> He brocht oot his autobiography in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blackandwhitepublishing.com/shop/shearer-wonderland.html|title=Shearer Wonderland|access-date=15 September 2017|publisher=Black & White Publishing}}</ref> == Honours == '''Aberdeen''' * [[Scottish League Cup]]: 1995–96 '''Buckie Thistle''' * Aberdeenshire Cup: 2004–05, 2007–08<ref name = "61st"/> * Aberdeenshire Shield: 2007–08<ref name = "61st"/> == References == {{reflist}} {{Navboxes colour |title=Awairds |bg=gold |fg=navy |list1= {{English Second Division top scorers}} {{Swindon Town F.C. Player of the Year}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shearer, Duncan}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Aberdeen F.C. players]] [[Category:Blackburn Rovers F.C. players]] [[Category:Chelsea F.C. players]] [[Category:Association fitbaw forrits]] [[Category:Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players]] [[Category:Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C. players]] [[Category:Scotland B internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Scotland internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Scots fitbawers]] [[Category:Scots fitbaw managers]] [[Category:Shinty players]] [[Category:Swindon Town F.C. players]] [[Category:English Football League players]] [[Category:Fowk frae Fort William, Highland]] [[Category:Scottish Football League players]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Hieland (cooncil aurie)]] [[Category:Clachnacuddin F.C. players]] [[Category:Highland Football League players]] 5n91600mn4ai6dn0ucii92vjz3nac07 0 196290 927605 666908 2026-11-10T01:46:47Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927605 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Spinterogeno.JPG|thumb|Distributor (side view), wi the input shaft at the bottom an the vacuum advance unit at the tap richt]] [[File:Car ignition system.svg|thumb|Diagram o an ignition system, wi the distributor at the tap richt]] A '''distributor''' is an electric an mechanical device uised in the ignition system o aulder spark-ignition [[Internal combustion ingine|ingines]]. Its main job is tae send electricity frae the [[ignition coil]] tae ilka [[spark plug]] at the richt time. == Design == A distributor haes a turnin airm (the 'rotor') fixed on the tap o a turnin 'distributor shaft'. The rotor gets heich-voltage electricity aa the time frae an [[ignition coil]], throu brushes at the centre o the rotor. As the rotor spins, its tip passes close tae the output contacts for ilka cylinder, but disnae touch them. As the electrified tip passes ilka output contact, the heich-voltage electricity can 'jump' ower the smaa gap.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = How the ignition system works|url = http://www.howacarworks.com/basics/how-the-ignition-system-works|website = How a Car Works|access-date = 2016-02-12}}</ref> This burst o electricity then gangs tae the [[spark plug]] throu the heich tension leads, whaur it lichts the air an fuel mixture in the combustion chamber. On maist overhead valve ingines, a gear on the [[camshaft]] drives the distributor shaft, an the oil pump aften shares that gear. On maist overhead camshaft ingines, the distributor shaft is fixed straucht ontae a camshaft. Aulder distributor designs uised a cam on the distributor shaft that works the contact breaker (cried ''points'' an aw). When the points open, a heich [[Electromagnetic induction|induction]] voltage builds up in the ignition coil.<ref name=":0" /> This design gied wey tae an electronically controlled ignition coil wi a sensor (uisually Hall-effect or optical) that controls the timin o the ignition coil's chairgin. === Ignition advance === In aulder distributors, the ignition timin is uisually set throu baith ''mechanical advance'' an ''vacuum advance''. Mechanical advance sets the timin bi the ingine speed (rpm), uisin a set o hinged weights fixed tae the distributor shaft. Thir weights gar the mountin plate o the breaker points turn a wee bit, an that brings the ignition timin forrit. Vacuum advance uisually uises manifold vacuum tae set the ignition timin, for example tae improve fuel economy an driveability when the ingine needs little pouer. Maist distributors uised on ingines wi electronic fuel injection set the ignition timin wi electronics, insteid o vacuum an centrifugal systems. This lets the ignition timin be optimised on factors ither nor ingine speed an manifold vacuum. {{Clear richt}} ==Direct ignition== Syne the early 2000s, monie caurs hae uised a 'coil-on-plug' '''direct ignition''' system, wi a smaa ignition coil placed straucht abuin the spark plug for ilka cylinder. Wi this design, heich-voltage electricity is only present ower the smaa distance atween ilka coil an its spark plug. See Saab Direct Ignition. == Gallery == {{gallery |File:breakerpoints.jpg|Breaker airm wi contact points on the left. The pivot is on the richt an the cam follower is in the middle o the breaker airm. |File:distribcap.jpg|Distributor cap. At the centre is a spring-loadit carbon button that touches the rotor. The nummer o contacts (here 4) is the same as the nummer o cylinders in the ingine. |File:RotorBakelite.jpg|Rotor. This turns at the same speed as the camshaft, hauf the speed o the crankshaft. |File:Distributor cap of AMC inline-6, top.jpg|Tap o a distributor, wi wires an terminals |File:Distributor cap of AMC inline-6, underside.jpg|Rotor contacts inside the distributor cap |}} {{anchor|Distributorless ignition}} {{anchor|Direct ignition}} {{anchor|Direct ignition system}} {{anchor|DIS}} == History == The first mass-produced electric ignition wis the Delco ignition system, that wis brocht in on the 1910 Cadillac Model 30. In 1921, Arthur Atwater Kent Sr. inventit the rival ''Unisparker'' ignition system.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Cadillac History {{!}} Kanter Car Tales|url = http://kanter-car-tales.com/category/cadillac-history/|website = kanter-car-tales.com|url-status = dead|access-date = 2016-02-12|archive-date = 2016-03-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305094321/http://kanter-car-tales.com/category/cadillac-history/}}</ref> Bi the 1980s an 1990s, electronic ignition systems haed lairgely taen the place o distributors. == References == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Internal combustion ingine]] lfufqkiws7u65s8vdfv0vag0cegu9rm 0 198372 927445 917880 2026-11-09T20:26:41Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead an hunger strike rewritten, soorced 927445 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Gerard Sands''' ({{lang-ga|Roibeárd Gearóid Ó Seachnasaigh}};<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nuzhound.com/articles/Irelandclick/arts2006/mar6_cage_eleven__OHearn_book.php |title=Legacy of Cage Eleven |publisher=Nuzhound.com |access-date=26 April 2010 |archive-date=2018-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927005656/http://www.nuzhound.com/articles/Irelandclick/arts2006/mar6_cage_eleven__OHearn_book.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> 9 Mairch 1954{{snds}}5 Mey 1981) wis a member o the [[Proveesional Erse Republican Airmy|Provisional Erse Republican Airmy]] that deed on [[hunger strike]] while he wis in jile at [[HM Prison Maze]] efter bein sentenced for haein fireairms. He wis the leader o the [[1981 Irish hunger strike|1981 hunger strike]], whaur Erse republican prisoners protestit against the remuival o [[Special Category Status]]. Durin Sands's hunger strike, he wis electit tae the [[Breetish Pairlament|British Pairlament]] as an [[Anti H-Block]] candidate.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/northern_ireland/understanding/events/hunger_strike.stm |title=Hunger Strike 1980–82|publisher=BBC News|access-date=26 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/election/rwby1981a.htm|title=CAIN: Politics: Elections: Westminster By-election (NI) Thursday 9 April 1981|publisher=Cain.ulst.ac.uk|date=9 April 1981|access-date=26 April 2010|archive-date=2007-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529080718/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/election/rwby1981a.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> His daith, an the daiths o nine ither hunger strikers, war follaed bi a new surge o Provisional IRA recruitment an activity. Internaitional media coverage brocht attention tae the hunger strikers, an the Republican muivement in general, attractin baith praise an criticism.<ref name="CAIN BERESFORD">{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/hstrike/beresford.htm|title=CAIN archive at the University of Ulster|publisher=Cain.Ulst.ac.uk|date=5 May 1981|access-date=26 April 2010|archive-date=2011-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806161224/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/hstrike/beresford.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sands, Bobby}} [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:1981 daiths]] [[Category:Anti H-Block MPs]] [[Category:Erse naitionalists]] [[Category:Erse republicans]] [[Category:Erse revolutionaries]] [[Category:Erse socialists]] [[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Fermanagh an Sooth Tyrone (syne 1950)]] [[Category:Northren Ireland politeecians convictit o crimes]] [[Category:Fowk frae Newtownabbey]] [[Category:Fowk that deed on the 1981 Erse hunger strick]] [[Category:Preesoners accordit Speicial Category Status]] [[Category:Provisional Erse Republican Airmy members]] [[Category:UK MPs 1979–1983]] ny9qte0d13w2sjg67afkft7pvb6xb1i 0 198377 927323 889952 2026-11-09T14:35:30Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; career brocht up tae date (retired 2021), soorced 927323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw biography |name=Ashley Williams |image=AUT vs. WAL 2016-10-06 (128).jpg |image_size=200 |caption=Williams linin up for [[Wales naitional fitbaw team|Wales]] in 2016 |fullname=Ashley Errol Williams<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/612828 |title=Updated squads for 2017/18 Premier League confirmed |publisher=Premier League |date=2 February 2018 |accessdate=11 February 2018}}</ref> |birth_date={{birth date and age|1984|8|23|df=y}}<ref name="plprofile">{{cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/4403/Ashley-Williams/overview|title=Ashley Williams|publisher=Premier League|accessdate=29 November 2016}}</ref> |birth_place=[[Wolverhampton]], Ingland |height={{convert|1.83|m|order=flip}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Ashley Williams |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/4403/Ashley-Williams/overview |publisher=Premier League |accessdate=19 August 2017}}</ref> |position=Centre-back |clubnumber=5 |youthclubs1=Tamworth |clubs1=Hednesford Town |youthclubs2=[[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]] |years1=2001–2003 |caps1=46 |goals1=0 |clubs2=[[Stockport County F.C.|Stockport County]] |years2=2003–2008 |caps2=162 |goals2=3 |clubs3=→ [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]] (loan) |years3=2008 |caps3=3 |goals3=0 |clubs4=[[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]] |years4=2008–2016 |caps4=319 |goals4=14 |clubs5=[[Everton F.C.|Everton]] |years5=2016–2019 |caps5=60 |goals5=2 |clubs6=→ [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]] (loan) |years6=2018–2019 |caps6=33 |goals6=1 |clubs7=[[Bristol City F.C.|Bristol City]] |years7=2019–2020 |caps7=32 |goals7=2 |nationalteam1=[[Wales naitional fitbaw team|Wales]] |nationalyears1=2008–2019 |nationalcaps1=86 |nationalgoals1=2 }} '''Ashley Errol Williams''' (born 23 August 1984) is an umwhile professional [[Fitbaw|fitbawer]] that played as a [[Defender (association fitbaw)|centre-back]]. He wis born in [[Wolverhampton]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Barry J. |editor-last=Hugman |title=The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2010–11 |year=2010 |publisher=Mainstream Publishing |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-1-84596-601-0 |page=437}}</ref> Efter bein let go bi [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]] as a teenager, he played for the non-league side Hednesford Town afore turnin professional wi [[Stockport County F.C.|Stockport County]] in 2003, an later becam thair caiptain.<ref name="County">{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/swansea_city/7316887.stm |title=Swans sign Stockport's Williams |website=BBC Sport |date=27 March 2008 |access-date=27 March 2008}}</ref> In Mairch 2008 he gaed on loan tae [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]], an efter helpin them win [[EFL League One|League One]] he signed for whit wis then a club record £400,000. He played 352 gemmes for the Swans an scored 14 goals, an helpit them tae promotion tae the [[Premier League]] an tae win the [[2013 Football League Cup Final|2013 League Cup final]]. In August 2016 he signed a three-year contract wi [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] for £12 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37036709 |title=Ashley Williams: Everton sign Swansea and Wales defender for £12m |website=BBC Sport |date=10 August 2016 |access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> He spent the 2018–19 season on loan at [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]], an efter Everton let him go he signed for [[Bristol City F.C.|Bristol City]] in August 2019. He left Bristol City at the end o the 2019–20 season an annoonced his retiral in Januar 2021, at 36.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12199145/ashley-williams-former-wales-and-swansea-captain-announces-retirement |title=Ashley Williams: Former Wales and Swansea captain announces retirement |website=Sky Sports |date=26 January 2021 |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> Born in Ingland, Williams qualified tae play for [[Wales naitional fitbaw team|Wales]] throu his mither's faither. He wan 86 caps for Wales an scored twa goals.<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player |id=25454 |name=Williams, Ashley |accessdate=26 January 2021}}</ref> He caiptained the team at [[UEFA Euro 2016]], whaur Wales got tae the semi-finals afore losin tae [[Portugal naitional fitbaw team|Portugal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/36658962 |title=Portugal 2–0 Wales |website=BBC Sport |date=6 July 2016 |access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:1984 births]] [[Category:Association fitbaw defenders]] [[Category:Black Inglis sportsfowk]] [[Category:English Football League players]] [[Category:Inglis fitbawers]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Welsh strynd]] [[Category:Everton F.C. players]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:Swansea City A.F.C. players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2016 players]] [[Category:Wales internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Welsh fitbawers]] [[Category:West Bromwich Albion F.C. players]] 5erynn6vboh019zph3mxk29ky99puit 0 200143 927391 783524 2026-11-09T16:33:38Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 stubbiest stub that ever existed 927391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | show_name = Only Fools and Horses.... | show_name_2 = | image = Only fools logo.jpg | caption = | genre = [[Sitcom]] | runtime = '''Regular episodes'''<br />''Series 1–5:'' 30 meenits per episode<br />''Series 6 & 7:'' 50 meenits per episode<br />'''Christmas specials'''<br />35–95 meenits | first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|1981|09|08}} - {{End date|df=yes|2003|12|25}} <br /> '''[[Sport Relief 2014 Special (Only Fools and Horses)|Sport Relief special:]]'''<br />{{End date|df=yes|2014|3|21}} | creator = [[John Sullivan (writer)|John Sullivan]] | writer = John Sullivan | director = Martin Shardlow <small>(1981)</small><br />[[Bernard Thompson (director)|Bernard Thompson]] <small>(1981)</small><br />[[Ray Butt]] <small>(1982–1983, 1985–1987)</small><br />[[Susan Belbin]] <small>(1985)</small><br />[[Mandie Fletcher]] <small>(1986)</small><br />[[Tony Dow (director)|Tony Dow]] <small>(1988–2003, 2014)</small> | executive_producer = [[Ray Butt]] <small>(1981–1987)</small><br />[[Bernard Thompson (director)|Bernard Thompson]] <small>(1981)</small><br />[[Gareth Gwenlan]] <small>(1988–1993, 1996, 2001–2003)</small><br />John Sullivan <small>(1991–2003)</small> | theme_music_composer = [[Ronnie Hazlehurst]] <small>(1981)</small><br /> John Sullivan <small>(1981–2003, 2014)</small> | opentheme = "Only Fools and Horses" | endtheme = "Hooky Street" | distributor = [[BBC Studios]] | location = [[Peckham]]<br /><small>(main setting)</small><br />[[Bristol]]<br /><small>(Nelson Mandela House and Market setting)</small><br /> [[Weston-super-Mare]] <small>(specials only)</small> [[Malmesbury, Wiltshire]] | starring = [[David Jason]]<br />[[Nicholas Lyndhurst]]<br />[[Lennard Pearce]] <small>(1981–1983)</small><br />[[Buster Merryfield]] <small>(1984–1996)</small> | country = Unitit Kinrick | network = [[BBC One]] | picture_format = 576i (4:3 SDTV) <small>(1981–1996)</small><br />576i (16:9 SDTV) <small>(2001–2003)</small><br />1080i (16:9 HDTV) <small>(2014)</small> | cinematography = | company = BBC | num_episodes = 64 (+16 specials) | num_series = 7 | list_episodes = Leet o Only Fools and Horses episodes | language = Inglis | followed_by = ''[[The Green Green Grass]]'' <small>(2005–2009)</small><br />''[[Rock & Chips]]'' <small>(2010–2011)</small> }}{{Unsoorced}} '''''Only Fools and Horses''''' is a Breetish [[sitcom]] creatit an written bi [[John Sullivan (writer)|John Sullivan]]. {{Stub/UnititKinrick}} [[Category:1981 Breetish televeesion programme debuts]] [[Category:2003 Breetish televeesion programme endins]] [[Category:1980s Breetish sitcoms]] [[Category:1990s Breetish sitcoms]] [[Category:2000s Breetish sitcoms]] [[Category:BAFTA winners (televeesion series)]] [[Category:BBC Radio comedy programmes]] [[Category:BBC televeesion sitcoms]] [[Category:Comedy in Lunnon]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Only Fools and Horses]] [[Category:Peckham]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes shot in Bristol]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot brithers]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot dysfunctional faimilies]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws set in Lunnon]] 92byokiw77bpoyoi0j18jgtez9qy5ap 0 200616 927319 906835 2026-11-09T14:26:23Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; loans, La Liga title an campaignin addit, soorced 927319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = Marcus Rashford | image = Press Tren CSKA - MU (3).jpg | image_size = 200 | caption = Rashford warmin up for [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] in 2017 | fullname = Marcus Rashford<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/465277 |title=Squads for 2017/18 Premier League confirmed |publisher=Premier League |date=1 September 2017 |accessdate=15 December 2017}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|10|31|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.11v11.com/players/marcus-rashford-250719/ |title= Sir Daniel Rashford |website=11v11.com |publisher=AFS Enterprises |accessdate=15 December 2017}}</ref> | birth_place = Wythenshawe, [[Manchester]], Ingland | height = {{convert|1.80|m|order=flip}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/13565/Sir-Daniel-Rashford/overview |title=Sir Daniel Rashford: Overview |publisher=Premier League |accessdate=15 December 2017 |archive-date=2020-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617112605/https://www.premierleague.com/players/13565/Sir-Daniel-Rashford/overview |url-status=dead }}</ref> | position = Forrit | currentclub = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | clubnumber = 10 | youthyears1 = 2003–2005 |youthclubs1 = Fletcher Moss Rangers | youthyears2 = 2005–2015 |youthclubs2 = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | years1 = 2015– |clubs1 = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] |caps1 = 293 |goals1 = 87 | years2 = 2025 |clubs2 = → [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] (loan) |caps2 = 10 |goals2 = 2 | years3 = 2025–2026 |clubs3 = → [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] (loan) |caps3 = 32 |goals3 = 8 | nationalyears1 = 2012 |nationalteam1 = Ingland U16 |nationalcaps1 = 2 |nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2014 |nationalteam2 = Ingland U18 |nationalcaps2 = 2 |nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2016 |nationalteam3 = Ingland U20 |nationalcaps3 = 2 |nationalgoals3 = 0 | nationalyears4 = 2016– |nationalteam4 = Ingland U21 |nationalcaps4 = 1 |nationalgoals4 = 3 | nationalyears5 = 2016– |nationalteam5 = [[Ingland naitional fitbaw team|Ingland]] |nationalcaps5 = 57 |nationalgoals5 = 17 | club-update = 02:00, 12 November 2023 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 02:00, 12 November 2023 (UTC) }} '''Marcus Rashford''' (born 31 October 1997) is an Inglis professional [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] player that plays as a forrit for [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] an the [[Ingland naitional fitbaw team|Ingland naitional team]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marcus Rashford {{!}} Forward {{!}} Man Utd First Team Player Profile|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/players-and-staff/detail/marcus-rashford|access-date=2025-05-29|website=www.manutd.com|language=en}}</ref> He cam up throu Manchester United's youth seestem, jynin the club at seiven year auld, an scored twa goals on baith his first-team an European debut in Februar 2016. In 2025 he gaed on loan tae [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/cjdejvxvk29o |title=Villa complete Rashford loan deal |work=BBC Sport |date=2 February 2025 |access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref> an syne tae [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kearns |first=Sean |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/c873zvn37jvo |publisher=BBC |title='I feel like I'm at home' - Rashford joins Barcelona |date=23 July 2025 |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref> whaur he scored a free kick in a 2–0 win ower [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] on 10 Mey 2026 that securit the [[La Liga]] title, his first league title.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7260652/2026/05/10/barcelona-real-madrid-clasico-rashford-result-analysis/ |title=Barcelona 2 Real Madrid 0: Hansi Flick's side wrap up La Liga title in El Clasico |publisher=The New York Times |date=10 May 2026 }}</ref> He gaed back tae Manchester United for the 2026–27 season.<ref>{{cite web |last=Herman |first=Martyn |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/hull-stun-manchester-united-2-0-premier-league-return-2026-08-22/ |title=Promoted Hull stun Man Utd, Spurs thrashed, Ipswich enjoy winning return |publisher=Reuters |date=22 August 2026 }}</ref> Rashford is weel kent for campaignin against racism, hamelessness an bairn hunger in the [[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]. Durin the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] he wrocht wi the charity FareShare tae get meals tae bairns that war nae langer gettin thair free schuil meals,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/mar/30/marcus-rashford-manchester-children-coronavirus-crisis-united-injury |title=Marcus Rashford puts Manchester children first in coronavirus crisis |date=30 March 2020 |access-date=28 September 2020 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114153518/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/mar/30/marcus-rashford-manchester-children-coronavirus-crisis-united-injury}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Adams|first=Tim|date=2021-01-17|title=Marcus Rashford: the making of a food superhero|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/jan/17/marcus-rashford-the-making-of-a-food-superhero-child-hunger-free-school-meals|access-date=2025-05-29|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> an in 2020 the [[Varsity o Manchester|University o Manchester]] gied him an honorary doctorate for his wark tae end bairn poverty.<ref name="HonoraryDegree">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53414563 |title=Marcus Rashford: Man Utd star to get honorary doctorate from University of Manchester |date=15 July 2020 |access-date=15 July 2020 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Manchester United F.C. squad}} {{Navboxes |title=Ingland squads |bg=white |fg=#CE1124 |bordercolor=#0B0B3F |list1= {{England squad UEFA Euro 2016}} {{England squad 2018 FIFA World Cup}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rashford, Marcus}} [[Category:1997 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Inglis fitbawers]] [[Category:Ingland youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Ingland unner-21 internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Ingland internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw forrits]] [[Category:Manchester United F.C. players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2016 players]] [[Category:2018 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:2022 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:Black Inglis sportsfowk]] [[Category:UEFA Europa League winnin players]] 7qrgd661e8co5440fruktgq6zmad5bt 927322 927319 2026-11-09T14:35:00Z Monospaced 75295 Rewirdit for mair natural phrasin 927322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = Marcus Rashford | image = Press Tren CSKA - MU (3).jpg | image_size = 200 | caption = Rashford warmin up for [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] in 2017 | fullname = Marcus Rashford<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/465277 |title=Squads for 2017/18 Premier League confirmed |publisher=Premier League |date=1 September 2017 |accessdate=15 December 2017}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|10|31|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.11v11.com/players/marcus-rashford-250719/ |title= Sir Daniel Rashford |website=11v11.com |publisher=AFS Enterprises |accessdate=15 December 2017}}</ref> | birth_place = Wythenshawe, [[Manchester]], Ingland | height = {{convert|1.80|m|order=flip}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/13565/Sir-Daniel-Rashford/overview |title=Sir Daniel Rashford: Overview |publisher=Premier League |accessdate=15 December 2017 |archive-date=2020-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617112605/https://www.premierleague.com/players/13565/Sir-Daniel-Rashford/overview |url-status=dead }}</ref> | position = Forrit | currentclub = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | clubnumber = 10 | youthyears1 = 2003–2005 |youthclubs1 = Fletcher Moss Rangers | youthyears2 = 2005–2015 |youthclubs2 = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | years1 = 2015– |clubs1 = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] |caps1 = 293 |goals1 = 87 | years2 = 2025 |clubs2 = → [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] (loan) |caps2 = 10 |goals2 = 2 | years3 = 2025–2026 |clubs3 = → [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] (loan) |caps3 = 32 |goals3 = 8 | nationalyears1 = 2012 |nationalteam1 = Ingland U16 |nationalcaps1 = 2 |nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2014 |nationalteam2 = Ingland U18 |nationalcaps2 = 2 |nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2016 |nationalteam3 = Ingland U20 |nationalcaps3 = 2 |nationalgoals3 = 0 | nationalyears4 = 2016– |nationalteam4 = Ingland U21 |nationalcaps4 = 1 |nationalgoals4 = 3 | nationalyears5 = 2016– |nationalteam5 = [[Ingland naitional fitbaw team|Ingland]] |nationalcaps5 = 57 |nationalgoals5 = 17 | club-update = 02:00, 12 November 2023 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 02:00, 12 November 2023 (UTC) }} '''Marcus Rashford''' (born 31 October 1997) is an Inglis professional [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] player that plays as a forrit for [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] an the [[Ingland naitional fitbaw team|Ingland naitional team]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marcus Rashford {{!}} Forward {{!}} Man Utd First Team Player Profile|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/players-and-staff/detail/marcus-rashford|access-date=2025-05-29|website=www.manutd.com|language=en}}</ref> He cam up throu Manchester United's youth seestem, jynin the club at seiven year auld, an scored twa goals on baith his first-team an European debut in Februar 2016. In 2025 he gaed on loan tae [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/cjdejvxvk29o |title=Villa complete Rashford loan deal |work=BBC Sport |date=2 February 2025 |access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref> an syne tae [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kearns |first=Sean |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/c873zvn37jvo |publisher=BBC |title='I feel like I'm at home' - Rashford joins Barcelona |date=23 July 2025 |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref> whaur he scored a free kick in a 2–0 win ower [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] on 10 Mey 2026 that securit the [[La Liga]] title, his first league title.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7260652/2026/05/10/barcelona-real-madrid-clasico-rashford-result-analysis/ |title=Barcelona 2 Real Madrid 0: Hansi Flick's side wrap up La Liga title in El Clasico |publisher=The New York Times |date=10 May 2026 }}</ref> He gaed back tae Manchester United for the 2026–27 season.<ref>{{cite web |last=Herman |first=Martyn |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/hull-stun-manchester-united-2-0-premier-league-return-2026-08-22/ |title=Promoted Hull stun Man Utd, Spurs thrashed, Ipswich enjoy winning return |publisher=Reuters |date=22 August 2026 }}</ref> Rashford is weel kent for campaignin against racism, hamelessness an bairns gaun hungry in the [[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]. Durin the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] he wrocht wi the charity FareShare tae get meals tae bairns that war nae langer gettin thair free schuil meals,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/mar/30/marcus-rashford-manchester-children-coronavirus-crisis-united-injury |title=Marcus Rashford puts Manchester children first in coronavirus crisis |date=30 March 2020 |access-date=28 September 2020 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114153518/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/mar/30/marcus-rashford-manchester-children-coronavirus-crisis-united-injury}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Adams|first=Tim|date=2021-01-17|title=Marcus Rashford: the making of a food superhero|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/jan/17/marcus-rashford-the-making-of-a-food-superhero-child-hunger-free-school-meals|access-date=2025-05-29|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> an in 2020 the [[Varsity o Manchester|University o Manchester]] gied him an honorary doctorate for his wark tae end the poverty o bairns.<ref name="HonoraryDegree">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53414563 |title=Marcus Rashford: Man Utd star to get honorary doctorate from University of Manchester |date=15 July 2020 |access-date=15 July 2020 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Manchester United F.C. squad}} {{Navboxes |title=Ingland squads |bg=white |fg=#CE1124 |bordercolor=#0B0B3F |list1= {{England squad UEFA Euro 2016}} {{England squad 2018 FIFA World Cup}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rashford, Marcus}} [[Category:1997 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Inglis fitbawers]] [[Category:Ingland youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Ingland unner-21 internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Ingland internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw forrits]] [[Category:Manchester United F.C. players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2016 players]] [[Category:2018 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:2022 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:Black Inglis sportsfowk]] [[Category:UEFA Europa League winnin players]] lue47obmv9yihm74e64ldkkb3b7lnre 1 200617 927320 680336 2026-11-09T14:31:42Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Marcus Rashford}} {{Translatit page|en|Marcus Rashford|version=1383834740}} h0engwic8ukg808fsbo0xmsdj9fberh 0 201275 927462 918666 2026-11-09T20:46:57Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; career addit, soorced 927462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical artist |name = Gucci Mane |background = solo_singer | image = Gucci Mane, Clout Festival 2024 03.jpg |birth_name = Radric Delantic Davis |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1980|2|12}} |birth_place = Bessemer, Alabama, Unitit States |origin = [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], Unitit States |genre = {{flatlist| * [[Hip hop muisic|Hip hop]] * trap * soothren hip hop }} |occupation = {{flatlist| * Rapper * sangster * sangwriter }} |instrument = [[Vocals]] |years_active = 2001–the day |label = {{flatlist| * [[1017 Records|1017]] * [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] {{small|(current)}} * Tommy Boy * Asylum * Warner Bros. {{small|(umwhile)}} }} | associated_acts = {{flatlist| *[[2 Chainz]] *[[Chief Keef]] *[[Future (rapper)|Future]] *[[Migos]] *OJ da Juiceman *[[Rick Ross]] *Shawty Lo *Soulja Boy *[[Waka Flocka Flame]] *Yo Gotti *[[Young Thug]] }} |website = {{URL|www.guccimaneonline.com/}} }} '''Radric Delantic Davis''' (born 12 Februar 1980),<ref name="allmusic">{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p703775/biography|pure_url=yes}}|title=Gucci Mane > Biography|last=Cordor|first=Cyril|year=2007|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=Mey 3, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mugshots.com/US-Counties/Georgia/Fulton-County-GA/Radric-Davis.70619217.html|title=Radric Davis Mugshot – Radric Davis Arrest – Fulton County, GA|publisher=|accessdate=June 14, 2015}}</ref> kent professionally as '''Gucci Mane''', is an American rapper an muisic executive. Alang wi the ither Atlanta rappers [[T.I.]] an [[Jeezy]], he is creditit wi bringin the hip hop subgenre trap muisic tae mainstream audiences in the 2000s.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/aug/13/trap-kings-how-hip-hop-sub-genre-dominated-decade|title=Trap kings: how the hip-hop sub-genre dominated the decade|first=Christina|last=Lee|date=August 13, 2015|publisher=|via=The Guardian}}</ref> He foondit his ain label, [[1017 Records]], in 2007. His first studio album, ''Trap House'' (2005), wis released bi the independent label Big Cat Records an got intae the ''Billboard'' 200. It wis follaed bi ''Hard to Kill'' (2006) an ''Trap-A-Thon'', afore he signed wi [[Atlantic Records]] for his fowert album, ''Back to the Trap House'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ihiphop.com/gucci-mane-signs-with-atlantic-records/|title=Gucci Mane Signs with Atlantic Records|date=June 19, 2007|website=iHipHop.com}}</ref> Efter twa year in jile atween 2014 an 2016, he cam back wi ''Everybody Looking'' (2016), that got tae nummer twa on the ''Billboard'' 200. The same year, his guest pairt on [[Rae Sremmurd]]'s single "Black Beatles" gied him his first nummer ane on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rap-up.com/2019/10/17/gucci-mane-woptober-2-stream/|title=Stream Gucci Mane's Album 'Woptober II'|website=Rap-Up.com |language=en-US|access-date=October 19, 2019|archive-date=October 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019022846/https://www.rap-up.com/2019/10/17/gucci-mane-woptober-2-stream/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Gucci Mane}} * {{Offeecial wabsteid|http://www.guccimaneonline.com/}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gucci Mane}} [[Category:1980 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:21st-century American muisickers]] [[Category:1017 Brick Squad airtists]] [[Category:African-American business executives]] [[Category:American business executives]] [[Category:African-American male rappers]] [[Category:American businesspeople convicted o crimes]] [[Category:American chief executives]] [[Category:American muisic industry executives]] [[Category:American fowk convicted o assault]] [[Category:American fowk convictit o drog offences]] [[Category:Asylum Records airtists]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae Atlanta]] [[Category:Criminals frae Georgia (U.S. state)]] [[Category:Gangsta rappers]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Birmingham, Alabama]] [[Category:Rappers frae Alabama]] [[Category:Rappers frae Atlanta]] [[Category:Southern hip hop muisickers]] kwmhkj9zalc0a7sin9bjjxvjkmmqlkv 927464 927462 2026-11-09T20:48:48Z Monospaced 75295 Fix the infobox template nem 927464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist |name = Gucci Mane |background = solo_singer | image = Gucci Mane, Clout Festival 2024 03.jpg |birth_name = Radric Delantic Davis |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1980|2|12}} |birth_place = Bessemer, Alabama, Unitit States |origin = [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], Unitit States |genre = {{flatlist| * [[Hip hop muisic|Hip hop]] * trap * soothren hip hop }} |occupation = {{flatlist| * Rapper * sangster * sangwriter }} |instrument = [[Vocals]] |years_active = 2001–the day |label = {{flatlist| * [[1017 Records|1017]] * [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] {{small|(current)}} * Tommy Boy * Asylum * Warner Bros. {{small|(umwhile)}} }} | associated_acts = {{flatlist| *[[2 Chainz]] *[[Chief Keef]] *[[Future (rapper)|Future]] *[[Migos]] *OJ da Juiceman *[[Rick Ross]] *Shawty Lo *Soulja Boy *[[Waka Flocka Flame]] *Yo Gotti *[[Young Thug]] }} |website = {{URL|www.guccimaneonline.com/}} }} '''Radric Delantic Davis''' (born 12 Februar 1980),<ref name="allmusic">{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p703775/biography|pure_url=yes}}|title=Gucci Mane > Biography|last=Cordor|first=Cyril|year=2007|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=Mey 3, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mugshots.com/US-Counties/Georgia/Fulton-County-GA/Radric-Davis.70619217.html|title=Radric Davis Mugshot – Radric Davis Arrest – Fulton County, GA|publisher=|accessdate=June 14, 2015}}</ref> kent professionally as '''Gucci Mane''', is an American rapper an muisic executive. Alang wi the ither Atlanta rappers [[T.I.]] an [[Jeezy]], he is creditit wi bringin the hip hop subgenre trap muisic tae mainstream audiences in the 2000s.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/aug/13/trap-kings-how-hip-hop-sub-genre-dominated-decade|title=Trap kings: how the hip-hop sub-genre dominated the decade|first=Christina|last=Lee|date=August 13, 2015|publisher=|via=The Guardian}}</ref> He foondit his ain label, [[1017 Records]], in 2007. His first studio album, ''Trap House'' (2005), wis released bi the independent label Big Cat Records an got intae the ''Billboard'' 200. It wis follaed bi ''Hard to Kill'' (2006) an ''Trap-A-Thon'', afore he signed wi [[Atlantic Records]] for his fowert album, ''Back to the Trap House'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ihiphop.com/gucci-mane-signs-with-atlantic-records/|title=Gucci Mane Signs with Atlantic Records|date=June 19, 2007|website=iHipHop.com}}</ref> Efter twa year in jile atween 2014 an 2016, he cam back wi ''Everybody Looking'' (2016), that got tae nummer twa on the ''Billboard'' 200. The same year, his guest pairt on [[Rae Sremmurd]]'s single "Black Beatles" gied him his first nummer ane on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rap-up.com/2019/10/17/gucci-mane-woptober-2-stream/|title=Stream Gucci Mane's Album 'Woptober II'|website=Rap-Up.com |language=en-US|access-date=October 19, 2019|archive-date=October 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019022846/https://www.rap-up.com/2019/10/17/gucci-mane-woptober-2-stream/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Gucci Mane}} * {{Offeecial wabsteid|http://www.guccimaneonline.com/}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gucci Mane}} [[Category:1980 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:21st-century American muisickers]] [[Category:1017 Brick Squad airtists]] [[Category:African-American business executives]] [[Category:American business executives]] [[Category:African-American male rappers]] [[Category:American businesspeople convicted o crimes]] [[Category:American chief executives]] [[Category:American muisic industry executives]] [[Category:American fowk convicted o assault]] [[Category:American fowk convictit o drog offences]] [[Category:Asylum Records airtists]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae Atlanta]] [[Category:Criminals frae Georgia (U.S. state)]] [[Category:Gangsta rappers]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Birmingham, Alabama]] [[Category:Rappers frae Alabama]] [[Category:Rappers frae Atlanta]] [[Category:Southern hip hop muisickers]] fsrrwxz7hf0c7itrcdj45luy49rrn2t 0 201580 927477 904856 2026-11-09T21:07:46Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; plot, cast an release, soorced 927477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Rock-a-Doodle | director = [[Don Bluth]] | producer = {{Plainlist| * Don Bluth * Gary Goldman * John Pomeroy }} | screenplay = David N. Weiss | story = {{Plainlist| * Don Bluth * John Pomeroy * David J. Steinberg * David N. Weiss * T.J. Kuenster * Gary Goldman }} | based on = {{Based on|''Chantecler''|[[Edmond Rostand]]}} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Glen Campbell]] * Eddie Deezen * Sandy Duncan * Ellen Greene * [[Phil Harris]] * [[Christopher Plummer]] * Charles Nelson Reilly }} | music = Robert Folk | cinematography = Robert Paynter | editing = {{Plainlist| * Lisa Dorney * Dan Molina * Fiona Trayler }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * Sullivan Bluth Studios Ireland Ltd. * Goldcrest }} | distributor = {{Plainlist| * The Samuel Goldwyn Company<br />{{small|(USA an Canada)}} * Rank Organisation<br />{{small|(Unitit Kingdom)}} }} | released = {{Film date|df=yes|1991|8|2|Unitit Kingdom|1991|8|23|Ireland|1992|4|3|Unitit States}} | runtime = 74 meenit | country = {{Plainlist| * Ireland * Unitit Kingdom * Unitit States }} | language = Inglis | budget = $18 million | gross = $11,657,385 }} '''''Rock-a-Doodle''''' is a 1991 Irish, Breetish an American live-action an animatit muisical comedy adventur film makkit bi Sullivan Bluth Studios an Goldcrest Films. It is loosely based on [[Edmond Rostand]]'s comedy ''Chantecler'',<ref name=latimes>{{cite news|title=Rock-a-Doodle's Bluth Is Crowing Animatedly|work=The Los Angeles Times|author=Gritten, David|date=6 April 1992|url=https://articles.latimes.com/1992-04-06/entertainment/ca-492_1_don-bluth|access-date=21 October 2015}}</ref> an it wis directit bi [[Don Bluth]] an written bi David N. Weiss. The story is aboot Chanticleer, a cock that craws ilka mornin tae bring up the sun. Efter he is tricked intae thinkin he isnae needit, he leaves the ferm tae become a rock an roll sangster in the ceety. A young laddie cried Edmond, turned intae a kitlin bi the ill Grand Duke o Owls, jyns the ither ferm beasts tae bring Chanticleer hame an stop a terrible flood caused bi rain that willnae stop. The vyces in it include [[Glen Campbell]], [[Christopher Plummer]], [[Phil Harris]], in his last film role afore he retired an deed. The ither vyces include Charles Nelson Reilly, Sorrell Booke, Sandy Duncan, Eddie Deezen, Ellen Greene, an Toby Scott Ganger in his first film. The film wis released in the Unitit Kinrick on 2 August 1991 an in the Unitit States an Canadae on 3 April 1992. ==Cast== * Toby Scott Ganger as Edmond, the son o a fermer. * [[Glen Campbell]] as Chanticleer, a [[Chicken|cock]] that bides on a ferm wi monie ither beasts. * [[Phil Harris]] as Patou, a Basset Hound that is a guid freend tae baith Chanticleer an Edmond, an that is the narrator o the story. This wis Harris's last actin role; he deed fower year efter it cam oot, aged 91. * [[Christopher Plummer]] as the Grand Duke o Owls, a magic [[Houlet|owl]] that cannae thole Chanticleer. * Ellen Greene as Goldie, a [[Pheisant|pheasant]] an sangster that warks for Pinky an aw. * Eddie Deezen as Snipes, a magpie. * Sandy Duncan as Peepers, a moose. * Charles Nelson Reilly as Hunch, the Grand Duke's pygmy owl nephew an heid henchman. * Sorrell Booke as Pinky, a tod that likes his gowf. He is Chanticleer's manager in the ceety an aw. This wis Booke's last film role. * Will Ryan as Stuey, a gey nervous pig frae Chanticleer's ferm. * Louise Chamis as Minnie Rabbit, ane o the beasts frae the ferm. * Bob Gallico as the radio annooncer * Jake Steinfeld as the Farmyard Bully, sent bi the Grand Duke tae stop Chanticleer crawin. Steinfeld also did the vyce o Max the Bouncer, a bouncer puddock that is ane o Pinky's henchmen. * T.J. Kuenster, Jim Doherty, John Drummond an Frank Kelly as the Grand Duke's owl henchmen * Kathryn Holcomb as Dory, Edmond's mither * Stan Ivar as Frank, Edmond's faither * Christian Hoff as Scott, ane o Edmond's aulder brithers * Jason Marin as Mark, ane o Edmond's aulder brithers ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{wikiquote}} * {{IMDb title|0102802}} * {{Tcmdb title|88494}} * {{AllMovie title|41813}} * {{Mojo title|rock-a-doodle}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|rockadoodle}} [[Category:American films]] [[Category:Animatit comedy films]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot revenge]] [[Category:Breetish films]] [[Category:Films directed bi Don Bluth]] mqk06i9ihdk8bkuvgw039yurbaaa93x 0 201709 927590 926467 2026-11-10T01:20:33Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Trinidad James | image = Trinidad James 2013.jpg | caption = James performin in August 2013 | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Nicholas Joseph Williams | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1987|9|23}} | birth_place = [[Port of Spain]], [[Trinidad an Tobago]]<ref name="Birth place"/> | origin = [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], Unitit States | instrument = Vocals | genre = [[Hip hop muisic|Hip hop]] | occupation = Rapper | years_active = 2011–the day | label = {{flatlist| * Gold Gang (2012–the day) * T.I.G. (2012–2014) * [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]] (2012–2014) }} | associated_acts = {{flatlist| * Rich Homie Quan<ref>{{cite web|last=Fears|first=Tawni|title=3 Questions With: Trinidad James' Label Mate Rich Homie Quan|url=http://allhiphop.com/2013/01/30/3-questions-trinidad-james-rich-homie-quan/|publisher=AllHipHop}}</ref> * Problem * Lil Dicky * Scotty ATL * [[Childish Gambino]] * August Alsina * Bankroll Fresh * iLoveMakonnen }} | website = {{URL|https://www.trinidadjames.co/}} }} '''Nicholas Joseph Williams''' (born 23 September 1987), better kent bi his stage nem '''Trinidad James''' (aften written '''Trinidad Jame$'''), is a rapper frae Trinidad an the Unitit States.<ref name="Early life">{{cite web |url=http://www.complex.com/music/2012/12/who-is-trinidad-james/growing-up-in-atlanta |title=Growing Up in Atlanta — Who Is Trinidad James? |publisher=Complex |date=2012-12-07 |accessdate=2013-02-20 |archive-date=2019-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901102412/https://www.complex.com/music/2012/12/who-is-trinidad-james/growing-up-in-atlanta |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2012 he signed a recordin contract wi [[Def Jam Recordings]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Horowitz|first=Steven|title=Trinidad James Officially Announces Signing To Def Jam|url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.22205/title.trinidad-james-officially-announces-signing-to-def-jam|accessdate=December 13, 2012|newspaper=HipHopDX|date=December 12, 2012|archive-date=2013-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123053902/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.22205/title.trinidad-james-officially-announces-signing-to-def-jam|url-status=dead}}</ref> He wis drappit bi the label in 2014 afore ony first album cam oot, but he aye releases muisic as an independent artist.<ref>{{cite news|last=Markman|first=Rob|title=Trinidad James Reveals The Real Reason He Got Dropped By Def Jam|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1915290/trinidad-james-talks-failed-def-jam-deal/|accessdate=February 1, 2015|newspaper=MTV.com|date=August 28, 2014|archive-date=2018-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614073424/http://www.mtv.com/news/1915290/trinidad-james-talks-failed-def-jam-deal/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Early life == Nicholas Williams wis born on 23 September 1987 in [[Port of Spain]], [[Trinidad an Tobago]].<ref name="Birth place">{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/trinidad-james-explains-it-all-20130307|title=Trinidad James Explains It All|publisher=Rolling Stones|date=2013-03-07|accessdate=2015-05-22|archive-date=2014-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231110331/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/trinidad-james-explains-it-all-20130307|url-status=dead}}</ref> His faimily flittit tae [[Canadae]] an [[Florida]] afore settlin in [[the Bronx]], [[New York|New York]].<ref name="Early life"/> As a bairn he gaed tae a Catholic schuil.<ref name="Early life"/> He haes said he canna mind onythin o his life afore he wis seiven, acause o a heid injury.<ref name="Early life"/> In the aicht grade he flittit tae [[New York Ceety]], whaur he stairtit playin basketbaw.<ref name="Early life"/> He stairtit rappin in November 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.complex.com/music/2012/12/who-is-trinidad-james/learning-to-rap |title=Learning To Rap — Who Is Trinidad James? |publisher=Complex |date= |accessdate=2013-02-20 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210021339/http://www.complex.com/music/2012/12/who-is-trinidad-james/learning-to-rap |url-status=dead }}</ref> He haes named [[Jay-Z]], Cam'ron, [[T.I.]] an [[Jeezy|Young Jeezy]] as influences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.complex.com/music/2012/12/who-is-trinidad-james/influences |title=Musical Influences — Who Is Trinidad James? |publisher=Complex |date= |accessdate=2013-02-20 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210100727/http://www.complex.com/music/2012/12/who-is-trinidad-james/influences |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Career== In 2012 James released his first official single, "[[All Gold Everything]]", that got intae the tap 40 o the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. The sang cam frae his first official mixtape, ''Don't Be S.A.F.E. (Sensitive As Fuck Everyday)'', that wis released on 31 Julie 2012,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trinidadjames.bandcamp.com/album/dont-be-s-a-f-e |title=Dont Be S.A.F.E. &#124; Trinidad Jame$ |publisher=Trinidadjames.bandcamp.com |date=2012-07-31 |accessdate=2014-02-14}}</ref> an released again wi a muisic video on 16 October 2012. On 13 December 2012 it wis annoonced that James haed signed a joint venture wi Def Jam for aboot 2 million US dollars.<ref>{{cite web |author=12/05/2012 15:40:18 |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1698917/trinidad-james-def-jam-record-deal.jhtml |title=Trinidad James Signs Joint Venture With Def Jam - Music, Celebrity, Artist News |publisher=MTV.com |date=2012-12-13 |accessdate=2014-02-14 |archive-date=2013-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024090240/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1698917/trinidad-james-def-jam-record-deal.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Januar 2013 Def Jam released ''Don't Be S.A.F.E'' again on iTunes, wi the remix o "All Gold Everything" featurin [[2 Chainz]], [[T.I.]], an [[Jeezy|Young Jeezy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/dont-be-s.a.f.e./id596601276 |title=iTunes - Music - Don't Be S.A.F.E. by Trinidad James |publisher=Itunes.apple.com |date=2013-01-29 |accessdate=2014-02-14}}</ref> On 6 August 2013 he annoonced that he wad release his second mixtape, ''10 PC Mild'', on 13 August.<ref name="missinfo1">{{cite web |url=http://www.missinfo.tv/index.php/trinidad-james-10pc-mixtape-interview-exclusive/#more-100890 |title=Trinidad Jame$ Reveals His New Project In An Exclusive Sitdown with Miss Info #10PCMild |publisher=MissInfo.tv |date=2013-08-06 |accessdate=2013-08-29 |archive-date=2013-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824202937/http://www.missinfo.tv/index.php/trinidad-james-10pc-mixtape-interview-exclusive/#more-100890 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efter months wi nae new muisic, James annoonced on 1 August 2014 that he haed been drappit bi Def Jam. He also said that the album he haed planned for the label wad nou be released for free, an that the producers an rappers that wirkit on it shoudna expect tae be peyed, acause he haed "no money".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2014/08/trinidad-james-relieved-of-his-duties-by-def-jam/|title=Trinidad Jame$ Dropped From Def Jam After Two Years|work=XXL}}</ref> In Aprile 2016 James released the single "Just a Lil' Thick (She Juicy)" featurin Mystikal an Lil Dicky.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/just-lil-thick-she-juicy-feat./id1101313734?app=itunes|title=Just a Lil' Thick (She Juicy) [feat. Mystikal & Lil Dicky] - Single by Trinidad James|work=[[iTunes]]|accessdate=May 19, 2016}}</ref> On 31 December 2016 he released the mixtape ''The Wake Up 2'' on streamin services sic as Spotify an on mixtape wabsteids. ==Discography== ===Mixtapes=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Leet o mixtapes, wi year released ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;" | Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:19em;" | Details ! scope="col" colspan="3"| Heichest chairt places |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]]<br /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f[0]=ss_chart_search_title%3A%22Don%27t%20Be%20S.A.F.E.%22&f[1]=itm_field_chart_id%3A305&refine=1 |title=Trinidad James – Chart History: Billboard 200 |work=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |accessdate=August 30, 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | US R&B<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f[0]=ss_chart_search_title%3A%22Don%27t%20Be%20S.A.F.E.%22&f[1]=itm_field_chart_id%3A333&refine=1|title=Trinidad James - Chart history - Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|publisher=|accessdate=1 July 2016}}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | US Rap<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f[0]=ss_chart_search_title%3A%22Don%27t%20Be%20S.A.F.E.%22&f[1]=itm_field_chart_id%3A335&refine=1|title=Trinidad James - Chart history - Rap Albums|publisher=|accessdate=1 July 2016}}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Don't Be S.A.F.E.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.datpiff.com/Trinidad-James-Dont-Be-SAFE-mixtape.407318.html|title=Trinidad James - Don't Be S.A.F.E|work=DatPiff|access-date=2018-08-23|archive-date=2018-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820193705/http://www.datpiff.com/Trinidad-James-Dont-Be-SAFE-mixtape.407318.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | * Released: 16 October 2012 * {{nowrap|Label: Gold Gang}} * Format: Digital doonload | 103 || 23 || 13 |- !scope="row"|''10 PC Mild''<ref name="missinfo1"/> | * Released: 13 August 2013 * {{nowrap|Label: Gold Gang}} * Format: Digital doonload | — || — || — |- !scope="row"|''The Wake Up EP''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.datpiff.com/Trinidad-James-The-Wake-Up-EP-mixtape.678750.html|title=Trinidad James - The Wake Up EP|work=DatPiff|access-date=2018-08-23|archive-date=2021-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123081331/https://www.datpiff.com/Trinidad-James-The-Wake-Up-EP-mixtape.678750.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | * Released: 3 Januar 2015 * {{nowrap|Label: Gold Gang}} * Format: Digital doonload | — || — || — |- !scope="row"|''No One Is Safe''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://karencivil.com/2015/01/07/trinidad-james-announces-free-no-one-safe-album-come-drops-new-blackman-pt-2-track/|title=Trinidad James Announces Free ‘No One Is SaFe’ Album To Come And Drops New ‘Blackman Pt. 2′ Track|work=KarenCivil.com|access-date=2018-08-23|archive-date=2015-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107231912/http://karencivil.com/2015/01/07/trinidad-james-announces-free-no-one-safe-album-come-drops-new-blackman-pt-2-track/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | * Released: 20 Januar 2015 * {{nowrap|Label: Gold Gang}} * Format: Digital doonload | — || — || — |- !scope="row"|''Trips to Trinidad EP''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.datpiff.com/Trinidad-James-Trips-To-Trinidad-EP-mixtape.703185.html|title=Trinidad James - Trips To Trinidad EP|work=DatPiff|access-date=2018-08-23|archive-date=2017-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011101829/http://www.datpiff.com/Trinidad-James-Trips-To-Trinidad-EP-mixtape.703185.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | * Released: 18 Aprile 2015 * {{nowrap|Label: Gold Gang}} * Format: Digital doonload | — || — || — |- !scope="row"|''Trappy Mother's Day EP''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rateyourmusic.com/release/ep/trinidad_james/trappy_mothers_day/|title=Trinidad James - Trappy Mother's Day|work=RateYourMusic}}</ref> | * Released: 8 Mey 2016 * {{nowrap|Label: Gold Gang}} * Format: Digital doonload | — || — || — |- !scope="row"|''The Wake Up 2'' | * Released: 31 December 2016 * Label: Gold Gang * Format: Digital doonload | — || — || — |- !scope="row"|''Father FiGGa'' | * Released: 28 Julie 2017 * Label: Gold Gang * Format: Digital doonload | — || — || — |} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{official website|http://trinidadjames.co/}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trinidad James}} [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:American rappers o Caribbean descent]] [[Category:American muisic industry executives]] [[Category:American rappers o Trinidad an Tobago descent]] [[Category:APRA Award winners]] [[Category:Businesspeople frae Georgia (U.S. state)]] [[Category:Def Jam Recordings airtists]] [[Category:Rappers frae Atlanta]] [[Category:African-American male rappers]] [[Category:Southern hip hop muisickers]] [[Category:Trinidad an Tobago emigrants tae the Unitit States]] bwtuuri4qj7qguo1rd3h7i0uhf0xurv 0 201873 927484 916019 2026-11-09T21:33:20Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead an short sections on the plot, the main theme, its history, reception an adaptations 927484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beuk | name = Charlotte's Web | author = [[E. B. White]] | illustrator = [[Garth Williams]] | cover_artist = Garth Williams | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | genre = Bairns' literature | publisher = [[Harper & Brothers]] | release_date = 15 October 1952 | pages = 192 | isbn = 9780062658753 }} '''''Charlotte's Web''''' is a bairns' buik bi the American writer [[E. B. White]], wi pictures bi [[Garth Williams]]. [[Harper & Brothers]] brocht it oot on 15 October 1952. It tells the story o a ferm [[Domestic pig|pig]] cried Wilbur an his freendship wi a barn [[speeder]] cried Charlotte. When Wilbur is in danger o bein slauchtert, Charlotte writes messages in her wab that praise him, sic as {{lang|en|"Some Pig"}}, {{lang|en|"Terrific"}}, {{lang|en|"Radiant"}} an {{lang|en|"Humble"}}. She daes this tae persuade the fermer tae spare his life. The buik is thocht a classic o bairns' literature, an readers o aw ages enjoy it.<ref>{{cite web |last=Neto |first=Bill |date=April 19, 2021 |title=Fiction Genres |website=eBooks Discounts |url=https://ebooksdiscounts.com/literary-genres/fiction-genres/ |access-date=April 19, 2021 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419004326/https://ebooksdiscounts.com/literary-genres/fiction-genres/ |archive-date=2021-04-19}}</ref> In 2000 ''Publishers Weekly'' listit it as the best-sellin bairns' paperback o aw time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paperback |publisher=Factmonster.com |url=http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0203050.html |access-date=2014-05-25}}</ref> ==Plot== Ae day John Arable gangs tae kill the runt o a litter o 11 piglets born the nicht afore. His dochter Fern pleads for its life, an he gies the piglet tae her. She cries him Wilbur an keeps him as a pet, an the twa o them grow very close. When Wilbur is nae langer wee, John decides tae sell him, which grieves Fern. Wilbur gangs tae Fern's uncle Homer Zuckerman, which lets her visit him frae time tae time. Ae day the ram tells him that Zuckerman is fattenin him for the slauchter, an this leaves Wilbur in despair. A barn speeder cried Charlotte, that bides in a door abuin his pen, comforts him. She promises tae find a wey tae save his life, an she luiks efter him lik a mither. Charlotte reasons that Zuckerman widnae kill a famous pig, an she weaves wirds that praise Wilbur intae her wab. The first is {{lang|en|"Some Pig"}}. Zuckerman taks Wilbur tae the coonty fair. There she weaves {{lang|en|"Humble"}}. Wilbur disnae win the first prize, but the judges gie him a special prize, an Charlotte kens that Zuckerman will noo never kill him. Bi then Charlotte is deein, for barn speeders dinnae live lang. She lays her egg bag at the fair an dees there alane, efter askin that her eggs be taen back tae the barn. Her bairns hatch ower the winter. Maist o them flee awa, but three bide. ==Themes== Daith is a main theme o the buik, brocht forrit through Charlotte. Norton D. Kinghorn says her wab is a barrier atween the twa warlds o life an daith.<ref name=Kinghorn1986>{{cite journal |last=Kinghorn |first=Norton D. |date=Spring 1986 |title=The Real Miracle of Charlotte's Web |journal=Children's Literature Association Quarterly |issn=1553-1201 |doi=10.1353/chq.0.0418 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=4–9|s2cid=144850869 }}</ref> Anne Devereaux Jordan says the reader learns that daith can be pit aff but naebody can escape it for ever.<ref name=Jordan1997>{{cite journal |last=Jordan |first=Anne Devereaux |date=1997 |title=Appreciating 'Charlotte's Web' |journal=Teaching and Learning Literature with Children and Young Adults |volume=7}}</ref> ==History== The buik wis published three year efter White stairtit writin it.<ref>{{cite web |last=White |first=E. B. |year=2006 |title=Authors & illustrators: E. B. White: AUTHOR NOTE: A Letter from E. B. White |work=harpercollinschildrens.com |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |url=http://www.harpercollinschildrens.com/HarperChildrens/Kids/AuthorsAndIllustrators/AuthorNote.aspx?CId=10499 |access-date=2009-05-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214113249/http://www.harpercollinschildrens.com/HarperChildrens/Kids/AuthorsAndIllustrators/AuthorNote.aspx?CId=10499 |archive-date=2009-02-14}}</ref> In 1948 White haed published ''Death of a Pig'',<ref>{{cite web |last=White |first=E.B. |date=January 1948 |title=Death of a Pig |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideastour/animals/white-full.html |access-date=August 30, 2011}}</ref> aboot hou he failed tae save a sick pig he haed bocht for the butcher. In the licht o that, the buik can be seen as his attempt "tae save his pig lookin back" (owerset frae the Inglis).<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "to save his pig in retrospect"</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Weales |first=Gerald |date=May 24, 1970 |title=The Designs of E. B. White |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/lifetimes/white-designs.html |access-date=2008-12-22}}</ref> Garth Williams's first drawins shawed a speeder wi a wumman's face, an White tellt him tae draw a real speeder insteid.<ref>{{cite book |last=White |first=E.B. |editor-last=Lobrano Guth |editor-first=Dorothy |year=1976 |title=Letters of E.B. White |publisher=Harper and Row |isbn=978-0-06-014601-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lettersofebwhite00ebwh/page/353 353–354] |url=https://archive.org/details/lettersofebwhite00ebwh |url-access=registration}}</ref> ==Reception== The buik got guid reviews when it cam oot. In ''[[The New York Times]]'' [[Eudora Welty]] wrote (owerset frae the Inglis): "As a piece o wark it is juist aboot perfect, an juist aboot magical in the wey it's duin."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "As a piece of work it is just about perfect, and just about magical in the way it is done."</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/11/22/specials/welty-charlotte.html |work=The New York Times |date=1952-10-19 |first=Eudora |last=Welty |title=Along Came a Spider }}</ref> Forby its paperback sales, it is 78t on the leet o the best-sellin hardback buiks o aw time. Accordin tae publicity for the 2006 film, it haes selt mair nor 45 million copies an been owerset intae 23 leids. It wis a Newbery Honor buik for 1953, but lost the [[Newbery Medal]] tae ''Secret of the Andes'' bi Ann Nolan Clark.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charlotte's Web |url=https://www.ala.org/winner/charlottes-web |access-date=June 26, 2024 |website=American Library Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schubert |first=Ruth |date=May 27, 2011 |title=Choosing a Newbery Medalist |url=https://www.seattleschild.com/free-summer-museum-admission-for-military-families/ |access-date=June 26, 2024 |website=Seattle's Child}}</ref> In 1970 White wan the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal, a major prize in bairns' literature, for ''Charlotte's Web'' alang wi his first bairns' buik, ''[[Stuart Little]]'' (1945).<ref>{{Cite web |title=White, E. B. (1899-1985) |url=https://www.maine.gov/msl/maine/writdisplay.shtml?id=94708 |access-date=June 21, 2024 |website=Maine State Library}}</ref> ==Adaptations== ===Film=== The buik wis makkit intae [[Charlotte's Web (1973 film)|an animatit feature o the same nem]] in 1973<ref>{{cite book |last=Lenburg |first=Jeff |others=Internet Archive |date=1999 |title=The encyclopedia of animated cartoons |publisher=New York:Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-3831-2 |url=http://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312}}</ref> bi Hanna-Barbera Productions an Sagittarius Productions, wi muisic bi the Sherman Brothers. A sequel, ''[[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure]]'', follaed stracht tae video on 18 Mairch 2003. [[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|A live-action film]] cam oot on 15 December 2006, wi [[Dakota Fanning]] as Fern an [[Julia Roberts]] as the voice o Charlotte. ===Miniseries=== On 8 Mairch 2022 it wis annoonced that Sesame Workshop wis wirkin on an animatit miniseries o the buik.<ref>{{cite web |last=Milligan |first=Mercedes |date=2022-03-08 |title=WarnerMedia Expands Sesame Workshop Partnership with New Titles and Fresh Takes |website=Animation Magazine |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/warnermedia-expands-sesame-workshop-partnership-with-new-titles-and-fresh-takes/ |access-date=2022-03-22}}</ref> It wis released on HBO Max on 2 October 2025.<ref>{{cite press release|title=What's New on HBO Max This October|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2025/09/24/whats-new-on-hbo-max-this-october-928411/20250924wbd01/|publisher=Warner Bros. Discovery|via=The Futon Critic|date=September 24, 2025|access-date=September 24, 2025}}</ref> ===Stage=== A muisical wis makkit wi muisic an wirds bi Charles Strouse.<ref>{{cite book |last=Strouse |first=Charles |date=2008 |title=Put on a happy face : a Broadway memoir |publisher=Union Square Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4027-5889-8 |oclc=232955846 }}</ref> ==See an aw== {{portal|United States|Children's literature}} * ''The Tale of Little Pig Robinson'' ==Notes== <references group="note"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further readin== *{{cite book |last=Griffith |first=John |year=1993 |title=Charlotte's Web: A Pig's Salvation |series=Twayne's Masterworks Studies |publisher=Twayne Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-08057-8812-9 |number=128 |url=https://archive.org/details/charlotteswebpig00grif}} *{{cite book |author1-link=Peter Neumeyer |last1=Neumeyer |first1=Peter F. |last2=Williams |first2=Garth |last3=White |first3=E. B. |year=1994 |title=The annotated Charlotte's web |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |isbn=978-0060243876 |url=https://archive.org/details/annotatedcharlot00neum}} *{{cite book |last=Sims |first=Michael |year=2011 |title=The story of Charlotte's web: E. B. White's eccentric life in nature and the birth of an American classic |publisher=Walker & Co |location=New York |isbn=9780802777546}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{Wikiquote|Charlotte's Web (book)|Charlotte's Web}} [[Category:1952 American novelles]] [[Category:1952 bairns' novelles]] [[Category:American bairns' novelles]] [[Category:American novels adapted intae films]] [[Category:Beuks about friendship]] [[Category:Bairns' novelles about animals]] [[Category:Fictional speeders]] [[Category:Fictional pigs]] [[Category:Harper & Brothers beuks]] [[Category:Literature featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Newbery Honor-winning works]] [[Category:Pigs in literature]] [[Category:Works bi E. B. White]] lxqftqx2mxrzhbo1uxlns6vsomaj91v 0 204459 927693 889268 2026-11-10T03:59:57Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 remuivin empty citations; wee bit impruivments tae the citations wi airtins in them 927693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox GB station|symbol=rail|name=Blackpool North|image_name=Blackpool North entrance - DSC06505.JPG|caption=Blackpool North railway station entrance|manager=[[Northern (train operating company)|Northern]]|locale=[[Blackpool]]|borough=[[Blackpool]]|code=BPN|dft_category=C1|platforms=6 <!-- | usage0405 = {{pad|1em}}1.664 | usage0506 = {{decrease}} 1.610 | usage0607 = {{increase}} 1.673 | usage0708 = {{increase}} 1.684 | usage0809 = {{decrease}} 1.621 | usage0910 = {{decrease}} 1.613 | usage1011 = {{increase}} 1.712 | usage1112 = {{increase}} 1.725 | usage1213 = {{decrease}} 1.683 -->|usage1314={{decrease}} 1.653|usage1415={{increase}} 1.758|usage1516={{increase}} 1.764|usage1617={{increase}} 1.858|coordinates={{coord|53.8218|-3.0493|type:railwaystation_region:GB_scale:10000|display=inline,title}}|gridref=SD310366|years=29 April 1846|events=Opened as ''Blackpool''<ref name=Butt>{{Butt-Stations|page=36}}</ref>|years1=1872|events1=Renamed ''Blackpool Talbot Road''<ref name=Butt/>|years2=1898|events2=Rebuilt<ref name="HistoricBlackpool">Hartley, S. and Mitchell, L. (2005) {{cite web|url= http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/environment/archaeologyandheritage/historictowns/BlackpoolComplete_lowres.pdf |title=''Lancashire Historic Town Survey&mdash;Blackpool'' }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&nbsp;{{small|(25.5&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]])}}, Lancashire County Council Environment Directorate, accessed 30 October 2007, p.23</ref>|years3=17 March 1932|events3=Renamed ''Blackpool North''<ref name=Butt/>|years4=1974|events4=Rebuilt on site of former excursion platforms|original=[[Preston and Wyre Joint Railway]]|pregroup=[[Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway|LYR]] and [[London and North Western Railway|LNWR]] joint|postgroup=[[London Midland and Scottish Railway]]}} '''Blackpool North railwey station''' is the main station serving the seaside howff o [[Blackpool]] in [[Lancashire]], Ingland. It is the terminus o the main [[Blackpool Branch Lines|Blackpool brainch line]] an is {{Convert|17+1/2|mi|km|0}} northwast o [[Preston railway station|Preston]]. The station wis appened in its praisent shape in 1974, an succeeded a previous station a few hunder yairds awa on Talbot Road whit haed first appened in 1846 an haed been rebuilt in 1898. The praisent station is based on the 1938 concrete pail whit kivert the entry tae the foregane vaige platforms o the auld station. Blackpool's ither station, [[Blackpool South railway station|Blackpool South]], is seetuatit in the sooth o the toun, wi services taewart {{Stnlnk|Preston}} an {{Stnlnk|Colne}}, an disna connect tae Blackpool North. Blackpool North haes regular services tae Manchester, Liverpool, Bolton, Wigan an Preston. Thare are fower interceety trains a day tae London Euston. == History == The first station appened on 29 Apryle 1846 as '''Blackpool''', renamed '''Blackpool Talbot Road''' in 1872, an wis first rebuilt in 1898. The rebuilt station conseested o twa parpone train shiels an a terminal biggin, in Dickson Road atween Talbot Road an Queen Street. Platforms 1 tae 6 war locatit in the shiels, wi a lairger island atween platforms 1 an 2 tae accommodate taxis. In addeetion, thare wis effectively, in aw but name, a separate station at the east end o Queen Street, wi appen "excursion" platforms 7 tae 16, uised anely in simmer. The station wis recommended for shew-up in the Beeching Report (1963), but efter fleetchin bi Blackpool Corporation it wis [[Blackpool Central railway station|Blackpool Central]]&#x2014;Blackpool's ither centrally-locatit station, but that's site wis better-suited for re-development&#x2014;whit closed in 1964. The main station biggins, train shiel & platforms war decommissioned an demolished in 1974, replaced bi the current station based on the foregane vaige platforms. == Electrification == In November 2010 it wis annunced that the lines atween {{Stnlnk|Preston}} an Blackpool wad be electrified, alang wi the line atween Manchester an Preston. This resulted in the semaphore seegnalling at the station being replaced bi modren colour lichts controlled frae the WCML North Rail Operating Centre in Manchester an the station track & platform ootset altered (the eicht boued platforms war reduced tae sax an on a strauchter linement than afore). The project wis due for completion bi Mey 2016,<ref>[http://www.networkrail.co.uk/North_West_electrification.aspx Network Rail - Electrification in the North West] Network Rail website; Retrieved 2013-08-28</ref> wi the line onwarts tae Manchester following bi the end o the year. This wis subsequently pousst back twice - first tae Mairch 2017 an then again tae early 2018 (efter contractors [[Balfour Beatty]] pullt oot) so that the track remodelling & re-signalling wark coud be cairried oot at the same time as the wiring, reducing disruption tae passengers (as anely ane feck o closur wad be required).<ref>[http://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/news/business/local-business/electrification-to-be-shunted-back-into-2017-1-6687550 "Electrification to be shunted back into 2017'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002031/http://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/news/business/local-business/electrification-to-be-shunted-back-into-2017-1-6687550 |date=2016-03-04 }}''Blackpool Gazette'' news article 21-06-2014; Retrieved 0 September 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.lep.co.uk/news/railway-all-set-to-get-back-on-track-by-2018-1-7696268 "Railway all set to get back on track by 2018"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212002919/https://www.lep.co.uk/news/railway-all-set-to-get-back-on-track-by-2018-1-7696268 |date=2018-12-12 }}''Lancashire Evening Post'' 26 January 2016; Retrieved 6 June 2016</ref> The remodelling required the station tae be halely closed for a significant speal (up tae 18 weeks accuirding tae Network Rail<ref>[http://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/our-region/blackpool/rail-line-to-close-for-up-to-18-weeks-1-7998994 "Rail line to close for up to 18 weeks"] Stocks, Rob ''Blackpool Gazette'' 6 July 2016; Retrieved 16 August 2016</ref>) wi addeetional weekend & evenin blocks aither side. Replacement buses tae Preston operatit in the closur. The station wis closed till 16 Apryle 2018 for the wark tae tak place.<ref>[https://www.networkrail.co.uk/running-the-railway/our-routes/lnw/north-west-electrification/preston-blackpool-north/ "North West Electrification - Preston to Blackpool North"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204750/https://www.networkrail.co.uk/running-the-railway/our-routes/lnw/north-west-electrification/preston-blackpool-north/ |date=2017-09-15 }} ''Network Rail'' news article; Retrieved 15 September 2017</ref> == Faceelities == As can be expectit o a terminus railwey station for a lairge toun, it is staffed an appen for 24 oors a day, an is geart wi [[Payphone|peyphones]], [[Vending machine|vending machines]], toilets an indoor seating, as weel as a [[customer service]] office an a [[Ticket (admission)|booking office]]. Stap-free aiccess tae the station an platform is available for passengers wi wheelchairs or prams, an portable ledges are awso available for platform to train aiccess. The station haes its awn kivert concourse an, adjyning the concourse, it haes a ''Pumpkin'' [[Coffeehouse|cafe]], as weel as a ''Point shop to Go'' [[convenience store]]. The station awso has a 30-space car pairk, and adjyning bus connections, whit can awso accommodate [[Plusbus]] ticket holders. As [[Blackpool]] is a popular [[Tourism|tourist]] [[resort]], wi its famous [[Blackpool Pleasure Beach|Pleasure Beach]] an beaches, thare are mony measures put in tae prevent fare evasion, including automated barrier checks as weel as the conductors on the train. The station is aboot hauf a mile alang Talbot Road frae the [[Blackpool tramway|Blackpool tramwey]], whit is tae be stendit tae the station in 2018/19 as pairt o a new transport interchange.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.blackpool.gov.uk/News/2016/March/Tramway-terminal-centre-of-Talbot-Gateway-phase-two.aspx |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-02-13 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404054915/https://www.blackpool.gov.uk/News/2016/March/Tramway-terminal-centre-of-Talbot-Gateway-phase-two.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Blackpool_North_Interior.jpg|center|thumb|750x750px|A panorama o the interior o Blackpool North station]] == Services == [[File:15.11.18_Blackpool_North_319379_(32038235658).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|A [[Northern (train operating company)|Northern]] Class 319 [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] at Blackpool North in 2018. [[Blackpool Tower]] is in the backgrund.]] The station is served bi [[Northern (train operating company)|Northern]] an [[Virgin Trains]].<ref>GB National Rail Timetable May 2018 Edition, Tables 41, 65, 82 and 97</ref> * 1tpo tae [[Preston railway station|Preston]] * 1tpo tae [[Liverpool Lime Street]] * 1tpo tae [[Manchester Piccadilly railway station|Manchester Piccadilly]] via Bolton * 1tpo tae [[Manchester Airport railway station|Manchester Airport]] via {{Stnlnk|Wigan North Western}} * 1tpo tae [[York railway station|York]] via {{Stnlnk|Leeds}} (Sundays anely) * 4tpd tae [[Euston railway station|London Euston]] * 1tpw frae [[Birmingham New Street railway station|Birmingham New Street]] === Foregane Services === [[First TransPennine Express]] uised tae rin the service tae [[Manchester Airport railway station|Manchester Airport]], but it wis passed ontae the [[Northern (train operating company)|Northern]] franchise on 1 April 2016. [[Virgin CrossCountry]] uised tae rin up tae 8 services per day tae Blackpool North frae [[Portsmouth Harbour railway station|Portsmouth Harbour]], [[Brighton railway station|Brighton]] an [[Paddington Station|London Paddington]].<ref>http://projectmapping.co.uk/Reviews/Resources/Virgin%20lit%2072002.jpg</ref> The services war introduced bi Virgin tae increase the frequency o the CrossCountry trains an war introduced in 2000. They war reteert in summer 2003 bi the [[Strategic Rail Authority]] tae impruive the general pyntity o train services.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> [[First North Western]] briefly operatit a service atween Blackpool an London Euston.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2009-03-07|title=Train Stations|url=https://blackpoolhistory.wordpress.com/train-stations/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120050741/https://blackpoolhistory.wordpress.com/train-stations/|archive-date=2025-01-20|access-date=2026-11-10|website=Blackpool!|language=en}}</ref><ref>"New Blackpool-London services to start this May" ''[[Rail (magazine)|Rail]]'' issue 322 14 January 1998 page 10</ref> Northern services tae Leeds an York on weekdays war temporarly reteert afore the stairt o electrification wark in November 2017, but are due tae resume in Mey 2019. === Interceety services === Blackpool North wis on the [[InterCity (British Rail)|InterCity]] netwark till 2003 whan [[Virgin Trains|Virgin Trains West Coast]] an [[Virgin CrossCountry]] reteert [[InterCity 125|High Speed Train]] an [[British Rail Class 220|Voyager]] services tae [[Euston railway station|London Euston]] an [[Birmingham New Street railway station|Birmingham]]. Foregane local franchise haulder [[First North Western]] ran services frae Blackpool tae London Euston, but thir war suin disconteenad. Houaniver, in the December 2014 timetable chynge, Virgin reintroduced direct services tae/frae London Euston awbeit anely on weekdays an anely ane ilk wey a day. As o Mey 2018, thare are fower trains a day tae/frae London Euston. === Futur services === In 2015, [[Alliance Rail Holdings]], a company that formulates an implements appen access rail proposals, was awairdit the richt tae stairt rinnin sax ordinar daily passenger services atween Blackpool an London, tae be operatit bi appen aiccess operator [[Grand Central (train operating company)|Grand Central]] uisin specially built {{BRC|390}} EMUs. Houaniver, the company wis unable tae obteen the relevant permeessions tae uise this ilk o rowing stock, an so alloued its aiccess richts tae sleep in Juin 2017.<ref name="RGI19Jul17">[http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/alliance-drops-pendolino-plan-as-southampton-paths-identified.html Alliance drops Pendolino plan as Southampton paths identified] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619172132/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/alliance-drops-pendolino-plan-as-southampton-paths-identified.html |date=2017-06-19 }} ''[[Railway Gazette International]]'' 19 July 2017</ref> Alliance annunced at the same time its ettle tae reapply for track aiccess, uising redundant [[InterCity 225]] sets tae stairt in 2019.<ref name="RGI19Jul17" /> In Juin 2018, the [[Office of Rail and Road|Office o Rail an Road]] appruived an application for 5 direct services per day frae Blackpool North tae London Euston cawing at: {{Stnlnk|Poulton-le-Fylde}}, {{Stnlnk|Kirkham & Wesham}}, {{Stnlnk|Preston}}, {{Stnlnk|Nuneaton}} an {{Stnlnk|Milton Keynes Central}}. [[Great North Western Railway]] plans tae stairt operating in September 2019. == References == <references></references> == External links == * [http://ojp.nationalrail.co.uk/service/ldbboard/dep/BPN Train times] an [http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/BPN/details.html station information] for Blackpool North railwey station frae [[National Rail]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511224640/http://www.bafrua.connectfree.co.uk/northstn.html Blackpool & Fylde Rail Users’ Association&#x2014;Blackpool North], aiccessed 17 October 2007 {| class="wikitable succession-box" id="270" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%; text-align:center;" ! id="273" |Preceding station ! colspan="3" id="275" |[[File:National_Rail_logo.svg|15x15px|National Rail]] [[National Rail]] ! id="278" |Following station |- | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 1px #aaa solid; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |''Terminus'' | style="background:#262262; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |  | rowspan="1" style="text-align: center; border-left: 1px #aaa solid; border-right: 1px #aaa solid; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; border-bottom:0px none;" |[[Northern (train operating company)|Northern]]<br /><br /><small>[[Blackpool Branch Line]]</small> | style="background:#262262; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |  | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; border-left: 1px #aaa solid; border-right: 0px none; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |[[Layton railway station (England)|Layton]] |- | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 1px #aaa solid; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |''Terminus'' | style="background:#262262; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |  | rowspan="1" style="text-align: center; border-left: 1px #aaa solid; border-right: 1px #aaa solid; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; border-bottom:0px none;" |[[Northern (train operating company)|Northern]]<br /><br /><small>[[Blackpool-Liverpool Line|Blackpool to Liverpool line]]<br /><br />[[Manchester–Preston line|Preston to Manchester line]]</small> <br /> | style="background:#262262; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |  | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; border-left: 1px #aaa solid; border-right: 0px none; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |[[Poulton-le-Fylde railway station|Poulton-le-Fylde]] |- | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 1px #aaa solid; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |''Terminus'' | style="background:#262262; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |  | rowspan="1" style="text-align: center; border-left: 1px #aaa solid; border-right: 1px #aaa solid; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; border-bottom:0px none;" |[[Northern (train operating company)|Northern]]<br /><br /><small>[[Calder Valley line]]<br /><br />(Sundays only)</small> | style="background:#262262; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |  | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; border-left: 1px #aaa solid; border-right: 0px none; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |[[Poulton-le-Fylde railway station|Poulton-le-Fylde]] |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 1px #aaa solid; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |''Terminus'' | style="background:#FF0000; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |  | rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-left: 1px #aaa solid; border-right: 1px #aaa solid; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; border-bottom:0px none;" |[[Virgin Trains]]<br /><br /><small>[[West Coast Main Line|WCML Blackpool Branch]]</small> | style="background:#FF0000; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |  | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; border-left: 1px #aaa solid; border-right: 0px none; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |[[Preston railway station|Preston]] |- | style="background:#FF0000; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:0px none; border-bottom:0px none;" |  | style="background:#FF0000; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:0px none; border-bottom:0px none;" |  | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; border-left: 1px #aaa solid; border-right: 0px none; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |[[Poulton-le-Fylde railway station|Poulton-le-Fylde]] |- style="background: #eaecf0;" | style="border-left: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: none;" |  | colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center; border-bottom: none;" |'''Future Services''' | style="border-left: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: none;" |  |- | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 1px #aaa solid; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |''Terminus'' | style="background:#262262; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |  | rowspan="1" style="text-align: center; border-left: 1px #aaa solid; border-right: 1px #aaa solid; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; border-bottom:0px none;" |[[Northern (train operating company)|Northern Connect]]<br /><br /><small>Blackpool North - Manchester Airport</small><div id="348" style="height:8px; background-color:#fff200; border:none; margin:0 -5px -2px;"></div> | style="background:#262262; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |  | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; border-left: 1px #aaa solid; border-right: 0px none; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |[[Preston railway station|Preston]] |- | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 1px #aaa solid; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |''Terminus'' | style="background:#262262; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |  | rowspan="1" style="text-align: center; border-left: 1px #aaa solid; border-right: 1px #aaa solid; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; border-bottom:0px none;" |[[Northern (train operating company)|Northern Connect]]<br /><br /><small>Blackpool North - York</small><div id="360" style="height:8px; background-color:#056839; border:none; margin:0 -5px -2px;"></div> | style="background:#262262; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |  | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; border-left: 1px #aaa solid; border-right: 0px none; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |[[Preston railway station|Preston]] |- | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 1px #aaa solid; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |''Terminus'' | style="background:#B22222; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |  | rowspan="1" style="text-align: center; border-left: 1px #aaa solid; border-right: 1px #aaa solid; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; border-bottom:0px none;" |[[Great North Western Railway]]<br /><br /><small>[[West Coast Main Line|WCML Blackpool to London]]</small> | style="background:#B22222; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |  | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; border-left: 1px #aaa solid; border-right: 0px none; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |[[Poulton-le-Fylde railway station|Poulton-le-Fylde]] |- ! colspan="1" id="378" style="border-right: none;" | ! colspan="3" id="379" style="border-left: none; border-right: none;" |Disused railways ! colspan="1" id="381" style="border-left: none;" | |- | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 1px #aaa solid; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |''Terminus'' | style="background:#4F2514; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |  | rowspan="1" style="text-align: center; border-left: 1px #aaa solid; border-right: 1px #aaa solid; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; border-bottom:0px none;" |[[Preston and Wyre Joint Railway]]<br /><br /><small>[[Blackpool Branch Line]]</small> | style="background:#4F2514; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |  | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; border-left: 1px #aaa solid; border-right: 0px none; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |[[Bispham railway station|Bispham]] |} [[Category:Railwey stations appent in 1846]] [[Category:Railwey stations served bi Virgin Trains]] [[Category:Airticles wi OS grid coordinates]] [[Category:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mgrkk7rg4229ft1k4wx1o5jqnga60xd 0 206657 927475 917773 2026-11-09T21:05:46Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; soorce addit 927475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Fun and Fancy Free | director = {{Plainlist| * Jack Kinney <small>(animation)</small> * Bill Roberts <small>(animation)</small> * Hamilton Luske <small>(animation)</small> * William Morgan <small>{{nowrap|(live-action)}}</small> }} | producer = [[Walt Disney]] | story = {{Plainlist| * Homer Brightman * Eldon Dedini * Lance Nolley * Tom Oreb * Harry Reeves * Ted Sears }} | based_on = {{Based on|''Little Bear Bongo''|[[Sinclair Lewis]] <small>(''Bongo'')</small><br />|''[[Jack and the Beanstalk]]'' <small>(''Mickey and the Beanstalk'')</small>}} | starring = {{Plainlist| * Cliff Edwards * [[Edgar Bergen]] * Luana Patten * [[Walt Disney]] * Clarence Nash * Pinto Colvig * Billy Gilbert * Anita Gordon }} | narrator = {{Plainlist| * [[Dinah Shore]] <small>(''Bongo'')</small> * [[Edgar Bergen]] <small>(''Mickey and the Beanstalk'')</small> }} | music = {{Plainlist| * Oliver Wallace * Paul Smith * Eliot Daniel * Charles Wolcott }} | editing = Jack Bachom | studio = [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Productions]] | distributor = [[RKO Pictures|RKO Radio Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|1947|09|27}} | runtime = 73 meenit | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | gross = $3,165,000 (worldwide rentals)<ref name="Jewell">{{cite journal|last=Sedgwick|first=John|title=Richard B. Jewell's RKO Film Grosses, 1929–51: The C. J. Trevlin Ledger: A comment.|url=https://archive.org/details/historical-journal-of-film-radio-and-television_1994_14_1/page/51|journal=Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television|volume=14|issue=1|pages=51–8|year=1994|doi=10.1080/01439689400260041}}</ref> }} '''''Fun and Fancy Free''''' is a 1947 American [[animation|animatit]] muisical [[Fantasy|fantasy]] package film producit bi [[Walt Disney]] an released bi [[RKO Pictures|RKO Radio Pictures]] on 27 September 1947. It is the ninth Disney animatit feature film, an the fowert o the package films the studio makkit in the 1940s tae save siller durin [[Warld War II]]. Durin an efter the war, Disney stoppit makkin feature films that telt ae story, acause o the cost, an makkit package films oot o animatit shorts insteid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-02 |title=Walt Talks About the Disney Package Features |url=https://mouseplanet.com/walt-talks-about-the-disney-package-features/5025/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=mouseplanet.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The package films o the late 1940s helpit pey for ''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]'' (1950) an the films that cam efter it, sic as ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' (1951) an ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]'' (1953). The film is makkit up o twa stories. The first, ''Bongo'', is introduced bi [[Jiminy Cricket]] an narratit bi [[Dinah Shore]]. It is based on the story ''Little Bear Bongo'' bi [[Sinclair Lewis]], an it tells o a circus bear cub cried Bongo that wants tae be free. Bongo gets awa frae the circus an faws for a she-bear cried Lulubelle in the wild, an he finds he haes tae prove himsel tae win her. The second story, ''Mickey and the Beanstalk'', is introduced bi [[Edgar Bergen]] an is a retellin o ''[[Jack and the Beanstalk]]''. In it [[Mickey Mouse|Mickey]], [[Donald Duck|Donald]] an [[Goofy]] are three puir fermers that find the castle in the sky o the crabbit giant Willie bi wey o some magic beans. They hae tae fecht the greedy but likeable giant tae bring peace back tae thair valley. Tho the film is maistly animatit, it uises live-action scenes tae jyn the twa stories thegither. ''Mickey and the Beanstalk'' wis the last time [[Walt Disney]] did Mickey's vyce, acause he wis ower thrang wi ither projects tae keep it up. He wis replaced bi the sound effects artist Jimmy MacDonald. == References == {{Reflist}} {{Walt Disney Animation Studios}} [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American romantic comedy films]] [[Category:Animatit comedy films]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Animatit romance films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] 6zw2jvpd741jp5epmj7xcxsugd9yk7q 0 208253 927482 922795 2026-11-09T21:28:00Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; lead, cast an release, soorced 927482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Charlotte's Web | director = [[Gary Winick]] | producer = Jordan Kerner | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * Susannah Grant * Karey Kirkpatrick }} | based on = {{Based on|''[[Charlotte's Web]]''|[[E. B. White]]}} | narrator = [[Sam Shepard]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Julia Roberts]] * [[Dakota Fanning]] * [[Steve Buscemi]] * [[John Cleese]] * [[Oprah Winfrey]] * Cedric the Entertainer * [[Kathy Bates]] * [[Reba McEntire]] * [[Robert Redford]] * [[Thomas Haden Church]] * André Benjamin }} | music = [[Danny Elfman]] | cinematography = Seamus McGarvey | editing = {{Plainlist| * Susan Littenberg * Sabrina Plisco }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * Nickelodeon Movies * Walden Media * The K Entertainment Company }} | distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|2006|12|7|Austrailie|2006|12|15|Unitit States}} | runtime = 97 meenit | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = $85 million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=charlottesweb.htm|title=Charlotte's Web (2006)|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|work=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=September 4, 2010}}</ref> | gross = $144.9 million }} '''''Charlotte's Web''''' is a 2006 American live-action an animatit [[Fantasy|fantasy]] [[comedy-drama]] film based on the [[Charlotte's Web|1952 bairns' novel o the same nem]] bi [[E. B. White]]. Directit bi [[Gary Winick]] an written bi Susannah Grant an Karey Kirkpatrick, it is the second film makkit frae White's beuk, efter a [[Charlotte's Web (1973 film)|1973 animatit version]] producit bi [[Hanna-Barbera|Hanna-Barbera Productions]]. The film stars [[Dakota Fanning]], Kevin Anderson an [[Beau Bridges]], wi the vyces o Dominic Scott Kay, [[Julia Roberts]], [[Steve Buscemi]], [[John Cleese]], [[Oprah Winfrey]], Cedric the Entertainer, [[Kathy Bates]], [[Reba McEntire]] an [[Robert Redford]]. It wis producit bi Walden Media, Jordan Kerner's The K Entertainment Company an Nickelodeon Movies, an premiered in [[Austrailie]] on 7 December 2006 afore [[Paramount Pictures]] released it in cinemas in the Unitit States on 15 December 2006. It did weel wi the critics an at the box office, takkin in $144.9 million against a budget o $85 million.<ref name="BOM" /> ==Cast== * [[Dakota Fanning]] as Fern Arable * Kevin Anderson as John Arable * [[Beau Bridges]] as Dr. Dorian * Louis Corbett as Avery Arable * Essie Davis as Phyllis Arable * Siobhan Fallon Hogan as Edith Zuckerman * Gary Basaraba as Homer L. Zuckerman * Nate Mooney as Lurvy, the Zuckermans' fermhaund ===Vyces=== * Dominic Scott Kay as Wilbur the Runt * [[Julia Roberts]] as Charlotte A. Cavatica the Speeder * [[Steve Buscemi]] as Templeton the Rat * [[John Cleese]] as Samuel the Sheep * [[Oprah Winfrey]] as Gussy the Goose * Cedric the Entertainer as Golly the Gander * [[Kathy Bates]] as Bitsy the Cow * [[Reba McEntire]] as Betsy the Cow * [[Robert Redford]] as Ike the Horse * [[Thomas Haden Church]] as Brooks the Crow * André Benjamin as Elwyn the Crow * Abraham Benrubi as Uncle the Pig * [[Sam Shepard]] as the Narrator ==References== {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Wikiquote}} {{Portal|Film in the Unitit States|2000s}} * {{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20120711232159/http://www.charlotteswebmovie.com/site/index.php}} archived at [[Wayback Machine]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081222021207/http://www.nick.com/all_nick/movies/charlottesweb/ Official website at Nick.com], archived at Wayback Machine * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070516040147/http://www.walden.com/walden/properties/charlotte/ Official website at Walden Media], archived at Wayback Machine * {{IMDb title|0413895|Charlotte's Web}} * {{tcmdb title|612690|Charlotte's Web}} * {{Amg movie|318186|Charlotte's Web}} [[Category:2006 films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:2000s comedy-drama films]] [[Category:2000s fantasie films]] [[Category:2000s bairns' films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American bairns' comedy films]] [[Category:American bairns' drama films]] [[Category:American bairns' fantasie films]] [[Category:American fantasie-comedy films]] [[Category:American comedy-drama films]] [[Category:Bairns' comedy-drama films]] [[Category:Films aboot freendship]] [[Category:Films aboot pigs]] [[Category:Films aboot speeders]] [[Category:Films aboot animal rights]] [[Category:Films based on American novelles]] [[Category:Films based on bairns' beuks]] [[Category:Films directit bi Gary Winick]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Films set in Maine]] [[Category:Films scored bi Danny Elfman]] [[Category:Films shot in Melbourne]] [[Category:Nickelodeon Movies films]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures films]] [[Category:Walden Media films]] rnc8bpkd1ijirejdtc97bzarac6kgty 0 208749 927621 914883 2026-11-10T01:56:28Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927621 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Maxwell''' (12 Julie 1905 – 3 Juin 1962) wis a Scots penter o laundscapes an imaginative subjects. ==Life== Maxwell wis born in [[Dabaittie]]<ref name="gfs"/> in [[Kirkcoubrieshire]]. He studied at Edinburgh College of Art frae 1921 tae 1927. Then, wi the help o a traivellin scholarship, he studied at the Académie Moderne in Paris frae 1927 tae 1928, unner Léger an Ozenfant. In thae years he traivelled tae Italy an Spain an aw, whaur he discovered the wark o [[Marc Chagall|Chagall]] an the Symbolists. Thir experiences influenced his wark for the rest o his career. Maxwell wis a lifelang freend o William Gillies, an the twa o them aften traivelled thegither on pentin trips.<ref name="N16">{{cite news |title=Friends in High Places: The art of William Gillies and John Maxwell |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/14870725.friends-in-high-places-the-art-of-william-gillies-and-john-maxwell/ |access-date=8 March 2022 |work=The National |date=9 September 2016}}</ref> Alang wi Gillies, he wis ane o the group o artists that cam tae be kent as the Edinburgh School.<ref name="gfs"/> Maxwell taucht at Edinburgh College of Art nou an again<ref name="N16"/> frae 1928 tae 1933, frae 1935 tae 1946, an frae 1955 tae 1961. His wark wis first shawn at the Royal Scottish Academy in 1935, an he becam a full member in 1949.<ref name="gfs">{{cite web |title=John Maxwell 1905-1962 |url=https://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst4246.html |website=Gazetteer for Scotland |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312033639/http://www.nationalgalleries.org/collections/artist_search.php?artistId=3147&initial=M&artistName=John%20Maxwell The National Gallery of Scotland on John Maxwell] {{DEFAULTSORT:Maxwell, John}} [[Category:Scots laundscape penters]] [[Category:1905 births]] [[Category:1962 daiths]] [[Category:Alumni o the Edinburgh College of Art]] [[Category:Fowk frae Dawbeattie]] [[Category:Ryal Scots Academicians]] mroly1qsjjh9zzaf1enx4obt54j6gn2 0 209013 927644 846621 2026-11-10T02:04:24Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{Taxobox | image = Ommatoiulus sabulosus.JPG | regnum = [[Animals|Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Arthropod]]a | subphylum = [[Myriapoda]] | classis = [[Meggie-mony-feet|Diplopoda]] | ordo = Julida | familia = Julidae | genus = ''Ommatoiulus'' | species = '''''O. sabulosus''''' | binomial = ''Ommatoiulus sabulosus'' | binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) | synonyms = ''Julus sabulosus'' <small>[[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758</small> <br /> ''Archiulus sabulosus'' <small>Berlese, 1886</small> <br /> ''Schizophyllum sabulosum'' <small>Verhoeff, 1895</small> }} '''''Ommatoiulus sabulosus''''', or the '''stripit meggie-mony-feet''', is a European [[meggie-mony-feet]] o the [[Faimily (biology)|faimily]] Julidae. Its common nem comes frae the twa strikin, bricht bands that rin the lenth o its back. ''O. sabulosus'' is widespread an common in Central Europe an the [[Breetish Isles]]. It lives in a wide range o habitats, frae open places sic as meedows, fields an roadside verges tae sandy soils an the leaf litter o [[Pine|pine]], [[Aik|aik]] an [[Beech|beech]] wids.<ref name=Kania&Tracyz>Kania, Grzegorz, & Tracz, Henryk (2005). [http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/publikationen/peckania/volume_2005/05_kania.pdf Mass occurrence and migration of ''Ommatoiulus sabulosus ''(Linnaeus, 1758)(Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae) in Poland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630081324/http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/publikationen/peckania/volume_2005/05_kania.pdf |date=2015-06-30 }}. Peckiana, 4, 57–66.</ref> It is fund frae sea level up tae 2800 metres.<ref name=Kania&Tracyz/><ref name=BMIG>{{cite web|title=''Ommatoiulus sabulosus''|url=https://www.bmig.org.uk/species/ommatoiulus-sabulosus|work=British Myriapod & Isopod Group|access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref> ''O. sabulosus'' whiles turns up in muckle nummers an in mass migrations. They are excellent scavengers that eat leaves, rotten wid an ither deid plant material, an the humus they mak is uised bi plants tae grow.<ref name="Kania&Tracyz" /><ref>{{cite journal|author=Voigtländer, Karin|year=2005|title= Mass occurrences and swarming behaviour of millipedes (Diplopoda: Julidae) in Eastern Germany|journal=Peckiana|volume= 4|pages= 181–187|url=http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/publikationen/peckania/volume_2005/13_voigtlander.pdf}}</ref> Amang its geographic subspecies or 'forms' is ''Ommatoiulus sabulosus aimatopodus''.<ref name="David">{{cite journal |last1=David |first1=Jean-Francois |last2=Coulis |first2=Mathieu |date=2015 |title=Millipedes faced with drought: the life cycle of a Mediterranean population of ''Ommatoiulus sabulosus'' (Linnaeus) (Diplopoda, Julida, Julidae) |journal=ZooKeys |issue=510 |pages=115–124 |bibcode=2015ZooK..510..115D |doi=10.3897/zookeys.510.8838 |pmc=4523768 |pmid=26257538 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit links== {{Commons}} * [https://www.naturespot.org.uk/species/striped-millipede Striped Millipede - ''Ommatoiulus sabulosus''] {{Taxonbar|from=Q2221316}} [[Category:Julida]] [[Category:Millipedes o Europe]] [[Category:Taxa named bi Carl Linnaeus]] [[Category:Ainimals describit in 1758]] {{stub/Ainimal}} 44fx89237dhdpikjfnj9ho6jtd0pv7f 0 209351 927610 804752 2026-11-10T01:49:46Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927610 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The Martyrs&#039; Grave, Wigtown old parish church, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland.jpg|thumb|The Martyrs' Grave at the auld pairish kirk o Wigtoun]] [[File:Tortures4of6.png|thumb|Tortures shawn on a panel frae ''A Cloud of Witnesses'', first published in 1714.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomson |first1=John Henderson |title=A cloud of witnesses, for the royal prerogatives of Jesus Christ : being the last speeches and testimonies of those who have suffered for the truth in Scotland, since the year 1680 |date=1871 |publisher=Oliphant, Anderson, & Ferrier |location=Edinburgh |pages=435–442 |url=https://archive.org/stream/cloudofwitnesses00thom#page/434 |accessdate=20 August 2018}}</ref>]] The '''Wigtown Martyrs''' or '''Solway Martyrs''', '''Margaret Maclauchlan''' an '''[[Margaret Wilson (Scots mairtyr)|Margaret Wilson]]''', were Scots Covenanters that were executit bi Scots [[Scots Episcopal Kirk|Episcopalians]] on 11 Mey 1685 in [[Wigtoun]]. They haed refused tae sweir the Aith o Supremacy, that declared [[James VII, King o Scots|James VII o Scotland]] heid o [[The Kirk|the kirk]]. They were tied tae stakes on the toun's mudflats an left tae droon in the risin tide.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title= Scotland's drowned martyrs, Wigtown, Dumfries and Galloway |work= The Guardian |date= June 8, 2009 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2009/jun/08/wigtown-martyrs-walking-guide-dumfries |accessdate= June 5, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Rogers1871">{{cite book|author=Charles Rogers|author-link=Charles Rogers (author)|title=Monuments and monumental inscriptions in Scotland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AeYUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA351|year=1871|pages=351–}}</ref> ==History== [[File:JOHN_EVERETT_MILLAIS_-_The_Martyr_of_the_Solway_(Walker_Art_Gallery,_Liverpool,_c._1871._Óleo_sobre_lienzo,_70.5_x_56.5_cm).jpg|thumb|Margaret Wilson as John Everett Millais pentit her in ''The Martyr of the Solway'' (c. 1871), in the Walker Art Gallery, [[Liverpuil]]]] There are monuments tae the "Wigtown Martyrs" in Wigtoun. In "The Killing Times" o the Covenanters in the 17t century, Margaret McLachlan, an auld wumman o aboot 63,<ref>{{cite book |last1=MacPherson |first1=Hector |title=The Wigtown Martyrs in Records of the Scottish Church History Society |date=1947 |publisher=Scottish Church History Society |pages=166–184 |edition=Vol 18 |url=https://archive.org/stream/rschsv09p3macpherson#page/166 |accessdate=20 August 2018}}</ref> an [[Margaret Wilson (Scots mairtyr)|Margaret Wilson]], aboot 18 year auld, were sentenced tae daith bi droonin. They were tae be tied tae stakes in the tidal channel o the River Bladnoch, near whaur it comes oot intae Wigtown Bay, for the incomin tide tae droon them.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smellie |first1=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Smellie|title=Men of the Covenant |date=1908 |publisher=Andrew Melrose |location=London |pages=179–193 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/stream/menofcovenant02smeluoft#page/178 |accessdate=20 August 2018}}</ref> The ploy wis that the younger wumman micht be persuadit tae chynge her mind efter she watched the aulder wumman droon. It didnae wirk, an baith o them deed. The execution wis cairied oot bi dragoons unner the command o Major Windram. Sir Robert Grierson o Lag, the haulder o the King's Commission tae pit doun the rebels in the Sooth Wast, wis there an aw. The story, as it is telt in various soorces, says the weemen were betrayed bi an informer. Efter aboot a month in preeson they were tried as rebels an sentenced tae daith bi droonin. The story o the Wigtown Martyrs wis ane o thaim that Robert Wodrow collectit an published in his ''History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland from the Restoration to the Revolution''. The synod o [[The Kirk|the Kirk]] haed decidit in 1708 tae gaither accoonts o persecution unner the Stuart monarchs, an persuadit Wodrow tae tak on the research. He wrote that Thomas Wilson "lives nou in his faither's room, an is ready tae attest aw A'm writin".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "lives now in his father's room, and is ready to attest all I am writing."</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924029476003#page/n411/mode/2up Galloway and the Covenanters. p. 409 Wodrow's narrative.]</ref> There are twa graves tae the weemen in the local kirkyaird, an on Windy Hill nearhaund there is a memorial obelisk. There is a stane an aw at the place whaur they deed.<ref>{{Cite ODNB|title=Wilson, Margaret (1666/7–1685), alleged covenanter martyr|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-29677|access-date=2021-03-19| year=2004 |language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/29677| isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 }}</ref> ==Controversy== The historian Mark Napier's ''Memorials of Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee'' (1859–62) includit letters o Claverhouse an ither documents that haednae been in prent afore. The publication steered up a bitter controversy ower the twa Covenanter weemen, acause Napier raised doots aboot whether their execution ever happened at aw. He answered his critics in ''Case for the Crown in re the Wigtown Martyrs proved to be Myths versus Wodrow and Lord Macaulay, Patrick the Pedlar and Principal Tulloch'' (1863). He answered again in ''History Rescued, in Reply to History Vindicated'' (1870), ''History Vindicated'' bein the wark o the Rev. Archibald Stewart. ==Notes== <references group="note"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DNB|wstitle=Napier, Mark}} ==Freemit airtins== *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HeG0IUfrPYo Video wi narration: ''Cruel Lagg and the Wigtown Martyrs''] *[https://archive.org/details/swordtrowel25spur/page/174 Engravin] {{stub/Scotland}} [[Category:Martyrs]] [[Category:Breetish Protestants]] [[Category:Gallowa]] g1b77jexkz0wvqjt8xhvqli0reslq2h 0 210632 927661 926345 2026-11-10T02:59:17Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist|name=Sahar|birth_name=Sahar Moghadass|origin=[[Tehran]], [[Iran]]|background=solo_singer|image=Sahar Persian singer 1.jpg|alt=Sahar Moghadass durin a concert in [[Unitit Arab Emirates]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1985|12|4}}|genre=[[Persie pop muisic|Persie pop]]|occupation=Sangster|years_active=2002–present|label=[[Avang Music|Avang]]|website=}} '''Sahar Moghadass''' ({{Lang-fa|سحر مقدس}}, born on 4 December 1985 in [[Tehran]]), kent professionally as '''Sahar''' ({{Lang-fa|سحر}}), is an [[Iran|Iranian]] sangster an actress.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/persian/tvandradio/2014/12/141202_radio_bolour_sahar BBC]</ref> She is kent fur her contreibutions tae [[Persie pop muisic]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://photokade.com/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3-%D9%88-%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4/ |title=Photokade |access-date=2019-10-15 |archive-date=2020-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724115351/https://photokade.com/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3-%D9%88-%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.topnaz.com/%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%B1/ |title=Topnaz |access-date=2019-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122002705/https://www.topnaz.com/%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%B1/ |archive-date=2019-11-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Freemit airtins == * [https://www.instagram.com/saharmusic/ Instagram] {{DEFAULTSORT:Sahar}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Iranian female sangsters]] [[Category:Iranian pop sangsters]] [[Category:Fowk frae Tehran]] pbo1qxy2qis6xsbtrwuc7nqyyfmoop9 927662 927661 2026-11-10T02:59:41Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist|name=Sahar|birth_name=Sahar Moghadass|origin=[[Tehran]], [[Iran]]|background=solo_singer|image=Sahar Persian singer 1.jpg|alt=Sahar Moghadass durin a concert in [[Unitit Arab Emirates]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1985|12|4}}|genre=[[Persie pop muisic|Persie pop]]|occupation=Sangster|years_active=2002–present|label=[[Avang Music|Avang]]|website=}} '''Sahar Moghadass''' ({{Lang-fa|سحر مقدس}}, born on 4 December 1985 in [[Tehran]]), kent professionally as '''Sahar''' ({{Lang-fa|سحر}}), is an [[Iran|Iranian]] sangster an actress.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/persian/tvandradio/2014/12/141202_radio_bolour_sahar BBC]</ref> She is kent fur her contreibutions tae [[Persie pop muisic]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://photokade.com/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3-%D9%88-%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4/ |title=Photokade |access-date=2019-10-15 |archive-date=2020-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724115351/https://photokade.com/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3-%D9%88-%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.topnaz.com/%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%B1/ |title=Topnaz |access-date=2019-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122002705/https://www.topnaz.com/%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%B1/ |archive-date=2019-11-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Freemit airtins == * [https://www.instagram.com/saharmusic/ Instagram] {{DEFAULTSORT:Sahar}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Iranian female sangsters]] [[Category:Iranian pop sangsters]] [[Category:Fowk frae Tehran]] 43kij53fkj1l8g3u39wenav7ppapb5c 0 211828 927633 891402 2026-11-10T01:59:56Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927633 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:River Stinchar at Knockdolian.jpg|thumb|The River Stinchar at Knockdolian, Sooth Ayrshire]] [[File:Ardstinchar Castle and bridge, Ballantrae, Scotland-LCCN2001703588.jpg|thumb|left|Ardstinchar Castle an the brig ower the river]] The '''River Stinchar''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|t|ɪ|n|ʃ|ə|r}} {{respell|STIN|shər}})<ref>{{cite book|title=BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names|date=1990|editor-last=Pointon|editor-first=Graham|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|publisher=The University Press|isbn=0-19-282745-6|url=https://archive.org/details/bbcpronouncingdi00gepo}}</ref> is a river in [[Sooth Ayrshire]], [[Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=River Stinchar {{!}} Ayrshire Rivers Trust|url=https://www.ayrshireriverstrust.org/river-stinchar/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602220301/https://www.ayrshireriverstrust.org/river-stinchar/|archive-date=2023-06-02|access-date=2024-02-21|language=en-GB}}</ref> It rins sooth-wast frae the Galloway Forest Park an enters the [[Firth o Clyde]] at [[Ballantrae]], aboot {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=off}} sooth-sooth-east o [[Ailsae Craig]]. In the mid 20t century, William MacFarlane an his faimily biggit motor boats unner the brand nem Stinchar Craft. They bade nearhaund at Pinmore Lodge, amang {{convert|900|acre|ha|abbr=off|-1}}. == References == {{reflist}} {{coord|55|06|N|5|00|W|display=title|region:GB_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Category:Rivers o Sooth Ayrshire|Stinchar]] {{Stub/Scotland}} g0jgq9yhazkq9g5szalefqepcjn4umj 0 212541 927425 885738 2026-11-09T19:42:25Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 927425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Automatic taxobox |name=Euornithes |taxon=Euornithes |fossil_range=<br />[[Early Cretaceous]]&ndash;[[Holocene |Present]],<ref name="Min2015">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Min |last2=Zheng |first2=Xiaoting |last3=O'Connor |first3=Jingmai K. |last4=Lloyd |first4=Graeme T. |last5=Wang |first5=Xiaoli |last6=Wang |first6=Yan |last7=Zhang |first7=Xiaomei |last8=Zhou |first8=Zhonghe |year=2015 |title=The oldest record of Ornithuromorpha from the Early Cretaceous of China |journal=Nature Communications |volume=6 |pages=Article number 6987 |doi=10.1038/ncomms7987 |pmid=25942493 |pmc=5426517 |language=en}}</ref> {{fossilrange|130.7|0}} |image=Fossil specimen (DNHM D2945 6) of Hongshanornis longicresta.jpg |image_caption=Fossil specimen of ''[[Hongshanornis longicresta]]'' |authority=[[Edward Drinker Cope |Cope]], 1889 |subdivision_ranks=Subgroups |subdivision = * {{extinct}}''[[Archaeorhynchus]]'' * {{extinct}}''[[Chaoyangia]]'' * {{extinct}}''[[Schizooura]]'' * {{extinct}}''[[Jianchangornis]]'' * {{extinct}}''[[Zhongjianornis]]'' * '''Ornithuromorpha''' ** {{extinct}}''[[Alamitornis]]''? ** {{extinct}}''[[Apsaravis]]'' ** {{extinct}}''[[Ambiortus]]'' ** {{extinct}}''[[Bellulornis]]'' ** {{extinct}}''[[Changzuiornis]]'' ** {{extinct}}''[[Eogranivora]]'' ** {{extinct}}''[[Gansus]]'' ** {{extinct}}''[[Gargantuavis]]'' ** {{extinct}}''[[Hollanda luceria |Hollanda]]'' ** {{extinct}}''[[Iteravis]]'' ** {{extinct}}''[[Jiuquanornis]]'' ** {{extinct}}''[[Mengciusornis]]'' ** {{extinct}}''[[Patagopteryx]]'' ** {{extinct}}''[[Vorona]]'' ** {{extinct}}[[Hongshanornithidae]] ** {{extinct}}[[Songlingornithidae]] ** [[Ornithurae]] An see text }} '''Euornithes''' (frae [[Ancient Greek |Greek]] {{lang |grc |ευόρνιθες}} ''{{transl |grc |euórnithes}}'' meanin "true bird") is a natural group that includes the maist recent common ancestor o aw [[avialan]]s closer tae modren [[bird|foul]]s nor tae ''[[Sinornis]]''. == Description == Clarke ''et al''. (2006) fund that the maist primitive kent euornithians (tha [[Yanornithiformes]]) haed a mosaic o advancit an early featurs. These species retainit primitive featurs siclik [[gastralia]] (belly ribs) an a [[pubic symphysis]]. They forby shawit the first fully modren [[pygostyle]]s, an the type specimen o ''[[Yixianornis]]'' (IVPP 13631) preserves aicht elongated [[rectrices]] (tail feathers) in a modren arrangement. Nae earlier [[pygostylia]]ns are kent that preserve a fan o tail feathers o this kind; insteid, they shaw anely paired plumes or a tuft o short feathers.<ref name="Clarkeetal2006">{{cite journal |last1=Clarke |first1=Julia A. |last2=Zhou |first2=Zhonghe |last3=Zhang |first3=Fucheng |year=2006 |title=Insight intae tha evolution o avian flicht frae a new clade o Early Cretaceous ornithurines frae China an tha morphologie o ''Yixianornis grabaui'' |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-anatomy_2006-03_208_3/page/287 |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=208 |issue=3 |pages=287–308 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00534.x |pmid=16533313 |pmc=2100246}}</ref> == Classification == The name Euornithes haes buin uised fur a wide variety o avialan groups syne it wis first cried bi [[Edward Drinker Cope]] in 1889. It wis first defined as a [[clade]] in 1998 by [[Paul Sereno]], that made it the group o aw animals closer tae fouls nor tae [[Enantiornithes]] (represented by ''Sinornis''). This defineetion fir the noo includes similar content as anither aft uised name, '''Ornithuromorpha''', cried an defined bi [[Luis Chiappe]] in 1999 as the common ancestor o ''[[Patagopteryx]]'', ''[[Vorona]]'', an [[Ornithurae]], forby aw o its descendants. Acause ane defineetion is node-based an the ither branch-based, Ornithuromorpha is a slichtly less inclusive group. === Relationships === The cladogram ablo follaes the results o a phylogenetic analysis bi Lee ''et al.'', 2014:<ref name="divergence">{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Michael SY |last2=Cau |first2=Andrea |last3=Darren |first3=Naish |last4=Gareth J. |first4=Dyke |year=2013 |title=Morphological Clocks in Paleontology, and a Mid-Cretaceous Origin of Crown Aves |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=442–9 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syt110 |pmid=24449041 }}</ref> {{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:100% |label1=[[Ornithothoraces]] |1={{clade |1=†[[Enantiornithes]] |label2='''Euornithes''' |2={{clade |1=†''[[Archaeorhynchus]]'' |2={{clade |1=†''[[Jianchangornis]]'' |2={{clade |1=†''[[Zhongjianornis]]'' |2={{clade |1=†''[[Chaoyangia]]'' |2={{clade |1=†''[[Schizooura]]'' |label2='''Ornithuromorpha''' |2={{Clade |1={{clade |1=†''[[Patagopteryx]]'' |2=†''[[Vorona]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=†''[[Ambiortus]]'' |2={{Clade |1=†[[Songlingornithidae]] |2={{clade |1=†[[Hongshanornithidae]] |2={{Clade |1=†''[[Apsaravis]]'' |2={{Clade |1=†''[[Gansus]]'' |2={{clade |1=†''[[Hollanda luceria|Hollanda]]'' |label2=[[Ornithurae]] |2={{Clade |1=†''[[Ichthyornis]]'' |2={{clade |1=†[[Hesperornithes]] |2={{clade |1=†''[[Limenavis]]'' |2=[[Aves]] (modren fouls) }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} === Ither genera === The follaein is a leet o early euornithian genera an thon that canna be siccarly refert tae any subgroups, follaein Holtz (2011) unless itherweys notit.<ref name="Holtz2008">{{cite book |last1=Holtz Jr. |first1=Thomas R. |title=Dinosaurs: the most complete, up-to-date encyclopedia for dinosaur lovers of all ages |year=2012 |publisher=Random House |publication-date=23 October 2007 |isbn=978-0-375-82419-7 |edition=1st |language=en |chapter=Winter 2011 Appendix |chapter-url=https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf |chapter-format=PDF |via=geol.umd.edu}}</ref> *†''[[Alamitornis]]'' *†''[[Changmaornis]]''<ref name="Wang2013">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Y.-M. |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Previously Unrecognized Ornithuromorph Bird Diversity in the Early Cretaceous Changma Basin, Gansu Province, Northwestern China |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=8 |issue=10 |page=e77693 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0077693 |pmid=24147058 |pmc=3795672|language=en}}</ref> *†''[[Changzuiornis]]''<ref name="changzuiornis">{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Jiandong |last2=Wang |first2=Xia |last3=Hu |first3=Yuanchao |last4=Liu |first4=Jia |last5=Peteya |first5=Jennifer A. |last6=Clarke |first6=Julia A. |title=A new ornithurine from the Early Cretaceous of China sheds light on the evolution of early ecological and cranial diversity in birds |journal=PeerJ |date=15 March 2016 |volume=4 |pages=e1765 |doi=10.7717/peerj.1765 |language=en}}</ref> *†''[[Dingavis]]''<ref name="changzuiornis" /> *†''[[Gargantuavis]]'' *†''[[Horezmavis]]'' *†''[[Iteravis]]''<ref name="changzuiornis" /> *†''[[Juehuaornis]]''<ref name="changzuiornis" /> *†''[[Platanavis]]'' *†''[[Wyleyia]]''? *†''[[Yumenornis]]''<ref name="Wang2013" /> *{{extinct}}''[[Xinghaiornis]]''<ref name="changzuiornis" /> *†''[[Zhyraornis]]'' Note that Holtz includit the genera ''[[Eurolimnornis]]'' an ''[[Piksi]]'' as euornitheans an aw, tho they hae syne been re-identified as [[pterosaur]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Federico L. Agnolin |author2=David Varricchio |year=2012 |title=Systematic reinterpretation of ''Piksi barbarulna'' Varricchio, 2002 from the Two Medicine Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Western USA (Montana) as a pterosaur rather than a bird |url=http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/science/science/DocScientifique/publications/presentation/publicationAP/ficheContenu.xsp?CONTENU_ID=4592&PARUTION_ID=2966&PUBLICATION_ID=21&idx=6&nav=listeParution |journal=Geodiversitas |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=883–894 |doi=10.5252/g2012n4a10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130107012637/http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/science/science/DocScientifique/publications/presentation/publicationAP/ficheContenu.xsp?CONTENU_ID=4592&PARUTION_ID=2966&PUBLICATION_ID=21&idx=6&nav=listeParution |archivedate=2013-01-07 |language=en}}</ref> == Soorces == {{reflist}} == Ither wabsteids == {{Plainlist | {{Commons category-inline|Euornithes}} {{Commons category-inline|Euornithes fossils}}<!--not under Commons [Category:Euornithes] yet--> }} {{Paraves|B.}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q2752642}} [[Category:Basal Ornithurae]] [[Category:Evolution of birds]] [[Category:Early Cretaceous birds |*]] [[Category:Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances]] l8oa08we5e0ud4msxtkhbec3lja166x 0 212592 927638 804354 2026-11-10T02:02:11Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{Infobox film | name = Hassan Taxi | image = Hassan Taxi.jpg | director = Mohamed Slim Riad | screenplay = Rouiched | starring = {{Unbulleted list|Rouiched|Robert Cestel|Mustapha Chougranu|Fatiha Berber}} | released = {{Film date|1982}} | runtime = 110 meenit | country = Algerie | language = [[Arabic]] }} '''''Hassan Taxi''''' ({{lang-ar|حسان طاكسي}}) is a 1982 Algerian comedy film in [[Arabic]], directit bi Mohamed Slim Riad.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chouf-chouf.com/cinema-et-tv/hassan-taxi-1982/ |title=Hassan Taxi (1982) &#124; ChoufChouf |access-date=2019-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312033720/http://www.chouf-chouf.com/cinema-et-tv/hassan-taxi-1982/ |archive-date=2017-03-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmSFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA427|title=Companion Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African Film|last1=Leaman|first1=Oliver|date=2003|publisher=Routledge|page=427|language=en|isbn=978-1-134-66252-4|access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3E_tmPLCUAC&pg=PA39|title=Postcolonial Images: Studies in North African Film|last1=Armes|first1=Roy|date=2005|publisher=Indiana University Press|page=39|isbn=978-0-253-21744-8|access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref> Accordin tae the academic Kenneth W. Harrow, the film catches the stress the fowk o Algerie were unner at the time.<ref name="MSU=Press">{{cite book |last1=Harrow |first1=Kenneth W. |title=African Filmmaking: Five Formations |date=2017 |publisher=MSU Press |isbn=978-1-62895-297-1 |page=T213 |url=https://books.google.com/books/?id=ss6lDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT213 |accessdate=24 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> == Cast == * Rouiched as Hassan Terro * Robert Cestel * Fatiha Berber * Mustapha Chougrani * Lucette Sahuquet * Seloua * Mustapha Ayad == Synopsis == Hassan Terro is unemployed, an is forced tae drive a taxi tae earn siller.<ref name="Indiana">{{cite book |last1=Armes |first1=Roy |title=Postcolonial Images: Studies in North African Film |date=2005 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-21744-8 |page=39 |url=https://books.google.com/books/?id=o3E_tmPLCUAC&pg=PA39 |accessdate=24 November 2019 |language=en |chapter=The 1980s}}</ref><ref name="MSU=Press" /> Worn oot bi the lang years efter independence, Hassan (Rouiched) gets a taxi licence as a umwhile fighter. Drivin throu the streets o [[Algiers]], the capital o Algerie, he gangs throu the maist unbelievable adventures, telt for lauchs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maghrebdesfilms.fr/hassan-taxi.html|title=Hassan Taxi - Maghreb des films|website=www.maghrebdesfilms.fr|access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * {{IMDb title|id=tt1287482}} * [https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v514554 allmmovie.com] * {{Rotten Tomatoes|hassan_taxi}} {{stub}} {{authority control}} [[Category:1980s films]] [[Category:Comedy films]] [[Category:Independent films]] [[Category:African films]] [[Category:Arabic-leid films]] [[Category:Algerie cultur]] 3ne9cizyv4n3keeo9eje0yw1w46gawo 0 212749 927636 799795 2026-11-10T02:00:46Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox moontain | name = Chemin des Révoires | other_name = Cami̍n d’ë Revëre | elevation_m = 162 | prominence = 0 (slope pynt) | prominence_ref = <ref>{{cite peakbagger|pid=9887|name=Chemin des Révoires, Monaco/France|accessdate=2014-08-02}}</ref> | map = Monaco | map_caption = Whaur it is in Monaco (on the mairch wi Fraunce) | map_size = 250 | listing = Kintra heich pynt | location = [[Monaco]]–[[Fraunce]] mairch | range = Maritime Alps | coordinates = {{coord|43|44|4.45|N|7|24|46.3|E|type:mountain_region:MC_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} }} The '''Chemin des Révoires''' (Monégasque: {{lang|lij|Cami̍n d’ë Revëre}}) is a peth in the Les Révoires district o the Principality o [[Monaco]]. It is the heichest pynt in Monaco. ==Features== The heichest pynt in [[Monaco]], 162 metres (528&nbsp;feet) abuin sea level, is on this peth, on the slopes o Mont Agel, a muntain that haes its summit on the [[Fraunce|French]] side. A proportion o the Principality's territory is verra steep, acause it is geographically pairt o the [[Alps]], that reach doun tae the [[Mediterrane Sea|Mediterranean Sea]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.archeo-alpi-maritimi.com/cheminsanciensturbie.php Chemin des Révoires], Archeo Alpi Maritimi. {{DEFAULTSORT:Chemin des Revoires}} [[Category:Heichest pynts o kintras]] [[Category:Coordinates on Wikidata]] {{Stub}} 3h6ktbms0wiblnd3uqn6bweqgq1jy1c 0 219453 927491 906677 2026-11-09T21:38:58Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; broken soorces fixed, Library o Congress quote owerset wi the Inglis in a note 927491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs | writer = {{plainlist| *Ted Sears *Richard Creedon *Otto Englander *Dick Rickard *Earl Hurd *Merrill De Maris *Dorothy Ann Blank *Webb Smith }} | based_on = {{based on|''[[Snaw White]]''|The [[Brithers Grimm|Brothers Grimm]]}} | director = '''Supervisin director''' {{plainlist| *David Hand }} '''Sequence directors''' {{Plainlist| *William Cottrell *Wilfred Jackson *Larry Morey *Perce Pearce *Ben Sharpsteen }} | producer = [[Walt Disney]] | studio = [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Productions]] | distributor = [[RKO Radio Pictures]] | music = {{plainlist| *Frank Churchill *Paul Smith *Leigh Harline }} | released = {{Film date|1937|12|21|Carthay Circle Theatre}} | starring = {{plainlist| *[[Adriana Caselotti]] *Lucille La Verne *Harry Stockwell *Roy Atwell *Pinto Colvig *Otis Harlan *Scotty Mattraw *Billy Gilbert *Eddie Collins *Moroni Olsen *Stuart Buchanan }} | runtime = 83 meenit | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = $1.49 million{{sfn|Barrier|1999|p=229}} | gross = $418 million<ref name=gross>{{cite book |last1=Wilhelm |first1=Henry Gilmer |last2=Brower |first2=Carol |title=The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs: Traditional and Digital Color Prints, Color Negatives, Slides, and Motion Pictures |publisher=Preservation Pub |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-911515-00-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/permanencecareof00henr/page/359 359] |quote=In only 2 months after the 1987 re-release, the film grossed another $45 million—giving it a total gross to date of about $375 million! |url=https://archive.org/details/permanencecareof00henr/page/359 }} ([https://books.google.com/books?id=0OtTAAAAMAAJ&q=%22snow+white%22+million+worldwide+grosses Online copy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403234801/https://books.google.com/books?id=0OtTAAAAMAAJ&q=%22snow+white%22+million+worldwide+grosses |date=April 3, 2023 }} at [[Google Books]])</ref> }} '''''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs''''' is a 1937 American animatit muisical [[Fantasy|fantasy]] film makkit bi [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Productions]] an released bi [[RKO Radio Pictures]]. It is based on [[Snaw White|the 1812 German fairy tale]] bi the [[Brithers Grimm|Brothers Grimm]], an it wis the first fu-lenth traditionally animatit feature film an the first Disney animatit feature film. The story wis adaptit bi the storyboard artists Dorothy Ann Blank, Richard Creedon, Merrill De Maris, Otto Englander, Earl Hurd, Dick Rickard, Ted Sears an Webb Smith. David Hand wis the supervisin director, an William Cottrell, Wilfred Jackson, Larry Morey, Perce Pearce an Ben Sharpsteen directit the film's separate sequences. ''Snow White'' premiered at the Carthay Circle Theatre in [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie|California]], on 21 December 1937. It wis a success wi critics an at the box office. Wi mair nor $8 million taen in warldwide on its first release, against a budget o $1.5 million, it held the record for a while as the heichest-grossin sound film. It wis that popular that it wis re-released in cinemas monie times afore it cam oot on hame video in the 1990s. Adjustit for inflation, it is ane o the tap ten films at the North American box office an the heichest-grossin animatit film, an its warldwide earnins, adjustit for inflation, are at the heid o the animation leet.<ref>{{cite book|title=Guinness World Records|edition=2015|year=2014|volume=60|isbn=9781908843708|pages=160–161|quote=The 2015 edition of Guinness World Records does not provide an explicit figure for ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs''. However, it does state that it is one of only two pre-1955 films—the other being ''Gone with the Wind''—that are among the adjusted top ten. It placed tenth in the 2012 edition, and the eleventh highest-grossing film according to the 2015 edition is ''The Exorcist'', which has grossed $1.794&nbsp;billion adjusted to 2014 prices. The adjusted grosses for the other films on the chart increased by 4.2 percent between 2011 and 2014 according to Guinness, and using this apparent rate of inflation would take the adjusted gross for ''Snow White'' from $1.746&nbsp;billion at 2011 prices to $1.819&nbsp;billion at 2014 prices.|last1=Records|first1=Guinness World|publisher=Guinness World Records }}</ref> ''Snow White'' wis nominatit for an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] for Best Musical Score in 1938, an the year efter, the producer [[Walt Disney]] wis gien an honorary Oscar for the film. The award wis ane o a kind: ae normal-sized Oscar statuette an seiven wee anes. [[Shirley Temple]] gied them tae Disney.{{sfn|Gabler|2006|pp=277–278}} In 1989 the Unitit States [[Library of Congress]] judged the film "culturally, historically or aesthetically important"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".</ref> an pickit it as ane o the first 25 films tae be preserved in the [[National Film Registry]].<ref>{{cite news|date=September 19, 1989|title=Film Registry Picks First 25 Movies|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-19-mn-347-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|access-date=April 22, 2020}}</ref> The [[American Film Institute]] rankit it amang the 100 greatest American films, an in 2008 it named the film the greatest American animatit film o aw time. Disney's tellin o the fairy tale haes haed a big cultural effect, wi theme park attractions, a video gemm an a Broadway muisical comin oot o it. == Notes == <references group="note"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Warks citit== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Barrier|first=Michael|title=Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age|url=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodcartoon00barr|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-1980-2079-0|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last=Gabler|first=Neal|title=Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination|url=https://archive.org/details/waltdisneytriump0000gabl|year=2006|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-0-6797-5747-4|url-access=registration}} {{refend}} ==Freemit airtins== {{wikiquote}} {{Walt Disney Animation Studios}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs}} [[Category:American films]] [[Category:Animatit romance films]] [[Category:Rotoscoped films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] 5kcuizznk4tbyu79lb370igpxgprxdo 0 220203 927493 923106 2026-11-09T21:48:36Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; Berlin an Oscar nominations addit, soorced 927493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Isle of Dogs | image = IsleOfDogsFirstLook.jpg | caption = Theatrical release poster | director = [[Wes Anderson]] | producer = {{Plain list| * Wes Anderson * Scott Rudin * Steven Rales * Jeremy Dawson }} | screenplay = Wes Anderson | story = {{Plainlist| * Wes Anderson * Roman Coppola * Jason Schwartzman * Kunichi Nomura }} | starring ={{Plainlist| * [[Bryan Cranston]] * Koyu Rankin * [[Edward Norton]] * Liev Schreiber * [[Bill Murray]] * Bob Balaban * [[Jeff Goldblum]] * [[Scarlett Johansson]] * Kunichi Nomura * Tilda Swinton * Ken Watanabe * Akira Ito * Greta Gerwig * Akira Takayama * [[Frances McDormand]] * F. Murray Abraham * Courtney B. Vance * Yojiro Noda * Fisher Stevens * Mari Natsuki * Nijiro Murakami * Yoko Ono * Harvey Keitel * Frank Wood }} | music = [[Alexandre Desplat]] | cinematography = Tristan Oliver | editing = {{Plainlist| * Ralph Foster * Edward Bursch }} | studio = {{Plain list| * Studio Babelsberg * Indian Paintbrush * American Empirical Pictures }} | distributor = [[Fox Searchlight Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|2018|2|15|Berlin|2018|3|23|Unitit States|2018|5|10|Germany}} | runtime = 101 meenit<ref name="bbfc">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/isle-dogs-2018 |title=''Isle of Dogs'' (PG) |publisher=British Board of Film Classification |date=March 20, 2018 |accessdate=June 1, 2018 |archive-date=2018-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530185655/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/isle-dogs-2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | country = {{Plainlist| * Unitit States * Germany<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/isle-of-dogs-review-1202700010/|last=Lodge|first=Guy|publisher=Penske Business Media|title=Film Review: 'Isle of Dogs'|date=February 15, 2018|accessdate=March 23, 2018 |work=Variety}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://film.britishcouncil.org/isle-of-dogs1/|title=British Council Film: Isle of Dogs|accessdate=March 23, 2018|publisher=British Council|work=British Film Directory|archive-date=2018-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173431/http://film.britishcouncil.org/isle-of-dogs1/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/isle-of-dogs-berlin-review/5126636.article|title='Isle Of Dogs': Berlin Review|date=February 16, 2018|accessdate=March 23, 2018 |work=Screen Daily|publisher=Screen International}}</ref><ref name="BFI">{{cite web | title=Isle of Dogs (2018) | url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/5a8613e53589c | publisher=British Film Institute | accessdate=March 15, 2018}}</ref> }} | language = Inglis<ref name="bbfc" /> | gross = $64.2 million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=isleofdogs.htm |title=''Isle of Dogs'' (2018)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=August 26, 2018}}</ref> }} '''''Isle of Dogs''''' is a 2018 [[stop motion|stop-motion]] animatit [[Science fiction|science fiction]] [[Comedy-drama|comedy-drama]] film written, producit an directit bi [[Wes Anderson]]. It is set in a [[dystopia]]n [[Japan]] in the near future, an follaes a pack o dugs that hae been sent awa tae an island, led bi the stray dug Chief ([[Bryan Cranston]]). They help a young laddie cried Atari (Koyu Rankin) tae look for his ain dug, efter aa the dugs are sent awa tae the island acause o an ootbrak o canine flu. The ensemble vyce cast includes [[Edward Norton]], Liev Schreiber, [[Bill Murray]], Bob Balaban, [[Jeff Goldblum]], [[Scarlett Johansson]], Kunichi Nomura, Tilda Swinton, Ken Watanabe, Akira Ito, Greta Gerwig, Akira Takayama, [[Frances McDormand]], F. Murray Abraham, Courtney B. Vance, Yojiro Noda, Fisher Stevens, Mari Natsuki, Nijiro Murakami, Yoko Ono, Harvey Keitel an Frank Wood. The film wis the first shawn at the 68t [[Berlin Internaitional Film Festival|Berlin International Film Festival]], whaur Anderson wan the Silver Bear for Best Director.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2018/08_pressemitteilungen_2018/08_pressemitteilungen_2018detail_42070.html|title=Competition: ''Competition'' And ''Berlinale Special'' Are Complete|access-date=February 24, 2018|date=February 6, 2018|publisher=Berlin International Film Festival|type=Press release|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903090212/https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2018/08_pressemitteilungen_2018/08_pressemitteilungen_2018detail_42070.html|archivedate=September 3, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> It wis nominatit for twa [[Academy Awards|Oscars]], for {{lang|en|Best Animated Feature}} an Best Original Score.<ref>{{cite web | date = January 22, 2019 | author = | title = Oscar Nominations 2019: The Complete List | work = Variety | url = https://variety.com/2019/film/news/oscar-nominations-2019-list-1203112405/ | access-date = February 6, 2019 | archive-date = February 7, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190207222342/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/oscar-nominations-2019-list-1203112405/ | url-status = live }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:2018 animatit films]] [[Category:2018 films]] [[Category:2010s adventur comedy films]] [[Category:2010s comedy-drama films]] [[Category:2010s fantasie-comedy films]] [[Category:American adventur comedy films]] [[Category:American animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:American comedy-drama films]] [[Category:American fantasie adventur films]] [[Category:American fantasie-comedy films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:Ainimatit adventur films]] [[Category:Ainimatit comedy films]] [[Category:Ainimatit drama films]] [[Category:Ainimatit films aboot dugs]] [[Category:Ainimatit films directit bi Wes Anderson]] [[Category:Anime-influenced Wastren ainimation]] [[Category:Annie Awaird winners]] [[Category:Dystopian films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Fantasy drama films]] [[Category:Films aboot leid an translation]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Films produced bi Scott Rudin]] [[Category:Films produced bi Wes Anderson]] [[Category:Films scored bi Alexandre Desplat]] [[Category:Films set in Japan]] [[Category:Films set in the futur]] [[Category:Fox Searchlight Pictures films]] [[Category:German ainimatit fantasie films]] [[Category:German adventur comedy films]] [[Category:German comedy-drama films]] [[Category:German fantasie adventur films]] [[Category:German fantasie comedy films]] [[Category:German films]] [[Category:Babelsberg Studio films]] [[Category:Japanese-leid films]] [[Category:Films wi screenplays bi Wes Anderson]] [[Category:2010s stap-motion ainimatit films]] [[Category:Films aboot viral ootbraks]] [[Category:2018 comedy films]] 6l1kw6irvgs5ng6fyy4zwco89m4nk75 0 221171 927472 869810 2026-11-09T21:04:15Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; quote owerset wi the Inglis in a note, soorced 927472 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Threads''''' is a 1984 Breetish apocalyptic war drama makkit for television film an producit thegither bi the [[BBC]], the Nine Network an Western-World Television Inc.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Jackson|first=Mick|title=Threads|date=1984-09-23|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0090163/|type=Drama, Sci-Fi, Thriller|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), Nine Network Australia, Western-World Television Inc.|access-date=2022-05-12}}</ref> It wis written bi [[Barry Hines]] an directit an producit bi [[Mick Jackson (director)|Mick Jackson]], an it is a dramatic account o a nuclear war an whit it daes tae the ceety o [[Sheffield]] in Northren Ingland.<ref name=":0" /> The story follaes twa faimilies as a crisis atween the [[Unitit States]] an the [[Soviet Union]] braks oot. As the nuclear exchynge atween [[NATO]] an the [[Warsaw Pact]] begins, the film shaws whit nuclear war wad dae tae fowk's health, the economy, society an the environment. It wis shot on a budget o £250,000,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Davies|first=Ross|title=Was Threads the scariest TV show ever made?|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20190925-was-threads-the-scariest-tv-show-ever-made|access-date=2022-05-12|website=www.bbc.com|language=en}}</ref> an it wis the first film o its kind tae shaw a [[nuclear winter]]. It haes been cried the film "that comes nearest tae shawin the hale horror o nuclear war an whit comes efter it, as weel as the disastrous effect it wad hae on human culture".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "which comes closest to representing the full horror of nuclear war and its aftermath, as well as the catastrophic impact that the event would have on human culture".</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MdgfWkeAMD4C&dq=film+which+comes+closest+to+representing+the+full+horror+of+nuclear+war+and+its+aftermath%2C+as+well+as+the+catastrophic+impact+that+the+event+would+have&pg=PA237 "Film and the Nuclear Age: Representing Cultural Anxiety" By Toni A. Perrine, p. 237] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312042209/https://books.google.com/books?id=MdgfWkeAMD4C&pg=PA237&lpg=PA237&dq=film+which+comes+closest+to+representing+the+full+horror+of+nuclear+war+and+its+aftermath,+as+well+as+the+catastrophic+impact+that+the+event+would+have&source=bl&ots=CNtyXEVK4T&sig=IrVaJYFcleCITDv03vrBsTuBi8w&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAWoVChMIscPi8oOExgIViu0UCh1gOwC3#v=onepage&q=film%20which%20comes%20closest%20to%20representing%20the%20full%20horror%20of%20nuclear%20war%20and%20its%20aftermath%2C%20as%20well%20as%20the%20catastrophic%20impact%20that%20the%20event%20would%20have&f=false |date=12 March 2023 }} on Google Books.</ref> It haes been compared tae ''[[The War Game]]'', makkit in Breetain in the 1960s, an tae ''[[The Day After]]'', a 1983 [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] television film that shawed the same kind o thing in the Unitit States. It wis nominatit for seiven [[BAFTA]] awairds in 1985 an wan Best Single Drama, Best Design, Best Film Cameraman an Best Film Editor.<ref>{{Citation|title=Threads - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0090163/awards/|access-date=2022-05-12}}</ref> == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Cauld War films]] [[Category:Films set in Ingland]] == References == <references /> nb7runuanf8f7ctou7z52pln3uw48vm 0 221200 927349 914740 2026-11-09T15:17:02Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Japanese Go Player}} {{distinguish|Tomoko Kato}} {{Infobox sportsperson | name = Tomoko Ogawa | image = File:Ogawa_Tomoko20190630.jpg | occupation = Perfaisional Go player }} '''Tomoko Ogawa''' (小川誠子, 1951 - 2019) is a [[female]] 7-[[dan]]<ref>She wis promotit tae 7-dan in occasion o her daith.</ref> [[perfaision]]al [[Go (gemme)|Go]] player at [[Nihon Ki-in]].<ref name="base">{{Cite web |url=https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Ogawa%20Tomoko |title=Tomoko Ogawa at GoBase |access-date=2020-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708094928/https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Ogawa%20Tomoko |archive-date=2020-07-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sensei">[https://senseis.xmp.net/?OgawaTomoko Tomoko Ogawa at Sensei's Library]</ref> ==Notable achievements an contributions== {| class="wikitable" !Year || Notes<ref name="base"/><ref name="sensei"/> |- |1965 |Victory at the female amateur championship |- |1974, 1978, 1979, 1986, and 1993 |Receivit the female MVP (棋道賞女流賞) |- |1986 |Obtainit the female Honinbo title (女流本因坊) |- |1988 |Awardit from the Television Go Program Manufacturing Assembly (テレビ囲碁番組制作者会賞) |- |2006 |Publishit 『小川誠子の石の形を美しく （[[NHK]] Go Series）』 {{ISBN|414016140X}} |- |2008 |500 wins in career (2nd female player tae achieve this record) |- |From July 2010 tae June 2012 |President o the professional player assembly at Nihon Ki-in (棋士会会長) |- |From June 2012 tae June 2018 |Served as the director o Nihon Ki-in |} ==Japanese Beuks== * 『石心之譜 ― 囲碁に生きるわれら五人の棋士』 in 1981, {{ISBN|4905924294}} * 『明解初級囲碁読本』 in 1994, {{ISBN|4416794061}} * 『囲碁 級位者のための本筋の打ち方』 in 1998, {{ISBN|4416798164}} * 『囲碁 級位者のための勝率アップの決め手』 in 2000, {{ISBN|4416700091}} ==External links== * [https://www.nihonkiin.or.jp/player/htm/ki000198.htm Official profile at Nihon Ki-in] * {{Instagram|tomokoogawa0401}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ogawa, Tomoko}} [[Category:1951 births]] [[Category:2019 daiths]] [[Category:Japanese sportsfowk]] [[Category:Sportsweemen]] t90uk9v91inzmjo6p0higyuccip23gw 3 222319 927307 927190 2026-11-09T13:44:45Z Monospaced 75295 Update with bot request 927307 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Monospaced, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye faer [[Special:Contributions/Monospaced|yer werks]]. Some gibbles ye'll fynd uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isnae. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|How tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]^{[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]}</span> 23:33, 26 August 2020 (UTC) == Hiiii == Hello, just replying to your message on the talkpage. I will quietly admit I am not fluent in scots but I try my best to appear as though I am [lol] regarding sources, in future I will try my best to add them too my sincere apologies. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. :) Signed Tom ([[Special:Contributions/31.185.199.27|31.185.199.27]] ([[User talk:31.185.199.27|talk]]) 14:20, 11 September 2020 (UTC)) :Hi Tom, if you are interested in improving your Scots in your area of expertise, there are fluent Scots speakers willing to help. There is a [https://discord.gg/H7jMBa6 Discord server] which is a good place to start, but if that's not your thing just say and we can help other ways! ☺ (will post this on your own page too in case you miss this) [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 20:05, 11 September 2020 (UTC) : Thanks. My main concern is that it's hard to justify the [[en:Notability|notability]] of articles that aren't sourced. This can lead to articles being deleted if it's difficult to determine their importance, especially if the effort put into an individual article is low. With that in mind I just thought it was important to advise that a smaller number of deeper articles would be more seen to be more valuable, if you need help doing this in Scots then Soothrins comment above is a great place to start. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 20:10, 11 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Editathon!== Just a wee note to invite you to the next [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon September 2020|Editathon - 29th & 30th September]] - where we'll be focussing on places in Scotland. Training will take place at 12 noon and 6pm on the 29th - any questions or requests, please let us know! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:27, 23 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Scots Wiki editathon - 14 & 15 November== Hey there, as you attended one of our previous editathons, thought you might like to know about the next one! 14 & 15 November, details [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020|on the event page]], the theme is '''Weemin an Minorities fae Scotland an Ulster.''' :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:39, 10 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next editathon== Hey there, as a previous attendee of a Scots Wiki editathon, I thought you might like to know about the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|December event, Sat 12 & Sun 13th.]] In addition to the usual wiki support, this month I'm really excited to say that we'll have '''language support in place from the Scots Language Centre''', who'll be online between 12-3 on Zoom on Saturday with us to help with any of your queries. * [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-tickets-131613729207 Eventbrite link to sign up to Saturday Zoom session] * [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|On-wiki event page]] Hope to see you there! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:53, 8 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == {{en}} Sunday 13th December - extra zoom session with the Scots Language Centre! == We've added another session for the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|editathon this weekend,]] with the folks from the SLC. Join us on Zoom for editing 12-3 on Sunday now too; we can help with wiki and language queries :) [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-sunday-13th-tickets-132517919665 Book your place on Eventbrite here.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:26, 11 Dizember 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} January editathon== Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 30 & Sun 31 January. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, then folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-saturday-30th-tickets-137925028473 Saturday (15:00-17:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-sunday-31st-tickets-137925646321 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. Feedback last time was that the language support was really helpful (and fun!), and we'd love to see you. We're looking mainly at improving articles to do with politics, particularly articles about politicians. More info, article lists, and sign up details on the event page: [[wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:06, 27 Januar 2021 (UTC) ==Mairch editathon== {{en}}Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 20 & Sun 11 march, we'll be looking at Scots & Irish media & art. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, or just want to come and edit socially, then myself and folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-saturday-20th-tickets-145533926893 Saturday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-sunday-21st-tickets-145534247853 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. More info, article lists, and dashboard sign up details on the event page: [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:42, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == {{en}} Next Editathon == Heya, heads up that the next Editathon will take place this weekend (5 & 6 June), we're looking at Scots in STEM as a starting point. More info on the event page [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|here.]] Hope to see ou at the Zoom sessions! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:17, 3 Juin 2021 (UTC) == History preservation == Hey Gin yer gauna be shiftin a page bit canna acause the tairget haes history (as wis fit happent wi anthropology), please tag the tairget fur deletion wi <nowiki>{{delete|explanation}}</nowiki> insteid ae copyin ower the text. Iss is sae we kin keep the editin history preserved, fit is required bi oor CC-by-SA license. A'v sortit it noo An a dae appreciate aa the wirk ye'v pit in the day [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:18, 8 November 2026 (UTC) :Sorry! A realised efter but coudnae pit it richt masel. Thanks for takin the time tae redd it up. A'll tag the page for deletion in future. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 15:24, 8 November 2026 (UTC) == Seicont == A'm geyan shuir "seicont" is a hypercorrection aat is rare in actual eese. It's nae got ony hits in the DSL an chackin the Scots Corpus jis hae ae hit fur baith seicont an seicond (the same essay fur baith) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:48, 8 November 2026 (UTC) : Guid catch! A've been gaun wi a convention frae here, but it's no weel attestit at aw. The dictionars hae every spellin but that ane, yet it's aw ower the wiki. :* [https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/second SND: SECOND] (secont, saicont, seecond an ither variations, but nae seicont) :* [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=seicont&fulltext=1 Search for "seicont"] (2,679 hits) :* [[MediaWiki:Seconds]] (the site's interface uises "seicont") :* [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle/MediaWiki/Time]] (the 2020 review o the interface wordin) : [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 00:57, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::Aat's easy eneuch ti explain: the OSD, the dictionair aat ootricht maks ap wirds an disna gie proper exemples, pits "seicont" as the ainly hit fur second. A keep meanin ti gang throw an tak oot aa the bad spellins bit lik ye seyed abeen, 2,679 hits an maist fowks aat edit focus on ither stuff [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:19, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :::Aye, as ye micht hae guessed, A'm gaun aboot ma recent chynges wi a semi-automated approach. A ken that's got its doonsides, but we're years oan wi monie decent airticles an mair bad yins. A'm luikin at makkin a bot tae sort oot agreed, simple problems like this spellin ane. A wis aboot for the auld cleanup, sae A ken fine weel the trouble the OSD caused, an wi fowk aye reachin for the "maist Scots" wirds an aw (still daein it masel cause A'm tryin tae keep a kinna consistency). [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 09:15, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::: A've pit in a [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross#Bot flag request|bot flag request]] for issues siclike this. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:44, 9 November 2026 (UTC) tnmxxrrc4qt1ch95onr15v0sepyv3vq 927309 927307 2026-11-09T13:51:16Z Monospaced 75295 fix link 927309 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Monospaced, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye faer [[Special:Contributions/Monospaced|yer werks]]. Some gibbles ye'll fynd uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isnae. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|How tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]^{[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]}</span> 23:33, 26 August 2020 (UTC) == Hiiii == Hello, just replying to your message on the talkpage. I will quietly admit I am not fluent in scots but I try my best to appear as though I am [lol] regarding sources, in future I will try my best to add them too my sincere apologies. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. :) Signed Tom ([[Special:Contributions/31.185.199.27|31.185.199.27]] ([[User talk:31.185.199.27|talk]]) 14:20, 11 September 2020 (UTC)) :Hi Tom, if you are interested in improving your Scots in your area of expertise, there are fluent Scots speakers willing to help. There is a [https://discord.gg/H7jMBa6 Discord server] which is a good place to start, but if that's not your thing just say and we can help other ways! ☺ (will post this on your own page too in case you miss this) [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 20:05, 11 September 2020 (UTC) : Thanks. My main concern is that it's hard to justify the [[en:Notability|notability]] of articles that aren't sourced. This can lead to articles being deleted if it's difficult to determine their importance, especially if the effort put into an individual article is low. With that in mind I just thought it was important to advise that a smaller number of deeper articles would be more seen to be more valuable, if you need help doing this in Scots then Soothrins comment above is a great place to start. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 20:10, 11 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Editathon!== Just a wee note to invite you to the next [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon September 2020|Editathon - 29th & 30th September]] - where we'll be focussing on places in Scotland. Training will take place at 12 noon and 6pm on the 29th - any questions or requests, please let us know! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:27, 23 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Scots Wiki editathon - 14 & 15 November== Hey there, as you attended one of our previous editathons, thought you might like to know about the next one! 14 & 15 November, details [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020|on the event page]], the theme is '''Weemin an Minorities fae Scotland an Ulster.''' :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:39, 10 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next editathon== Hey there, as a previous attendee of a Scots Wiki editathon, I thought you might like to know about the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|December event, Sat 12 & Sun 13th.]] In addition to the usual wiki support, this month I'm really excited to say that we'll have '''language support in place from the Scots Language Centre''', who'll be online between 12-3 on Zoom on Saturday with us to help with any of your queries. * [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-tickets-131613729207 Eventbrite link to sign up to Saturday Zoom session] * [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|On-wiki event page]] Hope to see you there! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:53, 8 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == {{en}} Sunday 13th December - extra zoom session with the Scots Language Centre! == We've added another session for the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|editathon this weekend,]] with the folks from the SLC. Join us on Zoom for editing 12-3 on Sunday now too; we can help with wiki and language queries :) [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-sunday-13th-tickets-132517919665 Book your place on Eventbrite here.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:26, 11 Dizember 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} January editathon== Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 30 & Sun 31 January. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, then folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-saturday-30th-tickets-137925028473 Saturday (15:00-17:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-sunday-31st-tickets-137925646321 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. Feedback last time was that the language support was really helpful (and fun!), and we'd love to see you. We're looking mainly at improving articles to do with politics, particularly articles about politicians. More info, article lists, and sign up details on the event page: [[wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:06, 27 Januar 2021 (UTC) ==Mairch editathon== {{en}}Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 20 & Sun 11 march, we'll be looking at Scots & Irish media & art. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, or just want to come and edit socially, then myself and folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-saturday-20th-tickets-145533926893 Saturday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-sunday-21st-tickets-145534247853 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. More info, article lists, and dashboard sign up details on the event page: [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:42, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == {{en}} Next Editathon == Heya, heads up that the next Editathon will take place this weekend (5 & 6 June), we're looking at Scots in STEM as a starting point. More info on the event page [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|here.]] Hope to see ou at the Zoom sessions! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:17, 3 Juin 2021 (UTC) == History preservation == Hey Gin yer gauna be shiftin a page bit canna acause the tairget haes history (as wis fit happent wi anthropology), please tag the tairget fur deletion wi <nowiki>{{delete|explanation}}</nowiki> insteid ae copyin ower the text. Iss is sae we kin keep the editin history preserved, fit is required bi oor CC-by-SA license. A'v sortit it noo An a dae appreciate aa the wirk ye'v pit in the day [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:18, 8 November 2026 (UTC) :Sorry! A realised efter but coudnae pit it richt masel. Thanks for takin the time tae redd it up. A'll tag the page for deletion in future. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 15:24, 8 November 2026 (UTC) == Seicont == A'm geyan shuir "seicont" is a hypercorrection aat is rare in actual eese. It's nae got ony hits in the DSL an chackin the Scots Corpus jis hae ae hit fur baith seicont an seicond (the same essay fur baith) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:48, 8 November 2026 (UTC) : Guid catch! A've been gaun wi a convention frae here, but it's no weel attestit at aw. The dictionars hae every spellin but that ane, yet it's aw ower the wiki. :* [https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/second SND: SECOND] (secont, saicont, seecond an ither variations, but nae seicont) :* [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=seicont&fulltext=1 Search for "seicont"] (2,679 hits) :* [[MediaWiki:Seconds]] (the site's interface uises "seicont") :* [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle/MediaWiki/Time]] (the 2020 review o the interface wordin) : [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 00:57, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::Aat's easy eneuch ti explain: the OSD, the dictionair aat ootricht maks ap wirds an disna gie proper exemples, pits "seicont" as the ainly hit fur second. A keep meanin ti gang throw an tak oot aa the bad spellins bit lik ye seyed abeen, 2,679 hits an maist fowks aat edit focus on ither stuff [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:19, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :::Aye, as ye micht hae guessed, A'm gaun aboot ma recent chynges wi a semi-automated approach. A ken that's got its doonsides, but we're years oan wi monie decent airticles an mair bad yins. A'm luikin at makkin a bot tae sort oot agreed, simple problems like this spellin ane. A wis aboot for the auld cleanup, sae A ken fine weel the trouble the OSD caused, an wi fowk aye reachin for the "maist Scots" wirds an aw (still daein it masel cause A'm tryin tae keep a kinna consistency). [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 09:15, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::: A've pit in a [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross#BroonieBot: Bot flag request|bot flag request]] for issues siclike this. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:44, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ea38uhdg8ibnpuzohgreb1w19hbqkd6 927379 927309 2026-11-09T15:49:05Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 /* Barnstars */ new section 927379 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Monospaced, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye faer [[Special:Contributions/Monospaced|yer werks]]. Some gibbles ye'll fynd uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isnae. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|How tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]^{[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]}</span> 23:33, 26 August 2020 (UTC) == Hiiii == Hello, just replying to your message on the talkpage. I will quietly admit I am not fluent in scots but I try my best to appear as though I am [lol] regarding sources, in future I will try my best to add them too my sincere apologies. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. :) Signed Tom ([[Special:Contributions/31.185.199.27|31.185.199.27]] ([[User talk:31.185.199.27|talk]]) 14:20, 11 September 2020 (UTC)) :Hi Tom, if you are interested in improving your Scots in your area of expertise, there are fluent Scots speakers willing to help. There is a [https://discord.gg/H7jMBa6 Discord server] which is a good place to start, but if that's not your thing just say and we can help other ways! ☺ (will post this on your own page too in case you miss this) [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 20:05, 11 September 2020 (UTC) : Thanks. My main concern is that it's hard to justify the [[en:Notability|notability]] of articles that aren't sourced. This can lead to articles being deleted if it's difficult to determine their importance, especially if the effort put into an individual article is low. With that in mind I just thought it was important to advise that a smaller number of deeper articles would be more seen to be more valuable, if you need help doing this in Scots then Soothrins comment above is a great place to start. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 20:10, 11 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Editathon!== Just a wee note to invite you to the next [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon September 2020|Editathon - 29th & 30th September]] - where we'll be focussing on places in Scotland. Training will take place at 12 noon and 6pm on the 29th - any questions or requests, please let us know! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:27, 23 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Scots Wiki editathon - 14 & 15 November== Hey there, as you attended one of our previous editathons, thought you might like to know about the next one! 14 & 15 November, details [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020|on the event page]], the theme is '''Weemin an Minorities fae Scotland an Ulster.''' :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:39, 10 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next editathon== Hey there, as a previous attendee of a Scots Wiki editathon, I thought you might like to know about the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|December event, Sat 12 & Sun 13th.]] In addition to the usual wiki support, this month I'm really excited to say that we'll have '''language support in place from the Scots Language Centre''', who'll be online between 12-3 on Zoom on Saturday with us to help with any of your queries. * [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-tickets-131613729207 Eventbrite link to sign up to Saturday Zoom session] * [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|On-wiki event page]] Hope to see you there! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:53, 8 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == {{en}} Sunday 13th December - extra zoom session with the Scots Language Centre! == We've added another session for the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|editathon this weekend,]] with the folks from the SLC. Join us on Zoom for editing 12-3 on Sunday now too; we can help with wiki and language queries :) [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-sunday-13th-tickets-132517919665 Book your place on Eventbrite here.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:26, 11 Dizember 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} January editathon== Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 30 & Sun 31 January. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, then folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-saturday-30th-tickets-137925028473 Saturday (15:00-17:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-sunday-31st-tickets-137925646321 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. Feedback last time was that the language support was really helpful (and fun!), and we'd love to see you. We're looking mainly at improving articles to do with politics, particularly articles about politicians. More info, article lists, and sign up details on the event page: [[wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:06, 27 Januar 2021 (UTC) ==Mairch editathon== {{en}}Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 20 & Sun 11 march, we'll be looking at Scots & Irish media & art. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, or just want to come and edit socially, then myself and folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-saturday-20th-tickets-145533926893 Saturday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-sunday-21st-tickets-145534247853 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. More info, article lists, and dashboard sign up details on the event page: [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:42, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == {{en}} Next Editathon == Heya, heads up that the next Editathon will take place this weekend (5 & 6 June), we're looking at Scots in STEM as a starting point. More info on the event page [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|here.]] Hope to see ou at the Zoom sessions! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:17, 3 Juin 2021 (UTC) == History preservation == Hey Gin yer gauna be shiftin a page bit canna acause the tairget haes history (as wis fit happent wi anthropology), please tag the tairget fur deletion wi <nowiki>{{delete|explanation}}</nowiki> insteid ae copyin ower the text. Iss is sae we kin keep the editin history preserved, fit is required bi oor CC-by-SA license. A'v sortit it noo An a dae appreciate aa the wirk ye'v pit in the day [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:18, 8 November 2026 (UTC) :Sorry! A realised efter but coudnae pit it richt masel. Thanks for takin the time tae redd it up. A'll tag the page for deletion in future. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 15:24, 8 November 2026 (UTC) == Seicont == A'm geyan shuir "seicont" is a hypercorrection aat is rare in actual eese. It's nae got ony hits in the DSL an chackin the Scots Corpus jis hae ae hit fur baith seicont an seicond (the same essay fur baith) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:48, 8 November 2026 (UTC) : Guid catch! A've been gaun wi a convention frae here, but it's no weel attestit at aw. The dictionars hae every spellin but that ane, yet it's aw ower the wiki. :* [https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/second SND: SECOND] (secont, saicont, seecond an ither variations, but nae seicont) :* [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=seicont&fulltext=1 Search for "seicont"] (2,679 hits) :* [[MediaWiki:Seconds]] (the site's interface uises "seicont") :* [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle/MediaWiki/Time]] (the 2020 review o the interface wordin) : [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 00:57, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::Aat's easy eneuch ti explain: the OSD, the dictionair aat ootricht maks ap wirds an disna gie proper exemples, pits "seicont" as the ainly hit fur second. A keep meanin ti gang throw an tak oot aa the bad spellins bit lik ye seyed abeen, 2,679 hits an maist fowks aat edit focus on ither stuff [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:19, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :::Aye, as ye micht hae guessed, A'm gaun aboot ma recent chynges wi a semi-automated approach. A ken that's got its doonsides, but we're years oan wi monie decent airticles an mair bad yins. A'm luikin at makkin a bot tae sort oot agreed, simple problems like this spellin ane. A wis aboot for the auld cleanup, sae A ken fine weel the trouble the OSD caused, an wi fowk aye reachin for the "maist Scots" wirds an aw (still daein it masel cause A'm tryin tae keep a kinna consistency). [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 09:15, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::: A've pit in a [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross#BroonieBot: Bot flag request|bot flag request]] for issues siclike this. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:44, 9 November 2026 (UTC) == Barnstars == There isnae ony barnstar templates here, an A think we sud mak ane. Sud we uise the Inglis version, or owerset it tae Scots, e.g. "Bernstarn" or summat. (Nae idea gin "bernstarn" is guid Scots, acause ma Scots in general isnae vera guid). [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 15:49, 9 November 2026 (UTC) 3t9t5ibkod9iui3va0so954ulvo1x4m 927388 927379 2026-11-09T16:08:44Z Monospaced 75295 /* Barnstars */ Replie 927388 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Monospaced, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye faer [[Special:Contributions/Monospaced|yer werks]]. Some gibbles ye'll fynd uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isnae. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|How tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]^{[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]}</span> 23:33, 26 August 2020 (UTC) == Hiiii == Hello, just replying to your message on the talkpage. I will quietly admit I am not fluent in scots but I try my best to appear as though I am [lol] regarding sources, in future I will try my best to add them too my sincere apologies. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. :) Signed Tom ([[Special:Contributions/31.185.199.27|31.185.199.27]] ([[User talk:31.185.199.27|talk]]) 14:20, 11 September 2020 (UTC)) :Hi Tom, if you are interested in improving your Scots in your area of expertise, there are fluent Scots speakers willing to help. There is a [https://discord.gg/H7jMBa6 Discord server] which is a good place to start, but if that's not your thing just say and we can help other ways! ☺ (will post this on your own page too in case you miss this) [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 20:05, 11 September 2020 (UTC) : Thanks. My main concern is that it's hard to justify the [[en:Notability|notability]] of articles that aren't sourced. This can lead to articles being deleted if it's difficult to determine their importance, especially if the effort put into an individual article is low. With that in mind I just thought it was important to advise that a smaller number of deeper articles would be more seen to be more valuable, if you need help doing this in Scots then Soothrins comment above is a great place to start. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 20:10, 11 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Editathon!== Just a wee note to invite you to the next [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon September 2020|Editathon - 29th & 30th September]] - where we'll be focussing on places in Scotland. Training will take place at 12 noon and 6pm on the 29th - any questions or requests, please let us know! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:27, 23 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Scots Wiki editathon - 14 & 15 November== Hey there, as you attended one of our previous editathons, thought you might like to know about the next one! 14 & 15 November, details [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020|on the event page]], the theme is '''Weemin an Minorities fae Scotland an Ulster.''' :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:39, 10 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next editathon== Hey there, as a previous attendee of a Scots Wiki editathon, I thought you might like to know about the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|December event, Sat 12 & Sun 13th.]] In addition to the usual wiki support, this month I'm really excited to say that we'll have '''language support in place from the Scots Language Centre''', who'll be online between 12-3 on Zoom on Saturday with us to help with any of your queries. * [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-tickets-131613729207 Eventbrite link to sign up to Saturday Zoom session] * [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|On-wiki event page]] Hope to see you there! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:53, 8 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == {{en}} Sunday 13th December - extra zoom session with the Scots Language Centre! == We've added another session for the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|editathon this weekend,]] with the folks from the SLC. Join us on Zoom for editing 12-3 on Sunday now too; we can help with wiki and language queries :) [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-sunday-13th-tickets-132517919665 Book your place on Eventbrite here.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:26, 11 Dizember 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} January editathon== Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 30 & Sun 31 January. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, then folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-saturday-30th-tickets-137925028473 Saturday (15:00-17:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-sunday-31st-tickets-137925646321 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. Feedback last time was that the language support was really helpful (and fun!), and we'd love to see you. We're looking mainly at improving articles to do with politics, particularly articles about politicians. More info, article lists, and sign up details on the event page: [[wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:06, 27 Januar 2021 (UTC) ==Mairch editathon== {{en}}Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 20 & Sun 11 march, we'll be looking at Scots & Irish media & art. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, or just want to come and edit socially, then myself and folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-saturday-20th-tickets-145533926893 Saturday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-sunday-21st-tickets-145534247853 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. More info, article lists, and dashboard sign up details on the event page: [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:42, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == {{en}} Next Editathon == Heya, heads up that the next Editathon will take place this weekend (5 & 6 June), we're looking at Scots in STEM as a starting point. More info on the event page [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|here.]] Hope to see ou at the Zoom sessions! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:17, 3 Juin 2021 (UTC) == History preservation == Hey Gin yer gauna be shiftin a page bit canna acause the tairget haes history (as wis fit happent wi anthropology), please tag the tairget fur deletion wi <nowiki>{{delete|explanation}}</nowiki> insteid ae copyin ower the text. Iss is sae we kin keep the editin history preserved, fit is required bi oor CC-by-SA license. A'v sortit it noo An a dae appreciate aa the wirk ye'v pit in the day [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:18, 8 November 2026 (UTC) :Sorry! A realised efter but coudnae pit it richt masel. Thanks for takin the time tae redd it up. A'll tag the page for deletion in future. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 15:24, 8 November 2026 (UTC) == Seicont == A'm geyan shuir "seicont" is a hypercorrection aat is rare in actual eese. It's nae got ony hits in the DSL an chackin the Scots Corpus jis hae ae hit fur baith seicont an seicond (the same essay fur baith) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:48, 8 November 2026 (UTC) : Guid catch! A've been gaun wi a convention frae here, but it's no weel attestit at aw. The dictionars hae every spellin but that ane, yet it's aw ower the wiki. :* [https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/second SND: SECOND] (secont, saicont, seecond an ither variations, but nae seicont) :* [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=seicont&fulltext=1 Search for "seicont"] (2,679 hits) :* [[MediaWiki:Seconds]] (the site's interface uises "seicont") :* [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle/MediaWiki/Time]] (the 2020 review o the interface wordin) : [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 00:57, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::Aat's easy eneuch ti explain: the OSD, the dictionair aat ootricht maks ap wirds an disna gie proper exemples, pits "seicont" as the ainly hit fur second. A keep meanin ti gang throw an tak oot aa the bad spellins bit lik ye seyed abeen, 2,679 hits an maist fowks aat edit focus on ither stuff [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:19, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :::Aye, as ye micht hae guessed, A'm gaun aboot ma recent chynges wi a semi-automated approach. A ken that's got its doonsides, but we're years oan wi monie decent airticles an mair bad yins. A'm luikin at makkin a bot tae sort oot agreed, simple problems like this spellin ane. A wis aboot for the auld cleanup, sae A ken fine weel the trouble the OSD caused, an wi fowk aye reachin for the "maist Scots" wirds an aw (still daein it masel cause A'm tryin tae keep a kinna consistency). [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 09:15, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::: A've pit in a [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross#BroonieBot: Bot flag request|bot flag request]] for issues siclike this. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:44, 9 November 2026 (UTC) == Barnstars == There isnae ony barnstar templates here, an A think we sud mak ane. Sud we uise the Inglis version, or owerset it tae Scots, e.g. "Bernstarn" or summat. (Nae idea gin "bernstarn" is guid Scots, acause ma Scots in general isnae vera guid). [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 15:49, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :A had tae luik up whit a [[:en:Barnstar|barnstar]] actually wis tae think whit it'd be in Scots, A've anely ever seen it on Wikipedia! It's gey American, an ither Wikipedias seem tae owerset it, sae we coud caw it somethin mair local. Braw idea, we should tak it up at the [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]]. A gree we should hae mair things lik that, wi airticles an aw, the noo they're aither guid or broken. :Yer Scots seems guid btw, it's hard tae get intae writin it formally whan we aw maistly spik it. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 16:08, 9 November 2026 (UTC) hff6d3paebgcmvu7lzd7b9imy02g8mb 927389 927388 2026-11-09T16:18:02Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 /* Barnstars */ Replie 927389 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Monospaced, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye faer [[Special:Contributions/Monospaced|yer werks]]. Some gibbles ye'll fynd uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isnae. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|How tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]^{[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]}</span> 23:33, 26 August 2020 (UTC) == Hiiii == Hello, just replying to your message on the talkpage. I will quietly admit I am not fluent in scots but I try my best to appear as though I am [lol] regarding sources, in future I will try my best to add them too my sincere apologies. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. :) Signed Tom ([[Special:Contributions/31.185.199.27|31.185.199.27]] ([[User talk:31.185.199.27|talk]]) 14:20, 11 September 2020 (UTC)) :Hi Tom, if you are interested in improving your Scots in your area of expertise, there are fluent Scots speakers willing to help. There is a [https://discord.gg/H7jMBa6 Discord server] which is a good place to start, but if that's not your thing just say and we can help other ways! ☺ (will post this on your own page too in case you miss this) [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 20:05, 11 September 2020 (UTC) : Thanks. My main concern is that it's hard to justify the [[en:Notability|notability]] of articles that aren't sourced. This can lead to articles being deleted if it's difficult to determine their importance, especially if the effort put into an individual article is low. With that in mind I just thought it was important to advise that a smaller number of deeper articles would be more seen to be more valuable, if you need help doing this in Scots then Soothrins comment above is a great place to start. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 20:10, 11 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Editathon!== Just a wee note to invite you to the next [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon September 2020|Editathon - 29th & 30th September]] - where we'll be focussing on places in Scotland. Training will take place at 12 noon and 6pm on the 29th - any questions or requests, please let us know! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:27, 23 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Scots Wiki editathon - 14 & 15 November== Hey there, as you attended one of our previous editathons, thought you might like to know about the next one! 14 & 15 November, details [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020|on the event page]], the theme is '''Weemin an Minorities fae Scotland an Ulster.''' :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:39, 10 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next editathon== Hey there, as a previous attendee of a Scots Wiki editathon, I thought you might like to know about the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|December event, Sat 12 & Sun 13th.]] In addition to the usual wiki support, this month I'm really excited to say that we'll have '''language support in place from the Scots Language Centre''', who'll be online between 12-3 on Zoom on Saturday with us to help with any of your queries. * [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-tickets-131613729207 Eventbrite link to sign up to Saturday Zoom session] * [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|On-wiki event page]] Hope to see you there! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:53, 8 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == {{en}} Sunday 13th December - extra zoom session with the Scots Language Centre! == We've added another session for the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|editathon this weekend,]] with the folks from the SLC. Join us on Zoom for editing 12-3 on Sunday now too; we can help with wiki and language queries :) [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-sunday-13th-tickets-132517919665 Book your place on Eventbrite here.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:26, 11 Dizember 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} January editathon== Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 30 & Sun 31 January. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, then folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-saturday-30th-tickets-137925028473 Saturday (15:00-17:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-sunday-31st-tickets-137925646321 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. Feedback last time was that the language support was really helpful (and fun!), and we'd love to see you. We're looking mainly at improving articles to do with politics, particularly articles about politicians. More info, article lists, and sign up details on the event page: [[wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:06, 27 Januar 2021 (UTC) ==Mairch editathon== {{en}}Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 20 & Sun 11 march, we'll be looking at Scots & Irish media & art. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, or just want to come and edit socially, then myself and folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-saturday-20th-tickets-145533926893 Saturday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-sunday-21st-tickets-145534247853 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. More info, article lists, and dashboard sign up details on the event page: [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:42, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == {{en}} Next Editathon == Heya, heads up that the next Editathon will take place this weekend (5 & 6 June), we're looking at Scots in STEM as a starting point. More info on the event page [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|here.]] Hope to see ou at the Zoom sessions! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:17, 3 Juin 2021 (UTC) == History preservation == Hey Gin yer gauna be shiftin a page bit canna acause the tairget haes history (as wis fit happent wi anthropology), please tag the tairget fur deletion wi <nowiki>{{delete|explanation}}</nowiki> insteid ae copyin ower the text. Iss is sae we kin keep the editin history preserved, fit is required bi oor CC-by-SA license. A'v sortit it noo An a dae appreciate aa the wirk ye'v pit in the day [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:18, 8 November 2026 (UTC) :Sorry! A realised efter but coudnae pit it richt masel. Thanks for takin the time tae redd it up. A'll tag the page for deletion in future. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 15:24, 8 November 2026 (UTC) == Seicont == A'm geyan shuir "seicont" is a hypercorrection aat is rare in actual eese. It's nae got ony hits in the DSL an chackin the Scots Corpus jis hae ae hit fur baith seicont an seicond (the same essay fur baith) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:48, 8 November 2026 (UTC) : Guid catch! A've been gaun wi a convention frae here, but it's no weel attestit at aw. The dictionars hae every spellin but that ane, yet it's aw ower the wiki. :* [https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/second SND: SECOND] (secont, saicont, seecond an ither variations, but nae seicont) :* [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=seicont&fulltext=1 Search for "seicont"] (2,679 hits) :* [[MediaWiki:Seconds]] (the site's interface uises "seicont") :* [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle/MediaWiki/Time]] (the 2020 review o the interface wordin) : [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 00:57, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::Aat's easy eneuch ti explain: the OSD, the dictionair aat ootricht maks ap wirds an disna gie proper exemples, pits "seicont" as the ainly hit fur second. A keep meanin ti gang throw an tak oot aa the bad spellins bit lik ye seyed abeen, 2,679 hits an maist fowks aat edit focus on ither stuff [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:19, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :::Aye, as ye micht hae guessed, A'm gaun aboot ma recent chynges wi a semi-automated approach. A ken that's got its doonsides, but we're years oan wi monie decent airticles an mair bad yins. A'm luikin at makkin a bot tae sort oot agreed, simple problems like this spellin ane. A wis aboot for the auld cleanup, sae A ken fine weel the trouble the OSD caused, an wi fowk aye reachin for the "maist Scots" wirds an aw (still daein it masel cause A'm tryin tae keep a kinna consistency). [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 09:15, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::: A've pit in a [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross#BroonieBot: Bot flag request|bot flag request]] for issues siclike this. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:44, 9 November 2026 (UTC) == Barnstars == There isnae ony barnstar templates here, an A think we sud mak ane. Sud we uise the Inglis version, or owerset it tae Scots, e.g. "Bernstarn" or summat. (Nae idea gin "bernstarn" is guid Scots, acause ma Scots in general isnae vera guid). [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 15:49, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :A had tae luik up whit a [[:en:Barnstar|barnstar]] actually wis tae think whit it'd be in Scots, A've anely ever seen it on Wikipedia! It's gey American, an ither Wikipedias seem tae owerset it, sae we coud caw it somethin mair local. Braw idea, we should tak it up at the [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]]. A gree we should hae mair things lik that, wi airticles an aw, the noo they're aither guid or broken. :Yer Scots seems guid btw, it's hard tae get intae writin it formally whan we aw maistly spik it. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 16:08, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::A'm American an A'v ne'er seen them ootside Wikipedia an aw. They're maistly a rural American thing. Sae aye, A think ye'r richt that we sud owerset it. Afore A pit a proposal on the Mercat Cross, whit owerset(s) of "barnstar" dae ye think are the best? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:18, 9 November 2026 (UTC) mroc946gwnxtp8kjge5wyvsvs2q6f9t 927393 927389 2026-11-09T16:35:36Z CiphriusKane 74958 /* Barnstars */ Replie 927393 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Monospaced, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye faer [[Special:Contributions/Monospaced|yer werks]]. Some gibbles ye'll fynd uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isnae. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|How tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]^{[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]}</span> 23:33, 26 August 2020 (UTC) == Hiiii == Hello, just replying to your message on the talkpage. I will quietly admit I am not fluent in scots but I try my best to appear as though I am [lol] regarding sources, in future I will try my best to add them too my sincere apologies. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. :) Signed Tom ([[Special:Contributions/31.185.199.27|31.185.199.27]] ([[User talk:31.185.199.27|talk]]) 14:20, 11 September 2020 (UTC)) :Hi Tom, if you are interested in improving your Scots in your area of expertise, there are fluent Scots speakers willing to help. There is a [https://discord.gg/H7jMBa6 Discord server] which is a good place to start, but if that's not your thing just say and we can help other ways! ☺ (will post this on your own page too in case you miss this) [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 20:05, 11 September 2020 (UTC) : Thanks. My main concern is that it's hard to justify the [[en:Notability|notability]] of articles that aren't sourced. This can lead to articles being deleted if it's difficult to determine their importance, especially if the effort put into an individual article is low. With that in mind I just thought it was important to advise that a smaller number of deeper articles would be more seen to be more valuable, if you need help doing this in Scots then Soothrins comment above is a great place to start. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 20:10, 11 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Editathon!== Just a wee note to invite you to the next [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon September 2020|Editathon - 29th & 30th September]] - where we'll be focussing on places in Scotland. Training will take place at 12 noon and 6pm on the 29th - any questions or requests, please let us know! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:27, 23 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Scots Wiki editathon - 14 & 15 November== Hey there, as you attended one of our previous editathons, thought you might like to know about the next one! 14 & 15 November, details [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020|on the event page]], the theme is '''Weemin an Minorities fae Scotland an Ulster.''' :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:39, 10 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next editathon== Hey there, as a previous attendee of a Scots Wiki editathon, I thought you might like to know about the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|December event, Sat 12 & Sun 13th.]] In addition to the usual wiki support, this month I'm really excited to say that we'll have '''language support in place from the Scots Language Centre''', who'll be online between 12-3 on Zoom on Saturday with us to help with any of your queries. * [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-tickets-131613729207 Eventbrite link to sign up to Saturday Zoom session] * [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|On-wiki event page]] Hope to see you there! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:53, 8 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == {{en}} Sunday 13th December - extra zoom session with the Scots Language Centre! == We've added another session for the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|editathon this weekend,]] with the folks from the SLC. Join us on Zoom for editing 12-3 on Sunday now too; we can help with wiki and language queries :) [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-sunday-13th-tickets-132517919665 Book your place on Eventbrite here.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:26, 11 Dizember 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} January editathon== Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 30 & Sun 31 January. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, then folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-saturday-30th-tickets-137925028473 Saturday (15:00-17:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-sunday-31st-tickets-137925646321 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. Feedback last time was that the language support was really helpful (and fun!), and we'd love to see you. We're looking mainly at improving articles to do with politics, particularly articles about politicians. More info, article lists, and sign up details on the event page: [[wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:06, 27 Januar 2021 (UTC) ==Mairch editathon== {{en}}Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 20 & Sun 11 march, we'll be looking at Scots & Irish media & art. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, or just want to come and edit socially, then myself and folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-saturday-20th-tickets-145533926893 Saturday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-sunday-21st-tickets-145534247853 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. More info, article lists, and dashboard sign up details on the event page: [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:42, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == {{en}} Next Editathon == Heya, heads up that the next Editathon will take place this weekend (5 & 6 June), we're looking at Scots in STEM as a starting point. More info on the event page [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|here.]] Hope to see ou at the Zoom sessions! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:17, 3 Juin 2021 (UTC) == History preservation == Hey Gin yer gauna be shiftin a page bit canna acause the tairget haes history (as wis fit happent wi anthropology), please tag the tairget fur deletion wi <nowiki>{{delete|explanation}}</nowiki> insteid ae copyin ower the text. Iss is sae we kin keep the editin history preserved, fit is required bi oor CC-by-SA license. A'v sortit it noo An a dae appreciate aa the wirk ye'v pit in the day [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:18, 8 November 2026 (UTC) :Sorry! A realised efter but coudnae pit it richt masel. Thanks for takin the time tae redd it up. A'll tag the page for deletion in future. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 15:24, 8 November 2026 (UTC) == Seicont == A'm geyan shuir "seicont" is a hypercorrection aat is rare in actual eese. It's nae got ony hits in the DSL an chackin the Scots Corpus jis hae ae hit fur baith seicont an seicond (the same essay fur baith) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:48, 8 November 2026 (UTC) : Guid catch! A've been gaun wi a convention frae here, but it's no weel attestit at aw. The dictionars hae every spellin but that ane, yet it's aw ower the wiki. :* [https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/second SND: SECOND] (secont, saicont, seecond an ither variations, but nae seicont) :* [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=seicont&fulltext=1 Search for "seicont"] (2,679 hits) :* [[MediaWiki:Seconds]] (the site's interface uises "seicont") :* [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle/MediaWiki/Time]] (the 2020 review o the interface wordin) : [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 00:57, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::Aat's easy eneuch ti explain: the OSD, the dictionair aat ootricht maks ap wirds an disna gie proper exemples, pits "seicont" as the ainly hit fur second. A keep meanin ti gang throw an tak oot aa the bad spellins bit lik ye seyed abeen, 2,679 hits an maist fowks aat edit focus on ither stuff [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:19, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :::Aye, as ye micht hae guessed, A'm gaun aboot ma recent chynges wi a semi-automated approach. A ken that's got its doonsides, but we're years oan wi monie decent airticles an mair bad yins. A'm luikin at makkin a bot tae sort oot agreed, simple problems like this spellin ane. A wis aboot for the auld cleanup, sae A ken fine weel the trouble the OSD caused, an wi fowk aye reachin for the "maist Scots" wirds an aw (still daein it masel cause A'm tryin tae keep a kinna consistency). [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 09:15, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::: A've pit in a [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross#BroonieBot: Bot flag request|bot flag request]] for issues siclike this. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:44, 9 November 2026 (UTC) == Barnstars == There isnae ony barnstar templates here, an A think we sud mak ane. Sud we uise the Inglis version, or owerset it tae Scots, e.g. "Bernstarn" or summat. (Nae idea gin "bernstarn" is guid Scots, acause ma Scots in general isnae vera guid). [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 15:49, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :A had tae luik up whit a [[:en:Barnstar|barnstar]] actually wis tae think whit it'd be in Scots, A've anely ever seen it on Wikipedia! It's gey American, an ither Wikipedias seem tae owerset it, sae we coud caw it somethin mair local. Braw idea, we should tak it up at the [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]]. A gree we should hae mair things lik that, wi airticles an aw, the noo they're aither guid or broken. :Yer Scots seems guid btw, it's hard tae get intae writin it formally whan we aw maistly spik it. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 16:08, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::A'm American an A'v ne'er seen them ootside Wikipedia an aw. They're maistly a rural American thing. Sae aye, A think ye'r richt that we sud owerset it. Afore A pit a proposal on the Mercat Cross, whit owerset(s) of "barnstar" dae ye think are the best? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:18, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :::[[Uiser_collogue:Cobra_3000#A_barnstar_for_you!]] We'v eesed barnstars afore [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 16:35, 9 November 2026 (UTC) 28sjqorox7xzpvbfpz77y3nlyxqcfwj 927395 927393 2026-11-09T16:48:54Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 /* Barnstars */ Replie 927395 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Monospaced, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye faer [[Special:Contributions/Monospaced|yer werks]]. Some gibbles ye'll fynd uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isnae. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|How tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]^{[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]}</span> 23:33, 26 August 2020 (UTC) == Hiiii == Hello, just replying to your message on the talkpage. I will quietly admit I am not fluent in scots but I try my best to appear as though I am [lol] regarding sources, in future I will try my best to add them too my sincere apologies. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. :) Signed Tom ([[Special:Contributions/31.185.199.27|31.185.199.27]] ([[User talk:31.185.199.27|talk]]) 14:20, 11 September 2020 (UTC)) :Hi Tom, if you are interested in improving your Scots in your area of expertise, there are fluent Scots speakers willing to help. There is a [https://discord.gg/H7jMBa6 Discord server] which is a good place to start, but if that's not your thing just say and we can help other ways! ☺ (will post this on your own page too in case you miss this) [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 20:05, 11 September 2020 (UTC) : Thanks. My main concern is that it's hard to justify the [[en:Notability|notability]] of articles that aren't sourced. This can lead to articles being deleted if it's difficult to determine their importance, especially if the effort put into an individual article is low. With that in mind I just thought it was important to advise that a smaller number of deeper articles would be more seen to be more valuable, if you need help doing this in Scots then Soothrins comment above is a great place to start. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 20:10, 11 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Editathon!== Just a wee note to invite you to the next [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon September 2020|Editathon - 29th & 30th September]] - where we'll be focussing on places in Scotland. Training will take place at 12 noon and 6pm on the 29th - any questions or requests, please let us know! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:27, 23 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Scots Wiki editathon - 14 & 15 November== Hey there, as you attended one of our previous editathons, thought you might like to know about the next one! 14 & 15 November, details [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020|on the event page]], the theme is '''Weemin an Minorities fae Scotland an Ulster.''' :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:39, 10 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next editathon== Hey there, as a previous attendee of a Scots Wiki editathon, I thought you might like to know about the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|December event, Sat 12 & Sun 13th.]] In addition to the usual wiki support, this month I'm really excited to say that we'll have '''language support in place from the Scots Language Centre''', who'll be online between 12-3 on Zoom on Saturday with us to help with any of your queries. * [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-tickets-131613729207 Eventbrite link to sign up to Saturday Zoom session] * [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|On-wiki event page]] Hope to see you there! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:53, 8 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == {{en}} Sunday 13th December - extra zoom session with the Scots Language Centre! == We've added another session for the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|editathon this weekend,]] with the folks from the SLC. Join us on Zoom for editing 12-3 on Sunday now too; we can help with wiki and language queries :) [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-sunday-13th-tickets-132517919665 Book your place on Eventbrite here.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:26, 11 Dizember 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} January editathon== Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 30 & Sun 31 January. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, then folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-saturday-30th-tickets-137925028473 Saturday (15:00-17:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-sunday-31st-tickets-137925646321 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. Feedback last time was that the language support was really helpful (and fun!), and we'd love to see you. We're looking mainly at improving articles to do with politics, particularly articles about politicians. More info, article lists, and sign up details on the event page: [[wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:06, 27 Januar 2021 (UTC) ==Mairch editathon== {{en}}Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 20 & Sun 11 march, we'll be looking at Scots & Irish media & art. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, or just want to come and edit socially, then myself and folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-saturday-20th-tickets-145533926893 Saturday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-sunday-21st-tickets-145534247853 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. More info, article lists, and dashboard sign up details on the event page: [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:42, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == {{en}} Next Editathon == Heya, heads up that the next Editathon will take place this weekend (5 & 6 June), we're looking at Scots in STEM as a starting point. More info on the event page [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|here.]] Hope to see ou at the Zoom sessions! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:17, 3 Juin 2021 (UTC) == History preservation == Hey Gin yer gauna be shiftin a page bit canna acause the tairget haes history (as wis fit happent wi anthropology), please tag the tairget fur deletion wi <nowiki>{{delete|explanation}}</nowiki> insteid ae copyin ower the text. Iss is sae we kin keep the editin history preserved, fit is required bi oor CC-by-SA license. A'v sortit it noo An a dae appreciate aa the wirk ye'v pit in the day [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:18, 8 November 2026 (UTC) :Sorry! A realised efter but coudnae pit it richt masel. Thanks for takin the time tae redd it up. A'll tag the page for deletion in future. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 15:24, 8 November 2026 (UTC) == Seicont == A'm geyan shuir "seicont" is a hypercorrection aat is rare in actual eese. It's nae got ony hits in the DSL an chackin the Scots Corpus jis hae ae hit fur baith seicont an seicond (the same essay fur baith) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:48, 8 November 2026 (UTC) : Guid catch! A've been gaun wi a convention frae here, but it's no weel attestit at aw. The dictionars hae every spellin but that ane, yet it's aw ower the wiki. :* [https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/second SND: SECOND] (secont, saicont, seecond an ither variations, but nae seicont) :* [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=seicont&fulltext=1 Search for "seicont"] (2,679 hits) :* [[MediaWiki:Seconds]] (the site's interface uises "seicont") :* [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle/MediaWiki/Time]] (the 2020 review o the interface wordin) : [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 00:57, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::Aat's easy eneuch ti explain: the OSD, the dictionair aat ootricht maks ap wirds an disna gie proper exemples, pits "seicont" as the ainly hit fur second. A keep meanin ti gang throw an tak oot aa the bad spellins bit lik ye seyed abeen, 2,679 hits an maist fowks aat edit focus on ither stuff [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:19, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :::Aye, as ye micht hae guessed, A'm gaun aboot ma recent chynges wi a semi-automated approach. A ken that's got its doonsides, but we're years oan wi monie decent airticles an mair bad yins. A'm luikin at makkin a bot tae sort oot agreed, simple problems like this spellin ane. A wis aboot for the auld cleanup, sae A ken fine weel the trouble the OSD caused, an wi fowk aye reachin for the "maist Scots" wirds an aw (still daein it masel cause A'm tryin tae keep a kinna consistency). [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 09:15, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::: A've pit in a [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross#BroonieBot: Bot flag request|bot flag request]] for issues siclike this. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:44, 9 November 2026 (UTC) == Barnstars == There isnae ony barnstar templates here, an A think we sud mak ane. Sud we uise the Inglis version, or owerset it tae Scots, e.g. "Bernstarn" or summat. (Nae idea gin "bernstarn" is guid Scots, acause ma Scots in general isnae vera guid). [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 15:49, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :A had tae luik up whit a [[:en:Barnstar|barnstar]] actually wis tae think whit it'd be in Scots, A've anely ever seen it on Wikipedia! It's gey American, an ither Wikipedias seem tae owerset it, sae we coud caw it somethin mair local. Braw idea, we should tak it up at the [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]]. A gree we should hae mair things lik that, wi airticles an aw, the noo they're aither guid or broken. :Yer Scots seems guid btw, it's hard tae get intae writin it formally whan we aw maistly spik it. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 16:08, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::A'm American an A'v ne'er seen them ootside Wikipedia an aw. They're maistly a rural American thing. Sae aye, A think ye'r richt that we sud owerset it. Afore A pit a proposal on the Mercat Cross, whit owerset(s) of "barnstar" dae ye think are the best? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:18, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :::[[Uiser_collogue:Cobra_3000#A_barnstar_for_you!]] We'v eesed barnstars afore [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 16:35, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::::Thanks, A didnae ken. We sud make Category:Bernstern awairds actually exist, but. Create a wee bit mair templates an aw, acause jist ane template fur iss is a wee bit lackin. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:48, 9 November 2026 (UTC) hge1qg6tffmhkr0nd7vwpje1bpo1dnn 0 222995 927532 835987 2026-11-10T00:00:41Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 addit stub tag, impruived citations, Youtube isnae a reliable soorce 927532 wikitext text/x-wiki Rauma (Rauman giäl) is a byleid o Finnish spak in the ceety o [[Rauma, Finland|Rauma]]. The byleid is a guid wheen sindert frae ither byleids o Finnish, the Rauma byleid haes mony wirds frae the Swadish leid an the Estoonie leid. Fowk frae Rauma cry thair byleid "Rauman giäl" whilk means "leid o rauma" an sum fowk cry the byleid hits awn leid, forby acause the byleid is screivit in the mudern day some fowk sae thit it is a leid an nae a byleid o finnish.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kulttuuri|title=Raumalaisten erikoinen "giäl"|url=https://yle.fi/aihe/a/20-168018|url-status=live|access-date=2026-11-09|website=yle.fi|publisher=|language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rauman seutu|url=https://www.satakunnankansa.fi/aihe/rauman-seutu/|access-date=2026-11-09|website=Satakunnan Kansa|language=fi}}</ref> == Fremmit airtins == [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2j8f0FoNVc&list=PL5JcaLvrxDXVgqcnAgJGuTCsAsxMOqzdc Sangs in the Rauma byleid] == Soorces == {{Reflist}}{{Stub/Finland}} 4ie2k7kh6vohgoyotcge8lrellkw1o4 0 225386 927536 926968 2026-11-10T00:04:54Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin an grammar fixes, lang sentences split 927536 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''LGBT richts muivement''', also cried the '''gay richts muivement''' or the '''gay liberation muivement''', is a civil richts muivement that argues for equal richts for [[gay]] men, [[lesbian]]s, [[bisexual]] an [[transgender]] fowk (the ''[[LGBT]] commonty''). It seeks tae dae awa wi sodomy laws that ban homosexual acts atween consentin adults, an it caws for an end tae discrimination against LGBT fowk in employment, credit, hoosin an ither pairts o life. == Afore the 20t century == Releegious teachin against sexual relations atween fowk o the same sex (maistly men) meant that sic behaviour wis lang punished. Even sae, maist legal codes in Europe said naethin aboot it. The courts o monie maistly [[Muslim]] kintras applied [[Islamic law]] in a wide range o cases, an same-sex intimacy wis makkit a crime in thae kintras, wi hivy punishments that includit execution. Stairtin in the 16t century, lawmakers in [[Breetain]] begoud tae class homosexual behaviour as a crime. In the 1530s, in the reign o [[Henry VIII]], [[Ingland]] passed the Buggery Act 1533, that makkit sexual relations atween men a crime punishable bi daith. === The Enlichtenment === ''See an aw: [[Age o Enlichtenment]], [[Scots Enlichtment]]'' The 18t-century writer [[Thomas Cannon]] wrote whit is mibbe the earliest published defence o [[homosexuality]] in [[Inglis leid|Inglis]], ''Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplify'd'' (1749).<ref>{{cite book | title=Closeted writing and lesbian and gay literature: classical, early modern, eighteenth-century | first=David M. | last=Robinson | publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-7546-5550-3 | page=38 }}</ref> The Inglis social reformer [[Jeremy Bentham]] wrote the first kent argument for reformin the law on homosexuality in Ingland aroond 1785.<ref name="Bentham Review">{{cite web |last1=Dabhoiwala |first1=Faramerz |title=Of Sexual Irregularities by Jeremy Bentham – review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jun/26/sexual-irregularities-morality-jeremy-bentham-review |website=The Guardian |access-date=June 28, 2025 |date=June 26, 2014}}</ref> His argument cam frae his utilitarian [[philosophie|philosophy]], that judges the morality o an action bi its net effect on human weel-bein. He argued that homosexuality wis a crime wi nae victim, an sae didna deserve social condemnation or criminal chairges. He saw popular attitudes against homosexuality as an irrational prejudice keepit gaun bi [[releegion]]. But he didna publish his views, for he wis feart o reprisals; his essay wisna published till 1978.<ref>[[Jeremy Bentham|Bentham, Jeremy]], ''Offences Against One's Self'', c1785 ([http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/eresources/exhibitions/sw25/bentham/index.html full text online]).</ref> === Atween the Enlichtenment an the Victorian era === In 1822, August, Duke o Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (the maternal grandfaither o [[Queen Victoria]]) wrote ''Ein Jahr in Arcadia: Kyllenion'' (A Year in Arcadia: Kyllenion), ane o the earliest [[Novelle|novellas]] aboot luve atween fowk o the same sex.<ref name="GM 1822">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUrvQ5oAZ4kC&pg=PA641|title=The Gentleman's Magazine (January—June 1822)|chapter=Obituary: The Duke of Saxe Gotha|date=1822|volume=92|issue=1|page=641|publisher=John Nichols and Son|location=London|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Inquirer 1822">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24EAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA285|title=The Inquirer (1822)|chapter=Obituary: The Duke of Saxe Gotha|date=1822|volume=1|page=285|publisher=Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown|location=London|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Taggerty 612">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwB5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA612|title=Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures|editor1-first=George|editor1-last=Haggerty|editor2-first=Bonnie|editor2-last=Zimmerman|year=2000|chapter=German Literature|page=612|isbn=0-815-34055-9}}</ref> === Victorian era === In Breetain, sodomy wis still a capital crime, punishable bi hingin, till the Offences Against the Person Act 1861. Section 61 o the Act taen awa the daith penalty for homosexuality, but sexual acts atween men war still illegal an punishable bi jile.<ref>[https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/24-25/100/data.pdf "Offences Against the Person Act 1861" (PDF)]</ref> Twa decades efter, in 1885, Pairlament passed an amendment pit forrit bi Henry Du Pré Labouchere that creatit the crime o ''gross indecency'' for sexual relations atween men. This meant that ony kind o sexual behaviour atween men coud be prosecutit (sexual relations atween weemen warna covered bi the law).<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1885 |url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-criminal-law-amendment-act-1885|access-date=October 27, 2021|website=The British Library|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101070618/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-criminal-law-amendment-act-1885 |archive-date= November 1, 2020 }}</ref> In the same wey, in the [[German Empire]] in the early 1870s, whan the kintra wis bringin thegither the civil codes o its different states, the new German penal code includit [[Paragraph 175]]. It makkit sexual relations atween men a crime, wi punishments that includit jile an the loss o civil richts. A secret British society cried the ''Order of Chaeronea'' campaigned for homosexuality tae be legalised. It wis foondit in 1897 bi George Cecil Ives, ane o the earliest campaigners for gay richts,<ref name="Ives">{{cite web |url=https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/taro/uthrc/00060/hrc-00060.html |title=George Cecil Ives: An Inventory of His Papers at the Harry Ransom Center |last=Ives |first=George Cecil |website=Harry Ransom Center |access-date=January 15, 2019 |archive-date=January 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112104119/https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/taro/uthrc/00060/hrc-00060.html |url-status=live }}</ref> an the playwricht [[Oscar Wilde]] wis amang its members.<ref>McKenna, Neil (2003), "The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde: An Intimate Biography". (London: Century) {{ISBN|0-7126-6986-8}}</ref> Afore the end o the 19t century there warna monie muivements for gay richts. But in his 1890s poem ''Two Loves'', [[Lord Alfred Douglas]], Oscar Wilde's luver, cried homosexuality "the love that dare not speak its name".<ref name="Independent 1993" /> This wis makkit weel kent bi Wilde whan he wis on trial for gross indecency. At the trial he descrived "the love that dare not speak its name" as "such a great affection of an elder for a younger man as there was between David and Jonathan, such as [[Plato]] made the very basis of his [[philosophie|philosophy]], and such as you find in the sonnets of [[Michelangelo]] and [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]. ... It is beautiful, it is fine, it is the noblest form of affection. There is nothing unnatural about it. It is intellectual, and it repeatedly exists between an elder and a younger man, when the elder man has intellect, and the younger man has all the joy, hope and glamour of life before him."<ref name="Independent 1993">{{cite news|title=Then & Now: The name of love|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/then-now-the-name-of-love-1494168.html|work=The Independent|date=27 June 1993|language=en|quote='The Love that dare not speak its name' in this century is such a great affection of an elder for a younger man as there was between David and Jonathan, such as Plato made the very basis of his philosophy, and such as you find in the sonnets of Michaelangelo and Shakespeare. ... It is in this century misunderstood, so much misunderstood that it may be described as the 'Love that dare not speak its name', and on account of it I am placed where I am now. It is beautiful, it is fine, it is the noblest form of affection. There is nothing unnatural about it. It is intellectual, and it repeatedly exists between an elder and a younger man, when the elder man has intellect, and the younger man has all the joy, hope and glamour of life before him. ... The world mocks at it and sometimes puts one in the pillory for it.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706114522/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/then-now-the-name-of-love-1494168.html|archive-date=2022-07-06|access-date=2020-10-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[John Addington Symonds]] wis a poet an an early advocate o luve atween men. In 1873 he wrote ''A Problem in Greek Ethics'', a wark o whit wad later be cried gay history.<ref>{{cite book|author=Katz|title=Love Stories|pages=243–244}}</ref> Tho the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' gies the medical writer C.G. Chaddock the credit for bringin the wird ''homosexual'' intae [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] in 1892, Symonds haed awready uised the wird in ''A Problem in Greek Ethics''.<ref>DeJean, "Sex and Philology," p. 132, pointing to the phrase [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_FJETAAAAQAAJ/page/n11 <!-- pg=2 quote="homosexual relations" inauthor:symonds. --> "homosexual relations"] (here as it appears in the later 1908 edition).</ref> Symonds translatit classical poetry on homoerotic themes an wrote poems that drew on the imagery an language o [[Auncient Greece|auncient Greece]], sic as ''Eudiades'', that haes been cried "the most famous of his homoerotic poems".<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Aldrich|title=The Seduction of the Mediterranean: Writing, Art, and Homosexual Fantasy|url=https://archive.org/details/seductionofmedit0000aldr|url-access=registration|publisher=Routledge|year=1993|page=[https://archive.org/details/seductionofmedit0000aldr/page/78 78]}}</ref> The decoded diaries o the Yorkshire landawner [[Anne Lister]] are an earlier example in Inglis.<ref>{{cite web | last = Chafee | first = Ellen | title = Lister, Anne (1791–1840) | work = glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture | year = 2002 | url = http://www.glbtq.com/literature/lister_a.html | accessdate = 16 March 2007 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070311020637/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/lister_a.html| archivedate= 11 March 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> Anither freend o Ives wis the Inglis [[socialism|socialist]] poet [[Edward Carpenter]]. Carpenter thocht that homosexuality wis inborn an naitural, an that it shoudna be seen as a [[sin]] or a crime.<ref name="WWiH">Warren Allen Smith: ''Who's Who in Hell, A Handbook and International Directory for Humanists, Freethinkers, Naturalists, Rationalists, and Non-Theists'', Barricade Books, New York, 2000, p. 186; {{ISBN|978-1-56980-158-1}}.</ref> His 1908 buik on the subject, ''The Intermediate Sex'', becam a foondin text o the LGBT muivements o the 20t century.<ref>Flood, M. (2007) ''International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities'', Routledge: Abingdon, p. 315</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bremer |first1=John |title=C.S. Lewis, Poetry, and the Great War: 1914-1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/cslewispoetrygre0000brem |date=2012 |publisher=Lexington Books |location=Plymouth, UK |isbn=978-0-7391-7152-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cslewispoetrygre0000brem/page/47 47]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Regeneration|last=Barker|first=Pat|publisher=Dutton|year=1992|isbn=0525934278|location=New York, United States|pages=[https://archive.org/details/regeneration00bark_1/page/53 53–4]|via=|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/regeneration00bark_1/page/53}}</ref> The Scots [[anarchism|anarchist]] John Henry Mackay wrote in defence o same-sex luve, androgyny an pederasty.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/RichardStraussAndJohnHenryMackay "Richard Strauss and John Henry Mackay" by Hubert Kennedy. Thamyris 2.]</ref> Gay men an lesbians war gien a voice in 1897 wi the foondin o the ''Wissenschaftlich-Humanitäres Komitee'' (Scientific-Humanitarian Committee; WHK) bi [[Magnus Hirschfeld]] in the [[German Empire]]. It wis foondit in [[Berlin]] on 15 Mey 1897, fower days afore Wilde wis lowsed frae jile. It campaigned in public against Paragraph 175.<ref name="trans clinic">{{cite web |last1=Schillace |first1=Brandy |title=The Forgotten History of the World's First Trans Clinic |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-forgotten-history-of-the-worlds-first-trans-clinic/ |website=Scientific American |access-date=June 28, 2025 |language=en |date=August 1, 2021 |archive-date=June 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627021743/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-forgotten-history-of-the-worlds-first-trans-clinic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Atween the weirs == Magnus Hirschfeld based the WHK in his ''Institut für Sexualwissenschaft'' (Institute for [[Sexology|Sexual Science]]) frae the time it appent in 1919. The Institute makkit the first pro-gay film in the warld, ''Anders als die Anderen'' (Different frae the Ithers),<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Lichti|first1=James Irvin|title=Houses on the Sand?: Pacifist Denominations in Nazi Germany|date=2008|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-0-8204-6731-3|page=175|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SYbwl3ML4jIC&pg=PA175|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book|last1=Baer|first1=Marc David|title=German, Jew, Muslim, Gay: The Life and Times of Hugo Marcus|date=2020|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-55178-6|page=41|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h2KvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT41|language=en}}</ref> tae back its main wark, a petition caain for Paragraph 175 tae be owerturned (submittit in 1898, 1922 an 1925). The Committee published [[leeteratur|literature]] on emancipation, sponsored rallies, an campaigned for legal reform throu [[Germany]], an in the [[Netherlands]] an [[Austrick]] an aw. Bi 1922 it haed some 25 local chapters. Hirschfeld's Institute cam decades afore ither scientific centres (sic as the Kinsey Institute in the U.S.) that specialised in [[sexology]] an sex research. He helped sponsor the World League for Sexual Reform an aw, that wis set up in 1928 at a conference in [[Copenhagen]]. Despite Paragraph 175, an the WHK's failure tae get it repealed, homosexual men an weemen haed some freedom in Germany. This wis especially sae in [[Weimar Germany|the Weimar period]], atween the end o the [[First Warld Weir]] an the [[Nazi]] seizure o pouer. In monie o the bigger German cities, gay nichtlife wis tholed, an the nummer o gay publications grew. Accordin tae some historians, the nummer o gay bars an periodicals in Berlin in the 1920s wis mair nor in [[New York Ceety|New York]] sax decades later. But [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]'s seizure o pouer in 1933 an the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi era]] pit an end tae this. Hitler ordered Paragraph 175 tae be enforced again, an on 6 Mey 1933 German students raided an ransacked Hirschfeld's archives an brunt the Institute's warks in public. ''Anders als die Anderen'' still survives in pairt acause o Hirschfeld's efforts tae save the film.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ootwith Germany, ither groups war set up an aw. For example, in 1914 the British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology wis foondit bi Havelock Ellis an ithers, for promotion an education baith. In the [[Unitit States]] in 1924, Henry Gerber, a German immigrant, foondit the Society for Human Rights in [[Chicago]], that wis chartered bi the state o [[Illinois]]<ref name="when">Bullough, Vern, "[http://hnn.us/articles/11316.html When Did the Gay Rights Movement Begin?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412103055/http://hnn.us/articles/11316.html |date=April 12, 2020 }}", April 18, 2005</ref> an quickly suppressed. Despite sic groups bein set up, political activity bi gay fowk wis aften no very visible. Gay fowk war aften harassed bi the polis whauriver they gaithered. [[Warld Weir II]] an its efterma begoud tae chynge that. The weir brocht monie young fowk tae the cities, an makkit the gay commonty mair visible. In the U.S., mair visibility brocht a backlash, especially frae the government an the polis. Civil servants war aften sacked, the military tried tae purge gay sodgers frae its ranks (a policy brocht in durin Warld Weir II), an polis vice squads aften raided gay bars an arrestit their customers. But there wis mair political activity an aw, aimed in lairge meisure at decriminalisin sodomy. == 1945–1970s == The ''Cultuur en Ontspannings Centrum'' (Centre for Culture an Recreation) wis foondit in 1946 in [[Amsterdam]]. In the Unitit States, the first major organisation for gay men, foondit in 1950–51 bi Harry Hay in [[Los Angeles]], wis the [[Mattachine Society]]. Its nem is said tae come frae a medieval French society o masked players, the ''société mattachine'', an stood for the public maskin o homosexuality (''the closet'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Mattachine Society |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/mattachine-society.htm |website=www.nps.gov |access-date=June 30, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The Daughters of Bilitis, foondit in 1955 bi Phyllis Lyon an Del Martin in [[San Francisco]], wis a leadin group for weemen. The Unitit States saw a naitional gay periodical, ''ONE'', published an aw, an in 1958 it won a Supreme Court rulin that let it send the magazine throu the post. In Breetain, a committee chaired bi Sir John Wolfenden published a groondbreakin report in 1957, the [[Wolfenden Report]], that recommendit that private homosexual relations atween consentin adults shoud be taen oot o the criminal law.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wolfenden Report, 'Report of the Departmental Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution in Great Britain' |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org/resources/wolfenden-report-report-of-the-departmental-committee-on-homosexual-offences-and-prostitution-in-great-britain/ |website=Human Dignity Trust |access-date=June 30, 2025 |language=en |date=September 4, 1957}}</ref> === ''Gay liberation'' era (1960s–1970s) === The recommendation wis brocht in for [[Ingland]] an [[Wales]] bi Pairlament in the [[Sexual Offences Act 1967]], that in effect decriminalised homosexual relations atween men aged 21 or ower. Laws in [[Scotland]] ([[Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980|in 1980]]) an [[Norlin Airlan]] ([[Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982|in 1982]], efter a legal case the year afore) did the same there. Later laws lowered the [[age o consent]] for gay men first tae 18 (in 1994) an then tae 16 (in 2000), the latter makkin the age o consent the same for same-sex an opposite-sex relations. The gay richts muivement wis stairtin tae win victories for legal reform, especially in [[Wastren Europe]], but mibbe the single definin event o gay activism happened in the Unitit States. In the early hours o 28 Juin 1969, the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York's Greenwich Village, wis raided bi the polis. Near 400 fowk jyned a riot that lastit 45 minutes an stairtit again on the follaein nichts.<ref name="when" /> The [[Stonewall riots]] cam tae be mindit ilka year in Juin wi gay pride events aw ower the warld. Breetain's first LGBT richts organisation wis the Scottish Minorities Group (later ''Outright Scotland''), set up in [[Glesca]] in 1969 bi [[Ian Dunn]]. The SMG campaigned for reform o the law for gay men, an providit safe places for LGBT fowk tae gaither. Dunn later co-foondit the Paedophile Information Exchange (a pro-[[Paedophilia|paedophile]] group that argued against [[age o consent]] laws) as a special interest group within the SMG.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/library-set-up-tribute-to-paedophile-campaigner-ian-dunn-tnwmxz6gt|title=Library set up tribute to paedophile campaigner Ian Dunn|first=Marc|last=Horne|date=10 January 2019|work=The Times|access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref> Elsewhaur in Breetain, the first meetin o the [[Gay Liberation Front]] (GLF) wis in 1971.<ref>Lucas, Ian (1998), ''OutRage!: an oral history'', Cassell, ISBN 978-0-304-33358-5</ref> The same year, ''Gay News'' magazine (co-foondit bi Dunn<ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-ian-dunn-1151494.html|title=Obituary: Ian Dunn|date=21 March 1998|website=The Independent}}</ref>) wis first published, an it ran till 1983, wi a circulation o 18,000 at its heicht.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Downing |first1=John D. H. |title=Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media |date=2011 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-7619-2688-7 |page=214 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iwPX23VameIC&pg=PA214 |language=en}}</ref> Post tae the magazine frae owerseas wis aften intercepted bi {{lang|en|HM Customs and Excise}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vincent |first1=John |title=LGBT People and the UK Cultural Sector: The Response of Libraries, Museums, Archives and Heritage since 1950 |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-10549-7 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ajkfDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 |language=en}}</ref> In 1974, Dunn, alang wi the lawyer Derek Ogg, convened the International Gay Rights Congress in [[Embro]], the first internaitional conference o gay richts muivements efter the weir.<ref name="autogenerated3" /> The Congress led tae the foondin o the International Gay Association (IGA)<ref name="autogenerated3" /><!-- Name at foondin --> in 1978 in [[Coventry]], Ingland. Nou based in [[Brussels]], it plays a signeeficant role in co-ordinatin internaitional efforts tae promote human richts an fecht discrimination against [[LGBT]] fowk. The first openly gay government officials in the Unitit States war Jerry DeGrieck an Nancy Wechsler, in Ann Arbor, [[Michigan]]. They war baith electit in 1972 an cam oot while servin on the city cooncil. Wechsler wis replaced on the cooncil in 1974 bi Kathy Kozachenko, that stood openly as a [[lesbian]], makkin her the first openly gay person tae win office efter comin oot. In 1977 the American gay richts activist [[Harvey Milk]] wis electit tae the governin body o [[San Francisco]], the Board of Supervisors. Milk wis assassinatit the follaein year. == 1980s == The [[HIV/AIDS]] pandemic o the [[1980s]], seen at the time as a gay disease,<ref>Altman, Lawrence K (May 11, 1982). "[https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/11/science/new-homosexual-disorder-worries-health-officials.html?pagewanted=all New Homosexual Disorder Worries Health Officials]". ''New York Times''. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Block|first1=Melissa|title=Remembering the Early Days of 'Gay Cancer' Interview with Joe Wright|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391495|work=NPR. Retrieved May 11, 2017.|date=May 8, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/12/01/a-disturbing-new-glimpse-at-the-reagan-administrations-indifference-to-aids/|title=A disturbing new glimpse at the Reagan administration's indifference to AIDS|last=Gibson|first=Caitlin|date=December 1, 2015|website=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=February 16, 2017|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDTBbgRbcwYC&pg=PA10|first=Mirko D.|last=Grmek|authorlink=Mirko Grmek|title=History of AIDS: Emergence and Origin of a Modern Pandemic|publisher=Princeton University Press|date=21 Jun 1993|page=10|isbn=0691024774}}</ref><ref>VerMeulen, Michael (May 31, 1982) "The Gay Plague". ''New York Magazine'', pp. 52-78.</ref> wis ane o the maist important gay richts issues o the time; this includit promotin the prevention o the disease an fundin for research. In the 1980s, gay political organisations multiplied, especially in the Unitit States an Europe, an spread tae ither pairts o the warld, tho their size, strength, success an the tolerance they got frae the authorities varied a lot. The Human Rights Campaign an ACT UP in the Unitit States, an monie seemilar organisations aroond the warld, begoud tae campaign for legal an social chynge. In 1981, the bairns' buik ''Jenny Lives with Eric and Martin'' wis published bi the [[Denmark|Dens]] writer Susanne Bösche. At the time, the British press condemned the buik as ''homosexual propaganda'', an it led tae the passin o [[Section 28|Section 28 o the Local Government Act 1988]], that banned the "promotion of homosexuality" as "a pretended family relationship".<ref>Mars‐Jones, Adam. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03064228808534518 "The book that launched clause 28."] ''Index on Censorship'' 17.8 (1988): 37-40.</ref> Efter the Act wis passed, the UK's best-kent LGBT richts organisation, Stonewall, wis co-foondit bi Sir [[Ian McKellen]] an 13 ithers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levine |first1=Nick |title=British Icon of the Week: Sir Ian McKellen, Beloved Actor and Tireless LGBTQ Activist |url=https://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2020/06/british-icon-of-the-week-sir-ian-mckellen-beloved-actor-and-tireless-lgbtq-activist |work=BBC America |date=June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Stonewall at 30: How the LGBT+ charity fought for equality in the UK |url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2019/05/23/stonewall-at-30-uk-lgbt-charity/ |access-date=11 October 2020 |work=PinkNews - Gay news, reviews and comment from the world's most read lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans news service |date=23 May 2019}}</ref> In the Unitit States, gay activists won support frae the [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democrats]] in 1980, whan the pairty addit sexual orientation tae the nondiscrimination clause in its platform. This support, alang wi campaigns bi gay activists urgin gay men an weemen tae ''come oot o the closet'', encouraged gay men an weemen tae enter politics as candidates. In 1983 Gerry Studds, a sittin representative frae [[Massachusetts]], becam the first member o the Unitit States Congress tae announce he wis gay. Barney Frank, anither member o the U.S. Hoose o Representatives frae Massachusetts, cam oot while servin in Congress in the 1980s an aw; Frank wis a pouerfu member o that body an o the Democratic Pairty intae the 21st century. {{lang|en|National Coming Out Day}} stairtit on 11 October 1988 an is nou mairked aroond the warld. The issues that gay richts groups pit the maist wecht on haes varied syne the 1970s wi time an place, wi different naitional organisations promotin policies for their ain kintra's situation. For example, while in some kintras, especially in [[Scandinavie]], anti-sodomy laws never existit or war struck doon early, in ither kintras the situation wis mair complicatit. In the Unitit States, wi its strang federal tradeetion, the fecht tae repeal sodomy laws wis at first focht at state level. In 1986 the Supreme Court upheld [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgia]]'s anti-sodomy law (''Bowers v. Hardwick''); 17 year later the Supreme Court reversed itsel (''Lawrence v. Texas''), owerturnin the anti-sodomy law in [[Texas]] an in 12 ither states. == 1990s tae the present == On 10 Mey 1990, OutRage! wis set up in the [[Unitit Kinrick]] efter the murder o the gay actor Michael Boothe.<ref name="Robinson2007">{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Lucy|year=2007|title=Gay men and the left in post-war Britain: how the personal got political|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-7434-9|url=https://books.google.com/?id=F_RmSjy3K0EC|page=175|ref=harv}}</ref> Tammy Baldwin, frae [[Wisconsin]], becam the first openly gay politeecian tae be electit tae baith the Hoose o Representatives (1998) an the Senate (2012). In 2009 Annise Parker wis electit mayor o [[Houston]], America's fowert-biggest city, makkin it the biggest U.S. city tae elect an openly gay politeecian as mayor. Ootwith the Unitit States, openly gay politeecians haed successes an aw. In [[Canadae]] in 1998, Glen Murray becam Mayor o [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], the first openly gay politeecian tae lead a lairge city. Lairge cities in Europe war guid groond for openly gay politeecians an aw: for example, Bertrand Delanoë in [[Pairis]] an Klaus Wowereit in Berlin war baith electit mayor in 2001. At local an naitional level, the nummer o openly gay politeecians grew a lot in the [[1990s]] an [[2000s (decade)|2000s]], an in 2009 [[Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir]] becam Prime Meenister o [[Iceland]], the warld's first openly gay [[heid o govrenment|heid o government]]. She wis follaed bi [[Elio Di Rupo]], that becam Prime Meenister o [[Belgium]] in 2011. In [[Africa]], [[Asie]] an [[Laitin Americae]], openly gay politeecians haena haed muckle success in winnin office. Notable elections tae naitional legislatures include Patria Jiménez Flores in [[Mexico]] (1997), Mike Waters in [[Sooth Africae]] (1999) an Clodovil Hernandes in [[Brazil]] (2006). Ither issues o main importance tae the gay richts muivement include lobbyin governments for nondiscrimination policies in employment, hoosin an ither pairts o civil society. Ithers are endin the ban on gay an lesbian fowk servin in the military, widenin hate crime laws tae protect LGBT fowk, an winnin [[Same-sex mairage|mairriage richts for same-sex couples]]. In Januar 2000, Breetain owerturned its ban on gay fowk servin in the airmed forces.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brigadier quits over gays in military |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/620178.stm |access-date=11 October 2020 |work=BBC News |date=27 January 2000 |language=en}}</ref> [[Same-sex mairage|Same-sex mairriage]] is legal in aa pairts o the UK; it haes been recognised an performed in [[Ingland]] an [[Wales]] syne Mairch 2014,<ref name="Marriages Start ENG + W, BBC">{{cite news|title=Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-26793127|accessdate=29 March 2014|work=[[BBC News]]|date=29 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308042939/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-26793127|archivedate=8 March 2016}}</ref> in Scotland syne December 2014,<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-29595701|title=Date set for first same-sex marriages in Scotland|publisher=BBC News|date=13 October 2014|accessdate=29 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107164402/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-29595701|archivedate=7 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/same-sex-marriage-becomes-legal-in-scotland-1-3635305|title=Same-sex marriage becomes legal in Scotland|publisher=[[The Scotsman]]|first=Scott |last=Macnab|date=16 December 2014|accessdate=29 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102172416/http://www.scotsman.com/news/same-sex-marriage-becomes-legal-in-scotland-1-3635305|archivedate=2 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="BBC News2">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-30637608|title=First same-sex weddings take place in Scotland|publisher=BBC News|date=31 December 2014|accessdate=29 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070014/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-30637608|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> an in [[Norlin Airlan]] syne Januar 2020.<ref name=legalrecognitionNI>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-51086276|title=Same-sex marriage now legal in Northern Ireland|work=BBC News|date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=nifirstmarriage>{{Cite news|last=Media|first=P. A.|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/feb/11/first-same-sex-marriage-northern-ireland-belfast-robyn-peoples-sharni-edwards|title=First same-sex marriage takes place in Northern Ireland|date=2020-02-11|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-02-11|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Same-sex mairriage wis later legalised in 9 o the 14 [[Breetish Owerseas Territories]] an in aa the [[Croun dependencies]].<ref>[https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2020-02-10/14718 British Overseas Territories: Civil Partnerships: Question for Foreign and Commonwealth Office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626211107/https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2020-02-10/14718 |date=2022-06-26 }}. UIN 14718, tabled on 10 February 2020. Answered oan 13 Februar 2020. (access via Hansard)</ref> In 2010, [[Preses o the Unitit States]] [[Barack Obama]] signed a law that repealed the U.S. military's ''Don't Ask, Don't Tell'' (DADT) policy, brocht in bi the umwhile Preses [[Bill Clinton]] in 1993.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/19/bill-clinton-dont-ask-dont-tell_n_3623245.html|title=On This Day In 1993, Bill Clinton Announced 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell'|last=Klapper|first=Ethan|date=July 19, 2013|work=HuffPost|access-date=January 28, 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> DADT let gay an lesbian fowk serve in the military as lang as they didna disclose their sexual orientation or tak pairt in gay sexual activity; the repeal in effect endit the ban on homosexuals in the military. In 2015 the Supreme Court recognised the richt o same-sex couples tae mairy (''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]''),<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/gay-marriage-and-other-major-rulings-at-the-supreme-court/2015/06/25/ef75a120-1b6d-11e5-bd7f-4611a60dd8e5_story.html | title=Supreme Court rules gay couples nationwide have a right to marry | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=June 26, 2015 | access-date=July 10, 2016 | author=Barnes, Robert | archive-date=July 28, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728140430/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/gay-marriage-and-other-major-rulings-at-the-supreme-court/2015/06/25/ef75a120-1b6d-11e5-bd7f-4611a60dd8e5_story.html | url-status=live }}</ref> an in 2020 the court decidit that sackin an employee for bein gay, lesbian or transgender broke Title VII o the Civil Rights Act (1964), that bans discrimination on the grounds o sex (''Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia''). == Scotland == In [[Scotland]], homosexual acts war legalised, on the same basis as the 1967 Act in Ingland an Wales, bi Section 80 o the [[Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1980/62/contents|work=legislation.gov.uk|publisher=Crown|access-date=18 July 2013|year=1980}}</ref> that cam intae force on 1 Februar 1981.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1980/dec/17/the-criminal-justice-scotlandact-1980|title=THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE (SCOTLAND)ACT 1980 |website=Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)|language=en-GB|date=17 December 1980|access-date=2017-09-04}}</ref> [[Section 28|Section 2A]], the law against the "promotion of homosexuality", wis repealed in Scotland in the first twa year o the [[Scottish Pairlament]], bi the ''Ethical Standards in Public Life etc. (Scotland) Act 2000''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethical Standards in Public Life etc. (Scotland) Act 2000|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/acts2000/asp_20000007_en_6#pt6-l1g34|work=legislation.gov.uk|publisher=Crown|access-date=18 July 2013|year=2000}}</ref> Civil pairtnerships war legalised in 2005, adoption richts follaed in 2009, an same-sex mairriage in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/scottish-politics-lgbt-leadership/|title=How Scotland Became the Most LGBT Friendly Country in the World|first=Owen|last=Duffy|date=18 April 2016}}</ref> In Juin 2018 the Scottish Pairlament passed a law that gied a formal pardon tae men, livin an deid, convictit o haein consensual sex wi ither men afore it wis decriminalised.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/06/06/617635743/decades-after-massive-injustice-repealed-scotland-will-offer-pardons-to-gay-men|title=Decades After 'Massive Injustice' Repealed, Scotland Will Offer Pardons To Gay Men|work=National Public Radio|date=6 June 2018}}</ref> In 2015 an 2016, Scotland wis named the "best country in Europe for LGBTI legal equality".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.stv.tv/scotland/1320036-scotland-named-best-country-in-europe-for-lgbti-legal-equality/ |title=Scotland named best country in Europe for LGBTI legal equality |work=STV News |date=10 May 2015 |access-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072311/http://news.stv.tv/scotland/1320036-scotland-named-best-country-in-europe-for-lgbti-legal-equality/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/scotland-tops-in-europe-for-gay-equality-and-human-rights-1-4124493/ |title=Scotland tops in Europe for gay equality and human rights |work=[[The Scotsman]] |date=10 May 2016 |access-date=11 May 2016}}</ref> == References == [https://www.britannica.com/topic/gay-rights-movement "Gay Rights Movement"], ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', unless itherwise stated ablow: {{reflist}} [[Category:Ceevil richts an liberties]] shi1vj3m02tegppmly3tfu1x7wbgtkl 0 227883 927535 926730 2026-11-10T00:02:49Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin an grammar fixes, lang sentences split, Drunk Man year 927535 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:PG 1063Burns Naysmith.jpg|thumb|1787 portrait o [[Robert Burns]] bi [[Alexander Nasmyth]]]] '''Scots literature''' is literature, takin in poetry, prose an drama, written in the [[Scots leid]] in its monie forms an aff-shoots. [[Middle Scots leid|Middle Scots]] becam the main leid o Scotland in the late Middle Ages. The first major text in Scots literature that survives is [[John Barbour]]'s ''[[The Brus|Brus]]'' (1375). Some ballads micht gang back tae the thirteent century, but they werenae written doun till the aichteent century. In the early fifteent yearhunner, Scots historical warks includit [[Andra o Wyntoun]]'s verse ''Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland'' an [[Blind Harry]]'s ''The Wallace''. Muckle o Middle Scots literature wis makkit bi [[Makar|makars]], poets wi links tae the royal court, amang them [[James I o Scotland|James I]], that wrote the lang poem ''The Kingis Quair''. Writers sic as [[William Dunbar]], [[Robert Henryson]], [[Walter Kennedy]] an [[Gavin Douglas]] hae been seen as makin a gowden age in Scots poetry. In the late fifteent century, Scots prose stairtit tae growe as a genre an aw. The first complete wark that survives is John Ireland's ''The Meroure of Wyssdome'' (1490). Thare are prose owersettins o French buiks o chivalry that survive frae the 1450s an aw. The landmark wark in the reign o James IV wis [[Gavin Douglas]]'s version o Virgil's ''Aeneid''. [[James V o Scotland|James V]] backit William Stewart an [[John Bellenden]], that owerset intae verse an prose the Laitin ''History of Scotland'' that Hector Boece pit thegither in 1527. [[David Lyndsay]] wrote elegiac narratives, romances an satires. Frae the 1550s, cultural pursuits were held back bi the want o a royal court, an [[The Kirk|the Kirk]] sair discouraged poetry that wisnae devotional. Even sae, poets o this time includit [[Richard Maitland]] o Lethington, John Rolland an [[Alexander Hume]]. [[Alexander Scott]]'s uise o short verse makkit tae be sung tae muisic appent the wey for the Castalian poets o [[Jamie VI, King o Scots|James VI]]'s adult reign, that includit William Fowler, John Stewart o Baldynneis an [[Alexander Montgomerie]]. Plays in Scots includit Lyndsay's ''[[Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis|The Thrie Estaitis]]'', the anonymous ''The Maner of the Cyring of ane Play'' an ''Philotus''. Efter he cam tae the Inglis throne, James VI mair an mair favoured the leid o the sooth o Ingland. The loss o the court as a centre o patronage in 1603 wis a sair blaw tae [[Scottish leeteratur|Scots literature]]. The poets that follit the king tae London stairtit tae anglicise their written leid, an the anerly important court poet that keepit on warkin in Scotland efter the king left wis [[William Drummond o Hawthornden]]. Efter the [[Acts o Union 1707|Union in 1707]] the uise o Scots wis discouraged. Allan Ramsay (1686–1758) is aften said tae hae led a "vernacular revival", an he laid the foonds o a new interest in aulder Scots literature. He wis pairt o a community o poets warkin in Scots an Inglis that includit William Hamilton o Gilbertfield, Robert Crawford, Alexander Ross, William Hamilton o Bangour, [[Alison Cockburn|Alison Rutherford Cockburn]] an James Thomson. [[Robert Fergusson]] wis important an aw. [[Robert Burns]] is widely regairdit as the naitional poet o Scotland, an he wrote in baith Scots an Inglis. His "[[Auld Lang Syne]]" is aften sung at [[Hogmanay]], an "[[Scots Wha Hae]]" served for a lang time as an unofficial [[Naitional anthem|naitional anthem]]. Scots poetry is aften seen as gaun intae a decline in the nineteent century, wi Scots-leid poetry criticised for its uise o parochial dialect. Conservative an anti-radical Burns clubs sprang up roond Scotland, fu o poets that were fixed on the "Burns stanza" as a form. Scots poetry haes been seen as gaun doun intae infantilism, as in the hivily popular ''Whistle Binkie'' anthologies, leadin on tae the sentimental parochialism o the Kailyard schuil. Poets frae the lower social orders that uised Scots includit the weaver-poet William Thom. [[Walter Scott]], the leadin literary feegur o the early nineteent yearhunner, wrote maistly in Inglis. Scots wis held tae dialogue or narrative pit intae the text, in a model that ither novelists sic as John Galt an [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] wad follae. [[James Hogg]] gied a Scots coonterpairt tae Scott's wark.<ref name=Carruthers2009p58>G. Carruthers, ''Scottish Literature'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), {{ISBN|074863309X}}, p. 58.</ref> But popular Scots newspapers regularly includit articles an commentary in the vernacular. Thare wis an interest in owersettins intae Scots frae ither Germanic leids, sic as Danish, Swedish an German, amang them thae bi Robert Jamieson an Robert Williams Buchanan. In the early twintiet century thare wis a new surge o activity in Scots literature, influenced bi modernism an a resurgent naitionalism, kent as the [[Scots Renaissance]]. The leadin feegur in the movement wis [[Hugh MacDiarmid]], that tried tae revive the Scots leid as a medium for serious literature, developin a form o [[Lallans|Synthetic Scots]] that combined different regional dialects an archaic terms. Ither writers that cam forrit in this time, an that are aften treatit as pairt o the movement, include the poets Edwin Muir an [[William Soutar]]. Some writers that cam forrit efter the Second Warld War follit MacDiarmid bi writin in Scots, amang them [[Robert Garioch]], [[Sydney Goodsir Smith]] an [[Edwin Morgan]]. Morgan becam kent for owersettins o warks frae a wide range o European leids. Alexander Gray is maistly mindit for his owersettins intae Scots frae the German an Danish ballad traditions. Writers that reflectit urban contemporary Scots includit Douglas Dunn, [[Tom Leonard (poet)|Tom Leonard]] an [[Liz Lochhead]]. The Scots Renaissance concentratit mair an mair on the novel. George Blake led the wey in explorin the experiences o the warkin class. Lewis Grassic Gibbon makkit ane o the maist important realisations o the ideas o the Scots Renaissance in his trilogy ''A Scots Quair''. Ither writers that lookit intae the warkin class includit James Barke an J. F. Hendry. Frae the 1980s Scots literature haed anither major revival, specially linked wi a group o Glesga writers that includit [[Alasdair Gray]] an James Kelman. Kelman wis amang the first novelists tae fully uise a warkin-class Scots voice as the main narrator. [[Irvine Welsh]] an Alan Warner baith makkit uise o vernacular leid, includin swearwirds an wirds frae the Scots leid. ==Backgrund== {{Main|Scots leid}} In the late Middle Ages, [[Middle Scots leid|Middle Scots]], that wis aften juist cried Inglis, becam the main leid o the kintra. It cam maistly frae [[Auld Inglis]], wi elements frae Gaelic an French addit. Tho it wis lik the leid spak in the north o Ingland, it becam a distinct dialect frae the late fowerteent century on.<ref name="Wormald1991pp60-7">J. Wormald, ''Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), {{ISBN|0748602763}}, pp. 60–7.</ref> The rulin elite stairtit tae tak it up as they slawly gied up French. Bi the fifteent yearhunner it wis the leid o government, wi acts o pairlament, cooncil records an treasurer's accoonts near aw uisin it frae the reign o [[James I o Scotland|James I]] (1406–1437) on. As a result, Gaelic, that wis aince the main leid north o the Tay, stairtit a steady decline.<ref name="Wormald1991pp60-7"/> ==Development== [[File:Seal of Gavin Douglas.jpg|thumb|The seal o [[Gavin Douglas]] as Bishop o Dunkeld]] The first major text in Scots literature that survives is [[John Barbour]]'s ''[[The Brus|Brus]]'' (1375), makkit unner the patronage o [[Robert II o Scotland|Robert II]]. It tells in epic poetry the story o [[Robert the Bruce|Robert I]]'s deeds frae afore the Inglis invasion till the end o the [[First War o Scots Unthirldom|first war o unthirldom]].<ref>A. A. M. Duncan, ed., ''The Brus'' (Canongate, 1997), {{ISBN|0-86241-681-7}}, p. 3.</ref> The wark wis hivily popular amang the Scots-spikkin aristocracy, an Barbour is cried the faither o Scots poetry, wi a place lik that o his contemporary [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]] in Ingland.<ref>N. Jayapalan, ''History of English Literature'' (Atlantic, 2001), {{ISBN|81-269-0041-5}}, p. 23.</ref> Some Scots ballads micht gang back tae the late medieval era, an deal wi events an fowk that can be traced back as faur as the thirteent century, sic as "Sir Patrick Spens" an "Thomas the Rhymer". But they arenae kent tae hae existit till they were gaithert an recordit in the aichteent century.<ref>E. Lyle, ''Scottish Ballads'' (Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 2001), {{ISBN|0-86241-477-6}}, pp. 9–10.</ref> They were likly makkit an passed on bi wird o mooth. They anerly stairtit tae be written doun an prentit, aften as broadsides an in chapbooks, an later recordit an notit in buiks bi collectors sic as [[Robert Burns]] an [[Walter Scott]].<ref>R. Crawford, ''Scotland's Books: a History of Scottish Literature'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), {{ISBN|0-19-538623-X}}, pp. 216–9.</ref> In the early fifteent yearhunner, Scots historical warks includit [[Andra o Wyntoun]]'s verse ''Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland'' an [[Blind Harry]]'s ''The Wallace'', that blendit historical romance wi the verse chronicle. They were likly influenced bi Scots versions o popular French romances that were makkit at the same time, sic as ''The Buik of Alexander'', ''Launcelot o the Laik'' an ''The Porteous of Noblenes'' bi [[Gilbert Hay (poet)|Gilbert Hay]].<ref name="Wormald1991pp60-7"/> Muckle o Middle Scots literature wis makkit bi [[Makar|makars]], poets wi links tae the royal court, amang them [[James I o Scotland|James I]], that wrote the lang poem ''The Kingis Quair''. Monie o the makars haed been tae the university, sae they were connectit wi the Kirk an aw. But [[William Dunbar]]'s (1460–1513) ''Lament for the Makaris'' (c. 1505) gies evidence o a wider tradition o secular writin ootwith Court an Kirk that is maistly lost nou.<ref>A. Grant, ''Independence and Nationhood, Scotland 1306–1469'' (Baltimore: Edward Arnold, 1984), pp. 102–3.</ref> Writers sic as Dunbar, [[Robert Henryson]], [[Walter Kennedy]] an [[Gavin Douglas]] hae been seen as makin a gowden age in Scots poetry.<ref name="Wormald1991pp60-7"/> Major warks include [[Richard Holland]]'s satire the ''Buke of the Howlat'' (c. 1448).<ref name=Lynch2001pp117-18/> Dunbar makkit satires, lyrics, invectives an dream visions that set up the vernacular as a flexible medium for poetry o ony kind. [[Robert Henryson]] (c. 1450-c. 1505) reworkit medieval an classical soorces, sic as [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]] an Aesop, in warks sic as his ''Testament of Cresseid'' an ''The Morall Fabillis''. [[Gavin Douglas]] (1475–1522), that becam Bishop o Dunkeld, brocht [[Humanism|Humanist]] concerns an classical soorces intae his poetry.<ref name=vanHeijnsbergen2001pp129-30>T. van Heijnsbergen, "Culture: 9 Renaissance and Reformation: poetry to 1603", in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp.&nbsp;129–30.</ref> Muckle o their wark survives in a single collection. The [[Bannatyne Manuscript]] wis pit thegither bi George Bannatyne (1545–1608) aboot 1560, an it hauds the wark o monie Scots poets that wad itherwise be unkent.<ref name=Lynch2001pp117-18>M. Lynch, "Culture: 3 Medieval", in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp.&nbsp;117–8.</ref> In the late fifteent century, Scots prose stairtit tae growe as a genre an aw. Tho thare are earlier fragments o original Scots prose, sic as the ''Auchinleck Chronicle'',<ref>[[Thomas Thomson (advocate)|Thomas Thomson]] ed., ''[https://archive.org/stream/auchinleckchron00thomgoog#page/n1/mode/1up Auchinleck Chronicle]'' (Edinburgh, 1819).</ref> the first complete wark that survives is John Ireland's ''The Meroure of Wyssdome'' (1490).<ref>J. Martin, ''Kingship and Love in Scottish poetry, 1424–1540'' (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008), {{ISBN|0-7546-6273-X}}, p. 111.</ref> Thare are prose owersettins o French buiks o chivalry an aw that survive frae the 1450s, amang them ''The Book of the Law of Armys'' an the ''Order of Knychthode''. Anither is the treatise ''Secreta Secetorum'', an Arabic wark thocht tae be Aristotle's advice tae [[Alexander the Great]].<ref name="Wormald1991pp60-7"/> The landmark wark in the reign o James IV wis [[Gavin Douglas]]'s version o Virgil's ''Aeneid'', the ''[[Eneados]]''. It wis the first complete owersettin o a major classical text in an [[Anglo-Frisie leids|Anglic]] leid, an it wis completit in 1513, but the disaster at Flodden that same year pit it in the shade.<ref name="Wormald1991pp60-7"/> ==Gowden age== [[File:Portrait of James I of England and James VI of Scotland.jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[Jamie VI, King o Scots|James VI]] in 1585, aged 19. He promotit poetry in his native Scots, but gied it up efter he cam tae the Inglis throne in 1603.]] As a patron o poets an authors, [[James V o Scotland|James V]] (r. 1513–42) backit William Stewart an [[John Bellenden]], that owerset intae verse an prose the Laitin ''History of Scotland'' that Hector Boece pit thegither in 1527.<ref name=Brownetalpp256-7/> [[David Lyndsay]] (c. 1486 – 1555), diplomat an heid o the [[Court of the Lord Lyon|Lyon Court]], wis a prolific poet. He wrote elegiac narratives, romances an satires.<ref name=vanHeijnsbergen2001pp129-30/> Frae the 1550s, in the reign o [[Mary, Queen o Scots]] (r. 1542–67) an the minority o her son [[Jamie VI, King o Scots|James VI]] (r. 1567–1625), cultural pursuits were held back bi the want o a royal court an bi political turmoil. The Kirk, hivily influenced bi Calvinism, discouraged poetry that wisnae devotional an aw. Even sae, poets o this time includit [[Richard Maitland]] o Lethington (1496–1586), that wrote meditative an satirical verses in the style o Dunbar, an John Rolland (fl. 1530–75), that wrote allegorical satires in the tradition o Douglas. Anither wis the courtier an meenister [[Alexander Hume]] (c. 1556–1609), whase body o wark includes nature poetry an epistolary verse. [[Alexander Scott]]'s (?1520–82/3) uise o short verse makkit tae be sung tae muisic appent the wey for the Castalian poets o James VI's adult reign.<ref name=vanHeijnsbergen2001pp129-30/> Frae the mid saxteent century, written Scots wis mair an mair influenced bi the Standart Inglis that wis growin in the sooth o Ingland, acause o chynges in royal an political dealins wi Ingland.<ref>J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, "A Brief History of Scots" in J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, eds, ''The Edinburgh Companion to Scots'' (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2003), {{ISBN|0-7486-1596-2}}, p. 10ff.</ref> The Inglis brocht in buiks an haundit oot Bibles an Protestant literature in the [[Scots Lawlands|Lawlands]] whan they invadit in 1547.<ref>J. Wormald, ''Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), {{ISBN|0-7486-0276-3}}, pp.&nbsp;102–4.</ref> As buiks prentit in Ingland grew mair influential an easier tae come bi, maist writin in Scotland cam tae be dune in the Inglis fashion.<ref>J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, "A Brief History of Scots" in J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, eds, ''The Edinburgh Companion to Scots'' (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2003), {{ISBN|0-7486-1596-2}}, p. 11.</ref> [[John Knox]], a leadin feegur o the Scots Reformation, wis accused o bein hostile tae Scots acause he wrote in a Scots-colourt Inglis that he picked up while he wis in exile at the Inglis court.<ref name=Carruthers2009p44>G. Carruthers, ''Scottish Literature'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), {{ISBN|074863309X}}, p. 44.</ref> In the 1580s an 1590s, James VI strangly promotit the literature o the kintra o his birth in Scots. His treatise ''Some Rules and Cautions to be Observed and Eschewed in Scottish Prosody'', published in 1584 whan he wis 18, wis baith a poetic manual an a description o the poetic tradition in his mither tongue. He applied Renaissance principles tae this tradition.<ref>R. D. S. Jack, "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed., ''The History of Scottish Literature'' (Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, {{ISBN|0-08-037728-9}}, pp. 126–7.</ref> He becam patron an member o a lowse circle o Scots Jacobean court poets an musicians, later cried the Castalian Band. It includit William Fowler (c. 1560 – 1612), John Stewart o Baldynneis (c. 1545 – c. 1605) an [[Alexander Montgomerie]] (c. 1550 – 1598).<ref>R. D. S. Jack, ''Alexander Montgomerie'' (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1985), {{ISBN|0-7073-0367-2}}, pp. 1–2.</ref> They owerset key Renaissance texts an makkit poems in French forms, includin sonnets an short sonnets, for narrative, descriptions o nature, satire an meditations on luve. Later poets that follit in this vein includit William Alexander (c. 1567 – 1640), Alexander Craig (c. 1567 – 1627) an Robert Ayton (1570–1627).<ref name=vanHeijnsbergen2001pp129-30/> Bi the late 1590s, the king's championin o his native Scots tradition wis tae some extent weakent bi the prospect o heirin the Inglis throne.<ref>R. D. S. Jack, "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed., ''The History of Scottish Literature'' (Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, {{ISBN|0-08-037728-9}}, p. 137.</ref> In drama, Lyndsay pit on an interlude at [[Lithgae Pailace]] for the king an queen in 1540, thocht tae be a version o his play ''[[Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis|The Thrie Estaitis]]''. It satirised the corruption o kirk an state, an it is the anerly complete play that survives frae afore the Reformation.<ref name=Brownetalpp256-7>I. Brown, T. Owen Clancy, M. Pittock, S. Manning, eds, ''The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), {{ISBN|0-7486-1615-2}}, pp. 256–7.</ref> The anonymous ''The Maner of the Cyring of ane Play'' (afore 1568)<ref name=vanHeijnsbergen2001pp127-8>T. van Heijnsbergen, "Culture: 7 Renaissance and Reformation (1460–1660): literature", in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp.&nbsp;127–8.</ref> an ''Philotus'' (published in London in 1603) are lane examples o plays that survive. The latter is a vernacular Scots comedy o errors, likly makkit tae be performed at court for [[Mary, Queen o Scots]] or James VI.<ref name=Carpenter2011p15>S. Carpenter, "Scottish drama until 1650", in I. Brown, ed., ''The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Drama'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), {{ISBN|0748641076}}, p. 15.</ref> ==Decline== [[File:Attributed to Abraham van Blijenberch - William Drummond of Hawthornden, 1585 - 1649. Poet - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|[[William Drummond o Hawthornden]]]] Efter praisin the virtues o Scots "poesie", James VI, eince he cam tae the Inglis throne, mair an mair favoured the leid o the sooth o Ingland. In 1611 the Kirk teuk up the Inglis Authorised King James Version o the Bible. In 1617, interpreters were declared nae langer needit in the port o London, acause the Scots an the Inglis were nou "not so far different bot ane understandeth ane uther". Jenny Wormald describes James as makin a "three-tier system, with Gaelic at the bottom and English at the top".<ref name=Wormald1991pp192-3>J. Wormald, ''Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), {{ISBN|0748602763}}, pp. 192–3.</ref> The loss o the court as a centre o patronage in 1603 wis a sair blaw tae Scots literature. A nummer o Scots poets, amang them William Alexander, John Murray an Robert Aytoun, gaed wi the king tae London, whaur they keepit on writin,<ref name=Brown2003pp253-4>K. M. Brown, "Scottish identity", in B. Bradshaw and P. Roberts, eds, ''British Consciousness and Identity: The Making of Britain, 1533–1707'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), {{ISBN|0521893615}}, pp. 253–3.</ref> but they suin stairtit tae anglicise their written leid.<ref>M. Spiller, "Poetry after the Union 1603–1660" in C. Cairns, ed., ''The History of Scottish Literature'' (Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, {{ISBN|0-08-037728-9}}, pp. 141–52.</ref> James's role as an active literary participant an patron in the Inglis court makkit him a definin feegur for Inglis Renaissance poetry an drama, that wad reach its heichest pynt in his reign.<ref>N. Rhodes, "Wrapped in the Strong Arm of the Union: Shakespeare and King James" in W. Maley and A. Murphy, eds, ''Shakespeare and Scotland'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), {{ISBN|0-7190-6636-0}}, pp. 38–9.</ref> But his patronage o the heich style in his ain Scots tradition wis maistly pit tae the side.<ref>R. D. S. Jack, "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed., ''The History of Scottish Literature'' (Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, {{ISBN|0-08-037728-9}}, pp. 137–8.</ref> The anerly important court poet that keepit on warkin in Scotland efter the king left wis [[William Drummond o Hawthornden]] (1585–1649).<ref name=vanHeijnsbergen2001pp127-8/> He maistly gied up Scots for a form o court Inglis.<ref>J. Corbett, ''Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots'' (Multilingual Matters, 1999), {{ISBN|1853594318}}, p. 77.</ref> The maist influential Scots literary feegur o the mid seiventeent yearhunner, Thomas Urquhart o Cromarty (1611 – c. 1660), that owerset ''The Works of Rabelais'', wrote maistly in Inglis, anerly uisin Scots nou an again for effect.<ref>J. Corbett, ''Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots'' (Multilingual Matters, 1999), {{ISBN|1853594318}}, p. 89.</ref> In the late seiventeent century it lookit as if Scots micht disappear as a literary leid.<ref>J. Corbett, ''Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots'' (Multilingual Matters, 1999), {{ISBN|1853594318}}, p. 94.</ref> ==Revival== Efter the [[Acts o Union 1707]] that unitit Scotland an Ingland, the uise o Scots wis discouraged bi leadin feegurs in Scots authority an education.<ref>C. Jones, ''A Language Suppressed: The Pronunciation of the Scots Language in the 18th Century'' (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1993), p. vii.</ref> Intellectuals o the [[Scots Enlichtment]] lik [[David Hume]] an [[Adam Smith]] gaed tae great lengths tae get rid o ilka Scotticism frae their writins.<ref>Ian Simpson Ross, [https://books.google.com/books?id=J38Ll9DUsUAC&dq=David+Hume+and+Adam+Smith+Scotticism&pg=PT174 ''The Life of Adam Smith''] (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2nd edn., 2010), {{ISBN|0191613940}}.</ref> Follaein sic examples, monie weel-aff Scots teuk tae learnin Inglis throu the wark o fowk sic as Thomas Sheridan, that in 1761 gied a series o lectures on Inglis elocution. He chairged a guinea a time (aboot £{{formatnum:{{inflation|UK|1.05|1761|r=-2}}}} in the day's money,{{inflation-fn|UK}}), an the lectures were attendit bi ower 300 men, an he wis makkit a freeman o the Ceety o [[Edinburgh]]. Efter this, some o the ceety's intellectuals formed the ''Select Society for Promoting the Reading and Speaking of the English Language in Scotland''. Frae sic aichteent-century activities grew [[Scots Inglis|Scots Standart Inglis]].<ref>J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, "A Brief History of Scots" in J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, eds, ''The Edinburgh Companion to Scots'' (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2003), {{ISBN|0-7486-1596-2}}, p. 13.</ref> Scots bade the vernacular o monie kintra communities an o the growin nummer o urban warkin-class Scots.<ref>J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, "A Brief History of Scots" in J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, eds, ''The Edinburgh Companion to Scots'' (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2003), {{ISBN|0-7486-1596-2}}, p. 14.</ref> [[Image:Allan Ramsay, 1684 - 1758.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Allan Ramsay, that led a vernacular revival in the 18t century]] Allan Ramsay (1686–1758) wis the maist important literary feegur o the era, aften said tae hae led a "vernacular revival". He laid the foonds o a new interest in aulder Scots literature, publishin ''The Ever Green'' (1724), a collection that includit monie major poetic warks o the Stewart period.<ref>R. M. Hogg, ''The Cambridge History of the English Language'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), {{ISBN|0521264782}}, p. 39.</ref> He led the trend for pastoral poetry, an helped tae develop the Habbie stanza, that Robert Burns wad later uise as a poetic form.<ref>{{Citation| author=J. Buchan| title=Crowded with Genius| publisher=Harper Collins| year=2003| isbn=0-06-055888-1| page=[https://archive.org/details/crowdedwithgeniu00buch/page/311 311]| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/crowdedwithgeniu00buch/page/311}}</ref> His ''Tea-Table Miscellany'' (1724–37) held poems frae auld Scots folk material, his ain poems in the folk style, an "gentilizings" o Scots poems in the Inglis neo-classical style.<ref>"Poetry in Scots: Brus to Burns" in C. R. Woodring and J. S. Shapiro, eds, ''The Columbia History of British Poetry'' (Columbia University Press, 1994), {{ISBN|0585041555}}, p. 100.</ref> Ramsay wis pairt o a community o poets warkin in Scots an Inglis. Thir includit William Hamilton o Gilbertfield (c. 1665 – 1751), Robert Crawford (1695–1733), Alexander Ross (1699–1784), the Jacobite William Hamilton o Bangour (1704–1754), the socialite [[Alison Cockburn|Alison Rutherford Cockburn]] (1712–1794), an the poet an playwricht James Thomson (1700–1748).<ref>C. Maclachlan, ''Before Burns'' (Canongate Books, 2010), {{ISBN|1847674666}}, pp. ix–xviii.</ref> [[Robert Fergusson]] (1750–1774) wis important an aw: a maistly urban poet, recognised in his short life as the unofficial "laureate" o Edinburgh. His best-kent wark wis his unfinished lang poem ''Auld Reekie'' (1773), dedicatit tae the life o the ceety. His borraein frae a range o dialects lookit forrit tae the makkin o [[Lallans|Synthetic Scots]] in the twintiet century,<ref>J. Corbett, ''Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots'' (Multilingual Matters, 1999), {{ISBN|1853594318}}, p. 106.</ref> an he wad be a major influence on [[Robert Burns]].<ref>R. Crawford, ''Scotland's Books: a History of Scottish Literature'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), {{ISBN|0-19-538623-X}}, p. 335.</ref> Burns (1759–1796), an Ayrshire poet an lyricist, is widely regairdit as the naitional poet o Scotland an a major feegur in the Romantic movement. As weel as makkin original compositions, Burns gaithert folk sangs frae across Scotland an aw, aften revisin or adaptin them. His poem (an sang) "[[Auld Lang Syne]]" is aften sung at [[Hogmanay]] (the last day o the year), an "[[Scots Wha Hae]]" served for a lang time as an unofficial [[Naitional anthem|naitional anthem]] o the kintra.<ref>{{Citation |author=L. McIlvanney |date=Spring 2005 |title=Hugh Blair, Robert Burns, and the Invention of Scottish Literature |journal=Eighteenth-Century Life |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages= 25–46|doi=10.1215/00982601-29-2-25}}</ref> Burns's poetry drew on a guid kennin o classical, [[Bible|Biblical]] an Inglis literature, as weel as the Scots [[Makar]] tradition.<ref name=Literary-Style>Robert Burns: "[http://www.blurbwire.com/topics/Robert_Burns::sub::Literary_Style Literary Style] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016215809/http://www.blurbwire.com/topics/Robert_Burns::sub::Literary_Style |date=2013-10-16 }}", retrieved 24 September 2010.</ref> Burns wis skilled at writin no anerly in the [[Scots leid]] but in the [[Scots Inglis]] [[Byleid|dialect]] o the [[Inglis leid]] an aw. Some o his warks, sic as "Love and Liberty" (kent as "The Jolly Beggars" an aw), are written in baith Scots an Inglis for different effects.<ref name=some-hae-meat>Robert Burns: "[http://poetrydispatch.wordpress.com/2009/01/24/robert-burns-some-hae-meat/some hae meat]", retrieved 24 September 2010.</ref> His themes includit republicanism, [[Poleetical radicalism|radicalism]], Scots patriotism, anticlericalism, class inequalities, gender roles, commentary on the Scots Kirk o his time, Scots cultural identity, poverty, [[Human sexuality|sexuality]], an the guid sides o popular socialisin.<ref name=Address-to-the-Kibble>Red Star Cafe: "[http://redstarcafe.wordpress.com/2008/01/25/address-to-the-kibble/Address to the Kibble]." Retrieved 24 September 2010.</ref> ==Marginalisation== Scots poetry is aften seen as gaun intae a decline in the nineteent yearhunner, wi Scots-leid poetry criticised for its uise o parochial dialect.<ref name=Mandell2007pp301-07>L. Mandell, "Nineteenth-century Scottish poetry", in I. Brown, ed., ''The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: Enlightenment, Britain and empire (1707–1918)'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), {{ISBN|0748624813}}, pp. 301–07.</ref> Conservative an anti-radical Burns clubs sprang up roond Scotland, fu o members that praised a sanitised version o [[Robert Burns]]' life an wark, an o poets that were fixed on the "Burns stanza" as a form.<ref name=Carruthers2009pp58-9>G. Carruthers, ''Scottish Literature'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), {{ISBN|074863309X}}, pp. 58–9.</ref> Scots poetry haes been seen as gaun doun intae infantilism, as in the hivily popular ''Whistle Binkie'' anthologies, that cam oot 1830–90 an that notoriously includit in ae volume "Wee Willie Winkie" bi William Miller (1810–1872).<ref name=Carruthers2009pp58-9/> This tendency haes been seen as leadin late-nineteent-century Scots poetry intae the sentimental parochialism o the Kailyard schuil.<ref Name=LindsayandDuncan2005ppxxxiv-xxxv>M. Lindsay and L. Duncan, ''The Edinburgh Book of Twentieth-Century Scottish Poetry'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), {{ISBN|074862015X}}, pp. xxxiv–xxxv.</ref> Poets frae the lower social orders that uised Scots includit the weaver-poet William Thom (1799–1848), whase "A chieftain unknown to the Queen" (1843) combined simple Scots leid wi a social critique o [[Queen Victoria]]'s visit tae Scotland.<ref name=Mandell2007pp301-07/> [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson books at the Writers Museum Edinburgh.jpg|thumb]] [[Walter Scott]] (1771–1832), the leadin literary feegur o the era, stairtit his career as a ballad collector an becam the maist popular poet in Britain, an syne its maist successfu novelist.<ref>A. Calder, ''Byron and Scotland: Radical Or Dandy?'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 1989), {{ISBN|0389208736}}, p. 112.</ref> His warks were maistly written in Inglis. Scots wis maistly held tae dialogue or narrative pit intae the text, in a model that ither novelists wad follae, sic as John Galt (1779–1839) an later [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] (1850–1894).<ref name=Carruthers2009pp58-9/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Millar|first=Robert McColl|title=Modern Scots. An Analytical Survey|publisher=[[Edinburgh University]]|year=2018|location=Edinburgh|pages=162}}</ref> [[James Hogg]] (1770–1835) wrote maistly in Scots, an gied a coonterpairt tae Scott's wark in Inglis. Popular Scots newspapers regularly includit articles an commentary in the vernacular.<ref>William Donaldson, ''The Language of the People: Scots Prose from the Victorian Revival'', Aberdeen University Press 1989.</ref> Thare wis an interest in owersettins intae Scots frae ither Germanic leids, sic as Danish, Swedish an German. Thir includit Robert Jamieson's (c. 1780–1844) ''Popular Ballads And Songs From Tradition, Manuscripts And Scarce Editions With Translations Of Similar Pieces From The Ancient Danish Language'' an ''Illustrations of Northern Antiquities'' (1814), an Robert Williams Buchanan's (1841–1901) ''Ballad Stories of the Affections'' (1866).<ref>J. Corbett, ''Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots'' (Multilingual Matters, 1999), {{ISBN|1853594318}}, pp. 116.</ref> ==The twintiet-century renaissance== [[File:Edwin Morgan by Alex Boyd.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Edwin Morgan]], poet, playwricht an the first official Scots [[Makar]]]] In the early twintiet century thare wis a new surge o activity in Scots literature, influenced bi modernism an a resurgent naitionalism, kent as the Scots Renaissance.<ref name=VisitingArtsScotland>{{Citation|title=The Scottish 'Renaissance' and beyond|journal=Visiting Arts: Scotland: Cultural Profile|url=http://www.culturalprofiles.net/scotland/Directories/Scotland_Cultural_Profile/-5403.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930034437/http://www.culturalprofiles.net/scotland/Directories/Scotland_Cultural_Profile/-5403.html|archive-date=30 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The leadin feegur in the movement wis [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] (the pen nem o Christopher Murray Grieve, 1892–1978). MacDiarmid tried tae revive the Scots leid as a medium for serious literature in poetic warks sic as "A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle" (1926). He developit a form o Synthetic Scots that combined different regional dialects an archaic terms.<ref name=VisitingArtsScotland/> Ither writers that cam forrit in this time, an that are aften treatit as pairt o the movement, include the poets Edwin Muir (1887–1959) an [[William Soutar]] (1898–1943). They explored identity, turnin their backs on nostalgia an parochialism an takin on social an political issues.<ref name=VisitingArtsScotland/> Some writers that cam forrit efter the Second Warld War follit MacDiarmid bi writin in Scots, amang them [[Robert Garioch]] (1909–1981) an [[Sydney Goodsir Smith]] (1915–1975). The Glesga poet [[Edwin Morgan]] (1920–2010) becam kent for owersettins o warks frae a wide range o European leids. He wis the first Scots [[Makar]] an aw (the official naitional poet), appointit bi the inaugural Scots government in 2004.<ref>{{Citation| title =The Scots Makar| publisher =The Scottish Government| date =16 February 2004| url =http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2004/02/5075| access-date =2007-10-28| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120204042020/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2004/02/5075| archive-date =4 February 2012| url-status =dead}}</ref> Alexander Gray wis an academic an poet, but he is maistly mindit for his owersettins intae Scots frae the German an Danish ballad traditions, includin ''Arrows. A Book of German Ballads and Folksongs Attempted in Scots'' (1932) an ''Four-and-Forty. A Selection of Danish Ballads Presented in Scots'' (1954).<ref>J. Corbett, ''Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots'' (Multilingual Matters, 1999), {{ISBN|1853594318}}, pp. 161–4.</ref> The generation o poets that grew up efter the war includit Douglas Dunn (born 1942), whase wark haes aften come tae terms wi class an naitional identity within the formal structures o poetry. It haes commentit on the events o the day, as in ''Barbarians'' (1979) an ''Northlight'' (1988). His maist personal wark is in the collection ''Elegies'' (1985), that deals wi the daith o his first wife frae cancer.<ref name=Princetonpp1276-9>"Scottish poetry" in S. Cushman, C. Cavanagh, J. Ramazani and P. Rouzer, eds, ''The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: Fourth Edition'' (Princeton University Press, 2012), {{ISBN|1400841429}}, pp. 1276–9.</ref> [[Tom Leonard (poet)|Tom Leonard]] (born 1944) warks in the [[Gleswegian|Glesga dialect]], an led the wey for the warkin-class voice in Scots poetry.<ref name=Carruthers2009pp67-9>G. Carruthers, ''Scottish Literature'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), {{ISBN|074863309X}}, pp. 67–9.</ref> [[Liz Lochhead]] (born 1947) explored the lives o warkin-class fowk in Glesga an aw, but addit an appreciation o weemen's voices in a whiles male-dominatit society.<ref name=Princetonpp1276-9/> She adaptit classic texts intae Scots an aw, wi versions o Molière's ''Tartuffe'' (1985) an ''The Misanthrope'' (1973–2005), while Edwin Morgan owerset ''Cyrano de Bergerac'' (1992).<ref>J. MacDonald, "Theatre in Scotland" in B. Kershaw and P. Thomson, ''The Cambridge History of British Theatre: Volume 3'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), {{ISBN|0521651328}}, p. 223.</ref> The Scots Renaissance concentratit mair an mair on the novel, specially efter the 1930s, whan Hugh MacDiarmid wis bidin in isolation in Shetland, an monie o thir novels were written in Inglis an no in Scots. But George Blake led the wey in explorin the experiences o the warkin class in his major warks sic as ''The Shipbuilders'' (1935). Lewis Grassic Gibbon wis the pen nem o James Leslie Mitchell. He makkit ane o the maist important realisations o the ideas o the Scots Renaissance in his trilogy ''A Scots Quair'' (''Sunset Song'', 1932, ''Cloud Howe'', 1933 an ''Grey Granite'', 1934). It mixed different Scots dialects wi the narrative voice.<ref name=Craig2001bpp157-9>C. Craig, "Culture: modern times (1914–): the novel", in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp.&nbsp;157–9.</ref> Ither warks that lookit intae the warkin class includit James Barke's (1905–1958) ''Major Operation'' (1936) an ''The Land of the Leal'' (1939), an J. F. Hendry's (1912–1986) ''Fernie Brae'' (1947).<ref name=Craig2001bpp157-9/> Frae the 1980s Scots literature haed anither major revival, specially linked wi a group o Glesga writers that met in the hoose o the critic, poet an teacher Philip Hobsbaum (1932–2005). Peter Kravitz, editor o Polygon Books, wis important in the movement an aw.<ref name=VisitingArtsScotland/> Thir writers includit [[Alasdair Gray]] (born 1934), whase epic ''Lanark'' (1981) biggit on the warkin-class novel tae explore baith realistic an fantastic narratives. James Kelman's (born 1946) ''The Busconductor Hines'' (1984) an ''A Disaffection'' (1989) were amang the first novels tae fully uise a warkin-class Scots voice as the main narrator.<ref name=Craig2001bpp157-9/> In the 1990s, major prize-winnin Scots novels that cam oot o this movement includit Gray's ''Poor Things'' (1992), that lookit at the capitalist an imperial origins o Scotland in an upside-doun version o the Frankenstein myth.<ref name=Craig2001bpp157-9/> Ithers were [[Irvine Welsh]]'s (born 1958) ''[[Trainspotting (novel)|Trainspotting]]'' (1993), that dealt wi drug addiction in the Edinburgh o its day, an Alan Warner's (born 1964) ''Morvern Callar'' (1995), aboot daith an authorship. Kelman's ''How Late It Was, How Late'' (1994) wis a stream o consciousness novel aboot a life o petty crime.<ref name=VisitingArtsScotland/> Thir warks were linked bi a reaction tae Thatcherism that wis whiles openly political, an they explored the margins o experience in vivid vernacular leid (includin swearwirds an Scots dialect).<ref name=VisitingArtsScotland/> ''[[But'n'Ben A-Go-Go]]'' (2000) bi [[Matthew Fitt]] is the first cyberpunk novel written hale in Scots.<ref>J. Corbett, "Past and future language: Matthew Fitt and Iain M. Banks" in C. McCracken-Flesher, ed., ''Scotland as Science Fiction'' A later work, [[Harry Josephine Giles]]' ''Deep Wheel Orcadia'', includes English translation. (Rowman & Littlefield, 2012), {{ISBN|1611483743}}, p. 121.</ref> Ae major ootlet for literature in [[Lallans]] (Lawland Scots) is ''Lallans'', the magazine o the Scots Language Society.<ref>J. Corbett, ''Language and Scottish Literature'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1997), {{ISBN|0748608265}}, p. 16.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Scots leeteratur| ]] [[Category:Scots leid]] dtx3g2t8qj2k3p6da64db4tsath5q7t 0 228554 927588 881334 2026-11-10T01:19:35Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist|nem=Lucenzo|image=Lucenzo.JPG|birth_name=Luís Filipe Fraga Oliveira|birth_date={{birth date and age|1983|5|27|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Bordeaux]], Gironde, [[Aquitaine]], France|origin=|genre=[[Reggaeton]], [[Kuduro]], [[Hip hop muisic|Hip Hop]]|occupation=Sangster, rapper, record producer|years_active=2000&ndash;present|label=[[Universal Music Group|Universal Music]]|associated_acts=[[Big Ali]], [[Don Omar]], [[Sean Paul]], [[Gipsy Kings]]|website={{URL|lucenzo.com}}}} '''Luís Filipe Fraga Oliveira''' ({{IPA-pt|luˈiʃ fɨˈlip(ɨ) ˈfɾaɣɐ ɔliˈvɐjɾɐ|eu}}; born 27 Mey 1983),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kuduro conquista palcos e YouTube (COM VÍDEO)|url=http://www.cmjornal.xl.pt/detalhe/noticias/lazer/musica/kuduro-conquista--palcos-e-youtube-com-video|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929182329/http://www.cmjornal.xl.pt/detalhe/noticias/lazer/musica/kuduro-conquista--palcos-e-youtube-com-video|archive-date=29 September 2010}}</ref> better kent bi his stage nem '''Lucenzo''', is a Portuguese an French [[reggaeton]] sangster, sangwriter, rapper an record producer. He haes been signed tae the [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music]] label for maist o his career, an is best kent for his dance hit wi the rapper Big Ali, "Vem dançar Kuduro". The Puerto Rican reggaeton artist Don Omar released a Spanish an Portuguese version o the sang, "Danza Kuduro", wi Lucenzo. == Discography == ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album details ! scope="col" colspan="5"| Heichest chairt places |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| FRA<br /><ref name=fra>{{cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lucenzo|title=Lucenzo - French Charts|publisher=lescharts.com/ Hung Medien}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Austria|AUT]]<br /><ref name=aut>{{cite web|url=http://www.austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lucenzo|title=Lucenzo - Austrian Charts|publisher=austriancharts.at/ Hung Medien}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Germany|GER]]<br /><ref name=ger>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.de/artist.asp?name=Lucenzo&country=de|title=Lucenzo - German Charts|publisher=charts.de/ Hung Medien}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Portugal|POR]]<br /><ref name=por>{{cite web|url=http://portuguesecharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lucenzo|title=Lucenzo - Portuguese Charts|publisher=portuguesecharts.com/ Hung Medien}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Switzerland|SWI]]<br /><ref name=swi>{{cite web|url=http://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lucenzo|title=Lucenzo - Swiss Charts|publisher=hitparade.ch/ Hung Medien}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''Emigrante del Mundo'' | * Released: 30 September 2011 * Label: Yanis, B1M1 * Formats: CD, digital dounlaid | 8 || 60 || 65 || 24 || 15 |} ===Singles as lead artist=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+List o singles as lead artist, wi chosen chairt places, the year released an the album ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:20em;" |Title ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:1em;" |Year ! colspan="9" scope="col" |Heichest chairt places ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:18em;" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |FRA<br /><br /><ref name="fra"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |[[Austrick|AUT]]<br /><br /><ref name="aut"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |BEL<nowiki><br id="mwew"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><small id="mwfA">(Wa)</small></nowiki><br /><br /><ref name="bel">{{Cite web|title=Lucenzo - French Charts|url=http://ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lucenzo|publisher=lescharts.com/ Hung Medien}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |DEN<br /><br /><ref name="den">{{Cite web|title=Lucenzo - Danish Charts|url=https://danishcharts.dk/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lucenzo|publisher=danishcharts.dk/ Hung Medien}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |FIN<br /><br /><ref name="fin">{{Cite web|title=Lucenzo - Finnish Charts|url=http://finnishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lucenzo|publisher=finnishcharts.com/ Hung Medien}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |NED<br /><br /><ref name="ned">{{Cite web|title=Lucenzo - Dutch Charts|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lucenzo|publisher=dutchcharts.nl/ Hung Medien}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |NOR<br /><br /><ref name="nor">{{Cite web|title=Lucenzo - Norwegian Charts|url=http://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lucenzo|publisher=norwegiancharts.com/ Hung Medien}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |[[Swaden|SWE]]<br /><br /><ref name="swe">{{Cite web|title=Lucenzo - Swedish Charts|url=http://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lucenzo|publisher=swedishcharts.com/ Hung Medien}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |SWI<br /><br /><ref name="swi"/> |- ! scope="row" |"Emigrante del mundo" |2007 |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |— | rowspan="3" |''Emigrante del Mundo'' |- ! scope="row" |"Vem Dançar Kuduro" <br /><br /><small>(featuring Big Ali)</small> | rowspan="2" |2010 |2 |— |5*<br /><br /><small>(Ultratip)</small> |14 |12 |— |15 |1 |31 |- ! scope="row" |"Baila Morena" |9 |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Wine It Up" <br /><br /><small>(featuring [[Sean Paul]])</small> |2012 |33 |34 |13*<br /><br /><small>(Ultratip)</small> |— |48 |56 |— |— |16 | {{N/a|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Obsesión (Tropical Family)"<br /><br /><small>(with Kenza Farah)</small> |2013 |16 |— |7*<br /><br /><small>(Ultratip)</small> |— |— |— |— |— |— |''Tropical Family'' |- ! scope="row" |"Vida Louca" |2015 |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |— | {{N/a|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Turn Me On" |2017 |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |— | {{N/a|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"No me ama" |2020 |44 |— |37 |— |— |— |— |— |— | {{N/a|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Bailamos" |2021 |73 |— |43 |— |— |— |— |— |— | {{N/a|Non-album single}} |- | colspan="12" style="font-size:90%" |"—" means a recordin that didna chairt or wisna released in that kintra. |} === Sangs featurit in === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+List o singles as featurit airtist, wi chosen chairt places an certifications, the year released an the album ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:20em;" |Title ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Year ! colspan="10" scope="col" |Heichest chairt places ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:14em;" |Certifications ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:18em;" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |AUT <br /><br /><ref name="austrianchartsDonOmar">{{Cite web|title=Don Omar's discography in Austrian-charts|url=http://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Don+Omar|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016002135/http://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Don%2BOmar|archive-date=16 October 2011|access-date=2011-07-26|website=Austrian Charts|publisher=Hung Medien}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |GER<br /><br /><ref name="germanychartsDonOmar">{{Cite web|title=German Charts: Don Omar|url=http://www.officialcharts.de/artist.asp?name=Don+Omar&country=de|access-date=2011-08-12|website=German Albums Chart|publisher=Media Control GfK International|language=German|archive-date=2014-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215221534/http://www.officialcharts.de/artist.asp?name=Don+Omar&country=de|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |NL<br /><br /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Don Omar – Music Charts|url=http://acharts.us/performer/don_omar|access-date=2011-07-29|publisher=acharts}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |SPA<br /><br /><ref>{{Citation|title=Los Discos No. 1 En España de 1950 and 2010 - NEWALENCIA|url=http://nicolasramospintado.wordpress.com/2009/12/01/los-discos-n%C2%BA1-en-espana-de-1950-a-2010/|access-date=26 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="spainchartsDonOmar">{{Cite web|title=Don Omar's discography in Spain-charts|url=http://spanishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Don+Omar|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024072927/http://spanishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Don%2BOmar|archive-date=24 October 2012|access-date=2011-07-26|website=Spanish-charts|publisher=Hung Medien}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |SWI<br /><br /><ref name="SWISingles">{{Cite web|title=Don Omar's discography in swisscharts|url=http://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Don+Omar|access-date=2011-06-10|publisher=swisscharts.com. Hung Medien|language=German}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |US <nowiki><br id="mwAVQ"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki> <nowiki><small id="mwAVU">Latin</small></nowiki><br /><br /><ref name="hotlatin">{{Cite web|year=2011|title=Don Omar Album & Song Chart History &#124; Billboard.com|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=don omar|chart=Latin Songs C}}|access-date=3 June 2011|website=billboard.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |US <nowiki><br id="mwAVs"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki> <nowiki><small id="mwAVw">Rhythm</small></nowiki><br /><br /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |US <nowiki><br id="mwAWI"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki> <nowiki><small id="mwAWM">Tropical</small></nowiki><br /><br /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |US <nowiki><br id="mwAWs"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki> <nowiki><small id="mwAWw">Latin<br id="mwAW0"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>Pop<nowiki></small></nowiki><br /><br /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |US<br /><br /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Don Omar Album & Song Chart History: ''Billboard'' Hot 100|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=don omar|chart=Hot 100}}|access-date=26 July 2011|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Danza Kuduro"<br /><br /><small>(Don Omar featuring Lucenzo)</small> |2010 |1 |1 |1 |1 |1 |1 |1 |1 |1 |82 | * [[Recording Industry Association of America|US]]: 5× Platinum * GER: Platinum<ref name="GER Cert">{{Cite certification|accessdate=2011-08-19}}</ref> * ITA: 2× Platinum<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 July 2011|title=Certificazioni Download Fimi (Week 26)|url=http://www.fimi.it/temp/cert_Nielsen_week2611.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506001336/http://www.fimi.it/temp/cert_Nielsen_week2611.pdf|archive-date=6 May 2012|access-date=2011-07-07|language=Italian, English|format=PDF}}</ref> * SPA: 2× Platinum<ref name="SPA Cert">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Top 50 Canciones (Week 41)|url=http://www.promusicae.org/files/listastonos/historial/TOP%2050%20CANCIONES%2011_41.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425083057/http://www.promusicae.org/files/listastonos/historial/TOP%2050%20CANCIONES%2011_41.pdf|archive-date=25 April 2012|access-date=2011-10-22|publisher=PROMUSICAE|language=Spanish}}</ref> * SWI: Platinum<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community – Awards 2011|url=http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2011|access-date=2011-09-05|website=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|publisher=Hung Medien}}</ref> |''Meet the Orphans'' |- ! scope="row" |"Throw Your Hands Up (Dançar Kuduro)" <br /><br /><small>(Qwote featuring Pitbull and Lucenzo)</small> |2011 |3 |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |— | * ARIA: 3× Platinum * BPI: Gold | {{N/a|Non-album single}} |- | colspan="14" style="font-size:90%" |"—" means a recordin that didna chairt or wisna released in that kintra. |} [[Category:French fowk o Portuguese strynd]] [[Category:French Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Portuguese-leid sangsters]] [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:French male sangsters]] o1qsah7nsmmxmo1rzynf5f3yvg19znh 0 228824 927646 877244 2026-11-10T02:04:55Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Saint-Florent |native name = {{native name|co|San Fiurenzu}} |commune status = Commune |image = Saint-Florent (5739737410).jpg |caption = The citadel |image coat of arms = Blason ville fr Saint-Florent (Haute-Corse).svg |arrondissement = Calvi |canton = Biguglia-Nebbio |subdivisions entry = Region |subdivisions = [[Corsicae]] |INSEE = 2B298 |postal code = 20217 |mayor = Claudy Olmeta<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=2 December 2020|language=fr}}</ref> |term = 2020&ndash;2026 |coordinates = {{coord|42.6817|9.3031|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 10 |elevation min m = 0 |elevation max m = 356 |area km2 = 17.98 |population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}} |population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}} |population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}} }} '''Saint-Florent''' ({{IPA-fr|sɛ̃ flɔʁɑ̃}}; {{lang-it|San Fiorenzo}}, {{IPA-it|saɱ fjoˈrɛntso|}}; {{lang-co|San Fiurenzu}}, {{IPA-co|saɱ fjuˈrɛntsu|}}) is a commune in the [[Haute-Corse]] [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment]] on the island o [[Corsicae]], in [[Fraunce]]. It stairtit as a fishin port in the gulf o the same nem, but pleasure boats hae nou maistly taen the place o the fishin boats. The day, it is a popular place for simmer holidays, wi mony tourists comin for the Patrimonio vineyards an the Saleccia beach nearhaund. ==History== Saint-Florent wis foondit bi the [[Genoa|Genoese]] in the 16th century as a base for repressive operations agin the Corsican patriots in the clachans aroon it. Later, in August 1764, Fraunce uised it tae set ashore hordes o [[Mercenar|mercenars]] an colonists, tae bring the independent Corsican fowk unner its rule. Efter the defeat at Ponte Novu Brig, the army o [[Pasquale Paoli]], whiles cried "the Faither o Corsicae", teuk Saint-Florent back in 1794 wi the help o [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscoont Nelson|Horatio Nelson]]'s fleet. That wis durin the short time o Anglo-Corsican rule on the island. ==Population== {{Historical populations |source = INSEE<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8643952?geo=COM-2B298#tableau-POPREF_G1 Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023], INSEE</ref> |percentages = pagr |align = none |1968 |805 |1975 |1065 |1982 |1217 |1990 |1350 |1999 |1474 |2007 |1635 |2012 |1609 |2017 |1655 |2023 |1694 }} ==Climate== Saint-Florent haes a typical [[Mediterranean climate]]. Its mild winters, whan the temperature seldom gangs ablo zero, gie wey tae lang, warm, dry simmers. The temperature is at its heichest in Julie an August, at aboot {{convert|35|°C|0}}. ==Sichts== [[File:St-Florent-cathedrale-abside.jpg|thumb|Saint-Florent Cathedral]] The monuments o Saint-Florent are the Genoese citadel, biggit in 1440 at the same time as the toun, an the Romanesque Saint-Florent Cathedral, or the cathedral o the Nebbio, nou the kirk o Santa Maria Assunta. Near the toun staund the Genoese tours Torra di Mortella an Torra di Fornali. ==Kent fowk== *Louis Bizarelli, an umwhile politician, wis born in Saint-Florent in 1836. *Lizzy Mercier Descloux, musician an sangster, bade in Saint-Florent for the last years o her life an deed thare in 2004. *Marie Ferranti, writer, bides an wirks in Saint-Florent. *Antoine Gentili, general an companion o Pasquale Paoli in exile. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.detourphoto.com/img/france/2005/corse/im/4194.jpg Photie o Saint-Florent Cathedral] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043606/http://www.detourphoto.com/img/france/2005/corse/im/4194.jpg |date=27 September 2007 }} {{Commons category|Saint-Florent (Haute-Corse)}} {{Haute-Corse communes}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Saintflorent}} [[Category:Communes o Haute-Corse]] f0w6jcppzhrr49sj0rsv9u7t6o7zvzp 0 230387 927509 912687 2026-11-09T22:59:50Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots; hale airticle written new frae en, wi plot, production, seasons, hame media an future 927509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Sliders | genre = {{Unbulleted list|[[Science fiction]]|[[Fantasy|Fantasie]]}} | creator = Tracy Tormé<br />Robert K. Weiss | starring = {{Plainlist| * Jerry O'Connell * Cleavant Derricks * Sabrina Lloyd * John Rhys-Davies * Kari Wuhrer * Charlie O'Connell * Robert Floyd * Tembi Locke }} | theme_music_composer = Danny Lux | composer = Dennis McCarthy<br />Mark Mothersbaugh<br />Stephen Graziano<br />Danny Lux<br />Anthony Marinelli (second season)<br />Dennis M. Halligan<br />Bruce Berman | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 5 | num_episodes = 88 | executive_producer = Tracy Tormé<br />Robert K. Weiss<br />John Landis<br />Leslie Belzberg<br />Alan Barnette<br />Bill Dial<br />David Peckinpah | runtime = 44 meenit | company = St. Clare Entertainment<br />Universal Television | network = Fox (1995–1997)<br />Sci-Fi Channel (1998–2000) | first_aired = {{Start date|1995|3|22}} | last_aired = {{End date|2000|2|4}} }} '''''Sliders''''' is an American [[science fiction]] an fantasy telly series creatit bi Robert K. Weiss an Tracy Tormé. It wis broadcast for five seasons atween 1995 an 2000. The series follaes a group o traivellers that uise a wormhole tae "slide" atween parallel universes. Weiss, Tormé, Leslie Belzberg, John Landis, David Peckinpah, Bill Dial an Alan Barnette were executive producers at different times o the production. For its first twa seasons it wis produced in [[Vancouver]], an for the last three it wis filmed maistly in [[Los Angeles]]. [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] broadcast the first three seasons. Efter Fox cancelled it, the series muived tae the Sci-Fi Channel for its last twa seasons. The last episode wis shawn in Februar 2000. ==Plot== The "Sliders" o the title are a group o fowk that traivel, or "slide", atween different Yirths in parallel universes throu a wormhole lik a vortex. They open it wi a timer they cairy in the haund. The technology wis meant tae tak them back tae their ain universe, but they uised the timer ower early tae escape frae danger, an it lost the co-ordinates o their hame universe. Nou they maun slide frae ae universe tae the neist, bidin onything frae meenits tae months in each, till the timer coonts doun tae the neist time they can open a vortex, howpin it will lead hame. If they miss that chance, they will be stuck in that universe for near thirty year afore they can open the vortex again. While they wait, the Sliders aften explore the alternative universe an get caucht up in its events. Some o thir universes hae alternative histories, whaur things happened different frae the history they ken: in ane, [[penicillin]] wis never discovert, an in anither America lost the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]. Ither warlds hae histories that are new aw thegither, sic as ane whaur time rins backarties, or ane whaur the [[dinosaur]]s never died oot. The first main cast wis Quinn Mallory (Jerry O'Connell), that inventit the slidin technology, an his mentor, Professor Maximillian Arturo (John Rhys-Davies). Wi them were Quinn's freend Wade Welles (Sabrina Lloyd) an Rembrandt "Cryin' Man" Brown (Cleavant Derricks), a professional singer that is caucht up bi accident in the first big test o the vortex. Ower the series some o the cast left an ithers took their place. Captain Maggie Beckett (Kari Wuhrer) is a militar officer frae a doomed alternative Yirth, an Colin Mallory (Charlie O'Connell) is Quinn's lost brither. Later cam a second Quinn Mallory (Robert Floyd), makkit when the first Quinn merged bi accident wi the Quinn o anither warld, an Dr. Diana Davis (Tembi Locke), a scientist that tries tae help them reverse the process. ==Production== Michio Kaku says in his buik ''The Future of the Mind'' that the series stairtit when a young lad read his buik ''Hyperspace''.<ref>Michio Kaku, The Future of the Mind, pages 336-337</ref> Afore it muived tae the Sci-Fi Channel, ilka episode cost US$1.4 million tae US$1.5 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/1997/tv/news/sci-fi-picks-up-u-tv-s-sliders-1116679057/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114013624/https://variety.com/1997/tv/news/sci-fi-picks-up-u-tv-s-sliders-1116679057/|title=Sci-Fi picks up U TV's 'Sliders'|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archivedate=November 14, 2023|date=June 24, 1997|accessdate=February 15, 2024}}</ref> While the episode "Desert Storm" wis bein filmed, the actor Ken Steadman (Cutter) wis killed. Atween takes he wis muivin a dune buggy tae the neist location when it cowped an crushed him, killin him at ance. Steadman's parents said his daith coud hae been prevented.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kensteadman.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020605082414/http://www.kensteadman.com/|archive-date=2002-06-05|title=Ken Steadman Memorial site |publisher=Kensteadman.com |access-date=2010-11-08}}</ref> ''Sliders'' haed a troubled history acause o chynges in the cast an crew ower its run.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-06 |title=Why Did Most of the Original Sliders Cast Leave the Series? |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/why-did-most-of-the-original-sliders-cast-leave-the-series |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=SYFY Official Site |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Michael |date=2021-05-23 |title=Sliders: Why Jerry O'Connell's Quinn Mallory Left After Season 4 |url=https://screenrant.com/sliders-season-4-jerry-oconnell-quinn-leave-show-why/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=ScreenRant |language=en}}</ref> Cleavant Derricks is the only member o the cast that stayed wi the series frae stairt tae feenish. Jerry O'Connell felt the first twa seasons gaed smoothly, but in the third season the Fox network wantit a show mair aboot action nor ideas.<ref name="yahoo oconnell">{{cite web | url = https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/jerry-oconnell-reveals-the-checkered-history-of-211218691.html | title = Jerry O'Connell Reveals the Checkered History of 'Sliders' and a Potential Reboot | first = Karen | last = Kemmerle | date = March 23, 2016 | access-date = September 10, 2019 | work = [[Yahoo!]] | archive-date = June 7, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200607181408/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/jerry-oconnell-reveals-the-checkered-history-of-211218691.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> John Rhys-Davies wis the first star tae leave. He said that Fox haed taen ower muckle control o the scripts, an that this wis pairt o the reason he left.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a784497/john-rhys-davies-opens-up-about-sliders-it-was-the-single-biggest-missed-opportunity-of-my-life/ | title= John Rhys-Davies opens up about Sliders: "It was the single biggest missed opportunity of my life" | first = Morgan | last = Jeffery | date = February 23, 2016 | access-date = September 10, 2019 | work = [[Digital Spy]] }}</ref> The co-creator Tracy Tormé haes aften criticised the wey the series gaed in the third season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.earthprime.com/interview/tracy-torme-dragoncon/ |title=Tracy Torme at DragonCon: 27 June 1997 |publisher=Earth Prime |date=1997-06-27 |access-date=}}</ref> Tormé, alang wi the ither creators Robert K. Weiss an John Landis, aw left the show durin the third season.<ref name="yahoo oconnell"/> Fox cancelled the show efter the third season, but the Sci-Fi network later took it up. Jerry O'Connell felt that Sci-Fi wantit tae keep the action, wi mair weight on darker science-fiction elements.<ref name="yahoo oconnell"/> Accordin tae her agency, Sabrina Lloyd decidit no tae come back when the series wis revived.<ref name=docsabrina>{{cite web|url=http://www.dimensionofcontinuity.com/bts.htm#sabrina |title=Sliders DoC: Behind the Scenes |publisher=Dimensionofcontinuity.com |access-date=2010-11-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129220909/http://dimensionofcontinuity.com/bts.htm#sabrina | archive-date=2017-01-29 }}</ref> At the end o the fowerth season Jerry an Charlie O'Connell left the series tae follae careers in film. Jerry O'Connell felt that wioot Lloyd, Rhys-Davies an Tormé, muckle o the show's original premise wis gane.<ref name="yahoo oconnell"/> ==Seasons== ===Season 1=== Quinn, keen tae shaw his vortex technology tae Professor Arturo an Wade, opens a muckle wormhole bi accident that draws Rembrandt wi them tae a hostile Yirth covered in ice. Quinn haes tae open the vortex ower early tae save them, an they cannae get back tae their ain Yirth. Tae avoid bein stranded on ony alternative Yirth for ower 20 year, the group keeps slidin atween warlds, monie o them wi alternative histories.<ref>{{cite news|title=Imaginative 'Sliders' Is Great Fun|work= Orlando Sentinel|url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1995/03/22/imaginative-sliders-is-great-fun/|access-date=2010-10-11}}</ref> ===Season 2=== The group keeps slidin atween alternative Yirths. On ae slide they meet the Kromaggs, an alien species that hae mastered slidin an uise it tae strip ither Yirths o their resources. The Kromaggs tak an aggressive interest in Quinn's technology. ===Season 3=== The Sliders laund on a Yirth doomed bi a passin pulsar, an help evacuate a smaw pairt o its fowk tae a safe dimension. A new enemy, Colonel Rickman, betrays the exodus. Professor Arturo dees protectin Quinn. Wi Captain Maggie Beckett nou in the group, they chase Rickman for a timer he stole wi the location o their hame Yirth in it. Wade an Rembrandt mak it back, but Quinn an Maggie end up stuck on anither Yirth. ===Season 4=== Quinn an Maggie find a wey back tae their hame Yirth, but find the Kromaggs hae taen it ower. They rescue Rembrandt, but no Wade. Quinn's mither tells him he wis adopted, an tells him whaur tae find his brither, Colin, that jyns the Sliders. ===Season 5=== In whit at first seems a slidin accident, Quinn merges wi the Quinn o the warld they hae slid intae, makkin "Mallory", while Colin is lost in the vortex. Dr. Diana Davis, a scientist, jyns Mallory, Maggie an Rembrandt as they search for a wey tae stop the Kromaggs. In the end they find a virus that kills Kromaggs. Rembrandt injects himsel wi the virus an jumps throu tae their hame Yirth, leavin the ither three no sure o his fate. ==Hame media== Universal Studios Home Entertainment haes released aw five seasons on DVD in Regions 1, 2 an 4. The fift an last season wis released in Region 1 on 17 Januar 2012, near fower year efter the fowerth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Sliders-Season-5/16112 |title=Sliders DVD news: Announcement for Sliders - Season 5 |publisher=TVShowsOnDVD.com |access-date=2012-04-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503214558/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Sliders-Season-5/16112 |archive-date=2012-05-03 }}</ref> On 2 December 2014 Universal released ''Sliders- The Complete Series'' on DVD in Region 1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Sliders-The-Complete-Series/20313|title=Sliders DVD news: Announcement for Sliders - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924122832/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Sliders-The-Complete-Series/20313|archive-date=2014-09-24}}</ref> ==Future== At Toronto Comicon in Mairch 2019 John Rhys-Davies tellt fans that he an O'Connell were talkin tae NBC aboot a revival, but said the main problem wis that naebody wis sure wha held the richts tae the series.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sw3KP2AbPT0 |title=John Rhys-Davies Reveals “Sliders” Reboot Negotiations Underway |publisher=Convention Junkies |date=March 18, 2019 |access-date=22 January 2026 |type=YouTube}}</ref> Tracy Tormé deed on 4 Januar 2024, o complications o diabetes, at the age o 64.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/tracy-torme-dead-sliders-star-trek-next-generation-1235783832/ |title=Tracy Tormé, 'Sliders' Co-Creator and 'Star Trek: The Next Generation' Writer, Dies at 64 |last=Barnes |first=Mike |date=January 8, 2024 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=22 January 2026}}</ref> As o 2026 nae new series haes gaen intae production.<ref name="Stone">{{cite web |url=https://bleedingcool.com/tv/sliders-is-jerry-oconnell-teasing-a-series-reboot-revival/ |title=Sliders: Is Jerry O'Connell Teasing a Series Reboot/Revival? |last=Stone |first=Ray Flook |date=September 7, 2024 |website=Bleeding Cool |access-date=22 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="Polo">{{cite web |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/verything-we-know-about-a-potential-sliders-reboot |title=Everything We Know About a Potential Sliders Reboot |last=Polo |first=Sarah Dobbs |date=September 24, 2024 |website=Syfy Wire |access-date=22 January 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Wikiquote}} * {{IMDb title|0112167}} * {{Curlie|Arts/Television/Programs/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy/S/Sliders|''Sliders''}} * {{AllMovie title|306352}} [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws filmed in Los Angeles]] [[Category:Syfy original programmin]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws filmed in San Francisco]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws filmed in Vancouver]] [[Category:Televeesion shaw aboot parallel universes]] [[Category:Televeesion shaw aboot bein lost fæ haim]] [[Category:Fox Broadcasting Company original programmin]] [[Category:Alternate history televeesion programme]] [[Category:2000 American televeesion series endins]] [[Category:2000 American science feection televeesion programme]] [[Category:1995 American televeesion programme debuts]] [[Category:1990s American televeesion series]] [[Category:Sliders]] [[Category:Feection aboot wirmholes]] [[Category:American televeesion programme revivit efter cancellation]] qdbpo23q664sqjep5prde1fkovyskx8 0 230583 927649 900399 2026-11-10T02:07:58Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite, remove Fix Scots 927649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Needs Mair Soorces|date=January 2021}} {{Italic title}} [[File:Samue-worn-2006.jpg|thumb|alt=Picter o a man, wi his heid no shawn, wearin an indigo garment lik a kimono, wrappit at the front, wi breeks.|A {{Transl|ja|samue}} bein worn]] The {{Nihongo||作務衣|'''samue'''}} is the wark claes o [[Japan|Japanese]] Buddhist monks an nuns, worn when they dae {{Transl|ja|samu}}. == Features == {{Transl|ja|Samue}} are makkit frae cotton or linen, an are dyed broun or indigo bi tradition tae set them apairt frae formal vestments. Monks o maist Japanese [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] traditions weir them for labour duties sic as keepin up the temple an wark in the fields.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Matsumoto|first=Shoukei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYorDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Samue%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT18|title=A Monk's Guide to a Clean House and Mind|date=2018-01-04|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-1-84614-970-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4O3AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Samue%22+monk++-wikipedia|title=Young East|date=1985|publisher=Young East Association}}</ref> == Uiss == In modren times they hae become popular as everyday casual or wark claes. Players o the {{Transl|ja|shakuhachi}} the day whiles weir {{Transl|ja|samue}}, acause o the instrument's historical links wi Zen Buddhism. Mony fermers an hame awners aften weir {{Transl|ja|samue}} for general landscapin an gairdenin wark an aw. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Japanese wirds an phrases]] [[Category:Airticles conteenin Japanese-leid text]] 9gth30jvt8ifnuetqau74j1ie64vl7o 927650 927649 2026-11-10T02:08:14Z Monospaced 75295 927650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} [[File:Samue-worn-2006.jpg|thumb|alt=Picter o a man, wi his heid no shawn, wearin an indigo garment lik a kimono, wrappit at the front, wi breeks.|A {{Transl|ja|samue}} bein worn]] The {{Nihongo||作務衣|'''samue'''}} is the wark claes o [[Japan|Japanese]] Buddhist monks an nuns, worn when they dae {{Transl|ja|samu}}. == Features == {{Transl|ja|Samue}} are makkit frae cotton or linen, an are dyed broun or indigo bi tradition tae set them apairt frae formal vestments. Monks o maist Japanese [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] traditions weir them for labour duties sic as keepin up the temple an wark in the fields.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Matsumoto|first=Shoukei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYorDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Samue%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT18|title=A Monk's Guide to a Clean House and Mind|date=2018-01-04|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-1-84614-970-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4O3AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Samue%22+monk++-wikipedia|title=Young East|date=1985|publisher=Young East Association}}</ref> == Uiss == In modren times they hae become popular as everyday casual or wark claes. Players o the {{Transl|ja|shakuhachi}} the day whiles weir {{Transl|ja|samue}}, acause o the instrument's historical links wi Zen Buddhism. Mony fermers an hame awners aften weir {{Transl|ja|samue}} for general landscapin an gairdenin wark an aw. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Japanese wirds an phrases]] [[Category:Airticles conteenin Japanese-leid text]] ct6rphey0sluqwjngndv51rbqjkm4xo 927652 927650 2026-11-10T02:11:03Z Monospaced 75295 Samu explained, addit links 927652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} [[File:Samue-worn-2006.jpg|thumb|alt=Picter o a man, wi his heid no shawn, wearin an indigo garment lik a kimono, wrappit at the front, wi breeks.|A {{Transl|ja|samue}} bein worn]] The {{Nihongo||作務衣|'''samue'''}} is the wark claes o [[Japan|Japanese]] Buddhist monks an nuns, worn when they dae {{Transl|ja|samu}}, the physical wark that is pairt o their practice. == Features == {{Transl|ja|Samue}} are makkit frae cotton or linen, an are dyed broun or indigo bi tradition tae set them apairt frae formal vestments. Monks o maist Japanese [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] traditions weir them for labour duties sic as keepin up the temple an wark in the fields.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Matsumoto|first=Shoukei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYorDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Samue%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT18|title=A Monk's Guide to a Clean House and Mind|date=2018-01-04|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-1-84614-970-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4O3AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Samue%22+monk++-wikipedia|title=Young East|date=1985|publisher=Young East Association}}</ref> == Uiss == In modren times they hae become popular as everyday casual or wark claes. Players o the [[shakuhachi]] the day whiles weir {{Transl|ja|samue}}, acause o the instrument's historical links wi [[Zen Buddhism]]. Mony fermers an hame awners aften weir {{Transl|ja|samue}} for general landscapin an gairdenin wark an aw. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Japanese wirds an phrases]] [[Category:Airticles conteenin Japanese-leid text]] aylwm2du8bf84vuxe7cxt0a4awi7l7u 4 232103 927517 925363 2026-11-09T23:19:44Z MABot 35091 Bot: Archivin 1 thread fae [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross]] 927517 wikitext text/x-wiki == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote now to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through '''August 10, 2024'''. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:48, 27 Julie 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now. '''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 15:31, 6 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Coming soon: A new sub-referencing feature – try it!</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Sub-referencing"/> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]] Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]]. '''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand. Please help us spread the message. --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC) <section end="Sub-referencing"/> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=27309345 --> == Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC == Hi all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation! [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 23:19, 22 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]]. I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026: * North America (USA and Canada) ** Ajraddatz The following seats were not filled during this special election: * Latin America and Caribbean * Central and East Europe (CEE) * Sub-Saharan Africa * South Asia * The four remaining Community-At-Large seats Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]]. On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14:06, 2 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Have your say: Vote for the 2024 Board of Trustees!</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. There are twelve (12) candidates running for four (4) seats on the Board. Learn more about the candidates by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|reading their statements]] and their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|answers to community questions]]. When you are ready, go to the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]] voting page to vote. '''The vote is open from September 3rd at 00:00 UTC to September 17th at 23:59 UTC'''. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 12:14, 3 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Celtic Knot Conference, 25–27 September: programme announcement == Hello everyone, On behalf of the Celtic Knot organising team, I'm excited to announce that the programme is now [[:meta:Celtic Knot Conference 2024/Program|available to view on Meta-Wiki]]. Explore the diverse range of sessions, workshops, and cultural events that will bring together language enthusiasts, Wikimedians, and community leaders from around the world. Whether you're interested in language preservation, digital tools for minority languages, or simply connecting with like-minded individuals, there's something for everyone. And there will be more programme updates including satellite events. We have some additional sessions in store that you won't want to miss. [[:meta:Celtic Knot Conference 2024/Program|Check out the program now and start planning your conference experience]]. As a reminder, if you plan to join the conference onsite or online, don't forget to [https://www.eventbrite.ie/e/2024-celtic-knot-wikimedia-language-conference-25-27-september-tickets-920884589597?aff=oddtdtcreator register on Eventbrite]. [[Uiser:Richard Nevell (WMUK)|Richard Nevell (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Richard Nevell (WMUK)|tauk]]) 14:16, 10 September 2024 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2024-09-25|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-09-25T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-09-25T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' *Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-09-25|sco}}. *If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': *Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[User:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]], 09:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27248326 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><i>Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.</i>{{tracked|T66315}} Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project. The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''General''</u></span> section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''In Other Projects''</u></span> section. We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2. More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].<br><br>We welcome your feedback and questions.<br> [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 18:56, 27 September 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27524260 --> == Invitation to Participate in Wiki Loves Ramadan Community Engagement Survey == Dear all, Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. We are excited to announce the upcoming [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan|Wiki Loves Ramadan]] event, a global initiative aimed at celebrating Ramadan by enriching Wikipedia and its sister projects with content related to this significant time of year. As we plan to organize this event globally, your insights and experiences are crucial in shaping the best possible participation experience for the community. To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is engaging, inclusive, and impactful, we kindly invite you to participate in our community engagement survey. Your feedback will help us understand the needs of the community, set the event's focus, and guide our strategies for organizing this global event. Survey link: https://forms.gle/f66MuzjcPpwzVymu5 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will make a difference! Thank you for being a part of our journey to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success. Warm regards, User:ZI Jony 03:20, 6 October 2024 (UTC) Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27510935 --> == Deployment of Dark mode in Scots Wikipedia == Hello Scots Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not written in your native language, {{Int:please-translate}}. We are happy to announce that the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] have deployed [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] here on Scots Wikipedia! This was possible because pages on your wiki have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations! This was only possible due to the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who have made sure that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody! For context, we would like to add that the Web team's work on dark mode has concluded. If on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month. If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create this page: <code>Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/sco.wikipedia.org</code> in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page. Thank you! On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] [[Uiser:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Uiser collogue:UOzurumba (WMF)|tauk]]) 01:42, 9 October 2024 (UTC) == Wikimedian of the Year Awards - Call for Nominations Now Open == Hello everyone, We are excited to announce that nominations are open for the 2024 UK Wikimedian of the Year Awards. We are asking you to nominate individuals and organisations that have been involved with Wikimedia UK's efforts to advance open knowledge in 2023/24. The categories for this year are: * UK Wikimedian of the Year (Individual) * Partnership of the Year (Organisation) * Up and Coming Wikimedian (Individual) We are looking for people and partnerships within the Wikimedia UK community who have really impressed you with their open knowledge work, in 2023/24. We are particularly keen to hear about people and organisations who delivered projects addressing our strategic themes of Knowledge Equity, Information Literacy, and Climate and Environment. Nominations will be judged by members of the Community Development Committee and winners will be announced at the Community Celebration on Saturday 23rd November 2024. [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2024/10/wikimedian-of-the-year-awards-2024-nominations-open/ Read more and nominate] 13:48, 10 October 2024 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Preliminary results of the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. Close to 6000 community members from more than 180 wiki projects have voted. The following four candidates were the most voted: # [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]] # [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]] # [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]] # [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]] While these candidates have been ranked through the vote, they still need to be appointed to the Board of Trustees. They need to pass a successful background check and meet the qualifications outlined in the Bylaws. New trustees will be appointed at the next Board meeting in December 2024. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Learn more about the results on Meta-Wiki.]] Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 08:25, 14 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on 16 October 2024. Applications for the Affiliations Committee close on 18 November 2024, and applications for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on 2 December 2024. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org] with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:08, 16 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27601062 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. == Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:28, 22 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27535421 --> == Proposal to enable the "Contribute" entry point in Scots Wikipedia == {{Int:Hello}} Scots Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called "Contribute" to your Wikipedia. The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia. Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Scots Wikipedia. '''Who can access it''' Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the "Contribute" icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to "view contributions" is also available to access the list of your contributions. [[File:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|link=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]] [[File:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|link=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]] For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the "Contributions" option unless they change it to the "Contribute" manually. This feature is available in four Wikipedia (Albanian, Malayalam, Mongolian, and Tagalog). We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the "Contributions" entry point as default.           We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 9th November 2024. We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the "Contribute" entry point in your Wikipedia. We look forward to your response soon. Thank you! On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[Uiser:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Uiser collogue:UOzurumba (WMF)|tauk]]) 02:17, 24 October 2024 (UTC) == Final Reminder: Join us in Making Wiki Loves Ramadan Success == Dear all, We’re thrilled to announce the Wiki Loves Ramadan event, a global initiative to celebrate Ramadan by enhancing Wikipedia and its sister projects with valuable content related to this special time of year. As we organize this event globally, we need your valuable input to make it a memorable experience for the community. Last Call to Participate in Our Survey: To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is inclusive and impactful, we kindly request you to complete our community engagement survey. Your feedback will shape the event’s focus and guide our organizing strategies to better meet community needs. * Survey Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSffN4prPtR5DRSq9nH-t1z8hG3jZFBbySrv32YoxV8KbTwxig/viewform?usp=sf_link Complete the Survey] * Deadline: November 10, 2024 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will truly make a difference! '''Volunteer Opportunity''': Join the Wiki Loves Ramadan Team! We’re seeking dedicated volunteers for key team roles essential to the success of this initiative. If you’re interested in volunteer roles, we invite you to apply. * Application Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfXiox_eEDH4yJ0gxVBgtL7jPe41TINAWYtpNp1JHSk8zhdgw/viewform?usp=sf_link Apply Here] * Application Deadline: October 31, 2024 Explore Open Positions: For a detailed list of roles and their responsibilities, please refer to the position descriptions here: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oy0_tilC6kow5GGf6cEuFvdFpekcubCqJlaxkxh-jT4/ Position Descriptions] Thank you for being part of this journey. We look forward to working together to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success! Warm regards,<br> The Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team 05:12, 29 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Winter 2024 Writin Drive == Jyne us in sortin oot an impruivin the Wiki! 25 Nov - 1 Dec, Zoom sessions 25 & 28 Nov. The theme is Scots & Irish Social Venues & Events. [[Wikipedia:Winter 2024 Writin Drive|Mair info here.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 11:01, 18 November 2024 (UTC) == Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC == Hello everyone, The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone <https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000>). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: <https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024>. This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation. Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] 19:54, 21 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Featurt Pictur == Am wantin tae gie a haun wi pittin on the featurt pictur fur the front page. Are thare ony guidelines a hiv tae abide bi an whaur coud a fun eemages tae pit on? Is thare a candidate leet? -[[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Cobra 3000|tauk]]) 20:00, 25 November 2024 (UTC) :Jist summat aat ye hink leuks gweed. A'd ask aat ye pick summat aat haes ae hauf decent airticle on here, wid raither nae hae reid airtins on the front page (he seys, ignorin the twa reid templates on the front page). Anither hing, we kin prolly dae awa wi the OTD section. Naebidy wints ti maintain it an it's mair ae hudower fae blindly copyin enwiki [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:09, 25 November 2024 (UTC) ::A’d comment it oot until we kin fun someb'dy thit is willin tae wirk on it. -[[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Cobra 3000|tauk]]) 02:31, 26 November 2024 (UTC) ::One way to make "on this day" easier is to use the day of the year pages, and the <nowiki><onlyinclude></nowiki> tag. I've done this quickly for 14 December. I could potentially do all the days of the year, maybe includin just those entries which have no red links apart from years. [[Uiser:Rich Farmbrough|Rich Farmbrough]] ([[Uiser collogue:Rich Farmbrough|tauk]]) == My Sincerest Thanks == I apologize for not writing this in the commonly used dialect, but I find I am incapable of it. That's besides my point. I am (or at least consider myself to be) a rookie Voice Actor, and have to learn a variety of accents to accommodate different voices. The way this site is written has helped me greatly by visualizing the pronunciation of the Scottish accent, and has actually landed me a potential job. Thanks, - [[Uiser:Shovel Shenanigans|Shovel Shenanigans]] ([[Uiser collogue:Shovel Shenanigans|tauk]]) 01:50, 15 December 2024 (UTC) == Launching! Join Us for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025! == Dear All, We’re happy to announce the launch of [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]], an annual international campaign dedicated to celebrating and preserving Islamic cultures and history through the power of Wikipedia. As an active contributor to the Local Wikipedia, you are specially invited to participate in the launch. This year’s campaign will be launched for you to join us write, edit, and improve articles that showcase the richness and diversity of Islamic traditions, history, and culture. * Topic: [[m:Event:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch]] * When: Jan 19, 2025 * Time: 16:00 Universal Time UTC and runs throughout Ramadan (starting February 25, 2025). * Join Zoom Meeting: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88420056597?pwd=NdrpqIhrwAVPeWB8FNb258n7qngqqo.1 * Zoom meeting hosted by [[m:Wikimedia Bangladesh|Wikimedia Bangladesh]] To get started, visit the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|campaign page]] for details, resources, and guidelines: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025. Add [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participant|your community here]], and organized Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 in your local language. Whether you’re a first-time editor or an experienced Wikipedian, your contributions matter. Together, we can ensure Islamic cultures and traditions are well-represented and accessible to all. Feel free to invite your community and friends too. Kindly reach out if you have any questions or need support as you prepare to participate. Let’s make Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 a success! For the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Team|International Team]] 12:08, 16 Januar 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 01:11, 24 Januar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Februar writin drive - 3-9 Februar == {{en}} Afternoon folks, a wee reminder that the next Writin Drive takes place next week (3-9th), with Zoom sessions taking place Monday 3 & Thursday 6. Edit any time during the week and sign up for the Dashboard to log your edits! We're focussing again on articles with the "Fix Scots" tab. [[Wikipedia:Februar 2025 Writin Drive||Mair info & sign up here.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:57, 27 Januar 2025 (UTC) == Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 02:36, 29 Januar 2025 (UTC) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' --[[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 02:36, 29 Januar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26503019 --> == Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:48, 3 Februar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28198931 --> == Temporar adminship fur Pigsonthewing == A'm requestin aat [[Uiser:Pigsonthewing]] be gien temporar (1 month) adminship here. Pigsonthewing is ae admin on Wikispecies sae haes experience wi the tuils an haes been helpin wi coontervandalism here durin ma absence (taggin spam an makkin uiss o rowback tuils), an haein the fu reeng o tuils wid help them deal wi spam an vandalism an mak siccart aat scowiki disna gang unner whiles a'm gane [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:58, 4 Februar 2025 (UTC) '''Comment''' - A'm pittin iss here insteid ae at [[WP:RFA]] as iss is meant as a temporar caretakkin meisur raither nor ae lang term prospeck [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:58, 4 Februar 2025 (UTC) :'''Aye''' (en) I know @[[Uiser:Pigsonthewing|Pigsonthewing]] through my paid work wearing my @[[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] hat; supporting as a volunteer. [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 10:08, 4 Februar 2025 (UTC) : Thank you. Confirming I'm happy to serve in this role. [[Uiser:Pigsonthewing|Pigsonthewing]] ([[Uiser collogue:Pigsonthewing|tauk]]) 10:22, 4 Februar 2025 (UTC) : '''Support''' [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 20:29, 4 Februar 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone! [[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]] We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''. This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba. '''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''. Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language & Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]]. We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 08:29, 22 Februar 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28217779 --> == Mairch Writin Drive - 24-30 Mairch == Jyne us in sortin oot an impruivin the Wiki, 24-30 Mairch! Fur this event, we'll be sortin oot the airticles wi the fix_scots template. Zooms - 24 & 27 Mairch, 6-8pm UTC. Mair info [[Wikipedia:Mairch 2025 Writin Drive|here.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:23, 25 Februar 2025 (UTC) == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 18:51, 7 Mairch 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28307738 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 02:56, 13 Mairch 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_CX_Unified_dashboard_announcement_list_1&oldid=28382282 --> == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-03-19|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-03-19T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-03-19T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' *Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-03-19|sco}}. *If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': *Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:14, 14 Mairch 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=28307742 --> == Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon. Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:04, 4 Apryle 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Mey-Juin Writin Drive - 26 Mey - 1 Juin == Jyne us in sortin oot an impruivin the Wiki, 26 Mey - 1 Juin! Fur this event, we'll be sortin oot the airticles wi the fix_scots template. Zooms - 27 & 29 Mey, 6-8pm UTC+1 (BST) [[Wikipedia:Mey-Juin 2025 Writin Drive|Mair info here.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:34, 15 Apryle 2025 (UTC) == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes. If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest. <br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> 16:11, 16 Apryle 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Hide on Rosé@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines ("UCoC EG") and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:34, 17 Apryle 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Sub-referencing: User testing == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]] <small>''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''</small> Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further: #'''Try it out and share your feedback''' #:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. #'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs''' #:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''. We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well. Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])</bdi> 15:03, 28 Apryle 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=28628657 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:41, 29 Apryle 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == Celtic Knot 2025 survey == {{en}} Sorry not to be able to send this in Scots - message below in Welsh and English. (Gweler isod ar gyfer y Gymraeg) We are planning an online community meeting later this year for [[metawiki:Celtic_Knot_Conference_2024|Celtic Knot]] (a conference celebrating minority languages). We would love to hear from you what you would like to see. We have created a small questionnaire to find out what was successful at Celtic Knot 2024 and what you would like to see this year. The survey is open to people who attended the conference last year and people who are interested in coming to an online community meeting this year. To participate, go to https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdBlgi-0XNjjgh9HCQsy7KQWJo4qhfJmCGtQjwFI4WWYipaMA/viewform?usp=dialog. The survey is also available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSccsyMDUDFYush1oBasvulH4Vsjp0hubrKS_9u_73LCVtbJ0Q/viewform?usp=dialog Welsh] or [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScN6IBXfAUowjhQ4Uc6-_SZXUMJ9Mtp-iUgX5thg8bPHOGA-A/viewform?usp=dialog Irish]. (See above for English) Rydym gynllunio ar gyfer cyfarfod cymunedol ar-lein yn ddiweddarach eleni ar gyfer [[metawiki:Celtic_Knot_Conference_2024/cy|Celtic Knot]] (cynhadledd sy’n dathlu ieithoedd lleiafrifol). Byddem wrth ein bodd yn dysgu oddi wrthych beth hoffech chi ei weld. Rydym wedi creu holiadur bach i ddysgu beth roedd yn llwyddiannus yn Celtic Knot 2024 a beth hoffech chi weld eleni. Mae’r arolwg yn agor i bobol sydd wedi mynychu’r gynhadledd llynedd a phobl gyda diddordeb am ddod i gyfarfod cymunedol ar-lein eleni. I gymryd rhan, ewch i https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSccsyMDUDFYush1oBasvulH4Vsjp0hubrKS_9u_73LCVtbJ0Q/viewform?usp=dialog [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 08:56, 17 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :The above survey will close on the '''15th May.''' The survey is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdBlgi-0XNjjgh9HCQsy7KQWJo4qhfJmCGtQjwFI4WWYipaMA/viewform?usp=dialog English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1BXYa7c6-9R4ZAeJFltPQSGw0OcnZbbz-b080wKpFAlI/edit Welsh] and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1pyqryilEEymj7TpqEHQXEMHKZgCPRmDnH77oPCekqwQ/edit Irish] however if for any reason the survey isn't accessible for you, you are very welcome to email me (gemma.coleman@wikimedia.org.uk) to share your thoughts or discuss more accessible ways to have your say. :Mae'r holiadur uchod yn cau ar y 15fed Mai. Mae'r holiadur yn ar gael yn [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdBlgi-0XNjjgh9HCQsy7KQWJo4qhfJmCGtQjwFI4WWYipaMA/viewform?usp=dialog Saesneg], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1BXYa7c6-9R4ZAeJFltPQSGw0OcnZbbz-b080wKpFAlI/edit Cymraeg] a [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1pyqryilEEymj7TpqEHQXEMHKZgCPRmDnH77oPCekqwQ/edit Gwyddelig] ond os mae'r holiadur ddim yn hygyrch amdanoch chi am unrhyw reswm, mae croeso mawr i chi anfon e-bost i fi (gemma.coleman@wikimedia.org.uk) i rannu eich barn neu drafod am ffyrdd well i chi cael eich dweud. [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:13, 6 Mey 2025 (UTC) == We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! == ''(Apologies for posting in English)'' Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them. As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]]. After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki. The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org. If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:07, 6 Mey 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28663781 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]]. You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC. If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, </div><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|Collogue]])</bdi> 22:07, 15 Mey 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == Mey-Juin 2025 Writin Drive == Jyne us in sortin oot an impruivin the Wiki! 26 Mey - 1 Juin - mair info - [[Wikipedia:Mey-Juin 2025 Writin Drive|Mey-Juin 2025 Writin Drive]] Thare ur '''2450''' articles on the wiki thit are still tagged as needin thair Scots sortit, an '''1480''' (25 Mairch 2025) o'aim ur stubs. Mony o thaim are juist a coople o lines lang, so we'v got a really guid opportunity here tae dae a big dent in that nummer! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 14:41, 21 Mey 2025 (UTC) == RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)'' Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 15:27, 22 Mey 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28768453 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection & Call for Questions</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats. The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. Here are the key planned dates: * May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6] * June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates * July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5] * August 2025: Campaign period * August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period * October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates * Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]]. '''Call for Questions''' In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]] '''Election Volunteers''' Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]] Thank you! [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024 [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ [6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates Best regards, Victoria Doronina Board Liaison to the Elections Committee Governance Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 03:08, 28 Mey 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Deployment of the CampaignEvents Extension</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone, ''(Apologies for posting in English if English is not your first language. Please help translate to your language.)'' The Campaigns Product Team is planning a global deployment of the '''[[:mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]]''' to all Wikipedias, including this wiki, during the '''week of June 23rd'''. This extension is designed to help organizers plan and manage events, WikiProjects, and other on-wiki collaborations - and to make these efforts more discoverable. The three main features of this extension are: * '''[[:m:Event_Center/Registration|Event Registration]]''': A simple way to sign up for events on the wiki. * '''[[:m:CampaignEvents/Collaboration_list|Collaboration List]]''': A global list of events and a local list of WikiProjects, accessible at '''[[:m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]]'''. * '''[[:m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Invitation_list|Invitation Lists]]''': A tool to help organizers find editors who might want to join, based on their past contributions. '''Note''': The extension comes with a new user right called '''"Event Organizer"''', which will be managed by administrators on this wiki. Organizer tools like Event Registration and Invitation Lists will only work if someone is granted this right. The Collaboration List is available to everyone immediately after deployment. The extension is already live on several wikis, including '''Meta, Wikidata, English Wikipedia''', and more ( [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#Current_Deployment_Status_for_CampaignEvents_extension| See the full deployment list]]) If you have any questions, concerns, or feedback, please feel free to share them on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents| extension talkpage]]. We’d love to hear from you before the rollout. Thank you! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|Collogue]]) 16:47, 29 Mey 2025 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Udehb-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Udehb-WMF/sandbox/deployment_audience&oldid=28803829 --> == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 Juin 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div> Hello all, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position. This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3] Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election. Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br /> Chair of the Elections Committee On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term. [3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 17:44, 17 Juin 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28866958 --> == Adminship votin open == {{en}} Wee note to say that there's an RfA (request for adminship) now open here: [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]]. [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 09:57, 25 Juin 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Dear Wikimedia Community, The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]] of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]]. A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity. Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact. Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement. Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate. Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended. === Wikispore === The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects. After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future. As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting. Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed. === Wikinews === We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways. Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years. While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? <nowiki>[6]</nowiki>]. [[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews. Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs. SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives. '''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to: *Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects, *Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace, *Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects, *Archive Wikinews projects. Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels. === Feedback and next steps === We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language. I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. <section end="message"/> </div> -- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:57, 27 Juin 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Sister_project_MassMassage_on_behalf_of_Victoria/Target_list&oldid=28911188 --> == Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes == ''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)'' Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations. The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''. The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below: [[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]] These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages. Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change. Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]]. Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 12:45, 14 Julie 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=28981877 --> == (en) Wiki Loves Monuments help needed.. == Hey folks, Sara here. Turns out that we could offer a Scots interface for the new Wiki Loves Monuments app if we can offer the translations - I'd LOVE for us to be able to do this, but I know fine well that I don't have the skills to do it myself. Wondering if anyone here might be interested in helping out? There's 142 items, ranging from single words to longer sentences, with a lot being short phrases (2-6 ish words long). Hoping that maybe if a few folks pitch in, that it wouldn't be too big a job...? If folks are interested, please do drop me a wee email and I could share the spreadsheet - sara.thomas@wikimedia.org.uk. [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:41, 14 August 2025 (UTC) == (en) Wikimedia UK Sandbox Sessions == Just a wee note to let folks know about some events we've got coming up that might be of interest - [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/08/community-sandbox-events/ Wikimedia UK Sandbox Sessions."] They're volunteer-led events supported by Wikimedia UK - the first is on using a Wikidata tool called Duplicity, to create missing Wikidata items from Wikipedia, and the next is on How to edit calmly in controversial areas. There's one more announced at the moment, and two still to come! Should be good - hope to see some folks there :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 14:13, 14 August 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Temporary accounts will be rolled out soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="body"/> Hello, we are the Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]] team. We would like to announce that '''we plan to enable [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] for this wiki in the week of September 1'''. Temporary accounts are successfully live on 30 wikis, including many large ones like German, Japanese, and French. The change they bring is especially relevant to logged-out editors, who this feature is designed to protect. But it is also relevant to community members like mentors, patrollers, and admins – anyone who reverts edits, blocks users, or otherwise interacts with logged-out editors as part of keeping the wikis safe and accurate. '''Why we are building temporary accounts''' Our wikis should be safer to edit by default for logged-out editors. Temporary accounts allow people to continue editing the wikis without creating an account, while avoiding publicly tying their edits to their IP address. We believe this is in the best interest of our logged-out editors, who make valuable contributions to the wikis and who may later create accounts and grow our community of editors, admins, and other roles. Even though the wikis do warn logged-out editors that their IP address will be associated with their edit, many people may not understand what an IP address is, or that it could be used to connect them to other information about them in ways they might not expect. Additionally, our moderation software and tools rely too heavily on network origin (IP addresses) to identify users and patterns of activity, especially as IP addresses themselves are becoming less stable as identifiers. Temporary accounts allow for more precise interactions with logged-out editors, including more precise blocks, and can help limit how often we unintentionally end up blocking good-faith users who use the same IP addresses as bad-faith users. '''How temporary accounts work''' [[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb]] Any time a logged-out user publishes an edit on this wiki, a cookie will be set in this user's browser, and a temporary account tied with this cookie will be automatically created. This account's name will follow the pattern: <code dir=ltr>~2025-12345-67</code> (a tilde, current year, a number). On pages like Recent Changes or page history, this name will be displayed. The cookie will expire 90 days after its creation. As long as it exists, all edits made from this device will be attributed to this temporary account. It will be the same account even if the IP address changes, unless the user clears their cookies or uses a different device or web browser. A record of the IP address used at the time of each edit will be stored for 90 days after the edit. However, only some logged-in users will be able to see it. '''What does this mean for different groups of users?''' '''For logged-out editors''' * This increases privacy: currently, if you do not use a registered account to edit, then everybody can see the IP address for the edits you made, even after 90 days. That will no longer be possible on this wiki. * If you use a temporary account to edit from different locations in the last 90 days (for example at home and at a coffee shop), the edit history and the IP addresses for all those locations will now be recorded together, for the same temporary account. Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the relevant requirements]] will be able to view this data. If this creates any personal security concerns for you, please contact talktohumanrights at wikimedia.org for advice. '''For community members interacting with logged-out editors''' * A temporary account is uniquely linked to a device. In comparison, an IP address can be shared with different devices and people (for example, different people at school or at work might have the same IP address). * Compared to the current situation, it will be safer to assume that a temporary user's talk page belongs to only one person, and messages left there will be read by them. As you can see in the screenshot, temporary account users will receive notifications. It will also be possible to thank them for their edits, ping them in discussions, and invite them to get more involved in the community. '''For users who use IP address data to moderate and maintain the wiki''' * '''For patrollers''' who track persistent abusers, investigate violations of policies, etc.: Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the requirements]] will be able to reveal temporary users' IP addresses and all contributions made by temporary accounts from a specific IP address or range ([[Special:IPContributions]]). They will also have access to useful information about the IP addresses thanks to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Info]] feature. Many other pieces of software have been built or adjusted to work with temporary accounts, including AbuseFilter, global blocks, Global User Contributions, and more. (For information for volunteer developers on how to update the code of your tools – see the last part of the message.) * '''For admins blocking logged-out editors''': ** It will be possible to block many abusers by just blocking their temporary accounts. A blocked person won't be able to create new temporary accounts quickly if the admin selects the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblock]] option. ** It will still be possible to block an IP address or IP range. * Temporary accounts will not be retroactively applied to contributions made before the deployment. On Special:Contributions, you will be able to see existing IP user contributions, but not new contributions made by temporary accounts on that IP address. Instead, you should use Special:IPContributions for this. '''Our requests for you, and next steps''' * If you know of any tools, bots, gadgets etc. using data about IP addresses or being available for logged-out users, you may want to test if they work on [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] or [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. If you are a volunteer developer, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|read our documentation for developers]], and in particular, the section on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers#How should I update my code?|how your code might need to be updated]]. * If you want to test the temporary account experience, for example just to check what it feels like, go to testwiki or test2wiki and edit without logging in. * Tell us if you know of any difficulties that need to be addressed. We will try to help, and if we are not able, we will consider the available options. * Look at our [[m:Meta:Babel#Temporary_Accounts:_access_to_IP_addresses_and_next_steps|previous message]] about requirements for users without extended rights who may need access to IP addresses. To learn more about the project, check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/FAQ|our FAQ]] – you will find many useful answers there. You may also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|look at the updates]] (we have just posted one) and [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|subscribe to our new newsletter]]. If you'd like to talk to me (Szymon) off-wiki, you will find me on Discord and Telegram. Thank you!<section end="body" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:user:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]], [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]</bdi> 21:36, 26 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox6&oldid=29181713 --> == (en) Celtic Knot Online Gathering this September == {{en}} Hi, I'd just like to let you know about the "Celtic Knot" online gathering that's happening on the 23rd September 2025. The gathering is an opportunity for editors who edit in different languages, especially Celtic and minoritised languages, to connect and learn from each other. More information and registration is [[metawiki:Celtic_Knot_Conference_2025/Programme|here]]. [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 11:02, 28 August 2025 (UTC) == Volunteer role: Scots Wiki community support == {{en}} Since 2020, Wikimedia UK has been supporting the Scots Wiki community with a series of editathons / writing drives. We’re currently looking for a new volunteer to help add some capacity in this area of work, as the existing volunteer is stepping down, after five years of greatly-appreciated work. Ideally this person would be a Scots speaker / writer who’s got some Wiki skills, but we’re aware that that’s a small group of people! If you’re a Scots speaker / writer, we’re very happy to teach Wiki skills, and we’re open to exploring how this might work if you’ve got the requisite Wiki skills, and are interested in learning more about the Scots language. We estimate that this role would take around 1-2 hours per week, plus time spent in Zoom sessions (up to now, 2 x 2 hour sessions per writing drive).  Writing Drives take place around every 2 months and are currently attended by a small but regular group of editors.  You can see the progress we’ve made over the years on the [[wmfdashboard:campaigns/scots_wiki/programs|Dashboards here.]] You’d be working mainly with [[user:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas]], (Programme Manager at Wikimedia UK), and so duties can be divided, but this role would/could involve: * Creating & updating on-wiki event pages [[Wikipedia:Julie-August 2025 Writin Drive|like this]] ** Deciding on themes ** Creating worklists (manually, or using [https://petscan.wmcloud.org/ PetScan] or Wikidata) ** Using the Event Registration tool to [[metawiki:Event:Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_Julie_29.07.25|create registration pages like this]] * Updating [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite|the project page]] with events & outputs * Creating Event [[wmfdashboard:|Dashboards]] * Advertising the events ** On-wiki posts ** Off-wiki locations like Facebook, Discord, and the WMUK Scotwiki mailing list ** Researching & reaching out to other places in which to advertise * Hosting or co-hosting the regular zoom sessions which form part of the Writing Drives ** Wikimedia UK Zoom can be used! * Contributing to / leading on new ideas for events & campaigns '''What we can offer:''' As well as training in Wiki-skills should you not already have these, and support and regular contact with the Wikimedia UK team, we are also interested in offering a scholarship to a relevant conference to present about the work and to help support future work.   '''How to apply:''' Please contact [mailto:sara.thomas@wikimedia.org.uk sara.thomas@wikimedia.org.uk] outlining your relevant skills and experience, and we’ll set up a chat. Cheers! :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:46, 9 September 2025 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-09-24T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-09-24T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' *Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|sco}}. *If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': *Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])</span> 15:41, 18 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29170715 --> == Campaign Events extension == {{en}} Hi folks. Posting here with my WMUK staff hat on, but I also do editing with my volunteer account [[user:lirazelf]]. I'm using my staff account for this as it would be mostly in my staff capacity that I'd be using this extension, so seemed best for transparency. I'd like to propose that the community consider enabling the Campaign Events extension for the wiki - details here: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents. I'm currently using the deployment on meta for events for Scots wiki - (example [[m:Event:Scots Wiki Writin Drive Mey 29.05.25|here]], linking to pages like [[Wikipedia:Mey-Juin 2025 Writin Drive]]. The extension lets you create Event Registration pages on the wiki (so no need to use Eventbrite or other off-wiki tool), message participants through their email (good for sending zoom links, updates etc), which is really useful! There's also other features like the collaboration list, which I reckon could be positive for developing community here, but that could only happen if the extension is enabled on this wiki. As well as metawiki, I use the tool on en.wiki and wikidata, for community training events, and international collaboration events, and I'm a fan - I hope that others would be able to use it here too. First step to enabling the extension (it's available for all Wikipedias) is to gather consensus (as per this page: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status) - so starting that off :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:16, 9 September 2025 (UTC) * '''Ay''' - dinna see ony skaith in pittin iss ti eese [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:23, 16 September 2025 (UTC) *:{{en}} Update to this - there's a plan to make the right to use this automatic for autoconfirmed users for small & medium wikis which have the extension enabled.[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Proposal_to_grant_autoconfirmed_users_on_small_and_medium_wikis_the_organizer_access_to_the_event_registration_tool see here for more info.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:12, 22 September 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Migration to Parsoid</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]</em> Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier. If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation. There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Confidence_Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki. To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]</bdi> 19:49, 2 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ABreault (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2025-10-06_Wikipedias&oldid=29381387 --> == {{en}} WMUK Wikimedian of the Year Awards 2025 == Hi folks! We are excited to announce that '''nominations are open for the 2025 UK Wikimedian of the Year Awards.''' We are asking you to nominate individuals and organisations that have contributed toward advancing open knowledge in 2024/25. The categories for this year are: * UK Wikimedian of the Year (Individual) * Partnership of the Year (Organisation) * Up and Coming Wikimedian (Individual) We are looking for people and partnerships within the Wikimedia UK community who have really impressed you with their open knowledge work, in 2024/25. We are particularly keen to hear about people and organisations who delivered projects addressing our strategic themes of Knowledge Equity, Information Literacy, and Climate and Environment.   Nominations will be judged by members of the Community Development Committee and winners will be announced at the '''Community Celebration on Saturday 15th November 2025''' (Save the date, we'd love to see you there!). You can read about [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2024/12/2024-uk-wikimedian-year-awards/ last year's winners here.] You can submit two nominations per category. Use [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScVy7AmH0qRRZmQ-QHtYKKCBZY0O40JZN9MWl8Xu7-oqK1-fg/viewform this Google Form] to submit your nominations. Nominations close on '''22nd October.''' [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:30, 6 October 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Have your say: vote for the 2025 Board of Trustees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Candidates are running for two (2) seats on the Board. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Learn more about them by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|reading their application statements and watch their candidacy videos]]. When you are ready, go to the [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll voting page to vote]]. '''The vote is open from October 8 at 00:00 UTC to October 22 at 23:59 UTC.''' Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br />Chair, Elections Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 04:48, 9 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29360896 --> == {{en}} Join Us for Wikimedia UK’s Online Community Celebration – 15 November 2025 == We’re delighted to invite you to '''Wikimedia UK’s Online Community Celebration''', taking place on '''Saturday 15 November, from 11am to 1pm'''. This online gathering will celebrate the achievements of our incredible community over the past year, recognise outstanding contributions through the '''UK Wikimedian of the Year Awards''', and showcase inspiring projects from across the UK through a series of '''lightning talks'''. Over the past month, we’ve reached out to community members for talk proposals, and we’re thrilled with the lineup we now have! So much remarkable work happens behind the scenes in our movement, and this event is a chance to shine a light on those efforts and celebrate them together. Following the lightning talks, we’ll present the '''annual UK Wikimedian of the Year Awards'''. You can find out more about the awards [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/10/wikimedian-of-the-year-awards-call-for-nominations/ here]. Nominations are open until '''22 October.''' This celebration is '''open to everyone''', both Wikimedia UK members and anyone interested in learning more about Wikimedia’s work in the UK and getting involved. Tickets are free, the event will be held on Zoom, and you can reserve your tickets now through [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/online-wikimedia-uk-2025-community-celebration-tickets-1775880058059?aff=oddtdtcreator&_gl=1%2Ap0azzm%2A_up%2AMQ..%2A_ga%2ANDA4MzAyNzQ0LjE3NTk3NDk4NTQ.%2A_ga_TQVES5V6SH%2AczE3NTk3NDk4NTMkbzEkZzAkdDE3NTk3NDk4NTMkajYwJGwwJGgw#search Eventbrite.] We can’t wait to celebrate with you! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:53, 20 October 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function1"/> {{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere). There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function1"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:43, 20 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29432175 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on October 30, 2025. Applications for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on December 11, 2025. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:13, 30 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MKaur (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29517125 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function2"/> {{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki</span>. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function2"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29583860 --> == (in Inglis) Wikidata event looking for Scots speakers to take part == Apologies for the English language post. On the '''6th December''' there is an online “Revitalising UK history (Series 2)” event which we would like to make sure Scots speakers are aware of. The event builds on the success of [[metawiki:Event:Revitalizing_UK_History|''Revitalizing UK History (Series 1)'']], which enriched Wikidata entries about underrepresented UK historical figures. For series 2, the aim is to improve multilingual accessibility by adding labels and descriptions to Wikidata items in a variety of languages and we would love for the different UK languages to be represented. There is an online training event on '''Saturday 6th December 3pm - 5pm.''' More information and registration can be found at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Revitalizing_UK_History_2 [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:57, 26 November 2025 (UTC) == (in Inglis) Update - Wikidata event looking for Scots speakers to take part == Apologies for the English language post. Before Christmas I posted about an online [[metawiki:Event:Revitalizing_UK_History 2|''Revitalizing UK History (Series 2)'']] event which we were hoping to get some Scots presence at. Unfortunately a tech issue meant we had to postpone and the event has now been scheduled for '''Saturday 17th January (3pm to 5pm online)''' instead. We'd LOVE to get some Wikidata items labelled in Scots as well as a range of other languages. For more information and registration head to https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Revitalizing_UK_History_2[[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:15, 7 Januar 2026 (UTC) == Scottish Book Trust vacancy: Vacancy: Scots Language Ootreach Co-ordinator == No aboot Wiki but.... Scottish Book Trust "are lookin for a gallus, eident Scots speaker for the role o Scots Language Ootreach Co-ordinator." [Mair info here https://www.scottishbooktrust.com/about/vacancies/scots-language-ootreach-co-ordinator]... [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 11:33, 14 Januar 2026 (UTC) == Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 == Dear Wikimedia communities, We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year. ''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.'' In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects. We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community. 📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]] If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]] ''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]''''' ''Stay connected and receive updates:'' * [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list] We look forward to collaborating with you and your community. '''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Januar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29879549 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 13:21, 18 Januar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 21:01, 19 Januar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == Bot flag == Hallo! A first noticed the Scots Wikipedia aboot a year ago, while A wis in Scotland. Recently, A've stertit editin on scowiki an gettin better acquaint wi hou the wiki works. While daein thae edits, A noticed a wheen recurring maintenance issues that could be handled mair easily wi simple automation. Tae help wi thae routine, low-risk tasks, A'm proponin BZPN bot. The full description o whit the bot daes (an disnae dae), alang wi its limits an configuration, is set oot at [[User:BZPN/Bot]]. For transparency, the bot's source code is publicly available [https://github.com/BZPN/BZPN.bot/tree/master here]. I'm happy tae adapt the bot’s behaviour based on community feedback. Thanks for yer time. ''Pingin @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] here for visibility, as the maist active admin on sco.wiki recently.'' [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 21:58, 30 Januar 2026 (UTC) :Fit is the soorce fur the "lexical analysis"? Pairt o the issue wi the wiki wis fur ower a tenyeir fowks wis eesin bots ti dae leiteral owersettins aat hid nae regaird fur Scots grammar, an fae the editin o yers aat a'v seen ye'v shawn the same signs an the first twa dynamic tasks leuk awfa lik it'd be daein the same hing. As fur the walcomin an non-Scots wairnin, fit een taks priority? We'r nae aafa keen ti be walcomin vandals an fowks jist here ti "correct grammar" [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 09:55, 31 Januar 2026 (UTC) ::Aye, cheers for raisin thae concerns - they're quite fair. A'll switch tae English for clarity on the technical bits. About "lexical analysis": there is no AI, no machine learning, and no automatic translation involved '''at all'''. The "lexical analysis" is strictly dictionary-based: the bot compares tokens against a static wordlist (e.g. ''dictionary.txt''), which is part of the [https://github.com/BZPN/BZPN.bot public source code] (which I will update soon because I am constantly improving it). Based on these wordlists, the bot assesses whether the article is en-only, en-heavy or Scots. Anyone is free to inspect it, suggest changes, or improve it. If the dictionary is wrong, the bot is wrong - nothing is hidden or heuristic. Regarding dynamic tasks, I'm very aware of problems with literal grammar/typo ("Scotsification") bots. That's exactly why my bot does '''not''' generate Scots, does '''not''' rewrite sentences, and it does '''not''' apply replacements unless they are explicitly and manually approved. All word and header replacements live in [[User:BZPN/Whitelist.json]] and ''only'' run if the entry is explicitly listed, the match conditions are exact and the community has agreed to add it. No whitelist entry = no change. Welcomes on the other hand are only triggered after a first constructive content edit. The bot detects whether a user's first edit is a vandalism (e.g. has vulgarisms, blanking, special characters, etc.), and based on this, either welcomes the user or ignores them (because the BZPN bot is not an anti-vandal bot, so it doesn't revert edits). If the first edit is in English, the bot assumes GF and inserts both a welcome and a warning. In short: the bot is deliberately conservative, transparent, and designed to avoid repeating the mistakes of earlier bots. If there are specific safeguards you’d want added, I’m happy to discuss and adjust them. Ta again for the questions. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 13:35, 31 Januar 2026 (UTC) :::An fit's the soorce o the initial whitelist? Is it the DSL, the OSD, the Luath Learner? Nae ivery dictionair oot there is o the same quality [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:35, 2 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::::Aye, A think there's still a wee bit o confusion here, sae A'll spell it oot as plainly as a can. The dictionary an the whitelist are twa completely separate things. Dictionary ([https://github.com/BZPN/BZPN.bot/blob/master/dictionary.txt dictionary.txt]) is a static, read-only wordlist that the bot uses '''only''' for classification. It disnae replace words, disnae rewrite text, disnae touch grammar. It simply checks if tokens in an article exists in the Scots wordlist, tae judge whether the text is en-only, en-heavy, or Scots. That's it. Example: <code>fowk = people</code>. ::::The dictionary wis originally built by me manually, by readin an checkin existin articles on scowiki, an collectin words actually used thair. It's no tied tae ony single published dictionary. It is fully configurable, an can be adapted tae ony variety or orthography o Scots that the community decides it want tae reflect. If a word isnae in the dictionary, the bot just treats it as non-Scots. Nae substitution ''ever'' happens here. Whitelist on the other hand is a separate, optional mechanism for explicitly approved replacements only. If an entry isnae on the whitelist, the bot will '''never''' mak a change. The dictionary is not consulted at aw for whitelist actions. The goal o the whitelist is simple: standardisation, '''not translation'''. It exists tae ensure consistent, agreed-upon terminology for technical an structural elements o the wiki - no for content text. For example, the whitelist micht include fixed headers like ''"<nowiki>==See also==</nowiki>" → "<nowiki>==See forbye==</nowiki>"''. This isnae aboot stylistic preference or inventin Scots; it's aboot avoidin a mix o English an Scots in standard interface-like headers. Thae replacements are predictable, limited in scope, an identical every time. Nae whitelist entry = nae change. Nae community agreement = nae entry. The whitelist disnae interact wi the dictionary at aw, an it disnae apply tae article prose. It's a controlled tool for consistency, nae mair. Sae tae be absolutely clear: '''the bot never automatically converts English tae Scots'''. As for sources: baith the dictionary an the whitelist are open, public, an editable via the GitHub repository. Onybody is welcome tae review, challenge, improve, or propose changes. If the dictionary is wrang, the bot’s wrang - an that's precisely why it is transparent. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 08:20, 2 Februar 2026 (UTC) :::::Okay, sae it's biggit manually, aat wis aa a wis wintin ti ken. Wid the bot be able ti check/compare page history as weel gif it fins a airticle aat's maistlins Inglis? Gif it canna aat's fair eneuch, kin aye dae it manually insteid. A leukit inti haein a bot ti coonterack the constant Inglifyin o airticles fur a while sae a'm nae oppont ti iss [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:53, 2 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::::::Aye, that's the kind o thing a meant. The bot could be extended tae generate reports only - listin airticles that are maistly English based on the existin dictionary check, limited tae e.g. ae report per day wi aboot 50 pages, an excluding ony that already hae <code><nowiki>{{Fix Scots}}</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>{{No Scots}}</nowiki></code>; gif that soonds useful, gie me till the end o the week an A'll prototype it sae ye can see exactly hou it behaves, an gif no, that's fair eneuch an it can be left at that. Thank ye. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 10:13, 2 Februar 2026 (UTC) :@[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]]: the bot is ready fur initial testin. A've implemented the report feature tae [[Uiser:BZPN/Language report|list airticles]] that are maistly English. It's worth mentionin that the bot can make mistakes, but only errors would be due tae missing words in the dictionary or airticles wi irregular header names/wikitext issues. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 13:42, 7 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::A'v seen the testin an the latest roond o reports wis mair accurate nor it wis at furst an fand a heap ae historical vandalism as weel, sae a'm happy fur it ti keep makkin the reports. Nae seein ony issue wi lettin the bot dae a trial rin fur the ither tasks as weel [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 11:32, 8 Februar 2026 (UTC) @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]]: thanks for the feedback an for monitorin the reports. The bot has nou completed a [[Uiser:ScotsBot/Trial results|4-day supervised test period]]. A'm pleased tae say the behaviour wis stable an predictable. There were nae significant mistakes during the test period. Based on observations from recent chynges (i.e. vandalism), A've slightly refined the detection filters tae reduce false positives. The recent reports hae already been used by the bot for maintenance taggin. As clarified earlier, ony classification errors can only stem frae missing entries in the static dictionary or irregular wikitext/header structures. Unless there are objections, A intend tae request a permanent bot flag on Meta based on this test period. Of course, A remain happy tae adjust thresholds or safeguards if the community feels it necessary. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 11:14, 12 Februar 2026 (UTC) :{{ping|BZPN}} A thocht ye seyed it widna be daein owersettins, sae foo come a'm seein bot-lik owersettins in recent changes? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:51, 13 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::Aye, thae edits are '''nae''' connected tae the bot at aw. They come fae ma personal on-wiki gadget: [[Uiser:BZPN/ScotsCheck]], which A put thegither yestreen for ma workflow. It isnae a bot task, an it disnae rin automatically. It disnae translate onything. It simply gies me a popup interface tae apply manual whitelist entries, instead o typin or copyin them by haund in the code. Ye're welcome tae read the '''[[Uiser:BZPN/ScotsCheck|description]]''' an test it yersel if ye like :). Also, the bot itsel has been inactive for twa days nou, waitin for the flag. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 23:59, 13 Februar 2026 (UTC) :::Except the whitelist isna appruived yet an seems gey seemlir ti fit fowks wis daein last tenyeir. Fir exemple it seys aat "ay" means "always", except iss is wrang, an seys aat the Scots fur based is "basit", excep basit means summat else entirely, amang ither hings. An kin ye explain the block on enwiki? A shid hae chackit aat afore giein appruival [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 00:08, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) '''Nae duin''' - BZPN his decidit ti lea the wiki [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uiser_collogue:CiphriusKane&diff=prev&oldid=913598 ] [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:01, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) == {{en}} Wiki Loves Folklore running until 31st March == {{en}} Apologies for the English message. If there are keen photographers here, I just wanted to let you know about [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026_in_Scotland Wiki Loves Folklore]. Wiki Loves Folklore is a photographic competition that celebrates our intangible cultural heritage. So if you have photos of a festival, a dance, a traditional food or anything else relating to Scotland's cultural heritage, you can upload them through the link above. All 4 nations of the UK are taking part so if you have pics from [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026_in_Wales Wales], [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026_in_England England] or [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026_in_Ireland Northern Ireland] (organised by Wikimedia Community Ireland), we'd love those too! You can upload them through the relevant nation pages (follow the links from the name above) [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:07, 25 Februar 2026 (UTC) == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 17:11, 3 Apryle 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29941252 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 00:58, 26 Apryle 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == Wiki Loves Earth! == {{en}} Hi folks - Just a wee note to let you know that '''Wiki Loves Earth''' is currently ongoing, running from 1 May - 30 June this year. It's an international photo competition that looks to capture images of protected natural areas across the world, including their flora and fauna. You can find out more about the competition, and how to take part, [[:Commons:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2026 in Scotland|over on Commmons.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:49, 19 Mey 2026 (UTC) == Writin Drive August 2026 == {{en}} Join us for the August 2026 Writin Drive - we're celebrating 6 years of these events, and it will be the last one we do for a while. We're holding 2 x zoom sessions - one on Monday 17 August and another on Thursday 20 August, or you can edit any time during the week! Mair info [[Wikipedia:August 2026 Writin Drive|and sign up details here.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:41, 20 Mey 2026 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Mey 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|Collogue]])</bdi> 17:11, 23 Juin 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Legal & Safety Contacts''' Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:30, 25 Juin 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}} You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:24, 24 Julie 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == {{en}} WikiBrounie draft - thoughts? == Hey folks, I've been drafting [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)/Draft WikiBrounie|this page]] to be a new tab on [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite|WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite]], specifically to be a place and a thing that we can direct those to who want to help with the Wiki, but either don't speak Scots or who aren't confident in their written Scots. I've had some comments from @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] but would really appreciate any more feedback or suggestions before I add it. Idea would be that if folks land on the Wiki with good intentions, that we can direct those good intentions to the best place. [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:58, 20 August 2026 (UTC) :(& also that I can promote on the WMUK Scotland mailing list, and keep as a regular task when folks are looking for things to edit.) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:35, 20 August 2026 (UTC) ::Hi, I think this page is very helpful, particularly the links to unreferenced articles and articles using archive today. Perhaps it could be added regarding archive today that editors should replace it with internet archive if possible and if not then just remove it if the original link is still dead, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 18:23, 21 August 2026 (UTC) :::Brilliant - yes, will add this. Thank you! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 08:59, 24 August 2026 (UTC) :: Just found a problem with the list of archive today links which is it only lists one link for each page when there can be multiple links on a page such as [[Mexican Drog War]], [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 22:57, 23 August 2026 (UTC) :::A believe Mexican Drog War wis ae exception as there wis summat wrang wi the references, bit it is listin multiple airtins per airticle e.g. [[Daraa Destrict]]. A'v optit ti nuke Mexican Drog War as nae bein wirth the time ti fix, better ti stairt ower in aat case [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 03:45, 24 August 2026 (UTC) ::::Grand, thanks! Can add something to the instructions too to get folks to check whether there are multiple refs on the same article, just in case there are others. :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:00, 24 August 2026 (UTC) :::::@[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] @[[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ok, added. One thing to note - you'll see that I've said "set URL status to dead" - I'm pretty sure that that should be "deid", but "dead" is what's in the template. [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:09, 24 August 2026 (UTC) :::::: Those are very helpful changes and I agree about the Mexican Drog War as that would have taken hours to fix, imv [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 00:16, 25 August 2026 (UTC) :::::::Grand, thanks :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 11:28, 25 August 2026 (UTC) ::::::::@[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] @[[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] Ok, that's now live [[Wikipedia:Wikiproject The Big Wiki Rewrite/WikiBrounies]] on the project page - please feel free to point folks in that direction if it's helpful in your general admin / extended rights user duties :) Thanks so much for the suggestions and feedback! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 11:30, 25 August 2026 (UTC) :Somebody should share this in the Scots Language Forum group on Facebook. That would give this project the widest attention. [[Uiser:Gallovidisk|Gallovidisk]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gallovidisk|tauk]]) 09:46, 26 August 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks @[[Uiser:Gallovidisk|Gallovidisk]], good suggestion! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:00, 26 August 2026 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' * Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|sco}}. * If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': * Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> q9gybsprskp2olxv2krp75u4ra33yth 1 232587 927598 905484 2026-11-10T01:38:53Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|DAF 600|version=1380402033}} == Notability == Notability tag added acause: notability no establisht, nae references, & FixScots cat. [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 18:07, 29 Mey 2025 (UTC) sjgtj5kpw3izcb23d2x1e9c64q049ho 2 232706 927653 918833 2026-11-10T02:12:24Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie |name= Mr.Murdoch |image= A small loch in the saddle between Beinn an Dothaidh and Beinn Dorain, Scotland 01.jpg |caption= This photae o a [[Loch|smaa loch]] locatit atween Beinn an Dothaidh an Beinn Dorain shaws hou bonnie wir [[Scotland|kintra]] is. |birth_date= {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1978|03|21}} |birth_place= [[Glesga]], Scotland |residence= [[Lunnon]], Ingland |nationality= Scots |education= [[University o Glesga]] |occupation= Wikipaedian |years active= Syne 2025 |notable works= {{hlist|Create airticles on Wikipaedia|Fecht against vandalism|Walcomin new uisers an providin uphaud whan needit}} |spouse= She wis a gey guid bairnheid freend; ane day we becam closer, an then we got mairit in 2002. Syne then, she haes been ma true luve. <3 |children= 3 |status={{nowrap|[[File:Symbol confirmed.svg|15px|alt=Green tick in circle|link=]]&nbsp;'''Active'''}}}} Hullo, this is Mr. Murdoch! A'm fae [[Glesga]], but a bide in [[Lunnon]] nou. A mainly contreibute tae the [[Scots Wikipaedia]], but ye kin find me on the [[Simple Inglis Wikipaedia]] an Wikidata an aa. == Aboot me == === Whit a'm daein here === ==== The raeson why a'm here ==== Afore creatin ma accoont an stairtin tae contreibute, a occasionally veesitit [[Wikipaedia]] throu ma wab brouser tae read mony airticles, an a noticed that mony airticles warnae scrieved correctly in [[Scots leid|Scots]], an that mony airticles wis missin compared tae ither Wikipaedias in ither leids. A then decidit tae create an accoont wi the aim o impruivin existin airticles an enrichin the [[Scots Wikipaedia]] bi creatin new anes. ==== Hou a scrieve ma airticles ==== Maist o the time a contreibute bi owersettin airticles frae the Inglis Wikipaedia, but a create airticles athoot copyin content frae the Inglis Wikipaedia an aa, pairticulairly whan a diskiver a topic that isnae yit on Wikipaedia or that exists but coud be impruivit. Syne a dinnae lik reid links, whan a create an airticle a aften create relatit airticles tae mak wir encyclopaedia mair complete. ==== Ma ither goal here ==== A dinnae lik vandalism an a fecht against it. A dinnae lik fowk wha mak thir edits an a'm against it. A dinnae unnerstaund thaim, acause we shoud be a unitit commonty wirkin tae impruive this projeck. A dinnae see the pynt fur thir fowk in destroyin sic a guid projeck that brings thegither sae muckle knawledge. [[File:Information.svg|alt=Information icon|25x25px]] If ye're readin this, please mynd ye're on the Scots Wikipaedia, nae the Inglis Wikipaedia. [[Scots leid|Scots]] isnae [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]; it's nae Inglis wi mistaks, sae dinnae replace it wi Inglis. It's a [[leid]] in its awn richt, sae please respect it ! [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]: ''Scots Wikipedia is not English Wikipedia; Scots is not English, it is not English with spelling mistakes, it is a language in its own right, so avoid replacing it with English.'' ==== Commonty ==== A'm forby ane o the fowk wha will walcome ye whan ye arrive here an will help ye if ye encoonter ony difficulties; if sae, ye kin scrieve tae me on ma [[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|collogue page]]! :) == Uisefu links == * [[Wikipedia:Policies an guidelines]] * [[Help:Eeditin]] * [[Wikipedia:Scots-English-Scots dictionar]] == Leet o airticles a hae creatit == Currently, a hae creatit 65 airticle on the Scots Wikipaedia: * [[Companion (film)|''Companion'' (film)]] * [[Hrishikesh Hirway]] * [[Leet o actors wha hae pleyed the Doctor]] * ''[[It – Welcome to Derry]]'' * [[Jay Harrington]] * ''[[13 Reasons Why]]'' * [[Christophe Maé]] * [[Amir Haddad]] * [[Gaëtan Roussel]] * [[Louise Attaque]] * [[Molly Brown (actress)]] * ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' * ''[[TVLine]]'' * [[Katherine Langford]] * [[Dylan Minnette]] * [[Alisha Boe]] * [[Justin Prentice]] * [[Clay Jensen]] * [[Luke Bracey]] * [[Lord Huron]] * [[AllMusic]] * [[The Night We Met]] * [[Elizabeth Lail]] * [[Iris Mittenaere]] * ''[[La Voix du Nord]]'' * ''[[Le Parisien]]'' * ''[[Le Progrès]]'' * ''[[Gala (magazine)|Gala]]'' [[Gala (magazine)|(magazine)]] * ''[[Midi Libre]]'' * ''[[Paris Match]]'' * ''[[Me Before You]]'' * ''[[A Star Is Born (2018 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' [[A Star Is Born (2018 film)|(2018 film)]] * [[Eric Winter]] * [[Melissa O'Neil]] * [[Alyssa Diaz]] * ''[[Holidate]]'' * [[Jean-Pierre Pernaut]] * [[Mercedes Mason]] * [[Tru Valentino]] * [[Titus Makin Jr.]] * ''[[Red Notice (film)|Red Notice]]'' [[Red Notice (film)|(film)]] * [[Ellie MacDowall]] * ''[[Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now]]'' * [[Dysorthography]] * [[Dyslexia]] * [[Survive (Lewis Capaldi sang)]] * [[Developmental coordination ail]] * [[Someone You Loved]] * [[Before You Go (Lewis Capaldi sang)]] * [[Wish You the Best (sang)]] * [[Pointless (sang)]] * [[How I'm Feeling Now (sang)]] * [[From (TV series)|''From'' (TV series)]] * ''[[Lego Batman: Legacy of the Dark Knight]]'' * ''[[Grand Theft Auto VI]]'' * [[Camera (sang)]] * [[Elizabeth Saunders]] * [[Hannah Cheramy]] * [[Avery Konrad]] * [[Arian Cartaya]] * [[Clara Stack]] * [[War of the Worlds (2019 TV series)|''War of the Worlds'' (2019 TV series)]] * [[Playback (magazine)|''Playback'' (magazine)]] * [[Love Is a Long Road (sang)]] * [[Witold Tumanowicz]] == Request tae create an airticle == * [[Scots leid|Scots]]: If ye cannae find the airticle ye're leukin fur in yer sairch, an ye dinnae ken [[Scots leid|Scots]] or dinnae want tae contreibute yersel, ye kin ask me tae create the missin airticle on the [[Scots Wikipaedia]] via [[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|ma collogue page]]. Please provide me wi the title o the page tae be creatit, a short description, ane or mair soorces, an specify if the airticle awready exists on [[Wikipaedia|Wikipaedia in anither leid]]. If it's an airticle that disnae exist on ony ither Wikipaedia version, mak shuir aforehaund that it complies wi the [[:Category:Wikipaedia policies|Scots Wikipaedia policies]]. * [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]: ''If you can't find the article you're looking for and you don't know [[Scots leid|Scots]] or don't want to contribute yourself, you can ask me to create the missing article on [[Scots Wikipaedia|Scots Wikipedia]] via [[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|my talk page]]. Please provide me with the title of the page to be created, a short description, one or more sources, and specify if the article already exists on [[Wikipaedia|Wikipedia in another language]]. If it's an article that doesn't exist on any other Wikipedia version, make sure beforehand that it complies with the [[:Category:Wikipaedia policies|Scots Wikipedia policies]].'' dsbdvg69phacgcw0wgxxlppmooo840j 927657 927653 2026-11-10T02:51:04Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie |name= Mr.Murdoch |image= A small loch in the saddle between Beinn an Dothaidh and Beinn Dorain, Scotland 01.jpg |caption= This photie o a [[Loch|smaa loch]] locatit atween Beinn an Dothaidh an Beinn Dorain shaws hou bonnie wir [[Scotland|kintra]] is. |birth_date= {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1978|03|21}} |birth_place= [[Glesga]], Scotland |residence= [[Lunnon]], Ingland |nationality= Scots |education= [[University o Glesga]] |occupation= Wikipaedian |years active= Syne 2025 |notable works= {{hlist|Create airticles on Wikipaedia|Fecht agin vandalism|Walcomin new uisers an providin uphaud whan needit}} |spouse= She wis a gey guid bairnheid freend; ane day we becam closer, an then we got mairit in 2002. Syne then, she haes been ma true luve. <3 |children= 3 |status={{nowrap|[[File:Symbol confirmed.svg|15px|alt=Green tick in circle|link=]]&nbsp;'''Active'''}}}} Hullo, this is Mr. Murdoch! A'm fae [[Glesga]], but a bide in [[Lunnon]] nou. A mainly contreibute tae the [[Scots Wikipaedia]], but ye kin find me on the [[Simple Inglis Wikipaedia]] an Wikidata an aa. == Aboot me == === Whit a'm daein here === ==== The raison why a'm here ==== Afore creatin ma accoont an stairtin tae contreibute, a whiles veesitit [[Wikipaedia]] throu ma wab brouser tae read mony airticles, an a noticed that mony airticles warnae scrieved richtly in [[Scots leid|Scots]], an that mony airticles wis missin compared tae ither Wikipaedias in ither leids. A then decidit tae create an accoont wi the aim o impruivin existin airticles an enrichin the [[Scots Wikipaedia]] bi creatin new anes. ==== Hou a scrieve ma airticles ==== Maist o the time a contreibute bi owersettin airticles fae the Inglis Wikipaedia, but a create airticles athoot copyin content fae the Inglis Wikipaedia an aa, pairticulairly whan a diskiver a subjeck that isnae yit on Wikipaedia or that exists but coud be impruivit. Syne a dinnae lik reid airtins, whan a create an airticle a aften create relatit airticles tae mak wir encyclopaedia mair complete. ==== Ma ither goal here ==== A dinnae lik vandalism an a fecht against it. A dinnae lik fowk wha mak thir edits an a'm agin it. A dinnae unnerstaund thaim, acause we shoud be a unitit commonty wirkin tae impruive this projeck. A dinnae see the pynt fur thir fowk in destroyin sic a guid projeck that brings thegither sae muckle knawledge. [[File:Information.svg|alt=Information icon|25x25px]] If ye're readin this, mynd ye're on the Scots Wikipaedia, nae the Inglis Wikipaedia. [[Scots leid|Scots]] isnae [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]; it's nae Inglis wi mistaks, sae dinnae replace it wi Inglis. It's a [[leid]] in its awn richt, sae respeck it ! [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]: ''Scots Wikipedia is not English Wikipedia; Scots is not English, it is not English with spelling mistakes, it is a language in its own right, so avoid replacing it with English.'' ==== Commonty ==== A'm forby ane o the fowk wha will walcome ye whan ye arrive here an will help ye if ye encoonter ony difficulties; if sae, ye kin scrieve tae me on ma [[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|collogue page]]! :) == Uisefu links == * [[Wikipedia:Policies an guidelines]] * [[Help:Eeditin]] * [[Wikipedia:Scots-English-Scots dictionar]] == Leet o airticles a hae creatit == The nou, a hae creatit 65 airticle on the Scots Wikipaedia: * [[Companion (film)|''Companion'' (film)]] * [[Hrishikesh Hirway]] * [[Leet o actors wha hae pleyed the Doctor]] * ''[[It – Welcome to Derry]]'' * [[Jay Harrington]] * ''[[13 Reasons Why]]'' * [[Christophe Maé]] * [[Amir Haddad]] * [[Gaëtan Roussel]] * [[Louise Attaque]] * [[Molly Brown (actress)]] * ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' * ''[[TVLine]]'' * [[Katherine Langford]] * [[Dylan Minnette]] * [[Alisha Boe]] * [[Justin Prentice]] * [[Clay Jensen]] * [[Luke Bracey]] * [[Lord Huron]] * [[AllMusic]] * [[The Night We Met]] * [[Elizabeth Lail]] * [[Iris Mittenaere]] * ''[[La Voix du Nord]]'' * ''[[Le Parisien]]'' * ''[[Le Progrès]]'' * ''[[Gala (magazine)|Gala]]'' [[Gala (magazine)|(magazine)]] * ''[[Midi Libre]]'' * ''[[Paris Match]]'' * ''[[Me Before You]]'' * ''[[A Star Is Born (2018 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' [[A Star Is Born (2018 film)|(2018 film)]] * [[Eric Winter]] * [[Melissa O'Neil]] * [[Alyssa Diaz]] * ''[[Holidate]]'' * [[Jean-Pierre Pernaut]] * [[Mercedes Mason]] * [[Tru Valentino]] * [[Titus Makin Jr.]] * ''[[Red Notice (film)|Red Notice]]'' [[Red Notice (film)|(film)]] * [[Ellie MacDowall]] * ''[[Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now]]'' * [[Dysorthography]] * [[Dyslexia]] * [[Survive (Lewis Capaldi sang)]] * [[Developmental coordination ail]] * [[Someone You Loved]] * [[Before You Go (Lewis Capaldi sang)]] * [[Wish You the Best (sang)]] * [[Pointless (sang)]] * [[How I'm Feeling Now (sang)]] * [[From (TV series)|''From'' (TV series)]] * ''[[Lego Batman: Legacy of the Dark Knight]]'' * ''[[Grand Theft Auto VI]]'' * [[Camera (sang)]] * [[Elizabeth Saunders]] * [[Hannah Cheramy]] * [[Avery Konrad]] * [[Arian Cartaya]] * [[Clara Stack]] * [[War of the Worlds (2019 TV series)|''War of the Worlds'' (2019 TV series)]] * [[Playback (magazine)|''Playback'' (magazine)]] * [[Love Is a Long Road (sang)]] * [[Witold Tumanowicz]] == Request tae create an airticle == * [[Scots leid|Scots]]: If ye cannae find the airticle ye're leukin fur in yer sairch, an ye dinnae ken [[Scots leid|Scots]] or dinnae want tae contreibute yersel, ye kin ask me tae create the missin airticle on the [[Scots Wikipaedia]] throu [[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|ma collogue page]]. Gie me wi the title o the page tae be creatit, a cutty description, ane or mair soorces, an specify if the airticle awready exists on [[Wikipaedia|Wikipaedia in anither leid]]. If it's an airticle that disnae exist on ony ither Wikipaedia version, mak shuir aforehaund that it complies wi the [[:Category:Wikipaedia policies|Scots Wikipaedia policies]]. * [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]: ''If you can't find the article you're looking for and you don't know [[Scots leid|Scots]] or don't want to contribute yourself, you can ask me to create the missing article on [[Scots Wikipaedia|Scots Wikipedia]] via [[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|my talk page]]. Please provide me with the title of the page to be created, a short description, one or more sources, and specify if the article already exists on [[Wikipaedia|Wikipedia in another language]]. If it's an article that doesn't exist on any other Wikipedia version, make sure beforehand that it complies with the [[:Category:Wikipaedia policies|Scots Wikipedia policies]].'' 9i6rp3myi8f5epvetdmslc0vao7an3l 927658 927657 2026-11-10T02:54:59Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie |name= Mr.Murdoch |image= A small loch in the saddle between Beinn an Dothaidh and Beinn Dorain, Scotland 01.jpg |caption= This photie o a [[Loch|smaa loch]] locatit atween Beinn an Dothaidh an Beinn Dorain shaws hou bonnie wir [[Scotland|kintra]] is. |birth_date= {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1978|03|21}} |birth_place= [[Glesga]], Scotland |residence= [[Lunnon]], Ingland |nationality= Scots |education= [[University o Glesga]] |occupation= Wikipaedian |years active= Syne 2025 |notable works= {{hlist|Create airticles on Wikipaedia|Fecht agin vandalism|Walcomin new uisers an providin uphaud whan needit}} |spouse= She wis a gey guid bairnheid freend; ane day we becam closer, an then we got mairit in 2002. Syne then, she haes been ma true luve. <3 |children= 3 |status={{nowrap|[[File:Symbol confirmed.svg|15px|alt=Green tick in circle|link=]]&nbsp;'''Active'''}}}} Hullo, this is Mr. Murdoch! A'm fae [[Glesga]], but a bide in [[Lunnon]] nou. A mainly contreibute tae the [[Scots Wikipaedia]], but ye kin find me on the [[Simple Inglis Wikipaedia]] an Wikidata an aa. == Aboot me == === Whit a'm daein here === ==== The raison why a'm here ==== Afore creatin ma accoont an stairtin tae contreibute, a whiles veesitit [[Wikipaedia]] throu ma wab brouser tae read mony airticles, an a noticed that mony airticles warnae scrieved richtly in [[Scots leid|Scots]], an that mony airticles wis missin compared tae ither Wikipaedias in ither leids. A then decidit tae create an accoont wi the aim o impruivin existin airticles an enrichin the [[Scots Wikipaedia]] bi creatin new anes. ==== Hou a scrieve ma airticles ==== Maist o the time a contreibute bi owersettin airticles fae the Inglis Wikipaedia, but a create airticles athoot copyin content fae the Inglis Wikipaedia an aa, pairticulairly whan a diskiver a subjeck that isnae yit on Wikipaedia or that exists but coud be impruivit. Syne a dinnae lik reid airtins, whan a create an airticle a aften create relatit airticles tae mak wir encyclopaedia mair complete. ==== Ma ither goal here ==== A dinnae lik vandalism an a fecht agin it. A dinnae lik fowk wha mak thir edits an a'm agin it. A dinnae unnerstaund thaim, acause we shoud be a unitit commonty wirkin tae impruive this projeck. A dinnae see the pynt fur thir fowk in destroyin sic a guid projeck that brings thegither sae muckle knawledge. [[File:Information.svg|alt=Information icon|25x25px]] If ye're readin this, mynd ye're on the Scots Wikipaedia, nae the Inglis Wikipaedia. [[Scots leid|Scots]] isnae [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]; it's nae Inglis wi mistaks, sae dinnae replace it wi Inglis. It's a [[leid]] in its awn richt, sae respeck it ! [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]: ''Scots Wikipedia is not English Wikipedia; Scots is not English, it is not English with spelling mistakes, it is a language in its own right, so avoid replacing it with English.'' ==== Commonty ==== A'm forby ane o the fowk wha will walcome ye whan ye arrive here an will help ye if ye encoonter ony difficulties; if sae, ye kin scrieve tae me on ma [[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|collogue page]]! :) == Uisefu links == * [[Wikipedia:Policies an guidelines]] * [[Help:Eeditin]] * [[Wikipedia:Scots-English-Scots dictionar]] == Leet o airticles a hae creatit == The nou, a hae creatit 65 airticle on the Scots Wikipaedia: * [[Companion (film)|''Companion'' (film)]] * [[Hrishikesh Hirway]] * [[Leet o actors wha hae pleyed the Doctor]] * ''[[It – Welcome to Derry]]'' * [[Jay Harrington]] * ''[[13 Reasons Why]]'' * [[Christophe Maé]] * [[Amir Haddad]] * [[Gaëtan Roussel]] * [[Louise Attaque]] * [[Molly Brown (actress)]] * ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' * ''[[TVLine]]'' * [[Katherine Langford]] * [[Dylan Minnette]] * [[Alisha Boe]] * [[Justin Prentice]] * [[Clay Jensen]] * [[Luke Bracey]] * [[Lord Huron]] * [[AllMusic]] * [[The Night We Met]] * [[Elizabeth Lail]] * [[Iris Mittenaere]] * ''[[La Voix du Nord]]'' * ''[[Le Parisien]]'' * ''[[Le Progrès]]'' * ''[[Gala (magazine)|Gala]]'' [[Gala (magazine)|(magazine)]] * ''[[Midi Libre]]'' * ''[[Paris Match]]'' * ''[[Me Before You]]'' * ''[[A Star Is Born (2018 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' [[A Star Is Born (2018 film)|(2018 film)]] * [[Eric Winter]] * [[Melissa O'Neil]] * [[Alyssa Diaz]] * ''[[Holidate]]'' * [[Jean-Pierre Pernaut]] * [[Mercedes Mason]] * [[Tru Valentino]] * [[Titus Makin Jr.]] * ''[[Red Notice (film)|Red Notice]]'' [[Red Notice (film)|(film)]] * [[Ellie MacDowall]] * ''[[Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now]]'' * [[Dysorthography]] * [[Dyslexia]] * [[Survive (Lewis Capaldi sang)]] * [[Developmental coordination ail]] * [[Someone You Loved]] * [[Before You Go (Lewis Capaldi sang)]] * [[Wish You the Best (sang)]] * [[Pointless (sang)]] * [[How I'm Feeling Now (sang)]] * [[From (TV series)|''From'' (TV series)]] * ''[[Lego Batman: Legacy of the Dark Knight]]'' * ''[[Grand Theft Auto VI]]'' * [[Camera (sang)]] * [[Elizabeth Saunders]] * [[Hannah Cheramy]] * [[Avery Konrad]] * [[Arian Cartaya]] * [[Clara Stack]] * [[War of the Worlds (2019 TV series)|''War of the Worlds'' (2019 TV series)]] * [[Playback (magazine)|''Playback'' (magazine)]] * [[Love Is a Long Road (sang)]] * [[Witold Tumanowicz]] == Request tae create an airticle == * [[Scots leid|Scots]]: If ye cannae find the airticle ye're leukin fur in yer sairch, an ye dinnae ken [[Scots leid|Scots]] or dinnae want tae contreibute yersel, ye kin ask me tae create the missin airticle on the [[Scots Wikipaedia]] throu [[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|ma collogue page]]. Gie me wi the title o the page tae be creatit, a cutty description, ane or mair soorces, an specify if the airticle awready exists on [[Wikipaedia|Wikipaedia in anither leid]]. If it's an airticle that disnae exist on ony ither Wikipaedia version, mak shuir aforehaund that it complies wi the [[:Category:Wikipaedia policies|Scots Wikipaedia policies]]. * [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]: ''If you can't find the article you're looking for and you don't know [[Scots leid|Scots]] or don't want to contribute yourself, you can ask me to create the missing article on [[Scots Wikipaedia|Scots Wikipedia]] via [[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|my talk page]]. Please provide me with the title of the page to be created, a short description, one or more sources, and specify if the article already exists on [[Wikipaedia|Wikipedia in another language]]. If it's an article that doesn't exist on any other Wikipedia version, make sure beforehand that it complies with the [[:Category:Wikipaedia policies|Scots Wikipedia policies]].'' q2hgolqbreduit820e05hr42me9lkdp 3 233239 927408 914261 2026-11-09T18:22:01Z Monospaced 75295 Wee note on translating content to Scots 927408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Welcome}} [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 22:54, 16 Mairch 2026 (UTC) ==== Note on translations ==== Thanks for contributing to Scots Wikipedia, but please take care to make contributions in Scots or reach out via the community pages for assistance. Your recent contribution was in Scottish Gaelic, which I assume was a mistake in machine translation. While both are spoken in Scotland, Scots is a Germanic language (most closely related to English), whereas Scottish Gaelic (''Gàidhlig'') is a gaelic language (most closely related to Irish and Manx). [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 18:22, 9 November 2026 (UTC) 7ho6ps9id2wmc6xdfht2o38ccui28u6 927409 927408 2026-11-09T18:22:18Z Monospaced 75295 927409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Welcome}} [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 22:54, 16 Mairch 2026 (UTC) === Note on translations === Thanks for contributing to Scots Wikipedia, but please take care to make contributions in Scots or reach out via the community pages for assistance. Your recent contribution was in Scottish Gaelic, which I assume was a mistake in machine translation. While both are spoken in Scotland, Scots is a Germanic language (most closely related to English), whereas Scottish Gaelic (''Gàidhlig'') is a gaelic language (most closely related to Irish and Manx). [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 18:22, 9 November 2026 (UTC) kcpjtxrko86hep8inxrnp6fukaysx1y 927410 927409 2026-11-09T18:22:33Z Monospaced 75295 927410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Welcome}} [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 22:54, 16 Mairch 2026 (UTC) == Note on translations == Thanks for contributing to Scots Wikipedia, but please take care to make contributions in Scots or reach out via the community pages for assistance. Your recent contribution was in Scottish Gaelic, which I assume was a mistake in machine translation. While both are spoken in Scotland, Scots is a Germanic language (most closely related to English), whereas Scottish Gaelic (''Gàidhlig'') is a gaelic language (most closely related to Irish and Manx). [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 18:22, 9 November 2026 (UTC) 5fimnud5bk83eo45il12lzdd6jw0gd9 927422 927410 2026-11-09T19:31:27Z Dr. Thomas Liptak 126687 /* Note on translations */ Replie 927422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Welcome}} [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 22:54, 16 Mairch 2026 (UTC) == Note on translations == Thanks for contributing to Scots Wikipedia, but please take care to make contributions in Scots or reach out via the community pages for assistance. Your recent contribution was in Scottish Gaelic, which I assume was a mistake in machine translation. While both are spoken in Scotland, Scots is a Germanic language (most closely related to English), whereas Scottish Gaelic (''Gàidhlig'') is a gaelic language (most closely related to Irish and Manx). [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 18:22, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :Thanks a lot for the tip and the friendly explanation. [[Uiser:Dr. Thomas Liptak|Dr. Thomas Liptak]] ([[Uiser collogue:Dr. Thomas Liptak|tauk]]) 19:31, 9 November 2026 (UTC) iicch0wmskk6oo171rsccaimh22rera 0 233458 927385 918126 2026-11-09T15:59:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Update}}{{Fix Scots|date=Mey 2026}}[[File:UAP_Photo_December_2025.jpg|right|thumb|Photae lowsed 8 Mey 2026]] [[File:1952_UFO_Flap_-_Air_Force_frequency_graph_of_UFO_reports.png|thumb|Air Force frequency graph o UFO reports]] [[File:UFO_Sightings_by_Shape.svg|thumb|UFO sightings bi shape]] [[File:UFO_Sightings_Chart.jpg|thumb|A UFO sightings chairt]] The '''Unitit States UAP files''', forby kent as the '''UFO files''', are a collection o declassifee’d Unitit States govrenment records concernin unidentifee'd anomalous phenomena (UAPs) lowsed bi the admeenistration o [[Donald Trump]] beginnin on 8 Mey 2026, an annoonced tae continue as repeatin, ongaun, expandin lowses o UFO materials.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New UFO files released by U.S. government - CBS News|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/video/new-ufo-files-released-by-us-government/|access-date=2026-05-08|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="CNN UFO 2026-05-08">{{Cite web|date=2026-05-08|title=Pentagon releases ‘never-before-seen’ files detailin UFOs|url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/05/08/politics/ufo-files-pentagon-release-aliens|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260508150434/https://www.cnn.com/2026/05/08/politics/ufo-files-pentagon-release-aliens|archive-date=2026-05-08|access-date=2026-05-08|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Military UFOs 2026-05-08">{{Cite web|last=Radzius|first=Darius|date=2026-05-08|title=Trump Opens UFO Files in Historic Govrenment Release|url=https://www.military.com/trump-opens-ufo-files-in-historic-government-release|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260509030757/https://www.military.com/trump-opens-ufo-files-in-historic-government-release|archive-date=2026-05-09|access-date=2026-05-08|website=Military.com|language=en}}</ref> The files wis published throu the Presidential Unsealin an Reportin Seestem fur UAP Encoonters (PURSUE), a [[Govrenment o the Unitit States|govrenment]] wabsteid creatit tae lowse reviewed UAP-relatit material tae the public.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 8, 2026|title=Presidential Unsealin an Reportin System for UAP Encounters (PURSUE)|url=https://www.war.gov/UFO/|url-status=dead|website=U.S. Department of War|access-date=2026-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260510180801/https://www.war.gov/UFO/|archive-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> The furst tranche includit reports, photographs, videos, witness accoonts, military records, astronaut transcripts, an ither historical materials connectit tae unresolved sightings an investigations frae 1947 tae recent years.<ref name="Time">{{cite news|last=Kluger|first=Jeffrey|author-link=|date=May 11, 2026|title=The Pentagon Just Released Ower a Hunder UFO Files. Here's What We Foond Inside|work=Time (magazine){{!}}Time|url=https://time.com/article/2026/05/11/whats-inside-new-government-ufo-files/|url-status=live|access-date=May 12, 2026}}</ref><ref name="The Independent">{{cite news|last=Hawkinson|first=Katie|date=May 8, 2026|title=Buzz Aldrin's 'unusual' sightings an photos frae the moon landins. Whit we learned frae the first batch o the UFO files|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/ufo-files-sightings-nasa-moon-landing-photos-b2973322.html|url-status=live|access-date=May 12, 2026}}</ref> The initial lowse follaed years o renewed U.S govrenment an congressional attention tae UAPs, includin the public disclosur o the Pentagon UFO videos, the creation o the Aw-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), congressional hearins, an pressur frae memmers o Congress wha argued that the govrenment shoud disclose mair information aboot UFOs an alleged extraterrestrial maiters.<ref name="WAPO UFO 2026-05-08">{{Cite news|last=Diamond|first=Dan|date=2026-05-08|title=Trump releases UFO files, says public can judge for theirsels|language=en-US|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2026/05/08/trump-ufo-files-release/|url-access=subscription|access-date=2026-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260511215734/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2026/05/08/trump-ufo-files-release/|archive-date=2026-05-11|issn=0190-8286|quote=The release also follows years o news reports an govrenment releases that hae shifted officials’ willingness tae openly engage wi the possibility o extraterrestrial life. Beginnin in 2017, the New York Times an ither media outlets hae run reports on secret federal programmes that hae studied unusual, seemingly inexplicable phenomena. Govrenment agencies hae released videos o aircraft that appeared tae defy the laws o physics. Even past presidents hae acknowledged their questions aboot potential govrenment cover-ups.}}</ref><ref name="Military UFOs 2026-05-08" /> In Februar 2026, Trump directit federal agencies tae identify an declassify records connectit tae UFOs, UAPs, an extraterrestrials.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Diamond|first1=Dan|date=February 19, 2026|title=Trump says he will release govrenment files on alien life, UFOs|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2026/02/19/trump-obama-ufo-classified/|url-status=live|access-date=May 8, 2026}}</ref> The furst tranche o records did nae confirm the existence o extraterrestrial life. The Pentagon descrieved the lowsed materials as unresolved cases fur that the govrenment coud nae mak a definitive determination based on available evidence, that some scientists an sceptics said mony files wur ambiguous, previously public, or potentially exponable as camera artefacts, balloons, debris, or unreliable eewitness accoonts.<ref name="WAPO UFO 2026-05-08" /><ref name="apn">{{cite news|last1=Binkley|first1=Collin|date=May 8, 2026|title=Bright lichts an hot orbs: UFO files shed licht on sightings but leave interpretation tae the public|work=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-ufos-uap-aliens-pentagon-records-investigation-3e658d2cf3742465127c0049c872240a|access-date=May 8, 2026}}</ref> == Backgrund == Belief that the U.S Govrenment is concealn information relatit tae non-human intelligence, aliens or extraterrestrials veesitin [[Yird]] is a lang-runnin conspiracy theory.<ref>{{cite web|title=UFO Evidence an Censorship|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/visual-arts/ufo-evidence-and-censorship|url-status=live|access-date=May 8, 2026|website=Research Starters|publisher=EBSCO Information Services{{!}}EBSCO}}</ref> Beginnin in 2017, the ''[[New York Times]]'' an ither ootlets disclosed the Pentagon UFO videos an secret govrenment programmes tae investigate “unuisual, seemingly inexplicable phenomena”.<ref name="WAPO UFO 2026-05-08" /> In 2022, [[NASA]] conductit an inquiry intae potential alien veesitation an foond nae evidence fur it. In 2024, the U.S Depairtment o Defense said it haed nae information confirmn extraterrestrial life.<ref name="apn" /> == Conspiracy theories == Some conspiracy theories claim govrenments are concealn evidence o UFOs operatit bi extraterrestrial intelligence. Scientists an sceptics say thare is wee evidence an that claims rely on speculation an misidentifee'd observations. == Initial 8 Mey 2026 release == The 8 Mey 2026 lowse wis the furst PURSUE tranche o declassifee’d records. Offeecials descrieved it as the stairt o a rollin disclosur process. === Details === The Depairtment o Defense launched PURSUE tae lowse UFO-relatit data.<ref name="Military UFOs 2026-05-08" /> The files includit reports, videos, Apollo mission transcripts, an military accoonts. Some descrieved unexpleened objecks muivin in unuisual weys. The Pentagon said mony cases remain unresolved owin tae lack o data. Amang materials wis Apollo mission photaes an astronaut accoonts. Buzz Aldrin descrieved unuisual lichts observed durin missions. Some eemages shawed unexpleened objecks near the Muin. === Public reception === Reaction wis mixed. Some memmers o the public demaundit mair evidence, whiles offeecials said the files did nae confirm extraterrestrial life. ==== Govrenment offeecials ==== Some poleeticians creeticised the lowse, sayin it lacked definitive evidence. ==== Media ==== Media reactions wis mixed, wi some sayin the files contained awready-kent material. ==== Scientists ==== Scientists generally said the evidence wis inconclusive or exponable bi naitural or technical causes. ==== Sceptics ==== Sceptics said the files contained wee new information. == Planned Juin 2026 release == Further lowses are expectit 30 days efter the furst tranche. == References == <references /> == Fremmit airtins == [https://web.archive.org/web/20260510180801/https://www.war.gov/UFO/ U.S Department of Defense official website (UFO section)] [[Category:NASA]] [[Category:Donald Trump]] cvr3201i64vny7b7mvg6715refgt9ih 0 233519 927527 927107 2026-11-09T23:56:45Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin an grammar fixes, lang sentences split 927527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game | title = Grand Theft Auto VI | image = Grand Theft Auto VI logo.svg | alt = The wirds "Grand Theft Auto" abuin a muckle "VI" in pink an orange | caption = The gemme's logo | developer = [[Rockstar Games]] | publisher = Rockstar Games | series = ''[[Grand Theft Auto]]'' | engine = [[Rockstar Advanced Game Engine|RAGE]] | platforms = {{ubl|[[PlayStation 5]]|[[Xbox Series X/S]]}} | released = 19 November 2026 | genre = [[action-adventur gemme|action-adventure]] | modes = [[single-pleyer]] }} '''''Grand Theft Auto VI''''' is an upcomin [[action-adventur gemme|action-adventure gemme]] developit an published bi [[Rockstar Games]]. It is owin tae be the aicht main ''[[Grand Theft Auto]]'' gemme, follaein ''[[Grand Theft Auto V]]'' (2013), an the saxteent entry oweraw. Set athin the fictional [[US state]] o Leonida, based on [[Florida]], the story follaes the romantic criminal duo o Jason Duval an Lucia Caminos. Pleyers will be able tae freely roam Leonida's [[appen warld]], that maistly featurs the [[Miami]]-inspired [[Grand Theft Auto|Vice City]]. Follaein years o speculation an anticipation, Rockstar confirmed in Februar 2022 that the gemme wis in development. That September, fitage frae unfinished versions wis [[Data breach|leaked]] on the internet in whit journalists describit as ane o the mucklest leaks in the history o the [[Video gemme industrie]]. ''Grand Theft Auto VI'' wis formally revealed in December 2023. Follaein seevral delays, it is scheduled tae be lowsed on 19 November 2026 fur the [[PlayStation 5]] an [[Xbox Series X/S|Xbox Series X/S]]. == Gemmepley == ''Grand Theft Auto VI'' is a [[single-pleyer]] [[action-adventur gemme|action-adventure gemme]] set in an [[appen warld]], pleyed in the third person as Jason Duval or Lucia Caminos. Ower the gemme, baith Jason an Lucia can pit on or loss wecht, an gin the pleyer keeps either chairacter waukin for days on end, it will shaw on thair face.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purchese |first=Robert |date=27 August 2026 |title=GTA 6 officially has character weight and exercise systems, and even "multi-day benders" reportedly have a visible effect |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/gta-6-food-weight-exercise-benders |access-date=28 August 2026 |website=Eurogamer}}</ref> A "Criminal Profile" seestem keeps track o ilk pleyer chairacter's reputation frae whit thay dae, lik the honour seestem in ''Red Dead Redemption 2'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hernandez |first=Patricia |date=27 August 2026 |title=GTA 6's New Reputation System Changes Everything About Playing the Game |url=https://www.polygon.com/gta-6-fame-honor-how-does-it-work-relationship-mechanics-netflix/ |website=Polygon |access-date=28 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260827233028/https://www.polygon.com/gta-6-fame-honor-how-does-it-work-relationship-mechanics-netflix/ |archive-date=27 August 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> In free roam, pleyers can split the twa up tae gang thair awn gates, or keep thegither an dae things as a couple.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilde |first=Tyler |last2=Colp |first2=Tyler |last3=Park |first3=Morgan |date=26 August 2026 |title=New GTA 6 character swapping details revealed: Jason and Lucia can 'play as a couple, or go off and cause chaos independently' |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/games/grand-theft-auto/big-new-gta-6-gameplay-details-revealed-including-specifics-about-jason-and-lucia-character-swapping-play-as-a-couple-or-go-off-and-cause-chaos-independently/ |work=PC Gamer |language=en-US |access-date=28 August 2026}}</ref> The [[social media]] app Snapmatic comes back frae ''Grand Theft Auto V''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Kyle |date=27 August 2026 |title=All the Confirmed GTA 6 Features Prior to the Extended Look on Netflix |url=https://primagames.com/featured/all-the-confirmed-gta-6-features-prior-to-the-extended-look-on-netflix |website=Prima Games |language=en-US |access-date=28 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Perry |first1=Kevin E. G. |date=27 August 2026 |title=GTA VI extended gameplay footage revealed after Netflix crashed due to high demand |url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/netflix-gta-6-trailer-gameplay-down-b3040642.html |website=The Independent |language=en-GB |access-date=28 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260828054245/https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/netflix-gta-6-trailer-gameplay-down-b3040642.html |archive-date=28 August 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pleyers can chynge Jason an Lucia's leuk, sic as thair hair, claes an accessories.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Park |first=Gene |date=27 August 2026 |title=Column {{!}} 'Grand Theft Auto VI' finally looks like the future |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/video-games/2026/08/27/grand-theft-auto-vi-trailer-shows-future-entertainment/ |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |access-date=28 August 2026}}</ref> == Settin an chairacters == ''Grand Theft Auto VI'' is an [[action-adventur gemme|action-adventure gemme]] set athin an [[appen warld]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maruf|first=Ramishah|date=2023-12-05|title=GTA 6 leak: ‘Grand Theft Auto’ trailer reveals game’s release date|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/04/business/gta-6-trailer-release-leak|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=CNN Business|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Zwiezen|first=Zack|date=2023-12-04|title=Grand Theft Auto VI's First Trailer Drops Early After Leak|url=https://kotaku.com/gta-vi-gta6-first-trailer-gameplay-footage-details-leak-1851005265|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=Kotaku|language=en-US}}</ref> Its fictional [[US state]] o Leonida, based on [[Florida]], includes [[Grand Theft Auto|Vice City]], Grassrivers, an the Leonida Keys, based on [[Miami]], the [[Everglades]], an the [[Florida Keys]], respectively; as weel as Ambrosia, Moont Kalaga Naitional Pairk, an Port Gellhorn.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Collins|first=Riyah|last2=Richardson|first2=Tom|date=2025-05-06|title=GTA 6: New trailer released days after 2026 delay announced|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g2grmrx4po|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=[[BBC]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wilson|first=Iain|date=2025-05-06|title=Every GTA 6 location revealed so far|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/games/grand-theft-auto/gta-6-locations/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=GamesRadar+|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Harte|first=Charles|date=2026-11-19|title=Rockstar Shows Off Six Major Areas Of Vice City In Grand Theft Auto VI|url=https://gameinformer.com/2025/05/06/rockstar-shows-off-six-major-areas-of-vice-city-in-grand-theft-auto-vi|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=Game Informer|language=en}}</ref> The gemme warld parodies 2020s American culture, wi satirical depictions o [[social media]] an influencer culture, modren law enforcement tactics an technologie sic as polis bouk cameras, an references tae [[Internet meme|Internet memes]] sic as Florida Man. The story follaes a criminal couple, Jason Duval an Lucia Caminos. Jason wirkit fur local drogrinners in the Leonida Keys efter servin in the Airmy. Lucia, [[Grand Theft Auto|the series]]'s furst non-optional female protagonist, wis imprisoned at Leonida Penitentiary efter fechtin fur her faimily frae [[Grand Theft Auto|Liberty City]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Middler|first=Jordan|date=2025-05-06|title=GTA 6’s cast of characters revealed, including a conspiracy theorist and strip club gangster|url=https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/gta-6s-cast-of-characters-revealed-including-a-conspiracy-theorist-and-strip-club-gangster/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=Video Games Chronicle|language=en-US}}</ref> Follaein a dwined bank heist, the duo encoonter a state-wide conspiracy an are forced tae proteck ilk ither.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kennedy|first=Victoria|date=2025-05-06|title=GTA 6's second trailer is here|language=en|work=Eurogamer|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/gta-6s-second-trailer-is-here|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref> Ither chairacters include: Cal Hampton, Jason's paranoid freend; Boobie Ike, that rins a business empire in Vice City; an Dre'Quan Priest, awner o the record label Only Raw Records wi Boobie. Bae-Luxe an Roxy are a muisical duo signed tae Only Raw unner the nem Real Dimez; Raul Bautista is a saisoned bank robber; an Brian Heder is a langtime drog rinner in the Keys an Jason's landlaird.<ref name=":0" /> == Development an release == [[File:Rockstar North HQ, Edinburgh, Scotland.jpg|thumb|[[Rockstar North]]'s heidquarters in [[Edinburgh]]]] [[Rockstar Games]] begoud preliminary wirk on ''Grand Theft Auto VI'' in 2014 efter ''[[Grand Theft Auto V]]''<nowiki/>'s lowse, wi early development stairtin in late 2018 follaein ''[[Red Dead Redemption 2]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Schreier|first=Jason|author-link=Jason Schreier|date=2024-12-09|title=Grand Theft Auto VI Will Rule the Video Game Industry in 2025|language=en|work=Bloomberg News|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-12-09/-gta-6-release-date-will-decide-much-of-the-2025-game-calendar|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Schreier|first=Jason|author-link=Jason Schreier|date=2022-07-27|title=Rockstar Games Cleaned Up Its Frat-Boy Culture — and Grand Theft Auto, Too|language=en|work=Bloomberg News|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-27/gta-6-release-date-rockstar-cleans-up-image-after-employee-backlash|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref> Principal production begoud in 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yin-Poole|first=Wesley|date=2025-05-15|title=GTA 6 Development Began 'In Earnest' in 2020 Following the 'Massive Success' of Red Dead Redemption 2, Take-Two Says|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/gta-6-development-began-in-earnest-in-2020-following-the-massive-success-of-red-dead-redemption-2-take-two-says|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=IGN|language=en}}</ref> code-named ''Project Americas''.<ref name=":2" /> Jason Schreier reportit the gemme wis "a moderately sized lowse" that wad expand ower time tae avoid its predecessors' developer crunch.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schreier|first=Jason|author-link=Jason Schreier|date=2020-04-15|title=18 Months After Red Dead Redemption 2, Rockstar Has Made Big Cultural Changes|url=https://kotaku.com/18-months-after-red-dead-redemption-2-rockstar-has-mad-1842880524|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=Kotaku|language=en-US}}</ref> He reportit that it wad featur twa [[Bonnie an Clyde]]–inspired protagonists, includin a [[Hispanic an Latino Americans|Laitina]],<ref name=":2" /> an "a signeeficant onwab mode" akin tae ''[[Grand Theft Auto Online]]''.<ref name=":1" /> He claimed the developers war cautiously subvertin the series's trend o jokin aboot marginalisit groups.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Middler|first=Jordan|date=2022-07-27|title=GTA 6 ‘will take place in Miami and feature a female protagonist’, it’s claimed|url=https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/gta-6-will-take-place-in-miami-and-feature-a-female-protagonist-its-claimed/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=Video Games Chronicle|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2018, ''[[Rooster Teeth|The Know]]'' reportit that the gemme wad be set maistly in Vice City an pairtly in [[Sooth Americae]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin|first=Matt|date=2018-03-06|title=GTA 6 set in Vice City and South America, features first female lead character, releases in 2022 - rumour|url=https://www.vg247.com/gta-6-vice-city-miami-female-character-release-date|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=VG247|language=en}}</ref> an in 2021, Tom Henderson claimed its cairt coud evolve akin tae ''[[Fortnite]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bonthuys|first=Darryn|date=2021-07-01|title=GTA 6 Will Reportedly Only Be Out In 2025, Will Include Fortnite-Like Evolving Map|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/gta-6-will-reportedly-only-be-out-in-2025-will-include-fortnite-like-evolving-map/1100-6493368/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=GameSpot|language=en-US}}</ref> The gemme is expectit tae uise the [[Rockstar Advanced Game Engine]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thompson|first=Michael|date=2023-12-07|title=The GTA 6 Game Engine Looks Insane - IGN's Grand Theft Auto 6 Performance Preview|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/the-gta-6-game-engine-looks-insane-igns-grand-theft-auto-6-performance-preview|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=IGN|language=en}}</ref> It is the furst main ''Grand Theft Auto'' gemme syne the 1997 oreeginal (an the furst oweraw syne 2004's ''Advance'') nae tae be written bi [[Dan Houser]], that left Rockstar in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McCrae|first=Scott|date=2025-09-29|title=Rockstar co-founder Dan Houser confirms GTA 6 is "not going to be a story I wrote," but "I think it's going to be exciting"; "I think the world's probably had enough GTA from me"|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/games/grand-theft-auto/rockstar-co-founder-dan-houser-confirms-gta-6-is-not-going-to-be-a-story-i-wrote-but-i-think-its-going-to-be-exciting-i-think-the-worlds-probably-had-enough-gta-from-me/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=GamesRadar+|language=en}}</ref> The gemme becam heichly anticipatit in the years afore its annooncement,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cuthbertson|first=Anthony|date=2022-09-22|title=GTA 6 leak is ‘biggest in video game history’|url=https://www.the-independent.com/tech/gta-6-video-leaks-lucia-game-play-b2170267.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> an some fans becam frustratit bi Rockstar's continued silence, pairticulairly efter it annoonced a re-lowse o ''Grand Theft Auto V'' in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bonthuys|first=Darryn|date=2021-08-31|title=Fan Invades German Show, Demanding GTA 6 Be Released|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/fan-invades-german-show-demanding-gta-6-be-released/1100-6495767/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=GameSpot|language=en-US}}</ref> An individual received media attention fur interruptin seevral live stage an telly shaws tae reference the gemme. On 4 Februar 2022,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Skrebels|first=Joe|date=2022-02-04|title=GTA 6 Confirmed: Rockstar Finally Says It's in Development|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/gta-6-confirmed|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=IGN|language=en}}</ref> Rockstar confirmed development wis "weel unnerwey". In Julie, Rockstar annoonced ''Red Dead Online'' wad nae receive mair major updates as development resoorces wis widrawn tae focus on the upcomin gemme.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robinson|first=Andy|date=2022-07-10|title=Rockstar says it ‘understands GTA6 needs to exceed expectations’|url=https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/rockstar-says-it-understands-gta6-needs-to-exceed-expectations/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=Video Games Chronicle|language=en-US}}</ref> Industrie soorces statit Rockstar reallocatit addeetional resoorces efter planned remasters o ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]'' (2008) an ''[[Red Dead Redemption]]'' (2010) wis paused. This wis owin tae the backlash received bi ''Grand Theft Auto: The Trilogy – The Definitive Edition'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zwiezen|first=Zack|date=2022-07-05|title=Red Dead Redemption, GTA IV Remasters Shelved After GTA Trilogy Debacle|url=https://kotaku.com/gta-iv-remastered-red-dead-redemption-canceled-rockstar-1849142371|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=Kotaku|language=en-US}}</ref> Rumours an analysts suggestit the budget surpassed 1 US dollars–2 billion, makin it the maist expensive gemme iver developit,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alt|first=Eric|date=2023-12-15|title=GTA 6: Grand Theft Auto VI could smash revenue records|url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20231214-gta-6-grand-theft-auto-vi-could-smash-revenue-records|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=[[BBC]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> tho the feegur remeens unverifee'd.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Huxley|first=Ben|title=GTA 6 budget rumours explained: How much has GTA 6 cost to make?|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/technology/gaming/gta-6-budget/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=[[Radio Times]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> In October 2026, Rockstar denied rumours that it cost ower 1.5 billion US dollars, tho it wadnae gie a feegur.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yin-Poole |first1=Wesley |date=14 October 2026 |title=Rockstar Pushes Back on Rumor GTA 6 Cost More Than $1.5 Billion to Make, but It's Still Probably the Most Expensive Video Game of All Time |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/rockstar-pushes-back-on-rumor-gta-6-cost-more-than-15-billion-to-make-but-its-still-probably-the-most-expensive-video-game-of-all-time |website=IGN |language=en-US |access-date=16 October 2026}}</ref> ''Grand Theft Auto VI'' wan Most Wanted Game at the Golden Joystick Awards an Most Anticipated Game at [[The Game Awards|the Game Awards]] in baith 2024 an 2025. Anticipation spawned a meme indicatin bemusement that ither surprisin events occurred "afore ''GTA 6''".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/games/grand-theft-auto/we-got-heel-cena-before-gta-6-even-john-cena-himself-is-comparing-the-20-year-wait-for-his-wwe-heel-turn-to-the-12-year-wait-for-the-next-grand-theft-auto/ |title='We got heel Cena before ''GTA 6''{{'}}: Even John Cena himself is comparing the 20-year wait for his WWE heel turn to the 12-year wait for the next ''Grand Theft Auto'' |last=Bailey |first=Dustin |work=GamesRadar+ |publisher=Future plc |date=4 March 2025 |accessdate=8 March 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303192610/https://www.gamesradar.com/games/grand-theft-auto/we-got-heel-cena-before-gta-6-even-john-cena-himself-is-comparing-the-20-year-wait-for-his-wwe-heel-turn-to-the-12-year-wait-for-the-next-grand-theft-auto/ |archivedate=3 March 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/games/gta-vi-was-es-mit-dem-meme-we-got-before-gta-6-auf-sich-hat-a-0055b4bf-f65c-48a1-ac45-2bbe22f63c15 |title=Sogar Oasis und die Beatles sind zurück—was alles vor ''GTA VI'' passierte |language=de |trans-title=Even Oasis and the Beatles are back—what happened before ''GTA VI'' |last=Pütz |first=Florian |website=Der Spiegel |date=16 January 2025 |accessdate=8 March 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116135846/https://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/games/gta-vi-was-es-mit-dem-meme-we-got-before-gta-6-auf-sich-hat-a-0055b4bf-f65c-48a1-ac45-2bbe22f63c15 |archivedate=16 January 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/we-got-a-john-cena-heel-turn-before-gta-6-and-hes-in-on-the-meme |title=We Got a John Cena Heel Turn Before ''GTA 6''—and He's in on the Meme |last=Yin-Poole |first=Wesley |website=IGN |publisher=Ziff Davis |date=3 March 2025 |accessdate=8 March 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303173315/https://www.ign.com/articles/we-got-a-john-cena-heel-turn-before-gta-6-and-hes-in-on-the-meme |archivedate=3 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Seevral publishers awaitit a lowse date annooncement afore schedulin thair awn gemmes, wi ithers prepared tae reschedule tae avoid competeetion; Schreier cawed it "a massive gemme o 4D chess pleyin oot across the entire [[Video gemme industrie|video-gemme industrie]]".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2025-05-09/-grand-theft-auto-vi-delay-is-impacting-every-game-company |title=''Grand Theft Auto&nbsp;VI'' Delay Impacts Every Game Company |last=Schreier |first=Jason |authorlink=Jason Schreier |agency=Bloomberg News |date=9 May 2025 |accessdate=14 May 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250510161321/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2025-05-09/-grand-theft-auto-vi-delay-is-impacting-every-game-company |archivedate=10 May 2025 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Some industrie feegurs hoped it wad be selt fur 80 US dollars tae 100 US dollars—mair nor the standart 70 US dollars—as it wad prompt a wider trend. Analysts thocht it unlikely, as it coud leemit sales; in the end it wis priced at 79.99. US dollars<ref name="Reuters Price">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/take-two-prices-grand-theft-auto-vi-7999-2026-06-24/ |title=Take-Two prices ''Grand Theft Auto VI'' at $79.99 |last=Soni |first=Adita |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=24 June 2026 |accessdate=24 June 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260624110214/https://www.reuters.com/technology/take-two-prices-grand-theft-auto-vi-7999-2026-06-24/ |archivedate=24 June 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Circana predictit the gemme coud help "reboond" the mercat wi record consumer spendin. DFC Intelligence projeckit sales o 40 million an earnins o 3.2 billion US dollars in the furst year—doublin ''Grand Theft Auto V'', that haed the heichest-grossin gemme launch—includin 1 billion US dollars in preorders. Rockstar requestit employees cease remote wirk an return tae offices frae Aprile 2024 "fur productivity an security" as the release date drew near.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/rockstar-games-is-asking-employees-to-return-to-office-amid-gta-security-concerns |title=Rockstar Games Is Asking Employees to Return to Office Amid ''GTA'' Security Concerns |last=Borger |first=Will |website=IGN |publisher=Ziff Davis |date=28 February 2024 |access-date=29 February 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229015454/https://www.ign.com/articles/rockstar-games-is-asking-employees-to-return-to-office-amid-gta-security-concerns |archivedate=29 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-28/-grand-theft-auto-maker-tells-staff-to-return-to-office-five-days-a-week |title=''Grand Theft Auto'' Make Rockstar Games Asks Workers to Return to Office Five Days a Week |last=Schreier |first=Jason |authorlink=Jason Schreier |agency=Bloomberg News |date=28 February 2024 |access-date=29 February 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228220945/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-28/-grand-theft-auto-maker-tells-staff-to-return-to-office-five-days-a-week |archivedate=28 February 2024 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The Independent Workers' Union of Great Britain (IWGB) criticised Rockstar fur contradictin thair promise tae maintain flexible wirkin condeetions; some employees war concerned it coud negatively affeck staff heal an morale an prompt resignations an crunch. ''Kotaku''<nowiki/>'s Zack Zwiezen reportit the decision wis pairtly tae avoid a delay, thou ither journalists an Rockstar's parent company, [[Take-Two Interactive]], said the gemme remained on schedule fur late 2025. The amoont o remainin wirk led employees tae expect a delay; in Mey 2025, the gemme wis delayed tae 26 Mey 2026. Tae keep the gemme secret, [[Rockstar North]]'s office in [[Edinburgh]] haed tae pit privacy film on its windaes tae stap drones takkin photies throu them.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yin-Poole |first1=Wesley |date=September 11, 2026 |title=GTA 6 Developer Rockstar Says It Was Forced to Put Privacy Films on Its Buildings After Drones Were Used to Snap Photos Through Office Windows |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/gta-6-developer-rockstar-says-it-was-forced-to-put-privacy-films-on-its-buildings-after-drones-were-used-to-snap-photos-through-office-windows |website=IGN |language=en-US |access-date=12 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261012174351/https://www.ign.com/articles/gta-6-developer-rockstar-says-it-was-forced-to-put-privacy-films-on-its-buildings-after-drones-were-used-to-snap-photos-through-office-windows |archive-date=12 October 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Rockstar fired 34 employees on 30 October 2025, citin public collogue an distribution o confidential information.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9v10rr1meeo |title=''Grand Theft Auto'' studio accused of 'union busting' after sacking workers |last1=McMahon |first1=Liv |last2=Vallance |first2=Chris |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=7 November 2025 |accessdate=12 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112013202/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9v10rr1meeo |archivedate=12 November 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> The IWGB accused the company o union bustin, statin the employees war attemptin tae unionise wi labour organisers; thay protestit ootside [[Rockstar North]] an Take-Two's offices. The follaein week, Rockstar delayed the gemme tae 19 November 2026, citin addeetional polish. Journalists notit the firins did nae cause the delay but coud lead tae missed deidlines; a Rockstar North employee said morale wis "at rock bottom",<ref name="Union Morale">{{multiref2| {{cite web |url=https://www.gamepressure.com/newsroom/rockstar-north-morale-is-said-to-be-exceptionally-low-and-not-nec/z988f3 |title=Rockstar North morale is said to be exceptionally low, and not necessarily because of another ''GTA 6'' delay |last=Blazewicz |first=Jacob |work=[[Gamepressure]] |date=7 November 2025 |accessdate=8 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107233616/https://www.gamepressure.com/newsroom/rockstar-north-morale-is-said-to-be-exceptionally-low-and-not-nec/z988f3 |archivedate=7 November 2025 |url-status=live}} |{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/gta-6-delay-rockstar-employees-protest/ |title=As ''GTA 6'' gets delayed, fired Rockstar employees paint a grim picture |last=Hernandez |first=Patricia |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=[[Valnet]] |date=7 November 2025 |accessdate=8 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107233540/https://www.polygon.com/gta-6-delay-rockstar-employees-protest/ |archivedate=7 November 2025 |url-status=live}} }}</ref> an Take-Two's skare price briefly drappit bi awmaist 10%. Ither developers supportit the delay an Pols politeecian [[Witold Tumanowicz]] jokingly referenced it in a Sejm session; some pleyers expressit thair wanin interest but ithers foond it acceptable. Analysts expectit publishers wad reschedule thair gemmes tae tak ''Grand Theft Auto VI''<nowiki/>'s previous lowse windae or muive awey frae its new date tae avoid competeetion. In August 2026, Rockstar confirmed the gemme wad rin at 30 frames a second on baith consoles at lowse, doun frae the 60 that ''Grand Theft Auto V'' haed on consoles.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nasir |first=Hassam |date=29 August 2026 |title=Grand Theft Auto 6 will run at only 30 FPS on consoles at launch, no performance mode promised — even the souped-up PS5 Pro might not get 60 FPS support |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/video-games/grand-theft-auto-6-will-run-at-only-30-fps-on-consoles-at-launch-no-performance-mode-promised-even-the-souped-up-ps5-pro-might-not-get-60-fps-support |website=Tom's Hardware |access-date=1 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260901083304/https://www.tomshardware.com/video-games/grand-theft-auto-6-will-run-at-only-30-fps-on-consoles-at-launch-no-performance-mode-promised-even-the-souped-up-ps5-pro-might-not-get-60-fps-support |archive-date=1 September 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is nae PC version at lowse, but in October 2026 industrie soorces reportit it wad come tae PC in the first quarter o 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haslam |first=Oliver |date=2026-10-13 |title=GTA 6 could come to PC as early as Q1 2027, report claims — January-March launch window a huge improvement over 18-month GTA V wait |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/video-games/pc-gaming/gta-6-could-come-to-pc-as-early-as-q1-2027-leak-claims-january-march-launch-window-a-huge-improvement-over-18-month-gta-v-wait |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Tom's Hardware |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=Jay |date=2026-10-13 |title=GTA VI is reportedly launching on PC in Q1 of 2027. |url=https://www.theverge.com/games/1010098/gta-vi-is-reportedly-launching-on-pc-in-q1-of-2027 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref> === Promotion === In November 2023, [[Sam Houser]], the preses o Rockstar Games, annoonced the furst [[Trailer (promotion)|trailer]] wad lowse in early December tae celebrate the company's 25t anniversary. Athin five oors, the annooncement on Twitter surpassed twa previous posts aboot the gemme tae become the platform's maist-likit gemmin-relatit post. It wis later surpassed bi Rockstar's post annooncin the trailer's 5 December lowse date, wi 1.8 million liks in 24 oors. Ither developers imitatit the annooncement's formattin tae promote thair trailers. On 4 December, a low-quality version o the trailer wis leakit on Twitter. In repone, Rockstar published the offeecial version on [[YouTube]], revealin the title, protagonists, settin, an 2025 lowse windae fur the [[PlayStation 5]] an the [[Xbox Series X/S]]. The trailer broke the record fur maist furst-day views on a non-muisic YouTube video athin 12 oors, wi 46 million, an, athin 24 oors, becam the thrid-maist-viewed oweraw, wi 93 million, an maist-likit gemme trailer, wi 8.9 million. It surpassed the lifetime viewership o ''Grand Theft Auto V''<nowiki/>'s 2011 reveal trailer athin twa days, wi 101 million views. It becam the second-maist-viewed gemme trailer bi Januar 2024, wi 168 million, an the second-maist-viewed trailer iver bi November 2025, wi 268 million. Its featured sang, [[Tom Petty]]'s "[[Love Is a Long Road (sang)|Love Is a Long Road]]", saw a near-37,000% increase in Spotify streams, haed awmaist 250,000 sairches on Shazam, an rankit second on the warldwide [[iTunes]] chairt. The trailer spawned fan-creatit recreations in ither video gemmes an mediums, includin as a brickfilm an in live-action. A second trailer wis lowsed on 6 Mey 2025, revealin the protagonists' fou names. It featurs the Pointer Sisters's sang "Hot Together"—that saw a 182,000% increase in Spotify streams—as weel as Wang Chung's "Everybody Have Fun Tonight", "Child Support" bi Zenglen, an Tammy Wynette's "Talkin' to Myself Again". Rockstar reiteratit the trailer wis makkit o cutscenes an gemmepley recordit on the PlayStation 5, follaein some viewers' doubts owin tae the heich graphical fidelity. Alangside the trailer cam an update tae the gemme's wabsteid wi 70 screenshots an seevral chairacter an location descriptions. The trailer received ower 475 million views athin 24 oors across aa platforms, surpassin ''Deadpool & Wolverine'''s record as the mucklest video launch. It wan Best Gemme Trailer at the Golden Joystick Awards in 2025. Rockstar unveiled the kiver airt on 18 Juin 2026 an annoonced that preorders wad appen on 25 Juin, initiatin the mercatin campaign, fur that Rockstar pairtnered wi [[Sony Interactive Entertainment]]'s [[PlayStation]]. Physical versions, conteenin anly dounload codes in lieu o disks, are set tae be available in stores on 12 November, allouin pre-loadin afore the gemme unlocks on its lowse date. Journalists notit this follaed an existin trend an attreibutit the decision tae preventin leaks an reducin resellin, thou some retailers refused tae stock the gemme. Seevral pleyers an journalists criticised the lack o disks, citin awnership restrictions, an the content lockit ahint the special edition. ''Ultimate Edition'' will grant addeetional in-gemme claethin, hairstyles, locations, missions, tattoos, vehicles, an wappens, whiles aa preorders receive the ''Vintage Vice City Pack''. This featurs in-gemme items inspirt bi ''[[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City]]'' (2002) an its protagonist, [[Tommy Vercetti]]. As Vice City is based on [[Miami]], Rockstar wantit tae uise the real ceety tae mercat the gemme. The Miami-Dade Coonty Commission approved the campaign in September 2026, tho some local politeecians objectit, sayin the gemme promotes a culture o violence.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ryan |first1=Valerie |date=September 16, 2026 |title=Miami commissioners approve GTA 6 marketing proposal ahead of game's release |url=https://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/miami-commissioners-approve-gta-6-marketing-proposal-ahead-of-games-release/3859974/ |website=NBC Miami |language=en-US |access-date=15 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260920155508/https://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/miami-commissioners-approve-gta-6-marketing-proposal-ahead-of-games-release/3859974/ |archive-date=20 September 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Frae 1 October, the ruif o the Kaseya Center areena wis lit up wi a sign readin "Welcome to Vice City", that cost 975,000. US dollars<ref>{{Cite web |last=McKeand |first=Kirk |date=1 October 2026 |title=GTA 6 Lights Up the Kaseya Center in Miami |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/gta-6-kaseya-center |website=IGN |language=en-US |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261001162108/https://www.ign.com/articles/gta-6-kaseya-center |archive-date=1 October 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> The launch trailer cam oot on 15 October, an it wis revealed that the French electronic duo Justice wad write the gemme's oreeginal score;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scullion |first1=Chris |date=15 October 2026 |title=Rockstar has revealed the official launch trailer for Grand Theft Auto 6 |url=https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/rockstar-has-revealed-the-official-launch-trailer-for-grand-theft-auto-6/ |website=Video Games Chronicle |language=en-GB |access-date=16 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261017043107/https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/rockstar-has-revealed-the-official-launch-trailer-for-grand-theft-auto-6/ |archive-date=17 October 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> thay makkit three oors o muisic for it.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yin-Poole |first1=Wesley |date=29 October 2026 |title=The GTA 6: Original Score Has a Release Date and a Brand New Track You Can Listen to Right Now |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/the-gta-6-original-score-has-a-release-date-and-a-brand-new-track-you-can-listen-to-right-now |website=IGN |language=en-US |access-date=1 November 2026}}</ref> === Leaks === On 18 September 2022, a uiser kent as "teapotuberhacker" published 90 videos tae the wabsteid ''GTAForums'' shawin 50 meenits o wirk-in-progress gemme fuitage. Schreier confirmed wi soorces at Rockstar that the fuitage wis genuine, an ''[[The Guardian]]'' reportit it wis frae seevral stages o development, wi some videos aboot a year auld. The fuitage revealed a modren-day Vice City settin, contained animation an gemmepley tests, leivel layoots, an chairacter collogues, an depictit the pleyer chairacters, Lucia an Jason, enterin a strip club an robbin a diner. The hacker claimed tae be reponsible fur the Uber security breach frae the prior week. Thay said thay haed dounloadit the files directly frae Rockstar's internal Slack groups, an threatened tae publish [[soorce code]], assets, an internal biggs o ''Grand Theft Auto V'' an ''VI''. Take-Two reponed bi submittin takdouns o videos shawin or colloguin the leaks hostit on YouTube, an contactit ''GTAForums'' an [[Reddit]] moderators tae remuive access. The hacker wrate that thay war wantin tae strike a deal wi Rockstar or Take-Two. Journalists describit the event as ane o the mucklest leaks in video gemme history; Schreier cawed it "a nichtmare fur Rockstar Games" that coud leemit employees' remote-wirk flexibility. The Jefferies Group analyst Andrew Uerkwitz cawed it a "PR disaster" that coud potentially delay the gemme an diminish staff morale, but wis unlikely tae impact reception or sales. ''The Guardian'' notit the leakit fuitage wis bein widely criticised "bi ill-informed uisers" owin tae its quality, in maugre o nae bein representative o the final product. Some uisers erroneously claimed graphics an airt assets are finalised early in gemme development. In solidarity, seevral developers skared wirk-in-progress fuitage o thair gemmes an some, includin Cliff Bleszinski, Neil Druckmann, Rami Ismail, an Alanah Pearce, offered seempathies tae Rockstar. On 19 September, Rockstar confirmed the leak tae be a "netwirk intrusion" an lamentit the manner in that the gemme wis furst demonstratit, but did nae anticipate lang-term effecks on development. Thay disabled comments an replies on thair social media accoonts in the days follaein the leak. Take-Two eikit that steps haed been taken "tae isolate an conteen this incident". Take-Two's skare price drappit bi mair nor 6% in pre-mercat tredin that day, but rekivered durin regular tredin oors follaein thair statement. [[Uber (company)|Uber]] acknawledgit the potential links tae thair security breach an notit thay war wirkin wi the [[Federal Bureau o Investigation]] an the [[Unitit States Depairtment o Juistice]]. Thay believed the hacker wis affiliatit wi the group Lapsus$, that wis thoucht tae hae breached companies sic as [[Microsoft]], [[Nvidia]], an [[Samsung]] ower the precedin year. Strauss Zelnick, Take-Two's chairman an [[chief executive officer]], said the incident caused the companies tae become mair vigilant wi cybersecurity an haed impactit staff emotionally but business remained unaffectit. Rockstar later claimed the incident cost the company 5 million US dollars an thoosands o staff oors tae rekiver. A 17-year-auld lad frae [[Oxfordshire]]—identifee'd as "teapotuberhacker" an a key memmer o Lapsus$—wis arrestit bi the Ceety o Lunnon Polis on 22 September. This wis pairt o an investigation supportit bi the Naitional Cyber Crime Unit an American federal law enforcement. Whiles on bail fur hackin EE an Nvidia an unner [[Polis|polis protection]] at a Travelodge hotel, he breached Rockstar uisin a mobile phone, televeesion, an an Amazon Fire TV Stick. He threatened tae lowse the soorce code in a Slack message tae aa Rockstar staff. Appearin afore Highbury Corner Youth Coort, he pleadit guilty tae twa coonts o breachin bail condeetions an nae guilty tae twa coonts o computer misuse. The case wis referred tae a heicher coort whiles the lad wis remanded tae a yung offender institution. In mid-2023, he stuid trial at Soothwark Croun Coort fur twalve offences, includin sax coonts o computer misuse, three o bleckmail, an twa o fraud. He wis deemed unfit tae staund trial owin tae his [[autism]]; insteid o assessin his guilt, a jury determined he haed committit the acks. A judge placed him unner an indefinite hospital order in December fur bein a heich public risk as he expressed an intent tae continue committin cybercrimes. On 1 Januar 2025, a Reddit uiser postit a photograph an twa videos o a PlayStation 5 development kit rinnin the gemme, taken bi a person that "wirkit at the Rockstar office fur a few months" in mid-2021. The post wis later deletit. Based on the office's surroondins, ''Eurogamer'' determined the photograph an videos wis taken at Rockstar San Diego. ''Polygon''<nowiki/>'s Ian Walker foond nae new information wis revealed frae the post, that he cawed the "warst leak o aw time". Mony considered the appenin o the second trailer in Mey 2025—whaurin Jason is "juist fixin some leaks"—a reference tae the gemme's leaks. In November, fuitage imitatin the gemme received millions o views afore the creator admittit it wis a deepfake. Later that week, some development fuitage wis spottit in a umwhile Rockstar animator's demo reel. In August 2026, an accoont cawed "CyberLeek" leaked the gemme's cairt an seevral meenits o fuitage. It threatened tae leak mair unless Rockstar chynged its plans for content anly in the special edition, an for sellin it wi nae disks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/games/grand-theft-auto/new-gta-6-leaks-show-gameplay-and-the-full-leonida-map-as-rockstar-issues-dmca-takedowns/ |title=New ''GTA 6'' leaks show gameplay and the full Leonida map as Rockstar issues DMCA takedowns |last=Bailey |first=Dustin |work=GamesRadar+ |publisher=Future plc |date=18 August 2026 |accessdate=19 August 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260818224004/https://www.gamesradar.com/games/grand-theft-auto/new-gta-6-leaks-show-gameplay-and-the-full-leonida-map-as-rockstar-issues-dmca-takedowns/ |archivedate=18 August 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/gta-6-hackers-cyberleek-physical-discs/ |title=''GTA 6'' hackers say new leak is meant to punish Rockstar for the game's lack of discs |last=Hernandez |first=Patricia |website=Polygon |publisher=Valnet |date=18 August 2026 |accessdate=19 August 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260818223907/https://www.polygon.com/gta-6-hackers-cyberleek-physical-discs/ |archivedate=18 August 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> At least saxteen videos war leaked ower nine days.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://mashable.com/entertainment/grand-theft-auto-vi-cyberleek-leaks-august-26 |title=''GTA VI'' Cyberleek update: Everything leaked Wednesday and earlier this week |last=Perry |first=Alex |agency=Mashable |date=26 August 2026 |accessdate=27 August 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260826221559/https://mashable.com/entertainment/grand-theft-auto-6-cyberleek-leaks-everything-posted-so-far |archivedate=26 August 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Take-Two askit a coort in New York for subpoenas tae get records frae Discord, [[Microsoft]] an X Corp., tae fin oot wha CyberLeek wis.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/take-two-subpoenas-microsoft-and-discord-records-related-to-spread-of-gta-6-leaks-2000726633 |title=Take-Two Asks Court To Subpoena Trove Of Records From Microsoft And Discord As It Hunts For ''GTA 6'' Leaker |last=Gach |first=Ethan |website=Kotaku |publisher=G/O Media |date=21 August 2026 |accessdate=23 August 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260821142145/https://kotaku.com/take-two-subpoenas-microsoft-and-discord-records-related-to-spread-of-gta-6-leaks-2000726633 |archivedate=21 August 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Rockstar acknawledgit the leaks on 26 August, cawin them "heartbreaking for our team", an apologised for the delays tae development an mercatin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62eg71e1z2o |title=Rockstar Games breaks silence on ''Grand Theft Auto 6'' leaks |last=Richardson |first=Tom |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=26 August 2026 |accessdate=27 August 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260826211151/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62eg71e1z2o |archivedate=26 August 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == {{sister project links|d=Q23648408|q=Grand Theft Auto VI|c=category:Grand Theft Auto VI|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} * {{Offeecial wabsteid|https://www.rockstargames.com/VI}} {{portal bar|Florida|Video gemmes}} [[Category:Action-adventur gemmes]] [[Category:The Game Awards winners]] [[Category:Gowden Joystick Awaird winners]] [[Category:Grand Theft Auto|6]] [[Category:Appen-warld video gemmes]] [[Category:Organisit crime video gemmes]] [[Category:PlayStation 5 gemmes]] [[Category:Rockstar Advanced Game Engine gemmes]] [[Category:Rockstar Games gemmes]] [[Category:Upcomin video gemmes scheduled fur 2026]] [[Category:Video gemmes featurin female protagonists]] [[Category:Video gemmes set in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Xbox Series X an Series S gemmes]] lq4fhagifidrt1qcnc3r4if4o0nt8mg 0 233802 927676 920220 2026-11-10T03:17:07Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox varsity |name = Varsity o Guadalajara |native_name = Universidad de Guadalajara |image_name = Escudo_UdeG.svg |image_size = 200px |caption = Offeecial coat o airms |latin_name = Universitas Guadalaiarensis |motto = ''Piensa y Trabaja'' |mottoeng = Think an Wark |established = [[3 November]] [[1792]] (as Rial an Leterary Varsity o Guadalajara)<br />[[12 October]] [[1925]] (re-foondit) |type = [[Public varsity|Public]] [[State varsity seestem|State Varsity Seestem]] |rector = Ricardo Villanueva Lomelí |academic_staff = 16,000+ |students = 320,000+ |undergrad = 135,000+ |postgrad = 5,000+ |ceety = [[Guadalajara]] |state = [[Jalisco]] |kintra = [[Mexico]] |campus = [[Urban aurie|Urban]] an Regional Campuses |colors = Blue, Yellow an Reid {{Color box|#002B49}} {{Color box|#EAAA00}} {{Color box|#C8102E}} |nickname = Leones Negros (Black Lions) |wabsteid = {{URL|http://www.udg.mx/|udg.mx}} |logo = }} '''The University o Guadalajara''' ([[Spainish leid|Spainish]]: ''Universidad de Guadalajara'') is a [[Public university|public]] [[Research varsity|resairch university]] locatit in [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]], [[Jalisco]]. It wis oreeginally estaiblisht in 1586 an offeecially foondit on 12 Februar 1791 as the Ryal an Pontifical University o Guadalajara. Ower the centuries, it haes evolved intae ane o Mexico's leadin eddicational institutions. The university operates mony heich schuils, as weel as unnergraduate an graduate campuses, whilk are distributit throuoot the state o [[Jalisco]]. It is widely regardit as the maist signeeficant university in the region. Based on its foondation date, it is the second-auldest university in Mexico, the seiventeent-auldest in [[North Americae]], an the fowerteent-auldest in [[Laitin Americae]]. Syne 1994, the University o Guadalajara haes operatit unner a netwirk model tae organise its academic activities. This university netwirk comprises 15 university centres, the Virtual University Seestem, the Heich Schuil Eddication Seestem, an the university's general admeenistrative bouk. Durin the 2014–2015 academic year, the university haed a tot enrollment o 255,944 student, includin 116,424 unnergraduate an graduate students an 139,520 heich schuil student. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:1792 establishments in New Spain]] [[Category:Varsities in Mexico]] [[Category:Varsity o Guadalajara|*]] [[Category:Eddicational institutions established in the 1790s]] [[Category:Jalisco]] k2wklcy2zk1vwaqo4dderg3xr5zfeeh 927677 927676 2026-11-10T03:18:35Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox varsity |name = University o Guadalajara |native_name = Universidad de Guadalajara |image_name = Escudo_UdeG.svg |image_size = 200px |caption = Offeecial coat o airms |latin_name = Universitas Guadalaiarensis |motto = ''Piensa y Trabaja'' |mottoeng = Think an Wark |established = 3 November 1792 (as Rial an Leterary University o Guadalajara)<br />12 October 1925 (re-foondit) |type = [[Public university|Public]] [[State university seestem|State University Seestem]] |rector = Ricardo Villanueva Lomelí |academic_staff = 16,000+ |students = 320,000+ |undergrad = 135,000+ |postgrad = 5,000+ |ceety = [[Guadalajara]] |state = [[Jalisco]] |kintra = [[Mexico]] |campus = [[Urban area|Urban]] an Regional Campuses |colors = Blue, Yellow an Reid {{Color box|#002B49}} {{Color box|#EAAA00}} {{Color box|#C8102E}} |nickname = Leones Negros (Black Lions) |wabsteid = {{URL|http://www.udg.mx/|udg.mx}} }} '''The University o Guadalajara''' ([[Spainish leid|Spainish]]: ''Universidad de Guadalajara'') is a [[Public university|public]] [[Research varsity|resairch university]] locatit in [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]], [[Jalisco]]. It wis oreeginally estaiblisht in 1586 an offeecially foondit on 12 Februar 1791 as the Ryal an Pontifical University o Guadalajara. Ower the centuries, it haes evolved intae ane o Mexico's leadin eddicational institutions. The university operates mony heich schuils, as weel as unnergraduate an graduate campuses, whilk are distributit throuoot the state o [[Jalisco]]. It is widely regardit as the maist signeeficant university in the region. Based on its foondation date, it is the second-auldest university in Mexico, the seiventeent-auldest in [[North Americae]], an the fowerteent-auldest in [[Laitin Americae]]. Syne 1994, the University o Guadalajara haes operatit unner a netwirk model tae organise its academic activities. This university netwirk comprises 15 university centres, the Virtual University Seestem, the Heich Schuil Eddication Seestem, an the university's general admeenistrative bouk. Durin the 2014–2015 academic year, the university haed a tot enrollment o 255,944 student, includin 116,424 unnergraduate an graduate students an 139,520 heich schuil student. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:1792 establishments in New Spain]] [[Category:Varsities in Mexico]] [[Category:Varsity o Guadalajara|*]] [[Category:Eddicational institutions established in the 1790s]] [[Category:Jalisco]] 9qah996baf4c846dwdjq53ybyikfqgl 927678 927677 2026-11-10T03:18:46Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mr.Murdoch78 flittit page [[Varsity o Guadalajara]] til [[University o Guadalajara]] 927677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox varsity |name = University o Guadalajara |native_name = Universidad de Guadalajara |image_name = Escudo_UdeG.svg |image_size = 200px |caption = Offeecial coat o airms |latin_name = Universitas Guadalaiarensis |motto = ''Piensa y Trabaja'' |mottoeng = Think an Wark |established = 3 November 1792 (as Rial an Leterary University o Guadalajara)<br />12 October 1925 (re-foondit) |type = [[Public university|Public]] [[State university seestem|State University Seestem]] |rector = Ricardo Villanueva Lomelí |academic_staff = 16,000+ |students = 320,000+ |undergrad = 135,000+ |postgrad = 5,000+ |ceety = [[Guadalajara]] |state = [[Jalisco]] |kintra = [[Mexico]] |campus = [[Urban area|Urban]] an Regional Campuses |colors = Blue, Yellow an Reid {{Color box|#002B49}} {{Color box|#EAAA00}} {{Color box|#C8102E}} |nickname = Leones Negros (Black Lions) |wabsteid = {{URL|http://www.udg.mx/|udg.mx}} }} '''The University o Guadalajara''' ([[Spainish leid|Spainish]]: ''Universidad de Guadalajara'') is a [[Public university|public]] [[Research varsity|resairch university]] locatit in [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]], [[Jalisco]]. It wis oreeginally estaiblisht in 1586 an offeecially foondit on 12 Februar 1791 as the Ryal an Pontifical University o Guadalajara. Ower the centuries, it haes evolved intae ane o Mexico's leadin eddicational institutions. The university operates mony heich schuils, as weel as unnergraduate an graduate campuses, whilk are distributit throuoot the state o [[Jalisco]]. It is widely regardit as the maist signeeficant university in the region. Based on its foondation date, it is the second-auldest university in Mexico, the seiventeent-auldest in [[North Americae]], an the fowerteent-auldest in [[Laitin Americae]]. Syne 1994, the University o Guadalajara haes operatit unner a netwirk model tae organise its academic activities. This university netwirk comprises 15 university centres, the Virtual University Seestem, the Heich Schuil Eddication Seestem, an the university's general admeenistrative bouk. Durin the 2014–2015 academic year, the university haed a tot enrollment o 255,944 student, includin 116,424 unnergraduate an graduate students an 139,520 heich schuil student. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:1792 establishments in New Spain]] [[Category:Varsities in Mexico]] [[Category:Varsity o Guadalajara|*]] [[Category:Eddicational institutions established in the 1790s]] [[Category:Jalisco]] 9qah996baf4c846dwdjq53ybyikfqgl 0 233804 927687 920219 2026-11-10T03:38:05Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[University o Guadalajara]] 927687 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[University o Guadalajara]] mexm9snt9qptetwt65anefarv2mufcj 2 234130 927560 925841 2026-11-10T00:26:55Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 927560 wikitext text/x-wiki A eedit. That's aw ye rale need tae ken. [[:en:User:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Ma Inglis page]] {{Uiserbox|info=Iss uiser whiles accidentally mells American everyday spik wi Scots.}} ngwa597ns5nrw5e8fyq9oq4jd4ofj9e 927561 927560 2026-11-10T00:28:11Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 927561 wikitext text/x-wiki A eedit. That's aw ye rale need tae ken. [[:en:User:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Ma Inglis page]] {{Uiserbox|info=Iss uiser whiles accidentally mells American everyday spik wi Scots whan they'r scrieven in Scots (which isnae vera guid).}} puwj0pf96m5wa8xpmqb1gurc8djc1h7 2 234139 927522 924954 2026-11-09T23:52:56Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 began Course o the war section; addit soorces frae the Inglis-leid page wi minor wikitext mendin tae support it. See the history o [[en:Gaza War]] fur attribution. 927522 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Israel-Hamas War''' is a war in the Israeli–Palestinian conflick. It hae killt tens o thoosands, gey crackit Benjamin Netanyahu's reputation an aw. It stairtit in 2023, whan [[Hamas]] lencht the [[October 7 attacks|October 7 Attacks]]. Israel occupies aboot 60% o the [[Gaza Strip]] the nou.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2026-09-02|title=Netanyahu says Israel ‘not retreating’ during Gaza visit|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/netanyahu-says-we-are-not-retreating-during-gaza-visit|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0585-3923}}</ref> [[Israel]]'s deeds hae been cried a genocide, that Israel denies.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Speri|first=Alice|date=2024-12-20|title=Defining genocide: how a rift over Gaza sparked a crisis among scholars|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/dec/20/genocide-definition-mass-violence-scholars-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> There hae been twa ceasefires, tho baith o thaim hae fawin throu. Faimin hae wrackit Gaza sin the beginnin o the war.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-18|title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza {{!}} Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Untangling the Reality of Famine in Gaza|url=https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports-briefs/untangling-the-reality-of-famine-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=Refugees International|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Unitit States]] haes gien Israel gey muckle aid, but hivna gotten intae the war.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Strobel|first=Warren P.|last2=Youssef|first2=Nancy A.|date=2024-03-31|title=Exclusive {{!}} U.S. and Israel’s ‘Unprecedented’ Intelligence Sharing Draws Criticism|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/u-s-and-israels-unprecedented-intelligence-sharing-draws-criticism-a85979b4|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=US said to transfer 2nd THAAD missile battery to Israel as Iran nuclear tensions rise|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-said-to-transfer-2nd-thaad-missile-battery-to-israel-as-iran-nuclear-tensions-rise/|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> == Background == Israel an Gaza haes [[Gaza-Israel Wars|fechtit 15 wars]] sin the beginnin o the Israel-Palestine conflick.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Filiu|first=Jean-Pierre|date=2024-03-18|title=Israel's 15 wars against Gaza|language=fr|work=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/03/18/israel-s-15-wars-on-gaza_6630789_4.html|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=1950-6244}}</ref> Sin the sae‑cried Nakba, Gaza haes been hauddit apairt fae muckle o the warld, an its economy haes aye been gey unstable.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Arar|first=Khalid|last2=Yehia|first2=Kussai|last3=Ibrahim|first3=Fadia|title=Reflections of the national narrative on the indigenous Palestinian minority in Israel|language=en|work=Journal of Palestinian Refugee Studies|publisher=Palestinian Return Centre|url=https://prc.org.uk/en/post/3702/jprs-reflections-of-the-national-narrative-on-the-indigenous-palestinian-minority-in-israel|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18}}</ref> == Course o the war == === October 7 Attacks === Airly on 7 October 2023,<ref name="aj7oct-retaliation">{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/sirens-warn-of-rockets-launched-towards-israel-from-gaza-news-reports |title=Israel retaliation kills 230 Palestinians after Hamas operation |date=7 October 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007053106/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/sirens-warn-of-rockets-launched-towards-israel-from-gaza-news-reports |url-status=live}}</ref> during the Jewish halidaes o Shimtat Toray an [[Shemini Atzerat]] on [[Shabbat]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Estrin |first=Daniel |date=7 October 2023 |work=[[NPR]] |title=In surprise deadly attacks, Israel says Palestinian militants infiltrated from Gaza |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/07/1204436940/palestinian-militants-launch-rockets-into-israel |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007090901/https://www.npr.org/2023/10/07/1204436940/palestinian-militants-launch-rockets-into-israel |url-status=live}}</ref>Hamas lencht "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood",{{efn|In the [[Arabic leid]], it is {{Lang|1=ar|2=معركة طوفان الأقصى}}}} firin 3,000-5,000 rockets intae Israel.<ref name="aj7oct-escalation">{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/7/israel-palestine-escalation-live-news-barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza |title=Israel–Palestine escalation live news: Hamas starts Operation Al-Aqsa Flood |date=7 October 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007062723/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/7/israel-palestine-escalation-live-news-barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=8 October 2023 |title=Around 1,000 dead in Israel–Hamas war, as Lebanon's Hezbollah also launches strikes |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008185151/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="McKernan-20231007">{{Cite news|last=McKernan |first=Bethan |date=7 October 2023 |title=Hamas launches surprise attack on Israel as Palestinian gunmen reported in south |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007101214/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south |url-status=live}}</ref> == Effects o the war == Studies haes foond that aboot 12% o Israeli sodgers in the war war unfit for militar service,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-05-07|title=מחקר: 12% מחיילי "חרבות ברזל" לא כשירים נפשית לשוב ללחימה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-05-07/ty-article/.premium/00000196-a703-d1bb-a5d6-a7f7cd840|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}</ref> aboot 50% o reservists wi PTSD cuidna get back tae their wark an aw.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-10-30|title=מחקר: כ-50% מהמילואימניקים עם תסמיני פוסט־טראומה מתקשים לשוב לעבודה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-10-30/ty-article/.premium/0000019a-2acd-d856-a9ff-6eef57910000|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}</ref> Baith sides haes commitit war crimes.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-10-17|title=How international law applies to war, and why Hamas and Israel are both alleged to have broken it|language=en|work=AP News|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018194735/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|archive-date=2023-10-18}}</ref> A UN inquiry foond that Israel haed deliberately taigert bairns.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Howard|first=Sally|date=2026-06-28|title=Gaza: Israel “deliberately targeted” children, UN inquiry finds|url=https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=393|pages=e100092|doi=10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|issn=1756-1833}}</ref> In response tae the war crimes Israel is alleged tae hae committed, the ICC issued an arrest warrent for Benjamin Netanyahu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-20|title=Israel Gaza war: ICC prosecutor seeks arrest warrants for Netanyahu and Hamas leaders|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ggpe3qj6wo|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|website=BBC|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Belam|first=Martin|last2=Bayer|first2=Lili|last3=Livingstone|first3=Helen|last4=|first4=|last5=|first5=|date=2024-05-20|title=Israeli ministers condemn ICC arrest warrant call as ‘scandalous’ – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/may/20/iran-helicopter-crash-live-updates-ebrahim-raisi-iranian-president-search-and-rescue-middle-east-crisis-latest-news|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Sooth Africae haes brocht a case afore the International Court o Justice, alleagin that Israel committed genocide in the war, on 29 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Roelf|first=Wendell|last2=Sterling|first2=Toby|date=2023-12-29|title=South Africa files genocide case against Israel at World Court|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-seeks-international-court-justice-genocide-order-against-israel-2023-12-29/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18}}</ref> The war has gien folk a hantle mair sympathy for the Palestinians, an the warld’s views haes realigned sair because o the conflick.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shikaki|first=Khalil|date=2026|title=After Gaza: Enduring Consequences of the War and Palestinian Strategy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep78116|journal=Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research|via=JSTOR}}</ref> === Casualties === The war haes caused gey muckle casualties for both sides, civilian deaths is muckle higher than military ones an aw. According tae the Gazan Health Ministry, 74,000 civilians has died in the war.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2026-09-27|title=Palestinian death toll in Gaza war passes 74,000, and other Mideast news|language=en|work=AP News|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-iran-israel-yemen-september-27-2026-96b100178557a28f51e2ad4f74539699|access-date=2026-10-18}}</ref> Injuries tae civilians haes surpassed 175,000,<ref name=":1" /> wi indirect deaths possibly muckle higher.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bloxham|first=Donald|date=2026-04-03|title=The 7 October Atrocities and the Annihilation of Gaza: Causes and Responsibilities|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2025.2483546|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|publisher=Routledge|volume=28|issue=2|pages=294–319|doi=10.1080/14623528.2025.2483546|issn=1462-3528}}</ref> Accordin tae Israel, 1,200 Hamas militants hae dee'd,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hamas terrorist who took part in October 7 attack among 3 operatives killed in Gaza, IDF says|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hamas-terrorist-who-took-part-in-october-7-attack-among-3-operatives-killed-in-gaza-idf-says/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260724155712/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hamas-terrorist-who-took-part-in-october-7-attack-among-3-operatives-killed-in-gaza-idf-says/|archive-date=2026-07-24|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> 200 hae been taen captive an aw.<ref>{{Cite news|title=IDF estimates 3,000 Hamas terrorists invaded Israel in Oct. 7 onslaught|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-estimates-3000-hamas-terrorists-invaded-israel-in-oct-7-onslaught/|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> On the Israeli side, at least 802 civilians haes dee'd.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swords of Iron: Civilian Casualties|url=https://www.gov.il/en/pages/swords-of-iron-civilian-casualties|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|website=gov.il}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-01-28|title=Contractor killed in Gaza identified as Kobi Avitan, 39-year-old father of 3, from Eilat|language=en|work=ynetglobal|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/b1hqhjldye|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260724155235/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/b1hqhjldye|archive-date=2026-07-24}}</ref> At least 1,115 Israeli security forces haes been killt,<ref>{{Cite news|title=1,152 security personnel killed, 885 children bereaved: Two years on from Oct. 7, Defense Ministry data shows the toll of war|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/1152-security-personnel-killed-since-oct-7-defense-ministry-releases-data-on-countrys-fallen/|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Hamas took 251 hostages from Israel into Gaza. What happened to them?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/hamas-hostages-israel-war-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-18|website=Washington Post|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> mair than 13,500 civilians and sodgers haes been woondit an aw.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Benson/TPS-IL|first=Pesach|date=2024-01-22|title=13,572 Israelis injured since Oct. 7|url=https://www.jns.org/israel-news/13572-israelis-injured-since-oct-7|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|website=Jewish News Syndicate|language=en-US}}</ref> Hamas, at the stairt o the war, took 251 Israelis hostage, o which 85 haes dee'd.<ref name=":2" /> On 26 January 2026, the last o the hostages war returned.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=A. B. C.|title=Trump, world leaders gather in Egypt for ceasefire deal signing with Netanyahu absent|url=https://abcnews.com/International/trump-world-leaders-gather-egypt-ceasefire-deal-signing/story?id=126477199|access-date=2026-10-18|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Notes == {{Notelist}} gaop3e5kveituucno51wbz83fuizwfn 927523 927522 2026-11-09T23:53:10Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 927523 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Israel-Hamas War''' is a war in the Israeli–Palestinian conflick. It hae killt tens o thoosands, gey crackit Benjamin Netanyahu's reputation an aw. It stairtit in 2023, whan [[Hamas]] lencht the [[October 7 attacks|October 7 Attacks]]. Israel occupies aboot 60% o the [[Gaza Strip]] the nou.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2026-09-02|title=Netanyahu says Israel ‘not retreating’ during Gaza visit|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/netanyahu-says-we-are-not-retreating-during-gaza-visit|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0585-3923}}</ref> [[Israel]]'s deeds hae been cried a genocide, that Israel denies.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Speri|first=Alice|date=2024-12-20|title=Defining genocide: how a rift over Gaza sparked a crisis among scholars|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/dec/20/genocide-definition-mass-violence-scholars-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> There hae been twa ceasefires, tho baith o thaim hae fawin throu. Faimin hae wrackit Gaza sin the beginnin o the war.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-18|title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza {{!}} Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Untangling the Reality of Famine in Gaza|url=https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports-briefs/untangling-the-reality-of-famine-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=Refugees International|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Unitit States]] haes gien Israel gey muckle aid, but hivna gotten intae the war.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Strobel|first=Warren P.|last2=Youssef|first2=Nancy A.|date=2024-03-31|title=Exclusive {{!}} U.S. and Israel’s ‘Unprecedented’ Intelligence Sharing Draws Criticism|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/u-s-and-israels-unprecedented-intelligence-sharing-draws-criticism-a85979b4|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=US said to transfer 2nd THAAD missile battery to Israel as Iran nuclear tensions rise|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-said-to-transfer-2nd-thaad-missile-battery-to-israel-as-iran-nuclear-tensions-rise/|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> == Background == Israel an Gaza haes [[Gaza-Israel Wars|fechtit 15 wars]] sin the beginnin o the Israel-Palestine conflick.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Filiu|first=Jean-Pierre|date=2024-03-18|title=Israel's 15 wars against Gaza|language=fr|work=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/03/18/israel-s-15-wars-on-gaza_6630789_4.html|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=1950-6244}}</ref> Sin the sae‑cried Nakba, Gaza haes been hauddit apairt fae muckle o the warld, an its economy haes aye been gey unstable.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Arar|first=Khalid|last2=Yehia|first2=Kussai|last3=Ibrahim|first3=Fadia|title=Reflections of the national narrative on the indigenous Palestinian minority in Israel|language=en|work=Journal of Palestinian Refugee Studies|publisher=Palestinian Return Centre|url=https://prc.org.uk/en/post/3702/jprs-reflections-of-the-national-narrative-on-the-indigenous-palestinian-minority-in-israel|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18}}</ref> == Course o the war == === October 7 Attacks === Airly on 7 October 2023,<ref name="aj7oct-retaliation">{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/sirens-warn-of-rockets-launched-towards-israel-from-gaza-news-reports |title=Israel retaliation kills 230 Palestinians after Hamas operation |date=7 October 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007053106/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/sirens-warn-of-rockets-launched-towards-israel-from-gaza-news-reports |url-status=live}}</ref> during the Jewish halidaes o Shimtat Toray an [[Shemini Atzerat]] on [[Shabbat]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Estrin |first=Daniel |date=7 October 2023 |work=[[NPR]] |title=In surprise deadly attacks, Israel says Palestinian militants infiltrated from Gaza |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/07/1204436940/palestinian-militants-launch-rockets-into-israel |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007090901/https://www.npr.org/2023/10/07/1204436940/palestinian-militants-launch-rockets-into-israel |url-status=live}}</ref> Hamas lencht "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood",{{efn|In the [[Arabic leid]], it is {{Lang|1=ar|2=معركة طوفان الأقصى}}}} firin 3,000-5,000 rockets intae Israel.<ref name="aj7oct-escalation">{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/7/israel-palestine-escalation-live-news-barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza |title=Israel–Palestine escalation live news: Hamas starts Operation Al-Aqsa Flood |date=7 October 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007062723/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/7/israel-palestine-escalation-live-news-barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=8 October 2023 |title=Around 1,000 dead in Israel–Hamas war, as Lebanon's Hezbollah also launches strikes |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008185151/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="McKernan-20231007">{{Cite news|last=McKernan |first=Bethan |date=7 October 2023 |title=Hamas launches surprise attack on Israel as Palestinian gunmen reported in south |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007101214/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south |url-status=live}}</ref> == Effects o the war == Studies haes foond that aboot 12% o Israeli sodgers in the war war unfit for militar service,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-05-07|title=מחקר: 12% מחיילי "חרבות ברזל" לא כשירים נפשית לשוב ללחימה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-05-07/ty-article/.premium/00000196-a703-d1bb-a5d6-a7f7cd840|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}</ref> aboot 50% o reservists wi PTSD cuidna get back tae their wark an aw.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-10-30|title=מחקר: כ-50% מהמילואימניקים עם תסמיני פוסט־טראומה מתקשים לשוב לעבודה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-10-30/ty-article/.premium/0000019a-2acd-d856-a9ff-6eef57910000|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}</ref> Baith sides haes commitit war crimes.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-10-17|title=How international law applies to war, and why Hamas and Israel are both alleged to have broken it|language=en|work=AP News|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018194735/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|archive-date=2023-10-18}}</ref> A UN inquiry foond that Israel haed deliberately taigert bairns.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Howard|first=Sally|date=2026-06-28|title=Gaza: Israel “deliberately targeted” children, UN inquiry finds|url=https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=393|pages=e100092|doi=10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|issn=1756-1833}}</ref> In response tae the war crimes Israel is alleged tae hae committed, the ICC issued an arrest warrent for Benjamin Netanyahu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-20|title=Israel Gaza war: ICC prosecutor seeks arrest warrants for Netanyahu and Hamas leaders|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ggpe3qj6wo|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|website=BBC|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Belam|first=Martin|last2=Bayer|first2=Lili|last3=Livingstone|first3=Helen|last4=|first4=|last5=|first5=|date=2024-05-20|title=Israeli ministers condemn ICC arrest warrant call as ‘scandalous’ – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/may/20/iran-helicopter-crash-live-updates-ebrahim-raisi-iranian-president-search-and-rescue-middle-east-crisis-latest-news|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Sooth Africae haes brocht a case afore the International Court o Justice, alleagin that Israel committed genocide in the war, on 29 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Roelf|first=Wendell|last2=Sterling|first2=Toby|date=2023-12-29|title=South Africa files genocide case against Israel at World Court|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-seeks-international-court-justice-genocide-order-against-israel-2023-12-29/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18}}</ref> The war has gien folk a hantle mair sympathy for the Palestinians, an the warld’s views haes realigned sair because o the conflick.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shikaki|first=Khalil|date=2026|title=After Gaza: Enduring Consequences of the War and Palestinian Strategy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep78116|journal=Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research|via=JSTOR}}</ref> === Casualties === The war haes caused gey muckle casualties for both sides, civilian deaths is muckle higher than military ones an aw. According tae the Gazan Health Ministry, 74,000 civilians has died in the war.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2026-09-27|title=Palestinian death toll in Gaza war passes 74,000, and other Mideast news|language=en|work=AP News|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-iran-israel-yemen-september-27-2026-96b100178557a28f51e2ad4f74539699|access-date=2026-10-18}}</ref> Injuries tae civilians haes surpassed 175,000,<ref name=":1" /> wi indirect deaths possibly muckle higher.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bloxham|first=Donald|date=2026-04-03|title=The 7 October Atrocities and the Annihilation of Gaza: Causes and Responsibilities|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2025.2483546|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|publisher=Routledge|volume=28|issue=2|pages=294–319|doi=10.1080/14623528.2025.2483546|issn=1462-3528}}</ref> Accordin tae Israel, 1,200 Hamas militants hae dee'd,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hamas terrorist who took part in October 7 attack among 3 operatives killed in Gaza, IDF says|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hamas-terrorist-who-took-part-in-october-7-attack-among-3-operatives-killed-in-gaza-idf-says/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260724155712/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hamas-terrorist-who-took-part-in-october-7-attack-among-3-operatives-killed-in-gaza-idf-says/|archive-date=2026-07-24|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> 200 hae been taen captive an aw.<ref>{{Cite news|title=IDF estimates 3,000 Hamas terrorists invaded Israel in Oct. 7 onslaught|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-estimates-3000-hamas-terrorists-invaded-israel-in-oct-7-onslaught/|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> On the Israeli side, at least 802 civilians haes dee'd.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swords of Iron: Civilian Casualties|url=https://www.gov.il/en/pages/swords-of-iron-civilian-casualties|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|website=gov.il}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-01-28|title=Contractor killed in Gaza identified as Kobi Avitan, 39-year-old father of 3, from Eilat|language=en|work=ynetglobal|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/b1hqhjldye|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260724155235/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/b1hqhjldye|archive-date=2026-07-24}}</ref> At least 1,115 Israeli security forces haes been killt,<ref>{{Cite news|title=1,152 security personnel killed, 885 children bereaved: Two years on from Oct. 7, Defense Ministry data shows the toll of war|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/1152-security-personnel-killed-since-oct-7-defense-ministry-releases-data-on-countrys-fallen/|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Hamas took 251 hostages from Israel into Gaza. What happened to them?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/hamas-hostages-israel-war-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-18|website=Washington Post|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> mair than 13,500 civilians and sodgers haes been woondit an aw.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Benson/TPS-IL|first=Pesach|date=2024-01-22|title=13,572 Israelis injured since Oct. 7|url=https://www.jns.org/israel-news/13572-israelis-injured-since-oct-7|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|website=Jewish News Syndicate|language=en-US}}</ref> Hamas, at the stairt o the war, took 251 Israelis hostage, o which 85 haes dee'd.<ref name=":2" /> On 26 January 2026, the last o the hostages war returned.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=A. B. C.|title=Trump, world leaders gather in Egypt for ceasefire deal signing with Netanyahu absent|url=https://abcnews.com/International/trump-world-leaders-gather-egypt-ceasefire-deal-signing/story?id=126477199|access-date=2026-10-18|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Notes == {{Notelist}} gf9qbecviq81n8ylzrwtwoww18ftgbn 2 234288 927419 926807 2026-11-09T19:07:52Z Monospaced 75295 927419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:|en-N|sco-N|ja-2|gla-1|es-1|fr-1}} A'm a native spikker o West Central Scots. A'm wirkin throu the airticles tagged {{tl|Fix Scots}}: reddin up the short anes, addin soorces, an rewritin the bigger anes frae soorces insteid o fixin them wird bi wird. A've helped keep the [[Main Page]] up tae date an aw: ''Did ye ken'', ''On this day'' an ''In the news''. If ye see something A've got wrang, tell me on [[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|ma collogue page]]. fd9392wj31uo39hgam37eerpfi5rqda 0 234291 927495 927130 2026-11-09T22:12:59Z Monospaced 75295 2026 Booker Prize win addit tae the lead an body, soorced; Macfarlane quote owerset wi the Inglis in a note 927495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = M. John Harrison | honorific_suffix = [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature|FRSL]] | image = M John Harrison 2017 (A42SClp-9fI).jpg | caption = Harrison in 2017 | birth_name = Michael John Harrison | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|7|26|df=y}} | birth_place = Rugby, Warwickshire, [[Ingland]] | occupation = Writer | period = 1966–the day | genre = [[Science fiction]], [[fantasy]], horror, literary fiction | awards = 2007 [[Arthur C. Clarke Award]]<br>2008 [[Philip K. Dick Award]]<br>2020 [[Goldsmiths Prize]]<br>2025 Fellow o the [[Royal Society of Literature]]<br>2026 [[Booker Prize]] }} '''M. John Harrison''' (born '''Michael John Harrison''', 26 Julie 1945) is an Inglis writer an literary critic.<ref name="gk">Kelley, George. "Harrison, M(ichael) John" in Jay P. Pederson (ed.), ''St. James guide to science fiction writers''. New York: St. James Press, 1996. {{ISBN|9781558621794}} (pp. 422–3).</ref> He is best kent for the Viriconium novels an stories (1971–1984), ''Climbers'' (1989), an the Kefahuchi Tract trilogy: ''Light'' (2002), ''Nova Swing'' (2006) an ''Empty Space'' (2012). His novel ''[[The End of Everything (novel)|The End of Everything]]'' wan the 2026 [[Booker Prize]].<ref name=booker2026>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Lauren |date=9 November 2026 |title=The Booker Prize 2026 goes to M John Harrison in 'historic win' |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/m-john-harrison-takes-home-the-booker-prize-2026-in-historic-win |website=The Bookseller |access-date=9 November 2026}}</ref> He is weel thocht o as ane o the main stylists o modren [[fantasy]] an [[science fiction]], an a "genre contrarian".<ref name=lea>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/jul/20/m-john-harrison-life-in-writing |title=M John Harrison: a life in writing |author=Richard Lea |date=20 July 2012 |access-date=20 July 2012 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> [[Robert Macfarlane]] haes said: "Harrison is best kent as ane o the restless faithers o modren SF, but tae my mind he is amang the maist brilliant novelists writin the day, an for him the question o genre disnae maitter."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "Harrison is best known as one of the restless fathers of modern SF, but to my mind he is among the most brilliant novelists writing today, with regard to whom the question of genre is an irrelevance."</ref><ref name=macfarlane>{{cite web|last1=Macfarlane|first1=Robert|title=Robert Macfarlane: rereading Climbers by M. John Harrison|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/may/10/robert-macfarlane-rereading-climbers|website=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|date=20 July 2012|access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> He wis electit a Fellae o the [[Royal Society of Literature]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-17 |title=Harrison, M. John |url=https://rsliterature.org/fellows/m-john-harrison/ |access-date=2026-07-14 |website=Royal Society of Literature |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Early life == Harrison wis born in [[Rugby, Warwickshire|Rugby]], Warwickshire, in 1945, intae a faimly o engineers. His faither deed whan he wis a laddie, an he wis "bored, alienated, resentful and entrapped", an plunkit the schuil.<ref name=lea/> His first short story wis published in 1966 in the magazine ''Science Fantasy'', an on the strenth o it he flittit tae [[Lunnon]]. There he met [[Michael Moorcock]], that wis editin the magazine ''New Worlds''. Harrison stairtit writin reviews an short stories for it, an bi 1968 he wis its buiks editor.<ref name=lea/> == Career == The first o the Viriconium novels, ''The Pastel City'', cam oot in 1971, an Harrison wrote mair o the series till 1984.<ref name="gk"/> Later he flittit tae [[Manchester]]. His novel ''Climbers'' (1989), that cam oot o his ain rock climmin, wan the Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature.<ref>{{cite web |title=Archive |url=https://www.boardmantasker.com/archive |website=The Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> In 2002, ''Light'' wis a return tae science fiction an the stairt o the Kefahuchi Tract trilogy. Its sequel, ''Nova Swing'' (2006), wan the [[Arthur C. Clarke Award]] in 2007<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/may/03/arthurcclarkeaward.awardsandprizes] guardian.co.uk article</ref> an the [[Philip K. Dick Award]] in 2008.<ref>[http://news.ansible.co.uk/a249.html#03] ''Ansible'' newsletter.</ref> The third novel, ''Empty Space: A Haunting'', cam oot in 2012. His novel ''The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again'' cam oot in 2020<ref name="The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again by M John Harrison review – brilliantly unsettling">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/19/the-sunken-land-begins-to-rise-again-by-m-john-harrison-review-brilliantly-unsettling| title=The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again by M John Harrison review – brilliantly unsettling|last=Laing|first=Olivia|date=19 June 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]| access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> an wan the [[Goldsmiths Prize]] that year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goldsmiths Prize won by Harrison for 'literary masterpiece' {{!}} The Bookseller|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/goldsmiths-prize-won-harrison-literary-masterpiece-1225506|access-date=2020-11-11|website=www.thebookseller.com}}</ref> In 2023 he published ''Wish I Was Here'', an "anti-memoir".<ref>{{cite web|title=WISH I WAS HERE|url=https://serpentstail.com/work/wish-i-was-here/|website=Serpent's Tail|access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref> His novel ''The End of Everything'' wis published in Juin 2026,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The End of Everything |url=https://blackwells.co.uk/bookshop/product/The-End-of-Everything-by-M-John-Harrison/9781800812949 |access-date=2026-06-11 |website=blackwells.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> an wan the 2026 [[Booker Prize]] in November.<ref name=booker2026 /> == Warks == === Novels === * ''The Committed Men'' (1971) * ''The Pastel City'' (1971) * ''The Centauri Device'' (1974) * ''A Storm of Wings'' (1980) * ''In Viriconium'' (1982) * ''Climbers'' (1989) * ''The Course of the Heart'' (1992) * ''Signs of Life'' (1996) * ''Light'' (2002) * ''Nova Swing'' (2006) * ''Empty Space: A Haunting'' (2012) * ''The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again'' (2020) * ''The End of Everything'' (2026) === Short stories === * ''The Machine in Shaft Ten and Other Stories'' (1975) * ''The Ice Monkey'' (1983) * ''Viriconium Nights'' (1984) * ''Travel Arrangements'' (2000) * ''Things That Never Happen'' (2002) * ''You Should Come With Me Now'' (2017) === Ither warks === * ''Wish I Was Here'' (2023) == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:1945 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Inglis novelists]] 65ln7y6rdhj1pb9eqdzw749akj5g1uu 927709 927495 2026-11-10T11:48:25Z Monospaced 75295 Expandit life, career, warks an the 2026 Booker Prize 927709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = M. John Harrison | honorific_suffix = FRSL | image = M John Harrison 2017 (A42SClp-9fI).jpg | caption = Harrison in 2017 | birth_name = Michael John Harrison | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|7|26|df=y}} | birth_place = Rugby, [[Warwickshire]], [[Ingland]] | occupation = Writer | period = 1966–the day | genre = [[Science fiction]], [[fantasy]], literary fiction | awards = 1989 Boardman Tasker Prize<br>2002 James Tiptree Jr. Award<br>2007 Arthur C. Clarke Award<br>2008 Philip K. Dick Award<br>2020 Goldsmiths Prize<br>2025 Fellae o the Royal Society of Literature<br>2026 [[Booker Prize]] }} '''Michael John Harrison''' (published as '''M. John Harrison'''; born 26 Julie 1945) is an Inglis writer an literary critic.<ref name="gk">Kelley, George. "Harrison, M(ichael) John" in Jay P. Pederson (ed.), ''St. James guide to science fiction writers''. New York: St. James Press, 1996. {{ISBN|9781558621794}} (pp. 422–3).</ref> His 13th novelle, ''[[The End of Everything (novel)|The End of Everything]]'', wan the 2026 [[Booker Prize]].<ref name=booker2026>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Lauren |date=9 November 2026 |title=The Booker Prize 2026 goes to M John Harrison in 'historic win' |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/m-john-harrison-takes-home-the-booker-prize-2026-in-historic-win |website=The Bookseller |access-date=9 November 2026}}</ref><ref name=gint/> At 81 he wis the auldest writer ever tae win it.<ref name=gwin>{{cite news |last=Loffhagen |first=Emma |title=M John Harrison becomes first science fiction author to win the Booker prize |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2026/nov/09/m-john-harrison-the-end-of-everything-wins-2026-booker-prize |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 November 2026 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> His earlier wark includes the Viriconium sequence (1971–1984), the rock-climmin novelle ''Climbers'' (1989) an the Kefahuchi Tract trilogy (2002–2012).<ref name=cnn>{{cite news |title=81-year-old sci-fi author M. John Harrison wins the 2026 Booker Prize |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/11/09/style/booker-prize-winner-2026-m-john-harrison |work=CNN |date=9 November 2026 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref><ref name=sfe>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Clute |first=John |title=Harrison, M John |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/harrison_m_john |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> He stairtit oot in the 1960s on the magazine ''New Worlds'', in the New Wave o science fiction. Critics coont him amang the maist brilliant novelists o his time, an say that the borders o genre maitter little in his wark.<ref name=lea>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/jul/20/m-john-harrison-life-in-writing |title=M John Harrison: a life in writing |author=Richard Lea |date=20 July 2012 |access-date=20 July 2012 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name=macfarlane>{{cite web|last1=Macfarlane|first1=Robert|title=Robert Macfarlane: rereading Climbers by M. John Harrison|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/may/10/robert-macfarlane-rereading-climbers|website=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|date=10 May 2013|access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> Writers such as Angela Carter an Robert Macfarlane hae praised his prose.<ref name=faber>{{cite news |last=Faber |first=Michel |title=The End of Everything by M John Harrison review – near-future visions from an SF master |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2026/jun/09/the-end-of-everything-by-m-john-harrison-review-near-future-visions-from-an-sf-master |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 June 2026 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> Ower the years he haes wan the Arthur C. Clarke Award, the Philip K. Dick Award an the Goldsmiths Prize,<ref name=clarke07/><ref name=sfepkd/><ref name=gold/> an he wis electit a Fellae o the Royal Society of Literature in 2025.<ref name=rsl>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-17 |title=Harrison, M. John |url=https://rsliterature.org/fellows/m-john-harrison/ |access-date=2026-07-14 |website=Royal Society of Literature |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Early life == Harrison wis born in Rugby, Warwickshire, in 1945, intae a faimly o engineers.<ref name=lea/> His faither, that wis an engineer an aw, deed whan Harrison wis 13.<ref name=gint>{{cite news |title=M John Harrison: 'If we met a real alien we'd have no clue what they thought' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2026/jun/21/m-john-harrison-if-we-met-a-real-alien-wed-have-no-clue-what-they-thought |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=21 June 2026 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> At Dunsmore School in Rugby he wis "bored, alienated, resentful and entrapped", an he plunkit the schuil. An Inglis teacher introduced him tae George Bernard Shaw, an he wis "hooked on polemic". He left the schuil at 18.<ref name=lea/> == Career == === New Worlds an the New Wave === His first story, "Marina", wis published in the magazine ''Science Fantasy'' in Februar 1966.<ref name=sfe/> On the strenth o it he flittit tae [[Lunnon]]. There he met Michael Moorcock, the editor o ''New Worlds''.<ref name=gint/> Harrison stairtit writin reviews an short stories for the magazine, an bi 1968 he wis its buiks editor. He wis pairt o the New Wave in science fiction at the end o the 1960s, wirkin wi Moorcock, J. G. Ballard an Brian Aldiss.<ref name=lea/> He wrote maist o his criticism for ''New Worlds'' unner the nem "Joyce Churchill", an he wrote stories aboot Moorcock's character Jerry Cornelius. His critical writin wis gaithert in the buik ''Parietal Games'' in 2005.<ref name=sfe/> His first twa novelles cam oot in 1971.<ref name=lea/> Ane wis ''The Committed Men'', set in a broken Ingland efter a disaster, amang ruined motorways.<ref name=sfe/> ''The Centauri Device'' (1974) wis a space opera, an Harrison haes spak ill o it syne.<ref name=sfe/><ref name=gint/> === Viriconium === The ither 1971 novelle, ''The Pastel City'', wis the first o the Viriconium buiks. It wis follit bi ''A Storm of Wings'' (1980), ''In Viriconium'' (1982) an the short stories o ''Viriconium Nights'' (1984)''<ref name="cnn" />''. The series is set in the faur future on a bleak, deein Yird. Viriconium is baith the laund an the city at the end o time. ''The Pastel City'' borraes the imagery o sword an sorcery, but there's nae magic in it.<ref name=sfe/> ''In Viriconium'' wis shortleetit for the Guardian Fiction Prize.<ref name=clarke07>{{cite news |title=Sci-fi prize for space-time rupture novel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/may/03/arthurcclarkeaward.awardsandprizes |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=3 May 2007 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> === The 1980s an 1990s === For twenty year Harrison climmed, maistly in quarries in the north o Ingland.<ref name=lea/><ref name=gint/> In 1987 he ghaist-wrote ''Fawcett on Rock'' for the climmer Ron Fawcett.<ref name=warwick>{{cite web |title=Honorary Graduand Biographies – Winter 2016 |url=https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/gov/hongrads/biographieswinter2016/ |website=University of Warwick |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> His novelle ''Climbers'' (1989), aboot rock climmin, wan the Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature that year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Archive |url=https://www.boardmantasker.com/archive |website=The Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> It wis the first novelle tae get that prize.<ref name=warwick/> Critics hae cried it the best novelle aboot rock climmin ever written, an ane o the best Inglis novelles o the last fifty year.<ref name=macfarlane/><ref name=gint/> ''The Course of the Heart'' (1992) is aboot the cost o a vision o anither warld that cannae be held on tae in this ane. ''Signs of Life'' follit in 1997. Wi Jane Johnson, unner the nem Gabriel King, he wrote fower fantasies aboot cats atween 1997 an 2001.<ref name=sfe/><ref name=warwick/> Syne 1989 he haes written aboot fiction for the ''Times Literary Supplement'', ''[[The Guardian]]'', the ''Telegraph'', ''[[The New York Times]]'' an ither papers.<ref name=rsl/> === The Kefahuchi Tract trilogy === Harrison says he stairtit ''Light'' the day efter a nicht oot wi [[Iain Banks]]. Banks haed tellt him he didnae hae eneuch fun on the page.<ref name=lea/><ref name=gint/> ''Light'' (2002), ''Nova Swing'' (2006) an ''Empty Space: A Haunting'' (2012) mak up the trilogy.<ref name=sfe/> Ilka buik is a space opera biggit roond the Kefahuchi Tract. This is a naked singularity licht-years across, an its mysteries hae chynged reality. ''Light'' haes three strands: a 20th-century physicist that is a serial killer, an twa stories set in the 25th century.<ref name=sfe/><ref name=lea/> Banks himsel reviewed ''Light'' as "a novelle of full-spectrum literary dominance".<ref name=lea/> ''Light'' wan the James Tiptree Jr. Award for 2002, presentit in 2003.<ref name=sfetip>{{cite encyclopedia |title=James Tiptree Jr Award |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/james_tiptree_jr_award |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref><ref name=otherwise>{{cite web |title=2002 Otherwise Award |url=https://otherwiseaward.org/award/2002-otherwise-award |website=Otherwise Award |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> ''Nova Swing'' is set in the city o Saudade, aroon an "event zone" whaur a bit o the Tract fell. It wan the Arthur C. Clarke Award in 2007<ref name=clarke07/> an the Philip K. Dick Award in 2008.<ref name=ansible>{{cite news |title=Ansible 249 |url=https://news.ansible.uk/a249.html |work=Ansible |date=April 2008 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref><ref name=sfepkd>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Philip K Dick Award |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/philip_k_dick_award |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> ''Empty Space'' feenisht the trilogy, an the financial crisis o 2007 gied it its 21st-century strand.<ref name=lea/> === Later wark === ''You Should Come With Me Now'', a collection o "Stories of Ghosts", cam oot frae Comma Press on 23 November 2017.<ref name=comma>{{cite web |title=You Should Come With Me Now |url=http://commapress.co.uk/books/you-should-come-with-me-now/ |website=Comma Press |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> It wis the first buik wi the iGhetti, that come back in ''The End of Everything''.<ref name=faber/> His novelle ''The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again'' cam oot in 2020.<ref name="The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again by M John Harrison review – brilliantly unsettling">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/19/the-sunken-land-begins-to-rise-again-by-m-john-harrison-review-brilliantly-unsettling| title=The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again by M John Harrison review – brilliantly unsettling|last=Laing|first=Olivia|date=19 June 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]| access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> It is set in Lunnon an the Midlands, an echoes Charles Kingsley's ''The Water-Babies''.<ref name=sfe/> Reviewers an prize judges praised it heichly, an it wan the Goldsmiths Prize on 11 November 2020, whan the chair o the judges cried it a "literary masterpiece".<ref name="The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again by M John Harrison review – brilliantly unsettling"/><ref name=gint/><ref name=gold>{{cite web |title=M. John Harrison wins Goldsmiths Prize 2020 |url=https://www.gold.ac.uk/news/goldsmiths-prize-2020/ |website=Goldsmiths, University of London |date=11 November 2020 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> The same year Comma Press published ''Settling the World'', a gaitherin o his stories frae 1970 tae 2020.<ref name=sfe/> In 2023 he published ''Wish I Was Here'', an "anti-memoir".<ref>{{cite web|title=WISH I WAS HERE|url=https://serpentstail.com/work/wish-i-was-here/|website=Serpent's Tail|access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref> === The End of Everything an the Booker Prize === ''The End of Everything'' wis published bi Serpent's Tail in Juin 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The End of Everything |url=https://blackwells.co.uk/bookshop/product/The-End-of-Everything-by-M-John-Harrison/9781800812949 |access-date=2026-06-11 |website=blackwells.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> At 198 pages, it wis the shortest buik on the Booker shortleet.<ref name=gwin/> It is set in a toun on the Kent coast in the near future, some years efter a disaster that naebody can explain. A beachcomber, Phillip Tennent, an his auld auntie Marnie try tae survive alangside the iGhetti. Thir are muckle alien beings that can chynge their shape, an their origins an aims are never explained.<ref name=gwin/><ref name=faber/> Harrison cried it "a disaster story in which the disaster is the failure to comprehend". The first idea for it cam frae the financial crisis o 2008.<ref name=gwin/><ref name=abc>{{cite news |title=M John Harrison wins 2026 Booker Prize for dystopian novel The End of Everything |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-11-10/booker-prize-2026-m-john-harrison-the-end-of-everything/107342508 |work=ABC News |date=10 November 2026 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> The buik wis Harrison's first Booker nomination, though he haed been ane o the Booker judges in 2022.<ref name=gwin/> The shortleet o sax buiks wis annoonced on 22 September 2026. Alangside Harrison it named [[Marlon James]],[[ Luke Kennard]], [[Rebecca Perry]], [[Elizabeth Strout]] an [[Douglas Stuart]].<ref name=wamc>{{cite web |title=The 2026 Booker Prize shortlist is 'writing at its best' |url=https://www.wamc.org/2026-09-22/the-2026-booker-prize-shortlist-is-writing-at-its-best |website=WAMC |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> Harrison wan the prize, wirth fifty thoosand pund, at a ceremony at Old Billingsgate in Lunnon on 9 November 2026.<ref name=gwin/><ref name=cnn/> The judges, chaired bi the classicist [[Mary Beard]], read 163 buiks an chose his unanimously.<ref name=gwin/><ref name=abc/> Reviewers an judges alike read it as a buik aboot the politics an insecurity o the present day, seen throu the near future.<ref name=faber/><ref name=gwin/><ref name=booker2026/> At 81 he is the auldest winner, aheid o Margaret Atwood, that wis 79 whan she shared the prize in 2019. It wis the first Booker win for his publisher [[Serpent's Tail]] an aw.<ref name=gwin/><ref name=cnn/> The Booker Prize Foundation cried him the first winner tae come oot o the [[science fiction]] warld.<ref name=gwin/> At the ceremony Harrison said: "A feel like a proper writer at last, totally lackin in confidence."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "I feel like a proper writer at last, totally lacking in confidence."</ref><ref name=abc/> == Reputation == Ither writers, amang them Angela Carter, Deborah Levy, Iain Banks, China Miéville, Olivia Laing an Robert Macfarlane, hae praised the clarity an invention o his prose.<ref name=white>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewhitereview.org/reviews/m-john-harrisons-come-now/|title = M. John Harrison's 'You Should Come with Me Now'|first=Patrick |last=Langley|website=The White Review |date=November 2017 }}</ref><ref name=faber/><ref name=lea/><ref name=macfarlane/> Miéville wrote: "That M. John Harrison isnae a Nobel laureate proves the bankruptcy o the literary establishment."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "That M. John Harrison is not a Nobel laureate proves the bankruptcy of the literary establishment."</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qPI7XAxHP0QC&pg=PR1|title=Viriconium|last=Harrison|first=M. John|date=2007-12-18|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=9780307418692|language=en}}</ref> Laing said that "naebody alive can write sentences as he can", an cried him "the missin evolutionary link atween William Burroughs an Virginia Woolf".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "No one alive can write sentences as he can. He's the missing evolutionary link between William Burroughs and Virginia Woolf."</ref><ref name="The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again by M John Harrison review – brilliantly unsettling"/> For aa that, critics hae said that snobbery aboot science fiction an fantasy haes held back the respect his wark deserves, an that he isnae read as widely as he should be.<ref name=faber/><ref name=white/><ref name=gint/> == Personal life == Harrison taen up climmin aboot the age o 30, though he haed fawen aff a waw at a sports centre in Lunnon.<ref name=lea/> He wis a keen fell runner an aw.<ref name=gwin/> Bi 1982 he haed left Lunnon for the kintra ootside [[Huddersfield]] tae be near the climmin. Whan he felt ower auld for the climmin, he gaed back tae Lunnon. In 2012 he flittit tae [[Shropshire]] wi his pairtner, the editor an writer Cath Phillips.<ref name=gint/> == Awards an honours == * 1989: Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature, for ''Climbers''<ref name=warwick/> * 2002: James Tiptree Jr. Award, for ''Light''<ref name=sfetip/> * 2007: Arthur C. Clarke Award, for ''Nova Swing''<ref name=clarke07/> * 2008: Philip K. Dick Award, for ''Nova Swing''<ref name=sfepkd/> * 2016: Honorary doctorate, University of Warwick<ref name=warwick/> * 2020: Goldsmiths Prize, for ''The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again''<ref name=gold/> * 2025: Fellae o the Royal Society of Literature<ref name=rsl/> * 2026: Booker Prize, for ''The End of Everything''<ref name=gwin/> == Warks == === Novelles === * ''The Committed Men'' (1971) * ''The Pastel City'' (1971) * ''The Centauri Device'' (1974) * ''A Storm of Wings'' (1980) * ''In Viriconium'' (1982) * ''Climbers'' (1989) * ''The Course of the Heart'' (1992) * ''Signs of Life'' (1997) * ''Light'' (2002) * ''Nova Swing'' (2006) * ''Empty Space: A Haunting'' (2012) * ''The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again'' (2020) * ''[[The End of Everything (novel)|The End of Everything]]'' (2026) === Short stories === * ''The Machine in Shaft Ten and Other Stories'' (1975) * ''The Ice Monkey'' (1983) * ''Viriconium Nights'' (1984) * ''Travel Arrangements'' (2000) * ''Things That Never Happen'' (2002) * ''You Should Come With Me Now'' (2017) * ''Settling the World: Selected Stories 1970–2020'' (2020) === Ither warks === * ''Fawcett on Rock'' (1987, wi Ron Fawcett) * ''Parietal Games'' (2005) * ''Wish I Was Here'' (2023) == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:1945 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Inglis novelists]] [[Category:Inglis science feection writers]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Leeteratur]] 1ufxioed0nsywbx5go9pgr9aw212ono 0 234321 927296 2026-11-09T12:47:18Z Pigsonthewing 11026 The Edinburgh Gazette 927296 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[The Edinburgh Gazette]] ee1fzousz84q3r87byx87s3ep2xgczr 0 234322 927298 2026-11-09T12:49:18Z Pigsonthewing 11026 The Edinburgh Gazette 927298 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[The Edinburgh Gazette]] ee1fzousz84q3r87byx87s3ep2xgczr 1 234323 927313 2026-11-09T14:10:29Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Neymar|version=1384545539}} hspjcakurp18i1tgrghkikanihlfi6j 1 234324 927316 2026-11-09T14:15:37Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Gareth Bale|version=1383865984}} pil4cyxmsjjvclk0n95yfkhf9m9r9gm 1 234325 927324 2026-11-09T14:35:50Z Monospaced 75295 Made page wi "{{Translatit page|en|Ashley Williams (footballer)|version=1382098672}}" 927324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Ashley Williams (footballer)|version=1382098672}} gc5atcaesf454s1ylbcux6jn81198af 1 234326 927326 2026-11-09T14:40:08Z Monospaced 75295 Made page wi "{{Translatit page|en|Luiz Felipe Scolari|version=1384382242}}" 927326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Luiz Felipe Scolari|version=1384382242}} f3af5yiedbgdia0g3taw28j2t4x83vr 1 234327 927332 2026-11-09T14:56:59Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref (quotes were translatit from es source but) 927332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Bernabé Ferreyra|version=1381846094}} dkikbzov6cdzoj6whj90xl0axf8t4py 1 234328 927341 2026-11-09T15:01:53Z Monospaced 75295 Made page wi "{{Translatit page|en|Bojan Krkić|version=1383390091}}" 927341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Bojan Krkić|version=1383390091}} 8z0cvg1ghayl4k3eqakoj9qv1871z4a 1 234329 927345 2026-11-09T15:04:17Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Chewa language|version=1376712434}} kzpn539olk63crswe1orivqvmz6efb3 1 234330 927347 2026-11-09T15:04:55Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Serbian language|version=1372777620}} t6ntaznp0hujt9rqo1ee89gprtztrka 1 234331 927351 2026-11-09T15:18:00Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Albert Einstein|version=1384436628}} bskeus8b43vsgjzutmg9xzcisnm1npo 0 234332 927355 2026-11-09T15:30:47Z Zorpo 139978 Made bi owersettin the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1384118233|Phil Ochs]]" 927355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist|Name=Phil Ochs|image=20111015 174748 phil-ochs (cropped).jpg|caption=Ochs ootside the offices o the National Student Association, 1975|Background=solo_sangster|Birth_name=Philip David Ochs|birth_date={{birth date|1940|12|19|mf=y}}|birth_place=[[El Paso, Texas]], U.S.|death_date={{death date and age|mf=yes|1976|4|9|1940|12|19}}|death_place=Far Rockaway, Queens, New York City, U.S.|Origin=[[New York City]], U.S.|Instrument={{hlist|Guitar|vocals|piano}}|Genre={{hlist|Fowk muisic|Fowk|protest muisic|fowk rock|baroque pop|country muisic|country}}|Occupation={{hlist|Sangster|sangwriter}}|Years_active=1961–1976}} '''Philip David Ochs''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|oʊ|k|s}}; December 19, 1940 – April 9, 1976) wis an American fowk [[sangster-sangwriter]] and political activist. His sangs eften include themes o protest or social juistice. [[Category:1976 daiths]] [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:Fowk frae Greenwich Village]] [[Category:Fowk wi bipolar disorder]] [[Category:Male suicides]] [[Category:Ohio State Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Elektra Records airtists]] [[Category:A&M Records airtists]] [[Category:Coontercultur o the 1960s]] [[Category:COINTELPRO targets]] [[Category:American socialists]] [[Category:American pacifists]] [[Category:American ceevil richts activists]] [[Category:American anti–Vietnam War activists]] [[Category:American anti-war activists]] [[Category:Jewish American sangwriters]] [[Category:American male sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American male guitarists]] [[Category:American fowk sangsters]] [[Category:American acoustic guitarists]] [[Category:20t-century American guitarists]] [[Category:Airticles wi hCards]] athsmuqmllnzkv5s9thzuj20ijserpm 927361 927355 2026-11-09T15:37:34Z Zorpo 139978 927361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist|Name=Phil Ochs|image=20111015 174748 phil-ochs (cropped).jpg|caption=Ochs ootside the offices o the National Student Association, 1975|Background=solo_sangster|Birth_name=Philip David Ochs|birth_date={{birth date|1940|12|19|mf=y}}|birth_place=[[El Paso, Texas]], U.S.|death_date={{death date and age|mf=yes|1976|4|9|1940|12|19}}|death_place=Far Rockaway, Queens, New York City, U.S.|Origin=[[New York City]], U.S.|Instrument={{hlist|Guitar|vocals|piano}}|Genre={{hlist|Fowk muisic|Fowk|protest muisic|fowk rock|baroque pop|country muisic|country}}|Occupation={{hlist|Sangster|sangwriter}}|Years_active=1961–1976}} '''Philip David Ochs''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|oʊ|k|s}}; December 19, 1940 – April 9, 1976) wis an American fowk [[sangster-sangwriter]] an political activist. His sangs eften include themes o protest an social juistice. [[Category:1976 daiths]] [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:Fowk frae Greenwich Village]] [[Category:Fowk wi bipolar disorder]] [[Category:Male suicides]] [[Category:Ohio State Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Elektra Records airtists]] [[Category:A&M Records airtists]] [[Category:Coontercultur o the 1960s]] [[Category:COINTELPRO targets]] [[Category:American socialists]] [[Category:American pacifists]] [[Category:American ceevil richts activists]] [[Category:American anti–Vietnam War activists]] [[Category:American anti-war activists]] [[Category:Jewish American sangwriters]] [[Category:American male sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American male guitarists]] [[Category:American fowk sangsters]] [[Category:American acoustic guitarists]] [[Category:20t-century American guitarists]] [[Category:Airticles wi hCards]] 4u5wt7iov17eh3r7332198kbn56543h 927365 927361 2026-11-09T15:42:08Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 addit references fur birth an death dates 927365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist|Name=Phil Ochs|image=20111015 174748 phil-ochs (cropped).jpg|caption=Ochs ootside the offices o the National Student Association, 1975|Background=solo_sangster|Birth_name=Philip David Ochs|birth_date={{birth date|1940|12|19|mf=y}}|birth_place=[[El Paso, Texas]], U.S.|death_date={{death date and age|mf=yes|1976|4|9|1940|12|19}}|death_place=Far Rockaway, Queens, New York City, U.S.|Origin=[[New York City]], U.S.|Instrument={{hlist|Guitar|vocals|piano}}|Genre={{hlist|Fowk muisic|Fowk|protest muisic|fowk rock|baroque pop|country muisic|country}}|Occupation={{hlist|Sangster|sangwriter}}|Years_active=1961–1976}} '''Philip David Ochs''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|oʊ|k|s}}; December 19, 1940<ref>Stanton, p. 351</ref> – April 9, 1976<ref>Schumacher, pp. 344–352.</ref>) wis an American fowk [[sangster-sangwriter]] an political activist. His sangs eften include themes o protest an social juistice. == References == {{Reflist}}{{Stub/UnititStates}} [[Category:1976 daiths]] [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:Fowk frae Greenwich Village]] [[Category:Fowk wi bipolar disorder]] [[Category:Male suicides]] [[Category:Ohio State Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Elektra Records airtists]] [[Category:A&M Records airtists]] [[Category:Coontercultur o the 1960s]] [[Category:COINTELPRO targets]] [[Category:American socialists]] [[Category:American pacifists]] [[Category:American ceevil richts activists]] [[Category:American anti–Vietnam War activists]] [[Category:American anti-war activists]] [[Category:Jewish American sangwriters]] [[Category:American male sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American male guitarists]] [[Category:American fowk sangsters]] [[Category:American acoustic guitarists]] [[Category:20t-century American guitarists]] [[Category:Airticles wi hCards]] 4r4126yr2vmndp4hr3iw1xox15ewsok 927374 927365 2026-11-09T15:44:35Z Zorpo 139978 927374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist|Name=Phil Ochs|image=20111015 174748 phil-ochs (cropped).jpg|caption=Ochs ootside the offices o the National Student Association, 1975|Background=solo_sangster|Birth_name=Philip David Ochs|birth_date={{birth date|1940|12|19|mf=y}}|birth_place=[[El Paso, Texas]], U.S.|death_date={{death date and age|mf=yes|1976|4|9|1940|12|19}}|death_place=Far Rockaway, Queens, New York City, U.S.|Origin=[[New York City]], U.S.|Instrument={{hlist|Guitar|vocals|piano}}|Genre={{hlist|Fowk muisic|Fowk|protest muisic|fowk rock|baroque pop|country muisic|country}}|Occupation={{hlist|Sangster|sangwriter}}|Years_active=1961–1976}} '''Philip David Ochs''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|oʊ|k|s}}; 19 December 1940<ref>Stanton, p. 351</ref> – 9 Apryle 1976<ref>Schumacher, pp. 344–352.</ref>) wis an American fowk [[sangster-sangwriter]] an political activist. His sangs eften include themes o protest an social juistice. == References == {{Reflist}}{{Stub/UnititStates}} [[Category:1976 daiths]] [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:Fowk frae Greenwich Village]] [[Category:Fowk wi bipolar disorder]] [[Category:Male suicides]] [[Category:Ohio State Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Elektra Records airtists]] [[Category:A&M Records airtists]] [[Category:Coontercultur o the 1960s]] [[Category:COINTELPRO targets]] [[Category:American socialists]] [[Category:American pacifists]] [[Category:American ceevil richts activists]] [[Category:American anti–Vietnam War activists]] [[Category:American anti-war activists]] [[Category:Jewish American sangwriters]] [[Category:American male sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American male guitarists]] [[Category:American fowk sangsters]] [[Category:American acoustic guitarists]] [[Category:20t-century American guitarists]] [[Category:Airticles wi hCards]] bb4pag4ug0jlw07ba6qjo0k13hqcbll 927542 927374 2026-11-10T00:11:12Z Atlantic306 30244 added book sources from the English wikipedia article on Phil Ochs 927542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist|Name=Phil Ochs|image=20111015 174748 phil-ochs (cropped).jpg|caption=Ochs ootside the offices o the National Student Association, 1975|Background=solo_sangster|Birth_name=Philip David Ochs|birth_date={{birth date|1940|12|19|mf=y}}|birth_place=[[El Paso, Texas]], U.S.|death_date={{death date and age|mf=yes|1976|4|9|1940|12|19}}|death_place=Far Rockaway, Queens, New York City, U.S.|Origin=[[New York City]], U.S.|Instrument={{hlist|Guitar|vocals|piano}}|Genre={{hlist|Fowk muisic|Fowk|protest muisic|fowk rock|baroque pop|country muisic|country}}|Occupation={{hlist|Sangster|sangwriter}}|Years_active=1961–1976}} '''Philip David Ochs''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|oʊ|k|s}}; 19 December 1940<ref>Stanton, p. 351</ref> – 9 Apryle 1976<ref>Schumacher, pp. 344–352.</ref>) wis an American fowk [[sangster-sangwriter]] an political activist. His sangs eften include themes o protest an social juistice. == References == {{Reflist}} == Soorces == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Blair |first=Eric |year=2007 |title=Folk Singer for the FBI: The Phil Ochs FBI File |location=Morrisville, North Carolina |publisher=Lulu Press }} * {{Cite book |last=Brend |first=Mark |year=2001 |title=American Troubadours: Groundbreaking Singer-Songwriters of the 60s |location=San Francisco |publisher=Backbeat Books |isbn=978-0-87930-641-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/americantroubado00bren |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=David |year=1999 |title=Phil Ochs: A Bio-Bibliography |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-313-31029-4 }} * {{Cite book |last=Eliot |first=Marc |year=1979 |title=Death of a Rebel: Starring Phil Ochs and a Small Circle of Friends |url=https://archive.org/details/deathofrebel00elio |url-access=registration |location=Garden City, N.Y. |publisher=Anchor Press |isbn=978-0-385-13610-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Eliot |first=Marc |year=1989 |orig-year=1979 |title=Death of a Rebel: A Biography of Phil Ochs |location=New York |publisher=Franklin Watts |isbn=978-0-531-15111-2 }} * {{Cite book |last=Ochs |first=Phil |year=1964 |title=Songs of Phil Ochs |location=New York |publisher=Appleseed Music |oclc=41480512 }} * {{Cite book |last=Ochs |first=Phil |year=1968 |title=The War Is Over |location=New York|publisher=Collier Booksk |oclc=1384159 }} * {{Cite book |last=Ochs |first=Phil |year=1978 |title=The Complete Phil Ochs |location=Hollywood, Calif. |publisher=Almo Publications |isbn=978-0-89705-010-4 }} * {{Cite book |last=Schumacher |first=Michael |year=2018 |orig-year=1996 |title=There But for Fortune: The Life of Phil Ochs |location=New York; Minneapolis |publisher=Hyperion/Univ of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-1-5179-0354-1 }} * {{Cite book |last=Stanton |first=Scott |year=2003 |title=The Tombstone Tourist: Musicians |location=New York |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-7434-6330-0 }} {{Refend}} {{Stub/UnititStates}} [[Category:1976 daiths]] [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:Fowk frae Greenwich Village]] [[Category:Fowk wi bipolar disorder]] [[Category:Male suicides]] [[Category:Ohio State Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Elektra Records airtists]] [[Category:A&M Records airtists]] [[Category:Coontercultur o the 1960s]] [[Category:COINTELPRO targets]] [[Category:American socialists]] [[Category:American pacifists]] [[Category:American ceevil richts activists]] [[Category:American anti–Vietnam War activists]] [[Category:American anti-war activists]] [[Category:Jewish American sangwriters]] [[Category:American male sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American male guitarists]] [[Category:American fowk sangsters]] [[Category:American acoustic guitarists]] [[Category:20t-century American guitarists]] [[Category:Airticles wi hCards]] imu5ad5ucwlzua8pqvxdx3llga02rr8 927624 927542 2026-11-10T01:57:40Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist|Name=Phil Ochs|image=20111015 174748 phil-ochs (cropped).jpg|caption=Ochs ootside the offices o the National Student Association, 1975|Background=solo_sangster|Birth_name=Philip David Ochs|birth_date={{birth date|1940|12|19|mf=y}}|birth_place=[[El Paso, Texas]], U.S.|death_date={{death date and age|mf=yes|1976|4|9|1940|12|19}}|death_place=Far Rockaway, Queens, New York City, U.S.|Origin=[[New York City]], U.S.|Instrument={{hlist|Guitar|vocals|piano}}|Genre={{hlist|Fowk muisic|Fowk|protest muisic|fowk rock|baroque pop|country muisic|country}}|Occupation={{hlist|Sangster|sangwriter}}|Years_active=1961–1976}} '''Philip David Ochs''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|oʊ|k|s}}; 19 December 1940<ref>Stanton, p. 351</ref> – 9 Aprile 1976<ref>Schumacher, pp. 344–352.</ref>) wis an American fowk sangster-sangwriter an poleetical activist. His sangs eften include themes o protest an social juistice. == References == {{Reflist}} == Soorces == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Blair |first=Eric |year=2007 |title=Folk Singer for the FBI: The Phil Ochs FBI File |location=Morrisville, North Carolina |publisher=Lulu Press }} * {{Cite book |last=Brend |first=Mark |year=2001 |title=American Troubadours: Groundbreaking Singer-Songwriters of the 60s |location=San Francisco |publisher=Backbeat Books |isbn=978-0-87930-641-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/americantroubado00bren |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=David |year=1999 |title=Phil Ochs: A Bio-Bibliography |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-313-31029-4 }} * {{Cite book |last=Eliot |first=Marc |year=1979 |title=Death of a Rebel: Starring Phil Ochs and a Small Circle of Friends |url=https://archive.org/details/deathofrebel00elio |url-access=registration |location=Garden City, N.Y. |publisher=Anchor Press |isbn=978-0-385-13610-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Eliot |first=Marc |year=1989 |orig-year=1979 |title=Death of a Rebel: A Biography of Phil Ochs |location=New York |publisher=Franklin Watts |isbn=978-0-531-15111-2 }} * {{Cite book |last=Ochs |first=Phil |year=1964 |title=Songs of Phil Ochs |location=New York |publisher=Appleseed Music |oclc=41480512 }} * {{Cite book |last=Ochs |first=Phil |year=1968 |title=The War Is Over |location=New York|publisher=Collier Booksk |oclc=1384159 }} * {{Cite book |last=Ochs |first=Phil |year=1978 |title=The Complete Phil Ochs |location=Hollywood, Calif. |publisher=Almo Publications |isbn=978-0-89705-010-4 }} * {{Cite book |last=Schumacher |first=Michael |year=2018 |orig-year=1996 |title=There But for Fortune: The Life of Phil Ochs |location=New York; Minneapolis |publisher=Hyperion/Univ of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-1-5179-0354-1 }} * {{Cite book |last=Stanton |first=Scott |year=2003 |title=The Tombstone Tourist: Musicians |location=New York |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-7434-6330-0 }} {{Refend}} {{Stub/UnititStates}} [[Category:1976 daiths]] [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:Fowk frae Greenwich Village]] [[Category:Fowk wi bipolar disorder]] [[Category:Male suicides]] [[Category:Ohio State Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Elektra Records airtists]] [[Category:A&M Records airtists]] [[Category:Coontercultur o the 1960s]] [[Category:COINTELPRO targets]] [[Category:American socialists]] [[Category:American pacifists]] [[Category:American ceevil richts activists]] [[Category:American anti–Vietnam War activists]] [[Category:American anti-war activists]] [[Category:Jewish American sangwriters]] [[Category:American male sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American male guitarists]] [[Category:American fowk sangsters]] [[Category:American acoustic guitarists]] [[Category:20t-century American guitarists]] [[Category:Airticles wi hCards]] fq88xf0dxpomj1719lpzlle2qncr16w 1 234334 927359 2026-11-09T15:36:41Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Bacteria|version=1379848628}} d31e603oa5h2inr3wnsi3j8i3caks08 1 234335 927378 2026-11-09T15:47:11Z Monospaced 75295 Made page wi "{{Translatit page|en|Aram Asatryan|version=1369912508}}" 927378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Aram Asatryan|version=1369912508}} mpvvcu1obs4dyuxt6c6qeo1qj2vqvru 1 234336 927397 2026-11-09T16:50:09Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Ernest Rutherford|version=1381202354}} r7vi2sje4avuxjo6nr19aeaoskgabc8 1 234337 927402 2026-11-09T17:26:50Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Euclid|version=1380811256}} j28hxc1sqde2ph4k6n5idh5cdc54ne9 2 234338 927418 2026-11-09T19:07:26Z Monospaced 75295 Hou A write Scots oan the wiki 927418 wikitext text/x-wiki This is the style A follae when writin Scots on the wiki. It's ma ain practice, no policy: the wiki's guidance is in the [[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]] an [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]. A've written it for masel an onybody interestit in unnerstaunin hou A think aboot it. == Spellin an grammar == * Avoid uisin [[apologetic apostrophe]]s (''deed'', no ''dee'd''). * For verb endins, follae the [[Scots Leid Associe]]'s ''Recommendations for Writers in Scots'' (1985): ''-it'' efter b, d, g, k, p an t (''wirkit''); ''-t'' efter l, n, r, ch, sh, ss an f (''discovert''); ''-ed'' itherwise (''luiked''). * Prefer spellins fae the ''Scottish National Dictionary'' ([[Dictionar o the Scots Leid]]) an the ''[[Concise Scots Dictionary]]'' (Edinburgh University Press), an maistly uise the heidwirds or variants ye're familiar wi. * The best wird is aften shared atween Scots an Inglis; efter aw, they hae the same roots. Dinnae avoid a wird for that raison alane. Monie unco an archaic wirds spread on this wiki years ago acause o the uise o dictionars wi attempts at novel orthography, sic as the ''Online Scots Dictionary''. * Uise yer ain byleid if ye hae wan: hearin hou it soonds helps gie an airticle consistency an clarity. * Borrow fae ither byleids tae expand yer vocabulary. Monie leids, sic as [[Scots Gaelic]], Irish an Basque, hae modren written staundarts that cam fae monie dialects, an fae ma experience here A think Scots wid need wan tae be uised mair in eddication or the media. * Whaur an existin page is written, or tries tae be written, in a particular byleid or wi consistent guid forms, keep its forms raither nor swap in yer ain. * Keep an airticle's voice neutral an encyclopedic, as in ony ither leid, an formal subjects an quotations formal (''A think, therefore A am''). == Owersettin == * Owerset quotations in ony ither leid, Inglis amang them, intae Scots, wi the original in a note. * Leave nems o organisations, brands, warks an awairds as published. * Avoid addin Inglis glosses in brackets, unless the nem itsel is multilingual, lik the [[Scots Pairlament]], that haes nems in Scots, Inglis an Scots Gaelic. lnil9r7q6nrmyg9hqh51ahleugrj34n 1 234339 927435 2026-11-09T19:59:22Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Sodium chloride|version=1383420385}} 58mn7ooi67mc7pkjxk4bd1rcu95rdvf 1 234340 927442 2026-11-09T20:15:18Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Nobel Peace Prize|version=1384240204}} haek5uiw4yqe20xbmd2u4pu52nzdywf 1 234341 927446 2026-11-09T20:26:59Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Bobby Sands|version=1382490485}} rbbsyuhwx47o57iq8n63ce7p7jqqhm4 1 234342 927447 2026-11-09T20:27:27Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Didgeridoo|version=1377623546}} fcxoovbabqo37rsekpej3o4iitxizqi 1 234343 927449 2026-11-09T20:29:57Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Monolit|version=1351281445}} 7vadmonmnj3eoyvjpybihyyox829gg7 1 234344 927452 2026-11-09T20:39:09Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Cruachan Power Station|version=1372695595}} 95vlc25aa9pb6e7970cdji7imtgw2tc 1 234345 927457 2026-11-09T20:42:11Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Archimedes|version=1384315117}} br8209dyhd9pvmep9ia0s6zmlnxg94l 1 234346 927461 2026-11-09T20:45:24Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|The Doors|version=1384489794}} imef327i0a6f4ao1hk6kz425u1ntb2u 1 234347 927463 2026-11-09T20:47:22Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Gucci Mane|version=1382695244}} 36ab9gd7tz3fxgx0p7e4hf41kxsh2w7 1 234348 927471 2026-11-09T20:59:32Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Atom|version=1377869405}} 3jrcr7dojyvibyin9ck1m0yavtloa0l 1 234349 927474 2026-11-09T21:04:35Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin 927474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Threads (1984 film)|version=1383306552}} 652isfe11a4ynsk0owixgkm7b0mek2h 1 234350 927476 2026-11-09T21:07:06Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Fun and Fancy Free|version=1379618771}} c3ss5c809yijb3eumveuyiryzo01l4s 1 234351 927478 2026-11-09T21:08:05Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Fun and Fancy Free|version=1379618771}} c3ss5c809yijb3eumveuyiryzo01l4s 1 234352 927483 2026-11-09T21:29:28Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|version=1382924623}} 4pk1o1b7hvlwve8eimqi67xklh1gip4 1 234353 927485 2026-11-09T21:33:49Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Charlotte's Web|version=1384225589}} s2gag7wm5zu679y6ai484zxik04t5cx 1 234354 927488 2026-11-09T21:35:44Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|The Pebble and the Penguin|version=1384058908}} 2y7iqxx5w7x7o6z5lyy0juq2icuvj0b 1 234355 927492 2026-11-09T21:47:39Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (film)|version=1384503917}} 934sfb78vrq7rugwg9wc6je9y3asl2v 0 234356 927497 2026-11-09T22:27:45Z Monospaced 75295 Made page wi "{{Infobox beuk | name = The End of Everything | author = [[M. John Harrison]] | set_in = [[Kent]], in the near future | publisher = Serpent's Tail | pub_date = 18 Juin 2026 | awards = [[Booker Prize]] (2026) | isbn = 9781800812949 | website = [https://serpentstail.com/work/the-end-of-everything/ Serpent's Tail] }} '''''The End of Everything''''' is a novel bi [[M. John Harrison]], published bi Serpent's Tail in 2026.<ref name="faber">{{Cite web |last=Faber |first=Michel |date..." 927497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beuk | name = The End of Everything | author = [[M. John Harrison]] | set_in = [[Kent]], in the near future | publisher = Serpent's Tail | pub_date = 18 Juin 2026 | awards = [[Booker Prize]] (2026) | isbn = 9781800812949 | website = [https://serpentstail.com/work/the-end-of-everything/ Serpent's Tail] }} '''''The End of Everything''''' is a novel bi [[M. John Harrison]], published bi Serpent's Tail in 2026.<ref name="faber">{{Cite web |last=Faber |first=Michel |date=9 June 2026 |title=The End of Everything by M John Harrison review – near-future visions from an SF master |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2026/jun/09/the-end-of-everything-by-m-john-harrison-review-near-future-visions-from-an-sf-master |website=The Guardian |access-date=9 November 2026}}</ref> It wan the [[Booker Prize]] 2026.<ref name="bookseller">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Lauren |date=9 November 2026 |title=The Booker Prize 2026 goes to M John Harrison in 'historic win' |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/m-john-harrison-takes-home-the-booker-prize-2026-in-historic-win |website=The Bookseller |access-date=9 November 2026}}</ref> ==Plot== The novel is set a few decades intae the future, on the sooth coast o Ingland.<ref name="booker">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2026 |title=The End of Everything by M. John Harrison wins the Booker Prize 2026 |url=https://thebookerprizes.substack.com/p/the-end-of-everything-by-m-john-harrison |website=The Booker Prizes |access-date=9 November 2026}}</ref> The toun it taks place in is on the coast o [[Kent]], but its nem is never gien.<ref name="faber" /> Phillip Tennent maks his livin on the tideline, gaitherin artefacts that wash up frae the Channel. He bides wi his auld auntie, Marnie. Some years afore, a mysterious catastrophe cam upon the kintra: an invasion o the "iGhetti". Naebody kens richt whit happened, an the government haurdly warks.<ref name="booker" /> The iGhetti, unkent beings frae ither warlds, first kythed in Harrison's collection o short stories ''You Should Come With Me Now'' (2017).<ref name="faber" /> Phillip comes on a thing on the shore, a blob o jeelie that grows fast. It learns tae spik, an stairts tellin the fowk that keep it whit tae dae.<ref name="booker" /> ==Reception== Writin in ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[Michel Faber]] cried the buik "dwamlike an bafflin", an said it "lichts up the crummlin existence o humankind wi a strange clearness".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "Dreamlike and baffling, The End of Everything elucidates humanity's disintegrating existence with strange clarity."</ref><ref name="faber" /> He warned that it widnae be for awbody, for it is bleaker than his earlier warks, wi less humour.<ref name="faber" /> In the ''Financial Times'', Catherine Taylor said it wis "a formidable buik".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "This is a formidable book".</ref> Simon Ings, in ''The Telegraph'', wrote that "Harrison isnae weirder nor maist ither writers, juist better".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "Harrison isn't weirder than most other writers, just better."</ref><ref name="booker" /> ==Booker Prize== ''The End of Everything'' wan the £50,000 Booker Prize 2026.<ref name="bookseller" /> The judges, chaired bi [[Mary Beard]], spent a hale day debatin the sax novels on the shortleet. Syne they greed unanimously tae gie the prize tae Harrison's novel. It wis his first nomination for the Booker, tho he haed been ane o the judges o the Booker Prize 2022.<ref name="booker" /> Beard describit it as a "buik that turns ye tapsalteerie, brings a wry smile an, mair nor ye wid think, gien whit it's aboot, leaves ye wi a glisk o hope".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "book that turns you upside down, raises a wry smile and, surprisingly, given the subject matter, leaves you with a twinge of optimism".</ref><ref name="bookseller" /> The judges' statement cried it "a buik no juist aboot awthing but aboot nou".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "A book not just about everything but about now."</ref><ref name="booker" /> ==Notes== <references group="note"/> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{cite web |title=''The End of Everything'' |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-end-of-everything |publisher=The Booker Prizes}} {{DEFAULTSORT:End of Everything, The}} [[Category:Inglis novelles]] qivai65rfc2g5c4uyv8w41uhezd7wru 927708 927497 2026-11-10T11:17:37Z Monospaced 75295 Expandit mair, wae parts on the reception an the Booker Prize 927708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beuk | name = The End of Everything | author = [[M. John Harrison]] | language = Inglis | genre = [[Science fiction]] | set_in = [[Kent]], in the near future | publisher = Serpent's Tail | pub_date = Juin 2026 | awards = [[Booker Prize]] (2026) | isbn = 9781800812949 | website = [https://serpentstail.com/work/the-end-of-everything/ Serpent's Tail] }} '''''The End of Everything''''' is a novelle bi [[M. John Harrison]], published bi Serpent's Tail in Juin 2026.<ref name=faber>{{cite news |last=Faber |first=Michel |title=The End of Everything by M John Harrison review – near-future visions from an SF master |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2026/jun/09/the-end-of-everything-by-m-john-harrison-review-near-future-visions-from-an-sf-master |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 June 2026 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref><ref name=locus>{{cite web |last=Harrison |first=Niall |date=26 July 2026 |title=The End of Everything by M. John Harrison: Review by Niall Harrison |url=https://locusmag.com/review/the-end-of-everything-by-m-john-harrison-review-by-niall-harrison/ |website=Locus |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> It is his 13th novelle.<ref name=gint>{{cite news |title=M John Harrison: 'If we met a real alien we'd have no clue what they thought' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2026/jun/21/m-john-harrison-if-we-met-a-real-alien-wed-have-no-clue-what-they-thought |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=21 June 2026 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> Set on the coast o Kent a few decades frae nou, it follaes a beachcomber an his auld auntie, years efter a crisis that naebody really unnerstaunds.<ref name=faber/><ref name=gwin>{{cite news |last=Loffhagen |first=Emma |title=M John Harrison becomes first science fiction author to win the Booker prize |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2026/nov/09/m-john-harrison-the-end-of-everything-wins-2026-booker-prize |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 November 2026 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> The novelle wan the [[Booker Prize]] 2026. It wis the first novelle considert tae be [[science fiction]] tae win the prize, an at 81, Harrison is the auldest writer ever tae win it.<ref name=gwin/><ref name=bookerpress>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2026 |title=The End of Everything by M. John Harrison wins the Booker Prize 2026 |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/media-centre/press-releases/the-end-of-everything-by-m-john-harrison-wins-the-booker-prize-2026 |website=The Booker Prizes |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref><ref name=bookershort>{{Cite web |title='Shocking, understated, discomfiting, hilarious': shortlist for Booker Prize 2026 announced |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/media-centre/press-releases/shocking-understated-discomfiting-hilarious-shortlist-for-booker-prize |website=The Booker Prizes |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref><ref name="bookseller">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Lauren |date=9 November 2026 |title=The Booker Prize 2026 goes to M John Harrison in 'historic win' |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/m-john-harrison-takes-home-the-booker-prize-2026-in-historic-win |website=The Bookseller |access-date=9 November 2026}}</ref> ==Plot== The story is set a few decades intae the future, alang the sooth coast o Ingland, monie years efter a mysterious catastrophe: unco beings cried the "iGhetti"<ref name="booker">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2026 |title=The End of Everything by M. John Harrison wins the Booker Prize 2026 |url=https://thebookerprizes.substack.com/p/the-end-of-everything-by-m-john-harrison |website=The Booker Prizes |access-date=9 November 2026}}</ref> hae appeart an taen ower pairts o [[Lunnon]], sic as [[Ceety o Lunnon|the Square Mile]]. They chynge their shape, an their naiture an aims are no explained.<ref name=gwin/> Phillip Tennent maks his livin on the tideline, gaitherin artefacts that wash up frae the [[Inglis Channel]].<ref name="booker" /><ref name=wamc>{{cite web |title=The 2026 Booker Prize shortlist is 'writing at its best' |url=https://www.wamc.org/2026-09-22/the-2026-booker-prize-shortlist-is-writing-at-its-best |website=WAMC |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> His 70-year-auld auntie Marnie is a painter, an cam tae the toun o Dalston-on-Sea a generation syne, whan it wis a community o artists.<ref name=lrb>{{cite news |last=Gordon |first=Edmund |date=23 July 2026 |title=Uncanny Little Blighter |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v48/n13/edmund-gordon/uncanny-little-blighter |work=London Review of Books |volume=48 |issue=13 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref><ref name="cnn">{{cite news |title=81-year-old sci-fi author M. John Harrison wins the 2026 Booker Prize |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/11/09/style/booker-prize-winner-2026-m-john-harrison |work=CNN |date=9 November 2026 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref><ref name="locus" /> Phillip comes on a thing on the shore, a blob o clear jeelie that grows fast. It learns tae spik, an stairts talkin tae the fowk aroon it.<ref name="booker" /> ==Writin== Harrison first thocht o the novelle aboot 2010.<ref name=litrev>{{cite web |last=Ho |first=Olivia |date=June 2026 |title=Close Encounters |url=https://literaryreview.co.uk/close-encounters |website=Literary Review |issue=552 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> The first spark for it, he said, wis the financial crisis o 2008.<ref name=abc>{{cite news |title=M John Harrison wins 2026 Booker Prize for dystopian novel The End of Everything |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-11-10/booker-prize-2026-m-john-harrison-the-end-of-everything/107342508 |work=ABC News |date=10 November 2026 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref><ref name=cnn/> The buik follaes on frae "The Crisis", a short story in his collection ''You Should Come With Me Now'' (2017). In that story the iGhetti first appeared, takkin ower the [[Ceety o Lunnon]].<ref name=specau>{{cite web |last=Hitchings |first=Henry |date=10 June 2026 |title=Nothing works: The End of Everything, by John M. Harrison, reviewed |url=https://www.spectator.com.au/2026/06/nothing-works-the-end-of-everything-by-john-m-harrison-reviewed/ |website=The Spectator Australia |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref><ref name=faber/> An Marnie haed kythed afore in his novelle ''Empty Space'' (2012).<ref name=specau/> He wis wirkin on the buik in 2023, an wantit tae push it as faur as it wid gang. He wantit it tae read lik a novelle he micht hae sent tae the magazine ''New Worlds'' aboot 1967. It wid look lik science fiction on the surface, but grow deeper as ye read on.<ref name=gint/><ref name=lrb/> The problem he set himsel wis hou tae leave oot muckle detail.<ref name=gint/> He cried it "a disaster story in which the disaster is the failure to comprehend".<ref name=gwin/> The art touns on the coast atween Hastings an the Thames gied him the settin, wi current affairs giein him the themes an the satire.<ref name="booker" /> ==Reception== Reviewers notit that the novelle disnae ettle tae explain itsel. Naebody in it unnerstaunds whit haes happened, an they aw hae different ideas aboot it, sae a reader kens nae mair nor the characters.<ref name=gint/><ref name=lrb/><ref name=locus/><ref name=litrev/> Monie critics saw the present day in the text: some thocht the artefact wis sib tae AI, an ithers notit likenesses tae the gentrification o coastal touns, or tae Brexit.<ref name=faber/><ref name=specau/><ref name=lrb/> Some fund it compassionate but frichtenin an aw.<ref name="booker" /><ref name=litrev/> Writin in ''[[The Guardian]]'', Michel Faber cried the buik "dwamlike an bafflin", an said it "lichts up the disintegratin existence o humankind wi a strange clearness".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "Dreamlike and baffling, The End of Everything elucidates humanity's disintegrating existence with strange clarity."</ref><ref name=faber/> He warned that it widnae be for awbody: it is bleaker than his earlier warks, wi less humour.<ref name=faber/> Simon Ings, in ''The Telegraph'', wrote that "Harrison isnae weirder nor maist ither writers, juist better".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "Harrison isn't weirder than most other writers, just better."</ref><ref name="booker" /> In ''Locus'', Niall Harrison wrote that whan the novelle let him go, he wantit tae gang ootside, juist tae shaw that something real still existit.<ref name=locus/> ==Booker Prize== The novelle wis on the Booker langleet o 13 buiks in Julie 2026.<ref name=serpent>{{cite web |date=28 July 2026 |title=The End of Everything is longlisted for the Booker Prize |url=https://serpentstail.com/2026/07/28/the-end-of-everything-is-longlisted-for-the-booker-prize/ |website=Serpent's Tail |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref><ref name=cnn/> On 22 September it wis named on the shortleet o sax.<ref name=wamc/> It wis Harrison's first Booker nomination, tho he haed been ane o the judges in 2022.<ref name=gwin/><ref name="booker" /> The panel o judges, chaired bi the classicist [[Mary Beard]], considered 163 buiks.<ref name=gwin/> Efter a hale day debatin the shortleet, they greed unanimously tae gie the prize tae Harrison.<ref name="booker" /><ref name=gwin/> He wis gien the £50,000 prize at a ceremony in Lunnon on 9 November 2026.<ref name=gwin/><ref name=cnn/> Beard cried it "a buik that turns ye upside doon, raises a wry smile an, surprisingly, gien the subject matter, leaves ye wi a twinge o optimism".<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "a book that turns you upside down, raises a wry smile – and surprisingly, given the subject matter, leaves you with a twinge of optimism".</ref><ref name=gwin/> She read it as the politics o the present, seen throu the lens o the future.<ref name="booker" /><ref name=gwin/> The Booker Prize Foundation cried Harrison the first winner tae come oot o the science fiction warld itsel.<ref name=gwin/> At the ceremony he said: "A feel like a proper writer at last, totally lackin in confidence."<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "I feel like a proper writer at last, totally lacking in confidence."</ref><ref name=abc/> ==Notes== <references group="note"/> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{cite web |title=''The End of Everything'' |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-end-of-everything |publisher=The Booker Prizes}} {{DEFAULTSORT:End of Everything, The}} [[Category:Inglis novelles]] 44xcdzo4fls6fc1hiytp8vzkjfyxt5v 1 234357 927499 2026-11-09T22:32:27Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Toy Story 3|version=1381060123}} a9cndmw7m5vycvb7j7m4yq81f03v32u 1 234358 927501 2026-11-09T22:33:32Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Emma Watson|version=1382863544}} slcb5xbjdo89pmgheaw35bakngeq0pg 1 234359 927505 2026-11-09T22:50:55Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Star Wars|version=1383850438}} qg1v92edwp1olb3n78sz2xwmg1agb40 1 234360 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page|en|Vyatskoye, Khabarovsk Krai|version=1375231612}} to7oq7hr2ojtggdj71h9qkvxsmso42q 1 234387 927622 2026-11-10T01:56:49Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|John Maxwell (British artist)|version=1329494692}} sd4ptttsf9e2d39no3hkeptrc4p6w4w 1 234388 927626 2026-11-10T01:58:02Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Antti Puhakka|version=1281224696}} lscj975rsoa20laajoyies9u2is9o6d 1 234389 927628 2026-11-10T01:58:25Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Bruray|version=1368571055}} 82a3gp9pz76baulzz09b6r3ds38pebh 3 234390 927629 2026-11-10T01:58:52Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 927629 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Kent Wang, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Kent Wang|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:58, 10 November 2026 (UTC) okhocqnkvtoon1fmrvmxfvz9mqqem7z 3 234391 927631 2026-11-10T01:59:23Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 927631 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Zorpo, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Zorpo|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:59, 10 November 2026 (UTC) n85z4mtgjdlbbjpcjjn0p14cnl2coic 1 234392 927635 2026-11-10T02:00:36Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Viola lutea|version=1364516860}} lsc980jkt7whl7nebnbhmww7cc7yvpv 1 234393 927637 2026-11-10T02:01:11Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Chemin des Révoires|version=1368754799}} 0e7fyi6s374acawrf2e6ciadc2fepkw 1 234394 927639 2026-11-10T02:02:32Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Hassan Taxi|version=1324235718}} mwjtnlz8pysk0w7ny63itdmaeb4mgch 1 234395 927642 2026-11-10T02:03:37Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Nevada City, Nevada|version=1377786778}} q5pk87y5gy5ub28n9fj1mzbfeysalk1 0 234396 927654 2026-11-10T02:12:42Z Monospaced 75295 Redirect tae Buddhism until there's eneuch tae uphaud the subject 927654 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Buddhism]] o4quvylmqlfw58l04hu9ijzan987mru 0 234397 927668 2026-11-10T03:11:20Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mr.Murdoch78 flittit page [[Varsity o Freiburg]] til [[University o Freiburg]] 927668 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[University o Freiburg]] s4zt7ppcexmfkf4ulm8gsxsn0q35ygm 1 234398 927670 2026-11-10T03:11:20Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mr.Murdoch78 flittit page [[Collogue:Varsity o Freiburg]] til [[Collogue:University o Freiburg]] 927670 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Collogue:University o Freiburg]] na67cue80e4tyq5nl08a8izasy5szyb 0 234399 927675 2026-11-10T03:14:22Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mr.Murdoch78 flittit page [[Varsity o Minas Gerais]] til [[University o Minas Gerais]] 927675 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[University o Minas Gerais]] 9tfitiebhrhm7i3s1fqb3en2rhtpfr9 0 234400 927679 2026-11-10T03:18:47Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mr.Murdoch78 flittit page [[Varsity o Guadalajara]] til [[University o Guadalajara]] 927679 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[University o Guadalajara]] mexm9snt9qptetwt65anefarv2mufcj