Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.4 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3 927995 927555 2026-11-11T12:27:57Z Monospaced 75295 927995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{itheruises|Scots fowk|Scots leid (disambiguation)}} {{Distinguish|Scots Inglis|Scots Gaelic}} {{Infobox leid |name=Scots |nativename=(''Braid'') ''Scots'', ''Lallans'' |states= [[Unitit Kinrick]], [[Republic o Ireland]] |region=Scotland: [[Scots Lawlands]], [[Northren Isles]], [[Caithness]], [[Isle o Arran|Arran]] an [[Cammeltoun]]<br>Ulster (Ireland): [[Coonties o Ireland|Coonties]] [[Coonty Doun|Doun]], [[Coonty Antrim|Antrim]], [[Coonty Derry|Derry]] an [[Coonty Donegal|Donegal]] |speakers=1,508,540 able tae spik Scots |date=2022 |ref=<ref name="govscots">{{cite web |title=Scots |url=https://www.gov.scot/policies/languages/scots/ |publisher=Scottish Government |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> |speakers2=2,444,659 wi some skill in Scots (2022)<ref name="govscots" /><br>In the 2011 census, mair nor 1.5 million fowk said they coud spik Scots.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Languages |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/census-results/at-a-glance/languages/ |website=Scotland's Census |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=[[Germanic leids|Germanic]] |fam3=[[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] |fam4=[[Anglo-Frisie leids|Anglo-Frisie]] |fam5=[[Anglic leids|Anglic]] |ancestor=[[Auld Inglis]] |ancestor2=[[Middle Inglis leid|Middle Inglis]] |ancestor3=[[Early Scots]] |ancestor4=[[Middle Scots]] |minority=[[Northren Ireland]] (as [[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster Scots]]) |nation=[[Scotland]] (official status syne 30 November 2025)<ref name="SLA2025">{{cite web |title=Scottish Languages Act 2025, section 33 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2025/10/part/2/chapter/1 |website=legislation.gov.uk |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref><ref name="Scottish official languages">{{Cite web |title=FACT: SCOTLAND'S OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ARE ENGLISH, SCOTS, GAELIC & BRITISH SIGN LANGUAGE |url=https://www.scotland.org/about-scotland/facts/scotlands-languages |access-date=March 27, 2023 |website=Scotland.org}}</ref> |agency=— [[Scotland]]: Nane, <small>altho the ''[[Dictionar o the Scots Leid]]'' carries muckle authoritie in the Scots Government's ''Partnership for a Better Scotland'' coalition agreement (2003) promises "support".</small>.<br />— [[Ireland]]: Nane, <small>altho the cross-border ''[[Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch]]'', established as an ootcome o the [[Guid Friday Agreement|''Guid Friday Greeance'']], promotes ussage.</small> |dia1=[[Central Scots|Central]] |dia2=[[Sooth Scots|Soothren]] |dia3=[[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster]] |dia4=[[Northren Scots|Northren]] |dia5=[[Insular Scots|Insular]] |script=[[Laitin script|Laitin]] |iso2=sco |iso3=sco |lingua=52-ABA-aa (varieties: <br>52-ABA-aaa to -aav) |map=Idioma escocés.png |mapcaption=Pairts o Scotland an Ulster whaur the Scots leid wis spak in the 20t century<ref>Grant, William (1931) [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/INTRO/map.php?num=2 Scottish National Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121173629/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/INTRO/map.php?num=2 |date=2012-01-21 }}</ref><ref>Gregg R.J. (1972) ''The Scotch-Irish Dialect Boundaries'' in Ulster in Wakelin M.F., Patterns in the Folk Speech of The British Isles, London</ref> }} '''Scots''' or '''Lawland Scots''' (English: ''Scots'' or ''Lowland Scots''; {{lang-gd|Beurla Ghallta/Albais}}) is a [[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] [[leid]] o the [[Anglic leids|Anglic]] group. It is spak in the [[Scots lawlands|Lawlands]] o [[Scotland]] an in the province o [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]], whaur it is kent as [[Ulster Scots leid|"Ulster-Scots", "Scotch" or "Ullans"]]. In maist airts, it is spak alangside the [[Inglis leid|English leid.]] Historically, it wis kent as "[[Lallans]]" or "[[Doric Scots|Doric]]", but thir terms nou uisually mean mair soothren an northren byleids, respectively. Scots haes official status in Scotland syne 30 November 2025, unner section 33 o the Scottish Languages Act 2025.<ref name="SLA2025" /><ref name="govnews2025">{{cite web |title=Growing Scotland's languages |url=https://www.gov.scot/news/growing-scotlands-languages/ |publisher=Scottish Government |date=30 November 2025 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> The [[Unitit Kinrick]] recognised it unner Pairt II o the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages whan it ratified the Charter in 2001.<ref name="slccharter">{{cite web |title=The European Charter |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/node/id/250 |publisher=Scots Language Centre |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> In the 2022 census, 1,508,540 fowk said they coud spik Scots, an 2,444,659 said they coud spik, read, write or unnerstaund it.<ref name="govscots" /> == History == Up tae the 15t [[yeirhunder]], ''Scottis'' (modren form ''Scots'') wis the nem o [[Gaelic leid|Gaelic]], the [[Celtic Leids|Celtic leid]] o the auncient Scots.<ref name="dostscottis">{{cite web |title=Scottis |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/scottis |work=A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Fowk that spoke Scots cried the Gaelic ''Erse'' (meanin ''Irish''). The Gaelic o Scotland is nou maistly cried Scottish Gaelic, an is still spak bi some in the wastren [[Scots Hielands]] an islands. For the maist pairt, Scots comes frae the Northumbrian form o [[Auld Inglis leid|Anglo-Saxon (Auld English)]], tho wi muckle influence frae the [[Auld Norse]] o the Vikings. Ither influences cam frae [[Dutch leid|Dutch]] an Law Saxon throu troke wi (an incomers frae) the Law Kintras. Frae [[Romance leids|Romance]] leids cam the Latin o the Kirk an the law, Anglo-Norman, an mibbie Parisian French acause o the [[Auld Alliance]]. Anglian spikkers were weel estaiblished in sooth-east Scotland bi the 7t yeirhunder. The nem [[Edinburgh]] wis mibbie taen frae the Britons durin the reign o Oswald (633–41).<ref name="dslorigins">{{cite web |last1=Macafee |first1=Caroline |last2=Aitken |first2=A. J. |title=A History of Scots to 1700: The origins and spread of Scots |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/about-scots/history-of-scots/origins/ |website=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Frae the reign o [[Dauvit I, King o Scots|David I]] in 1124, Norman laundowners an their followers, spikkin Northumbrian [[Middle Inglis leid|Middle English]], were brocht intae Scotland in muckle nummers.<ref name="dslorigins" /> The earliest texts in Scots are frae the 14t yeirhunder,<ref name="dslchron">{{cite web |last1=Macafee |first1=Caroline |last2=Aitken |first2=A. J. |title=A History of Scots to 1700: Chronology |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/about-scots/history-of-scots/chronology/ |website=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> an the leid than didnae differ muckle frae ither northren English byleids. Syne, the Anglian leid o Scotland growed in its ain wey. Bi the stairt o the 16t yeirhunder, fowk saw the differs atween it an the leid spak faurer sooth, an Scots spikkers begoud tae cry their leid ''Scottis''. The earliest record o the wird in that sense is frae [[Gavin Douglas]] in 1513.<ref name="dostscottis" /> Scots haes lend-wirds frae Gaelic acause the Scots fowk haed contack wi Gaelic spikkers. Thir lend-wirds are maistly for geographical an cultural things, sic as ''clan'' an ''loch''. Lik onie livin leid, Scots haes chynged ower the years, tho it haes arguably steyed naurer tae its Anglo-Saxon springheid nor English haes. Monie Scots wirds hae become pairt o Staundart English an aw: ''flit, greed, eerie, cuddle, clan, stob''. == Scrievit Scots == Monie writers the nou avoid apostrophes whaur they are thocht tae shaw letters that's "missin" frae English (the [[apologetic apostrophe]]). Sic letters were niver missin in Scots at aw. For example, in the 14t yeirhunder, [[John Barbour|Barbour]] spelt the Scots [[cognate]] o ''taken'' as ''tane''. Wi nae ''k'' in the wird for mair nor 700 year, shawin its want wi an apostrophe coud be cried specious. The modren spellin is uisually ''taen''. Vowel nummers are frae [[A.J. Aitken|Aitken]] an the phonetics is in [[Internaitional Phonetic ABC|IPA]]. For aw the established traditional spellin conventions descrived ablow, a wheen o proposals for spellin reform were pit forrit in the 20t yeirhunder. John Corbett (2003: 260) cries the devisin o a normative orthography for Scots "ane o the greatest linguistic hobbies o the past century." Writin aboot the ootcome in ''Lallans'' 57, Caroline Macafee said that spellin reform haed caaed doun the kind o standartisation that awready existit. She said spellin haed become a free-for-aw, wi the traditional model run doun an nae popular replacement, leadin tae mair spellin variation, no less.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Macafee|first=Caroline|date=2000|title=Lea the leid alane in Lallans 57|work=The Scots Language Society ISSN 1359-3587|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Consonants=== Maist consonants are for ordinar soondit sic an sae as in English bit: *'''c''': {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/s/}}, as in English. *'''ch''': {{IPA|/x/}},<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.499">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.499</ref> '''gh''' an aw. Medial 'cht' micht be {{IPA|/ð/}} in Northren dialects. ''loch'', ''nicht'', ''dochter'', ''dreich'', etc. Similar til the German "Na'''ch'''t". *'''ch''': wird initial or whaur it follaes 'r' {{IPA|/tʃ/}}. ''airch'', ''mairch'', etc. *'''ck''': at the end o a syllable;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2306&startset=4948443&query=C&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd |title=SND: C |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703205745/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2306&startset=4948443&query=C&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd |url-status=dead }}</ref> an whan intervocalic,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7690&startset=20617909&query=K&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: K |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204657/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7690&startset=20617909&query=K&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> efter a cuttie vowel, e.g. ''bick'', ''geck'', ''muckle'', ''ruck'', etc. *'''gn''': {{IPA|/n/}}. In Northren dialects {{IPA|/ɡn/}} micht kythe.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.501</ref> *'''kn''': {{IPA|/n/}}. In Northren dialects {{IPA|/kn/}} or {{IPA|/tn/}} micht kythe.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501"/> ''knap'' ''knee'', ''knowe'', etc. *'''ng''': is aye {{IPA|/ŋ/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.510</ref> *'''nch''': for ordinar {{IPA|/nʃ/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.500</ref> ''brainch'', ''dunch'', etc. *'''r''': {{IPA|/r/}} or {{IPA|/ɹ/}} is pronoonced in aw positions,<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.510-511</ref> i.e. [[Rhotic consonant|rhotic]]. *'''s''' or '''se''': {{IPA|/s/}} or {{IPA|/z/}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9474&startset=33999048&query=S&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: S |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703205657/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9474&startset=33999048&query=S&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''t''': micht be a glottal stap atween vowels or wird final.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501"/> In Ulster, dentalised soondins micht kythe an aw, even for 'd'. *'''th''': {{IPA|/ð/}} or {{IPA|/θ/}} as in English. In Mid Northren forms o Scots, an intervocalic {{IPA|/ð/}} micht be soondit {{IPA|/d/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.506</ref> Initial 'th' in ''thing'', ''think'' an ''thank'', etc. micht be {{IPA|/h/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.507</ref> *'''wh''': for ordinar {{IPA|/ʍ/}}, aulder {{IPA|/xʍ/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.499"/> Northren byleids hae {{IPA|/f/}} an aw.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507"/> *'''wr''': {{IPA|/wr/}} mair aften {{IPA|/r/}} bit micht be {{IPA|/vr/}} in Northren byleids.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507"/> ''wrack'', ''wrang'', ''write'', ''wrocht'', etc. *'''z''': {{IPA|/jɪ/}} or {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, micht kythe in some wirds as a substitute for the aulder <{{lang|ang|ȝ}}> ([[yoch]]). For example: ''brulzie'', ''gaberlunzie'', an the names ''[[Menzies]]'', ''[[Finzean]]'', ''[[Culzean]]'', ''[[Mackenzie (surname)|Mackenzie]]'', etc. (As an affcome o the want o eddication in Scots, ''Mackenzie'' is nou generally soondit wi a {{IPA|/z/}} follaein the perceived soondin o the scrieved form, as mair controversial is whiles ''Menzies''.) ===Silent letters=== *The wird final 'd' in '''nd''' an '''ld''',<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.502-503</ref> bit aften soondit in derived forms. Whiles juist 'n' an 'l' or 'n&#39;' an 'l&#39;' e.g. ''auld'' an ''haund'' etc., as in the [[Dens leid]]. *'t' in medial '''cht''' ('ch' = {{IPA|/x/}}) an '''st''' an afore final '''en'''<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.509">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.509</ref> e.g. ''fochten'', ''thristle'' an the 't' in ''aften'' etc. an aw., as in English. *'t' in wird final '''ct''' an '''pt''',<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.509"/> bit aften soondit in derived forms, e.g. ''respect'', an ''accept'', etc. ===Vowels=== For a historical luikower, tak a leuk at the {{Interleid airtin|Phonological history o Scots|en|Phonological_history_of_Scots}} The vowel system o Scots (in [[Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]):<ref>Aitken A.J. ‘How to Pronounce Older Scots’ in ‘Bards and Makars’. Glasgow Varsity Press 1977</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8a | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 |rowspan=2 style="font-size:75%" | 1. Generally merges wi vowels 2, 4 or 8.<br> 2. Merges wi vowels 1 an 8. in central dialects<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;an vowel 2 in Northren dialects.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;Also {{IPA|/(j)u/}} or {{IPA|/(j)ʌ/}} afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} dependin on dialect.<br> 3. Vocalisation tae {{IPA|/o/}} micht kythe afore {{IPA|/k/}}.<br> 4. Antrin mergers wi vowel 5. |- | cuttie {{IPA|/əi/}}<br>lang {{IPA|/aɪ/}} | {{IPA|/i/}} | {{IPA|/e, i/}}¹ | {{IPA|/e/}} | {{IPA|/o/}} | {{IPA|/u/}} | {{IPA|/ø/}}² | {{IPA|/eː/}} | {{IPA|/əi/}} | {{IPA|/oe/}} | {{IPA|/əi/}} | {{IPA|/iː/}} | {{IPA|/ɑː, ɔː/}} | {{IPA|/ʌu/}}³ | {{IPA|/ju/}} | {{IPA|/ɪ/}} | {{IPA|/ɛ/}} | {{IPA|/ɑ, a/}} | {{IPA|/ɔ/}}⁴ | {{IPA|/ʌ/}} |} In Scots, [[vouel length|vowel length]] is for ordinar conditioned bi the {{Interleid airtin|Scottish Vowel Lenth Rule|en|Scottish_vowel_length_rule}}. Wirds that differ juist a bittie in soondin fae [[Scots English|Scottish English]] are for ordinar spelt as they are in Staundart English. Ither wirds micht be spelt the same wey, bit differ in soondin. For example: ''aunt'', ''swap'', ''want'' an ''wash'' wi {{IPA|/a/}}, ''bull'', ''full'' v. an ''pull'' wi {{IPA|/ʌ/}}, ''bind'', ''find'' an ''wind'' v., etc. wi {{IPA|/ɪ/}}. *The onstress't vowel {{IPA|/ə/}} micht be shawn bi onie vowel letter. *'''a''' (vowel 17): for ordinar {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, aften {{IPA|/ɑː/}} in sooth wast an Ulster byleids,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 1 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> bit {{IPA|/aː/}} in Northren byleids. Maurk final ''a'' (vowel 12) in ''awa'', ''twa'' an ''wha'' micht be {{IPA|/ɑː/}}, {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, {{IPA|/aː/}} or {{IPA|/eː/}} an aw dependin on the byleid.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 2 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''au''', '''aw''' (vowel 12) {{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/ɔː/}} in Soothren, Central an Ulster byleids bit {{IPA|/aː/}} in Northren byleids, wi ''au'' for ordinar in medial positions<ref name="SND:A 4">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 4 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SND:U 2 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> an ''aw'' in final positions.<ref name="SND:A 4"/> Sometimes '''a''' or '''a&#39;''' representin [[L-vocalisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 2 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&startset=45678332&query=W&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND W 6 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703212329/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&startset=45678332&query=W&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> The digraph '''aa''' kythes an aw, specially in scrieved representations o the ({{IPA|/aː/}}) soondin in Northren an Insular byleids.<ref name="SND:U 2 1"/> The cluster 'auld' micht be {{IPA|/ʌul/}} in Ulster an aw, e.g. ''aw'', ''cauld'', ''braw'', ''faw'', ''snaw'', etc. *'''ai''' (vowel 8) in initial an medial positions<ref name="SND:A 5">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 5 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> an '''a'''(consonant)'''e''' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 4). The graphemes '''ae'''<ref name="SND:A 5"/> (vowel 4) an '''ay''' (vowel 8) for ordinar in final positions.<ref name="SND:A 5"/><ref name="SND:E 3">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aw generally {{IPA|/e(ː)/}}. Aften {{IPA|/ɛ/}} afore {{IPA|/r/}}. The merger o vowel 8 wi 4 haes resultit in the digraph ''ai'' occurrin in some wirds wi vowel 4, an ''a''(consonant)''e'' occurrin in some wirds wi vowel 8. Examples are ''saip'', ''hale'', ''ane'', ''ance'', ''bane'', etc. an wird final ''brae'' an ''day'' etc. The digraph ''ae'' kythes for vowel 7 in ''dae'', ''tae'' v. an ''shae'' an aw.<ref name="SND:E 3" /> In Northren byleids, the vowel in the cluster 'ane' is aften {{IPA|/i/}},<ref>Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) ''Manual of Modern Scots''. Cambridge, University Press. p.44</ref> an efter {{IPA|/w/}} an daurk {{IPA|/l/}} the soondin {{IPA|/əi/}} micht kythe.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.461</ref> In Sooth Scots an monie Central an Ulster varieties, ''ae'', ''ane'' an ''ance'' micht be soondit {{IPA|/jeː/}}, {{IPA|/jɪn/}} an {{IPA|/jɪns/}}, aften scrieved ''yae'', ''yin'' an ''yince'' in byleid writin. *'''ea''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''ei'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (4) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 3), haes generally merged wi {{IPA|/i(ː)/}} (vowel 2) or {{IPA|/e(ː)/}} (vowel 4 or 8), dependin on the byleid. {{IPA|/ɛ/}} micht kythe afore {{IPA|/r/}}. In Northren forms o Scots, the soondin micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} efter {{IPA|/w/}} an {{IPA|/ʍ/}}, an, in the faur north, {{IPA|/əi/}} micht kythe in aw environments.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.455">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.455</ref> ''deid'', ''heid'', ''meat'', ''clear'' etc. *'''ee'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (3) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowels 2 an 11), '''e'''(Consonant)'''e'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 1 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 2). Whiles '''ei''' an '''i.e.''' wi ''ei'' for ordinar afore ''ch'' ({{IPA|/x/}}), bit in a few ither wirds an aw, an ''ie'' for ordinar afore ''l'' an ''v''. The soondin is for ordinar {{IPA|/i(ː)/}}, bit in Northren forms micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} efter {{IPA|/w/}} an {{IPA|/ʍ/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.455"/> Final vowel 11 ({{IPA|/iː/}}) micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} in Soothren byleids,<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.456</ref> e.g. ''e'', ''een'', ''speir'', ''steek'', ''here'', etc. The digraph ''ea'' kythes in a few wirds lik ''sea'' an ''tea'' an aw. *'''e'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 1 (3) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 16): {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. ''bed'', ''het'', ''yett'', etc. *'''eu'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (5) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 7 afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} see ''ui''): {{IPA|/(j)u/}} or {{IPA|/(j)ʌ/}}, dependin on dialect. Whiles ''u''(consonant)''e''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (4) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Whiles ''u'' phonetically an ''oo'' efter Staundart English kythes an aw, e.g. ''beuk'', ''eneuch'', ''keuk'', ''leuk'', ''teuk'', etc. *'''ew''' (vowel 14): {{IPA|/ju/}}. In Northren byleids, a ruit final 'ew' micht be {{IPA|/jʌu/}}. ''few'', ''new'', etc. *'''i'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:I |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204720/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Vowel 15): {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, but aften varies atween {{IPA|/ɪ/}} an {{IPA|/ʌ/}}, specially efter 'w' an 'wh'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 4 (2)(ii) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{IPA|/æ/}} kythes in Ulster afore voiceless consonants an aw. ''big'', ''fit'', ''wid'', etc. *'''i'''(consonant)'''e''', '''y'''(consonant)'''e''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:I 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204720/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''ey''' (vowels 1, 8a an 10): {{IPA|/əi/}} or {{IPA|/aɪ/}}. 'ay' is for ordinar {{IPA|/e/}} bit {{IPA|/əi/}} in ''ay'' an ''aye''. In Dundee, it is a kenspeckle {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. *'''o'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 18): {{IPA|/ɔ/}} bit aften mergin wi vowel 5 ({{IPA|/o/}}); aften spelt phonetically ''oa'' in byleid spellins lik ''boax'' (box), ''coarn'' (corn), ''Goad'' (God)''joab'' (job) an ''oan'' (on), etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''oa'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 5): {{IPA|/o/}}. *'''oi''', '''oy''' (vowel 9) *'''ow''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 (4)(ii) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''owe''' (ruit final), seendle '''ou''' (vowel 13): {{IPA|/ʌu/}}. Afore 'k', vocalisation til {{IPA|/o/}} micht kythe, specially in wastren an Ulster byleids: ''bowk'', ''bowe'', ''howe'', ''knowe'', ''cowp'', ''yowe'', etc. *'''ou''' the ordinar literary spellin<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: U 3 (4)(i) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> o vowel 6. Whiles '''u'''(consonant)'''e''' in some wirds: {{IPA|/u/}} the first ane aften representit bi '''oo''', a 19t century lend fae Staundart English.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 5 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ruit final {{IPA|/ʌu/}} micht kythe in Soothren byleids. ''cou'', ''broun'', ''hoose'', ''moose'', etc. *'''u'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 4 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 19): {{IPA|/ʌ/}}. ''but'', ''cut'', etc. *'''ui''', the ordinar literary spellin<ref name="SND:U 2 4i">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (4)(i) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> o vowel 7 (binna afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} see '''eu'''), the spellin ''u''(consonant)''e'' whiles kythed, specially afore nasals,<ref name="SND:U 2 4i"/> an '''oo''' fae the spellin o Staundart English cognates: {{IPA|/ø/}} in conservative byleids. In pairts o [[Fife]], [[Dundee]] north [[Coonty Aintrim|Aintrim]] {{IPA|/e/}}. In Northren byleids, for ordinar {{IPA|/i/}} bit {{IPA|/wi/}} efter {{IPA|/ɡ/}} an {{IPA|/k/}}, aften spelt ''ee'' in byleid writin, an {{IPA|/u/}} afore {{IPA|/r/}} in some airts an aw, e.g. ''fuird''. Mid Doun an Donegal byleids hae {{IPA|/i/}}. In central an north Doun byleids, merger wi vowel 15 ({{IPA|/ɪ/}}) occurs whan cuttie, an vowel 8 ({{IPA|/eː/}}) whan lang, aften scrieved ''ai'' in byleid writin, e.g. ''buird'', ''buit'', ''cuit'', ''fluir'', ''guid'', ''schuil'', etc. In central byleids ''uise'' v. an ''uiss'' an. (use) is {{IPA|[jeːz]}} an {{IPA|[jɪs]}}. == Some grammar features == {{Needs Mair Soorces|pairt|date=November 2026|small=y}} === The definite article === ''The'' is uised afore the names o saisons, days o the week, monie nouns, troubles, tredds, occupations, sciences an academic subjects. It is aften uised insteid o the indefinite article as weel as insteid o a possessive pronoun. Examples are ''the hairst'', ''the Wadensday'', ''awa til the kirk'', ''the nou'', ''the dei'', ''the haingles'', ''the Laitin'', ''the deuk ett the bit breid'', ''the wife'', etc. === Nouns === Nouns for ordinar eik an –(''e'')''s'' ontae the plural, bit some irregular plurals kythe, sic as: ''ee''/''een'', ''cauf''/''caur'', ''horse''/''horse'', ''cou''/''kye'', ''shae''/''shuin''. Nouns o measure an quantity bides the same in the plural ''fower fit'', ''twa mile'', ''five pund'', ''three hunnerwecht''. Regular plurals include ''laifs'', ''leafs'', ''shelfs'' an ''wifes'', etc. === Diminutives === Diminutives wi –''ie'', ''burnie'' (''wee burn''), ''feardie''/''feartie'', ''gamie'', ''kiltie'', ''postie'', ''wifie'', ''rhodie'', an wi ''ock'', ''bittock'', ''playock'', ''sourock'' an Northren –''ag'', ''bairnag'' (''wee bairn''), ''Cheordag'', -''ockie'', ''hooseockie'', ''wifeockie''. Baith are influenced bi the Scottish Gaelic diminutive -''ag''. === Modal verbs === The modal verbs ''mey'', ''ocht tae'', an ''sall'' arena aften uised in Scots an this is historic, bit is whiles still fund in anglified literary Scots. ''Can'', ''shid'', an ''will/wul'' are the preferred Scots forms. Scots employs double modal forms: ''He'll no can come the day'', ''A micht cud come the morn'', ''A uised tae cud dae it, but no nou''. === Praisent tense o verbs === The praisent tense o verbs ends in –''s'' in aw bodies an nummers binna whan a single personal pronoun is nixt til the verb. Examples are ''They say he's ower wee'', ''Thaim that says he's ower wee'', ''Thir lassies says he's ower wee,'' etc. ''They're comin an aw'' bit, ''Five o thaim's comin'', ''The lassies? They'v went'' bit, ''Ma brakes haes went''. ''Thaim that comes first is served first''. ''The trees growes green in the simmer''. ''Wis'' micht can tak the steid o ''war'', but nae the ither wey roon: ''Ye were''/''wis there''. === Past tense o verbs === The regular past form o the verb is –(''i'')''t'' or –(''e'')''d'', gaun bi the aforegaun consonant or vowel: ''hurtit'', ''skelpit'', ''Mendit'', ''kent''/''kenned'', ''cleant''/''cleaned'', ''skreived'', ''telt''/''tauld'', ''deed''. Some verbs hae kenspeckle forms, sic as: ''greet''/''grat''/''grutten'', ''fesh''/''fuish''/''fuishen'', ''lauch''/''leuch''/''lauchen'', ''gae''/''gaed''/''gane'', ''gie''/''gied''/''gien'', ''pit''/''pat''/''pitten'', ''git''/''gat''/''gotten''. === Wird order === Scots aften haes the wird order ''He turnt oot the licht'' insteid o ''He turnt the licht oot'', an ''Gie me it'' insteid o ''Gie it til me''. Antrin verbs are aften uised progressive-lik: ''He wis thinkin he wad tell her'', ''He wis wantin tae tell her''. Verbs o motion micht be drappit afore an adverb, or adverb phrases o motion: ''Ah'm awa til ma bed'', ''That's me awa hame'', ''Ah'll intil the hoose an see him''. Participles gae tae the end o the clause mair aften nor in English whan chynge o state is mintit (particular in Ulster): ''He's awfu auld gettin'', ''Ah hae ma siller chynged''. === Ordinal nummers === Ordinal nummers ends wi –''t'': ''saicont'', ''fowert'', ''fift'', ''saxt'' etc. ''first'', ''thrid''/''third''. === Adverbs === Adverbs maistly taks the same form as the verb ruit or adjective, specially efter verbs. For example: ''Haein ae real guid day'' an ''She's gey fauchelt''.<br /> Adverbs are shaped wi –''s'', -''lies'', ''lins'', ''gate''(''s'') an ''wey''(''s'') – ''whiles'', ''mebbes'', ''brawlies'', ''geylies'', ''aiblins'', ''airselins'', ''hauflins'', ''hidlins'', ''maistlins'', ''awgates'', ''ilkagate'', ''oniegate'', ''ilkawey'', ''onywey''(''s''), ''endweys'', ''fit weys''. === Subordinate clauses === Verbless subordinate clauses are brocht in wi an ''<nowiki/>'n','' pittin ower surpreese or scunner. For example, ''She haed tae walk the hale length o the road n her sieven month pregnant'', or ''He telt me tae rin n me wi ma sair leg''. === Negation === Negation is pitten ower bi uisin the adverb ''na''/''no'', in the Nor-East ''nae'', as in ''Ah'm no comin''. Anither wey is tae uise the suffix –''na'' or ''nae'' (the soondin depends on the byleid), as in ''A dinnae ken'', ''They canna come'' an ''We coudnae hae telt him''. The uiss wi ''na'' is for ordinar taen foreby –''na'' wi contractable auxiliary verbs lik –''ll'' for ''will'', or in ay-nae quastions wi onie auxiliary. For example: ''He'll nae come'' an ''Did he nae come?'' === Relative pronoun === The relative pronoun is ''that'' (''&#39;at'' is anither form that wis borraed fae the Norse, bit it can come aboot throu contraction) for aw bodies an nummers, bit micht be drappit. For example: ''There's nae monie fowk'' (''that'') ''bides in that glen''. The anglified forms ''wha'', ''wham'', ''whase'', an the auld-farrant ''whilk'', is juist literary pensefuness; ''whilk'' is allenarly uised efter a statement. For example: ''He said he'd tint it, whilk wisna whit we wantit tae hear''. The possessive comes aboot bi eikin an '''s'', or bi uisin an appropriate pronoun. For example: ''The wifie that's hoose gat burnt'', ''the wumman that her dochter gat mairriet''; ''the men that their boat wis tint''. The thrid adjective/adverb ''yon''/''yonder'', ''thon''/''thonder'' pynts oot something that's faur fae the spikker an the listener. An example is ''D'ye see yon''/''thon hoose ower yonder''/''thonder?'' The plurals o ''this'' an ''that'' are ''thir'' an ''thae;'' northren byleids uise ''this'' an ''that'' for the plurals insteid. == Hamelt leids == Scots haes monie hamelt leids, or ''byleids.'' Amang them: * [[Sooth Scots]] * [[Doric]] * Insular Scots ([[Orkney]] an [[Shetlandic]]) * Urban Scots (Scots as spak in the cities o Aiberdeen, Edinburgh, Dundee an Glesgae) * [[Central Scots]] * Northren Scots * [[Ulster Scots]] (Spak in Northren Ireland an Coonty Donegal) Insular Scots is spak in the [[Northren Isles]]. The isles belanged tae Norway, an fowk there spak [[Norn leid|Norn]], a Norse leid. Efter Orkney an Shetland were pledged tae Scotland in 1468 an 1469, Scots cam in wi Lawland rulers an clergy, an bi the 18t century it haed taen the place o Norn.<ref name="dslorigins" /><ref name="slcinsular">{{cite web |title=Insular |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/view/id/3422 |website=Scots Language Centre |access-date=11 November 2026}}</ref> The Orkney an Shetland byleids still hae a strang Norse soond an monie Norse wirds.<ref name="slcinsular" /> == See foreby == * [[IPA chairt for Scots]] * [[Scots Language Centre]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} * Aitken, A.J. (1977) ''How to Pronounce Older Scots'' in ''Bards and Makars''. Glasgow, Glasgow University Press. * Aitken, A. J. (1987) ''The Nuttis Schell: Essays on the Scots Language''. Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press. ISBN 0-08-034530-1 * Caldwell, S.J.G. (1974) ''The Pronoun in Early Scots''. Helsinki, Société Néophilique. * Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane (Editors)(2003) ''The Edinburgh Companion to Scots''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1596-2 * Eagle, Andy (2005) ''Wir Ain Leid''. Scots-Online. Available in full at http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/WirAinLeid.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626053426/http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/WirAinLeid.pdf |date=2008-06-26 }} * Jones, Charles (1997) ''The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language''. Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press. ISBN 0-7486-0754-4 * Jones, Charles (1995) ''A Language Suppressed: The pronunciation of the Scots language in the 18th century''. Edinburgh, John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-427-3 * Kingsmore, Rona K. (1995) ''Ulster Scots Speech: A Sociolinguistic Study''. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0711-7 * McClure, J. Derrick (1997) ''Why Scots Matters''. Edinburgh, Saltire Society. ISBN 0-85411-071-2 * McKay, Girvan (2007) ''The Scots Tongue (La skota lingvo)'', Polyglot Publications, Tullamore, Ireland. * Niven, Liz; Jackson, Robin (Eds.) (1998) ''The Scots Language: its place in education''. Watergaw Publications. ISBN 0-9529978-5-1 * Robertson, T.A.; Graham, J.J. (1991) ''Grammar and Use of the Shetland Dialect''. Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. * Ross, David; Smith, Gavin D. (Editors)(1999) ''Scots-English, English-Scots Practical Dictionary''. New York, Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0779-4 * Scottish Language Dictionaries (1985) ''Concise Scots Dictionary ''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-01-0 * Scottish Language Dictionaries (1990) ''Scots Thesaurus''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-03-7 * Warrack, Alexander (Editor)(1911) ''Chambers Scots Dictionary''. Chambers. * Yound, C.P.L. (2004) ''Scots Grammar''. Scotsgate. Available in full at http://www.scotsgate.com/scotsgate01.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911120142/http://www.scotsgate.com/scotsgate01.pdf |date=2005-09-11 }} {{Commons|Scots language}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Scots language}} * [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/ Dictionar o the Scots Leid – 22 volumes o Scots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220110231/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/ |date=2008-02-20 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/pronunci.htm#cairt Byleid cairt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331233953/http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/pronunci.htm#cairt |date=2007-03-31 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/grammar Scots-online] * [http://www.lallans.co.uk/ The Scots Language Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625194417/http://www.lallans.co.uk/ |date=2009-06-25 }} * [http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114220539/http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ |date=2013-01-14 }} * [http://www.scuilwab.org.uk/ SLD's Scuil Wab – for bairns o aw ages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307235813/http://scuilwab.org.uk/ |date=2009-03-07 }} * [http://www.scotstext.org/ ScotsteXt]—beuks, poems an texts in Scots * [http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wirhoose/but/wan/index.htm A Tait Wanchancie.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011192838/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wirhoose/but/wan/index.htm |date=2012-10-11 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/phonetics.htm SAMPA for Scots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030811202058/http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/phonetics.htm |date=2003-08-11 }} * [http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/5to14/specialfocus/scots/index.asp Scots in Skuils] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040811152122/http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/5to14/specialfocus/scots/index.asp |date=2004-08-11 }} * [http://www.englang.ed.ac.uk/scots.html Scots at the Varsitie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818225430/http://www.englang.ed.ac.uk/scots.html |date=2006-08-18 }} * [http://www.stooryduster.co.uk/ Scottish words – illustrated] * [http://www.scottishcorpus.ac.uk/ Scottish Corpus of Texts & Speech] – a multimedia corpus o Scots an Scots English * [http://www.scotslanguage.com/ Scots Language Centre] * [http://wordswithoutborders.org/article/scots-the-auld-an-nobill-tung/ ''Words Without Borders'' Peter Constantine: Scots: The Auld an Nobill Tung] * [https://scotssyntaxatlas.ac.uk/ Scots Syntax Atlas] {{Germanic leids}} [[Category:Scots leid| ]] [[Category:Leids o Scotland]] [[Category:Leids o Ireland]] [[Category:Inglis leids]] [[Category:SVO leids]] 58hlgvor6k3vb6r317043kcw2u8iyuv 927996 927995 2026-11-11T12:29:33Z Monospaced 75295 This an last edit roll in Insular Scots page 927996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{itheruises|Scots fowk|Scots leid (disambiguation)}} {{Distinguish|Scots Inglis|Scots Gaelic}} {{Infobox leid |name=Scots |nativename=(''Braid'') ''Scots'', ''Lallans'' |states= [[Unitit Kinrick]], [[Republic o Ireland]] |region=Scotland: [[Scots Lawlands]], [[Northren Isles]], [[Caithness]], [[Isle o Arran|Arran]] an [[Cammeltoun]]<br>Ulster (Ireland): [[Coonties o Ireland|Coonties]] [[Coonty Doun|Doun]], [[Coonty Antrim|Antrim]], [[Coonty Derry|Derry]] an [[Coonty Donegal|Donegal]] |speakers=1,508,540 able tae spik Scots |date=2022 |ref=<ref name="govscots">{{cite web |title=Scots |url=https://www.gov.scot/policies/languages/scots/ |publisher=Scottish Government |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> |speakers2=2,444,659 wi some skill in Scots (2022)<ref name="govscots" /><br>In the 2011 census, mair nor 1.5 million fowk said they coud spik Scots.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Languages |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/census-results/at-a-glance/languages/ |website=Scotland's Census |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=[[Germanic leids|Germanic]] |fam3=[[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] |fam4=[[Anglo-Frisie leids|Anglo-Frisie]] |fam5=[[Anglic leids|Anglic]] |ancestor=[[Auld Inglis]] |ancestor2=[[Middle Inglis leid|Middle Inglis]] |ancestor3=[[Early Scots]] |ancestor4=[[Middle Scots]] |minority=[[Northren Ireland]] (as [[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster Scots]]) |nation=[[Scotland]] (official status syne 30 November 2025)<ref name="SLA2025">{{cite web |title=Scottish Languages Act 2025, section 33 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2025/10/part/2/chapter/1 |website=legislation.gov.uk |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref><ref name="Scottish official languages">{{Cite web |title=FACT: SCOTLAND'S OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ARE ENGLISH, SCOTS, GAELIC & BRITISH SIGN LANGUAGE |url=https://www.scotland.org/about-scotland/facts/scotlands-languages |access-date=March 27, 2023 |website=Scotland.org}}</ref> |agency=— [[Scotland]]: Nane, <small>altho the ''[[Dictionar o the Scots Leid]]'' carries muckle authoritie in the Scots Government's ''Partnership for a Better Scotland'' coalition agreement (2003) promises "support".</small>.<br />— [[Ireland]]: Nane, <small>altho the cross-border ''[[Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch]]'', established as an ootcome o the [[Guid Friday Agreement|''Guid Friday Greeance'']], promotes ussage.</small> |dia1=[[Central Scots|Central]] |dia2=[[Sooth Scots|Soothren]] |dia3=[[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster]] |dia4=[[Northren Scots|Northren]] |dia5=[[Insular Scots|Insular]] |script=[[Laitin script|Laitin]] |iso2=sco |iso3=sco |lingua=52-ABA-aa (varieties: <br>52-ABA-aaa to -aav) |map=Idioma escocés.png |mapcaption=Pairts o Scotland an Ulster whaur the Scots leid wis spak in the 20t century<ref>Grant, William (1931) [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/INTRO/map.php?num=2 Scottish National Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121173629/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/INTRO/map.php?num=2 |date=2012-01-21 }}</ref><ref>Gregg R.J. (1972) ''The Scotch-Irish Dialect Boundaries'' in Ulster in Wakelin M.F., Patterns in the Folk Speech of The British Isles, London</ref> }} '''Scots''' or '''Lawland Scots''' (English: ''Scots'' or ''Lowland Scots''; {{lang-gd|Beurla Ghallta/Albais}}) is a [[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] [[leid]] o the [[Anglic leids|Anglic]] group. It is spak in the [[Scots lawlands|Lawlands]] o [[Scotland]] an in the province o [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]], whaur it is kent as [[Ulster Scots leid|"Ulster-Scots", "Scotch" or "Ullans"]]. In maist airts, it is spak alangside the [[Inglis leid|English leid.]] Historically, it wis kent as "[[Lallans]]" or "[[Doric Scots|Doric]]", but thir terms nou uisually mean mair soothren an northren byleids, respectively. Scots haes official status in Scotland syne 30 November 2025, unner section 33 o the Scottish Languages Act 2025.<ref name="SLA2025" /><ref name="govnews2025">{{cite web |title=Growing Scotland's languages |url=https://www.gov.scot/news/growing-scotlands-languages/ |publisher=Scottish Government |date=30 November 2025 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> The [[Unitit Kinrick]] recognised it unner Pairt II o the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages whan it ratified the Charter in 2001.<ref name="slccharter">{{cite web |title=The European Charter |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/node/id/250 |publisher=Scots Language Centre |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> In the 2022 census, 1,508,540 fowk said they coud spik Scots, an 2,444,659 said they coud spik, read, write or unnerstaund it.<ref name="govscots" /> == History == Up tae the 15t [[yeirhunder]], ''Scottis'' (modren form ''Scots'') wis the nem o [[Gaelic leid|Gaelic]], the [[Celtic Leids|Celtic leid]] o the auncient Scots.<ref name="dostscottis">{{cite web |title=Scottis |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/scottis |work=A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Fowk that spoke Scots cried the Gaelic ''Erse'' (meanin ''Irish''). The Gaelic o Scotland is nou maistly cried Scottish Gaelic, an is still spak bi some in the wastren [[Scots Hielands]] an islands. For the maist pairt, Scots comes frae the Northumbrian form o [[Auld Inglis leid|Anglo-Saxon (Auld English)]], tho wi muckle influence frae the [[Auld Norse]] o the Vikings. Ither influences cam frae [[Dutch leid|Dutch]] an Law Saxon throu troke wi (an incomers frae) the Law Kintras. Frae [[Romance leids|Romance]] leids cam the Latin o the Kirk an the law, Anglo-Norman, an mibbie Parisian French acause o the [[Auld Alliance]]. Anglian spikkers were weel estaiblished in sooth-east Scotland bi the 7t yeirhunder. The nem [[Edinburgh]] wis mibbie taen frae the Britons durin the reign o Oswald (633–41).<ref name="dslorigins">{{cite web |last1=Macafee |first1=Caroline |last2=Aitken |first2=A. J. |title=A History of Scots to 1700: The origins and spread of Scots |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/about-scots/history-of-scots/origins/ |website=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Frae the reign o [[Dauvit I, King o Scots|David I]] in 1124, Norman laundowners an their followers, spikkin Northumbrian [[Middle Inglis leid|Middle English]], were brocht intae Scotland in muckle nummers.<ref name="dslorigins" /> The earliest texts in Scots are frae the 14t yeirhunder,<ref name="dslchron">{{cite web |last1=Macafee |first1=Caroline |last2=Aitken |first2=A. J. |title=A History of Scots to 1700: Chronology |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/about-scots/history-of-scots/chronology/ |website=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> an the leid than didnae differ muckle frae ither northren English byleids. Syne, the Anglian leid o Scotland growed in its ain wey. Bi the stairt o the 16t yeirhunder, fowk saw the differs atween it an the leid spak faurer sooth, an Scots spikkers begoud tae cry their leid ''Scottis''. The earliest record o the wird in that sense is frae [[Gavin Douglas]] in 1513.<ref name="dostscottis" /> Scots haes lend-wirds frae Gaelic acause the Scots fowk haed contack wi Gaelic spikkers. Thir lend-wirds are maistly for geographical an cultural things, sic as ''clan'' an ''loch''. Lik onie livin leid, Scots haes chynged ower the years, tho it haes arguably steyed naurer tae its Anglo-Saxon springheid nor English haes. Monie Scots wirds hae become pairt o Staundart English an aw: ''flit, greed, eerie, cuddle, clan, stob''. == Scrievit Scots == Monie writers the nou avoid apostrophes whaur they are thocht tae shaw letters that's "missin" frae English (the [[apologetic apostrophe]]). Sic letters were niver missin in Scots at aw. For example, in the 14t yeirhunder, [[John Barbour|Barbour]] spelt the Scots [[cognate]] o ''taken'' as ''tane''. Wi nae ''k'' in the wird for mair nor 700 year, shawin its want wi an apostrophe coud be cried specious. The modren spellin is uisually ''taen''. Vowel nummers are frae [[A.J. Aitken|Aitken]] an the phonetics is in [[Internaitional Phonetic ABC|IPA]]. For aw the established traditional spellin conventions descrived ablow, a wheen o proposals for spellin reform were pit forrit in the 20t yeirhunder. John Corbett (2003: 260) cries the devisin o a normative orthography for Scots "ane o the greatest linguistic hobbies o the past century." Writin aboot the ootcome in ''Lallans'' 57, Caroline Macafee said that spellin reform haed caaed doun the kind o standartisation that awready existit. She said spellin haed become a free-for-aw, wi the traditional model run doun an nae popular replacement, leadin tae mair spellin variation, no less.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Macafee|first=Caroline|date=2000|title=Lea the leid alane in Lallans 57|work=The Scots Language Society ISSN 1359-3587|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Consonants=== Maist consonants are for ordinar soondit sic an sae as in English bit: *'''c''': {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/s/}}, as in English. *'''ch''': {{IPA|/x/}},<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.499">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.499</ref> '''gh''' an aw. Medial 'cht' micht be {{IPA|/ð/}} in Northren dialects. ''loch'', ''nicht'', ''dochter'', ''dreich'', etc. Similar til the German "Na'''ch'''t". *'''ch''': wird initial or whaur it follaes 'r' {{IPA|/tʃ/}}. ''airch'', ''mairch'', etc. *'''ck''': at the end o a syllable;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2306&startset=4948443&query=C&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd |title=SND: C |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703205745/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2306&startset=4948443&query=C&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd |url-status=dead }}</ref> an whan intervocalic,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7690&startset=20617909&query=K&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: K |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204657/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7690&startset=20617909&query=K&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> efter a cuttie vowel, e.g. ''bick'', ''geck'', ''muckle'', ''ruck'', etc. *'''gn''': {{IPA|/n/}}. In Northren dialects {{IPA|/ɡn/}} micht kythe.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.501</ref> *'''kn''': {{IPA|/n/}}. In Northren dialects {{IPA|/kn/}} or {{IPA|/tn/}} micht kythe.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501"/> ''knap'' ''knee'', ''knowe'', etc. *'''ng''': is aye {{IPA|/ŋ/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.510</ref> *'''nch''': for ordinar {{IPA|/nʃ/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.500</ref> ''brainch'', ''dunch'', etc. *'''r''': {{IPA|/r/}} or {{IPA|/ɹ/}} is pronoonced in aw positions,<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.510-511</ref> i.e. [[Rhotic consonant|rhotic]]. *'''s''' or '''se''': {{IPA|/s/}} or {{IPA|/z/}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9474&startset=33999048&query=S&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: S |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703205657/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9474&startset=33999048&query=S&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''t''': micht be a glottal stap atween vowels or wird final.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501"/> In Ulster, dentalised soondins micht kythe an aw, even for 'd'. *'''th''': {{IPA|/ð/}} or {{IPA|/θ/}} as in English. In Mid Northren forms o Scots, an intervocalic {{IPA|/ð/}} micht be soondit {{IPA|/d/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.506</ref> Initial 'th' in ''thing'', ''think'' an ''thank'', etc. micht be {{IPA|/h/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.507</ref> *'''wh''': for ordinar {{IPA|/ʍ/}}, aulder {{IPA|/xʍ/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.499"/> Northren byleids hae {{IPA|/f/}} an aw.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507"/> *'''wr''': {{IPA|/wr/}} mair aften {{IPA|/r/}} bit micht be {{IPA|/vr/}} in Northren byleids.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507"/> ''wrack'', ''wrang'', ''write'', ''wrocht'', etc. *'''z''': {{IPA|/jɪ/}} or {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, micht kythe in some wirds as a substitute for the aulder <{{lang|ang|ȝ}}> ([[yoch]]). For example: ''brulzie'', ''gaberlunzie'', an the names ''[[Menzies]]'', ''[[Finzean]]'', ''[[Culzean]]'', ''[[Mackenzie (surname)|Mackenzie]]'', etc. (As an affcome o the want o eddication in Scots, ''Mackenzie'' is nou generally soondit wi a {{IPA|/z/}} follaein the perceived soondin o the scrieved form, as mair controversial is whiles ''Menzies''.) ===Silent letters=== *The wird final 'd' in '''nd''' an '''ld''',<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.502-503</ref> bit aften soondit in derived forms. Whiles juist 'n' an 'l' or 'n&#39;' an 'l&#39;' e.g. ''auld'' an ''haund'' etc., as in the [[Dens leid]]. *'t' in medial '''cht''' ('ch' = {{IPA|/x/}}) an '''st''' an afore final '''en'''<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.509">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.509</ref> e.g. ''fochten'', ''thristle'' an the 't' in ''aften'' etc. an aw., as in English. *'t' in wird final '''ct''' an '''pt''',<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.509"/> bit aften soondit in derived forms, e.g. ''respect'', an ''accept'', etc. ===Vowels=== For a historical luikower, tak a leuk at the {{Interleid airtin|Phonological history o Scots|en|Phonological_history_of_Scots}} The vowel system o Scots (in [[Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]):<ref>Aitken A.J. ‘How to Pronounce Older Scots’ in ‘Bards and Makars’. Glasgow Varsity Press 1977</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8a | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 |rowspan=2 style="font-size:75%" | 1. Generally merges wi vowels 2, 4 or 8.<br> 2. Merges wi vowels 1 an 8. in central dialects<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;an vowel 2 in Northren dialects.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;Also {{IPA|/(j)u/}} or {{IPA|/(j)ʌ/}} afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} dependin on dialect.<br> 3. Vocalisation tae {{IPA|/o/}} micht kythe afore {{IPA|/k/}}.<br> 4. Antrin mergers wi vowel 5. |- | cuttie {{IPA|/əi/}}<br>lang {{IPA|/aɪ/}} | {{IPA|/i/}} | {{IPA|/e, i/}}¹ | {{IPA|/e/}} | {{IPA|/o/}} | {{IPA|/u/}} | {{IPA|/ø/}}² | {{IPA|/eː/}} | {{IPA|/əi/}} | {{IPA|/oe/}} | {{IPA|/əi/}} | {{IPA|/iː/}} | {{IPA|/ɑː, ɔː/}} | {{IPA|/ʌu/}}³ | {{IPA|/ju/}} | {{IPA|/ɪ/}} | {{IPA|/ɛ/}} | {{IPA|/ɑ, a/}} | {{IPA|/ɔ/}}⁴ | {{IPA|/ʌ/}} |} In Scots, [[vouel length|vowel length]] is for ordinar conditioned bi the {{Interleid airtin|Scottish Vowel Lenth Rule|en|Scottish_vowel_length_rule}}. Wirds that differ juist a bittie in soondin fae [[Scots English|Scottish English]] are for ordinar spelt as they are in Staundart English. Ither wirds micht be spelt the same wey, bit differ in soondin. For example: ''aunt'', ''swap'', ''want'' an ''wash'' wi {{IPA|/a/}}, ''bull'', ''full'' v. an ''pull'' wi {{IPA|/ʌ/}}, ''bind'', ''find'' an ''wind'' v., etc. wi {{IPA|/ɪ/}}. *The onstress't vowel {{IPA|/ə/}} micht be shawn bi onie vowel letter. *'''a''' (vowel 17): for ordinar {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, aften {{IPA|/ɑː/}} in sooth wast an Ulster byleids,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 1 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> bit {{IPA|/aː/}} in Northren byleids. Maurk final ''a'' (vowel 12) in ''awa'', ''twa'' an ''wha'' micht be {{IPA|/ɑː/}}, {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, {{IPA|/aː/}} or {{IPA|/eː/}} an aw dependin on the byleid.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 2 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''au''', '''aw''' (vowel 12) {{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/ɔː/}} in Soothren, Central an Ulster byleids bit {{IPA|/aː/}} in Northren byleids, wi ''au'' for ordinar in medial positions<ref name="SND:A 4">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 4 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SND:U 2 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> an ''aw'' in final positions.<ref name="SND:A 4"/> Sometimes '''a''' or '''a&#39;''' representin [[L-vocalisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 2 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&startset=45678332&query=W&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND W 6 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703212329/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&startset=45678332&query=W&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> The digraph '''aa''' kythes an aw, specially in scrieved representations o the ({{IPA|/aː/}}) soondin in Northren an Insular byleids.<ref name="SND:U 2 1"/> The cluster 'auld' micht be {{IPA|/ʌul/}} in Ulster an aw, e.g. ''aw'', ''cauld'', ''braw'', ''faw'', ''snaw'', etc. *'''ai''' (vowel 8) in initial an medial positions<ref name="SND:A 5">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 5 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> an '''a'''(consonant)'''e''' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 4). The graphemes '''ae'''<ref name="SND:A 5"/> (vowel 4) an '''ay''' (vowel 8) for ordinar in final positions.<ref name="SND:A 5"/><ref name="SND:E 3">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aw generally {{IPA|/e(ː)/}}. Aften {{IPA|/ɛ/}} afore {{IPA|/r/}}. The merger o vowel 8 wi 4 haes resultit in the digraph ''ai'' occurrin in some wirds wi vowel 4, an ''a''(consonant)''e'' occurrin in some wirds wi vowel 8. Examples are ''saip'', ''hale'', ''ane'', ''ance'', ''bane'', etc. an wird final ''brae'' an ''day'' etc. The digraph ''ae'' kythes for vowel 7 in ''dae'', ''tae'' v. an ''shae'' an aw.<ref name="SND:E 3" /> In Northren byleids, the vowel in the cluster 'ane' is aften {{IPA|/i/}},<ref>Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) ''Manual of Modern Scots''. Cambridge, University Press. p.44</ref> an efter {{IPA|/w/}} an daurk {{IPA|/l/}} the soondin {{IPA|/əi/}} micht kythe.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.461</ref> In Sooth Scots an monie Central an Ulster varieties, ''ae'', ''ane'' an ''ance'' micht be soondit {{IPA|/jeː/}}, {{IPA|/jɪn/}} an {{IPA|/jɪns/}}, aften scrieved ''yae'', ''yin'' an ''yince'' in byleid writin. *'''ea''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''ei'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (4) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 3), haes generally merged wi {{IPA|/i(ː)/}} (vowel 2) or {{IPA|/e(ː)/}} (vowel 4 or 8), dependin on the byleid. {{IPA|/ɛ/}} micht kythe afore {{IPA|/r/}}. In Northren forms o Scots, the soondin micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} efter {{IPA|/w/}} an {{IPA|/ʍ/}}, an, in the faur north, {{IPA|/əi/}} micht kythe in aw environments.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.455">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.455</ref> ''deid'', ''heid'', ''meat'', ''clear'' etc. *'''ee'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (3) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowels 2 an 11), '''e'''(Consonant)'''e'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 1 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 2). Whiles '''ei''' an '''i.e.''' wi ''ei'' for ordinar afore ''ch'' ({{IPA|/x/}}), bit in a few ither wirds an aw, an ''ie'' for ordinar afore ''l'' an ''v''. The soondin is for ordinar {{IPA|/i(ː)/}}, bit in Northren forms micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} efter {{IPA|/w/}} an {{IPA|/ʍ/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.455"/> Final vowel 11 ({{IPA|/iː/}}) micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} in Soothren byleids,<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.456</ref> e.g. ''e'', ''een'', ''speir'', ''steek'', ''here'', etc. The digraph ''ea'' kythes in a few wirds lik ''sea'' an ''tea'' an aw. *'''e'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 1 (3) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 16): {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. ''bed'', ''het'', ''yett'', etc. *'''eu'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (5) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 7 afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} see ''ui''): {{IPA|/(j)u/}} or {{IPA|/(j)ʌ/}}, dependin on dialect. Whiles ''u''(consonant)''e''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (4) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Whiles ''u'' phonetically an ''oo'' efter Staundart English kythes an aw, e.g. ''beuk'', ''eneuch'', ''keuk'', ''leuk'', ''teuk'', etc. *'''ew''' (vowel 14): {{IPA|/ju/}}. In Northren byleids, a ruit final 'ew' micht be {{IPA|/jʌu/}}. ''few'', ''new'', etc. *'''i'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:I |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204720/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Vowel 15): {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, but aften varies atween {{IPA|/ɪ/}} an {{IPA|/ʌ/}}, specially efter 'w' an 'wh'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 4 (2)(ii) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{IPA|/æ/}} kythes in Ulster afore voiceless consonants an aw. ''big'', ''fit'', ''wid'', etc. *'''i'''(consonant)'''e''', '''y'''(consonant)'''e''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:I 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204720/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''ey''' (vowels 1, 8a an 10): {{IPA|/əi/}} or {{IPA|/aɪ/}}. 'ay' is for ordinar {{IPA|/e/}} bit {{IPA|/əi/}} in ''ay'' an ''aye''. In Dundee, it is a kenspeckle {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. *'''o'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 18): {{IPA|/ɔ/}} bit aften mergin wi vowel 5 ({{IPA|/o/}}); aften spelt phonetically ''oa'' in byleid spellins lik ''boax'' (box), ''coarn'' (corn), ''Goad'' (God)''joab'' (job) an ''oan'' (on), etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''oa'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 5): {{IPA|/o/}}. *'''oi''', '''oy''' (vowel 9) *'''ow''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 (4)(ii) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''owe''' (ruit final), seendle '''ou''' (vowel 13): {{IPA|/ʌu/}}. Afore 'k', vocalisation til {{IPA|/o/}} micht kythe, specially in wastren an Ulster byleids: ''bowk'', ''bowe'', ''howe'', ''knowe'', ''cowp'', ''yowe'', etc. *'''ou''' the ordinar literary spellin<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: U 3 (4)(i) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> o vowel 6. Whiles '''u'''(consonant)'''e''' in some wirds: {{IPA|/u/}} the first ane aften representit bi '''oo''', a 19t century lend fae Staundart English.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 5 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ruit final {{IPA|/ʌu/}} micht kythe in Soothren byleids. ''cou'', ''broun'', ''hoose'', ''moose'', etc. *'''u'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 4 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 19): {{IPA|/ʌ/}}. ''but'', ''cut'', etc. *'''ui''', the ordinar literary spellin<ref name="SND:U 2 4i">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (4)(i) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> o vowel 7 (binna afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} see '''eu'''), the spellin ''u''(consonant)''e'' whiles kythed, specially afore nasals,<ref name="SND:U 2 4i"/> an '''oo''' fae the spellin o Staundart English cognates: {{IPA|/ø/}} in conservative byleids. In pairts o [[Fife]], [[Dundee]] north [[Coonty Aintrim|Aintrim]] {{IPA|/e/}}. In Northren byleids, for ordinar {{IPA|/i/}} bit {{IPA|/wi/}} efter {{IPA|/ɡ/}} an {{IPA|/k/}}, aften spelt ''ee'' in byleid writin, an {{IPA|/u/}} afore {{IPA|/r/}} in some airts an aw, e.g. ''fuird''. Mid Doun an Donegal byleids hae {{IPA|/i/}}. In central an north Doun byleids, merger wi vowel 15 ({{IPA|/ɪ/}}) occurs whan cuttie, an vowel 8 ({{IPA|/eː/}}) whan lang, aften scrieved ''ai'' in byleid writin, e.g. ''buird'', ''buit'', ''cuit'', ''fluir'', ''guid'', ''schuil'', etc. In central byleids ''uise'' v. an ''uiss'' an. (use) is {{IPA|[jeːz]}} an {{IPA|[jɪs]}}. == Some grammar features == {{Needs Mair Soorces|pairt|date=November 2026|small=y}} === The definite article === ''The'' is uised afore the names o saisons, days o the week, monie nouns, troubles, tredds, occupations, sciences an academic subjects. It is aften uised insteid o the indefinite article as weel as insteid o a possessive pronoun. Examples are ''the hairst'', ''the Wadensday'', ''awa til the kirk'', ''the nou'', ''the dei'', ''the haingles'', ''the Laitin'', ''the deuk ett the bit breid'', ''the wife'', etc. === Nouns === Nouns for ordinar eik an –(''e'')''s'' ontae the plural, bit some irregular plurals kythe, sic as: ''ee''/''een'', ''cauf''/''caur'', ''horse''/''horse'', ''cou''/''kye'', ''shae''/''shuin''. Nouns o measure an quantity bides the same in the plural ''fower fit'', ''twa mile'', ''five pund'', ''three hunnerwecht''. Regular plurals include ''laifs'', ''leafs'', ''shelfs'' an ''wifes'', etc. === Diminutives === Diminutives wi –''ie'', ''burnie'' (''wee burn''), ''feardie''/''feartie'', ''gamie'', ''kiltie'', ''postie'', ''wifie'', ''rhodie'', an wi ''ock'', ''bittock'', ''playock'', ''sourock'' an Northren –''ag'', ''bairnag'' (''wee bairn''), ''Cheordag'', -''ockie'', ''hooseockie'', ''wifeockie''. Baith are influenced bi the Scottish Gaelic diminutive -''ag''. === Modal verbs === The modal verbs ''mey'', ''ocht tae'', an ''sall'' arena aften uised in Scots an this is historic, bit is whiles still fund in anglified literary Scots. ''Can'', ''shid'', an ''will/wul'' are the preferred Scots forms. Scots employs double modal forms: ''He'll no can come the day'', ''A micht cud come the morn'', ''A uised tae cud dae it, but no nou''. === Praisent tense o verbs === The praisent tense o verbs ends in –''s'' in aw bodies an nummers binna whan a single personal pronoun is nixt til the verb. Examples are ''They say he's ower wee'', ''Thaim that says he's ower wee'', ''Thir lassies says he's ower wee,'' etc. ''They're comin an aw'' bit, ''Five o thaim's comin'', ''The lassies? They'v went'' bit, ''Ma brakes haes went''. ''Thaim that comes first is served first''. ''The trees growes green in the simmer''. ''Wis'' micht can tak the steid o ''war'', but nae the ither wey roon: ''Ye were''/''wis there''. === Past tense o verbs === The regular past form o the verb is –(''i'')''t'' or –(''e'')''d'', gaun bi the aforegaun consonant or vowel: ''hurtit'', ''skelpit'', ''Mendit'', ''kent''/''kenned'', ''cleant''/''cleaned'', ''skreived'', ''telt''/''tauld'', ''deed''. Some verbs hae kenspeckle forms, sic as: ''greet''/''grat''/''grutten'', ''fesh''/''fuish''/''fuishen'', ''lauch''/''leuch''/''lauchen'', ''gae''/''gaed''/''gane'', ''gie''/''gied''/''gien'', ''pit''/''pat''/''pitten'', ''git''/''gat''/''gotten''. === Wird order === Scots aften haes the wird order ''He turnt oot the licht'' insteid o ''He turnt the licht oot'', an ''Gie me it'' insteid o ''Gie it til me''. Antrin verbs are aften uised progressive-lik: ''He wis thinkin he wad tell her'', ''He wis wantin tae tell her''. Verbs o motion micht be drappit afore an adverb, or adverb phrases o motion: ''Ah'm awa til ma bed'', ''That's me awa hame'', ''Ah'll intil the hoose an see him''. Participles gae tae the end o the clause mair aften nor in English whan chynge o state is mintit (particular in Ulster): ''He's awfu auld gettin'', ''Ah hae ma siller chynged''. === Ordinal nummers === Ordinal nummers ends wi –''t'': ''saicont'', ''fowert'', ''fift'', ''saxt'' etc. ''first'', ''thrid''/''third''. === Adverbs === Adverbs maistly taks the same form as the verb ruit or adjective, specially efter verbs. For example: ''Haein ae real guid day'' an ''She's gey fauchelt''.<br /> Adverbs are shaped wi –''s'', -''lies'', ''lins'', ''gate''(''s'') an ''wey''(''s'') – ''whiles'', ''mebbes'', ''brawlies'', ''geylies'', ''aiblins'', ''airselins'', ''hauflins'', ''hidlins'', ''maistlins'', ''awgates'', ''ilkagate'', ''oniegate'', ''ilkawey'', ''onywey''(''s''), ''endweys'', ''fit weys''. === Subordinate clauses === Verbless subordinate clauses are brocht in wi an ''<nowiki/>'n','' pittin ower surpreese or scunner. For example, ''She haed tae walk the hale length o the road n her sieven month pregnant'', or ''He telt me tae rin n me wi ma sair leg''. === Negation === Negation is pitten ower bi uisin the adverb ''na''/''no'', in the Nor-East ''nae'', as in ''Ah'm no comin''. Anither wey is tae uise the suffix –''na'' or ''nae'' (the soondin depends on the byleid), as in ''A dinnae ken'', ''They canna come'' an ''We coudnae hae telt him''. The uiss wi ''na'' is for ordinar taen foreby –''na'' wi contractable auxiliary verbs lik –''ll'' for ''will'', or in ay-nae quastions wi onie auxiliary. For example: ''He'll nae come'' an ''Did he nae come?'' === Relative pronoun === The relative pronoun is ''that'' (''&#39;at'' is anither form that wis borraed fae the Norse, bit it can come aboot throu contraction) for aw bodies an nummers, bit micht be drappit. For example: ''There's nae monie fowk'' (''that'') ''bides in that glen''. The anglified forms ''wha'', ''wham'', ''whase'', an the auld-farrant ''whilk'', is juist literary pensefuness; ''whilk'' is allenarly uised efter a statement. For example: ''He said he'd tint it, whilk wisna whit we wantit tae hear''. The possessive comes aboot bi eikin an '''s'', or bi uisin an appropriate pronoun. For example: ''The wifie that's hoose gat burnt'', ''the wumman that her dochter gat mairriet''; ''the men that their boat wis tint''. The thrid adjective/adverb ''yon''/''yonder'', ''thon''/''thonder'' pynts oot something that's faur fae the spikker an the listener. An example is ''D'ye see yon''/''thon hoose ower yonder''/''thonder?'' The plurals o ''this'' an ''that'' are ''thir'' an ''thae;'' northren byleids uise ''this'' an ''that'' for the plurals insteid. == Hamelt leids == Scots haes monie hamelt leids, or ''byleids.'' Amang them: * [[Sooth Scots]] * [[Doric]] * Insular Scots: the byleids o [[Orkney]] an [[Shetlandic]] * Urban Scots: Scots as spak in the cities o Aiberdeen, Edinburgh, Dundee an Glesga * [[Central Scots]] * Northren Scots * [[Ulster Scots]]: Spak in Northren Ireland an Coonty Donegal Insular Scots is spak in the [[Northren Isles]]. The isles belanged tae Norway, an fowk there spak [[Norn leid|Norn]], a Norse leid. Efter Orkney an Shetland were pledged tae Scotland in 1468 an 1469, Scots cam in wi Lawland rulers an clergy, an bi the 18t century it haed taen the place o Norn.<ref name="dslorigins" /><ref name="slcinsular">{{cite web |title=Insular |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/view/id/3422 |website=Scots Language Centre |access-date=11 November 2026}}</ref> The Orkney an Shetland byleids still hae a strang Norse soond an monie Norse wirds.<ref name="slcinsular" /> == See foreby == * [[IPA chairt for Scots]] * [[Scots Language Centre]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} * Aitken, A.J. (1977) ''How to Pronounce Older Scots'' in ''Bards and Makars''. Glasgow, Glasgow University Press. * Aitken, A. J. (1987) ''The Nuttis Schell: Essays on the Scots Language''. Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press. ISBN 0-08-034530-1 * Caldwell, S.J.G. (1974) ''The Pronoun in Early Scots''. Helsinki, Société Néophilique. * Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane (Editors)(2003) ''The Edinburgh Companion to Scots''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1596-2 * Eagle, Andy (2005) ''Wir Ain Leid''. Scots-Online. Available in full at http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/WirAinLeid.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626053426/http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/WirAinLeid.pdf |date=2008-06-26 }} * Jones, Charles (1997) ''The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language''. Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press. ISBN 0-7486-0754-4 * Jones, Charles (1995) ''A Language Suppressed: The pronunciation of the Scots language in the 18th century''. Edinburgh, John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-427-3 * Kingsmore, Rona K. (1995) ''Ulster Scots Speech: A Sociolinguistic Study''. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0711-7 * McClure, J. Derrick (1997) ''Why Scots Matters''. Edinburgh, Saltire Society. ISBN 0-85411-071-2 * McKay, Girvan (2007) ''The Scots Tongue (La skota lingvo)'', Polyglot Publications, Tullamore, Ireland. * Niven, Liz; Jackson, Robin (Eds.) (1998) ''The Scots Language: its place in education''. Watergaw Publications. ISBN 0-9529978-5-1 * Robertson, T.A.; Graham, J.J. (1991) ''Grammar and Use of the Shetland Dialect''. Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. * Ross, David; Smith, Gavin D. (Editors)(1999) ''Scots-English, English-Scots Practical Dictionary''. New York, Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0779-4 * Scottish Language Dictionaries (1985) ''Concise Scots Dictionary ''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-01-0 * Scottish Language Dictionaries (1990) ''Scots Thesaurus''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-03-7 * Warrack, Alexander (Editor)(1911) ''Chambers Scots Dictionary''. Chambers. * Yound, C.P.L. (2004) ''Scots Grammar''. Scotsgate. Available in full at http://www.scotsgate.com/scotsgate01.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911120142/http://www.scotsgate.com/scotsgate01.pdf |date=2005-09-11 }} {{Commons|Scots language}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Scots language}} * [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/ Dictionar o the Scots Leid – 22 volumes o Scots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220110231/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/ |date=2008-02-20 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/pronunci.htm#cairt Byleid cairt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331233953/http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/pronunci.htm#cairt |date=2007-03-31 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/grammar Scots-online] * [http://www.lallans.co.uk/ The Scots Language Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625194417/http://www.lallans.co.uk/ |date=2009-06-25 }} * [http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114220539/http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ |date=2013-01-14 }} * [http://www.scuilwab.org.uk/ SLD's Scuil Wab – for bairns o aw ages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307235813/http://scuilwab.org.uk/ |date=2009-03-07 }} * [http://www.scotstext.org/ ScotsteXt]—beuks, poems an texts in Scots * [http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wirhoose/but/wan/index.htm A Tait Wanchancie.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011192838/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wirhoose/but/wan/index.htm |date=2012-10-11 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/phonetics.htm SAMPA for Scots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030811202058/http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/phonetics.htm |date=2003-08-11 }} * [http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/5to14/specialfocus/scots/index.asp Scots in Skuils] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040811152122/http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/5to14/specialfocus/scots/index.asp |date=2004-08-11 }} * [http://www.englang.ed.ac.uk/scots.html Scots at the Varsitie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818225430/http://www.englang.ed.ac.uk/scots.html |date=2006-08-18 }} * [http://www.stooryduster.co.uk/ Scottish words – illustrated] * [http://www.scottishcorpus.ac.uk/ Scottish Corpus of Texts & Speech] – a multimedia corpus o Scots an Scots English * [http://www.scotslanguage.com/ Scots Language Centre] * [http://wordswithoutborders.org/article/scots-the-auld-an-nobill-tung/ ''Words Without Borders'' Peter Constantine: Scots: The Auld an Nobill Tung] * [https://scotssyntaxatlas.ac.uk/ Scots Syntax Atlas] {{Germanic leids}} [[Category:Scots leid| ]] [[Category:Leids o Scotland]] [[Category:Leids o Ireland]] [[Category:Inglis leids]] [[Category:SVO leids]] 7m72kx48z7mor55odae7ol4nv0uewlk 4 1063 928003 927974 2026-11-11T13:04:08Z Monospaced 75295 /* Invisible comments */ Replie 928003 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]] Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! This is the airt tae tauk aboot the technical wirkins o the Wikipedia. <div style="background-color: #add8e6; padding: 5px 15px; border-radius: 8px;"><big>Tae raise or discuss spellin o Scots wirds, an which we shuid be uisin, please gaun tae '''[[Wikipedia: Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]]'''</big></div> * '''sco:''' Ask for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag on this page. This wiki follaes the [[m:bot policy|staundart bot policy]], an alloos [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] an [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval o some kinds o bot]]. Ither bots shoud apply ablo, an then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|ask a steward for access]] if there's nae objection. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. *Archives: [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/1|1]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/2|2]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/3|3]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/4|4]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/5|5]] · {{TOC limit|2}} <!--Automatic archive configuration begins --> {{Uiser:MABot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/%(counter)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 5 |maxarchivesize = 250K |minthreadsleft = 5 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |archiveheader = }} <!-- Automatic archive configuration ends --> == (In Inglis) Wikimedian of the year and Community Celebration == (In Inglis) Hi and apologies for having to message in English. I wanted to make sure this community was aware of two events as I think it's important all of our UK language Wikipedias get fair representation! Firstly we're accepting nominations for "Wikimedian of the Year" again. So if there is someone who does stellar work here, a newer editor who you'd like to celebrate or there's an organisation doing great work on Wiki you can nominate through this form: [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=google.com&u=aHR0cHM6Ly9kb2NzLmdvb2dsZS5jb20vZm9ybXMvZC9lLzFGQUlwUUxTY2l1NnBWN2ZwTXgxalVOWXd4RVNuZmtqVC1DR3dHeUxKMW5sMi1HMnRQU3YyUURRL3ZpZXdmb3Jt&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=dTNSS0Y0VllHVlJuRmx2Y3p0bUJYRDhPaGpXZFh4YzR2TTVUOGlOMHRXTT0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSciu6pV7fpMx1jUNYwxESnfkjT-CGwGyLJ1nl2-G2tPSv2QDQ/viewform] The more information you can give the panel in your nomination the better! Secondly, our online community celebration is happening on 22nd November 11am to 1pm. You can register here [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=eventbrite.co.uk&u=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZXZlbnRicml0ZS5jby51ay9lL29ubGluZS13aWtpbWVkaWEtdWstMjAyNi1jb21tdW5pdHktY2VsZWJyYXRpb24tdGlja2V0cy0xOTk1OTE3OTA2MTg2&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=L2g2dGhJQ2lYekFBVEQ4S1N1dUVuY056K0E5OUMyVUdsNE1yVUFRSnFjST0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/online-wikimedia-uk-2026-community-celebration-tickets-1995917906186]. If you'd potentially be interested in talking for 5 minutes about something you've been doing on wiki please email the organiser [mailto:rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk] and she can advise on if she is still accepting speakers. [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:24, 13 October 2026 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-10-28|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-10-28T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-10-28T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' * Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-10-28|sco}}. * If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': * Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 14:00, 26 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == BroonieBot: Bot flag request == A'm askin for the bot flag on [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. A'm its operator an A answer for ilka edit it maks. The scope is braid on purpose: it's for simple chynges that need daein on monie pages at aince. '''Whit it wid dae''' * Sort links efter a page is muived (broken links an double redirects), keepin the text the reader sees. * Rename templates an categories, an muive pages, whaur a new title's been greed, then fix whit points tae them. * Fix clear errors that's no a maitter o opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, an typos that's wrang in ony spellin. * Style an spellin fixes that follae the wiki's ain guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that's been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] wi nae objection. '''Whit it widnae dae''' * Edit uiser pages (ither than its ain) or ony talk pages. '''Hou it warks''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool A've written for the job. Ilka job is a short rule file wi examples it has tae pass, an the tool checks ilka kind o chynge itsel. A can share the source code wi onybody that's interestit. * Ilka run is a dry run first. It willnae edit till A've signed aff thon exact set o chynges, an it checks ilka chynge again afore savin it. Ony run can be undone wi wan command. * Bi default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> an titles o warks alane. * It edits at a steady pace an backs aff when the servers is busy. * Tae stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or chynge [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] frae 'oan' tae onythin else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch wis aff. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied frae here: it edited the 11 that needed it an left the ither 14 alane (poems, names lik ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions haurd cases]. If there's nae objection, A'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linkin back tae this. A've ettled tae mak this detailt acause it's a generalised app raither nor a wan-aff script, but if there's ony mair questions A'm happy tae answer them. '''English''' (for the stewards on Meta): I'm asking for the bot flag on [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. I'm its operator and I answer for every edit it makes. The scope is broad on purpose: it's for simple changes that need doing across many pages at once. '''What it would do''' * Fix links after a page is moved (broken links and double redirects), keeping the text the reader sees. * Rename templates and categories, and move pages, where a new title has been agreed, then fix what points to them. * Fix clear errors that aren't a matter of opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, and typos that are wrong in any spelling. * Style and spelling fixes that follow the wiki's own guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that have been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] with no objection. '''What it won't do''' * Edit user pages (other than its own) or any talk pages. '''How it works''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool I've written for the job. Each job is a short rule file with examples it must pass, and the tool checks each kind of change itself. I can share the source code with anyone who's interested. * Every run is a dry run first. It won't edit until I've signed off that exact set of changes, and it checks each change again before saving it. Any run can be undone with one command. * By default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> and titles of works alone. * It edits at a steady pace and backs off when the servers are busy. * To stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or change [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] from 'oan' to anything else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch was off. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied from here: it edited the 11 that needed it and left the other 14 alone (poems, names like ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions hard cases]. If there are no objections, I'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linking back to this. I've tried to make this detailed because it's a general-purpose application rather than a one-off script, but if there are any more questions I'm happy to answer them. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:42, 9 November 2026 (UTC) == Invisible comments == A noticed that mony o our pages haes the followin invisible comment in their infoboxes: <nowiki><!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --></nowiki>. Think ye that it'd be guid if A (or a different body, disnae matter) craeftit a script that wud owerset it tae Scots in aw the airticles uisin it? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 04:08, 10 November 2026 (UTC) :Aye, a lot o the templates are anely hauf translatit. Whit dae ye mean bi a script but? Mak sure tae read the [[Wikipedia:Bot policy|bot policy]]. If yer no able tae gie the chynges a guid scance ower yersel, then it's a bot nae matter hou it's coded. Hou are ye daein it? :Oan the policy itsel, oor local yin is juist deferrin tae the central Meta wan. It's an interestin topic considerin the bocourach we're left wae acause o automatit owersettins. It's a danger but A also think it's needit tae fully redd it up. The biggest difference ower the last years is that there's a lot mair weel scrievit, guid articles noo. It's an awfy shame when they link aff tae somethin that's juist no richt at aw. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:04, 11 November 2026 (UTC) == Barnstars == ''(flittit frae Monospaced's uiser collogue page)'' There isnae ony barnstar templates here, an A think we sud mak ane. Sud we uise the Inglis version, or owerset it tae Scots, e.g. "Bernstarn" or summat. (Nae idea gin "bernstarn" is guid Scots, acause ma Scots in general isnae vera guid). [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 15:49, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :A had tae luik up whit a [[:en:Barnstar|barnstar]] actually wis tae think whit it'd be in Scots, A've anely ever seen it on Wikipedia! It's gey American, an ither Wikipedias seem tae owerset it, sae we coud caw it somethin mair local. Braw idea, we should tak it up at the [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]]. A gree we should hae mair things lik that, wi airticles an aw, the noo they're aither guid or broken. :Yer Scots seems guid btw, it's hard tae get intae writin it formally whan we aw maistly spik it. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 16:08, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::A'm American an A'v ne'er seen them ootside Wikipedia an aw. They're maistly a rural American thing. Sae aye, A think ye'r richt that we sud owerset it. Afore A pit a proposal on the Mercat Cross, whit owerset(s) of "barnstar" dae ye think are the best? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:18, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :::[[Uiser_collogue:Cobra_3000#A_barnstar_for_you!]] We'v eesed barnstars afore [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 16:35, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::::Thanks, A didnae ken. We sud make Category:Bernstern awairds actually exist, but. Create a wee bit mair templates an aw, acause jist ane template fur iss is a wee bit lackin. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:48, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :Jist flittit iss tae Mercat Cross, it's a mair appropriate place at iss point [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 13:00, 10 November 2026 (UTC) 3aoo6qklkbj3a88zkgpv7ff2kiu5phr 928005 928003 2026-11-11T13:39:17Z CiphriusKane 74958 /* Invisible comments */ Replie 928005 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]] Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! This is the airt tae tauk aboot the technical wirkins o the Wikipedia. <div style="background-color: #add8e6; padding: 5px 15px; border-radius: 8px;"><big>Tae raise or discuss spellin o Scots wirds, an which we shuid be uisin, please gaun tae '''[[Wikipedia: Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]]'''</big></div> * '''sco:''' Ask for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag on this page. This wiki follaes the [[m:bot policy|staundart bot policy]], an alloos [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] an [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval o some kinds o bot]]. Ither bots shoud apply ablo, an then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|ask a steward for access]] if there's nae objection. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. *Archives: [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/1|1]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/2|2]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/3|3]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/4|4]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/5|5]] · {{TOC limit|2}} <!--Automatic archive configuration begins --> {{Uiser:MABot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/%(counter)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 5 |maxarchivesize = 250K |minthreadsleft = 5 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |archiveheader = }} <!-- Automatic archive configuration ends --> == (In Inglis) Wikimedian of the year and Community Celebration == (In Inglis) Hi and apologies for having to message in English. I wanted to make sure this community was aware of two events as I think it's important all of our UK language Wikipedias get fair representation! Firstly we're accepting nominations for "Wikimedian of the Year" again. So if there is someone who does stellar work here, a newer editor who you'd like to celebrate or there's an organisation doing great work on Wiki you can nominate through this form: [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=google.com&u=aHR0cHM6Ly9kb2NzLmdvb2dsZS5jb20vZm9ybXMvZC9lLzFGQUlwUUxTY2l1NnBWN2ZwTXgxalVOWXd4RVNuZmtqVC1DR3dHeUxKMW5sMi1HMnRQU3YyUURRL3ZpZXdmb3Jt&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=dTNSS0Y0VllHVlJuRmx2Y3p0bUJYRDhPaGpXZFh4YzR2TTVUOGlOMHRXTT0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSciu6pV7fpMx1jUNYwxESnfkjT-CGwGyLJ1nl2-G2tPSv2QDQ/viewform] The more information you can give the panel in your nomination the better! Secondly, our online community celebration is happening on 22nd November 11am to 1pm. You can register here [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=eventbrite.co.uk&u=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZXZlbnRicml0ZS5jby51ay9lL29ubGluZS13aWtpbWVkaWEtdWstMjAyNi1jb21tdW5pdHktY2VsZWJyYXRpb24tdGlja2V0cy0xOTk1OTE3OTA2MTg2&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=L2g2dGhJQ2lYekFBVEQ4S1N1dUVuY056K0E5OUMyVUdsNE1yVUFRSnFjST0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/online-wikimedia-uk-2026-community-celebration-tickets-1995917906186]. If you'd potentially be interested in talking for 5 minutes about something you've been doing on wiki please email the organiser [mailto:rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk] and she can advise on if she is still accepting speakers. [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:24, 13 October 2026 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-10-28|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-10-28T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-10-28T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' * Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-10-28|sco}}. * If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': * Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 14:00, 26 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == BroonieBot: Bot flag request == A'm askin for the bot flag on [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. A'm its operator an A answer for ilka edit it maks. The scope is braid on purpose: it's for simple chynges that need daein on monie pages at aince. '''Whit it wid dae''' * Sort links efter a page is muived (broken links an double redirects), keepin the text the reader sees. * Rename templates an categories, an muive pages, whaur a new title's been greed, then fix whit points tae them. * Fix clear errors that's no a maitter o opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, an typos that's wrang in ony spellin. * Style an spellin fixes that follae the wiki's ain guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that's been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] wi nae objection. '''Whit it widnae dae''' * Edit uiser pages (ither than its ain) or ony talk pages. '''Hou it warks''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool A've written for the job. Ilka job is a short rule file wi examples it has tae pass, an the tool checks ilka kind o chynge itsel. A can share the source code wi onybody that's interestit. * Ilka run is a dry run first. It willnae edit till A've signed aff thon exact set o chynges, an it checks ilka chynge again afore savin it. Ony run can be undone wi wan command. * Bi default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> an titles o warks alane. * It edits at a steady pace an backs aff when the servers is busy. * Tae stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or chynge [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] frae 'oan' tae onythin else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch wis aff. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied frae here: it edited the 11 that needed it an left the ither 14 alane (poems, names lik ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions haurd cases]. If there's nae objection, A'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linkin back tae this. A've ettled tae mak this detailt acause it's a generalised app raither nor a wan-aff script, but if there's ony mair questions A'm happy tae answer them. '''English''' (for the stewards on Meta): I'm asking for the bot flag on [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. I'm its operator and I answer for every edit it makes. The scope is broad on purpose: it's for simple changes that need doing across many pages at once. '''What it would do''' * Fix links after a page is moved (broken links and double redirects), keeping the text the reader sees. * Rename templates and categories, and move pages, where a new title has been agreed, then fix what points to them. * Fix clear errors that aren't a matter of opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, and typos that are wrong in any spelling. * Style and spelling fixes that follow the wiki's own guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that have been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] with no objection. '''What it won't do''' * Edit user pages (other than its own) or any talk pages. '''How it works''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool I've written for the job. Each job is a short rule file with examples it must pass, and the tool checks each kind of change itself. I can share the source code with anyone who's interested. * Every run is a dry run first. It won't edit until I've signed off that exact set of changes, and it checks each change again before saving it. Any run can be undone with one command. * By default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> and titles of works alone. * It edits at a steady pace and backs off when the servers are busy. * To stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or change [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] from 'oan' to anything else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch was off. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied from here: it edited the 11 that needed it and left the other 14 alone (poems, names like ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions hard cases]. If there are no objections, I'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linking back to this. I've tried to make this detailed because it's a general-purpose application rather than a one-off script, but if there are any more questions I'm happy to answer them. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:42, 9 November 2026 (UTC) == Invisible comments == A noticed that mony o our pages haes the followin invisible comment in their infoboxes: <nowiki><!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --></nowiki>. Think ye that it'd be guid if A (or a different body, disnae matter) craeftit a script that wud owerset it tae Scots in aw the airticles uisin it? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 04:08, 10 November 2026 (UTC) :Aye, a lot o the templates are anely hauf translatit. Whit dae ye mean bi a script but? Mak sure tae read the [[Wikipedia:Bot policy|bot policy]]. If yer no able tae gie the chynges a guid scance ower yersel, then it's a bot nae matter hou it's coded. Hou are ye daein it? :Oan the policy itsel, oor local yin is juist deferrin tae the central Meta wan. It's an interestin topic considerin the bocourach we're left wae acause o automatit owersettins. It's a danger but A also think it's needit tae fully redd it up. The biggest difference ower the last years is that there's a lot mair weel scrievit, guid articles noo. It's an awfy shame when they link aff tae somethin that's juist no richt at aw. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:04, 11 November 2026 (UTC) ::Dae the comments dae ony skaith? A'd wager the feck ae fowks widna e'er see thaim, an a think it'd aiblins be better ti remuiv thaim gin it's pairt ae a braider redd ap, acause thay aft refer ti stuff fae enwiki, bit there's prolly a better eese o resoorces ower huntin thaim doon (seemlir ti haein blank template fields...nae fond ae thaim bein remuived fur the sake o'it aither) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 13:39, 11 November 2026 (UTC) == Barnstars == ''(flittit frae Monospaced's uiser collogue page)'' There isnae ony barnstar templates here, an A think we sud mak ane. Sud we uise the Inglis version, or owerset it tae Scots, e.g. "Bernstarn" or summat. (Nae idea gin "bernstarn" is guid Scots, acause ma Scots in general isnae vera guid). [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 15:49, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :A had tae luik up whit a [[:en:Barnstar|barnstar]] actually wis tae think whit it'd be in Scots, A've anely ever seen it on Wikipedia! It's gey American, an ither Wikipedias seem tae owerset it, sae we coud caw it somethin mair local. Braw idea, we should tak it up at the [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]]. A gree we should hae mair things lik that, wi airticles an aw, the noo they're aither guid or broken. :Yer Scots seems guid btw, it's hard tae get intae writin it formally whan we aw maistly spik it. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 16:08, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::A'm American an A'v ne'er seen them ootside Wikipedia an aw. They're maistly a rural American thing. Sae aye, A think ye'r richt that we sud owerset it. Afore A pit a proposal on the Mercat Cross, whit owerset(s) of "barnstar" dae ye think are the best? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:18, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :::[[Uiser_collogue:Cobra_3000#A_barnstar_for_you!]] We'v eesed barnstars afore [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 16:35, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::::Thanks, A didnae ken. We sud make Category:Bernstern awairds actually exist, but. Create a wee bit mair templates an aw, acause jist ane template fur iss is a wee bit lackin. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:48, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :Jist flittit iss tae Mercat Cross, it's a mair appropriate place at iss point [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 13:00, 10 November 2026 (UTC) f3hgif2rgf13cuuepqt2mizp6kaeo35 928007 928005 2026-11-11T14:02:50Z Monospaced 75295 Add post oan articles that A think shouldae been tagged fixscots bi the auld bot runs 928007 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]] Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! This is the airt tae tauk aboot the technical wirkins o the Wikipedia. <div style="background-color: #add8e6; padding: 5px 15px; border-radius: 8px;"><big>Tae raise or discuss spellin o Scots wirds, an which we shuid be uisin, please gaun tae '''[[Wikipedia: Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]]'''</big></div> * '''sco:''' Ask for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag on this page. This wiki follaes the [[m:bot policy|staundart bot policy]], an alloos [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] an [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval o some kinds o bot]]. Ither bots shoud apply ablo, an then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|ask a steward for access]] if there's nae objection. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. *Archives: [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/1|1]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/2|2]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/3|3]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/4|4]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/5|5]] · {{TOC limit|2}} <!--Automatic archive configuration begins --> {{Uiser:MABot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/%(counter)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 5 |maxarchivesize = 250K |minthreadsleft = 5 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |archiveheader = }} <!-- Automatic archive configuration ends --> == (In Inglis) Wikimedian of the year and Community Celebration == (In Inglis) Hi and apologies for having to message in English. I wanted to make sure this community was aware of two events as I think it's important all of our UK language Wikipedias get fair representation! Firstly we're accepting nominations for "Wikimedian of the Year" again. So if there is someone who does stellar work here, a newer editor who you'd like to celebrate or there's an organisation doing great work on Wiki you can nominate through this form: [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=google.com&u=aHR0cHM6Ly9kb2NzLmdvb2dsZS5jb20vZm9ybXMvZC9lLzFGQUlwUUxTY2l1NnBWN2ZwTXgxalVOWXd4RVNuZmtqVC1DR3dHeUxKMW5sMi1HMnRQU3YyUURRL3ZpZXdmb3Jt&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=dTNSS0Y0VllHVlJuRmx2Y3p0bUJYRDhPaGpXZFh4YzR2TTVUOGlOMHRXTT0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSciu6pV7fpMx1jUNYwxESnfkjT-CGwGyLJ1nl2-G2tPSv2QDQ/viewform] The more information you can give the panel in your nomination the better! Secondly, our online community celebration is happening on 22nd November 11am to 1pm. You can register here [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=eventbrite.co.uk&u=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZXZlbnRicml0ZS5jby51ay9lL29ubGluZS13aWtpbWVkaWEtdWstMjAyNi1jb21tdW5pdHktY2VsZWJyYXRpb24tdGlja2V0cy0xOTk1OTE3OTA2MTg2&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=L2g2dGhJQ2lYekFBVEQ4S1N1dUVuY056K0E5OUMyVUdsNE1yVUFRSnFjST0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/online-wikimedia-uk-2026-community-celebration-tickets-1995917906186]. If you'd potentially be interested in talking for 5 minutes about something you've been doing on wiki please email the organiser [mailto:rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk] and she can advise on if she is still accepting speakers. [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:24, 13 October 2026 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-10-28|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-10-28T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-10-28T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' * Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-10-28|sco}}. * If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': * Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 14:00, 26 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == BroonieBot: Bot flag request == A'm askin for the bot flag on [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. A'm its operator an A answer for ilka edit it maks. The scope is braid on purpose: it's for simple chynges that need daein on monie pages at aince. '''Whit it wid dae''' * Sort links efter a page is muived (broken links an double redirects), keepin the text the reader sees. * Rename templates an categories, an muive pages, whaur a new title's been greed, then fix whit points tae them. * Fix clear errors that's no a maitter o opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, an typos that's wrang in ony spellin. * Style an spellin fixes that follae the wiki's ain guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that's been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] wi nae objection. '''Whit it widnae dae''' * Edit uiser pages (ither than its ain) or ony talk pages. '''Hou it warks''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool A've written for the job. Ilka job is a short rule file wi examples it has tae pass, an the tool checks ilka kind o chynge itsel. A can share the source code wi onybody that's interestit. * Ilka run is a dry run first. It willnae edit till A've signed aff thon exact set o chynges, an it checks ilka chynge again afore savin it. Ony run can be undone wi wan command. * Bi default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> an titles o warks alane. * It edits at a steady pace an backs aff when the servers is busy. * Tae stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or chynge [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] frae 'oan' tae onythin else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch wis aff. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied frae here: it edited the 11 that needed it an left the ither 14 alane (poems, names lik ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions haurd cases]. If there's nae objection, A'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linkin back tae this. A've ettled tae mak this detailt acause it's a generalised app raither nor a wan-aff script, but if there's ony mair questions A'm happy tae answer them. '''English''' (for the stewards on Meta): I'm asking for the bot flag on [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. I'm its operator and I answer for every edit it makes. The scope is broad on purpose: it's for simple changes that need doing across many pages at once. '''What it would do''' * Fix links after a page is moved (broken links and double redirects), keeping the text the reader sees. * Rename templates and categories, and move pages, where a new title has been agreed, then fix what points to them. * Fix clear errors that aren't a matter of opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, and typos that are wrong in any spelling. * Style and spelling fixes that follow the wiki's own guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that have been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] with no objection. '''What it won't do''' * Edit user pages (other than its own) or any talk pages. '''How it works''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool I've written for the job. Each job is a short rule file with examples it must pass, and the tool checks each kind of change itself. I can share the source code with anyone who's interested. * Every run is a dry run first. It won't edit until I've signed off that exact set of changes, and it checks each change again before saving it. Any run can be undone with one command. * By default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> and titles of works alone. * It edits at a steady pace and backs off when the servers are busy. * To stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or change [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] from 'oan' to anything else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch was off. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied from here: it edited the 11 that needed it and left the other 14 alone (poems, names like ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions hard cases]. If there are no objections, I'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linking back to this. I've tried to make this detailed because it's a general-purpose application rather than a one-off script, but if there are any more questions I'm happy to answer them. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:42, 9 November 2026 (UTC) == Invisible comments == A noticed that mony o our pages haes the followin invisible comment in their infoboxes: <nowiki><!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --></nowiki>. Think ye that it'd be guid if A (or a different body, disnae matter) craeftit a script that wud owerset it tae Scots in aw the airticles uisin it? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 04:08, 10 November 2026 (UTC) :Aye, a lot o the templates are anely hauf translatit. Whit dae ye mean bi a script but? Mak sure tae read the [[Wikipedia:Bot policy|bot policy]]. If yer no able tae gie the chynges a guid scance ower yersel, then it's a bot nae matter hou it's coded. Hou are ye daein it? :Oan the policy itsel, oor local yin is juist deferrin tae the central Meta wan. It's an interestin topic considerin the bocourach we're left wae acause o automatit owersettins. It's a danger but A also think it's needit tae fully redd it up. The biggest difference ower the last years is that there's a lot mair weel scrievit, guid articles noo. It's an awfy shame when they link aff tae somethin that's juist no richt at aw. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:04, 11 November 2026 (UTC) ::Dae the comments dae ony skaith? A'd wager the feck ae fowks widna e'er see thaim, an a think it'd aiblins be better ti remuiv thaim gin it's pairt ae a braider redd ap, acause thay aft refer ti stuff fae enwiki, bit there's prolly a better eese o resoorces ower huntin thaim doon (seemlir ti haein blank template fields...nae fond ae thaim bein remuived fur the sake o'it aither) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 13:39, 11 November 2026 (UTC) == Barnstars == ''(flittit frae Monospaced's uiser collogue page)'' There isnae ony barnstar templates here, an A think we sud mak ane. Sud we uise the Inglis version, or owerset it tae Scots, e.g. "Bernstarn" or summat. (Nae idea gin "bernstarn" is guid Scots, acause ma Scots in general isnae vera guid). [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 15:49, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :A had tae luik up whit a [[:en:Barnstar|barnstar]] actually wis tae think whit it'd be in Scots, A've anely ever seen it on Wikipedia! It's gey American, an ither Wikipedias seem tae owerset it, sae we coud caw it somethin mair local. Braw idea, we should tak it up at the [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]]. A gree we should hae mair things lik that, wi airticles an aw, the noo they're aither guid or broken. :Yer Scots seems guid btw, it's hard tae get intae writin it formally whan we aw maistly spik it. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 16:08, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::A'm American an A'v ne'er seen them ootside Wikipedia an aw. They're maistly a rural American thing. Sae aye, A think ye'r richt that we sud owerset it. Afore A pit a proposal on the Mercat Cross, whit owerset(s) of "barnstar" dae ye think are the best? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:18, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :::[[Uiser_collogue:Cobra_3000#A_barnstar_for_you!]] We'v eesed barnstars afore [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 16:35, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::::Thanks, A didnae ken. We sud make Category:Bernstern awairds actually exist, but. Create a wee bit mair templates an aw, acause jist ane template fur iss is a wee bit lackin. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:48, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :Jist flittit iss tae Mercat Cross, it's a mair appropriate place at iss point [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 13:00, 10 November 2026 (UTC) == Untagged 'Scotched' articles == A dinna lik gaein ower auld grun but this seems lik a big yin. Some o the ''fixscots'' templates were manually tagged bi editors (masel includit), but a bulk o them were automated tags targetit at editors that were kent tae hae been owersettin wi a flawed wird-bi-wird replacement strategy. Efter comin across a few articles that luiked lik they'd been missed A ran a check an fun ower 500 that shouldae met thae criteria. A've publishit the data at [[Uiser:Monospaced/Untagged]]. * Fix Scots articles: 1,812 articles left the noo * Shouldae been tagged bi the policy: 509 new yins * Total: 2,321 A've pit a bot request in abuin, this wid be a guid run tae start wae if taggin is whit we want. At the time A mind we didnae want tae lose guid articles but monie o them are wan-liners or completely unsoorced. Maist are juist puir owersettins fae the English. A've been runnin a mair complicatit automation ower afore A manually edit them, but A fun monie juist need done aw ower again fae the soorces onywey. A dae wunner if it's time tae rethink deletin mair o these, acause the maist trafficked wans hae been redd up bi editors ower the years. We're noo doun tae the lang tail o lower value articles that A think we can aither automate away (fichtin fire wae fire) or clear oot an let the wiki big them up properly as it grows. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 14:02, 11 November 2026 (UTC) 26khjn70ci8do9segafwdy5l58supcl 928009 928007 2026-11-11T14:11:29Z Monospaced 75295 /* Invisible comments */ Replie 928009 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]] Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! This is the airt tae tauk aboot the technical wirkins o the Wikipedia. <div style="background-color: #add8e6; padding: 5px 15px; border-radius: 8px;"><big>Tae raise or discuss spellin o Scots wirds, an which we shuid be uisin, please gaun tae '''[[Wikipedia: Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]]'''</big></div> * '''sco:''' Ask for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag on this page. This wiki follaes the [[m:bot policy|staundart bot policy]], an alloos [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] an [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval o some kinds o bot]]. Ither bots shoud apply ablo, an then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|ask a steward for access]] if there's nae objection. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. *Archives: [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/1|1]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/2|2]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/3|3]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/4|4]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/5|5]] · {{TOC limit|2}} <!--Automatic archive configuration begins --> {{Uiser:MABot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/%(counter)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 5 |maxarchivesize = 250K |minthreadsleft = 5 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |archiveheader = }} <!-- Automatic archive configuration ends --> == (In Inglis) Wikimedian of the year and Community Celebration == (In Inglis) Hi and apologies for having to message in English. I wanted to make sure this community was aware of two events as I think it's important all of our UK language Wikipedias get fair representation! Firstly we're accepting nominations for "Wikimedian of the Year" again. So if there is someone who does stellar work here, a newer editor who you'd like to celebrate or there's an organisation doing great work on Wiki you can nominate through this form: [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=google.com&u=aHR0cHM6Ly9kb2NzLmdvb2dsZS5jb20vZm9ybXMvZC9lLzFGQUlwUUxTY2l1NnBWN2ZwTXgxalVOWXd4RVNuZmtqVC1DR3dHeUxKMW5sMi1HMnRQU3YyUURRL3ZpZXdmb3Jt&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=dTNSS0Y0VllHVlJuRmx2Y3p0bUJYRDhPaGpXZFh4YzR2TTVUOGlOMHRXTT0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSciu6pV7fpMx1jUNYwxESnfkjT-CGwGyLJ1nl2-G2tPSv2QDQ/viewform] The more information you can give the panel in your nomination the better! Secondly, our online community celebration is happening on 22nd November 11am to 1pm. You can register here [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=eventbrite.co.uk&u=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZXZlbnRicml0ZS5jby51ay9lL29ubGluZS13aWtpbWVkaWEtdWstMjAyNi1jb21tdW5pdHktY2VsZWJyYXRpb24tdGlja2V0cy0xOTk1OTE3OTA2MTg2&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=L2g2dGhJQ2lYekFBVEQ4S1N1dUVuY056K0E5OUMyVUdsNE1yVUFRSnFjST0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/online-wikimedia-uk-2026-community-celebration-tickets-1995917906186]. If you'd potentially be interested in talking for 5 minutes about something you've been doing on wiki please email the organiser [mailto:rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk] and she can advise on if she is still accepting speakers. [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:24, 13 October 2026 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-10-28|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-10-28T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-10-28T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' * Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-10-28|sco}}. * If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': * Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 14:00, 26 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == BroonieBot: Bot flag request == A'm askin for the bot flag on [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. A'm its operator an A answer for ilka edit it maks. The scope is braid on purpose: it's for simple chynges that need daein on monie pages at aince. '''Whit it wid dae''' * Sort links efter a page is muived (broken links an double redirects), keepin the text the reader sees. * Rename templates an categories, an muive pages, whaur a new title's been greed, then fix whit points tae them. * Fix clear errors that's no a maitter o opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, an typos that's wrang in ony spellin. * Style an spellin fixes that follae the wiki's ain guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that's been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] wi nae objection. '''Whit it widnae dae''' * Edit uiser pages (ither than its ain) or ony talk pages. '''Hou it warks''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool A've written for the job. Ilka job is a short rule file wi examples it has tae pass, an the tool checks ilka kind o chynge itsel. A can share the source code wi onybody that's interestit. * Ilka run is a dry run first. It willnae edit till A've signed aff thon exact set o chynges, an it checks ilka chynge again afore savin it. Ony run can be undone wi wan command. * Bi default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> an titles o warks alane. * It edits at a steady pace an backs aff when the servers is busy. * Tae stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or chynge [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] frae 'oan' tae onythin else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch wis aff. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied frae here: it edited the 11 that needed it an left the ither 14 alane (poems, names lik ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions haurd cases]. If there's nae objection, A'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linkin back tae this. A've ettled tae mak this detailt acause it's a generalised app raither nor a wan-aff script, but if there's ony mair questions A'm happy tae answer them. '''English''' (for the stewards on Meta): I'm asking for the bot flag on [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. I'm its operator and I answer for every edit it makes. The scope is broad on purpose: it's for simple changes that need doing across many pages at once. '''What it would do''' * Fix links after a page is moved (broken links and double redirects), keeping the text the reader sees. * Rename templates and categories, and move pages, where a new title has been agreed, then fix what points to them. * Fix clear errors that aren't a matter of opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, and typos that are wrong in any spelling. * Style and spelling fixes that follow the wiki's own guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that have been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] with no objection. '''What it won't do''' * Edit user pages (other than its own) or any talk pages. '''How it works''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool I've written for the job. Each job is a short rule file with examples it must pass, and the tool checks each kind of change itself. I can share the source code with anyone who's interested. * Every run is a dry run first. It won't edit until I've signed off that exact set of changes, and it checks each change again before saving it. Any run can be undone with one command. * By default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> and titles of works alone. * It edits at a steady pace and backs off when the servers are busy. * To stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or change [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] from 'oan' to anything else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch was off. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied from here: it edited the 11 that needed it and left the other 14 alone (poems, names like ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions hard cases]. If there are no objections, I'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linking back to this. I've tried to make this detailed because it's a general-purpose application rather than a one-off script, but if there are any more questions I'm happy to answer them. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:42, 9 November 2026 (UTC) == Invisible comments == A noticed that mony o our pages haes the followin invisible comment in their infoboxes: <nowiki><!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --></nowiki>. Think ye that it'd be guid if A (or a different body, disnae matter) craeftit a script that wud owerset it tae Scots in aw the airticles uisin it? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 04:08, 10 November 2026 (UTC) :Aye, a lot o the templates are anely hauf translatit. Whit dae ye mean bi a script but? Mak sure tae read the [[Wikipedia:Bot policy|bot policy]]. If yer no able tae gie the chynges a guid scance ower yersel, then it's a bot nae matter hou it's coded. Hou are ye daein it? :Oan the policy itsel, oor local yin is juist deferrin tae the central Meta wan. It's an interestin topic considerin the bocourach we're left wae acause o automatit owersettins. It's a danger but A also think it's needit tae fully redd it up. The biggest difference ower the last years is that there's a lot mair weel scrievit, guid articles noo. It's an awfy shame when they link aff tae somethin that's juist no richt at aw. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:04, 11 November 2026 (UTC) ::Dae the comments dae ony skaith? A'd wager the feck ae fowks widna e'er see thaim, an a think it'd aiblins be better ti remuiv thaim gin it's pairt ae a braider redd ap, acause thay aft refer ti stuff fae enwiki, bit there's prolly a better eese o resoorces ower huntin thaim doon (seemlir ti haein blank template fields...nae fond ae thaim bein remuived fur the sake o'it aither) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 13:39, 11 November 2026 (UTC) :::A couldnae gree mair on the blank fields an the comments. Better tae spend time whaur fowk see it. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 14:11, 11 November 2026 (UTC) == Barnstars == ''(flittit frae Monospaced's uiser collogue page)'' There isnae ony barnstar templates here, an A think we sud mak ane. Sud we uise the Inglis version, or owerset it tae Scots, e.g. "Bernstarn" or summat. (Nae idea gin "bernstarn" is guid Scots, acause ma Scots in general isnae vera guid). [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 15:49, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :A had tae luik up whit a [[:en:Barnstar|barnstar]] actually wis tae think whit it'd be in Scots, A've anely ever seen it on Wikipedia! It's gey American, an ither Wikipedias seem tae owerset it, sae we coud caw it somethin mair local. Braw idea, we should tak it up at the [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]]. A gree we should hae mair things lik that, wi airticles an aw, the noo they're aither guid or broken. :Yer Scots seems guid btw, it's hard tae get intae writin it formally whan we aw maistly spik it. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 16:08, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::A'm American an A'v ne'er seen them ootside Wikipedia an aw. They're maistly a rural American thing. Sae aye, A think ye'r richt that we sud owerset it. Afore A pit a proposal on the Mercat Cross, whit owerset(s) of "barnstar" dae ye think are the best? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:18, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :::[[Uiser_collogue:Cobra_3000#A_barnstar_for_you!]] We'v eesed barnstars afore [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 16:35, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::::Thanks, A didnae ken. We sud make Category:Bernstern awairds actually exist, but. Create a wee bit mair templates an aw, acause jist ane template fur iss is a wee bit lackin. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:48, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :Jist flittit iss tae Mercat Cross, it's a mair appropriate place at iss point [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 13:00, 10 November 2026 (UTC) == Untagged 'Scotched' articles == A dinna lik gaein ower auld grun but this seems lik a big yin. Some o the ''fixscots'' templates were manually tagged bi editors (masel includit), but a bulk o them were automated tags targetit at editors that were kent tae hae been owersettin wi a flawed wird-bi-wird replacement strategy. Efter comin across a few articles that luiked lik they'd been missed A ran a check an fun ower 500 that shouldae met thae criteria. A've publishit the data at [[Uiser:Monospaced/Untagged]]. * Fix Scots articles: 1,812 articles left the noo * Shouldae been tagged bi the policy: 509 new yins * Total: 2,321 A've pit a bot request in abuin, this wid be a guid run tae start wae if taggin is whit we want. At the time A mind we didnae want tae lose guid articles but monie o them are wan-liners or completely unsoorced. Maist are juist puir owersettins fae the English. A've been runnin a mair complicatit automation ower afore A manually edit them, but A fun monie juist need done aw ower again fae the soorces onywey. A dae wunner if it's time tae rethink deletin mair o these, acause the maist trafficked wans hae been redd up bi editors ower the years. We're noo doun tae the lang tail o lower value articles that A think we can aither automate away (fichtin fire wae fire) or clear oot an let the wiki big them up properly as it grows. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 14:02, 11 November 2026 (UTC) cz04vvdpkhlftecwkucio9gbrxwwdk4 928012 928009 2026-11-11T14:37:23Z CiphriusKane 74958 /* Untagged 'Scotched' articles */ Replie 928012 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]] Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! This is the airt tae tauk aboot the technical wirkins o the Wikipedia. <div style="background-color: #add8e6; padding: 5px 15px; border-radius: 8px;"><big>Tae raise or discuss spellin o Scots wirds, an which we shuid be uisin, please gaun tae '''[[Wikipedia: Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]]'''</big></div> * '''sco:''' Ask for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag on this page. This wiki follaes the [[m:bot policy|staundart bot policy]], an alloos [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] an [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval o some kinds o bot]]. Ither bots shoud apply ablo, an then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|ask a steward for access]] if there's nae objection. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. *Archives: [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/1|1]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/2|2]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/3|3]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/4|4]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/5|5]] · {{TOC limit|2}} <!--Automatic archive configuration begins --> {{Uiser:MABot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/%(counter)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 5 |maxarchivesize = 250K |minthreadsleft = 5 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |archiveheader = }} <!-- Automatic archive configuration ends --> == (In Inglis) Wikimedian of the year and Community Celebration == (In Inglis) Hi and apologies for having to message in English. I wanted to make sure this community was aware of two events as I think it's important all of our UK language Wikipedias get fair representation! Firstly we're accepting nominations for "Wikimedian of the Year" again. So if there is someone who does stellar work here, a newer editor who you'd like to celebrate or there's an organisation doing great work on Wiki you can nominate through this form: [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=google.com&u=aHR0cHM6Ly9kb2NzLmdvb2dsZS5jb20vZm9ybXMvZC9lLzFGQUlwUUxTY2l1NnBWN2ZwTXgxalVOWXd4RVNuZmtqVC1DR3dHeUxKMW5sMi1HMnRQU3YyUURRL3ZpZXdmb3Jt&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=dTNSS0Y0VllHVlJuRmx2Y3p0bUJYRDhPaGpXZFh4YzR2TTVUOGlOMHRXTT0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSciu6pV7fpMx1jUNYwxESnfkjT-CGwGyLJ1nl2-G2tPSv2QDQ/viewform] The more information you can give the panel in your nomination the better! Secondly, our online community celebration is happening on 22nd November 11am to 1pm. You can register here [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=eventbrite.co.uk&u=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZXZlbnRicml0ZS5jby51ay9lL29ubGluZS13aWtpbWVkaWEtdWstMjAyNi1jb21tdW5pdHktY2VsZWJyYXRpb24tdGlja2V0cy0xOTk1OTE3OTA2MTg2&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=L2g2dGhJQ2lYekFBVEQ4S1N1dUVuY056K0E5OUMyVUdsNE1yVUFRSnFjST0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/online-wikimedia-uk-2026-community-celebration-tickets-1995917906186]. If you'd potentially be interested in talking for 5 minutes about something you've been doing on wiki please email the organiser [mailto:rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk] and she can advise on if she is still accepting speakers. [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:24, 13 October 2026 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-10-28|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-10-28T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-10-28T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' * Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-10-28|sco}}. * If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': * Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 14:00, 26 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == BroonieBot: Bot flag request == A'm askin for the bot flag on [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. A'm its operator an A answer for ilka edit it maks. The scope is braid on purpose: it's for simple chynges that need daein on monie pages at aince. '''Whit it wid dae''' * Sort links efter a page is muived (broken links an double redirects), keepin the text the reader sees. * Rename templates an categories, an muive pages, whaur a new title's been greed, then fix whit points tae them. * Fix clear errors that's no a maitter o opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, an typos that's wrang in ony spellin. * Style an spellin fixes that follae the wiki's ain guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that's been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] wi nae objection. '''Whit it widnae dae''' * Edit uiser pages (ither than its ain) or ony talk pages. '''Hou it warks''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool A've written for the job. Ilka job is a short rule file wi examples it has tae pass, an the tool checks ilka kind o chynge itsel. A can share the source code wi onybody that's interestit. * Ilka run is a dry run first. It willnae edit till A've signed aff thon exact set o chynges, an it checks ilka chynge again afore savin it. Ony run can be undone wi wan command. * Bi default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> an titles o warks alane. * It edits at a steady pace an backs aff when the servers is busy. * Tae stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or chynge [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] frae 'oan' tae onythin else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch wis aff. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied frae here: it edited the 11 that needed it an left the ither 14 alane (poems, names lik ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions haurd cases]. If there's nae objection, A'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linkin back tae this. A've ettled tae mak this detailt acause it's a generalised app raither nor a wan-aff script, but if there's ony mair questions A'm happy tae answer them. '''English''' (for the stewards on Meta): I'm asking for the bot flag on [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. I'm its operator and I answer for every edit it makes. The scope is broad on purpose: it's for simple changes that need doing across many pages at once. '''What it would do''' * Fix links after a page is moved (broken links and double redirects), keeping the text the reader sees. * Rename templates and categories, and move pages, where a new title has been agreed, then fix what points to them. * Fix clear errors that aren't a matter of opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, and typos that are wrong in any spelling. * Style and spelling fixes that follow the wiki's own guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that have been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] with no objection. '''What it won't do''' * Edit user pages (other than its own) or any talk pages. '''How it works''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool I've written for the job. Each job is a short rule file with examples it must pass, and the tool checks each kind of change itself. I can share the source code with anyone who's interested. * Every run is a dry run first. It won't edit until I've signed off that exact set of changes, and it checks each change again before saving it. Any run can be undone with one command. * By default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> and titles of works alone. * It edits at a steady pace and backs off when the servers are busy. * To stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or change [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] from 'oan' to anything else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch was off. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied from here: it edited the 11 that needed it and left the other 14 alone (poems, names like ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions hard cases]. If there are no objections, I'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linking back to this. I've tried to make this detailed because it's a general-purpose application rather than a one-off script, but if there are any more questions I'm happy to answer them. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:42, 9 November 2026 (UTC) == Invisible comments == A noticed that mony o our pages haes the followin invisible comment in their infoboxes: <nowiki><!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --></nowiki>. Think ye that it'd be guid if A (or a different body, disnae matter) craeftit a script that wud owerset it tae Scots in aw the airticles uisin it? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 04:08, 10 November 2026 (UTC) :Aye, a lot o the templates are anely hauf translatit. Whit dae ye mean bi a script but? Mak sure tae read the [[Wikipedia:Bot policy|bot policy]]. If yer no able tae gie the chynges a guid scance ower yersel, then it's a bot nae matter hou it's coded. Hou are ye daein it? :Oan the policy itsel, oor local yin is juist deferrin tae the central Meta wan. It's an interestin topic considerin the bocourach we're left wae acause o automatit owersettins. It's a danger but A also think it's needit tae fully redd it up. The biggest difference ower the last years is that there's a lot mair weel scrievit, guid articles noo. It's an awfy shame when they link aff tae somethin that's juist no richt at aw. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:04, 11 November 2026 (UTC) ::Dae the comments dae ony skaith? A'd wager the feck ae fowks widna e'er see thaim, an a think it'd aiblins be better ti remuiv thaim gin it's pairt ae a braider redd ap, acause thay aft refer ti stuff fae enwiki, bit there's prolly a better eese o resoorces ower huntin thaim doon (seemlir ti haein blank template fields...nae fond ae thaim bein remuived fur the sake o'it aither) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 13:39, 11 November 2026 (UTC) :::A couldnae gree mair on the blank fields an the comments. Better tae spend time whaur fowk see it. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 14:11, 11 November 2026 (UTC) == Barnstars == ''(flittit frae Monospaced's uiser collogue page)'' There isnae ony barnstar templates here, an A think we sud mak ane. Sud we uise the Inglis version, or owerset it tae Scots, e.g. "Bernstarn" or summat. (Nae idea gin "bernstarn" is guid Scots, acause ma Scots in general isnae vera guid). [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 15:49, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :A had tae luik up whit a [[:en:Barnstar|barnstar]] actually wis tae think whit it'd be in Scots, A've anely ever seen it on Wikipedia! It's gey American, an ither Wikipedias seem tae owerset it, sae we coud caw it somethin mair local. Braw idea, we should tak it up at the [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]]. A gree we should hae mair things lik that, wi airticles an aw, the noo they're aither guid or broken. :Yer Scots seems guid btw, it's hard tae get intae writin it formally whan we aw maistly spik it. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 16:08, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::A'm American an A'v ne'er seen them ootside Wikipedia an aw. They're maistly a rural American thing. Sae aye, A think ye'r richt that we sud owerset it. Afore A pit a proposal on the Mercat Cross, whit owerset(s) of "barnstar" dae ye think are the best? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:18, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :::[[Uiser_collogue:Cobra_3000#A_barnstar_for_you!]] We'v eesed barnstars afore [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 16:35, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::::Thanks, A didnae ken. We sud make Category:Bernstern awairds actually exist, but. Create a wee bit mair templates an aw, acause jist ane template fur iss is a wee bit lackin. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:48, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :Jist flittit iss tae Mercat Cross, it's a mair appropriate place at iss point [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 13:00, 10 November 2026 (UTC) == Untagged 'Scotched' articles == A dinna lik gaein ower auld grun but this seems lik a big yin. Some o the ''fixscots'' templates were manually tagged bi editors (masel includit), but a bulk o them were automated tags targetit at editors that were kent tae hae been owersettin wi a flawed wird-bi-wird replacement strategy. Efter comin across a few articles that luiked lik they'd been missed A ran a check an fun ower 500 that shouldae met thae criteria. A've publishit the data at [[Uiser:Monospaced/Untagged]]. * Fix Scots articles: 1,812 articles left the noo * Shouldae been tagged bi the policy: 509 new yins * Total: 2,321 A've pit a bot request in abuin, this wid be a guid run tae start wae if taggin is whit we want. At the time A mind we didnae want tae lose guid articles but monie o them are wan-liners or completely unsoorced. Maist are juist puir owersettins fae the English. A've been runnin a mair complicatit automation ower afore A manually edit them, but A fun monie juist need done aw ower again fae the soorces onywey. A dae wunner if it's time tae rethink deletin mair o these, acause the maist trafficked wans hae been redd up bi editors ower the years. We're noo doun tae the lang tail o lower value articles that A think we can aither automate away (fichtin fire wae fire) or clear oot an let the wiki big them up properly as it grows. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 14:02, 11 November 2026 (UTC) :Aat's fit X1 is meant ti kiver. As fur the list ye pit thegither, mony o'thaim wis spared acause a hink it wis Soothrhins speirt fur ti keep flora an fauna airticles an een ae the auld admins pit aside sum airticles aat they thocht shidna hae been deletit. A'v dealt wi aboot a dozen ae the disambigs aat wis pintless. A wid hae deen mair ti clean oot the bad cutty airticles bit it got kinna depressin jist destroyin aahing... [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:37, 11 November 2026 (UTC) 3pw2042okzpuowq2jpi6q3j0zmn8jyl 928020 928012 2026-11-11T15:20:28Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 /* Invisible comments */ Replie 928020 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]] Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! This is the airt tae tauk aboot the technical wirkins o the Wikipedia. <div style="background-color: #add8e6; padding: 5px 15px; border-radius: 8px;"><big>Tae raise or discuss spellin o Scots wirds, an which we shuid be uisin, please gaun tae '''[[Wikipedia: Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]]'''</big></div> * '''sco:''' Ask for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag on this page. This wiki follaes the [[m:bot policy|staundart bot policy]], an alloos [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] an [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval o some kinds o bot]]. Ither bots shoud apply ablo, an then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|ask a steward for access]] if there's nae objection. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. *Archives: [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/1|1]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/2|2]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/3|3]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/4|4]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/5|5]] · {{TOC limit|2}} <!--Automatic archive configuration begins --> {{Uiser:MABot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/%(counter)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 5 |maxarchivesize = 250K |minthreadsleft = 5 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |archiveheader = }} <!-- Automatic archive configuration ends --> == (In Inglis) Wikimedian of the year and Community Celebration == (In Inglis) Hi and apologies for having to message in English. I wanted to make sure this community was aware of two events as I think it's important all of our UK language Wikipedias get fair representation! Firstly we're accepting nominations for "Wikimedian of the Year" again. So if there is someone who does stellar work here, a newer editor who you'd like to celebrate or there's an organisation doing great work on Wiki you can nominate through this form: [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=google.com&u=aHR0cHM6Ly9kb2NzLmdvb2dsZS5jb20vZm9ybXMvZC9lLzFGQUlwUUxTY2l1NnBWN2ZwTXgxalVOWXd4RVNuZmtqVC1DR3dHeUxKMW5sMi1HMnRQU3YyUURRL3ZpZXdmb3Jt&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=dTNSS0Y0VllHVlJuRmx2Y3p0bUJYRDhPaGpXZFh4YzR2TTVUOGlOMHRXTT0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSciu6pV7fpMx1jUNYwxESnfkjT-CGwGyLJ1nl2-G2tPSv2QDQ/viewform] The more information you can give the panel in your nomination the better! Secondly, our online community celebration is happening on 22nd November 11am to 1pm. You can register here [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=eventbrite.co.uk&u=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZXZlbnRicml0ZS5jby51ay9lL29ubGluZS13aWtpbWVkaWEtdWstMjAyNi1jb21tdW5pdHktY2VsZWJyYXRpb24tdGlja2V0cy0xOTk1OTE3OTA2MTg2&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=L2g2dGhJQ2lYekFBVEQ4S1N1dUVuY056K0E5OUMyVUdsNE1yVUFRSnFjST0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/online-wikimedia-uk-2026-community-celebration-tickets-1995917906186]. If you'd potentially be interested in talking for 5 minutes about something you've been doing on wiki please email the organiser [mailto:rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk] and she can advise on if she is still accepting speakers. [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:24, 13 October 2026 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-10-28|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-10-28T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-10-28T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' * Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-10-28|sco}}. * If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': * Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 14:00, 26 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == BroonieBot: Bot flag request == A'm askin for the bot flag on [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. A'm its operator an A answer for ilka edit it maks. The scope is braid on purpose: it's for simple chynges that need daein on monie pages at aince. '''Whit it wid dae''' * Sort links efter a page is muived (broken links an double redirects), keepin the text the reader sees. * Rename templates an categories, an muive pages, whaur a new title's been greed, then fix whit points tae them. * Fix clear errors that's no a maitter o opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, an typos that's wrang in ony spellin. * Style an spellin fixes that follae the wiki's ain guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that's been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] wi nae objection. '''Whit it widnae dae''' * Edit uiser pages (ither than its ain) or ony talk pages. '''Hou it warks''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool A've written for the job. Ilka job is a short rule file wi examples it has tae pass, an the tool checks ilka kind o chynge itsel. A can share the source code wi onybody that's interestit. * Ilka run is a dry run first. It willnae edit till A've signed aff thon exact set o chynges, an it checks ilka chynge again afore savin it. Ony run can be undone wi wan command. * Bi default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> an titles o warks alane. * It edits at a steady pace an backs aff when the servers is busy. * Tae stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or chynge [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] frae 'oan' tae onythin else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch wis aff. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied frae here: it edited the 11 that needed it an left the ither 14 alane (poems, names lik ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions haurd cases]. If there's nae objection, A'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linkin back tae this. A've ettled tae mak this detailt acause it's a generalised app raither nor a wan-aff script, but if there's ony mair questions A'm happy tae answer them. '''English''' (for the stewards on Meta): I'm asking for the bot flag on [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. I'm its operator and I answer for every edit it makes. The scope is broad on purpose: it's for simple changes that need doing across many pages at once. '''What it would do''' * Fix links after a page is moved (broken links and double redirects), keeping the text the reader sees. * Rename templates and categories, and move pages, where a new title has been agreed, then fix what points to them. * Fix clear errors that aren't a matter of opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, and typos that are wrong in any spelling. * Style and spelling fixes that follow the wiki's own guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that have been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] with no objection. '''What it won't do''' * Edit user pages (other than its own) or any talk pages. '''How it works''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool I've written for the job. Each job is a short rule file with examples it must pass, and the tool checks each kind of change itself. I can share the source code with anyone who's interested. * Every run is a dry run first. It won't edit until I've signed off that exact set of changes, and it checks each change again before saving it. Any run can be undone with one command. * By default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> and titles of works alone. * It edits at a steady pace and backs off when the servers are busy. * To stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or change [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] from 'oan' to anything else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch was off. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied from here: it edited the 11 that needed it and left the other 14 alone (poems, names like ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions hard cases]. If there are no objections, I'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linking back to this. I've tried to make this detailed because it's a general-purpose application rather than a one-off script, but if there are any more questions I'm happy to answer them. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:42, 9 November 2026 (UTC) == Invisible comments == A noticed that mony o our pages haes the followin invisible comment in their infoboxes: <nowiki><!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --></nowiki>. Think ye that it'd be guid if A (or a different body, disnae matter) craeftit a script that wud owerset it tae Scots in aw the airticles uisin it? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 04:08, 10 November 2026 (UTC) :Aye, a lot o the templates are anely hauf translatit. Whit dae ye mean bi a script but? Mak sure tae read the [[Wikipedia:Bot policy|bot policy]]. If yer no able tae gie the chynges a guid scance ower yersel, then it's a bot nae matter hou it's coded. Hou are ye daein it? :Oan the policy itsel, oor local yin is juist deferrin tae the central Meta wan. It's an interestin topic considerin the bocourach we're left wae acause o automatit owersettins. It's a danger but A also think it's needit tae fully redd it up. The biggest difference ower the last years is that there's a lot mair weel scrievit, guid articles noo. It's an awfy shame when they link aff tae somethin that's juist no richt at aw. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:04, 11 November 2026 (UTC) ::Dae the comments dae ony skaith? A'd wager the feck ae fowks widna e'er see thaim, an a think it'd aiblins be better ti remuiv thaim gin it's pairt ae a braider redd ap, acause thay aft refer ti stuff fae enwiki, bit there's prolly a better eese o resoorces ower huntin thaim doon (seemlir ti haein blank template fields...nae fond ae thaim bein remuived fur the sake o'it aither) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 13:39, 11 November 2026 (UTC) :::A couldnae gree mair on the blank fields an the comments. Better tae spend time whaur fowk see it. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 14:11, 11 November 2026 (UTC) :::Aye, A noticed that that's anely ane variation an it's a problem on mony pairts o the wiki. Sae it'll haes tae be manually done. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 15:20, 11 November 2026 (UTC) == Barnstars == ''(flittit frae Monospaced's uiser collogue page)'' There isnae ony barnstar templates here, an A think we sud mak ane. Sud we uise the Inglis version, or owerset it tae Scots, e.g. "Bernstarn" or summat. (Nae idea gin "bernstarn" is guid Scots, acause ma Scots in general isnae vera guid). [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 15:49, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :A had tae luik up whit a [[:en:Barnstar|barnstar]] actually wis tae think whit it'd be in Scots, A've anely ever seen it on Wikipedia! It's gey American, an ither Wikipedias seem tae owerset it, sae we coud caw it somethin mair local. Braw idea, we should tak it up at the [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]]. A gree we should hae mair things lik that, wi airticles an aw, the noo they're aither guid or broken. :Yer Scots seems guid btw, it's hard tae get intae writin it formally whan we aw maistly spik it. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 16:08, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::A'm American an A'v ne'er seen them ootside Wikipedia an aw. They're maistly a rural American thing. Sae aye, A think ye'r richt that we sud owerset it. Afore A pit a proposal on the Mercat Cross, whit owerset(s) of "barnstar" dae ye think are the best? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:18, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :::[[Uiser_collogue:Cobra_3000#A_barnstar_for_you!]] We'v eesed barnstars afore [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 16:35, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::::Thanks, A didnae ken. We sud make Category:Bernstern awairds actually exist, but. Create a wee bit mair templates an aw, acause jist ane template fur iss is a wee bit lackin. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:48, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :Jist flittit iss tae Mercat Cross, it's a mair appropriate place at iss point [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 13:00, 10 November 2026 (UTC) == Untagged 'Scotched' articles == A dinna lik gaein ower auld grun but this seems lik a big yin. Some o the ''fixscots'' templates were manually tagged bi editors (masel includit), but a bulk o them were automated tags targetit at editors that were kent tae hae been owersettin wi a flawed wird-bi-wird replacement strategy. Efter comin across a few articles that luiked lik they'd been missed A ran a check an fun ower 500 that shouldae met thae criteria. A've publishit the data at [[Uiser:Monospaced/Untagged]]. * Fix Scots articles: 1,812 articles left the noo * Shouldae been tagged bi the policy: 509 new yins * Total: 2,321 A've pit a bot request in abuin, this wid be a guid run tae start wae if taggin is whit we want. At the time A mind we didnae want tae lose guid articles but monie o them are wan-liners or completely unsoorced. Maist are juist puir owersettins fae the English. A've been runnin a mair complicatit automation ower afore A manually edit them, but A fun monie juist need done aw ower again fae the soorces onywey. A dae wunner if it's time tae rethink deletin mair o these, acause the maist trafficked wans hae been redd up bi editors ower the years. We're noo doun tae the lang tail o lower value articles that A think we can aither automate away (fichtin fire wae fire) or clear oot an let the wiki big them up properly as it grows. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 14:02, 11 November 2026 (UTC) :Aat's fit X1 is meant ti kiver. As fur the list ye pit thegither, mony o'thaim wis spared acause a hink it wis Soothrhins speirt fur ti keep flora an fauna airticles an een ae the auld admins pit aside sum airticles aat they thocht shidna hae been deletit. A'v dealt wi aboot a dozen ae the disambigs aat wis pintless. A wid hae deen mair ti clean oot the bad cutty airticles bit it got kinna depressin jist destroyin aahing... [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:37, 11 November 2026 (UTC) h1aw1mqaqttb4yucoo45cpp6kz47z69 928023 928020 2026-11-11T15:24:31Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 928023 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]] Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! This is the airt tae tauk aboot the technical wirkins o the Wikipedia. <div style="background-color: #add8e6; padding: 5px 15px; border-radius: 8px;"><big>Tae raise or discuss spellin o Scots wirds, an which we shuid be uisin, please gaun tae '''[[Wikipedia: Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]]'''</big></div> * '''sco:''' Ask for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag on this page. This wiki follaes the [[m:bot policy|staundart bot policy]], an alloos [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] an [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval o some kinds o bot]]. Ither bots shoud apply ablo, an then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|ask a steward for access]] if there's nae objection. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. *Archives: [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/1|1]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/2|2]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/3|3]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/4|4]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/5|5]] · {{TOC limit|2}} <!--Automatic archive configuration begins --> {{Uiser:MABot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/%(counter)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 5 |maxarchivesize = 250K |minthreadsleft = 5 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |archiveheader = }} <!-- Automatic archive configuration ends --> == (In Inglis) Wikimedian of the year and Community Celebration == (In Inglis) Hi and apologies for having to message in English. I wanted to make sure this community was aware of two events as I think it's important all of our UK language Wikipedias get fair representation! Firstly we're accepting nominations for "Wikimedian of the Year" again. So if there is someone who does stellar work here, a newer editor who you'd like to celebrate or there's an organisation doing great work on Wiki you can nominate through this form: [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=google.com&u=aHR0cHM6Ly9kb2NzLmdvb2dsZS5jb20vZm9ybXMvZC9lLzFGQUlwUUxTY2l1NnBWN2ZwTXgxalVOWXd4RVNuZmtqVC1DR3dHeUxKMW5sMi1HMnRQU3YyUURRL3ZpZXdmb3Jt&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=dTNSS0Y0VllHVlJuRmx2Y3p0bUJYRDhPaGpXZFh4YzR2TTVUOGlOMHRXTT0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSciu6pV7fpMx1jUNYwxESnfkjT-CGwGyLJ1nl2-G2tPSv2QDQ/viewform] The more information you can give the panel in your nomination the better! Secondly, our online community celebration is happening on 22nd November 11am to 1pm. You can register here [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=eventbrite.co.uk&u=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZXZlbnRicml0ZS5jby51ay9lL29ubGluZS13aWtpbWVkaWEtdWstMjAyNi1jb21tdW5pdHktY2VsZWJyYXRpb24tdGlja2V0cy0xOTk1OTE3OTA2MTg2&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=L2g2dGhJQ2lYekFBVEQ4S1N1dUVuY056K0E5OUMyVUdsNE1yVUFRSnFjST0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/online-wikimedia-uk-2026-community-celebration-tickets-1995917906186]. If you'd potentially be interested in talking for 5 minutes about something you've been doing on wiki please email the organiser [mailto:rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk] and she can advise on if she is still accepting speakers. [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:24, 13 October 2026 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-10-28|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-10-28T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-10-28T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' * Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-10-28|sco}}. * If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': * Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 14:00, 26 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == BroonieBot: Bot flag request == A'm askin for the bot flag on [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. A'm its operator an A answer for ilka edit it maks. The scope is braid on purpose: it's for simple chynges that need daein on monie pages at aince. '''Whit it wid dae''' * Sort links efter a page is muived (broken links an double redirects), keepin the text the reader sees. * Rename templates an categories, an muive pages, whaur a new title's been greed, then fix whit points tae them. * Fix clear errors that's no a maitter o opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, an typos that's wrang in ony spellin. * Style an spellin fixes that follae the wiki's ain guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that's been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] wi nae objection. '''Whit it widnae dae''' * Edit uiser pages (ither than its ain) or ony talk pages. '''Hou it warks''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool A've written for the job. Ilka job is a short rule file wi examples it has tae pass, an the tool checks ilka kind o chynge itsel. A can share the source code wi onybody that's interestit. * Ilka run is a dry run first. It willnae edit till A've signed aff thon exact set o chynges, an it checks ilka chynge again afore savin it. Ony run can be undone wi wan command. * Bi default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> an titles o warks alane. * It edits at a steady pace an backs aff when the servers is busy. * Tae stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or chynge [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] frae 'oan' tae onythin else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch wis aff. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied frae here: it edited the 11 that needed it an left the ither 14 alane (poems, names lik ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions haurd cases]. If there's nae objection, A'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linkin back tae this. A've ettled tae mak this detailt acause it's a generalised app raither nor a wan-aff script, but if there's ony mair questions A'm happy tae answer them. '''English''' (for the stewards on Meta): I'm asking for the bot flag on [[User:BroonieBot|BroonieBot]]. I'm its operator and I answer for every edit it makes. The scope is broad on purpose: it's for simple changes that need doing across many pages at once. '''What it would do''' * Fix links after a page is moved (broken links and double redirects), keeping the text the reader sees. * Rename templates and categories, and move pages, where a new title has been agreed, then fix what points to them. * Fix clear errors that aren't a matter of opinion: broken markup, broken file links, citation template errors, and typos that are wrong in any spelling. * Style and spelling fixes that follow the wiki's own guidance ([[Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk|Style Haundbeuk]], [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar|Spellin an grammar]]), or that have been raised at [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]] or [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] with no objection. '''What it won't do''' * Edit user pages (other than its own) or any talk pages. '''How it works''' * It runs on a Python command-line tool I've written for the job. Each job is a short rule file with examples it must pass, and the tool checks each kind of change itself. I can share the source code with anyone who's interested. * Every run is a dry run first. It won't edit until I've signed off that exact set of changes, and it checks each change again before saving it. Any run can be undone with one command. * By default it leaves quotations, text in <nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki> and titles of works alone. * It edits at a steady pace and backs off when the servers are busy. * To stop it, leave a message on [[User talk:BroonieBot]] or change [[User:BroonieBot/Run]] from 'oan' to anything else ('aff', for example). '''Tests''' * A single page on test.wikipedia: [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783658&oldid=783657 edit], [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:BroonieBot/Test_1&diff=783659&oldid=783658 undo], <nowiki>{{nobots}}</nowiki> skipped, stopped when the switch was off. * A rehearsal on 25 pages copied from here: it edited the 11 that needed it and left the other 14 alone (poems, names like ''Tam o' Shanter'', quotations). [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BroonieBot Its edits]; [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BroonieBot/Stage/Exceptions hard cases]. If there are no objections, I'll ask a steward on Meta for the bot flag, linking back to this. I've tried to make this detailed because it's a general-purpose application rather than a one-off script, but if there are any more questions I'm happy to answer them. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:42, 9 November 2026 (UTC) == Invisible comments == A noticed that mony o our pages haes the followin invisible comment in their infoboxes: <nowiki><!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --></nowiki>. Think ye that it'd be guid if A (or a different body, disnae matter) craeftit a script that wud owerset it tae Scots in aw the airticles uisin it? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 04:08, 10 November 2026 (UTC) :Aye, a lot o the templates are anely hauf translatit. Whit dae ye mean bi a script but? Mak sure tae read the [[Wikipedia:Bot policy|bot policy]]. If yer no able tae gie the chynges a guid scance ower yersel, then it's a bot nae matter hou it's coded. Hou are ye daein it? :Oan the policy itsel, oor local yin is juist deferrin tae the central Meta wan. It's an interestin topic considerin the bocourach we're left wae acause o automatit owersettins. It's a danger but A also think it's needit tae fully redd it up. The biggest difference ower the last years is that there's a lot mair weel scrievit, guid articles noo. It's an awfy shame when they link aff tae somethin that's juist no richt at aw. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 13:04, 11 November 2026 (UTC) ::Dae the comments dae ony skaith? A'd wager the feck ae fowks widna e'er see thaim, an a think it'd aiblins be better ti remuiv thaim gin it's pairt ae a braider redd ap, acause thay aft refer ti stuff fae enwiki, bit there's prolly a better eese o resoorces ower huntin thaim doon (seemlir ti haein blank template fields...nae fond ae thaim bein remuived fur the sake o'it aither) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 13:39, 11 November 2026 (UTC) :::A couldnae gree mair on the blank fields an the comments. Better tae spend time whaur fowk see it. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 14:11, 11 November 2026 (UTC) :::Aye, A noticed that that's anely ane variation an it's a problem on mony pairts o the wiki. Sae it'll haes tae be manually done, which isnae worth it. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 15:20, 11 November 2026 (UTC) == Barnstars == ''(flittit frae Monospaced's uiser collogue page)'' There isnae ony barnstar templates here, an A think we sud mak ane. Sud we uise the Inglis version, or owerset it tae Scots, e.g. "Bernstarn" or summat. (Nae idea gin "bernstarn" is guid Scots, acause ma Scots in general isnae vera guid). [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 15:49, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :A had tae luik up whit a [[:en:Barnstar|barnstar]] actually wis tae think whit it'd be in Scots, A've anely ever seen it on Wikipedia! It's gey American, an ither Wikipedias seem tae owerset it, sae we coud caw it somethin mair local. Braw idea, we should tak it up at the [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]]. A gree we should hae mair things lik that, wi airticles an aw, the noo they're aither guid or broken. :Yer Scots seems guid btw, it's hard tae get intae writin it formally whan we aw maistly spik it. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 16:08, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::A'm American an A'v ne'er seen them ootside Wikipedia an aw. They're maistly a rural American thing. Sae aye, A think ye'r richt that we sud owerset it. Afore A pit a proposal on the Mercat Cross, whit owerset(s) of "barnstar" dae ye think are the best? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:18, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :::[[Uiser_collogue:Cobra_3000#A_barnstar_for_you!]] We'v eesed barnstars afore [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 16:35, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::::Thanks, A didnae ken. We sud make Category:Bernstern awairds actually exist, but. Create a wee bit mair templates an aw, acause jist ane template fur iss is a wee bit lackin. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:48, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :Jist flittit iss tae Mercat Cross, it's a mair appropriate place at iss point [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 13:00, 10 November 2026 (UTC) == Untagged 'Scotched' articles == A dinna lik gaein ower auld grun but this seems lik a big yin. Some o the ''fixscots'' templates were manually tagged bi editors (masel includit), but a bulk o them were automated tags targetit at editors that were kent tae hae been owersettin wi a flawed wird-bi-wird replacement strategy. Efter comin across a few articles that luiked lik they'd been missed A ran a check an fun ower 500 that shouldae met thae criteria. A've publishit the data at [[Uiser:Monospaced/Untagged]]. * Fix Scots articles: 1,812 articles left the noo * Shouldae been tagged bi the policy: 509 new yins * Total: 2,321 A've pit a bot request in abuin, this wid be a guid run tae start wae if taggin is whit we want. At the time A mind we didnae want tae lose guid articles but monie o them are wan-liners or completely unsoorced. Maist are juist puir owersettins fae the English. A've been runnin a mair complicatit automation ower afore A manually edit them, but A fun monie juist need done aw ower again fae the soorces onywey. A dae wunner if it's time tae rethink deletin mair o these, acause the maist trafficked wans hae been redd up bi editors ower the years. We're noo doun tae the lang tail o lower value articles that A think we can aither automate away (fichtin fire wae fire) or clear oot an let the wiki big them up properly as it grows. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 14:02, 11 November 2026 (UTC) :Aat's fit X1 is meant ti kiver. As fur the list ye pit thegither, mony o'thaim wis spared acause a hink it wis Soothrhins speirt fur ti keep flora an fauna airticles an een ae the auld admins pit aside sum airticles aat they thocht shidna hae been deletit. A'v dealt wi aboot a dozen ae the disambigs aat wis pintless. A wid hae deen mair ti clean oot the bad cutty airticles bit it got kinna depressin jist destroyin aahing... [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:37, 11 November 2026 (UTC) bxhz3ix1o0lvyby8zkokc6aabjhuyc7 0 1654 928029 927456 2026-11-11T15:37:01Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Archimedes o Syracuse | native_name = Ἀρχιμήδης | native_name_lang = grc | image = Domenico-Fetti Archimedes 1620.jpg | alt = A pentin o an aulder man thinkin ower geometrical problems | caption = ''Archimedes Thoughtful'' (1620) | birth_date = {{circa|287{{nbsp}}BC}} | birth_place = [[Syracuse, Sicily]] | death_date = {{circa|212{{nbsp}}BC|lk=no}} (agit aboot 75) | death_place = Syracuse, Sicily | field = [[Mathematics]]<br />[[Naitural philosophy|Physics]]<br />[[Astronomy]]<br />Mechanics<br />[[Ingineerin]] | known_for = {{collapsible list|Archimedes' principle<br />Archimedes' screw<br />Centre o gravity<br />Statics<br />Hydrostatics<br />Law o the lever<br />Indivisibles|}} }} '''Archimedes o Syracuse'''<ref group="note">In Doric Greek: {{lang|grc|Ἀρχιμήδης}}.</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɑːr|k|ᵻ|ˈ|m|iː|d|iː|z}}; {{circa|287|212 BC}}) wis an auncient Greek [[Mathematics|mathematician]], [[Naitural philosophy|physicist]], [[Ingineerin|ingineer]], [[Astronomy|astronomer]] an inventor frae the ceety o [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] in [[Sicily]]. Few details o his life are kent, but on the strength o his survivin wark he is coontit ane o the leadin scientists o classical antiquity, an ane o the greatest mathematicians o aa time. Archimedes foreshadaed modren [[calculus]] an [[mathematical analysis|analysis]]. He is also creditit wi designin new machines, sic as his screw pump, compoond pulleys, an defensive war machines tae pertect his native Syracuse frae invasion. Archimedes deed durin the siege o Syracuse, whan he wis killt bi a Roman sodger in spite o orders that he wisnae tae be hairmed. == Life == [[File:Cicero Discovering the Tomb of Archimedes by Benjamin West.jpeg|thumb|right|''Cicero Discovering the Tomb of Archimedes'' (1805) bi Benjamin West]] The Byzantine Greek scholar John Tzetzes says that Archimedes lived for 75 year afore his daith in 212{{nbsp}}BC. On that basis he is estimatit tae hae been born {{circa|287 BC}} in the seaport ceety o [[Syracuse, Sicily]], at that time a self-governin colony in Magna Graecia. Plutarch wrate in his ''Parallel Lives''<ref>Plutarch, ''Life of Marcellus''</ref> that Archimedes wis kin tae King Hiero II, the ruler o Syracuse, but [[Cicero]] an Silius Italicus suggest he wis o humble origin.{{sfn|Dijksterhuis|1987|p=10}} Accordin tae [[Vitruvius]], writin aboot twa centuries efter Archimedes' daith, King Hiero&nbsp;II o Syracuse haed ordered a gowden wreath for a temple tae the immortal gods, an haed gien pure gowd tae the gowdsmith tae mak it.<ref>[[Vitruvius]], ''De Architectura'', Book IX, 3</ref> Later, while steppin intae a bath, Archimedes is said tae hae noticed that the watter in the tub rase the mair, the lower he sank in it. He saw that this could be uised tae fin the volume o the gowden croun. He wis that excitit that he forgot tae get dressed an ran oot intae the streets nakit, cryin "''Eureka!''", that means "A hae fund it!"<ref group="note">Owerset frae the Greek. In the original Greek: {{lang|grc|εὕρηκα}} (''heúrēka''). The Inglis Wikipedia gies it as "I have found [it]!"</ref>{{sfn|Dijksterhuis|1987|p=19}} The greatest nem Archimedes won in antiquity wis for the defence o his ceety against the Romans durin the siege o Syracuse.{{sfn|Dijksterhuis|1987|pp=28–29}} Accordin tae Plutarch,<ref>Life of Marcellus, 25-27</ref> Archimedes haed biggit war machines for Hiero II, but never haed the chance tae uise them in Hiero's lifetime. In 214 BC, durin the [[Seicont Punic War|Second Punic War]], Syracuse chynged sides frae Roum tae [[Carthage]], an the Roman airmy unner Marcus Claudius Marcellus tried tae tak the ceety.{{sfn|Dijksterhuis|1987|pp=26,28}} Three different historians, Plutarch, Livy an Polybius, gie evidence aboot thir machines. They describe improved catapults, an cranes that drapped heavy lumps o leid on the Roman ships, or that uised an airn claw tae lift them oot the watter an drap them back in, sinkin them.{{sfn|Dijksterhuis|1987|p=27}} There are several different accoonts o Archimedes' daith durin the sack o Syracuse, efter it fell tae the Romans.{{sfn|Dijksterhuis|1987|pp=30–31}} The auldest, frae Livy,<ref>Livy, ''Ab Urbe Condita'' Book XXV, 31</ref> says that Archimedes wis drawin figures in the stour whan he wis killt bi a Roman sodger that didnae ken wha he wis.{{sfn|Dijksterhuis|1987|pp=30–31}} Marcellus wis reportit tae be angert at Archimedes' daith, as he thocht him a valuable scientific asset, an he haed ordered that he wisnae tae be hairmed.<ref>Plutarch, Parallel Lives</ref><ref>Jaeger, Mary. ''Archimedes and the Roman Imagination''. p. 113.</ref> While he wis servin as a quaestor in Sicily, Cicero hissel fund whit wis taen tae be Archimedes' tomb, near the Agrigentine yett in Syracuse. The tomb bore a sculpture o Archimedes' favourite mathematical pruif: that the volume an surface area o a sphere are twa-thirds o thae o a cylinder that encloses it, its bases includit.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rorres |first=Chris |title=Tomb of Archimedes: Sources |url=http://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Tomb/Cicero.html |access-date=2 January 2007 |publisher=Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences}}</ref> == Mathematics == Archimedes makkit his wark kent throu letters tae mathematicians in [[Alexandria]],{{sfn|Acerbi|2018}} that wis first written in Doric Greek, the dialect o auncient Syracuse.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Nigel Guy |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece |date=2006 |publisher=Psychology Press |page=77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-aFtPdh6-2QC&pg=PA77 |access-date=29 April 2025 |language=en |isbn=978-0-7945-0225-6}}</ref> [[File:PiArchimede4.svg|thumb|Archimedes wirks oot the side o the dodecagon frae the side o the hexagon, an for ilk doublin o the sides o the regular polygon efter that]] In ''Quadrature of the Parabola'', Archimedes says that a proposition in [[Euclid's Elements|Euclid's ''Elements'']] wis pruived wi a lemma nou kent as the Archimedean property. Afore Archimedes, Eudoxus o Cnidus an ither earlier mathematicians applied this lemma, a technique nou cried the "method o exhaustion", tae fin the volume o a tetrahedron, cylinder, cone an sphere. The pruifs are gien in Buik XII o [[Euclid's Elements|Euclid's ''Elements'']].{{sfn|Acerbi|2018|p=279}} In ''Measurement of a Circle'', Archimedes uised this method tae shaw that the area o a [[Raing|circle]] is the same as that o a richt-angled triangle whase base an heicht are equal tae its radius an circumference.{{sfn|Acerbi|2018|p=280}} He then approximatit the ratio atween the radius an the circumference, the value o [[Pi|{{pi}}]]. He drew a lairger regular hexagon ootside a circle an a smaller ane inside it. Step bi step, he doubled the nummer o sides o ilk regular polygon, wirkin oot the length o a side o ilk polygon at ilk step. Efter fower sic steps, whan the polygons haed 96 sides ilk, he could shaw that the value o {{pi}} lay atween 3{{sfrac|1|7}} (aboot 3.1429) an 3{{sfrac|10|71}} (aboot 3.1408), in line wi its actual value o aboot 3.1416.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Computation of Pi by Archimedes |author=McKeeman, Bill |author-link=William M. McKeeman |website=Matlab Central |url=http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/29504-the-computation-of-pi-by-archimedes/content/html/ComputationOfPiByArchimedes.html#37 |access-date=30 October 2012}}</ref> In the first o the twa buiks o ''On Floating Bodies'', Archimedes sets oot the law o equilibrium o fluids an pruives that watter will tak on a spherical form roond a centre o gravity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berggren |first=J. L. |date=1976 |title=Spurious Theorems in Archimedes' Equilibrium of Planes: Book I |journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=87–103 |doi=10.1007/BF00349632 |jstor=41133463}}</ref> Archimedes' principle o buoyancy is gien in this wark. It says that onie body that is hale or pairtly dooked in a fluid feels an upthrust equal tae the wecht o the fluid it pits oot o place, but in the opposite direction.<ref>{{cite book |last=Netz |first=Reviel |chapter=Archimedes' Liquid Bodies |title=ΣΩΜΑ: Körperkonzepte und körperliche Existenz in der antiken Philosophie und Literatur |year=2017 |pages=287–322 |editor1-first=Thomas |editor1-last=Buchheim |editor2-first=David |editor2-last=Meißner |editor3-first=Nora |editor3-last=Wachsmann |isbn=978-3-7873-2928-1 |place=Hamburg |publisher=Felix Meiner |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQ2KDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA287 |chapter-url-access=limited}}</ref> == Legacy == [[File:Gerhard Thieme Archimedes.jpg|thumb|Bronze statue o Archimedes in Berlin]] Whiles cried the faither o mathematics<ref>Father of mathematics: Jane Muir, Of Men and Numbers: The Story of the Great Mathematicians, p 19.</ref> an o mathematical physics,<ref>James H. Williams Jr., Fundamentals of Applied Dynamics, p 30., Carl B. Boyer, Uta C. Merzbach, A History of Mathematics, p 111., Stuart Hollingdale, Makers of Mathematics, p 67., Igor Ushakov, In the Beginning, Was the Number (2), p 114.</ref> Archimedes is coontit the finest mathematician o antiquity bi near aa historians o science an mathematics.<ref>{{MacTutor |id=Archimedes |title= Archimedes of Syracuse |date=January 1999 }} {{pb}} {{cite book |last=Hirshfeld |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbcfLoZKDl8C&pg=PA206 |title=Eureka Man: The Life and Legacy of Archimedes |date=2009 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-8027-1979-9 |pages=206 |language=en |quote="the Archimedes Palimpsest has ridden the roiling waves of circumstance to become the most celebrated link to antiquity's greatest mathematician-inventor"}}</ref> Durin the [[Renaissance]], the ''editio princeps'' (first edition) o the warks o Archimedes in Greek an Laitin wis published in Basel in 1544 bi Johann Herwagen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Editions of Archimedes's Work |publisher=Brown University Library |year=1999 |url=https://library.brown.edu/exhibits/archive/math/wholefr.html}}</ref> Thir warks wis an influential soorce o ideas for scientists in the Renaissance an again in the 17t century.<ref> {{cite journal |last=Høyrup |first=Jens |year=2017 |title=Archimedes: Knowledge and Lore from Latin Antiquity to the Outgoing European Renaissance |journal=Gaņita Bhāratī |volume=39 |number=1 |pages=1–22 |url=http://webhotel4.ruc.dk/~jensh/Publications/2017%7Bg%7D_Archimedes%20--%20%20Knowledge%20and%20Lore_S.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629234642/http://webhotel4.ruc.dk/~jensh/Publications/2017%7Bg%7D_Archimedes%20--%20%20Knowledge%20and%20Lore_S.pdf |archive-date=2024-06-29 |access-date=2026-08-01 |url-status=dead}} Reprinted in {{Cite book |last=Hoyrup |first=J. |year=2019 |title=Selected Essays on Pre- and Early Modern Mathematical Practice |pages=459–477 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-19258-7_17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=A. |date=2018 |title=The method of Archimedes in the seventeenth century. |journal=The American Monthly |volume=125 |issue=3 |pages=267–272 |doi=10.1080/00029890.2018.1413857}}</ref> == See an aw == * [[Zhang Heng]] == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == {{Reflist}} === Warks citit === * {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Acerbi|first=Fabio |editor1-first=Paul T|editor1-last=Keyser|editor2-first=John| editor2-last=Scarborough| date=2018| title=Hellenistic Mathematics | encyclopedia = Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World | url=https://www.academia.edu/36286615 |access-date=2021-05-26| pages=268–292| doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734146.013.69| isbn=978-0-19-973414-6}} * {{cite book |last1=Dijksterhuis |first1=E. J. (Eduard Jan) |title=Archimedes |date=1987 |publisher=Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-08421-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/archimedes0000dijk_m6s3 |access-date=30 April 2025}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Archimedes}} [[Category:Archimedes| ]] [[Category:287 BC births]] [[Category:212 BC daiths]] [[Category:3rd-century BC Greek fowk]] [[Category:3rd-century BC writers]] [[Category:Fowk frae Syracuse, Sicily]] [[Category:Auncient Greek ingineers]] [[Category:Auncient Greek inventors]] [[Category:Auncient Greek mathematicians]] [[Category:Auncient Greek pheesicists]] [[Category:Hellenistic-era filosofers]] [[Category:Doric Greek writers]] [[Category:Sicilian Greeks]] [[Category:Sicilian mathematicians]] [[Category:Sicilian scientists]] [[Category:Murthert scientists]] [[Category:Geometers]] [[Category:Auncient Greeks wha wur muthered]] [[Category:Auncient Syracusians]] [[Category:Fluid deenamicists]] crv28klm3uhg8h3ky3ix9xr1zef6q83 0 1743 928073 927503 2026-11-11T18:20:36Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beuk series | name = Harry Potter | books = {{plainlist| * ''[[Harry Potter an the Philosopher's Stane]]'' (1997) * ''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets'' (1998) * ''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban'' (1999) * ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' (2000) * ''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix'' (2003) * ''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince'' (2005) * ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]'' (2007) }} | image = [[File:Harry Potter wordmark.svg|frameless|upright=1.25|alt=The ''Harry Potter'' logo, uised first in American editions o the novelle series an later in films.]] | image_caption = The ''Harry Potter'' logo first uised for the American edition o the novelle series (an some ither editions warldwide), an then the film series. | author = [[J. K. Rowling]] | country = Unitit Kinrick | language = Inglis | genre = Fantasy, [[drama]], young-adult fiction, mystery, thriller, Bildungsroman | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing (UK)<br />Arthur A. Levine Books (US)<br />Little, Brown (UK) | pub_date = 26 June 1997 – 21 July 2007,<br />31 July 2016<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35539552|title=Harry Potter and the Cursed Child to be eighth book|work=BBC News}}</ref> (ineetial publication) | media_type = Prent (hardback an paperback)<br />Audiobeuk<br />E-beuk ({{as of|2012|March|lc=y}})<ref>{{cite web |author=Peter Svensson |url=http://news.yahoo.com/harry-potter-breaks-e-book-lockdown-205343680.html |title=Harry Potter breaks e-book lockdown |publisher=Yahoo |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=29 July 2013 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305115144/http://news.yahoo.com/harry-potter-breaks-e-book-lockdown-205343680.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | number_of_books = 7 | website = {{URL|https://www.pottermore.com}} }} '''''Harry Potter''''' is a series o [[Fantasy|fantasy]] novelles written bi the Breetish author [[J. K. Rowling]]. The novelles tell the life o a young wizard, Harry Potter, an his freends [[Hermione Granger]] an [[Ron Weasley]], that are aa pupils at {{lang|en|[[Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry|Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry]]}}. The main story arc is Harry's fecht against [[Lord Voldemort]], a dark wizard that wants tae live for ever, owerthrow the wizards' governin body, the Ministry of Magic, an rule ower aa wizards an Muggles. Efter the first novelle, ''[[Harry Potter an the Philosopher's Stane]]'', cam oot on 26 Juin 1997, the beuks hae been hugely popular, praised bi critics an selt weel aw ower the warld. They hae a wide adult readership as weel as younger readers, an are aften seen as cornerstanes o modren young adult literature.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2996578.stm|title=Potter's place in the literary canon |publisher=BBC News|last=Allsobrook |first=Dr. Marian|date=18 June 2003|accessdate=15 October 2007}}</ref> The series haes haed its share o criticism, amang it concern aboot the tone gettin darker as the series gaed on, an the gruesome an graphic violence it whiles shaws. {{As of|2013|07}}, the beuks hae selt mair nor 450 million copies warldwide, that maks them the best-sellin beuk series in history, an they hae been owerset intae seiventy-three leids.<ref name="Translations for Harry Potter">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7649962.stm|title=Rowling 'makes £5 every second' |date=3 October 2008|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=17 October 2008}}</ref><ref name=PotterStats20130731>{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/07/31/because-its-his-birthday-harry-potter-by-the-numbers/|publisher=Time| title=Because It's His Birthday: Harry Potter, By the Numbers|author=TIME staff|date=31 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801013055/http://entertainment.time.com/2013/07/31/because-its-his-birthday-harry-potter-by-the-numbers/|archivedate=1 August 2013}}</ref> The last fower beuks set records ane efter the ither as the fastest-sellin beuks in history, an the last ane selt aboot eleiven million copies in the [[Unitit States]] in the first twinty-fower oors. The series wis first published in Inglis bi twa big publishers, Bloomsbury in the Unitit Kinrick an Scholastic Press in the Unitit States. A play, ''[[Harry Potter and the Cursed Child]]'', based on a story bi Rowling, stairtit at the Palace Theatre in Lunnon on 30 Julie 2016. Its script wis published bi Little, Brown as the aicht beuk in the series.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/10/new-harry-potter-cursed-child-eighth-book-july-play-script</ref> The original seiven beuks war makkit intae an aicht-pairt [[Harry Potter (film series)|film series]] bi [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]], that wis the second heichest-grossin film series o aw time {{as of|2015|August|lc=y}}. The franchise haes brocht oot a hantle o tie-in merchandise, that makkit the ''Harry Potter'' brand worth mair nor $15&nbsp;billion.<ref name="HP brand worth">{{cite news | url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/movers_and_shakers/article3663197.ece | title=Business big shot: Harry Potter author JK Rowling | accessdate=14 July 2009 | location=London | newspaper=The Times | first=Susan | last=Thompson | date=2 April 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611194604/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/movers_and_shakers/article3663197.ece | archive-date=2011-06-11 }}</ref> The series taks in monie genres, amang them [[Fantasy|fantasy]], [[drama]], comin o age an the Breetish schuil story (wi elements o mystery, thriller, adventure, horror an romance). The warld o ''Harry Potter'' explores a wheen o themes an cairies monie cultural meanins an references.<ref name="meanings">Sources that refer to the many genres, cultural meanings and references of the series include: * {{cite web|last=Fry|first=Stephen|authorlink=Stephen Fry|url=http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/1205-bbc-fry.html|title=Living with Harry Potter|publisher=BBC Radio 4|date=10 December 2005|accessdate=10 December 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602092002/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/1205-bbc-fry.html|archivedate=2 June 2009| url-status=dead }} * {{cite news|title=Why J.K. Rowling waited to read ''Harry Potter'' to her daughter|work=Entertainment Weekly|last=Jensen|first=Jeff|authorlink=Jeff Jensen|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2000/09/07/why-jk-rowling-waited-read-harry-potter-her-daughter|accessdate=19 August 2015|date=7 September 2000}} * {{cite web|title=The Last Chapter|author=Nancy Carpentier Brown|publisher=Our Sunday Visitor|year=2007|url=http://www.osv.com/Portals/0/images/pdf/TheLastChapter.pdf|accessdate=28 April 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013134200/http://www.osv.com/Portals/0/images/pdf/TheLastChapter.pdf|archivedate=13 October 2007 | url-status=dead }} * {{cite web|author=J. K. Rowling |title=J. K. Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival |url=http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=80 |accessdate=10 October 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820213620/http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=80 |archivedate=20 August 2006 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Accordin tae Rowling, the main theme is daith.<ref name="Geordie Greig">{{cite news |author=Greig |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/10/nrowl110.xml |title='There would be so much to tell her...' |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=4 April 2007 |date=11 January 2006 |location=London |first=Geordie |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311032026/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2006%2F01%2F10%2Fnrowl110.xml |archivedate=2007-03-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ither main themes in the series are prejudice, corruption an madness.<ref name=QuickQuoteQuill>{{cite news|url=http://www.quick-quote-quill.org/articles/2003/0302-newsround-mzimba.htm|publisher= Quick Quotes Quill| title=Interview with Steve Kloves and J.K. Rowling|author=Lizo Mzimba|date=28 July 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509001737/http://quick-quote-quill.org/articles/2003/0302-newsround-mzimba.htmaccess |archivedate=9 May 2015 }}</ref> Wi the success o the beuks an films, the ''Harry Potter'' franchise haes kept growin, wi monie warks drawn frae it. Amang them are a traivellin exhibition that stairtit in Chicago in 2009, a studio tour in Lunnon that stairtit in 2012, a digital platform whaur J.K. Rowling addit new information an insicht tae the series, an a series o spin-off films that stairtit in November 2016. Themed attractions, kent thegither as ''[[The Wizarding World of Harry Potter]]'', hae been biggit at a wheen o Universal Parks & Resorts amusement pairks aroond the warld. == Gallery == <gallery> File:Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Book Cover.jpg|Cover airt for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone File:Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.jpg|Cover airt for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets File:Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.jpg|Cover airt for Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban File:Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.jpg|Cover airt for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire File:Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.jpg|Cover airt for Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix File:Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince.jpg|Cover airt for Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince File:Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.jpg|Cover airt for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows </gallery> == References == <references/> {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1997 introductions]] [[Category:BILBY Awaird-winnin wirks]] [[Category:Comin-o-age feection]] [[Category:Curses in feection]] [[Category:Fantasy beuks]] [[Category:Schuils in feection]] [[Category:Family in feection]] [[Category:Witchcraft in written feection]] [[Category:Breetish novelles adaptit intae films]] {{Stub/Beuk}} {{Stub/Ingland}} 1zevjnjf9l65xo60zbvj1lsnd4gzfeq 0 1954 928021 894391 2026-11-11T15:21:01Z Zorpo 139978 928021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{PoliticsScotland}} The '''First Meenister o Scotland''' ({{lang-gd|'''Prìomh Mhinistear na h-Alba'''}}, {{lang-en|'''First Minister of Scotland'''}}) is the heid o the [[Scots Govrenment]]. The post wis estaiblisht in 1999 alangside the [[Scots Pairlament]] an the praisent First Meenister is [[John Swinney]], he haes haudit the post syne 8 Mey 2024.<ref name="govsco-fm">{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/first-minister/|title=Who runs government|website=gov.scot|publisher=[[Scots Govrenment]]|access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref> The First Meenister is chuised bi a vote o the Scots Pairlament an than appyntit bi the ringin [[Monarchy o the Unitit Kinrick|Monarch o the Unitit Kinrik]]. == Historie == The first body tae haud the poseetion o First Meenister wis [[Donald Dewar]], aften cried the ''[[Faither o the Naition]]'', or forbie the faither o devolved govrenment. Whan he wis [[Secretar o State for Scotland]], Dewar's acts an wirks wis instrumental in gettin the referrendum that led tae [[devolution]] in Scotland. He haudit the office he helpit tae create for a short time til it endit sudden-like whan he dee'd o a [[brain haemorrhage]] in 2000.<ref name="bbc-fms">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-20181669|title=Who have been Scotland's first ministers?|website=BBC News|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref> [[Henry McLeish]] teuk his place; he serred in the poseetion for a gey short time, haen tae demit efter a scaundal anent his finances while a [[Commissioner tae the Wastmeenster Pairlament|Wastmeenster CP]]. McLeish denee'd ony wrangdaein, claimin it wis a "''muddle, rather than a fiddle''", but muckle pressure wis brocht tae bear on him an he felt he haed nae chyce ither nor demittin; he did in 2001. McLeish's job wis taen ower bi [[Jack McConnell]], wha haed stuiden unsuccessfu agin McLeish for heidship o the [[Scots Labour Pairty]]. This made McConnell First Meenister fae then till 2007. McConnell said his kin of chiefship wad be chairacterised bi the Scots Executive ettlin tae "''do less, but do it better''". [[Alex Salmond]] wis First Meenister fae 2007 tae 2014 as the heid o a coalition government atween the [[Scots National Pairty]] (SNP) an the [[Scots Greens]] in a minorite govrenment. In 2012 he led the SNP tae become the first pairty tae win a majority o seats in the Scots Pairlament, this wis also the year whan the Scots Executive wis renemmed tae the Scots Govrenment. In 2014 Nicola Sturgeon teuk ower as heid o the SNP and First Meenister an wis reelectit in 2017. In 2023, Sturgeon demittit an wis replaced wi [[Humza Yousaf]], wha wis the first Asian an Muslim Scot tae hauld the post.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Faye |title=Humza Yousaf elected by MSPs as Scotland's new first minister |url=https://news.sky.com/story/humza-yousaf-elected-by-msps-as-scotlands-new-first-minister-12844090 |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=Sky News |date=28 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Yousaf demittit in Mey 2024 efter the collapse o the Bute House Greeance wi the Green Pairty an wis succeedit bi [[John Swinney]]. The First Meenister is Keeper o the [[Great Seal o Scotland]], an thair place in the [[order o precedence in Scotland]] is determinit bi that office.<ref name="sco1998">{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/46/section/45|title=Scotland Act 1998, section 45(7)|website=legislation.gov.uk|publisher=[[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick]]|access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref> == Offeecial bidin == [[Bute House]] in [[Embro]]'s Charlotte Square is the offeecial hame o the First Meenister. == Leet o First Meenisters o Scotland == * [[Donald Dewar]] (1999-2000) [[Scots Labour Pairty|Labour]] * [[Henry McLeish]] (2000-2001) Labour * [[Jack McConnell]] (2001-2007) Labour * [[Alex Salmond]] (2007-2014) [[Scots National Pairty|SNP]] * [[Nicola Sturgeon]] (2014-2023) SNP * [[Humza Yousaf]] (2023-2024) SNP * [[John Swinney]] (2024-present) SNP == Leet o [[Depute First Meinister o Scotland|Depute First Meenisters o Scotland]] == * [[Jim Wallace]] (1999-2005) [[Scots Leeberal Democrats|Leeberal Democrat]] * [[Nicol Stephen]] (2005-2007) Leeberal Democrat * [[Nicola Sturgeon]] (2007-2014) [[Scots National Pairty|SNP]] * [[John Swinney]] (2014-2023) SNP * [[Shona Robison]] (2023-2024) SNP * [[Kate Forbes]] (2024-2026) SNP * [[Jenny Gilruth]] (2026-present) SNP == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Politics o Scotland]] {{Stub/scotpol}} r3sf5vbljnmwqfltzdi2a3p5edwgpmg 0 3592 928108 914466 2026-11-11T20:44:51Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928108 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cabinet Secretary for Net Zero, Energy and Transport, Michael Matheson.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Michael Matheson, 2021]] '''Michael Matheson''' (born [[1970]] in [[Glesga]]),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biography {{!}} Michael Matheson MSP|url=https://michaelmatheson.org/bio/|access-date=2022-05-12|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523123134/https://michaelmatheson.org/bio/|archive-date=2022-05-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a [[Scotland|Scots]] politeecian, an a [[Commissioners tae the Scots Pairlament|Commissioner tae the Scots Pairlament]], representin the [[Scots National Pairty]] (SNP). In baith [[1999]] an [[2003]], he wis waled fae the Central Scotland regional leet, afore bein electit in [[Fawkirk]] Wast in 2007. Frae 2014 tae 2018 he wis Cabinet Secretar for Juistice in the [[Scots Govrenment]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Michael Matheson MSP|url=https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/michael-matheson/|access-date=2022-05-12|website=www.gov.scot|language=en|archive-date=2022-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512182305/https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/michael-matheson/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Syne May 2021 election he is Cabinet Secretar for Net Zero [[Energy]] an [[Transport]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cabinet Secretary for Net Zero, Energy and Transport - gov.scot|url=https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/cabinet-secretary-for-net-zero-energy-and-transport/|url-status=dead|access-date=2022-01-17|website=www.gov.scot|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117130954/https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/cabinet-secretary-for-net-zero-energy-and-transport/}}</ref> ==Fremmit airtins== * [http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/msp/membersPages/michael_matheson/index.htm Biographie at Scots Pairlament offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051031124242/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/msp/membersPages/michael_matheson/index.htm |date=2005-10-31 }} - ''in Inglis'' == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Matheson, Michael}} [[Category:1970 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Alumni o Queen Margaret Varsity]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 1999–2003]] [[Category:Scots National Pairty MSPs]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2003–07]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2007–11]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2011–16]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2016–]] [[Category:Juistice meenisters o Scotland]] [[Category:Politeecians frae Glesga]] {{Stub/Scotland}} {{stub/scotpol}} ayw21jz7tce5w3omowx6d2yoq1bxtoc 0 4022 928032 927470 2026-11-11T15:47:46Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | above = Atom | abovestyle = background-color:#B5B5CC; | headerstyle = background-color:#B5B5CC; | image = [[File:Helium atom QM.svg|300px|A helium atom in its grund state]] | caption = A pictur o a [[helium]] atom, shawin the [[Atomic nucleus|nucleus]] (pink) an the spreid o the electron clood (black). The nucleus (tap richt) in helium-4 is in fact spherically symmetric an closely resembles the electron clood, awthou for mair complicatit nuclei this isnae aye the case. The black bar is wan angstrom ({{val|e=-10|u=m}} or {{val|100|ul=pm}}). | header1 = Clessification | data2 = The smallest recognised division o a chemical element | header3 = Properties | label4 = Mass range | data4 = {{val|1.67|e=-27}} tae {{val|4.52|e=-25|u=kg}} | label5 = [[Electric chairge]] | data5 = zero (neutral), or the chairge o an [[ion]] | label6 = Diameter range | data6 = 62&nbsp;pm ([[Helium|He]]) tae 520&nbsp;pm ([[Caesium|Cs]]) | label7 = Components | data7 = [[Electron]]s an a compact [[Atomic nucleus|nucleus]] o [[proton]]s an [[Neutron|neutrons]] }} '''Atoms''' are the basic particles o the [[chemical element]]s an the fundamental biggin blocks o [[Maiter|maiter]]. An atom is the smallest unit o ordinary maiter that haes the properties o a chemical element.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Atom|encyclopedia=[[Compendium of Chemical Terminology|Compendium of Chemical Terminology (IUPAC Gold Book)]]|publisher=IUPAC|edition=2nd|url=http://goldbook.iupac.org/A00493.html|access-date=2015-04-25}}</ref> It haes a [[Atomic nucleus|nucleus]] o [[proton]]s an, maistly, [[Neutron|neutrons]], wi a swarm o [[electron]]s aroon it, held in bi electromagnetic force. The chemical elements are distinguished frae ilk ither bi the nummer o protons in thair atoms. For example, ony atom wi 11 protons is [[sodium]], an ony atom wi 29 protons is [[Capper|capper]]. Atoms wi the same nummer o protons but a different nummer o neutrons are cried [[isotope]]s o the same element. Atoms are extremely sma, maistly aboot 100&nbsp;[[Picometre|picometre]] across. Atoms are smaller nor the shortest wavelength o [[Licht|visible licht]], an therefore humans cannae see them throu an ordinar microscope. Mair nor 99.94% o an atom's [[mass]] is in the nucleus.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Edwards, Vennie |title=Electron Theory |publisher=EDTECH |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-83947-382-1 |page=50}}</ref> If the nummers o protons an electrons are equal, as they uisually are, the atom is electrically neutral as a hale. An atom wi a chairge is cried an [[ion]]. Atoms can jyne tae wan or mair ither atoms throu chemical bonds an mak chemical compoonds sic as [[molecule]]s or [[Creestal|crystals]]. == History o atomic theory == {{Main|Atomism}} [[File:Daltons symbols.gif|thumb|right|Atoms an molecules o different kinds frae ''A New System of Chemical Philosophy'' (John Dalton, 1808)]] The idea that maiter is makkit up o tiny particles that cannae be split turns up in monie auncient cultures. Thir auld ideas cam frae philosophical reasonin raither nor scientific evidence, an modren atomic theory isnae based on them.<ref name="Pullman-1998">{{cite book|last1=Pullman|first1=Bernard|title=The Atom in the History of Human Thought|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|isbn=978-0-19-515040-7|pages=31–33|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQs5hur-BpgC&q=Leucippus+Democritus+atom&pg=PA56|access-date=25 October 2020|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205165029/https://books.google.com/books?id=IQs5hur-BpgC&q=Leucippus+Democritus+atom&pg=PA56|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[#refMelsen1952|Melsen (1952). ''From Atomos to Atom'', pp. 18–19]].</ref> The wird ''atom'' comes frae the [[Auncient Greek]] wird ''atomos'', meanin "uncuttable". It wis uised bi the Greek philosophers [[Leucippus]] an his pupil [[Democritus]], that developed this idea in the 5th century BC.<ref>''The atomists, Leucippus and Democritus: fragments, a text and translation with a commentary'' by C.C.W. Taylor, University of Toronto Press Incorporated, 1999, {{ISBN|0-8020-4390-9}}, pp. 157-158.</ref><ref name="Pullman-1998"/> In the early 1800s [[John Dalton]] gaithered experimental data, his ain an ither scientists', an fund a pattren nou kent as the "law o multiple proportions". This pattren suggestit that ilka element combines wi ither elements in multiples o a basic unit o wecht, an that ilka element haes its ain unit o wecht. Dalton decidit tae caw thir units "atoms".<ref>Pullman (1998). ''The Atom in the History of Human Thought'', p. 199: "The constant ratios, expressible in terms of integers, of the weights of the constituents in composite bodies could be construed as evidence on a macroscopic scale of interactions at the microscopic level between basic units with fixed weights. For Dalton, this agreement strongly suggested a corpuscular structure of matter, even though it did not constitute definite proof."</ref> In 1905 [[Albert Einstein]] pruived that molecules an thair motions war real, wi the first analysis o Brownian motion in statistical physics.<ref name=adp322_8_549>{{cite journal|last=Einstein|first=Albert|year=1905|title=Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen|journal=[[Annalen der Physik]]|volume=322|issue=8|pages=549–560|language=de|url=http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/dokumente/einstein2.pdf|doi=10.1002/andp.19053220806|bibcode=1905AnP...322..549E|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718202731/http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/dokumente/einstein2.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2007|url-status=dead|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mazo|first=Robert M.|year=2002 |title=Brownian Motion: Fluctuations, Dynamics, and Applications |url=https://archive.org/details/brownianmotion00mazo|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-851567-7 |oclc=48753074|pages=[https://archive.org/details/brownianmotion00mazo/page/n11 1]–7}} </ref><ref name=lee_hoon1995>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Y.K.|year=1995|author2=Hoon, K.|title=Brownian Motion|url=http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_95/journal/vol4/ykl/report.html|publisher=[[Imperial College]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218061408/http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_95/journal/vol4/ykl/report.html|archive-date=18 December 2007}}</ref> The French physicist [[Jean Baptiste Perrin|Jean Perrin]] uised Einstein's wark tae measure the mass an size o atoms bi experiment, an thus conclusively confirmed Dalton's atomic theory.<ref name=e31_2_50>{{cite journal|last=Patterson|first=G.|year=2007 |title=Jean Perrin and the triumph of the atomic doctrine|journal=[[Endeavour (journal)|Endeavour]]|volume=31|issue=2|pages=50–53|doi=10.1016/j.endeavour.2007.05.003|pmid=17602746}}</ref> In 1897 [[J. J. Thomson]] discovert that cathode rays can be bent aff thair coorse bi electric an magnetic fields. This meant that cathode rays werenae a kind o licht but war makkit o electrically chairged particles, an the airt they war bent in shawed that thair chairge wis negative.<ref>{{cite journal |author=J. J. Thomson |url=https://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/thomson1897.html |title=Cathode rays |journal=Philosophical Magazine |volume=44 |issue=269 |pages=293–316 |year=1897 |archive-date=12 August 2015 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812112129/http://web.lemoyne.edu/%7EGIUNTA/thomson1897.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Geiger-Marsden experiment expectation and result.svg|thumb|right|The Rutherford scatterin experiments: some alpha particles war scattered that faur that it suggestit a nucleus o concentratit chairge.]] Atween 1908 an 1913 [[Ernest Rutherford]] an his colleagues [[Hans Geiger]] an [[Ernest Marsden]] fired a beam o alpha particles at thin metal foils, tae measure hou the particles war scattered. They saw a sma nummer o alpha particles bein bent aff thair coorse bi angles greater nor 90°. Rutherford proposed that the positive chairge o the atom is concentratit in a tiny volume at the centre o the atom, an that the electrons surroond this nucleus in a diffuse clood. This nucleus cairied near aa the atom's mass.<ref name="Heilbron2003p64-68">[[#refHeilbron2003|Heilbron (2003). ''Ernest Rutherford and the Explosion of Atoms'', pp. 64–68]].</ref> In 1913 the physicist [[Niels Bohr]] proposed a new model in that the electrons o an atom orbit the nucleus, but anerly in a set nummer o orbits. They can anerly lowp atween thir orbits in separate chynges o energy, matchin the absorption or radiation o a [[photon]].<ref name=stern20050516>{{cite web|last=Stern|first=David P.|date=16 May 2005|title=The Atomic Nucleus and Bohr's Early Model of the Atom|url=http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Q5.htm|publisher=[[NASA]]/[[Goddard Space Flight Center]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820084047/http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Q5.htm|archive-date=20 August 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> The same year the radiochemist Frederick Soddy, while experimentin wi the products o radioactive decay, discovert that thare seemed tae be mair nor wan kind o atom at ilka position on the periodic table.<ref name=npc1921>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/soddy-bio.html|title=Frederick Soddy, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|access-date=18 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409210519/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/soddy-bio.html|archive-date=9 April 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1919 Rutherford fired alpha particles intae [[nitrogen]] gas an detectit hydrogen ions comin aff the gas.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rutherford, Ernest|url=https://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/rutherford.html|title=Collisions of alpha Particles with Light Atoms. IV. An Anomalous Effect in Nitrogen|journal=Philosophical Magazine|year=1919|volume=37|page=581|doi=10.1080/14786440608635919|issue=222|archive-date=7 June 2010|access-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607130209/http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This led him tae conclude that the hydrogen nucleus is a single particle wi a positive chairge equal tae the electron's negative chairge.<ref>''The Development of the Theory of Atomic Structure'' (Rutherford 1936). Reprinted in ''Background to Modern Science: Ten Lectures at Cambridge arranged by the History of Science Committee 1936'':<br />"In 1919 I showed that when light atoms were bombarded by α-particles they could be broken up with the emission of a proton, or hydrogen nucleus. We therefore presumed that a proton must be one of the units of which the nuclei of other atoms were composed..."</ref> Rutherford also proposed unkent particles wi nae electric chairge an a mass equal tae that o the proton. In 1932 [[James Chadwick]] fired the "beryllium radiation" that [[Walther Bothe]] haed fund in 1928 at hydrogen, nitrogen an ither elements. He worked oot that the radiation wis makkit o electrically neutral particles wi a mass lik that o a proton, an claimed thir particles as Rutherford's neutrons.<ref>{{cite journal|author=James Chadwick |year=1932|url=http://web.mit.edu/22.54/resources/Chadwick.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://web.mit.edu/22.54/resources/Chadwick.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Possible Existence of a Neutron|doi=10.1038/129312a0|journal=Nature|page=312|volume=129|bibcode = 1932Natur.129Q.312C|issue=3252|s2cid=4076465|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 1938 the German chemist [[Otto Hahn]], a student o Rutherford, fired neutrons at uranium atoms, expectin tae get transuranium elements. Insteid, his chemical experiments shawed [[barium]] as a product.<ref name=Bowden>{{cite book|last1=Bowden|first1=Mary Ellen|title=Chemical achievers: the human face of the chemical sciences|date=1997|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-941901-12-3|chapter=Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd/page/76 76–80, 125]|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd/page/76}}</ref><ref name="CHF">{{cite web|title=Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/otto-hahn-lise-meitner-and-fritz-strassmann|website=Science History Institute|date=June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130950/https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/otto-hahn-lise-meitner-and-fritz-strassmann|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> A year later [[Lise Meitner]] an her nephew Otto Frisch confirmed that Hahn's result wis the first experimental nuclear fission.<ref name=nature143_3615_239>{{cite journal |last1=Meitner|first1=Lise|last2=Frisch|first2=Otto Robert|year=1939|title=Disintegration of uranium by neutrons: a new type of nuclear reaction|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=143 |issue=3615 |pages=239–240 |doi=10.1038/143239a0 |bibcode = 1939Natur.143..239M |s2cid=4113262}}</ref><ref name=schroeder>{{cite web|last=Schroeder|first=M.|title=Lise Meitner – Zur 125. Wiederkehr Ihres Geburtstages|url=http://www.physik3.gwdg.de/~mrs/Vortraege/Lise_Meitner-Vortrag-20031106/|language=de|access-date=4 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719034227/http://www.physik3.gwdg.de/~mrs/Vortraege/Lise_Meitner-Vortrag-20031106/|archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> [[File:S-p-Orbitals.svg|thumb|right|The modren model o atomic orbitals shaws the zones whaur an electron is maist likly tae be fund at ony moment.]] [[Louis de Broglie]] proposed that aa particles behave lik waves tae some extent.<ref>{{cite book |title=Introducing Quantum Theory |author1=McEvoy, J. P. |author2=Zarate, Oscar |publisher=Totem Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-84046-577-8 |pages=110–114}}</ref> In 1926 [[Erwin Schrödinger]] uised this idea tae develop the Schrödinger equation, that describes electrons as three-dimensional waveforms raither nor points in space.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kozłowski |first=Miroslaw |year=2019 |title=The Schrödinger equation A History |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332241721}}</ref> Thus the planetary model o the atom wis discarded in favour o wan that describit zones aroon the nucleus, cried atomic orbitals, whaur a gien electron is maist likly tae be fund.<ref name=harrison2000>{{cite web|last=Harrison|first=David M.|year=2000|title=The Development of Quantum Mechanics|url=http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/DevelQM/DevelQM.html|publisher=[[University of Toronto]]| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071225095938/http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/DevelQM/DevelQM.html| archive-date= 25 December 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> == Structure == === Subatomic particles === The atom is makkit up o subatomic particles: the [[electron]], the [[proton]] an the [[neutron]]. The electron is the lichtest o thir particles bi fower orders o magnitude, at {{val|9.11|e=-31|u=kg}}. It haes a negative [[Electric chairge|electric chairge]], an a size ower sma tae be measured wi the techniques available.<ref>{{cite book|last=Demtröder|first=Wolfgang|year=2002|title=Atoms, Molecules and Photons: An Introduction to Atomic- Molecular- and Quantum Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/atomsmoleculesph00demt_277|url-access=limited|publisher=Springer|edition=1st|isbn=978-3-540-20631-6|oclc=181435713|pages=[https://archive.org/details/atomsmoleculesph00demt_277/page/n51 39]–42}}</ref> Protons hae a positive chairge an a mass o {{val|1.6726|e=-27|u=kg}}. The nummer o protons in an atom is cried its [[Atomic nummer|atomic nummer]]. Neutrons hae nae electric chairge an a mass o {{val|1.6749|e=-27|u=kg}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Woan|first=Graham|year=2000|title=The Cambridge Handbook of Physics|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57507-2|oclc=224032426|page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgehandboo0000woan/page/8 8]|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehandboo0000woan/page/8}}</ref><ref name="2014 CODATA">Mohr, P.J.; Taylor, B.N. and Newell, D.B. (2014), [https://physics.nist.gov/constants "The 2014 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211083747/http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html |date=11 February 2012 }} (Web Version 7.0). The database was developed by J. Baker, M. Douma, and [[Svetlana Kotochigova|S. Kotochigova]]. (2014). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899.</ref> In the Standard Model o physics, electrons are truly elementary particles wi nae internal structure, but protons an neutrons are makkit up o elementary particles cried [[quark]]s.<ref name=pdg2002>{{cite web|author=Particle Data Group|year=2002|url=http://www.particleadventure.org/|title=The Particle Adventure|publisher=Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070104075936/http://www.particleadventure.org/| archive-date= 4 January 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name=schombert2006>{{cite web|first=James|last=Schombert|date=18 April 2006|url=http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec07.html|title=Elementary Particles|publisher=University of Oregon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830212645/http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec07.html|archive-date=30 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nucleus === {{Main|Atomic nucleus}} Aa the bound protons an neutrons in an atom mak up a tiny [[atomic nucleus]]. The radius o a nucleus ranges frae 2 tae 7 femtometres, stairtin wi hydrogen an endin wi uranium.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jevremovic|first=Tatjana|year=2005|title=Nuclear Principles in Engineering|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-23284-3|oclc=228384008|page=73}}</ref> Whit hauds the nucleons thegither is a short-range attractive force cried the residual strong force.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pfeffer|first1=Jeremy I.|last2=Nir|first2=Shlomo|year=2000|title=Modern Physics: An Introductory Text|publisher=Imperial College Press|isbn=978-1-86094-250-1|oclc=45900880|pages=330–336}}</ref> Within wan element the nummer o neutrons can vary, an this determines the [[isotope]] o that element. The nummer o neutrons relative tae the protons determines hou stable the nucleus is, wi certaint isotopes undergaun [[radioactive decay]].<ref name=wenner2007>{{cite web|last=Wenner|first=Jennifer M.|date=10 October 2007|url=http://serc.carleton.edu/quantskills/methods/quantlit/RadDecay.html|title=How Does Radioactive Decay Work?|publisher=Carleton College|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511173156/http://serc.carleton.edu/quantskills/methods/quantlit/RadDecay.html|archive-date=11 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> === Electron clood === Electrons, lik ither particles, hae properties o baith a particle an a wave. Thair behaviour is defined bi an atomic orbital, a mathematical function that gies the probability that an electron will appear tae be at a parteecular place whan its position is measured.<ref name=science157_3784_13>{{cite journal|last=Mulliken|first=Robert S.|title=Spectroscopy, Molecular Orbitals, and Chemical Bonding|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |year=1967|volume=157|issue=3784|pages=13–24|doi=10.1126/science.157.3784.13|pmid=5338306|bibcode = 1967Sci...157...13M }}</ref> Ilka orbital matches a parteecular energy level. An electron can lowp tae a heicher energy level bi absorbin a [[photon]] wi eneuch energy, an drap tae a lower level bi giein aff the extra energy as a photon. Thir characteristic energies are the cause o atomic spectral lines.<ref name=Brucat2008>{{cite web|last=Brucat |first=Philip J. |year=2008 |url=http://www.chem.ufl.edu/~itl/2045/lectures/lec_10.html |title=The Quantum Atom |publisher=University of Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207032136/http://www.chem.ufl.edu/~itl/2045/lectures/lec_10.html |archive-date=7 December 2006 }}</ref> The electrons faurest frae the nucleus can be passed tae ither atoms nearhaund, or shared atween atoms. Bi this mechanism atoms bond intae [[molecule]]s an ither kinds o chemical compoonds, lik ionic an [[Covalent bond|covalent]] network crystals.<ref>{{cite book|last=Smirnov|first=Boris M.|year=2003|title=Physics of Atoms and Ions|url=https://archive.org/details/physicsatomsions00smir|url-access=limited|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-95550-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/physicsatomsions00smir/page/n262 249]–272}}</ref> == Properties == {{Main|Isotope}} Aboot 339 nuclides occur naiturally on [[Yird]],<ref name=lidsay20000730>{{cite web|last=Lindsay|first=Don|date=30 July 2000|url=http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/creation/isotope_list.html|title=Radioactives Missing From The Earth|publisher=Don Lindsay Archive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428225550/http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/creation/isotope_list.html|archive-date=28 April 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> an 251 o them (aboot 74%) hae no been seen tae decay, an are cried "stable isotopes".<ref name=tuli2005>{{cite web|first=Jagdish K.|last=Tuli|date=April 2005|title=Nuclear Wallet Cards|publisher=National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory|url=http://nucleus.iaea.org/CIR/CIR/NuclearWalletCards.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003185243/http://nucleus.iaea.org/CIR/CIR/NuclearWalletCards.html|archive-date=3 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Aa kent isotopes o elements wi atomic nummers greater nor 82 are radioactive, awthou the radioactivity o element 83 ([[bismuth]]) is sae slicht that it is practically negligible.<ref name=s131>{{cite book|last=Sills|first=Alan D.|year=2003|title=Earth Science the Easy Way|publisher=Barron's Educational Series|isbn=978-0-7641-2146-3|oclc=51543743|pages=[https://archive.org/details/earthscienceeasy00alan/page/131 131–134]|url=https://archive.org/details/earthscienceeasy00alan/page/131}}</ref><ref name=dume20030423>{{cite news|last=Dumé|first=Belle|date=23 April 2003|title=Bismuth breaks half-life record for alpha decay|publisher=Physics World|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/17319| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071214151450/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/17319| archive-date= 14 December 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> Ilka radioactive isotope haes a characteristic decay time, the [[half-life|hauf-life]], that is the time it taks for hauf o a sample tae decay.<ref name=splung>{{cite web |url=http://www.splung.com/content/sid/5/page/radioactivity |title=Radioactivity |publisher=Splung.com |access-date=19 December 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071204135150/http://www.splung.com/content/sid/5/page/radioactivity| archive-date= 4 December 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> The total nummer o protons an neutrons (cried "nucleons") in an atom is cried the mass nummer: for example, "carbon-12" haes 12 nucleons (sax protons an sax neutrons). The mass o an atom at rest is aften gien in daltons (Da), also cried the unified atomic mass unit (u). This unit is defined as a twalt o the mass o a free neutral atom o [[Caurbon-12|carbon-12]], that is aboot {{val|1.66|e=-27|u=kg}}.<ref name=iupac>{{cite book |last=Mills |first=Ian |author2=Cvitaš, Tomislav |author3=Homann, Klaus |author4=Kallay, Nikola |author5=Kuchitsu, Kozo |title=Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry |publisher=[[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]], Commission on Physiochemical Symbols Terminology and Units, Blackwell Scientific Publications |location=Oxford |edition=2nd |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-632-03583-0 |oclc=27011505 |url=https://archive.org/details/quantitiesunitss0000unse/page/70 |page=[https://archive.org/details/quantitiesunitss0000unse/page/70 70] }}</ref> Atoms hae nae clear ooter edge; therefore thair size is uisually describit in terms o an atomic radius: a measure o hou faur the electron clood reaches oot frae the nucleus.<ref name=Ghosh02>{{cite journal | author = Ghosh, D.C. |author2= Biswas, R. | title = Theoretical calculation of Absolute Radii of Atoms and Ions. Part 1. The Atomic Radii | journal = Int. J. Mol. Sci. | volume = 3 |issue= 11 | pages = 87–113 | year = 2002 | doi=10.3390/i3020087|bibcode= 2002IJMSc...3...87G | doi-access = free }}</ref> On the [[Periodic cairt|periodic table]], the size o atoms tends tae increase gaun doon the columns, but decrease gaun across the rows (left tae richt).<ref name=dong1998>{{cite web|last=Dong|first=Judy|year=1998 |url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/MichaelPhillip.shtml|title=Diameter of an Atom|publisher=The Physics Factbook| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071104160920/http://hypertextbook.com/facts/MichaelPhillip.shtml| archive-date= 4 November 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> Consequently, the smallest atom is [[helium]], wi a radius o 32&nbsp;pm, while wan o the lairgest is [[caesium]] at 225&nbsp;pm.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zumdahl|first=Steven S.|year=2002 |title=Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation |edition=5th|publisher=Houghton Mifflin |url=http://college.hmco.com/chemistry/intro/zumdahl/intro_chemistry/5e/students/protected/periodictables/pt/pt/pt_ar5.html |isbn=978-0-618-34342-3 |oclc=173081482| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080304155935/http://college.hmco.com/chemistry/intro/zumdahl/intro_chemistry/5e/students/protected/periodictables/pt/pt/pt_ar5.html| archive-date= 4 March 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> == Origin == Electrons are thocht tae hae existit in the Universe syne the early stages o the [[Big Bang]]. In aboot three minutes, Big Bang nucleosynthesis makkit maist o the [[helium]], [[lithium]] an deuterium in the Universe, an mibbie some o the [[beryllium]] an [[boron]].<ref name=ns1794_42>{{cite journal|last=Croswell |first=Ken |title=Boron, bumps and the Big Bang: Was matter spread evenly when the Universe began? Perhaps not; the clues lie in the creation of the lighter elements such as boron and beryllium |journal=New Scientist |year=1991 |issue=1794 |page=42 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13217944.700-boron-bumps-and-the-big-bang-was-matter-spread-evenly-whenthe-universe-began-perhaps-not-the-clues-lie-in-the-creation-of-thelighter-elements-such-as-boron-and-beryllium.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207065342/http://space.newscientist.com/article/mg13217944.700-boron-bumps-and-the-big-bang-was-matter-spread-evenly-whenthe-universe-began-perhaps-not-the-clues-lie-in-the-creation-of-thelighter-elements-such-as-boron-and-beryllium.html |archive-date=7 February 2008 }}</ref><ref name=science267_5195_192>{{cite journal |last1=Copi |first1=Craig J. |last2=Schramm |first2=DN |last3=Turner |first3=MS |year=1995 |title=Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis and the Baryon Density of the Universe |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=267 |issue=5195 |pages=192–199 |doi=10.1126/science.7809624 |pmid=7809624 |arxiv=astro-ph/9407006 |bibcode=1995Sci...267..192C |s2cid=15613185 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/265576 |type=Submitted manuscript|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814070006/https://cds.cern.ch/record/265576 |archive-date=14 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=hinshaw20051215>{{cite web |last=Hinshaw|first=Gary|date=15 December 2005 |url=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101bbtest2.html |title=Tests of the Big Bang: The Light Elements |publisher=NASA/WMAP| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080117021252/http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101bbtest2.html| archive-date= 17 January 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> Atoms (complete wi bound electrons) cam tae dominate ower chairged particles 380,000&nbsp;years efter the Big Bang. This epoch is cried recombination, whan the expandin Universe cuiled eneuch for electrons tae jyne on tae nuclei.<ref name=abbott20070530>{{cite web|last=Abbott |first=Brian |date=30 May 2007 |url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/universe/duguide/exgg_wmap.php |title=Microwave (WMAP) All-Sky Survey |publisher=Hayden Planetarium|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213023246/http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/universe/duguide/exgg_wmap.php |archive-date=13 February 2013 }}</ref> Syne the Big Bang, that makkit nae [[Caurbon|carbon]] or hivvier elements, atomic nuclei hae been combined in [[Starn|starns]] throu [[nuclear fusion]] tae mak mair helium, an the sequence o elements frae carbon up tae [[Airn|airn]].<ref name=mnras106_343>{{cite journal |title=The synthesis of the elements from hydrogen |first=F. |last=Hoyle |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=106|issue=5 |pages=343–383|year=1946 |bibcode=1946MNRAS.106..343H |doi=10.1093/mnras/106.5.343|doi-access=free }}</ref> Elements hivvier nor airn war makkit in supernovae an collidin neutron starns throu the r-process, an in AGB starns throu the s-process. Baith involve atomic nuclei capturin neutrons.<ref name=mashnik2000>{{cite arXiv |last=Mashnik|first=Stepan G. |title=On Solar System and Cosmic Rays Nucleosynthesis and Spallation Processes |eprint=astro-ph/0008382 |year=2000 }}</ref> == References == {{reflist|30em}} === Warks citit === * {{cite book |author=Andrew G. van Melsen |translator=Henry J. Koren |year=2004 |orig-date=1952 |title=From Atomos to Atom: The History of the Concept Atom |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=0-486-49584-1 |ref=refMelsen1952}} * {{cite book |author=John L. Heilbron |year=2003 |title=Ernest Rutherford and the Explosion of Atoms |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-512378-6 |ref=refHeilbron2003 }} == Freemit airtins == {{Sister project links|voy=no|wikt=atom|v=The Atom|n=no|q=Atom|s=The New Student's Reference Work}} * [https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_01.html Atoms in Motion – The Feynman Lectures on Physics] * {{cite web|first=Tim|last=Sharp|title=What is an Atom?|url=https://www.livescience.com/37206-atom-definition.html|publisher=Live Science|date=8 August 2017}} {{Commonscat|Atoms}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Atoms| ]] [[Category:Concepts in physics]] [[Category:Chemistry]] 58jjbiy9h5by4ltr4rtqsu4on049liw 0 4976 928111 916874 2026-11-11T20:55:03Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|42|30|N|19|18|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =Montenegro <!--#### Do ''not'' change! #####--> | common_name = Montenegro | native_name ={{native name|cg|Црна Гора}}<br/>{{native name|cg|Crna Gora|italics=no}} | image_flag = Flag of Montenegro.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Montenegro.svg | national_motto = | national_anthem = <br />''[[Oj, svijetla majska zoro|Ој, свијетла мајска зоро]]''<br />Oj, svijetla majska zoro<br />{{small|''Oh, Bricht Dawn o Mey''}}<br /><center>[[File:National Anthem of Montenegro.ogg]]</center> | image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=Green |region=Europe |region_color=Dark Grey |legend=Europe-Montenegro.svg}} | capital = [[Podgorica]]^a | coordinates = {{Coord|42|47|N|19|28|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Montenegrin leid|Montenegrin]]<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=187544 |title=Constitution of Montenegro |chapter-url=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=187544#LinkTarget_1506 |chapter=Language and alphabet Article 13 |publisher=[[WIPO]] |date=19 October 2007 |quote=The official language in Montenegro shall be Montenegrin. Cyrillic and Latin alphabet shall be equal.}}</ref> | languages_type = {{nobold|Ither leids<br />in offeecial use}}<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=187544 |title=Constitution of Montenegro |chapter-url=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=187544#LinkTarget_1506 |chapter=Language and alphabet Article 13 |publisher=[[WIPO]] |date=19 October 2007 |quote= Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian shall also be in the official use.}}</ref> | languages = {{unbulleted list | [[Serbie leid|Serbie]] | [[Bosnie leid|Bosnie]] | [[Albanie leid|Albanie]] | [[Croatie leid|Croatien]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 44.6% [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]] | 28.7% [[Serbs o Montenegro|Serbs]] | 8.6% [[Bosniaks o Montenegro|Bosniaks]] | 4.9% [[Albanies in Montenegro|Albanians]] | 0.9% [[Croats o Montenegro|Croats]] | 13.5% Others }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2011<ref name=Monstat>{{cite web |url=http://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/saopstenje/saopstenje(1).pdf |title= Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2011 |publisher=Monstat |accessdate=12 July 2011}}</ref> | demonym = Montenegrin | government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Dominant-pairty seestem|dominant-pairty]] [[pairlamentary seestem|pairlamentary]] [[republic|constitutional republic]] | leader_title1 = [[Preses o Montenegro|Preses]] | leader_name1 = [[Jakov Milatović]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Meenister o Montenegro|Prime Meenister]] | leader_name2 = [[Milojko Spajić]] | legislature = [[Pairlament o Montenegro|Skupština]] | sovereignty_type = Events | established_event1 = Formation o [[Duklja]] as a vassal o [[Byzantine Empire]] | established_date1 = 625{{dubious|date=August 2017}} | established_event2 = [[Duklja]] gains unthirldom frae the Byzantine Empire | established_date2 = 1042 | established_event3 = [[Kinrick o Zeta]] proclaimed | established_date3 = 1373 | established_event4 = [[Prince-Bishopric o Montenegro]] foondit | established_date4 = 1696 | established_event5 = [[Principality o Montenegro|Principality]] | established_date5 = 1 Januar 1852 | established_event6 = [[Kinrick o Montenegro|Kinrick]] | established_date6 = 28 August 1910 | established_event7= Formation o [[Kinrick o Yugoslavie|Yugoslavie]] | established_date7 = 1 December 1918 | established_event8 = [[Montenegrin independence referendum, 2006|Unthirldom regained]] | established_date8 = 3 Juin 2006 | area_rank = 156t | area_sq_mi = 5,332 | percent_water = 1.5 | population_estimate = 622,387<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/demografija/procjene%20stanovnistva/2016/Saopstenje%202016(1).pdf|title=Procjene stanovništva i osnovni demografski pokazatelji 2016. godina|website=Monstat.org|accessdate=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201020205/https://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/demografija/procjene%20stanovnistva/2016/Saopstenje%202016(1).pdf|archive-date=2018-02-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_census = 625,883 | population_estimate_year = 2016 | population_estimate_rank = 164t | population_census_year = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 45 | population_density_sq_mi = 116 | population_density_rank = 121st | GDP_PPP = $11.381&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=85&pr1.y=5&c=943&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Montenegro |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=23 January 2018}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $18,261<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 74t | GDP_nominal = $4.751&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $7,623<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 60t | Gini =26.2 | Gini_year =2013 | Gini_change =+1.9 syne 2010 | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2172rank.html|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|publisher=|access-date=2018-02-09|archive-date=2011-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604005151/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/06/12/afx3810988.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Gini_rank =9th= | HDI = 0.807 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report |date=2015 |accessdate=14 December 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 49th | currency = [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]])^b | currency_code = EUR | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Montenegro|+382]] | cctld = [[.me]] | footnote_a = [[Constitution o Montenegro|Constitution]] names '''[[Cetinje]]''' as the Auld Ryal Caipital (''prijestonica'') o Montenegro. | footnote_b = [[Montenegro an the euro|Adopted unilaterally]]; Montenegro is nae a formal member o the [[Eurozone]]. | area_magnitude = 1 E10 | country_code = }} [[Image:Montenegro municipalities.png|thumb|250px|right]] '''Montenegro''' ([[Montenegrin leid|Montenegrin]]: ''Црна Гора'' or ''Crna Gora'') is a kintra in Sooth-Eastren [[Europe]]. It haes a coast tae the sooth on the [[Adriatic Sea]]. It is laund mairched wi [[Croatie]] tae the Wast, [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] tae the North-Wast, [[Serbie]] tae the North-East an wi [[Albanie]] tae the Sooth-East. Its caipital city is [[Podgorica]]. It wis independent frae the meedle ages tae 1918 whan it wis than pairt o aw the different states o the auld [[Yugoslavie]]. It syne gaed intae a state union wi [[Serbie]] for tae mak the kintra o [[Serbie an Montenegro]]. Syne Juin 2006 it haes been a kintra in its ain richt. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Montenegro| ]] [[Category:Balkan kintras]] [[Category:Member states o NATO]] [[Category:Member states o the Cooncil o Europe]] [[Category:Member states o the Union for the Mediterranean]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:States an territories established in 2006]] [[Category:Slavic kintras an territories]] [[Category:Serbie-speakin kintras an territories]] {{Stub/Europe}} p1ve5yj14s2ywbyylq78ex3era4dp07 0 5628 928113 920898 2026-11-11T21:01:48Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{itheruises}} {{Infobox Roushie federal subject |en_name=Moscow |ru_name=Москва |image_skyline=MSK Collage 2015.png |image_caption='''Clockwise frae tap richt:''' [[Spasskaya Touer]] o the [[Moscow Kremlin]]; [[Moscow Internaitional Business Centre|MIBC]]; [[Reid Squerr]], [[Saunt Basil's Cathedral]]; [[Bolshoi Theatre]]; [[Moscow State Varsity]]; an [[Cathedral o Christ the Saviour]]. |image_map=Moscow in Russia (special marker).svg |coordinates = {{coord|55|45|N|37|37|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}} |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Moscow.svg |coa_caption=[[Coat o airms o Moscow]] |image_flag=Flag of Moscow, Russia.svg |flag_caption=[[Banner o Moscow]] |anthem=''[[Moya Moskva|Ma Moscow]]'' |holiday=The first Seturday an Sunday o September |holiday_ref=<ref>{{cite web|title=Holidays and significant dates of Moscow|url=http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?documentId=119125|work=Moscow City Government|accessdate=29 September 2010|archive-date=2011-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823153912/http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?documentId=119125|url-status=dead}}</ref> <!--POLITICAL STATUS--> |political_status=Federal ceety |political_status_link=Federal ceeties o Roushie |federal_district=[[Central Federal Destrict|Central]] |economic_region=[[Central economic region|Central]] <!--STATS--> |pop_2010census=11514330 |pop_2010census_rank=1st |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census" /> |urban_pop_2010census=100% |rural_pop_2010census=0% |pop_2002census=10382754<!--population of the federal subject--the federal city of Moscow--> |pop_2002census_rank=1st |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2002Census" /> |urban_pop_2002census=100% |rural_pop_2002census=0% |pop_density=9682 |pop_density_as_of=1 Januar 2010 |pop_density_ref=<ref name="2010Census" /> <!--|pop_latest=<reserved for 2011 Rosstat data when they are available> |pop_latest_date= |pop_latest_ref=--> |area_km2=1091 |area_km2_ref=<ref name="RusArea2009">[http://www.rosreestr.ru/upload/www/files/gos_doclad_2008.pdf Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. Federal Registration, Cadastre&Cartograhy Service. Russia Landuse National Report 2008, p.187-188] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010021939/https://rosreestr.ru/upload/www/files/gos_doclad_2008.pdf |date=2014-10-10 }} {{ru icon}}</ref> |area_km2_rank=83rd |established_date=Afore 1147 |established_date_ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://faculty.oxy.edu/richmond/csp8/history_of_moscow.htm |title=The History of Moscow |publisher=Occidental College |last=Comins-Richmond |first=Walter |accessdate=2006-07-03 |archive-date=2006-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517163858/http://faculty.oxy.edu/richmond/csp8/history_of_moscow.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |license_plates=77, 99, 97, 177, 199, 197 |ISO=RU-MOW <!--GOVERNMENT--> |gov_as_of=2011 |leader_title=[[Leet o heids o Moscow govrenment|Mayor]] |leader_title_ref=<ref name="mayor">{{cite web|url=http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14107|title=The Moscow City Mayor|publisher=Government of Moscow|accessdate=18 March 2010|archive-date=2011-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823154527/http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14107|url-status=dead}}</ref> |leader_name=[[Sergey Sobyanin]] |leader_name_ref=<ref name="mayor"/> |legislature=[[Moscow Ceety Duma|Ceety Duma]] |legislature_ref=<ref>{{cite web|title=The Moscow Statute|url=http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14215&documentId=118572|work=Moscow City Duma|publisher=Moscow City Government|accessdate=29 September 2010|date=28 June 1995|quote=The supreme and exclusive legislative (representative) body of the state power in Moscow is the Moscow City Duma.|archive-date=2011-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823154646/http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14215&documentId=118572|url-status=dead}}</ref> |basic_law_type=Chairter |basic_law_title=[[Chairter o Moscow]] |website=http://www.mos.ru |website_ref |date=Mairch 2010 }} '''Moscow''' is the [[Caipital city|caipital]], the maist populous [[types o inhabitit localities in Roushie|city]], an the maist populous [[federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject]] o [[Roushie]]. The city is a major poleetical, economic, cultural, releegious, financial, educational, an transportation centre o [[Roushie]] an the warld, a [[global city]]. Moscow is the maist populous city on the continent o Europe an [[leet o ceeties proper bi population|the seivent lairgest ceety proper in the warld]], a [[megaceety]]. The population o Moscow (as o 1 Januar 2010) is 10,563,038. Moscow is situatit on the [[Moskva River]] in the [[Central Federal Destrict]] o [[European Roushie]]. In the course o its history the city haes served as the caipital o a progression o states, frae the medieval [[Grand Duchy o Moscow]] an the subsequent [[Tsardom o Roushie]] tae the [[Soviet Union]]. Moscow is the site o the [[Moscow Kremlin]], an auncient fortress that is the day the residence o the Roushie Preses an o the executive branch o the Govrenment o Roushie. The Kremlin is ane o several [[Warld Heritage Site]]s in the city. Baith chambers o the Roushie parliament (the [[State Duma]] an the [[Federation Cooncil o Roushie|Federation Cooncil]]) sit in Moscow anaa. The ceety is served bi an extensive transit netwirk, that includes fower internaitional airports, nine railwey terminals, an the [[Moscow Metro]], seicont anerlie tae Tokyo in terms o ridership an recognised as ane o the ceety's laundmerks due tae the rich an varied airchitecture o its 182 stations. Ower time, Moscow haes acquired a nummer o epithets, maist referrin tae its size an preeminent status athin the naition: The [[Third Rome]] ({{lang|ru|Третий Рим}}), Whitestane ({{lang|ru|Белокаменная}}), The First Throne ({{lang|ru|Первопрестольная}}), The Fowerty Fowerties ({{lang|ru|Сорок Сороков}}). The demonym for a Moscow resident is ''Moskvitch''. == Demografics == === Population === {{Historical populations |type=China |1897|1038625 |1926|2019500 |1939|4137000 |1959|5032000 |1970|6941961 |1979|7830509 |1989|8967332<!--with the entities in jurisdiction; a federal subject equivalent--> |2002|10382754<!--of the federal subject--> |2010|11514330<!--of the federal subject--> |footnote=Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions. |}} [[File:Population Development Moscow.png|thumb|Population o Moscow (1350–2009)]] [[File:RedSquare (pixinn.net).jpg|thumb|[[Red Square]] haes lang been ane o the ceety's maist important meetin places]] Accordin tae the results o the [[Roushie Census (2010)|2010 Census]], the population o Moscow wis 11,503,501;<ref name="2010Census">{{cite web|title=Плотность населения Российской Федерации по субъектам Российской Федерации|url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b10_109/IssWWW.exe/Stg//%3Cextid%3E/%3Cstoragepath%3E::%7Ctabl-02-10.xls|work=Rosstat|accessdate=30 September 2010|year=2010|archive-date=2011-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728034845/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b10_109/IssWWW.exe/Stg//%3Cextid%3E/%3Cstoragepath%3E::%7Ctabl-02-10.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> up frae 10,382,754 recordit in the [[Roushie Census (2002)|2002 Census]].<ref name="2002Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}}</ref> At the time o the offeecial 2010 Census, the ethnic makup o the ceety wis:<ref name="2010Census" /> **Roushie: 9,930,410 (91.6%) **Ukrainian: 154,104 (1.4%) **Tatar: 149,043 (1.4%) **Armenie: 106,466 (1%) **Azeri: 57,123 (0.5%) **Jews: 53,145 (0.5%) **Belaroushie: 39,225 (0.4%) **Georgie: 38,934 (0.4%) **Uzbek: 35,595 (0.3%) **Tajik: 27,280 (0.2%) **Moldovan: 21,699 (0.2%) **Mordvin: 17,095 (0.2%) **Chechen: 14,524 (0.1%) **Chuvash: 14,313 (0.1%) **Ossetians: 11,311 (0.1%) **Koreans: 9,783 (0.1%) **Kazakh: 9,393 (0.1%) **Bashkir: 6,609 (0.1%) **Cheenese: 3,222 (0.03%) **Vietnamese: 2,970 (0.03%) **Ithers: 132,848 (1.2%) *668,409 fowk wur registered frae admeenistrative databases, an coud no declare an ethnicity. It is estimatit that the proportion o ethnicities in this group is the same as that o the declared group.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-01-27 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111852/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The offeecial population o Moscow is taken frae those hauldin "permanent residency." Accordin tae Roushie's Federal Migration Service, Moscow an aw contains 1,800,000 offeecial "guests" who hae temporary residency on the basis o visas or ither documentation. The nummer o unoffeecial guests, those athoot proper documentation, is estimatit tae be an additional 1,000,000 fowk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rg.ru/2009/02/09/migrant.html |title="Российская газета" о мигрантах в Москве |publisher=Rg.ru |date= |accessdate=2010-12-22}}</ref> == Admeenistrative diveesions an govrenment == [[File:Presnya.JPG|thumb|right|View frae the [[Seiven Sisters (Moscow)|Seiven Sisters]] in Kudrinskaya Square. The mayor's heichrise office (the umwhile [[Comecon]] heidquarters) is tae the left, the Roushie govrenment biggin tae the richt]] === Govrenment === Moscow is the seat o pouer for the Roushie Federation. At the centre o the ceety, in [[Central Admeenistrative Okrug]], is the [[Moscow Kremlin]], which hooses the hame o the [[Preses o Roushie]] as well as mony o the facilities for the naitional govrenment. This includes numerous [[Airmit Forces o the Roushie Federation|military heidquarters]] an the heidquarters o the [[Moscow Military Destrict]]. Moscow, lik wi ony naitional [[Caipital ceety|caipital]], is an aw the host o aw the foreign [[Leet o diplomatic missions in Roushie|embassies]] an diplomats representin a multitude o naitions in Roushie. Moscow is designatit as ane o anerlie twa [[Federal ceeties o Roushie]] (the ither ane bein [[Saunt Petersburg]]). Amang the 83 [[federal subjects o Roushie]], Moscow represents the maist populatit ane an the smawest ane in terms o area. Lastly, Moscow is locatit athin the [[central economic region]], ane o [[Economic regions o Roushie|twal regions]] athin Russia wi seemilar economic goals. === Admeenistrative diveesions === [[File:Msk all districts abc eng.svg|thumb|[[Administrative divisions of Moscow|Administrative okrugs o Moscow]]: 1.&nbsp;Ceety o Zelenograd 2.&nbsp;Northren 3.&nbsp;North-Eastren 4.&nbsp;North-Westren 5.&nbsp;Central 6.&nbsp;Eastren 7.&nbsp;Soothren 8.&nbsp;Sooth-Eastern 9.&nbsp;Sooth-Wastren 10.&nbsp;Western]] {{Main|Admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow}} The entire ceety o Moscow is heidit bi ane mayor. ([[Sergey Sobyanin]]). The ceety o Moscow is dividit intae 12 admeenistrative okrugs an 146 destricts. The Roushie caipital's specific toun-plannin development began tae shaw as early as the 12t century, when the ceety wis foondit. The central pairt o Moscow grew bi consolidatin wi suburbs in line wi the medieval principles o urban development, when strang fortress waws wad gradually gird alang the circle streets o adjacent new settlements. The first circular defence waws set the trajectory o Moscow's rings, layin the grundwirk for futur toun-plannin o the Roushie caipital. The follaein fortifications servit as the ceety's circular defence bundaries at some pynt in history: the Kremlin waws, Zemlyanoy Gorod (earthwirk toun), the Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart, the Garden Ring, an the smaw railwey ring. The Moscow Automobile Ring Road (MKAD) haes been Moscow's bundary syne 1960. An aw in the form o a circle are the main Moscow subway line, the Ring Line, an the sae-cried Third Automobile Ring, which wis completit in 2005. Hence, the characteristic radial-circle plannin continues tae define Moscow's further development. Housomeivver, contemporary Moscow haes an aw engulft a nummer o territories ootside the [[MKAD]], sic as Solntsevo, Butovo, an the toun o [[Zelenograd]]. Aw admeenistrative okrugs an destricts hae thair awn [[coat o airms|coats o airms]] an flags as well as the heid offeecials. In addition tae the destricts, thare are Territorial Units wi Special Status. This uisually include areas wi sma or nae permanent populations, sic as the case wi the [[All-Russia Exhibition Centre|All-Russia Exhibition Center]], the [[Moscow Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences|Botanical Garden]], lairge pairks, an industrial zones. In recent years, some territories hae been mergit wi different destricts. Thare are nae ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in the [[Cheenatoun]]s that exist in some [[North Americae|North American]] an [[East Asie]] ceeties. Awtho destricts are no designated bi income, as wi maist ceeties, those areas that are closer tae the city centre, [[Moscow Metro|metro]] stations or green zones are considered mair prestigious.<ref>{{cite web|title=Цены на Квартиры в Москве по Административным Районам и Станциям Метро|url=http://www.metrinfo.ru/area/|work=Metrinfo.ru|accessdate=27 September 2010|language=Russian|archive-date=2010-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227235220/http://www.metrinfo.ru/area/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Moscow an aw hosts some o the govrenment bodies o [[Moscow Oblast]], awtho the city itsel is admeenistratively separate frae the oblast.<ref name="MoscowO">Accordin tae Airticle&nbsp;24 o the [[Chairter o Moscow Oblast]], the govrenment bodies o the oblast are locatit in the city o Moscow an throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. Housomeivver, Moscow is no offeecially cried tae be the admeenistrative centre o the oblast.</ref> == Internaitional relations == {{dablink|See an aa: [[Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Roushie]]}} === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Moscow is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi the follaein ceeties: {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan *{{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]], Jordan *{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Karachi]], Pakistan *{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]], Turkey *{{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Astana]], Kazakhstan *{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Athens]], Greece *{{Flagicon|India}} [[Mumbai]], Indie *{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]], Iraq *{{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Baku]], Azerbaijan *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand *{{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Banja Luka]], Bosnie an Herzegovinae *{{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], Cheenae *{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Beirut]], Lebanon *{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Belgrade]], Serbie *{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], Germany *{{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Brest, Belaroushie|Brest]], Belaroushie || *{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Brussels]], Belgium *{{flagicon|Romania}} [[Bucharest]], Romanie *{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]], Egyp *{{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Caracas]], Venezuela *{{flagicon|United States}} [[Chicago]], USA *{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Cusco]], Peru *{{flagicon|India}} [[Delhi]], Indie *{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Donetsk]], Ukraine *{{flagicon|the United Arab Emirates}} [[Dubai]], Unitit Arab Emirates *{{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Dushanbe]], Tajikistan *{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Düsseldorf]], Germany<ref name="Düsseldorf">{{cite web |url=http://www.amazingdusseldorf.com/community-local/people/twin-towns.html |title=Twin Towns |publisher=www.amazingdusseldorf.com |accessdate=2009-10-29 |archive-date=2014-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017104519/http://www.amazingdusseldorf.com/community-local/people/twin-towns.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> *{{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]], Azerbaijan *{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Hanoi]], Vietnam *{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Havana]], Cuba *{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Ho Chi Minh Ceety]], Vietnam *{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Ingolstadt]], Germany *{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesie || *{{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Jelgava]], Latvie *{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Kharkiv]], Ukraine *{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Kolomna]], Roushie *{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Kraków]], Poland *{{flagicon|France}} [[Limoges]], Fraunce *{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Ljubljana]], Slovenie *{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Lunnon]], Unitit Kinrick *{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Madrid]], Spain *{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Manila]], Philippines<ref name="Manila.Gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.manila.gov.ph/localgovt.htm#sistercities|title=Sister Cities of Manila|publisher=2008–2009 [http://www.manila.gov.ph/ City Government of Manila]|accessdate=2009-07-02|archive-date=2009-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806191943/http://www.manila.gov.ph/localgovt.htm#sistercities|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Naryan-Mar]], Roushie *{{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Nicosia]], Cyprus *{{flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], Fraunce *{{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Podgorica]], Montenegro *{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Prague]], Czech Republic<ref name="Prague Partner Cities">{{cite web|url=http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/72647_Partnerska-mesta|title=Prague Partner Cities|publisher=2009 [http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/ Magistrát hl. m. Prahy]|language=Czech|accessdate=2009-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523163632/http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/72647_Partnerska-mesta|archive-date=2011-05-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{flagicon|North Korea}} [[Pyongyang]], North Korea *{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Alanya]], Turkey || *{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Rasht]], Iran *{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Reykjavík]], Iceland<ref>[http://www.diplomatrus.com/article.php?id=1071&PHPSESSID=1d432b8ba8416b3494009601b57893a2&l=eng Moscow and Rejkjavik sister cities. ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107011545/http://www.diplomatrus.com/article.php?id=1071&PHPSESSID=1d432b8ba8416b3494009601b57893a2&l=eng |date=2009-01-07 }}. Retrieved on 2008-03-11</ref> *{{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Riga]], Latvie *{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Seoul]], Republic o Korea *{{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tallinn]], Estonie *{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Tel Aviv]], Israel *{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]], Iran *{{flagicon|Albania}} [[Tirana]], Albanie<ref name="International relations">{{cite web |url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |title=Twinning Cities: International Relations |accessdate=2009-06-23 |work=Municipality of Tirana |publisher=www.tirana.gov.al |format=PDF |archive-date=2008-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216035358/http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Twinning Cities: International Relations. Municipality of Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.</ref> *{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], Japan *{{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunis]], Tunisie<ref name="Tunis">{{cite web|url=http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_cooperation1.htm|title=Cooperation Internationale|publisher=© 2003–2009 City of Tunis Portal|language=French|accessdate=2009-07-31|archive-date=2008-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508191341/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_cooperation1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Ulan Bator]], Mongolie *{{flagicon|France}} [[Valenciennes]], Fraunce *{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Vienna]], Austrick *{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]], Poland<ref name="Warsaw">{{cite web |author= |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011111033/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11 |archivedate=2007-10-11 |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy |work=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta |pages= |page= |date=2005-05-04 |accessdate=2008-08-29 |url-status=live }}</ref> *{{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]], Armenie |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Cyrillic text}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} {{Subdiveesions o Roushie}} [[Category:Moscow| ]] [[Category:1147 establishments]] [[Category:Federal ceeties o Roushie]] [[Category:Caipitals in Europe]] [[Category:Gowden Ring o Roushie]] [[Category:Host ceeties o the Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] p5ovvh5vd0z4rxmlupzam62ultssigj 0 9814 928040 924844 2026-11-11T16:00:55Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Sud no uise "we" in an encyclopedic airticle 928040 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mouth.jpg|right|thumb|Mooth]] :''For the geographical meanin o '''mooth''' see [[River]]'' The '''mooth''' (cutty form '''mou'''), '''gab''' or '''geegle''' is the [[hole]] in the [[face]] whaur bodies pit [[fuid]] whan they [[eat]]. It is the first pairt o the [[gastrointestinal seestem]]. The mooth haes [[tuith|teeth]] for tae help chowe the [[fuid]]. It is uised fur spikkin an expressin emotion anaa. {{Commonscat|Mouth}} [[Category:Mooth| ]] [[Category:Anatomy]] [[Category:Digeestive seestem]] 3fuvfq6is25og3tzme02wsqhhtu4i2y 0 10828 928041 883524 2026-11-11T16:04:58Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 mendit template error 928041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airport | name = Tân Sơn Nhất Internaitional Airport | nativename = {{small|{{lang|vi|Sân bay Quốc tế Tân Sơn Nhất}}}} | image = Tan Son Nhat International Airport at night (12088245464).jpg | image-width= 200 | IATA= SGN | ICAO= VVTS | type= Public | owner= [[Govrenment o Vietnam|Vietnamese govrenment]] | operator= [[Airports Corporation o Vietnam]] | city-served= [[Ho Chi Minh Ceety]], Vietnam | location= [[Tan Binh Destrict]] | hub= <div> * [[Jetstar Pacific Airlines]] * [[Vietnam Air Service Company|VASCO]] * [[VietJet Air]] * [[Vietnam Airlines]] </div> | metric-elev = y | elevation-m = 10 | coordinates = {{coord|10|49|08|N|106|39|07|E|region:VN-SG|display=inline,title}} | website= [http://en.vietnamairport.vn/ Airports Corporation o Vietnam] | pushpin_map = Vietnam | pushpin_map_caption = Location o the airport in Vietnam | pushpin_label = '''SGN''' | pushpin_label_position = top | metric-rwy = y | r1-number = 07L/25R | r1-length-m= 3,050 | r1-surface = Concrete | r2-number = 07R/25L | r2-length-m= 3,800 | r2-surface = Concrete | stat-year = 2013 | stat1-header= Passenger movements | stat1-data = 20,034,980<ref>{{cite web|title=Cảng HKQT TSN đón nhận danh hiệu đơn vị đứng đầu trong ngành GTVT năm 2013|url=http://vietnamairport.vn/page/876/hoat-dong-acv/cang-hkqt-tsn-don-nhan-danh-hieu-don-vi-dung-dau-trong-nganh-gtvt-nam-2013|publisher=Airports Corporation of Vietnam|accessdate=30 April 2014|archive-date=2016-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312174856/http://vietnamairport.vn/page/876/hoat-dong-acv/cang-hkqt-tsn-don-nhan-danh-hieu-don-vi-dung-dau-trong-nganh-gtvt-nam-2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> | stat2-header= Airfreicht movements in tonnes | stat2-data = 375,822 | footnotes = Soorces: GCM,<ref name="GCM">{{GCM|SGN}}</ref> STV<ref name="STV">{{STV|1904593|Tân Sơn Nhất Internaitional Airport}}</ref> }} '''Tan Son Nhat Airport''' is an airport in [[Ho Chi Minh Ceety]], [[Vietnam]], 1730&nbsp;km sooth [[Hanoi]], 6&nbsp;km north [[Ho Chi Minh Ceety]]. It haes runway 3800 m x 45 m. Ho Chi Minh ceiti haes the thrangest airport in Vietnam. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Tan Son Nhat International Airport}} [[Category:Airports in Vietnam]] [[Category:Vietnam]] [[Category:Ho Chi Minh Ceety]] r70rdzjxoes6izcgxym0ogu5x81mzb6 928054 928041 2026-11-11T16:26:32Z CiphriusKane 74958 Aa the relevant info is aareidies on the city page an the airticle is owerly cutty 928054 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ho Chi Minh Ceety]] lr3up2n4dre64dau3qdr07ab7ny3ph1 0 10830 928072 926090 2026-11-11T18:11:00Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 928072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Ho Chi Minh City |native_name = ''{{lang|vi|Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh}}'' |other_name = <u>{{lang|vi|Thành phố Sài Gòn}}</u><br>Saigon |nickname = Paris o the Orient, Pearl o the Far East |settlement_type = [[Municipalities o Vietnam|Municipality]] |official_name = ''Thành phố trực thuộc trung ương'' | image_skyline = Ho Chi Minh City Collage 2016.png | image_caption = Clockwise, frae tap left:<br>[[Bến Thành Mercat]], [[Ho Chi Minh Ceety Haw]], [[Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica o Saigon]], [[Unthirldom Pailace]], [[Municipal Theatre, Ho Chi Minh Ceety|Municipal Theatre]], Destrict 1 view frae Saigon river |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |blank_emblem_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = Logo of Ho Chi Minh City |image_map = LocationVietnamSaiGon.png |mapsize = 260px |map_caption = Location in Vietnam an Soothren Vietnam |pushpin_map = <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_mapsize=300 |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Vietnam]] |subdivision_type1 = |subdivision_name1 = |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |leader_title1 = Pairty Secretar: |leader_name1 = [[Lê Thanh Hải]] |leader_title2 = Fowk's Committee Chairman: |leader_name2 = Lê Hoàng Quân |leader_title3 = Fowk's Cooncil Chairwoman: |leader_name3 = Nguyễn Thị Quyết Tâm |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1698 |established_title2 = Renamed |established_date2 = 1976 |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |parts_type = [[Demonym]] |parts_style =para |p1 = Saigonese |area_footnotes = <ref name="Statistic office" /> |area_total_km2 = 2095.5 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = 809.23 |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2014 |population_note = |population_total = 7,981,900 |population_rank = [[Leet o ceeties in Vietnam|1st in Vietnam]] |population_footnotes =<ref name="Statistic office">[http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=512&idmid=5&ItemID=14277 Statistical Handbook of Vietnam 2014], General Statistics Office Of Vietnam</ref> |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_mi2 = |timezone = [[Indocheenae Time|ICT]] |utc_offset = +07:00 |timezone_DST = No DST |utc_offset_DST = +7 |coordinates = {{coord|10|46|36.8|N|106|42|02.9|E|region:VN|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = 19 |elevation_ft = 63 |area_code_type = [[Telephone nummers in Vietnam|Aurie codes]] |area_code = 28 |blank_name = GDP (nominal) |blank_info = 2014 estimate |blank1_name = &nbsp;- Tot |blank1_info = 50 billion [[Unitit States dollar|USD]] |blank2_name = &nbsp;- Per capita |blank2_info = 5131 USD |blank3_name = &nbsp;- Growth |blank3_info = {{increase}} 9.5% |website = [http://www.hochiminhcity.gov.vn Offeecial wabsteid]}} '''Ho Chi Minh Ceety''' (offeecially cawed the "Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh") is the maist populous ceety in [[Vietnam]], wi mair nor 7 million indwallers, the maist strangly populate major ceety in [[Indocheenae]], an is at the mids o internaitional finance, politeecs, divert, an cultur. Ho Chi Minh ceiti haes the thrangest airport in Vietnam, Tan Son Nhat Airport. ==Sister ceeties== Thare are 25 sister ceeties/regions o Ho Chi Minh Ceety:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/vi/hoptac_qt/nr041014110554/#2O2JGVsVDHhB|title=CÁC ĐỊA PHƯƠNG NƯỚC NGOÀI ĐÃ THIẾT LẬP QUAN HỆ HỮU NGHỊ HỢP TÁC VỚI TPHCM|publisher=mofahcm.gov.vn|date=9 October 2010|accessdate=8 January 2011|archive-date=2015-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926182926/http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/vi/hoptac_qt/nr041014110554#2O2JGVsVDHhB|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| style="background:#f5f5f5; padding:0 1em;" |- !width=65%| Ceety !width=25%| Frae |- | {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Shanghai]], Fowkrepublic o Cheenae || 14 Mey 1994 |- | {{flagicon|PHI}} [[Manila]], Philippines || 27 June 1994 |- | {{flagicon|USA}} [[San Francisco]], USA || 10 April 1995 |- | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Osaka]], Japan || 13 June 1995 |- | {{flagicon|ROK}} [[Busan]], Republic o Korea || 3 November 1995 |- | {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Guangzhou]], Fowkrepublic o Cheenae || 1 Aprile 1996 |- | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lyon]], Fraunce || 17 Januar 1997 |- | {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Shenyang]], Fowkrepublic o Cheenae || 21 Aprile 1999 |- | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Sverdlovsk Oblast]], Roushie || 5 September 2000 |- | {{flagicon|LAO}} [[Champasak Province]], Laos || 28 August 2001 |- | {{flagicon|LAO}} [[Vientiane]], Laos || 1 September 2001 |- | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Rhône-Alpes]] (region), Fraunce || 8 November 2001 |- | {{flagicon|CAM}} [[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodie]] || Juin 2002 |- | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Roushie || 31 October 2003 |- | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canadae || 13 Februar 2006 |- | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yokohama]], Japan || 23 Julie 2007 |- | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hyōgo Prefectur]], Japan || 27 October 2007 |- | {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Minsk]], Belaroushie || 4 November 2008<ref name="Minsk">{{cite web|url=http://minsk.gov.by/ru/city/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502075333/http://minsk.gov.by/ru/city/|title=Twin towns and Sister cities of Minsk ''[via WaybackMachine.com]''|publisher=The department of protocol and international relations of Minsk City Executive Committee|archivedate=2013-05-02|accessdate=2013-07-21|language=Russian|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vladivostok]], Roushie || 21 Mey 2009 |- | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Barcelona]], Spain || 29 Mey 2009 |- | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Seville]], Spain || 29 Mey 2009 |- | {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Johannesburg]], Republic o Sooth Africae || 10 November 2009 |- | {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Monterrey]], Mexico || 27 May 2013 |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Ho Chi Minh City}} {{coord|10|46|10|N|106|40|55|E|display=title}} [[Category:Ceeties in Vietnam]] [[Category:Destrict caipitals in Vietnam]] [[Category:Sootheast (Vietnam)]] [[Category:Populatit places in Ho Chi Minh Ceety]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Vietnam]] [[Category:Caipitals o umwhile naitions]] [[Category:Ho Chi Minh Ceety| ]] 2ph54o54zjdwv9vmkubdqjps2f5rrec 0 11009 928052 897269 2026-11-11T16:23:35Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Brussels | official_name = {{unbulleted list| Brussels Caipital Region | <small>''{{lang|fr|Région de Bruxelles-Capitale}}''</small> | <small>''{{lang|nl|Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest}}''</small>}} | native_name = {{unbulleted list| <small>''{{lang|fr|Bruxelles}}''</small> |<small> ''{{lang|nl|Brussel}}''</small>}} | settlement_type = [[Regions o Belgium|Region o Belgium]] | image_skyline = TE-Collage Brussels.png | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = A [[collage]] wi several views o Brussels, Tap: View o the [[Northren Quarter (Brussels)|Northren Quarter]] business destrict, 2nt left: Floral carpet event in the [[Grand Place]], 2nt richt: [[Brussels Ceety Haw]] an [[Mont des Arts]] aurie, 3rd: [[Cinquantenaire]] Pairk, 4t left: [[Manneken Pis]], 4t middle: [[St. Michael an St. Gudula Cathedral]], 4t richt: [[Congress Column]], Bottom: [[Ryal Palace o Brussels]] | image_flag = Flag of the Brussels-Capital Region.svg | flag_size = 125px | flag_link = Flag of the Brussels-Capital Region | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | nickname = Caipital o Europe<ref>{{cite web|title=Brussels |url=http://www.city-data.com/world-cities/Brussels-Introduction.html |publisher=City-Data.com |accessdate=10 January 2008}}</ref> Comic ceety<ref name="Comic">{{cite news|last=Herbez |first=Ariel |title=Bruxelles, capitale de la BD |url=http://www.letemps.ch/Page/Uuid/73a8ca52-4c90-11de-8192-71ce8207b7fa |accessdate=28 May 2010 |newspaper=Le Temps |date=30 May 2009 |location=Switzerland |language=French |quote=Plus que jamais, Bruxelles mérite son statut de capitale de la bande dessinée. }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cheap flights to Brussels|url=http://www.easyjet.com/en/cheap-flights/brussels|publisher=Easyjet|accessdate=1 June 2010|archive-date=2013-07-09|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HyZXezge?url=http://www.easyjet.com/en/cheap-flights/belgium/brussels|url-status=dead}}</ref> <!-- | image_map = Brussels in Belgium and the European Union.svg | mapsize = 250px | map_caption = {{map_caption |location_color=dark green |region=the European Union |region_color=light green |subregion=[[Belgium]] |subregion_color=grey |legend=}} --> | coordinates = {{coord|50|51|N|4|21|E|region:BE|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Belgium#Europe | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[Belgium]] | established_title = Settled | established_date = {{circa}} 580 | established_title1 = Foondit | established_date1 = 979 | established_title2 = [[Commonties, regions an leid auries o Belgium#Regions|Region]] | established_date2 = 18 June 1989 | seat_type = | seat = | parts_type = [[Leet o municipalities o the Brussels-Caipital Region|Municipalities]] | parts_style = coll | p1 = [[Anderlecht]] | leader_title = Executive | leader_name = [[Govrenment o the Brussels-Caipital Region]] | leader_title1 = Govrening&nbsp;parties <small>(2014–19)</small> | leader_name1 = [[Parti Socialiste (Belgium)|PS]], [[Fédéralistes Démocrates Francophones|FDF]], [[cdH]]; [[Open Vld]], [[sp.a]], [[CD&V]] | total_type = Region/Ceety | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 161.38 | area_total_sq_mi = 62.2 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 13 | elevation_ft = 43 | population_total = 1,208,542 | population_as_of = 1 Januar 2019 | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://statistics.brussels/files/figures/1.6_population_projections.xls |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-06-16 |archive-date=2020-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727051317/http://statistics.brussels/files/figures/1.6_population_projections.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 7442 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_metro = 2,500,000 | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | postal_code_type = [[ISO 3166-2:BE|ISO 3166]] | postal_code = BE-BRU | website = [http://be.brussels/brussels?set_language=en be.brussels] | footnotes = | p2 = [[Auderghem|Auderghem / Oudergem]] | p3 = [[Sint-Agatha-Berchem|Berchem-Sainte-Agathe / Sint-Agatha-Berchem]] | p4 = [[Ceety o Brussels]] | p5 = [[Etterbeek]] | p6 = [[Evere]] | p7 = [[Forest, Belgium|Forest / Vorst]] | p8 = [[Ganshoren]] | p9 = [[Ixelles|Ixelles / Elsene]] | p10 = [[Jette]] | p11 = [[Koekelberg]] | p12 = [[Sint-Jans-Molenbeek|Molenbeek-Saint-Jean / Sint-Jans-Molenbeek]] | p13 = [[Saint-Gilles, Belgium|Saint-Gilles / Sint-Gillis]] | p14 = [[Saint-Josse-ten-Noode|Saint-Josse-ten-Noode / Sint-Joost-ten-Node]] | p15 = [[Schaerbeek|Schaerbeek / Schaarbeek]] | p16 = [[Uccle|Uccle / Ukkel]] | p17 = [[Watermael-Boitsfort|Watermael-Boitsfort / Watermaal-Bosvoorde]] | p18 = [[Woluwe-Saint-Lambert|Woluwe-Saint-Lambert / Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe]] | p19 = [[Woluwe-Saint-Pierre|Woluwe-Saint-Pierre / Sint-Pieters-Woluwe]] | leader_title2 = [[Minister-Preses o the Brussels-Caipital Region|Meenister-Preses]] | leader_name2 = [[Rudi Vervoort]] (PS) | leader_title3 = Legislatur | leader_name3 = [[Pairlament o the Brussels-Caipital Region]] | leader_title4 = Speaker | leader_name4 = [[Charles Picqué]] (PS) | leader_title5 = [[Govrenor o the Brussels-Caipital Region|Govrenor]] | leader_name5 = [[Jean Clément]] (actin) | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 }} '''Brussels''' ({{lang-fr|Bruxelles}}, pronoonced {{IPA-fr|bʁysɛl||Fr-Bruxelles.ogg|}}; {{lang-nl|Brussel}}, pronoonced {{IPA-nl|ˈbrʏsəl||Nl-Brussel.ogg}})<!---DO NOT CHANGE THE ORDER HERE WITHOUT A CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE--->, offeecially the '''Brussels Region''' or '''Brussels-Caipital Region'''<ref name="Belgian Constitution">{{cite web |title=The Belgian Constitution (English version) |url=http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/publications/constitution/grondwetEN.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=Belgian House of Representatives |date=January 2009 |accessdate=2009-06-05 |quote=Article 3: Belgium comprises three Regions: the Flemish Region, the Walloon Region an the '''Brussels Region'''. Article 4: Belgium comprises fower linguistic regions: the Dutch-speakin region, the French speakin region, the bilingual region o '''Brussels-Caipital''' an the German-speakin region. |archive-date=2011-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706134014/http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/publications/constitution/grondwetEN.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="CIRB-creation">{{cite web |title=Brussels-Capital Region: Creation |url=http://www.bruxelles.irisnet.be/en/region/region_de_bruxelles-capitale/creation.shtml |publisher=''Centre d'Informatique pour la Région Bruxelloise'' (Brussels Regional Informatics Center) |year=2009 |accessdate=2009-06-05 |quote=Since 18 June 1989, the date o the first regional elections, the '''Brussels-Caipital Region''' haes been an autonomous region comparable tae the Flemish an Walloon Regions. |archive-date=2009-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429213057/http://www.bruxelles.irisnet.be/en/region/region_de_bruxelles-capitale/creation.shtml |url-status=dead }} (Aw text an aw but ane graphic show the Inglis name as '''Brussels-Caipital Region'''.)</ref> ({{lang-fr|Région de Bruxelles-Capitale}}, [[Dutch leid|Dutch]]: {{Audio|Nl-Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest.ogg|''Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest''}}), is the ''[[de facto]]'' [[caipital ceety]] o the [[European Union]] (EU) an the lairgest [[urban aurie]] in [[Belgium]].<ref name="EU capital talk">It is the ''[[de facto]]'' ceety as it hosts aw major political institutions—though Parliament formally votes in Strasbourg, maist poleetical wirk is carried oot in Brussels—an as such is considered the caipital bi definition. Housomeivver, it shoud be notit that it is no formally declared in that leid, though its position is spelled oot in the Treaty o Amsterdam. See [[#European Union|the section dedicatit tae this issue]].</ref><ref name="Demey">{{cite book|last= Demey |first= Thierry |others= S. Strange (trans.) |title= Brussels, capital of Europe |year= 2007 |publisher= Badeaux |location= Brussels |isbn= 2-9600414-2-9}}</ref> It comprises [[Brussels#Municipalities|19 municipalities]], includin the [[Ceety o Brussels|City of Brussels]] proper, which is the constitutional caipital o Belgium, the seat o the [[French Community o Belgium]] an o the [[Flemish Community]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brussels.org/ |title=Welcome to Brussels |publisher=Brussels.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-05}}</ref> Syne the end o the Seicont Warld War, Brussels haes been a main centre for internaitional politics. Hostin principal [[Institutions o the European Union|EU institutions]]<ref name="12010E/PRO/06">{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:C:2010:083:SOM:EN:HTML |title=Protocol (No 6) on the location of the seats of the institutions and of certain bodies, offices, agencies and departments of the European Union, Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, OJ C 83, 30.3.2010, p. 265–265 |publisher=EUR-Lex |date=30 March 2010 |accessdate=3 August 2010}}</ref> as well as the heidquarters o the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO), the ceety haes become the polyglot hame o numerous internaitional organisations, politeecians, diplomats an ceevil servants.<ref name="BBC Belgium">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/999709.stm |title=Europe &#124; Country profiles &#124; Country profile: Belgium |publisher=BBC News |date=14 June 2010 |accessdate=29 June 2010}}</ref> ==Municipalities== {| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin:0 auto; backgrond:none; font-size:90%; margin-left:8px; margin-bottom:8px;" | style="background:#fff; padding:5px; text-align:center;" class="toccolours"| {{Image label begin|image=Brussels-Capital Region blank stylised.svg|width=270}} {{Image label|x=0.24|y=0.55|scale=270|text=[[Anderlecht|1]]}} {{Image label|x=0.8|y=0.67|scale=270|text=[[Auderghem|2]]}} {{Image label|x=0.2|y=0.33|scale=270|text=[[Sint-Agatha-Berchem|3]]}} {{Image label|x=0.48|y=0.2|scale=270|text=[[Ceety o Brussels|4]]}} {{Image label|x=0.63|y=0.56|scale=270|text=[[Etterbeek|5]]}} {{Image label|x=0.685|y=0.3|scale=270|text=[[Evere|6]]}} {{Image label|x=0.328|y=0.67|scale=270|text=[[Forest, Belgium|7]]}} {{Image label|x=0.25|y=0.27|scale=270|text=[[Ganshoren|8]]}} {{Image label|x=0.475|y=0.64|scale=270|text=[[Ixelles|9]]}} {{Image label|x=0.56|y=0.618|scale=270|text=[[Ixelles|9]]}} {{Image label|x=0.28|y=0.2|scale=270|text=[[Jette|10]]}} {{Image label|x=0.289|y=0.345|scale=270|text=[[Koekelberg|11]]}} {{Image label|x=0.284|y=0.41|scale=270|text=[[Sint-Jans-Molenbeek|12]]}} {{Image label|x=0.41|y=0.585|scale=270|text=[[Saint-Gilles, Belgium|13]]}} {{Image label|x=0.524|y=0.424|scale=270|text=[[Saint-Josse-ten-Noode|14]]}} {{Image label|x=0.584|y=0.36|scale=270|text=[[Schaerbeek|15]]}} {{Image label|x=0.472|y=0.86|scale=270|text=[[Uccle|16]]}} {{Image label|x=0.75|y=0.84|scale=270|text=[[Watermaal-Bosvoorde|17]]}} {{Image label|x=0.76|y=0.446|scale=270|text=[[Woluwe-Saint-Lambert|18]]}} {{Image label|x=0.84|y=0.568|scale=270|text=[[Woluwe-Saint-Pierre|19]]}} {{Image label end}}''The 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region'' | style="line-height:70%" | <ol> <li>[[Anderlecht]]</li> <li>[[Auderghem|Auderghem/Oudergem]]</li> <li>[[Sint-Agatha-Berchem|Berchem-Sainte-Agathe/Sint-Agatha-Berchem]]</li> <li>[[Ceety o Brussels]]</li> <li>[[Etterbeek]]</li> <li>[[Evere]]</li> <li>[[Forest, Belgium|Forest/Vorst]]</li> <li>[[Ganshoren]]</li> <li>[[Ixelles|Ixelles/Elsene]]</li> <li>[[Jette]]</li> <li>[[Koekelberg]]</li> <li>[[Sint-Jans-Molenbeek|Molenbeek-Saint-Jean/Sint-Jans-Molenbeek]]</li> <li>[[Saint-Gilles, Belgium|Saint-Gilles/Sint-Gillis]]</li> <li>[[Saint-Josse-ten-Noode|Saint-Josse-ten-Noode/Sint-Joost-ten-Node]]</li> <li>[[Schaerbeek|Schaerbeek/Schaarbeek]]</li> <li>[[Uccle|Uccle/Ukkel]]</li> <li>[[Watermaal-Bosvoorde|Watermael-Boitsfort/Watermaal-Bosvoorde]]</li> <li>[[Woluwe-Saint-Lambert|Woluwe-Saint-Lambert/Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe]]</li> <li>[[Woluwe-Saint-Pierre|Woluwe-Saint-Pierre/Sint-Pieters-Woluwe]]</li> </ol> |} {{Main|Leet o municipalities o the Brussels-Caipital Region}} The 19 [[municipality|municipalities]] (communes) o the Brussels-Caipital [[Communities, regions an leid auries o Belgium#Regions|Region]] are poleetical subdiveesions wi individual responsibilities for the handlin o local level duties, such as law enforcement an the upkeep o schuils an roads athin its borders.<ref name="list">{{cite web|url=http://www.bruxelles.irisnet.be/en/region/region_de_bruxelles-capitale/communes.shtml|title=Communes|year=2004|publisher=Centre d'Informatique pour la Région Bruxelloise|accessdate=4 August 2008|archive-date=2004-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040606023552/http://www.bruxelles.irisnet.be/en/region/region_de_bruxelles-capitale/communes.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="OECD">{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/10/43/1902434.pdf|title=Managing across levels of government|year=1997|publisher=OECD|pages=107, 110|format=PDF|accessdate=5 August 2008}}</ref> Municipal admieenistration is an aa conductit bi a mayor, a cooncil, an an executive.<ref name="OECD" /> In 1831, Belgium wis dividit intae 2,739 municipalities, includin the 19 in the Brussels-Caipital Region.<ref name="roots">{{cite web|url=http://belgium.rootsweb.ancestry.com/bel/_places/bel_places.html|title=Municipalities (1795-now)|last=Picavet|first=Georges|date=29 April 2003|publisher=Georges Picavet|accessdate=4 August 2008}}</ref> Unlike maist o the municipalities in Belgium, the anes locatit in the Brussels-Caipital Region wur no merged wi ithers durin mergers occurrin in 1964, 1970, an 1975.<ref name="roots" /> Housomeivver, several municipalities ootside o the Brussels-Caipital Region hae been merged wi the [[Ceety o Brussels]] throughoot its history includin [[Laeken]], [[Haren, Belgium|Haren]], an [[Neder-Over-Heembeek]], which wur merged intae the Ceety o Brussels in 1921.<ref name="Brussels">{{cite web|url=http://belgium.rootsweb.ancestry.com/bel/2bru/index.html|title=Brussels Capital-Region|date=4 June 2005 |publisher=Georges Picavet |accessdate=4 August 2008}}</ref> ==Internaitional relations== {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Belgium}} ===Twin touns – Sister ceeties=== Brussels is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi the follaein ceeties: {| |- | valign="top" | *{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Akhisar]], Turkey *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Atlanta]], Unitit States *{{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], Cheenae <small>''(syne 1994)''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|title=Sister Cities|publisher=Beijing Municipal Government|accessdate=23 September 2008|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq6B2fdq?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> *{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], Germany *{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Breda]], Netherlands *{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Kiev]], Ukraine *{{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[Kinshasa]], Democratic Republic o the Congo *{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Ljubljana]], Slovenie || *{{flagicon|Macau}} [[Macau]], Cheenae *{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Madrid]], Spain<ref name="hermanadas">{{cite web | title = Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas | publisher = Ayuntamiento de Madrid | url = http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=especial1&idContenido=1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD | accessdate = 22 July 2009}}</ref> *{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Montreal]], Canadae *{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], Roushiea<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mos.ru/wps/portal/!ut/p/c1/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3izECfXQHMPIwODQFMTAyMXFwNnFydvYwN3I6B8pFm8AQ7gaEBAdzjIPtwqDAwg8njM9_PIz03VL8iNMMgycVQEANg5rCU!/dl2/d1/L3dJVkkvd0xNQUJrQUVrQSEhL1lCcHhKRjFOQUEhIS82XzZUQkVRN0gyMDBRNTQwMkREMENEQkszMDA1LzdfNlRCRVE3SDIwMFE1NDAyREQwQ0RCSzMwODc!?nID=6_6TBEQ7H200Q5402DD0CDBK30G2&cID=6_6TBEQ7H200Q5402DD0CDBK30G2&documentId=102289#7_6TBEQ7H200Q5402DD0CDBK3087 |title=Foreign relations of Moscow |publisher=Mos.ru |date= |accessdate=29 June 2010 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010203243/http://www.mos.ru/wps/portal/!ut/p/c1/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3izECfXQHMPIwODQFMTAyMXFwNnFydvYwN3I6B8pFm8AQ7gaEBAdzjIPtwqDAwg8njM9_PIz03VL8iNMMgycVQEANg5rCU!/dl2/d1/L3dJVkkvd0xNQUJrQUVrQSEhL1lCcHhKRjFOQUEhIS82XzZUQkVRN0gyMDBRNTQwMkREMENEQkszMDA1LzdfNlRCRVE3SDIwMFE1NDAyREQwQ0RCSzMwODc!?nID=6_6TBEQ7H200Q5402DD0CDBK30G2&cID=6_6TBEQ7H200Q5402DD0CDBK30G2&documentId=102289#7_6TBEQ7H200Q5402DD0CDBK3087 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Prague]], Czech Republic<ref name="Prague Partner Cities">{{cite web|url=http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/72647_Partnerska-mesta|title=Prague Partner Cities|publisher=2009 [http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/ Magistrát hl. m. Prahy]|language=Czech|accessdate=2 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523163632/http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/72647_Partnerska-mesta|archive-date=2011-05-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], Bulgarie *{{flagicon|Albania}} [[Tirana]], Albanie<ref name="International relations">{{cite web |url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |title=Twinning Cities: International Relations |accessdate=23 June 2009 |work=Municipality of Tirana |publisher=www.tirana.gov.al |format=PDF |archive-date=2008-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216035358/http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Washington, D.C.]], Unitit States<ref name="Washington DC">{{cite web|url=http://os.dc.gov/os/cwp/view,a,1206,q,522336.asp|title=Protocol and International Affairs|publisher=DC Office of the Secretary|accessdate=12 July 2008|archive-date=2008-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129074421/http://www.os.dc.gov/os/cwp/view,a,1206,q,522336.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Brussels| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Europe]] [[Category:NUTS 1 statistical regions o the European Union]] [[Category:Regions o Belgium]] [[Category:Regions o Europe wi multiple offeecial leids]] [[Category:European Caipitals o Cultur]] [[nn:Brussel#Region]] dpi5vxa96mxm478a1fo339i673fwyvz 0 11082 928132 897897 2026-11-11T23:08:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|Leningrad}} {{About|the ceety in Roushie|the ceety in Florida, USA|St. Petersburg, Florida|other uses}} {{Infobox Roushie federal subject |en_name=Saunt Petersburg |ru_name=Санкт-Петербург |image_skyline=Spb collage.JPG |image_caption=Clockwise frae top left: [[Saunt Isaac's Cathedral]] rises ower the ceety, [[Peter an Paul Fortress]] on [[Zayachy Island]], [[Palace Square]] wi the [[Alexander Column]], [[Petergof]], [[Nevsky Prospekt]], an the [[Winter Palace]] |image_map=Saint Petersburg in Russia (detail, special marker).png |coordinates = {{coord|59|57|N|30|19|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}} |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Saint Petersburg (2003).svg |coa_caption |image_flag=Flag of Saint Petersburg Russia.svg |flag_caption=[[Flag o Saunt Petersburg|Flag]] |anthem |anthem_ref |holiday=27 Mey |holiday_ref=<ref name="Holiday">{{Cite Russian law |ru_entity=Законодательное Собрание Санкт-Петербурга |ru_type=Закон |ru_number=555-75 |ru_date=26 октября 2005 г. |ru_title=О праздниках и памятных датах в Санкт-Петербурге |ru_amendment_type=Закона |ru_amendment_number=541-112 |ru_amendment_date=6 ноября 2008 г |en_entity=Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg |en_type=Law |en_number=555-75 |en_date=October 26, 2005 |en_title=On Holidays and Memorial Dates in Saint Petersburg }}</ref> <!--POLITICAL STATUS--> |political_status=Federal ceety |political_status_link=Federal ceeties o Roushie |federal_district=[[Northwastren Federal Destrict|Northwastren]] |economic_region=[[Northwastren economic region|Northwastren]] <!--STATS--> |pop_2010census=4879566 |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census" /> |pop_2010census_rank=4t |urban_pop_2010census=100% |rural_pop_2010census=0% |pop_density |pop_density_as_of |pop_density_ref <!--|pop_latest=<reserved for the 2011 estimate when it's made available by the Rosstat> |pop_latest_date= |pop_latest_ref=--> |area_km2=1439 |area_km2_rank=82nt |area_km2_ref=<ref name="Area_FS">Official website of St.&nbsp;Petersburg. [http://gov.spb.ru/day Петербург в цифрах] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501074945/http://gov.spb.ru/day |date=2012-05-01 }} (''St.&nbsp;Petersburg in Figures'') {{ru icon}}</ref> |established_date=27 Mey 1703 |established_date_ref=<ref name="Dates">Official website of St.&nbsp;Petersburg. [http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures St.&nbsp;Petersburg in Figures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219033509/http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures |date=2009-02-19 }}</ref> |license_plates=78, 98, 178 |ISO=RU-SPE <!--GOVERNMENT--> |gov_as_of=May 2009 |leader_title=[[Govrenor o Saunt Petersburg|Govrenor]] |leader_title_ref |leader_name=[[Georgy Poltavchenko]] (actin) |leader_name_ref |legislature=[[Legislative Assembly o Saunt Petersburg|Legislative Assembly]] |legislature_ref |website= |website_ref |date=March 2010 }} '''Saunt Petersburg''' ({{lang-ru|{{audio|Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg|Са́нкт-Петербу́рг}}|Sankt-Peterburg|ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk}}) is a [[types o inhabitit localities in Roushie|ceety]] an a [[federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject]] (a [[federal ceeties o Roushie|federal ceety]]) o [[Roushie]] locatit on the [[Neva River]] at the heid o the [[Guwf o Finland]] on the [[Easter Seas]]. The ceety's ither names wis '''Petrograd''' ({{lang-ru|Петроград|p=pʲɪtrɐˈgrat}}, 1914–1924) an '''Leningrad''' ({{lang-ru|Ленинград|p=lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat}}, 1924–1991). It is aften cawed juist ''Petersburg'' ({{lang-ru|Петербург}}) an is informally kent as '''Piter''' ({{lang-ru|Питер|p=ˈpitʲɪr}}). Foondit bi [[Tsar]] [[Peter the Great]] on 27 Mey 1703, it wis the caipital o the [[Roushie Empire]] for mair nor twa hunder years (1713–1728, 1732–1918). Saunt Petersburg ceased bein the caipital in 1918 efter the [[Roushie Revolution o 1917]]. It is Roushie's seicont lairgest ceety efter [[Moscow]] wi 4.6&nbsp;million indwallers, an fowert in [[Europe]] efter [[Istanbul]], [[Lunnon]] an Moscow. Saunt Petersburg is a major European cultural centre, an an important Roushie [[ports o the Easter Seas|port on the Easter Seas]]. Saunt Petersburg is aften describit as the maist Wastren ceety o Roushie. Amang ceeties o the warld wi ower ane million fowk, Saunt Petersburg is the northmaist. The [[Heestoric Centre o Saunt Petersburg an Related Groups o Monuments]] constitute a [[Warld Heritage Steid|UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid]]. Saunt Petersburg is an aa hame tae [[Hermitage Museum|The Hermitage]], the lairgest [[airt museum]] in the warld. Roushie's poleetical an cultural centre for 200 year, the ceety is whiles referred tae in Roushie as the ''Northren Caipital''. Ower its history it haes been referencit as "the [[Venice]] o the north" an the "Northren [[Palmira]]" an aw. A lairge nummer o [[Leet o diplomatic missions in Roushie|foreign consulates]], [[Multinaitional corporation|internaitional corporations]], banks an ither businesses are locatit in Saunt Petersburg. == Demografics == {{Main|Demografics o Saunt Petersburg}} Saunt Petersburg is the seicont lairgest ceety in Roushie. Per the [[Roushie Census (2010)|2010 Census]], the federal subject's population is 4,879,566, or 3.4% o the tot population o Roushie;<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> up frae 4,661,219 (3.21%) recordit in the [[Roushie Census (2002)|2002 Census]],<ref name="2002Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}}</ref> an doun frae 5,023,506 recordit in the [[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Census]].<ref name="1989Census">{{ru-pop-ref|1989Census}}</ref> The 2010 Census recordit the ethnic composition as follaes:<ref name="2010Census" /> [[Roushies|Roushie]] 92.5%, [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] 1.5%, [[Belaroushies]] 0.9%, [[Jew]]ish 0.6%, [[Tatars|Tatar]] 0.7%, [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] 0.5%, [[Armenies|Armenie]] 0.5%, [[Azeris in Roushie|Azeri]] 0.4%, [[Tajiks|Tajik]] 0.3%, [[Georgie fowk|Georgie]] 0.2%, [[Moldovans|Moldovan]] 0.2%, [[Finns]] 0.1%. Additionally, 652,827 fowk wur registered frae admeenistrative databases, an coud no declare an ethnicity. It is estimatit that the proportion o ethnicities in this group is the same as that o the declared group.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-01-27 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107001951/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The 20t century saw hectic ups an douns in population. Frae 2.4&nbsp;million in 1916 it haed droppit tae less nor 740,000 bi 1920 durin the [[Roushie Revolution]] an [[Roushie Ceevil War]]. The minorities o Germans, Poles, Finns, Estonies an Latvies wur amaist completely [[population transfer in the Soviet Union|transferred]] frae Leningrad durin the 1930s.<ref name="martin">Martin, Terry (1998). [http://www.jstor.org/view/00222801/di000017/00p0286a/0 The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing]. ''[[The Journal of Modern History]]'' 70.4, 813–861.{{Dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> Frae 1941 tae the end o 1943, population droppit frae 3&nbsp;million tae less nor 600,000, as fowk dee'd in battles, starvit tae daith durin the [[Siege o Leningrad]], or wur evacuatit. Efter the siege, some o the evacuees returned, but maist influx wis due tae migration frae ither pairts o the Soviet Union. The ceety absorbit aboot 3&nbsp;million fowk in the 1950s an grew tae ower 5&nbsp;million in the 1980s. Frae 1991 tae 2006 the ceety's population decreased tae the 4.6&nbsp;million, while the suburban population increased due tae privatization o land an massive muive tae suburbs. Based on the 2010 census results the current population is ower 4.8 million.<ref name="Demoscape0163">Чистякова Н. [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0163/tema01.php Третье сокращение численности населения... и последнее?] ''Демоскоп Weekly'' 163&nbsp;– 164, August 1–15, 2004.</ref><ref>Russian source: "Encyclopedia of Saint Petersburg" Чистяков А. Ю. [http://www.encspb.ru/ru/article.php?kod=2804035787 Население (обзорная статья)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004210856/http://www.encspb.ru/ru/article.php?kod=2804035787 |date=2007-10-04 }}. ''Энциклопедия Санкт-Петербурга''</ref> The [[birth rate]] remains lawer than the [[Mortality rate|daith rate]]; fowk ower 65 constitute mair nor twinty percent o the population; an the median age is aboot 40 year.<ref>Russian statistics [http://gov.spb.ru/gov/admin/otrasl/trud/demogr/pokazately Основные показатели социально-демографической ситуации в Санкт-Петербурге] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010155112/http://gov.spb.ru/gov/admin/otrasl/trud/demogr/pokazately |date=2006-10-10 }}</ref> Fowk in urban Saunt Petersburg live maistly in apairtments. Atween 1918 an the 1990s, the Soviets [[Naitionalisation|naitionalisit]] hoosin an forcit residents tae share communal apairtments (''[[kommunal apartment|kommunalkas]]''). Wi 68% livin in shared flats in the 1930s, Leningrad wis the ceety in the USSR wi the lairgest nummer o ''kommunalkas''. Resettlin residents o ''kommunalkas'' is nou on the wey oot, albeit shared apairtments are still no uncommon. As new burghs wur biggit on the ootskirts in the 1950s–1980s, ower hauf a million law income faimilies eventually receivit free apairtments, an aboot an additional hunder thoosan condos wur purchased. While economic an social activity is concentratit in the [[Central Saunt Petersburg|historic ceety centre]], the richest pairt o Saunt Petersburg, maist fowk live in [[Metropolitan aurie|commuter auries]]. For the first hauf o 2007, the birth rate wis 9.1 per 1000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2007/0301/barom04.php |title=В первом полугодии продолжалось умеренное повышение числа рождений |publisher=Demoscope.ru |date= |accessdate=January 6, 2009}}</ref> == Govrenment == {{See|Govrenment in Saunt Petersburg}} [[File:Sankt-Petěrburg, výhled z Katedrály sv. Izáka cropped.jpg|thumb|right|The Mariinsky Palace, seat o the ceety assembly]] [[File:Sankt Petersburg-Regierungssitz Smolny.jpg|thumb|left|[[Smolny Institute]], the seat o the govrenor]] Saunt Petersburg is a [[Federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject of Roushie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |title=The Constitution of the Russian federation |publisher=Constitution.ru |date= |accessdate=October 22, 2009}}</ref> The poleetical life o Saunt Petersburg is regulatit bi the [[Municipal corporation|ceety chairter]] adoptit bi the ceety legislatur in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gov.spb.ru/law?d&nd=8308279&prevDoc=8308279&spack=000listid%3D010000000100%26listpos%3D0%26lsz%3D1%26nd%3D9111570%26nh%3D0%26 |title=Russian source: Charter of Saint Petersburg City |publisher=Gov.spb.ru |date= |accessdate=October 22, 2009}}</ref> The superior executive body is the [[Saunt Petersburg Ceety Admeenistration]], led bi the [[leet o heids o Saunt Petersburg govrenment|govrenor]] (mayor afore 1996). Saunt Petersburg haes a single-chamber legislatur, the [[Legislative Assembly o Saunt Petersburg|Saunt Petersburg Legislative Assembly]]. Accordin tae the federal law passed in 2004, heids o federal subjects, includin the govrenor o Saint Petersburg, are nominatit bi the [[Preses o Roushie]] an approvit bi local legislaturs. If the legislatur disappruives the nominee, it is dissolvit. Saunt Petersburg ceety is currently dividit intae [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Saunt Petersburg|aichteen districts]]. Saunt Petersburg is an aw the admeenistrative centre o [[Leningrad Oblast]], an o the [[Northwastren Federal Destrict]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.szfo.ru/ |title=Official website of the Northwestern Federal District (Russian) |publisher=Szfo.ru |date=June 25, 2009 |accessdate=October 22, 2009 |archive-date=2008-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216171819/http://www.szfo.ru/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Constitutional Court o the Roushie Federation|Constitutional Court o Roushie]] muivit tae Saunt Petersburg frae [[Moscow]] in Mey 2008. Saunt Petersburg an Leningrad Oblast, bein twa different federal subjects, share a nummer o local depairtments o federal executive agencies an courts, sic as court o arbitration, polis, [[Federal Security Service (Roushie)|FSB]], postal service, drog enforcement admeenistration, penitentiary service, federal registration service, an ither federal services. ==Twin touns an sister ceeties== {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Roushie}} Leet o sister ceeties tae Saunt Petersburg, juist lik it appears on the offeecial portal o the Ceety Govrenment, leetin baith sister ceeties an pairtnership tees:<ref name="saint_petersburg">{{cite web |url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |title=Saint Petersburg in figures – International and Interregional Ties |publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government |accessdate=March 23, 2008 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090224073839/http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |- ! colspan="3"|Nan CIS/Baltic states sister ceeties o Saunt Petersburg (frae offeecial govrenment leet) |- | style="width:33.3%;"| * {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Aarhus]], Denmark <small>''(syne 1989)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Adana]], Turkey <small>''(syne 1997)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Faisalabad]], Pakistan * {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Antwerp]], Belgium <small>''(syne 1958)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand <small>''(syne 1997)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Barcelona]], Spain <small>''(syne 1984)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html|title=Barcelona's Sister cities|publisher=2008 Ajuntament de Barcelona (City council's webpage)|accessdate=December 1, 2008|archive-date=2012-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127043638/http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Bethlehem]], Palestine <small>''(syne 2003)''</small><ref name="BethlehemTwinning">{{cite web |url=http://www.bethlehem-city.org/Twining.php |title=::Bethlehem Municipality:: |publisher=bethlehem-city.org |accessdate=October 10, 2009 |archive-date=2014-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713234635/http://www.bethlehem-city.org/Twining.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|France}} [[Bordeaux]], Fraunce <small>''(syne 1991)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Cape Toun]], Sooth Africae <small>''(syne 2001)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka <small>''(syne 1997)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|China}} [[Chengdu]], Cheenae <small>''(syne 1998)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Daegu]], Sooth Korea <small>''(syne 1997)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.daegu.go.kr/AboutDaegu/sister.asp |title=Coloful Daegu |accessdate=December 1, 2008}}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Dresden]], Germany <small>''(syne 1961)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dresden.de/en/02/11/c_03.php|title=Dresden Twin cities|publisher=2008 Landeshauptstadt Dresden (City of Dresden: www.Dresden.de)|accessdate=December 1, 2008|archive-date=2008-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016001550/http://www.dresden.de/en/02/11/c_03.php|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]], Spain<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://serviredprofesional.com/pageID_8034482.html |title=Tenerife |access-date=2012-09-27 |archive-date=2010-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525044911/http://www.serviredprofesional.com/pageID_8034482.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Edinburgh]], Unitit Kinrick <small>''(syne 1995)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /><ref name="Edinburgh">{{cite web |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |title=''Edinburgh – Twin and Partner Cities'' |accessdate=December 21, 2008 |publisher=2008 The City of Edinburgh Council, City Chambers, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ Scotland |archive-date=2008-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328001653/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Gdańsk]], Poland <small>''(syne 1961)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small><ref name="Gdańsk">{{cite web|url=http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad,62,733.html|title=Gdańsk Official Website: 'Miasta partnerskie'|publisher=2009 [http://www.gdansk.pl/ Urząd Miejski w Gdańsku]|language=Polish & English|accessdate=July 11, 2009|archive-date=2013-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723091807/http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad%2C62%2C733.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Graz]], Austrick <small>''(syne 2001)''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10099866/606819|title=Stadt Graz: Sister Cities|accessdate=December 1, 2008|archive-date=2010-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012143342/http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10099866/606819|url-status=dead}}</ref></small><ref name="Graz">{{cite web |url=http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10045157/606819/ |title=Twin Towns – Graz Online – English Version |publisher=graz.at |accessdate=January 5, 2010 |archive-date=2010-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131044827/http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10045157/606819 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Gothenburg|Göteborg]], Swaden <small>''(syne 1962)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Hamburg]], Germany <small>''(syne 1957)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Havana]], Cuba <small>''(syne 2000)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> | style="width:33.3%;"| * {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Helsinki]], Finland <small>''(syne 1993)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Ho Chi Minh Ceety]], Vietnam <small>''(syne 1977)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Isfahan]], Iran <small>''(syne 1999)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey <small>''(syne 1990)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm|title=Sister Cities of Istanbul|accessdate=November 2, 2008|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq0Igk9U?url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=94185|publisher=Radikal|language=Turkish|date=November 3, 2003|quote=49 sister cities in 2003|title=İstanbul'a 49 kardeş|last=Erdem|first=Selim Efe|accessdate=November 2, 2008}}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Kotka]], Finland <small>''(syne 1997)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|France}} [[Le Havre]], Fraunce <small>''(syne 1965)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /><ref name="TwinTowns">''{{cite web|url = http://www.lehavre.eu/#Twin_towns|title=Le Havre Website – Twin Towns|accessdate=November 30, 2008|publisher=[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|14px]] {{fontcolor|Green|(in [[Inglis leid|{{fontcolor|Green|English}}]])}} 2006–2008 Ovidio Limited. }}''</ref></small> * {{flagicon|United States}} Los Angeles, Unitit States <small>''(syne 1990)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lacity.org/sistercities/html/08.htm |title=Los Angeles City Council: Sister cities of Los Angeles |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2008-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719222418/http://www.lacity.org/sistercities/html/08.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|France}} [[Lyon]], Fraunce <small>''(syne 1993)''<ref name="saint_petersburg"/><ref name="Lyon">{{cite web|url=http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1|title=''Partner Cities of Lyon and Greater Lyon''|publisher=2008 Mairie de Lyon|accessdate=October 21, 2008|archive-date=2009-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719003816/http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Manchester]], Unitit Kinrick <small>''(syne 1956)''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?categoryID=100002&documentID=2632&pageNumber=3|title=Friendship Agreements|publisher=[[Manchester City Council]]|accessdate=December 1, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611021612/http://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?categoryID=100002&documentID=2632&pageNumber=3|archivedate=2008-06-11|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?categoryID=100002&documentID=2632&pageNumber=3 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-09-27 |archive-date=2008-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611021612/http://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?categoryID=100002&documentID=2632&pageNumber=3 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Australia}} Melbourne, Australie <small>''(syne 1989)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=161&pg=2979 |title=International relations: Saint Petersburg |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2008-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926111720/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=161&pg=2979 |url-status=dead }}</ref></small><ref name="Melbourne">{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=161&pg=2979|title=City of Melbourne&nbsp;— International relations&nbsp;— Sister cities|publisher=City of Melbourne|accessdate=July 7, 2009|archive-date=2008-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926111720/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=161&pg=2979|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Mikkeli]], Finland <small>''(syne 1996)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Milan]], Italy <small>''(syne 1961)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /><ref name="Milan">{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/ContentLibrary/In%20Comune/In%20Comune/Citt%20Gemellate|title=''Milano – Città Gemellate''|publisher=2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano)|accessdate=December 5, 2008|archive-date=2014-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410020744/http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FContentLibrary%2FIn%20Comune%2FIn%20Comune%2FCitt%20Gemellate|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Montevideo]], Uruguay <small>''(syne 1998)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|India}} [[Mumbai]], Indiae <small>''(syne 1963)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/|title=Official Website of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|publisher=[[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]]|accessdate=December 1, 2008|archive-date=2017-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028225646/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|France}} [[Nice]], Fraunce <small>''(syne 1997)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Osaka]], Japan <small>''(syne 1961)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city.osaka.jp/english/more_about_osaka/osaka_world/index.html |title=Osaka and the World, the official website of the Osaka city |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2008-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222222132/http://www.city.osaka.jp/english/more_about_osaka/osaka_world/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> | style="width:33.3%;"| * {{flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], Fraunce <small>''(syne 1991)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /><ref name="Paris">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |work=Mairie de Paris |title=Paris Partners: 'Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération' |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2010-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122093109/http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Paris2">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |work=Mairie de Paris |title=Paris International relations : special partners |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2008-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225090448/http://www.v1.paris.fr/EN/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Piraeus]], Greece <small>''(syne 1965)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Plovdiv]], Bulgarie <small>''(syne 2001)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /><ref>[http://www.plovdiv.bg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=261&Itemid=279 ~Plovdiv Sister cities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102060041/http://www.plovdiv.bg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=261&Itemid=279 |date=2011-11-02 }}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Prague]], Czech Republic <small>''(syne 1992)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /><ref name="Prague Partner Cities">{{cite web|url=http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/72647_Partnerska-mesta|title=Prague Partner Cities|publisher=2009 [http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/ Magistrát hl. m. Prahy]|language=Czech|accessdate=July 2, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523163632/http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/72647_Partnerska-mesta|archive-date=2011-05-23|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Quebec Ceety]], Canadae <small>''(syne 2002)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil <small>''(syne 1986)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Rotterdam]], Netherlands <small>''(syne 1966)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Thessaloniki]], Greece <small>''(syne 2002)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /><ref name=thessaloniki>{{cite web |url=http://www.thessalonikicity.gr/English/twinning-cities.htm |title=Twinning Cities |work=City of Thessaloniki |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2009-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331054219/http://www.thessalonikicity.gr/English/twinning-cities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Santiago de Cuba|Santiago]], Cuba<ref name="saint_petersburg" /> * {{flagicon|China}} [[Shanghai]], Cheenae <small>''(syne 1959)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Stockholm]], Sweaden <small>''(syne 1992)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Tampere]], Finland <small>''(syne 1993)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Turku]], Finland <small>''(syne 1953)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]], Poland <small>''(syne 1997)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /><ref>{{pl icon}} {{cite web |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11 |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy |work=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta |date=May 4, 2005 |accessdate=August 29, 2008 |archive-date=2007-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011111033/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11 |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]], Croatie <small>''(syne 1968)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /><ref name=zagreb_sister_cities>{{cite web|url=http://www.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html|title=Zagreb Sister Cities|accessdate=December 1, 2008|archive-date=2007-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928042510/http://www.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|United States}} [[St. Petersburg, Florida|Saint Petersburg]], Unitit States * {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], Bulgarie |} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |- ! colspan="3"|Sister ceeties in the [[Commonweel o Unthirlt States]] an Baltic states: |- | style="width:33.3%;"| * {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan <small>''(syne 1996)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Baku]], Azerbaijan <small>''(syne 1998)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Dushanbe]], Tajikistan <small>''(syne 1999)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> | style="width:33.3%;"| * {{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]], Armenie <small>''(syne 1997)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /><ref name="Yerevan Sister Cities">{{cite web|url=http://yerevan.am/main.php?lang=3&page_id=194|title=Yerevan Municipality – Sister Cities|publisher=2005–2009 [http://yerevan.am/?lang=3 www.yerevan.am]|accessdate=June 22, 2009|archive-date=2011-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002075135/http://www.yerevan.am/main.php?page_id=194&lang=3|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Vilnius]], Lithuanie <small>''(syne 2002)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vilniushostels.eu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=2 |title=Guide to Vilnuis |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2010-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012051203/http://www.vilniushostels.eu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Riga]], Latvie <small>''(syne 1997)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |title=Twin cities of Riga |publisher=[[Riga City Council]] |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2008-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204021323/http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> | style="width:33.3%;"| * {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Sevastopol]], Ukraine <small>''(syne 2000)''<ref name="saint_petersburg" /></small> * {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Daugavpils]], Latvie <small>''(syne 2002)''<ref>[http://www.gorod.lv/o_gorode About Daugavpils]</ref></small> |} Ither sisterhuids no on the govrenment leet: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |- ! colspan="3"|Sister ceeties o Saunt Petersburg (no includit on offeecial govrenment leet) |- | style="width:33.3%;"| * {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Aqaba]], Jordan <small>''(syne 2003)''<ref name="translate.google.com">{{cite web|url=http://translate.google.com/translate?sourceid=navclient&hl=en&u=http%3a%2f%2fwww.kvs.spb.ru%2f%3fp%3ddelovie_missii_sankt-peterburga_za_rubezhom245 |title=Chairman of the Committee for External Relations of St. Petersburg |publisher=Translate.google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-20}}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|United States}} [[Maryland|State o Maryland]], Unitit States<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/NIS/Russia |title=Online Directory: Russian Federation, Eurasia |publisher=Sister Cities International |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2008-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908065704/http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/NIS/Russia |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|United States}} [[Lansing, Michigan|Lansing]], Unitit States <small>''(syne 1992)''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lansingsc.org/pages/stpetersburg.cfm |title=Sister cities:Saint Petersburg, Russia |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2008-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019194319/http://www.lansingsc.org/pages/stpetersburg.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Maribor]], Slovenie. <small>''(syne 2001)''<ref>[http://66.102.1.100/translate_c?hl=en&u=http://www.maribor.si/podrocje.aspx%3Fid%3D31&usg=ALkJrhjCmkRIYTaYAKF74A0No9ha3RWs-w Maribor sister cities]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|United States}} [[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]], United States<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usasc.org/misc-docs/SA_Conf_Tour%20package.pdf |title=US Africa Sister Cities Conference |publisher=U.S. Africa sister cities foundation, inc. |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2008-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527220449/http://www.usasc.org/misc-docs/SA_Conf_Tour%20package.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Osh]], Kyrgyzstan <small>''(syne 2004)''<ref name="translate.google.com"/></small> * {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Chungcheongbuk-do]], Sooth Korea <small>''(syne 2008)''<ref name="translate.google.com"/></small> * {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Mar del Plata]], Argentinae <small>''(syne 2008)''<ref name="translate.google.com"/></small> * {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]], Mexico <small>''(syne 2008)''<ref name="translate.google.com"/></small> | style="width:33.3%;"| * {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Astana]], Kazakhstan <small>''(syne 2008)''<ref name="translate.google.com"/></small> * {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Florence]], Italy <small>''(syne 2001)''<ref name="Sister cities international">{{cite web |url=http://www.glosk.com/LH/Republic_of_Lithuania/-3599695/pages/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities/4519_en.htm |title=Sister cities international |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2008-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527183801/http://www.glosk.com/LH/Republic_of_Lithuania/-3599695/pages/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities/4519_en.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Venice]], Italy <small>''(syne 2006)''<ref name="Sister cities international"/></small> * {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Busan]], Sooth Korea <small>''(syne 2008)''<ref name="translate.google.com"/></small> * {{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Sousse]], Tunisie <small>''(syne 2008)''<ref name="translate.google.com"/></small> * {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Oslo]], Norawa <small>''(syne 2002)''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oslo.kommune.no/the_city_of_oslo/international_cooperation/ |title=Sister partners of Oslo |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2009-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102135652/http://www.oslo.kommune.no/the_city_of_oslo/international_cooperation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Hai Phong]], Vietnam <small>''(syne 2008)''<ref name="translate.google.com"/></small> * {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Rishon LeZion]], Israel <small>''(syne 1966)''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Rishon_LeZion |title=Rishon LeZion |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2012-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023214523/http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Rishon_LeZion |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Košice]], Slovakie <small>''(syne 1995)''<ref name="Košice">{{cite web|url=http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=gov_s_c-00.html|publisher=2007–2009 [http://www.kosice.sk/ City of Košice] Magistrát mesta Košice, Tr. SNP 48/A, 040 11 Košice|title=Partnership towns of the City of Košice|language=Slovak|accessdate=July 12, 2009|archive-date=2009-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817034218/http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=gov_s_c-00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> | style="width:33.3%;"| * {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Haifa]], Israel <small>''(syne 2008)''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mignews.com/news/politic/world/210508_03000_59894.html |title=Haifa agreement with partner |language={{ru icon}} |publisher=Mignews.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-20 |archive-date=2017-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019031332/http://www.mignews.com/news/politic/world/210508_03000_59894.html |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Sudan}} [[Khartoum]], Sudan <small>''(syne 2002)''<ref name="translate.google.com"/></small> * {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Lviv]], Ukraine <small>''(syne 2006)''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukrainians.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=279&Itemid=2 |title=The city of Lviv, and its sister cities |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2013-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915111322/http://www.ukrainians.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=279&Itemid=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Ulan Bator]], Mongolie <small>''(syne 2008)''<ref name="translate.google.com"/></small> * {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Debrecen]], Hungary <small>''(syne 2002)''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vengria.ru/main.php?folderID=911&articleID=4075&ctag=articlelist&iid=1 |title=Hungary-Russia sister cities |publisher=Vengria.ru |date= |accessdate=2012-07-20 |archive-date=2012-09-19 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919181911/http://www.vengria.ru/main.php?folderID=911&articleID=4075&ctag=articlelist&iid=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Cebu Ceety]], Philippines <small>''(syne 2008)''<ref name="translate.google.com"/></small> * {{flagicon|North Korea}} [[Namp'o]], North Korea <small>''(syne 2002)''<ref name="translate.google.com"/></small> * {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Porto Alegre]], Brazil <small>''(syne 2002)''<ref name="Porto Alegre">{{cite web |url=http://www2.portoalegre.rs.gov.br/captare/default.php?p_secao=36 |title=Porto Alegre's International Sister Cities Program |publisher=Porto Alegre, RS |accessdate =August 22, 2008}}</ref></small> |} == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons|Saint Petersburg}} * {{Cite web | title = Официальный портал администрации Санкт-Петербурга | trans_title = The Official Portal of the Saint Petersburg City Authority | publisher = ''The Saint Petersburg City Authority'': 191060, St.&nbsp;Petersburg, [[Smolny Institute|Smolny]] &#91;<small>Администрация Санкт-Петербурга 191060, СПб., Смольный</small>&#93; | url = http://eng.gov.spb.ru/ | year = 2001–2011 | accessdate = 2011-02-09 | language = ru | archive-date = 2006-12-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061231222926/http://eng.gov.spb.ru/ | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite web | title = Saint Petersburg — open city | author = Committee for Investment and Strategic Projects | publisher = The Government of St.&nbsp;Petersburg | postscript = &nbsp;&#91;<small>Analytical materials and white papers upon economy, business and social environment, comfort and doing business in St.&nbsp;Petersburg</small>&#93; | url = http://st-petersburg.ru/en/ | year = 2010 | accessdate = 2011-02-09 | language = en | archive-date = 2011-03-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110312192621/http://st-petersburg.ru/en | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite web | title = Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg | publisher = The [[Dmitry Likhachov|Likhachov]] Foundation | postscript = &nbsp;&#91;<small>3500 entries, 9200 personalities, 3500 addresses, 2000 pictures and 40 geographical maps, 3800 bibliographical references from the original "Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg" (SPb., Rosspen, 2004)</small>&#93; | url = http://www.encspb.ru/en/ | location = St.&nbsp;Petersburg | year = 2004 | accessdate = 2011-02-09 | language = en | archive-date = 2009-02-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090221115841/http://encspb.ru/en/ | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite news | title = Destination: St Petersburg |work = [[Helsinki Times]] | author = Marina Sidyakina | date = 2008-04-10 | url = http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/htimes/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=545:destination-st-petersburg&catid=155:travel&Itemid=185/ | accessdate = 2011-02-09}} * {{Wikivoyage|Saint Petersburg (Russia)}} * {{In Our Time|St Petersburg|b00jts6k|St_Petersburg}} * {{Cite web| title = Saint Petersburg, 1900: a photographic travelogue of the capital of Imperial Russia |author= Bob Atchinson|postscript=&nbsp;&#91;<small>50 photographs of St.&nbsp;Petersburg from «[[Travel literature|Travelogues]]» of [[Burton Holmes]] (Vol.&nbsp;8, 1914) and other sources</small>&#93;| url = http://www.alexanderpalace.org/petersburg1900/|year= 2010| accessdate = 2011-02-09 | language = en}} * [http://free-writer.ru/pages/st.petersburg.html Life o Saunt Petersburg in photos] {{Commonscat|Saint Petersburg}} {{Subdiveesions o Roushie}} {{Hero Ceeties}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Saunt Petersburg| ]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Roushie]] [[Category:Federal ceeties o Roushie]] [[Category:Umwhile naitional caipitals]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns in Roushie]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Easter Seas]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1703]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Roushie]] bnnnuypob2qkssbnz0hrzfeet544eww 0 11342 928069 927241 2026-11-11T17:42:39Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox motorsport championship |name = Formula 1 |category = Single-seater formula [[Auto racin|auto racin]] |country/region = Warldwide |inaugural2 = 1950 |drivers = 22 |constructors = 11 |tyres = [[Pirelli]] |champion driver = Kimi Antonelli (2026)<br />(Mercedes) |constructor = Mercedes (2026) |website = {{URL|https://formula1.com}} }} [[File:Mercedes W 196 mit 3-l-Motor (Fangio) 1986-08-16.jpg|thumb|Fangio's Mercedes W 196 in 1986]] '''Formula 1''' ('''F1''') is the heichest cless o warldwide [[Motor racin|racin]] for single-seater formula racin caurs wi open wheels. It is run bi the Formula One Group an sanctioned bi the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA). The '''FIA Formula One World Championship''' haes been ane o the warld's tap kinds o motorsport syne its first season in 1950, an is aften thocht the heicht o motorsport. The wird ''formula'' in the nem means the set o rules that aw the caurs takkin pairt maun follae. A Formula 1 season is a run o races cried Grands Prix, that tak place in monie countries an continents, on circuits biggit for the purpose or on closed roads uised as street circuits. A points system is uised at the Grands Prix tae decide twa warld championships ilka year: ane for the drivers, an ane for the constructors, that are the same thing as the teams noo. Ilka driver maun haud a valid Super Licence, the heichest cless o racin licence the FIA gies oot, an the races maun be run on Grade One tracks, the heichest grade the FIA gies tae circuits. == History == Formula 1 cam oot o the World Manufacturers' Championship (1925–1927) an the European Drivers' Championship (1931–1939). Afore [[Warld War II]], a wheen Grand Prix racin organisations pit forrit ideas for a new championship tae tak the place o the European Championship, but acause racin wis stoppit durin the war, a new International Formula for caurs wisnae formally settled till efter it. Formula 1 wis a formula greed on in 1946 tae come intae force officially in 1947. The first Grand Prix run unner the new rules wis the 1946 Turin Grand Prix, afore the formula's official stairt. The new warld championship wis set up tae begin in 1950.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/lastampa_1946-09-01/page/n1/mode/2up?view=theater |title=La Stampa (1946-09-01) |date=1 September 1946 |publisher=Editrice La Stampa S.p.A. |others=CSI Piemonte |pages=3 |language=Italian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 1946 |title=L'Équipe : le stade, l'air, la route |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t5100156g/f2.item.zoom |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Gallica }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Adam |date=13 May 2020 |title=Remembering F1's first world championship race 70 years on |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/first-f1-race-silverstone-1950/4791619/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606181346/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/first-f1-race-silverstone-1950/4791619/ |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=motorsport.com}}</ref> The first warld championship race, the 1950 British Grand Prix, wis run at [[Silverstone Circuit]] in the [[Unitit Kinrick]] on 13 Mey 1950.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2021 |title=Facts you may not know about Silverstone Circuit and its place on the F1 calendar |url=https://www.silverstonemuseum.co.uk/about-us/our-organisation/blog/facts-you-may-not-know-about-silverstone-circuit/ |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=Silverstone Museum |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518141045/https://www.silverstonemuseum.co.uk/about-us/our-organisation/blog/facts-you-may-not-know-about-silverstone-circuit/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Giuseppe Farina, drivin for [[Alfa Romeo]], wan the first Drivers' World Championship, juist beatin his teammate [[Juan Manuel Fangio]]. Fangio wan the championship in 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956 an 1957.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2003 |title=Michael Schumacher surclasse ses rivaux et dépasse Juan Manuel Fangio |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2003/10/13/michael-schumacher-surclasse-ses-rivaux-et-depasse-juan-manuel-fangio_337886_1819218.html |access-date=18 May 2023 |newspaper=Le Monde |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518140148/https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2003/10/13/michael-schumacher-surclasse-ses-rivaux-et-depasse-juan-manuel-fangio_337886_1819218.html |url-status=live }}</ref> That set the record for the maist warld championships wan bi ae driver, a record that stuid for 46 year till [[Michael Schumacher]] wan his saxt championship in 2003.<ref name=":1" /> A Constructors' Championship wis addit in the 1958 season. Stirling Moss, tho he is aften thocht ane o the best Formula One drivers o the 1950s an 1960s, niver wan the championship.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lawton |first=James |date=18 September 2011 |title=Hamilton still on track to greatness |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/james-lawton-hamilton-still-on-track-to-greatness-397525.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/james-lawton-hamilton-still-on-track-to-greatness-397525.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |access-date=2 November 2021 |newspaper = The Independent |location=London}}</ref> The first muckle technical chynge in the series wis [[Bugatti]] bringin in mid-engined caurs. [[Jack Brabham]], warld champion in 1959, 1960 an 1966, suin shawed that the mid-engine wis better nor ony ither engine position, an bi 1961 aw the teams haed chynged tae mid-engined caurs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gpracing.net192.com/cars/data/186.cfm|title=Ferguson P99|access-date =17 November 2007|publisher=GP Racing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330231253/http://www.gpracing.net192.com/cars/data/186.cfm|archive-date=30 March 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1962 Lotus brocht in a caur wi an aluminium-sheet monocoque chassis insteid o the traditional space-frame design. This turned oot tae be the biggest technical step forrit syne mid-engined caurs cam in.<ref>{{cite web |title=See how technology has changed Formula One for the better |url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/7-times-new-technology-changed-the-f1-game |work=Red Bull |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=28 March 2018}}</ref> Frae the 1970s, [[Bernie Ecclestone]] rearranged the management o Formula 1's commercial richts, an monie fowk gie him the credit for turnin the series intae the multi-billion-dollar business it is noo.<ref name="guardian280397">{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Williams|title=The Formula for Striking It Rich|newspaper=The Guardian |date=28 March 1997}}</ref><ref name="mrformula">{{cite news |date=13 March 1997 |title=Mr Formula One |page=72 |newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/business/1997/03/13/mr-formula-one |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820215519/https://www.economist.com/business/1997/03/13/mr-formula-one |archive-date= 2025-08-20}}</ref> When Ecclestone bocht the Brabham team in 1971 he got a seat on the Formula 1 Constructors' Association (FOCA), an in 1978 he becam its president.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bernie Ecclestone timeline|url=http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/story/32358.html|access-date=18 January 2022|website=ESPN UK|archive-date=17 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817112028/http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/story/32358.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The rivalry atween [[Ayrton Senna]] an Alain Prost becam the main focus o F1 in 1988 an gaed on till Prost retired at the end o 1993.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Slater |first1=Luke |title='I had a front-row seat for the explosive Senna-Prost rivalry' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/formula-1/2025/05/22/front-row-seat-explosive-ayrton-senna-alain-prost-rivalry/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=3 November 2025 |date=22 May 2025}}</ref> Senna deed at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix efter crashin intae a waw on the wey oot o the Tamburello corner.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ayrton Senna: Remembering a racing legend 30 years on |url=https://www.silverstone.co.uk/news/ayrton-senna-remembering-racing-legend-30-years |website=Silverstone |access-date=3 November 2025 }}</ref> [[Roland Ratzenberger]] deed an aw, in an accident durin the Setterday qualifyin that weekend.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tremayne |first1=Sam |title=A racer through and through – Roland Ratzenberger remembered |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/a-racer-through-and-through-ratzenberger-remembered.4GgLrhjq9vSL5anb023G7 |website=Formula 1® |access-date=3 November 2025 }}</ref> Michael Schumacher an [[Ferrari]] wan five Drivers' Championships in a raw an sax Constructors' Championships in a raw. Schumacher set monie new records, amang them the records for Grand Prix wins, wins in a season, an maist Drivers' Championships.<ref>{{cite news |title=Schumacher makes history |work=BBC Sport |date=21 July 2002 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/2141834.stm |access-date=12 September 2006 |archive-date=5 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505185104/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/2141834.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> His run o championships endit on 25 September 2005, when the Renault driver [[Fernando Alonso]] becam Formula 1's youngest champion at that time (till [[Lewis Hamilton]] in 2008, an efter him [[Sebastian Vettel]] in 2010).<ref>{{cite web |title=The youngest Formula 1 world champions – Where does Max Verstappen rank alongside Vettel, Alonso and Hamilton? |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/the-youngest-world-champions-where-does-verstappen-rank-alongside-vettel.5maXjugCVIKMSrPdky0p7Q |website=Formula 1®|access-date=23 August 2025 }}</ref> A muckle chynge tae the rules in 2014 saw the 2.4-litre naturally aspirated V8 engines replaced bi 1.6-litre turbocharged hybrid pouer units.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Benson |first1=Andrew |title=Formula 1 bosses confirm engines will not change until 2014 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/13878359 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=22 June 2011}}</ref> Mercedes cam oot as the dominant team, wi Hamilton winnin the championship, closely follit bi his main rival an teammate, [[Nico Rosberg]], an the team winnin 16 o the 19 races that season.<ref name="twenty fourteen">{{cite web |title=2014 Race Results |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2014/races |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 }}</ref> In 2021 the Red Bull team, wi Honda engines, stairtit tae challenge Mercedes in earnest, wi [[Max Verstappen]] beatin Hamilton tae the Drivers' Championship efter a fecht that lastit the hale season an saw the pair swap the lead o the championship monie times.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mortlidge |first1=Matt |title=Max Verstappen vs Lewis Hamilton: The story and escalating drama of a remarkable Formula 1 title fight |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12488949/max-verstappen-vs-lewis-hamilton-the-story-and-escalating-drama-of-a-remarkable-formula-1-title-fight |website=Sky Sports |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> In 2022 the F1 governin body annoonced a muckle chynge tae the rules an tae caur design, meant tae gie closer racin throu ground effects, new aerodynamics, bigger wheels wi low-profile tyres, an new nose an wing rules.<ref name="2022Car">{{Cite web |title=10 things you need to know about the all-new 2022 F1 car |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.10-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-all-new-2022-f1-car.4OLg8DrXyzHzdoGrbqp6ye.html |access-date=9 January 2023 |website= formula1.com |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525004734/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.10-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-all-new-2022-f1-car.4OLg8DrXyzHzdoGrbqp6ye.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=7 key rule changes for the 2022 season |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.7-key-rule-changes-for-the-2022-season.2E7JH9MywymU8xxw6r5yDS.html |access-date=9 January 2023 |website= formula1.com |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425005024/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.7-key-rule-changes-for-the-2022-season.2E7JH9MywymU8xxw6r5yDS.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Red Bull cam oot as the dominant team efter the shake-up. The 2022 an 2023 Constructors' an Drivers' championships war wan bi Red Bull an Verstappen, wi monie races tae spare.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parkes |first=Ian |date=9 December 2022 |title=This Formula 1 Season Was All Max Verstappen and Red Bull |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/09/sports/autoracing/f1-max-verstappen-red-bull.html |url-access=registration |access-date=9 January 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109030145/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/09/sports/autoracing/f1-max-verstappen-red-bull.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramaswami |first=Sundaram|title=The F1 records Verstappen and Red Bull broke in 2022 |url=https://us.motorsport.com/f1/news/the-f1-records-verstappen-and-red-bull-broke-in-2022/10403498/ |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=motorsport.com |date=21 November 2022 |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109030143/https://us.motorsport.com/f1/news/the-f1-records-verstappen-and-red-bull-broke-in-2022/10403498/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Parkes |first=Ian |date=13 December 2023 |title=For Red Bull and Max Verstappen, 2023 Was a Dominant Year |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/13/sports/autoracing/f1-red-bull-max-verstappen-2023.html |url-access=registration |access-date=15 January 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114170342/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/13/sports/autoracing/f1-red-bull-max-verstappen-2023.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Samuel |date=9 October 2023 |title=Why Red Bull's RB19 is one of the most dominant F1 cars ever |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/06/sport/red-bull-rb19-f1-motorsport-spt-intl/index.html |access-date=15 January 2024 |work=CNN |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115131543/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/06/sport/red-bull-rb19-f1-motorsport-spt-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> == Races an the championship == A Formula 1 Grand Prix rins ower a weekend. It maistly stairts wi twa free practice sessions on the Friday an a third on the Setterday. Extra drivers (commonly cried third drivers) are allooed tae rin on Fridays, but only twa caurs can be uised bi ilka team, sae a race driver haes tae gie up their seat. A qualifyin session is held efter the last free practice session, an it sets the stairtin order for the race on the Sunday.<ref name="QDetail2">{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8686/|title=Practice and qualifying|website= formula1.com|access-date=21 October 2009|archive-date=16 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516014918/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8686/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="DriveChang">{{cite web|title=Driver changes and additional drivers|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8694/|website= formula1.com|date=10 June 2011|access-date=10 June 2011|archive-date=20 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110620024651/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8694/|url-status=live}}</ref> The current qualifyin format, kent as "knock-out" qualifyin, cam in for the 2006 season. It is pairtit intae three stages, cried Q1, Q2 an Q3. Drivers can rin as monie laps as they want tae get throu tae the neist stage, an the slowest drivers are pit oot at the end o ilka roond.<ref name=Qual>{{cite web|title=Sporting regulations: Practice and qualifying|url=http://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/championship/inside-f1/rules-regs/Practice_qualifying_and_race_start_procedure.html|website=formula1.com|access-date=3 January 2016|archive-date=1 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501104833/http://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/championship/inside-f1/rules-regs/Practice_qualifying_and_race_start_procedure.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Throu the race, drivers can mak pit stops tae chynge tyres an sort damage. Three dry tyre compounds, wi different wear an grip, are available tae the drivers. In weet conditions drivers can chynge tae ane o twa special weet-wather tyres wi extra grooves. Ower the race, drivers maun mak at least ae pit stop an uise twa different tyre compounds.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Asher |first1=Richard |last2=Braybrook |first2=Rebecca |title=F1 tyres: What are the Pirelli compounds and 2024 rules |url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/f1-tyres-what-are-the-compounds-and-what-do-they-mean/10344284/ |website=autosport.com |access-date=15 September 2025 |date=15 September 2025}}</ref> Different systems for giein championship points hae been uised syne 1950. The current system, in place syne 2010, gies points tae the tap ten caurs in the Drivers' an Constructors' Championships, wi the winner gettin 25 points. The points wan at ilka race are added up, an the driver an constructor wi the maist points at the end o the season are croont warld champions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sporting regulations: Points|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8681/|website= formula1.com|access-date=12 January 2015|archive-date=3 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003050849/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8681/|url-status=live}}</ref> A Formula 1 constructor is the body creditit wi designin the chassis an the engine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Verlin|first=Kurt|date=10 October 2017|title=Quick Guide to Formula One Constructors|url=https://thenewswheel.com/quick-guide-to-formula-one-constructors/|access-date=2 December 2020|website=The News Wheel|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231220547/https://thenewswheel.com/quick-guide-to-formula-one-constructors/|url-status=live}}</ref> If baith are designed bi the same company, that company gets sole credit as the constructor (for example [[Ferrari]]). If they are designed bi different companies, baith are creditit, wi the nem o the chassis designer comin afore that o the engine designer (for example [[McLaren]]-Mercedes). Aw constructors are scored on their ain, even if they share a chassis or engine wi anither constructor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1983 Constructor Standings|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/1983/team.html|access-date=2 December 2020|website= formula1.com|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201065752/https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/1983/team.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The nummer o Grands Prix held in a season haes chynged ower the years. The first warld championship season, in 1950, haed only seven races,<ref name="inaugural season">{{cite web |title=1950 RACE RESULTS |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results/1950/races |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> alang wi a wheen non-championship Formula 1 events.<ref>{{cite web |title=Non World Championship Grand Prix - 1950|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/1950-hc.aspx |website=statsf1.com |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> Thae non-championship races, however, cam tae an end in 1983.<ref name="lastnopointsrace">{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Adam |date=10 April 2021 |title=The beer and curry secret of F1's last non-points race |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1-race-champions-sullivan-1983/4779232/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708190942/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1-race-champions-sullivan-1983/4779232/ |archive-date=8 July 2023 |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=motorsport.com}}</ref> The 2024 season haed 24 races, the maist warld championship races in ae season.<ref name="2024 calendar">{{cite web |title=F1 2024 calendar revealed: Saturday night Grands Prix in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia to kick off record 24-race season |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12915418/f1-2024-calendar-revealed-saturday-night-grands-prix-in-bahrain-and-saudi-arabia-to-kick-off-record-24-race-season |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=Sky Sports |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708215051/https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12915418/f1-2024-calendar-revealed-saturday-night-grands-prix-in-bahrain-and-saudi-arabia-to-kick-off-record-24-race-season |url-status=live}}</ref> The British an Italian Grands Prix are the only events that hae been held in ilka Formula 1 season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Which country has hosted the most F1 races? |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/which-country-hosted-most-f1-races/10560961/ |website=motorsport.com |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> The [[Monaco Grand Prix]] wis first held in 1929 an haes run ilka year syne 1955, except in 2020,<ref>{{cite web |title=Monaco announce cancellation of 2020 F1 race due to coronavirus |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/monaco-announce-cancellation-2020-f1-race.4tpwalvxWpDL0uwRMnV9TI |website=Formula 1® |access-date=23 August 2025 }}</ref> an monie fowk think it ane o the maist important an prestigious motor races in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|title=His Serene Highness Prince Rainier of Monte Carlo awarded the first FIA Gold Medal for Motor Sport|website=Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|date=14 October 2004|url=http://www.fia.com/mediacentre/Press_Releases/FIA_Sport/2004/141004-01.html|access-date=23 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115023910/http://www.fia.com/mediacentre/Press_Releases/FIA_Sport/2004/141004-01.html|archive-date=15 November 2007}}</ref> Aw Grands Prix war run in daylicht till the first Singapore Grand Prix held the first Formula 1 nicht race in 2008.<ref name="night race">{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2007/5/6063.html |title=Singapore confirms 2008 night race |website= formula1.com |date=11 May 2007 |access-date=30 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100517074908/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2007/5/6063.html |archive-date=17 May 2010 }}</ref> == Caurs == Modren Formula 1 caurs are mid-engined hybrid single-seaters wi open wheels an a semi-open cockpit. The chassis is maistly carbon-fibre composites, sae it is licht but awfu stiff an strang. The hale caur, includin the driver but no the fuel, weighs only {{convert|800|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, the minimum wecht set bi the rules.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elshebiny |first=Yara |date=23 March 2025 |title=The F1 Car Weight Rule That Cost Leclerc And Gasly 2025 Chinese GP Results |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/yaraelshebiny/2025/03/23/the-f1-car-weight-rule-that-cost-leclerc-and-gasly-2025-chinese-gp-results/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323141021/https://www.forbes.com/sites/yaraelshebiny/2025/03/23/the-f1-car-weight-rule-that-cost-leclerc-and-gasly-2025-chinese-gp-results/ |archive-date=23 March 2025 |access-date=9 April 2025 |work=Forbes }}</ref> Aerodynamic downforce, frae the "wings" at the front an back o the caurs an frae the ground effect o low air pressure unner the flat bottom o the caur, plays a muckle pairt in hou weel the caur can be handled at heich speeds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.redbull.com/us-en/evolution-of-f1-cars|title=Evolution of F1 cars|work=Red Bull Racing|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Frae 1998 tae 2008 Formula 1 tyres war no "slicks" as in maist ither circuit racin series; insteid, ilka tyre haed fower muckle grooves roond its surface, meant tae limit hou fast the caurs could tak corners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5283.html |title=Tyres |access-date=4 July 2008 |website= formula1.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218202246/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5283.html |archive-date=18 December 2008 }}</ref> Slick tyres cam back in Formula 1 in the 2009 season, an are noo supplied only bi [[Pirelli]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Beginner's guide to F1 tyres |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/the-beginners-guide-to-formula-1-tyres.61SvF0Kfg29UR2SPhakDqd |website=formula1.com |access-date=14 September 2025 }}</ref> In 2014 the engines war chynged frae a 2.4-litre naturally aspirated V8 tae turbocharged 1.6-litre V6 pouer units.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/6/12134.html|title=2013 engine changes approved, but postponement possible|date=3 June 2011|access-date=16 December 2012|website= formula1.com|archive-date=17 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117085257/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/6/12134.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> They rin on unleaded fuel gey near the same as the petrol selt tae the public, get a guid pairt o their pouer frae electric motors, an hae energy recovery technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/technical_regulations/6852/default.html|title=FIA Sporting Regulations&nbsp;– Fuel|access-date=23 May 2008|website= formula1.com|archive-date=8 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908052019/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/technical_regulations/6852/default.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Current caurs can gang faster nor {{convert|350|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} at some circuits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grand Prix of Italy |url=http://www.fia.com/sport/Championships/F1/F1_Circuits/2006/Italy/circuit.html |access-date=12 October 2006 |publisher=Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609113707/http://www.fia.com/sport/Championships/F1/F1_Circuits/2006/Italy/circuit.html |archive-date=9 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The heichest straicht-line speed recordit durin a Grand Prix wis {{convert|372.6|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, set bi [[Juan Pablo Montoya]] at the 2005 Italian Grand Prix.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fastest speed outright in a Formula One Grand Prix |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-speed-outright-in-a-formula-one-grand-prix |website=Guinness World Records |access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref> == Scots drivers == [[Jim Clark]] wan the World Drivers' Championship in 1963 an 1965 wi Lotus.<ref name="Jim Clark">{{cite web |url=http://www.formula1.com/en/championship/drivers/hall-of-fame/Jim_Clark.html |title=Jim Clark |publisher=formula1.com |access-date=27 November 2016 |archive-date=3 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703093109/http://www.formula1.com/en/championship/drivers/hall-of-fame/Jim_Clark.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He deed in a racin accident at the Hockenheimring in [[Wast Germany]] on 7 Aprile 1968.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 1968 |title=Jim Clark dies in 170mph crash |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/1968/apr/08/formulaone |access-date=27 December 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=7 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207232955/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/1968/apr/08/formulaone |url-status=live }}</ref> A life-size statue o him in his racin overalls stauns bi the brig ower a wee burn in Kilmany in [[Fife]], the clachan whaur he wis born.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=July 1993 |title=Clark memorial |url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/july-1993/79/clark-memorial/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |magazine=Motor Sport |issue=79 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216175301/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/july-1993/79/clark-memorial/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1997-02-21 |title=Tribute to a supreme Scottish sportsman Statue will honour twice world champion Jim Clark's place in history |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12075218.tribute-to-a-supreme-scottish-sportsman-statue-will-honour-twice-world-champion-jim-clarks-place-in-history/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=The Herald |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216175259/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12075218.tribute-to-a-supreme-scottish-sportsman-statue-will-honour-twice-world-champion-jim-clarks-place-in-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1997-05-30 |title=The enigmatic, complex and superfast Jim Clark |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12321342.the-enigmatic-complex-and-superfast-jim-clark/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=The Herald |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216175301/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12321342.the-enigmatic-complex-and-superfast-jim-clark/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jackie Stewart]] wan the championship three times, in 1969, 1971 an 1973.<ref name="Jackie Stewart">{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/en/championship/drivers/hall-of-fame/Jackie_Stewart.html|title=Jackie Stewart|publisher=formula1.com|access-date=27 November 2016|archive-date=5 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705053512/http://www.formula1.com/en/championship/drivers/hall-of-fame/Jackie_Stewart.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Till 2015 he wis the only British driver tae hae wan three championships; Lewis Hamilton, that went on tae be warld champion seven times, beat that record.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weaver |first=Paul |date=2015-10-25 |title=Lewis Hamilton 'overwhelmed' after winning third F1 world championship |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/oct/25/lewis-hamilton-overwhelmed-third-f1-world-championship |access-date=2024-02-14 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-27 |title=Lewis Hamilton's F1 peers heap praise on three-time champion |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/24181/10039745/how-the-drivers-rate-hamilton |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Sky Sports |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214235028/https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/24181/10039745/how-the-drivers-rate-hamilton |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Pryson |first=Mike |date=2022-06-23 |title=Jackie Stewart Says 7-Time F1 Champ Lewis Hamilton Missed His Chance To Go Out On Top |url=https://www.autoweek.com/racing/formula-1/a40397255/jackie-stewart-says-7-time-f1-champ-lewis-hamilton-missed-his-chance-to-go-out-on-top/ |magazine=Autoweek |issn=0192-9674 |access-date=2024-02-14 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214235028/https://www.autoweek.com/racing/formula-1/a40397255/jackie-stewart-says-7-time-f1-champ-lewis-hamilton-missed-his-chance-to-go-out-on-top/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[David Coulthard]] wis born on 27 Mairch 1971 in [[Twynham, Dumfries an Gallowa|Twynholm]], Kirkcudbrightshire.<ref name=DandG>{{cite web|title=David Coulthard - Hall of Fame - Dumfries and Galloway|url=http://www.dumfries-and-galloway.co.uk/people/coulthard.htm|work=Dumfries and Galloway Online|access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> His best placin in the Drivers' Championship wis second, in 2001, 58 points ahint the warld champion, Michael Schumacher.<ref name="MMagBio">{{cite web|title=David Coulthard|url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/database/drivers/david-coulthard/|work=Motor Sport|accessdate=31 July 2021}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Commons category|Formula 1}} [[Category:Formula 1| ]] [[Category:Formula racin series|1]] [[Category:Racin formulas|1]] [[Category:1947 introductions]] r26xqe1oz57f6gxss4a2grgqncbkh6a 0 11856 928033 914583 2026-11-11T15:48:22Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928033 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Austin Motor Company''' wis a Breetish caur manufacturer. The company wis foondit in 1905 an merged in 1952 intae the [[British Motor Corporation]] Ltd. The marque Austin wis uised till 1987. The trademark is currently awned bi [[Nanjing Automobile (Group) Corporation|Nanjing Automotive]]. [[File:Austin and Mercedes showrooms, Long Acre, London 1.jpg|thumb|Austin Motors shawruim, [[Long Acre]], Lunnon, circa 1910]] [[File:Austin Seven Saloon 1931.jpg|thumb|The Austin Seven (1922)]] == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.austinmemories.com Austin Memories] Aw aboot the history o Longbridge an models produced * [http://y2u.co.uk/&002_Images/Austin%2001.htm Photos o Austin Pickup Van] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040702091306/http://y2u.co.uk/%26002_Images/Austin%2001.htm |date=2004-07-02 }} * [http://www.austin-rover.co.uk/ The Unoffeecial Austin-Rover Wab Resource] * [http://www.austinbantamclub.com/ American Austin Car Enthusiasts] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101025142848/http://austinchamp.com/ Austin Champ Owners Club] {{Commonscat|Austin vehicles}} [[Category:Caur manufacturers o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Companies established in the 1900s]] [[Category:Companies disestablished in 1987]] [[Category:1905 establishments]] 9ckro2bcf6rf7g2sw1pud4lr2cyyit2 0 11910 928047 927263 2026-11-11T16:12:51Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club |clubname = Birmingham City F.C. |current = 2014–15 Birmingham City F.C. season |image = |fullname = Birmingham City Football Club |nickname = Blues |shortname = BCFC |founded = {{nowrap|1875 as ''Small Heath Alliance''}} |dissolved = |ground = [[St Andrew's (stadium)|St Andrew's]] |capacity = 30,016<ref name=capacity>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcfc.com/tickets/New_To_St_Andrews.aspx |title=New to St. Andrew's? |publisher=Birmingham City F.C |accessdate=5 February 2013 |archive-date=2013-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215215541/http://www.bcfc.com/tickets/New_To_St_Andrews.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> |coordinates = {{coord|52|28|32|N|1|52|04|W|display=it}} |owntitle = Owner |owner = Shelby Companies Ltd. (96.64%)<ref name="Oct 23 Board">{{cite news |url=https://www.bcfc.com/more/club/board-management |title=Board Management |publisher=Birmingham City F.C. |date=October 2023 |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20240522110515/https://www.bcfc.com/more/club/board-management |url-status=live }}</ref> |chairman = Tom Wagner<ref name="Oct 23 Board" /> |mgrtitle = Manager |manager = Chris Davies<ref name="Chris Davies in">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/c722n8g27y0o |title=Birmingham appoint Spurs' Davies as new manager |website=BBC Sport |date=6 June 2024 |access-date=6 June 2024 |archive-date=6 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606170942/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/c722n8g27y0o |url-status=live }}</ref> |league = {{English football updater|BirmingC}} |season = {{English football updater|BirmingC2}} |position = {{English football updater|BirmingC3}} |website = http://www.bcfc.com |pattern_la1=| pattern_b1=_bluesides|pattern_ra1=|pattern_sh1=|pattern_so1= |leftarm1=0000FF|body1=FFFFFF|rightarm1=0000FF|shorts1=ffffff|socks1=0000FF |pattern_la2=_blue_panel|pattern_b2=_bluecollar_2|pattern_ra2=_blue_panel|pattern_sh2=|pattern_so2=|leftarm2=FFFF00|body2=FFFF00|rightarm2=FFFF00|shorts2=1F3B88|socks2=1F3B88 }} '''Birmingham City Football Club''' ({{pron-en|ˈbɜrmɪŋɡəm ˈsɪti}}) is a professional [[fitbaw|association fitbaw]] club based in the ceety o [[Birmingham]], Ingland. It wis formed in 1875 as '''Small Heath Alliance''', an becam '''Small Heath''' in 1888, '''Birmingham''' in 1905, an at lang last Birmingham City in 1943. The club plays in the [[EFL Championship|Championship]], the second tier o Inglis fitbaw. As Small Heath, they war foondin members an the first iver champions o the Fitbaa League Second Division. The maist successful period in thair history wis in the 1950s an early 1960s. Thair heichest league poseetion wis saxt in the [[Football League First Division|First Division]], in the 1955–56 season, an the same season they reached the 1956 FA Cup Final. They reached the final o the [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]] in 1960 an 1961, an wan thair first major trophy, the [[Football League Cup|League Cup]], in 1963, beatin [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] 3–1 on aggregate. They wan the latter for the second time in 2011. They hae played in the top tier o Inglis fitbaw for aboot hauf o thair history.<ref name="footballsite">{{cite web |url=http://www.footballsite.co.uk/Statistics/ClubbyClub/ClubHistories/Birmingham.htm |title=Birmingham City |access-date=5 February 2017 |publisher=Football Facts and Figures |archive-date=7 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107023446/http://www.footballsite.co.uk/Statistics/ClubbyClub/ClubHistories/Birmingham.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thair langest spell ootside the top diveesion, atween 1986 an 2002, includit twa short spells in the third tier, durin which time they twice wan the [[Football League Trophy]]. [[St Andrew's (stadium)|St Andrew's]] haes been thair hame grund syne 1906. They hae a lang-staundin an fierce rivalry wi Aston Villa, thair nearest neighbours, wi whom they play the Second Ceety derby. The club's nickname is '''Blues''', efter the colour o thair kit, an thair fans are kent as Bluenoses. == Honours == * Second Division / Division One / [[EFL Championship|The Championship]] (level 2) ** Champions: [[:en:1892-93 in English fitbaw|1892–93]], [[:en:1920-21 in English fitbaw|1920–21]], [[:en:1947-48 in English fitbaw|1947–48]], [[:en:1954-55 in English fitbaw|1954–55]] ** Runners up: [[:en:1893-94 in English fitbaw|1893–94]], [[:en:1900-01 in English fitbaw|1900–01]], [[:en:1902-03 in English fitbaw|1902–03]], [[:en:1971-72 in English fitbaw|1971–72]], [[:en:1984-85 in English fitbaw|1984–85]], [[:en:2006-07 in English fitbaw|2006–07]], [[:en:2008-09 in English fitbaw|2008–09]] ** Play-aff winners: [[:en:2001-02 in English fitbaw|2001–02]] * Third Division / Division Two (level 3) ** Champions: [[:en:1994-95 in English fitbaw|1994–95]] ** Runners up: [[:en:1991-92 in English fitbaw|1991–92]] * [[FA Cup]] ** Runners up: [[:en:1931 FA Cup Final|1931]], [[:en:1956 FA Cup Final|1956]] * [[Football League Cup|League Cup]] ** Winners: [[:en:1963 Football League Cup Final|1963]], [[:en:2011 Fitball League Cup Final|2011]] ** Runners up: [[:en:2001 Football League Cup Final|2001]] * [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]] ** Runners up: [[:en:Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1958-60|1960]], [[:en:Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1960-61|1961]] * [[Football League Trophy|Associate Members Cup / Football League Trophy]] ** Winners: 1991, 1995 * Birmingham Senior Cup ** Winners: 1905 ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Commonscat|Birmingham City F.C.}} [[Category:Birmingham City F.C.| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1875]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Ingland]] [[Category:Sport in Birmingham, Wast Midlands]] [[Category:Premier League clubs]] [[Category:Football League Championship clubs]] [[Category:Football League clubs]] [[Category:Football League Cup winners]] [[Category:Football League Trophy winners]] [[Category:1870s establishments in Europe]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Birmingham, Wast Midlands]] {{Stub/Ingland}} {{Stub/Sport}} loqbkppi4hdfjzxw4tolvp042ms56wj 0 12194 928148 927603 2026-11-12T01:16:39Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{No footnotes|date=July 2013}} {{Infobox automobile | image = Westfield seight front.jpg | name = Westfield SEiGHT | manufacturer = [[Westfield Sportscars]] | production = 1991–2010 | class = [[Sports caur]] | layout = Front ingine, rear-wheel drive | body_style = Clubman | engine = Rover V8 | transmission = Rover SD1, Borg Warner T5, or Rover R380 | length = {{convert|3340|mm|in||abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|1610|mm|in||abbr=on}} | weight = Frae {{convert|657|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} }} The '''SEiGHT''' (said aither as S-8 or 'Sayt') is a sports caur that [[Westfield Sportscars]] maks as a kit or as a factory-biggit vehicle. It is based on the weel-kent [[Lotus Seven]] concept, creatit bi [[Colin Chapman]]. His design philosophy wis tae strip a caur design doon tae the bare essentials for "the ultimate in drivin experience". Apairt frae a few differences in the luik, sic as a bulge in the bonnet tae hoose the big ingine, it uises the same widebody chassis as the SEi, that haes a smaller ingine. Whit maks a caur a SEiGHT is its pouerplant: a V8 ingine. At the stairt, the kit wis only available frae the factory as a rowin chassis, unlik ither Westfield kits that can be bocht in component form. Later in the production run, Westfield let customers buy the SEiGHT in component form an aw, lettin them hae the full experience o the build. Westfield stapt makkin the SEiGHT in December 2010. == Pouerplant == The Rover V8 ingine o the SEiGHT ranges frae 3.5 litre units, that first cam frae the Rover SD1, tae bored an stroked 5.2 litre units. There are 3.9 fuel-injectit versions an aw, that are currently fittit in the factory-biggit vehicles, an TVR Power ingines o 4.2 litres. For the maist pairt the V8 is a Rover unit, an alloy block that is lichter nor the cast-airn blocks o monie V8s. Ane example haes been biggit aroon an alloy version o the Chevrolet sma block, wi a displacement o 6.6 litres. ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Westfield SEiGHT}} *[http://www.westfield-sportscars.co.uk Westfield Sportscars offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907194329/https://westfield-sportscars.co.uk/ |date=2019-09-07 }} *[http://www.seight.com An enthusiast site wi mair detail nor the offeecial site] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120827095334/http://www.westfield-build.com/ A detailed build diary o a SEiGHT] *[http://www.chevroletwestfield.co.uk A gallery site o a SEiGHT fittit wi a 400ci alloy sma block] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807172917/http://www.chevroletwestfield.co.uk/ |date=2008-08-07 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Westfield Seight}} [[Category:Westfield vehicles|S]] s5d12toi9rxhdcx4sg8l8firviwv9bz 0 12253 928115 914102 2026-11-11T21:21:01Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928115 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Circuit of Kacergine.png|right|250px]] '''Nemuno žiedas''' is a [[Motorsport|motor racin]] [[racin circuit|circuit]] in [[Kačerginė]], a sma toun near [[Kaunas]], [[Lithuanie]] opened in 1960.<ref>http://www.etracksonline.co.uk/europe/Lithuania/katsergiene.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313084001/http://www.etracksonline.co.uk/Europe/Lithuania/katsergiene.html |date=2011-03-13 }} details at etracks</ref> It is the ae racin as mony professional an amateur events. The revamp o the track in 2003 wis made wi consultancy o Marcel Martin, ane o the maist respectit circuit specialists frae the [[FIA]]. Twa years later he confirmed mony positive changes in attempt tae ensure the safety o the competitors an spectators. The circuit is still considered as a law category venue, wi mony corners being unsafe due tae the lack o gravel traps, armco an poor surface. The frequent accidents o cars an especially motorbikes that led tae serious injuries further hurt the reputation o the Lithuanian race track. {{-}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100704194044/http://www.nemunoziedas.lt/ VšĮ "Nemuno žiedas"] *[http://www.etracksonline.co.uk/Europe/Lithuania/katsergiene.html Nemuno Žiedas at etracks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313084001/http://www.etracksonline.co.uk/Europe/Lithuania/katsergiene.html |date=2011-03-13 }} [[Category:Motorsport venues in Lithuanie]] intjf692g7toyycy3j8rk6s8dmh46ua 0 13274 928118 920928 2026-11-11T21:53:34Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox U.S. state |Name = Pennsylvanie |Fullname = Commonweel of Pennsylvanie |Flag = Flag of Pennsylvania.svg |Flaglink = [[Banner o Pennsylvanie|Flag]] |Seal = Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg |Seallink = [[Seal o Pennsylvanie|Seal]] |Coat of arms = PennsylvaniaCOA.png |Coatlink = [[Seal o Pennsylvanie|Coat o airms]] |Nickname = Keystone State;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/things/4280/symbols_of_pennsylvania/478690 |title=Symbols of Pennsylvania |publisher=Portal.state.pa.us |date= |accessdate=May 4, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428225119/http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/things/4280/symbols_of_pennsylvania/478690 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Quaker State |Motto = Virtue, Leeberty and Unthirldom |Former = Province o Pennsylvanie |OfficialLang = Nane (Inglis, ''de facto'') |Languages = Inglis 90.1%<br />Spainyie 4.1%<br />Ither 5.8%<ref>{{cite web| title=Most spoken languages in Pennsylvania in 2010| url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_results%26SRVY_YEAR%3D2010%26geo%3Dstate%26state_id%3D42%26mode%3Dgeographic| publisher=MLA Data Center| accessdate=November 4, 2012| archive-date=2013-05-27| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527233532/http://www.mla.org/map_data_results%26SRVY_YEAR%3D2010%26geo%3Dstate%26state_id%3D42%26mode%3Dgeographic| url-status=dead}}</ref> |Demonym = Pennsylvanian |Map = Pennsylvania in United States.svg |Capital = [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvanie|Harrisburg]] |LargestCity = [[Philadelphia]] |LargestMetro = [[Delaware Valley]] |Governor = [[Tom Wolf (politeecian)|Tom Wolf]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]]) |Lieutenant Governor = [[Michael J. Stack III|Mike Stack]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]]) |Legislature = General Assembly |Upperhouse = State Senate |Lowerhouse = Hoose o Representatives |Senators = [[Bob Casey, Jr.]] (D)<br />[[Pat Toomey]] (R) |Representative = 13 Republicans, 5 Democrats |PostalAbbreviation = PA |TradAbbreviation = Pa. or Penna. |StateAnthem = [[Pennsylvanie (sang)|Pennsylvanie]] |PopRank = 5t |2010Pop = 12,802,503 (2015 est)<ref name=PopEstUS>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2015/tables/NST-EST2015-01.csv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223235718/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2015/tables/NST-EST2015-01.csv |dead-url=yes |archive-date=December 23, 2015 |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015 (NST-EST2015-01) |format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]] |work=2015 Population Estimates |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division |date=December 23, 2015 |accessdate=December 23, 2015 }}</ref> |DensityRank = 9t |2000DensityUS = 284 |2000Density = 110 |MedianHouseholdIncome = $60,389<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|work=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|accessdate=December 9, 2016}}</ref> |IncomeRank = 26t |AreaRank = 33rd |TotalAreaUS = 46,055 |TotalArea = 119,283 |LandAreaUS = 44,816.61 |LandArea = 116,074 |WaterAreaUS = 1,239 |WaterArea = 3,208 |PCWater = 2.7 |AdmittanceOrder = 2nt |AdmittanceDate = 12 Dizember 1787 |TimeZone = [[Eastren Time Zone (North Americae)|Eastren]]: [[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]] [[Eastren Time Zone|−5]]/[[Eastren Daylicht Time|−4]] |Longitude = 74° 41′ to 80° 31′ W |Latitude = 39° 43′ to 42° 16′ N |WidthUS = 280 |Width = 455 |LengthUS = 160 |Length = 255 |HighestPoint = [[Mount Davis (Pennsylvanie)|Mount Davis]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web |url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |accessdate=October 24, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archivedate=2011-10-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name = NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref> |HighestElevUS = 3,213 |HighestElev = 979 |MeanElevUS = 1,100 |MeanElev = 340 |LowestPoint = [[Delaware River]] at {{nobreak|[[Delaware]] border}}<ref name=USGS /> |LowestElevUS = 0 |LowestElev = 0 |ISOCode = US-PA |Website = http://www.pa.gov/ }} {{Infobox U.S. state symbols |Flag = Flag of Pennsylvania.svg |Seal = Seal of Pennsylvania.svg |Name = Pennsylvanie |Bird = [[Ruffed grouse]] |Dog = [[Great Dane]] |Fish = [[Brook trout]] |Flower = [[Kalmia latifolia|Mountain laurel]] |Insect = [[Firefly]] |Mammal = [[White-tailed deer]] |Tree = [[Eastern hemlock]] |Beverage = Milk |Dance = [[Polka]] |Fossil = [[Trilobite]] |Soil = Hazleton |Song = "[[Pennsylvanie (sang)|Pennsylvanie]]" |Route Marker = PA-18.svg |Quarter = 1999 PA Proof.png |QuarterReleaseDate = 1999 }} {{stack end}} '''Pennsylvanie''' ({{lang-en|Pennsylvania|link=no}}; Pennsylvanie German: {{lang|pdc|Pennsilfaani}}) is a state in the [[Unitit States|Unitit States o Americae]]. It is bund bi sax states ([[New Jersey]] an [[Delaware]] tae the east, [[New York (state)|New York]] tae the north, [[Maryland]] an [[Wast Virginie]] tae the sooth, an [[Ohio]] tae the wast) an bi [[Canadae]] at [[Loch Erie]]. The state is ane o the [[Thirteen Colonies|13 oreeginal foondin states]] o the Unitit States; it cam intae bein in 1681 as a result o a ryal [[laund grant]] tae [[William Penn]], the son o the state's namesak. Pairt o Pennsylvanie (alang the Delaware River), thegither wi the present State o Delaware, haed earlier been organised as the Colony o New Swaden. It wis the seicont state tae ratifee the [[Unitit States Constitution]], on 12 December 1787. [[Independence Hall]], whaur the [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom]] an Unitit States Constitution war drauchtit, is locatit in the state's [[Leet o ceeties in Pennsylvanie|lairgest ceety]] o Philadelphia. In the [[American Ceevil War]], the [[Battle o Gettysburg]] wis focht in the [[Sooth Central Pennsylvanie|sooth central]] region o the state. [[Valley Forge Naitional Historical Pairk|Valley Forge]] near Philadelphia wis [[George Washington|General Washington]]'s heidquarters in the bitter winter o 1777–78. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Fremmit airtins== ;State govrenment * [http://www.pa.gov/ {{PAGENAME}} state govrenment wabsteid] {{Commonscat}} ==Relatit information== {{Navboxes |title= [[File:Nuvola apps kpdf2.png|25px]] Topics relatit tae {{PAGENAME}} |state=off |list1=</span> {{{{PAGENAME}}|expanded}} {{Unitit States poleetical diveesions}} {{Unitit States topics}} }} [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]] [[Category:States o the Unitit States]] {{Stub/USA}} 9dwnatnh8fcuxf0nz83sfmib4hpqmzq 0 14143 928082 927172 2026-11-11T19:10:48Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Short descreeption|Federal subject o the Roushie Federation in the Roushie Far East}} {{Use dmy dates|date=Julie 2026}} {{Infobox Roushie federal subject | en_name=Jewish Autonomous Oblast | ru_name=Еврейская автономная область | loc_lang1=Yiddish | loc_name1={{Script/Hebrew|ייִדישע אװטאָנאָמע געגנט‎}} | image_map=Map of Russia (2014–2022) - Jewish Autonomous Oblast (Crimea disputed).svg | coordinates={{coord|48|36|N|132|12|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}} | image_coa=Coat of arms of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.svg | image_flag=Flag of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.svg | flag_size=125px | anthem= | anthem_ref= | political_status=Autonomous oblast | political_status_link=Autonomous oblasts of Russia | federal_district=[[Far Eastern Federal District|Far Eastren]] | economic_region=[[Far Eastern economic region|Far Eastren]] | adm_ctr_type=Admeenistrative centre | adm_ctr_name=[[Birobidzhan]] | adm_ctr_ref=<ref>Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article&nbsp;5</ref> | pop_2021census=150453 | pop_2021census_rank=80th | urban_pop_2021census=70.8% | rural_pop_2021census=29.2% | pop_2021census_ref=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=1 September 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]] |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901194902/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=dead }}</ref> | pop_latest= | pop_latest_ref= | pop_latest_date= | demographics_type2=GDP {{nobold|(nominal, 2024)}} | demographics2_footnotes=<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/statistics/accounts# |title=Валовой региональный продукт - Врп с 1998-2024 года |website=rosstat.gov.ru}}</ref> | demographics2_title1=Awthegither | demographics2_info1=[[Russian ruble|₽]]{{FXConvert|RUS|102|b|lk=on}} | demographics2_title2=Per heid | demographics2_info2=₽{{FXConvert|RUS|697097|lk=on}} | area_km2=36271 | area_km2_rank=61st | established_date=7 Mey 1934 | established_date_ref=<ref>Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article&nbsp;4</ref> | license_plates=79 | ISO=RU-YEV | leader_title=[[Governor of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast|Governor]] | leader_title_ref=<ref>Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article&nbsp;22</ref> | leader_name=[[Maria Kostyuk]] | leader_name_ref=<ref>Official website of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. [http://eao.ru/?p=6 Alexander Borisovich Levintal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417185911/https://www.eao.ru/?p=6 |date=April 17, 2021 }}, Governor of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast {{in lang|ru|yi}}</ref> | legislature=[[Legislative Assembly of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast|Legislative Assembly]] | legislature_ref=<ref>Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article&nbsp;15</ref> | website=[http://www.eao.ru www.eao.ru] }} The '''Jewish Autonomous Oblast''' ('''JAO'''){{efn|{{langx|ru|Еврейская автономная область (ЕАО)|Yevreyskaya avtonomnaya oblast}} {{IPA|ru|jɪˈvrʲejskəjə ɐftɐˈnomnəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ (ˌje‿ˌa‿ˈo)|ipa}}; {{langx|yi|{{Script/Hebrew|ייִדישע אװטאָנאָמע געגנט}}|Yidishe Avtonome Gegnt}}, {{IPA|yi|ˈjɪdɪʃə avtɔˈnɔmə ˈɡɛɡn̩t|ipa}}; {{langx|yi|{{Script/Hebrew|ייִדישע אױטאָנאָמע געגנט}}|Yidishe Oytonome Gegnt|label=Staundart Yiddish}}, {{IPA|yi|ˈjɪdɪʃə ɔɪtɔˈnɔmə ˈɡɛɡn̩t|ipa}}}} is a [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] o [[Roushie]] in the [[Russian Far East|far east]] o the kintra. It mairches wi [[Khabarovsk Krai]] an [[Amur Oblast]] in Roushie, an wi [[Heilongjiang]] province in [[Cheena]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eran Laor Cartographic Collection. The National Library of Israel |title=Map of Manchuria and region, 1942 |url=http://primo.nli.org.il/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=NLI&docId=NNL_MAPS_JER003509115 |access-date=January 23, 2019 |archive-date=May 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529021008/http://primo.nli.org.il/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=NLI&docid=NNL_MAPS_JER003509115&context=L |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its [[administrative centre]] is the toun o [[Birobidzhan]]. An official Soviet decree set the JAO aside in 1928, an it wis formally establisht in 1934. At its heicht in the late 1940s, the [[Jews|Jewish]] population o the region rase tae aboot 46,000–50,000, or near 25% o aw its indwallers.<ref name="Holley-2005" /> The share o Jews gaed steadily doun efter that. The [[2021 Russian census]] recordit juist 837 ethnic Jews in the JAO (0.6%). Article 65 o the [[Constitution of Russia]] sets oot that the JAO is Roushie's anerly [[Autonomous oblasts of Russia|autonomous oblast]]. It is ane o the twa officially Jewish jurisdictions in the warld, the ither bein [[Israel]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Sad And Absurd': The U.S.S.R.'s Disastrous Effort To Create A Jewish Homeland |language=en |work=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/09/07/492962278/sad-and-absurd-the-u-s-s-r-s-disastrous-effort-to-create-a-jewish-homeland |access-date=2022-10-15 |archive-date=March 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311203924/https://www.npr.org/2016/09/07/492962278/sad-and-absurd-the-u-s-s-r-s-disastrous-effort-to-create-a-jewish-homeland |url-status=live }}</ref> It is ane o the few places in the warld whaur [[Yiddish]] is a recognised [[minority language|minority leid]].<ref name=jao-ustav>{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/ustav_evreis/chapter/1/|title=Устав Еврейской автономной области от 8 октября 1997 г. N 40-ОЗ (с изменениями и дополнениями) Глава I. Общие положения. Статья 6.2 [Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast N 40-ОЗ (with the Amendments and Additions of 8 October 1997): Chapter I. General situation. Article 6.2]|website=Сайт Конституции Российской Федерации [Site of the Constitution of the Russian Federation]|publisher=Garant|access-date=2023-06-16|archive-date=2015-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221205825/http://constitution.garant.ru/region/ustav_evreis/chapter/1/#block_1000|url-status=live|quote=В области создаются условия для сохранения, изучения и развития языков еврейского народа и других народов, проживающих на территории области.|trans-quote=In the oblast the conditions will be created for the protection, study and growth of the languages of the Jewish peoples and other peoples living on the territory of the oblast.}}</ref> == Historie == {{Main|History of the Jews in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast}} {{See also|History of the Jews in Russia|History of the Jews in the Soviet Union}} === Backgrund === ==== The Roushie annexation o the Amur region ==== Afore 1858, the laund that maks up the Jewish Autonomous Oblast the day wis ruled, ae efter anither, bi a wheen o [[Dynasties in Chinese history|Cheenese imperial dynasties]]. In 1858, the north bank o the [[Amur River]], includin the laund o the modren JAO, wis sindert frae the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Cheenese]] territory o [[Manchuria under Qing rule|Manchurie]] an brocht intae the [[Russian Empire|Roushie Empire]] unner the [[Treaty of Aigun]] (1858) an the [[Convention of Peking]] (1860). ==== Militar colonisation ==== In December 1858, the Roushie govrenment authorised the settin-up o the [[Amur Cossacks|Amur Cossack Host]] for tae hain the sooth-east mairch o Siberie an the communication routes alang the Amur an [[Ussuri]] rivers.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> Settlers frae [[Transbaikalia]] cam as pairt o this militar colonisation. Atween 1858 an 1882, mony settlements o widden hooses war foondit.<ref name="Ravenstein-1861">{{Cite book |last=Ravenstein |first=Ernst Georg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XEEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA156 |title=The Russians on the Amur: its discovery, conquest, and colonization, with a description of the country, its inhabitants, productions, and commercial capabilities ... |publisher=Trübner and co. |year=1861 |page=156 |author-link=Ernst Georg Ravenstein}}</ref> As mony as 40,000 men frae the Roushie militar are thocht tae hae flittit tae the region.<ref name="Ravenstein-1861"/> Expeditions o scientists—amang thaim geographers, ethnographers, naturalists an botanists sic as [[Mikhail Ivanovich Venyukov]], [[Leopold von Schrenck]], [[Karl Maximovich]], [[Gustav Radde]] an [[Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov]]—helpit forder research in the area.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> ==== Biggin the Trans-Siberian Railway ==== {{Multi image | direction=vertical | image1=Trans siberian railroad large.png | alt1= | caption1=Map o the Trans-Siberian Railway: the first route in reid an the Baikal–Amur Mainline in green. | image2=Yevrey03.png | total_width=250 | caption2=The Jewish Autonomous Oblast, wi its admeenistrative centre Birobidzhan unnerlined. | align=right | width=250 }} In 1899, wark begoud on the regional section o the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] atween [[Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai|Chita]] an [[Vladivostok]]. The project brocht a muckle influx o new settlers an led tae new settlements bein foondit. Atween 1908 an 1912, stations opened at Volochayevka, [[Obluchye]], [[Bira, Russia|Bira]], [[Birakan]], [[Londoko]], [[In, Russia|In]] an [[Tikhonkaya, Jewish Autonomous Oblast|Tikhonkaya]]. The railway wis feenisht in October 1916, whan the {{convert|2590|m|adj=on}} [[Khabarovsk Bridge]] ower the Amur at [[Khabarovsk]] opened. At that time, afore the [[Russian Revolution|revolution o 1917]], maist o the local fowk war fermers.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> The Tungussky timmer-mill wis the anerly industrial concern, tho gowd wis howkit frae the Sutara River an thare wis a wheen o wee railway warkshops.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> ==== Roushie Civil War ==== In 1922, durin the [[Russian Civil War|Roushie Civil War]], the laund o the future Jewish Autonomous Oblast wis the scene o the [[Battle of Volochayevka]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.prlib.ru/en-us/History/Pages/Item.aspx?itemid=990 |title=Anniversary of the Battle of Volochayevka |access-date=April 18, 2025 |archive-date=June 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614154849/http://www.prlib.ru/en-us/History/Pages/Item.aspx?itemid=990 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Soviet policies anent the Jews ==== Altho [[Judaism]] as a religion ran agin the [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik Pairty]]'s atheist policy, an organised Jewish commonties war hauden doun throu the closin o synagogues an the harassment o believers, [[Vladimir Lenin]] socht an aw tae content minority groups, win thair support an shaw examples o tolerance.<ref name=siegel/><ref name="Gessen-2016">{{Cite book |authorlink=Masha Gessen|last=Gessen |first=Masha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfW4DAAAQBAJ |title=Where the Jews Aren't: The Sad and Absurd Story of Birobidzhan, Russia's Jewish Autonomous Region |date=2016-08-23 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8052-4246-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Weinberg |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6UwDwAAQBAJ&q=autonomous |title=Stalin's Forgotten Zion: Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Jewish Homeland: An Illustrated History, 1928–1996 |date=1998-05-25 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20990-9 |language=en|location=Berkeley}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Srebrnik |first=Henry Felix |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1zxsj1m |title=Dreams of Nationhood: American Jewish Communists and the Soviet Birobidzhan Project, 1924-1951 |date=2010 |publisher=Academic Studies Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1zxsj1m |jstor=j.ctt1zxsj1m |isbn=978-1-936235-11-7}}</ref> In 1924, mair nor 30% o Jews had nae wark,<ref name="Kipnis-JVL">{{Cite web |last=Kipnis |first=Mark |title=Komzet |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0012_0_11427.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116155108/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0012_0_11427.html |archive-date=16 January 2017 |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |publisher=Encyclopaedia Judaica}}</ref> in pairt acause Soviet policies agin private property keepit thaim frae wirkin as craftworkers or wee business owners, as mony had dune afore the revolution.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Masha |last1=Gessen |date=September 7, 2016 |title='Sad And Absurd': The U.S.S.R.'s Disastrous Effort To Create A Jewish Homeland |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/09/07/492962278/sad-and-absurd-the-u-s-s-r-s-disastrous-effort-to-create-a-jewish-homeland |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Ettlin tae get Jews back intae wark as mair productive members o society, the govrenment set up [[Komzet]], the committee for the agricultural settlement o Jews.<ref name="Kipnis-JVL"/> The Soviet govrenment conseedert resettlin aw the Jews in the USSR in a set territory, whaur they coud follae a wey o life that wis “socialist in content an national in form”. The Roushies socht tae offer an alternative tae [[Zionism]] an tae the [[Mandate for Palestine]] as a Jewish hameland. [[Socialist Zionist]]s sic as [[Ber Borochov]] war winnin followers at the time. Zionism wis the favoured ideology in the warld's political economy o the Yiddish interpretations, which war fundamentally at odds wi the USSR acause the Yiddish muivement's opposition—seen, for example, in [[Emma Goldman]]—tae the ethno-nationalism that shaped the Soviet states wis growin.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014" /> [[Crimea]] wis first conseedert in the early 1920s, whan it awready had a sizeable Jewish population.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014">{{Cite web |first1=Asya |last1=Pereltsvaig |author-link=Asya Pereltsvaig |date=October 9, 2014 |title=Birobidzhan: Frustrated Dreams of a Jewish Homeland |url=https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/russia-ukraine-and-the-caucasus/birobidzhan-frustrated-dreams-jewish-homeland.html}}</ref> Twa Jewish districts ({{lang|ru|raiony}}) war set up in Crimea an three in sooth Ukraine.<ref name="Kipnis-JVL"/><ref>{{Cite book |first1=Yaacov |last1=Ro'i |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJBH5pxzSyMC&pg=PA193 |title=Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. |year=2004 |isbn=9780714646190 |page=193}}</ref> Houaniver, an alternative plan, thocht tae hae mair advantages, wis pitten intae practice.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> {{Multiple image | image1= | caption1= | image2=Chapel of St. Dmitry Donskoy.jpg | caption2=The Chapel o St Dmitry Donskoy. | image3=Волочаевский бой фото5.jpg | caption3=A monument tae the [[Battle of Volochayevka]]. | direction=vertical | width=250 | align=right | image4=Government-hq.jpg | caption4=A Yiddish–Roushie sign on the JAO govrenment heidquarters. }} === Early historie === ==== Establishment ==== In the end, the Soviet leadership wale [[Birobidzhan]], in whit is nou the JAO, as the steid for the Jewish region.<ref name="Rosen-2004">{{Cite web |first1=Arthur |last1=Rosen |date=February 2004 |title=Birobidzhan – the Almost Soviet Jewish Autonomous Region |url=https://www.jewishmag.com/75mag/birobidzhan/birobidzhan.htm |access-date=April 18, 2025 |archive-date=January 26, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126003718/http://www.jewishmag.com/75mag/birobidzhan/birobidzhan.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Komzet wis taen aback bi the wale: the area had been waled for militar an economic raisons.<ref name=siegel/> Cheenese groups aften gaed intae the region, while [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] wantit Roushie tae loss the provinces o the [[Soviet Far East]]. At the time, anerly aboot 30,000 fowk bade in the area. Maist war descendants o Trans-Baikal [[Cossacks]] resettled thare bi the tsarist authorities, alang wi Koreans, Kazakhs an the [[Tungusic peoples]].<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Nora |last1=Levin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Nz0N5GBW6MC |title=The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival, Volume 1 |publisher=New York University Press |year=1990 |isbn=9780814750513 |page=283}}</ref> The Soviet govrenment socht tae bring mair settlers tae the remote [[Russian Far East]], abuin aw alang the exposed mairch wi Cheena. General [[Pavel Sudoplatov]] wrate o the govrenment's raison for walin the area in the Far East: {{quote|Stalin ordert the establishment o the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Birobidzhan in 1928 anerly as a wey tae strenthen the Far Eastren mairch wi an ootpost, no as a favour tae the Jews. Cheenese an White Roushie resistance groups war aye gaun intae the area, an the ettle wis tae hain the territory bi settin up a colony whase indwallers wad be fremmit tae the [[White émigré|White Roushie émigrés]], abuin aw the Cossacks. The region wis cannily gien the status o an autonomous district, no an autonomous republic. That meant it coud hae nae local legislature, heich coort or govrenment post at ministerial rank. It wis an autonomous area, but a bare frontier raither nor a political centre.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Pavel |last1=Sudoplatov |first2=Anatolii |last2=Sudoplatov |first3=Jerrold L. |last3=Schecter |first4=Leona P. |last4=Schecter |title=[[Special Tasks|Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness – A Soviet Spymaster]] |location=Boston, Massachusetts |publisher=Little, Brown & Co. |year=1994 |page=[https://archive.org/details/specialtasksmemo00sudo/page/289 289]}}</ref>}} On 28 Mairch 1928, the Presidium o the General Executive Committee o the USSR passed the decree “On the attaching for Komzet of free territory near the Amur River in the Russian Far East for settlement of the working Jews”.<ref name="Britton-2012"/> The decree opened “a possibility of establishment of a Jewish administrative territorial unit on the territory of said region”.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/><ref name="Britton-2012">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QLiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105|title=Behind Communism|first=Frank L.|last=Britton|date=November 19, 2012|publisher=Lulu|isbn=978-1-300-06605-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The new territory wis first cried the [[Birobidzhan]] Jewish National Raion.<ref name=siegel/> Birobidzhan's geography an climate war baith sair. It wis muntainous, happit in unbrocken forests o aik, pine an cedar, an had boggy laund an aw. Onie new settlers wad hae tae big thair lives frae the grund up. For tae mak colonisation mair ettlin, the Soviet govrenment alloued private ownership o laund. This brocht mony non-Jews tae settle in the oblast for tae get a free ferm.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Richard |last1=Overy |url=https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich |title=The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia |publisher=W.W. Norton Company, Inc |year=2004 |isbn=9780393020304 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich/page/567 567] |url-access=registration}}</ref> In the spring o 1928, 654 Jews cam for tae settle in the area. By October, houaniver, 49.7% o thaim had left acause o the sair conditions.<ref name=siegel/> In the simmer o 1928, torrential rain fludit the craps an an ootbrak o [[anthrax]] killt the nowt.<ref name="Gessen-2016" /> On 7 Mey 1934, the Presidium o the General Executive Committee acceptit a decree turnin it intae the Jewish Autonomous Region athin the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]].<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> In 1938, whan the [[Khabarovsk Krai|Khabarovsk Territory]] wis formed, the Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR) wis taen intae its structure.<ref name="Britton-2012"/> ==== Growthe o Jewish commonties in the early 1930s ==== {{Multiple image | direction=vertical | image1=Щедрые дары еврейской земли, рынок у пос. Николаевка ф2.JPG | alt1= | width=250 | align=right | image2=Биробиджан, вокзал (cropped).jpg | caption1=Mercat near the clachan o Nikolaevka. | caption2=A menorah ower the forepairt o Birobidzhan railway station. | image3=Село Владимировка ЕАО фото.JPG | caption3=Vladimirovka clachan. }} In the 1930s, a Soviet promotional campaign ettled tae draw mair Jewish settlers tae the region. It uised the common Soviet promotional tuils o the time, includin posters an Yiddish-leid novelles that descrived a socialist utopie thare. On ae occasion, leaflets promotin Birobidzhan war drappit frae an aeroplane ower a Jewish neebourheid in Belarus. On anither, a govrenment-made Yiddish film cried ''[[Seekers of Happiness]]'' tellt o a Jewish faimily frae owerseas biggin a new life in Birobidzhan.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> The early Jewish settlements includit [[Valdgeym]], foondit in 1928, whaur the first [[collective farm]] in the oblast wis set up;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stalin's forgotten Zion: the harsh realities of Birobidzhan |url=http://www.swarthmore.edu/Home/News/biro/html/panel13.html |publisher=Swarthmore}}</ref> [[Amurzet]], the centre o Jewish settlement sooth o Birobidzhan frae 1929 tae 1939;<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2004 |title=A Jew Receives State Award in Jewish Autonomous Republic |url=http://fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=170388&cid=84435&media=80392&NewsType=80052&origMedia=80392&scope=3806&start=30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015959/http://fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=170388&cid=84435&media=80392&NewsType=80052&origMedia=80392&scope=3806&start=30 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2026-07-15 |publisher=The Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS |location=Birobidjan, RU }}</ref> an [[Smidovich]]. The [[Organization for Jewish Colonisation in the Soviet Union]], a Jewish Communist organisation in North Americae, successfully encouragit a wheen o US indwallers tae flit thare. Amang thaim wis the faimily o the future spy [[George Koval]], wha cam in 1932.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/><ref>{{Cite magazine |first1=Michael |last1=Walsh |date=May 2009 |title=George Koval: Atomic Spy Unmasked |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/george-koval-atomic-spy-unmasked-125046223/ |magazine=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |access-date=January 12, 2017 |archive-date=September 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907033651/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/george-koval-atomic-spy-unmasked-125046223/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Aboot 1,200 Jews frae ootwith the Soviet Union chose tae settle in Birobidzhan.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/><ref name="Rosen-2004"/> As the Jewish population grew, sae did the influence o [[Yiddish culture]] on the region. The settlers set up a Yiddish newspaper, the ''[[Birobidzhaner Shtern]]''; a theatre company wis formed; an streets in the new ceety war nemmit efter kenspeckle Yiddish authors sic as [[Sholom Aleichem]] an [[I. L. Peretz]].<ref name="Srebrnik-2006" /> ==== Stalin's time an the Seicont Warld War ==== The Jewish population o the JAO rase tae a pre-war heicht o 20,000 in 1937.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzhq85nPrdsC&pg=PA326|title=A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990|first=James|last=Forsyth|date=September 8, 1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-47771-0 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The 1939 census recordit 17,695 Jews in the region, or 16% o its haill population.<ref name="Britton-2012"/><ref name="atlas">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-w9JCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA257|title=Russian Political Atlas – Political Situation, Elections, Foreign Policy |date=July 31, 2015 |publisher=Lulu Press, Incorporated |isbn=978-1-329-39045-4 }}</ref> Efter the war endit in 1945, interest kythit up again in Birobidzhan as a possible hame for Jewish refugees. In 1948 the region's Jewish population rase tae aboot 46,000–50,000, near a quarter o aw the JAO's indwallers.<ref name="Holley-2005" /> ==== Cauld War ==== The census o 1959 fand that the Jewish population o the JAO had gane doun bi aboot a hauf, tae 14,269 fowk.<ref name=atlas/> A synagogue opened at the end o the Seicont Warld War, but sneckit in the mid-1960s efter a fire duin it muckle skaith.<ref name="Frank-2012">{{Cite web |first1=Ben G. |last1=Frank |date=April 15, 2012 |title=A Visit to the 'Soviet Jerusalem' |url=http://crownheights.info/something-jewish/43151/a-visit-to-the-soviet-jerusalem/ |publisher=CrownHeights.info |access-date=January 13, 2017 |archive-date=January 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116151306/http://crownheights.info/something-jewish/43151/a-visit-to-the-soviet-jerusalem/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1980, a Yiddish schuil opened in [[Valdgeym]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pinkus |first=Benjamin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52Ew77pZsNUC |title=The Jews of the Soviet Union: the History of a national minority |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-521-38926-6 |page=272 |chapter=The Post-Stalin period, 1953–83 |access-date=2009-02-18 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52Ew77pZsNUC&pg=PA272}}</ref> In 1987, the reformin Soviet govrenment led bi [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] pardoned mony political prisoners an tellt the American Jewish commonty that it wad allou 11,000 Jewish [[refusenik]]s tae emigrate.{{sfnm|1a1=Doder|1a2=Branson|1y=1990|1p=195}} The 1989 Soviet census recordit 8,887 Jews in the JAO, 4% o its haill population o 214,085.<ref name="siegel">{{Cite web |last=Siegel |first=William R. |title=Nation Making in Russia's Jewish Autonomous Oblast |url=https://www2.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/05-03_siegel.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902184547/https://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/05-03_siegel.pdf |archive-date=September 2, 2016 |access-date=January 13, 2017}}</ref> === Post-Soviet historie === [[File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Jewish Agency Representatives.jpg|thumb|Fowk frae [[Birobidzhan]] [[1990s post-Soviet aliyah|arrivin in Israel]], 23 Mairch 1993.]] In 1991, efter the Soviet Union brak up, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast becam a [[Federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] o Roushie an wis nae langer unner [[Khabarovsk Krai]]. By then, houaniver, maist Jews had emigrate frae the Soviet Union, an the Jews left ahint makkit up less nor 2% o the local population.<ref name="Srebrnik-2006">{{Cite web |first1=Henry |last1=Srebrnik |date=July 2006 |title=Birobidzhan: A Remnant of History |url=http://jewishcurrents.org/old-site/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Birobidzhan.pdf |publisher=[[Jewish Currents]]}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> In early 1996, 872 fowk—20% o the Jewish population at the time—emigrate tae [[Tel Aviv]] on charter flichts.<ref name="Brook-1996">{{Cite news |first1=James |last1=Brook |date=July 11, 1996 |title=Birobidzhan Journal;A Promised Land in Siberia? Well, Thanks, but ... |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/11/world/birobidzhan-journal-a-promised-land-in-siberia-well-thanks-but.html |archive-date=August 16, 2017 |access-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816065041/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/11/world/birobidzhan-journal-a-promised-land-in-siberia-well-thanks-but.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2002, 2,357 Jews bade in the JAO.<ref name=atlas/> An airticle frae 2004 said the nummer o Jews in the region wis “nou growin”.<ref name="Strauss-2004">{{Cite news |first1=Julius |last1=Strauss |date=August 17, 2004 |title=Jewish enclave created in Siberia by Stalin stages a revival |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1469623/Jewish-enclave-created-in-Siberia-by-Stalin-stages-a-revival.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1469623/Jewish-enclave-created-in-Siberia-by-Stalin-stages-a-revival.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> By 2005, [[Amurzet]] had a wee but active Jewish commonty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2005 |title=Remote Far East Village Mobilizes for Purim |url=http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=267005 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204000238/http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=267005 |archive-date=February 4, 2009 |publisher=Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS}}</ref> An airticle in ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' in Apryle 2007 threapit that the Jewish population had grown tae aboot 4,000. It citit [[Mordechai Scheiner]], the [[Chief Rabbi]] o the JAO frae 2002 tae 2011, wha said that Jewish cultur wis seein a religious an cultural revival at the time.<ref name="Gur-2007">{{Cite news |first1=Haviv |last1=Rettig Gur |author-link1=Haviv Rettig Gur|date=April 17, 2007 |title=Yiddish returns to Birobidzhan |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url=https://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/Yiddish-returns-to-Birobidzhan}}</ref> Accordin tae Roushie census data, houaniver, by 2010 aboot 1,600 fowk o Jewish descent war left in the JAO—1% o its population—while ethnic Roushies makkit up 93%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2016 |title=Russia's Jewish Autonomous Region In Siberia 'Ready' To House European Jews. |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-jewish-autonomous-region-house-european-jews/27498765.html |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe]]}}</ref> Accordin tae an airticle frae 2000, Birobidzhan had a wheen o state-run schuils that taucht Yiddish, a Yiddish schuil for religious teachin, an a nursery. Bairns atween five an seiven had twa lessons ilka week for tae learn spoken Yiddish, alang wi Jewish sangs, dance an traditions.<ref name="Steen-2000">{{Cite news |last=Steen |first=Michael |date=January 13, 2000 |title=Soviet-era Jewish homeland struggles on |work=Utusan Online |url=http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2000&dt=0113&pub=Utusan_Express&sec=Features&pg=fe_02.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=January 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113171700/http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2000&dt=0113&pub=Utusan_Express&sec=Features&pg=fe_02.htm |archive-date=January 13, 2017}}</ref> An airticle in ''[[The Washington Times]]'' in 2006 said that Yiddish wis taucht in the schuils, a Yiddish radio station wis rinnin, an the ''Birobidzhaner Shtern'' newspaper had a section in Yiddish.<ref name="washingtontimes.com">{{Cite news |date=7 January 2006 |title=Jewish life revived in Russia |work=The Washington Times |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/jan/7/20060107-104818-4703r/}}</ref> [[File:OmqBXApVTdk.tif|thumb|Memorial tae the Jewish poet [[Isaac Leibovich Bronfman]].]] In 2002, [[The Cinema Guild]] released ''[[L'Chayim, Comrade Stalin!]]'', a documentary anent Stalin's creation an settlement o the Jewish Autonomous Region. As weel as tellin the historie o the Jewish Autonomous Oblast's creation, the film shaws life in modren Birobidzhan an interviews wi Jewish indwallers.<ref name="Kehr-2003">{{Cite web |last=Kehr|first=Dave |author-link=Dave Kehr |date=January 31, 2003 |title=Film Review; When Soviet Jews Sought Paradise in Siberian Swamps and Snow |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/31/movies/film-review-when-soviet-jews-sought-paradise-in-siberian-swamps-and-snow.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Accordin tae an airticle frae 2010, Yiddish wis the leid o teachin in juist ane o Birobidzhan's fourteen state schuils. Twa schuils, wi a quarter o the ceety's pupils, gied compulsory Yiddish lessons tae bairns frae sax tae ten year auld.<ref name="Herszenhorn-2012"/><ref>{{Cite news |first1=Alfonso |last1=Daniels |date=June 7, 2010 |title=Why some Jews would rather live in Siberia than Israel |work=[[Christian Science Monitor]] |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/0607/Why-some-Jews-would-rather-live-in-Siberia-than-Israel}}</ref> As o 2012, the ''[[Birobidzhaner Shtern]]'' wis aye prentin twa or three pages in Yiddish ilka week, an ae local primary schuil wis aye teachin Yiddish.<ref name="Herszenhorn-2012">{{Cite news |first1=David M. |last1=Herszenhorn |date=October 3, 2012 |title=Despite Predictions, Jewish Homeland in Siberia Retains Its Appeal |work=[[New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/04/world/europe/jewish-homeland-in-birobidzhan-russia-retains-appeal.html |archive-date=March 31, 2017 |access-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331040710/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/04/world/europe/jewish-homeland-in-birobidzhan-russia-retains-appeal.html |url-status=live }}</ref> An airticle frae 2012 said that “anerly a gey wee minority, maistly aulder fowk, speak Yiddish”; that a new synagogue sponsort bi [[Chabad]] had opened at 14a Sholom-Aleichem Street; an that the [[Sholem Aleichem Amur State University]] gied a Yiddish course.<ref name="Frank-2012"/> Accordin tae an airticle frae 2015, kosher meat cam bi train frae [[Moscow]] ilka few weeks; a Sunday schuil wis rinnin; an thare wis a [[minyan]] on Friday nichts an [[Shabbat]].<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Ben G. |last1=Frank |date=May 27, 2015 |title=A Railway Sign In Yiddish? – Only in Siberia |url=http://www.jewishpress.com/sections/features/features-on-jewish-world/a-railway-sign-in-yiddish-only-in-siberia/2015/05/27/ |work=[[Jewish Press]]}}</ref> An airticle in ''[[The Guardian]]'' frae November 2017, cried “Revival of a Soviet Zion: Birobidzhan celebrates its Jewish heritage”, leukit at the ceety's state at the time. It said that, tho the Jewish Autonomous Region in Roushie's far east wis nou haurdly 1% Jewish, officials howpit tae bring back fowk wha had left efter the Soviet collapse.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=27 September 2017 |title=Revival of a Soviet Zion: Birobidzhan celebrates its Jewish heritage |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/27/revival-of-a-soviet-zion-birobidzhan-celebrates-its-jewish-heritage}}</ref> ==== Proposals in 2013 for tae merge the JAO wi neebourin regions ==== In 2013, proposals war pitten forrit for tae merge the JAO wi [[Khabarovsk Krai]] or [[Amur Oblast]].<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> The proposals led tae protests<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> an war rejectit bi the indwallers,<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Ilan |last1=Goren |date=August 24, 2013 |title=In Eastern Russia, the Idea of a Jewish Autonomy Is Being Brought Back to Life |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2013-08-24/ty-article/.premium/reviving-stalins-idea-for-jewish-autonomy/0000017f-f7de-d044-adff-f7ff19830000 |archive-date=September 27, 2017 |access-date=April 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927052456/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.543221 |url-status=live }}</ref> an bi the Jewish commonty o Roushie. Speirins war raised an aw anent whether the [[Constitution of Russia]] wad allou sic a merger, an whether it wad need a national referendum.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> == Cultur == The JAO an its historie are shawn in the documentary film ''[[L'Chayim, Comrade Stalin!]]''.<ref name="Kehr-2003"/> Released in 2002, the film tells hou [[Joseph Stalin]] creatit the Jewish Autonomous Oblast an hou thoosands o [[Russian language|Roushie]]- an [[Yiddish]]-speakin [[Jew]]s pairtly settled it. As weel as tellin the historie o the proposed [[Jewish homeland|Jewish hameland]], the film shaws life in modren Birobidzhan an interviews wi Jewish indwallers. == Geography == The north an wast o the oblast are muntainous, wi ranges sic as the [[Lesser Khingan]] an the [[Bureya Range]]. [[Mount Studencheskaya]], in the Bureya Range, is the heichest pynt in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast at {{convert|1421|m|ft}}. The sooth an east are pairt o the [[Amur valley]], wi juist a wheen o wee residual riggs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Еврейская автономная область - Географическое положение и рельеф |url=https://www.eao.ru/o-eao/obshchie-svedeniya/geograficheskoe-polozhenie-i-relef--1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220035252/https://www.eao.ru/o-eao/obshchie-svedeniya/geograficheskoe-polozhenie-i-relef--1/ |archive-date=December 20, 2021 |access-date=December 20, 2021}}</ref> === Climate === The territory haes a [[monsoon]]al an [[anticyclonic]] [[climate]]. The [[East Asia]]n monsoon brings warm, wat an muggy simmers, while the [[Siberian High|Siberian heich-pressure seestem]] brings cauld, dry an windy winters. == Govrenment == {{Multi image | direction=vertical | image1=Life expectancy in Russian subject -Jewish Autonomous Oblast.png | caption1=Life expectancy at birth in the JAO. | align=right | image2=Proportion of Jews in the general population of the Jewish Autonomous Region by year.jpg | width= | caption2=Share o Jews in the haill population o the JAO bi year. | total_width=350 }} Article 65 o the [[Constitution of Russia]] sets oot that the JAO is Roushie's anerly [[Autonomous oblasts of Russia|autonomous oblast]]. === Admeenistrative diveesions === {{Main|Administrative divisions of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast}} The Jewish Autonomous Oblast is sindert intae five [[Raion|districts]], ane o thaim bein Birobidzhan, a toun wi [[City of federal subject significance|district status]]. The oblast haes ae ither toun, [[Obluchye, Jewish Autonomous Oblast|Obluchye]], an eleven [[urban-type settlements]] forby. == Economy == The Jewish Autonomous Oblast is pairt o the [[Far Eastern Economic Region]]. It haes industry an agriculture, an a transport netwark o roads, railways an watterweys. Tho it haes nae sea coast, it is a [[free economic zone]]. The oblast's minerals an its biggin an finishin materials are socht efter in the [[Economy of Russia|Roushie mercat]]. [[Nonferrous metallurgy]], ingineerin, metalwarkin, biggin-materials, forestry, [[woodworking]], [[light industry]] an [[food industry|food production]] are its maist weel-developit industrial sectors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2004 |title=Jewish Autonomous Region |url=http://www.kommersant.com/p-31/r_374/Jewish_Autonomous_Region/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104062851/http://www.kommersant.com/p-31/r_374/Jewish_Autonomous_Region/ |archive-date=November 4, 2011 |access-date=December 22, 2011 |website=Kommersant Moscow |publisher=Kommersant. Publishing House |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Agriculture is the Jewish Autonomous Oblast's main economic sector acause o its fertile grund an [[Moisture|wat climate]]. The region's lairgest companies include the Kimkano–Sutarsky Minin an Processin Plant, wi income o ${{to USD|6800|RUS|year=2017}} million in 2017; the Teploozersky Cement Plant, wi ${{to USD|1700|RUS|year=2017}} million; an Brider Trading Hoose, wi ${{to USD|1400|RUS|year=2017}} million.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Выписки ЕГРЮЛ и ЕГРИП, проверка контрагентов, ИНН и КПП организаций, реквизиты ИП и ООО |url=https://sbis.ru/contragents?p=companies |access-date=20 October 2018 |website=СБИС |language=ru |archive-date=October 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021024515/https://sbis.ru/contragents?p=companies |url-status=live }}</ref> === Transport === The region's weel-developit transport netwark haes {{convert|530|km|mi|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} o railway, includin the Trans-Siberian Railway frae the time o the tsars; {{convert|600|km|mi|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} o watterwey on the Amur an Tunguska rivers; an {{convert|1900|km|mi|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} o roads, includin {{convert|1600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} wi a paved surface. The maist important road is the Khabarovsk–Birobidzhan–Obluchye–Amur Region heichwey, wi a ferry ower the Amur. The [[Birobidzhan Yuzhniy Airfield]], in the middle o the region, links Birobidzhan wi Khabarovsk an wi the ootby district centres. ==== Tongjiang–Nizhneleninskoye railway brig ==== {{Main|Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge}} The Tongjiang–Nizhneleninskoye railway brig is {{convert|2.215|km|mi|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} lang an cost $355 million. It links [[Nizhneleninskoye]] in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast wi [[Tongjiang, Heilongjiang|Tongjiang]] in [[Heilongjiang Province]], [[Cheena]]. The brig opened in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Lilit |last1=Marcus |date=August 20, 2021 |title=First cross-river railway bridge between China and Russia completed |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/tongjiang-china-russia-bridge-complete-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=July 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714135547/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/tongjiang-china-russia-bridge-complete-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> an cairries mair nor {{convert|3|e6t|e6ST e6LT|abbr=off|sigfig=2}} o freight an 1.5 million passengers ilka year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 25, 2016 |title=Work Starts On First China-Russia Highway Bridge |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-china-amur-river-highway-bridge-border-trade/28195627.html |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe]] |access-date=April 18, 2025 |archive-date=June 12, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612095119/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-china-amur-river-highway-bridge-border-trade/28195627.html |url-status=live }}</ref> == Demography == {{Historical populations|3=1926|4=35540|5=1939|6=108900|7=1959|8=162856|9=1970|10=172449|11=1979|12=190219|13=1989|14=215937|15=2002|16=190915|17=2010|18=176558|19=2021|20=150453|type=|footnote=Soorce: census data}} The JAO's population haes gane doun bi mair nor 40% syne 1989, lairgely acause o the muckle exodus atween 1989 an 1996. The recordit population wis {{ru-census|p1989=215,937|punct=}} in 1989 an {{ru-census|p2021=150,453|punct=.}} in 2021. === Ethnic groups === {| class="wikitable" |+ Ethnicities in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Национальный состав населения |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]] |archive-date=December 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! Ethnicity ! Population !! Percent |- | [[Russians|Roushies]] | 133,625 || 88.8% |- | [[Ukrainians]] | 1,292 || 0.9% |- | [[Jews]] | 837 || 0.6% |- | [[Tatars]] | 431 || 0.3% |- | [[Azerbaijanis]] | 411 || 0.3% |- | [[Tajiks]] | 371 || 0.2% |- | Ither ethnicities | 2,712 || 1.8% |- | Ethnicity no gien | 10,774 || 7.2% |} In the late 1940s, the [[Jews|Jewish]] population o the region rase tae aboot 46,000–50,000, near 25% o aw its indwallers.<ref name="Holley-2005">{{Cite news |first1=David |last1=Holley |date=August 7, 2005 |title=In Russia's Far East, a Jewish Revival |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-aug-07-fg-enclave7-story.html}}</ref> The 1959 census fand that the Jewish population o the JAO had gane doun bi aboot a hauf, tae 14,269 fowk.<ref name=atlas/> In 1987, the reformin Soviet govrenment led bi [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] pardoned mony political prisoners an tellt the American Jewish commonty it wad allou 11,000 Jewish [[refusenik]]s tae emigrate.{{sfnm|1a1=Doder|1a2=Branson|1y=1990|1p=195}} The 1989 Soviet census recordit 8,887 Jews in the JAO, 4% o its haill population o 214,085.<ref name="siegel"/> Efter the Soviet Union brak up in 1991, the JAO becam a [[Federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] o Roushie an wis nae langer unner [[Khabarovsk Krai]]. By that time, maist o the Jews had emigrate, an the Jews left ahint makkit up less nor 2% o the local population.<ref name="Srebrnik-2006"/><ref>{{Cite news |title='Sad And Absurd': The U.S.S.R.'s Disastrous Effort To Create A Jewish Homeland |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/09/07/492962278/sad-and-absurd-the-u-s-s-r-s-disastrous-effort-to-create-a-jewish-homeland |access-date=2022-10-15}}</ref> In early 1996, 872 fowk, or 20% o the Jewish population at the time, emigrate tae Israel.<ref name="Brook-1996"/> In 2002, 2,357 Jews bade in the JAO.<ref name=atlas/> An airticle frae 2004 said the nummer o Jews in the region wis “nou growin”.<ref name="Strauss-2004"/> An airticle in ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' frae Apryle 2007 threapit that the Jewish population had grown tae aboot 4,000. It citit [[Mordechai Scheiner]], the [[Chief Rabbi]] o the JAO frae 2002 tae 2011, wha said Jewish cultur wis seein a religious an cultural revival at the time.<ref name="Gur-2007"/> The [[2021 Russian census]], houaniver, recordit juist 837 ethnic Jews, or 0.6% o the JAO's population. '''Vital statistics for 2024:'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2025 |script-title=ru:Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов российской федерации за декабрь 2024 года |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN_12-2024.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=Rosstat |archive-date=February 26, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226232433/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN_12-2024.htm }}</ref> * Births: 1,120 (7.7 per 1,000) * Daiths: 2,193 (15.1 per 1,000) '''Total fertility rate (2024):'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |script-title=ru:Рейтинг рождаемости в регионах: кто в лидерах, а кто в аутсайдерах {{!}} Москва |url=https://fedpress.ru/article/3365231 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=ФедералПресс |language=ru-RU}}</ref> * 1.35 bairns per wumman '''Life expectancy (2021):'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |script-title=ru:Демографический ежегодник России |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service of Russia]] (Rosstat) |access-date=2022-06-01 |language=ru |trans-title=The Demographic Yearbook of Russia |archive-date=December 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215223757/https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |url-status=live }}</ref> * Awthegither – 66.12 year * Men&nbsp;– 61.73 * Weemen&nbsp;– 70.58 === Leids spoken === In the Soviet Union thare wis an ettle tae mak Yiddish an official leid athin Birobidzhan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://old.ipkpr.ru/index.php/pedagogicheskij-vestnik-eao/item/633|title=Идиш в ЕАО: традиции, опыт, современность|access-date=November 25, 2024|archive-date=March 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322115050/http://old.ipkpr.ru/index.php/pedagogicheskij-vestnik-eao/item/633|url-status=dead}}</ref> Unner the JAO's statute o 1997, Yiddish is ane o its recognised [[minority language|minority leids]].<ref name=jao-ustav/> Yiddish is taucht in three schuils in the region, but near aw the commonty speaks Roushie.<ref>{{Cite magazine |first1=Gal |last1=Beckerman |date=August 31, 2016 |title=A Promised Land in the U.S.S.R. |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/136493/promised-land-ussr |magazine=[[The New Republic]]}}</ref> Accordin tae an airticle frae 2000, Birobidzhan had a wheen o state-run schuils that taucht Yiddish, a Yiddish schuil for religious teachin, an a nursery. Bairns atween five an seiven had twa lessons ilka week for tae learn spoken Yiddish, alang wi Jewish sangs, dance an traditions.<ref name="Steen-2000"/> An airticle in ''[[The Washington Times]]'' in 2006 said that Yiddish wis taucht in the schuils, a Yiddish radio station wis rinnin, an the ''Birobidzhaner Shtern'' newspaper had a section in Yiddish.<ref name="washingtontimes.com"/> === Religion === {{Bar box | title=Religion in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas">[https://sreda.org/en/arena "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206100344/http://sreda.org/en/arena |date=December 6, 2017 }}. Sreda, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps]. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg Archived].</ref> | float=right | bars= {{Bar percent|[[Russian Orthodoxy|Roushie Orthodoxy]]|DarkOrchid|23}} {{Bar percent|Ither [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox]]|MediumOrchid|6}} {{Bar percent|Ither [[Christianity in Russia|Christians]]|DeepSkyBlue|10}} {{Bar percent|[[Islam in Russia|Islam]]|Green|1}} {{Bar percent|[[Judaism]]|Blue|1}} {{Bar percent|[[Spiritual but not religious|Spiritual but no religious]]|DarkSlateGray|35}} {{Bar percent|[[Atheism]] an [[irreligion]]|Black|22}} {{Bar percent|Ither or no gien|Gray|3}} }} Accordin tae a survey frae 2012, 23% o the Jewish Autonomous Oblast's population follae [[Russian Orthodox Church|Roushie Orthodoxy]]. Anither 6% are [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox Christians]] unner ither kirk jurisdictions, or Orthodox believers wha belang tae nae kirk; an 9% are [[Nondenominational Christianity|unaffiliatit]] or general Christians.<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas" /> [[Judaism]], tho it is the religion associatit wi the oblast's titular ethno-religious group, is practised bi juist 1% o the population. That is anerly a bittie abuin the national average an near the figure for commonties in ither federal subjects. Forby, 35% cried thairsels “spiritual but no religious”, while 22% professit [[atheism]]. This maks the Jewish Autonomous Oblast ane o the least religious regions in Roushie. Awthegither, 5% follaed ither religions or wadna answer the speirin.<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas" /> Archbishop Ephraim (Prosyanka) (2015) is heid o the Roushie Orthodox Eparchy (Diocese) o Birobidzhan, establisht in 2002. == See an aw == {{Portal|Judaism|Russia}} * [[History of the Jews in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast]] * [[Beit T'shuva|Beit T'shuva Synagogue]] * [[East Asian Jews]] * ''[[In Search of Happiness]]'', documentary film frae 2005 * ''[[L'Chayim, Comrade Stalin!]]'', documentary film frae 2002 * [[Boris Kaufman (rabbi)|Boris Kaufman]] * [[Pale of Settlement]] * [[Proposals for a Jewish state]] == References == === Notes === {{Notelist}} === Citations === {{Reflist}} === Soorces === * {{RussiaBasicLawRef|yev}} * {{Cite book |last1=Doder |first1=Dusko |url=https://archive.org/details/gorbachevheretic00dode/ |title=Gorbachev: Heretic in the Kremlin |last2=Branson |first2=Louise |publisher=Futura |year=1990 |isbn=978-0708849408 |location=London}} == For mair readin == * [[American Committee for the Settlement of Jews in Birobidjan]], ''Birobidjan: The Jewish Autonomous Territory in the USSR.'' New York: American Committee for the Settlement of Jews in Birobidjan, 1936. * Melech Epstein, ''The Jew and Communism: The Story of Early Communist Victories and Ultimate Defeats in the Jewish Community, USA, 1919–1941.'' New York: Trade Union Sponsoring Committee, 1959. * Henry Frankel, ''The Jews in the Soviet Union and Birobidjan.'' New York: American Birobidjan Committee, 1946. * Ber Boris Kotlerman and Shmuel Yavin, ''Bauhaus in Birobidzhan.'' Tel Aviv: Bauhaus Center, 2009. * Nora Levin, ''The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival: Volume 1.'' New York: New York University Press, 1988. * James N. Rosenberg, ''How the Back-to-the-Soil Movement Began: Two Years of Blazing the New Jewish "Covered Wagon" Trail Across the Russian Prairies.'' Philadelphia: United Jewish Campaign, 1925. * Anna Shternshis, ''Soviet and Kosher: Jewish Popular Culture in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939.'' Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2006. == Ootby airtins == {{Commons category|Jewish Autonomous Oblast}} * [http://www.eao.ru/en/ Official wabsteid o the Jewish Autonomous Oblast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114120929/http://eao.ru/en/ |date=January 14, 2017 }} * [http://www.swarthmore.edu/Home/News/biro/ ''Stalin's Forgotten Zion: Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Jewish Homeland: An Illustrated History, 1928–1996''] * [https://archive.org/details/TheJewishAutonomousRegion A Soviet pamphlet frae 1939 anent the JAO] * [https://www.sovietzion.com/ ''SOVIET ZION: The New Musical Drama'' — a modren opera set in the Jewish Autonomous Region] * [http://frontiers.loc.gov/intldl/mtfhtml/mfdigcol/nlrph.html#j_eng ''Meeting of the Frontiers: The Birobidzhan Album'' (photographs o Birobidzhan frae the 1920s an 1930s)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224221634/http://frontiers.loc.gov/intldl/mtfhtml/mfdigcol/nlrph.html#j_eng |date=February 24, 2021 }} {{Jewish Autonomous Oblast}} {{Subdiveesions o Roushie}} {{Russian Far East}} {{Autonomous Oblasts of the Soviet Union}} {{Authority control}} {{Jews in the Soviet Union}} [[Category:Jewish Autonomous Oblast| ]] [[Category:Jewish Roushie an Soviet history]] [[Category:Manchurie]] [[Category:Roushie-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:Yiddish cultur]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1934]] 75muepzpr55c06eb49x1afqu5cspxl7 0 14202 928035 914813 2026-11-11T15:50:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See Template:Infobox Settlement for additional fields that may be available--> <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = Ayutthaya |official_name = Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya |other_name = |native_name = พระนครศรีอยุธยา |nickname = |settlement_type = [[Thesaban|Ceety Municipality]] |total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Naresuan-Road-Ayutthaya.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = Ayutthaya city seal.png |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = 151 |dot_y = 65 |pushpin_map = Thailand<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Thailand]] |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = [[Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province|Ayutthaya]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --> |seat_type = |seat = |parts_type = |parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format) Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--> |parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> |p1 = |p2 = <!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = Ceety municipality |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Somsong Sappakosonlakul |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 14.84<!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = <!-- Elevation --------------------------> |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |elevation_max_m = |elevation_max_ft = |elevation_min_m = |elevation_min_ft = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2014 |population_footnotes = | |population_note = Registered residents only |population_total = 52952 |population_density_km2 = auto<!--For automatic calculation, any density field may contain: auto --> |population_density_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = Thailand |utc_offset = +7 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coor_type = <!-- can be used to specify what the coordinates refer to --> |coordinates = {{coord|14|20|52|N|100|33|38|E|region:TH|display=inline}} |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = [http://www.ayutthaya.go.th/ of Ayutthaya] |footnotes = }} '''Ayutthaya''' (full name '''Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya''', {{lang-th|พระนครศรีอยุธยา}}, {{IPA-th|pʰráʔ náʔkʰɔːn sǐː ʔajúttʰajaː}}; an aa spelled "Ayudhya") is the caipital o the [[Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province|Ayutthaya province]] in [[Thailand]]. The ceety wis foondit in 1350 bi Keeng [[Ramathibodi I|U Thong]], who went there tae escape a [[smapox]] ootbreak in [[Lop Buri]] an proclaimed it the caipital o his kinrick, aften referred tae as the [[Ayutthaya Kinrick]] or Siam. It is estimatit that Ayutthaya bi the year 1600 CE haed a population o aboot 300,000, wi the population aiblins reachin 1,000,000 aroond 1700 CE, makin it ane o the warld's lairgest ceeties at that time.<ref>[[George Modelski]], ''World Cities: –3000 to 2000'', Washington DC: FAROS 2000, 2003. ISBN 978-0-9676230-1-6. See also [http://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/ Evolutionary World Politics Homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228052839/http://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/ |date=2008-12-28 }}.</ref> In 1767 the ceety wis destroyed bi the [[Burma|Burmese]] airmy, resultin in the collapse o the kinrick. The ruins o the auld ceety nou form the [[Ayutthaya historical pairk]], which is recognized internaitionally as a [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Site]]. The ceety wis refoondit a few kilometers tae the east. The ceety is sometimes cawed "[[Leet o places cawed Venice o the East|Venice o the East]]".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/et-travel/Ayutthaya-Thailands-historic-city/articleshow/3307967.cms | work=The Times Of India}}</ref><ref name="Ayutthaya: Venice of the East">{{cite book |isbn=9-7482-2560-7 |title=Ayutthaya: Venice of the East |author=Derick Garnier |publisher=River books |date=2004}}</ref> ==Etymologie== '''Ayutthaya''' is namit efter the ceety o [[Ayodhya]] in [[Indie]], the birthplace o [[Rama]] in the ''[[Ramayana]]'' ([[Thai leid|Thai]], ''[[Ramakien]]''); {{lang|th-Latn|'''''Phra'''''}} is a [[Thai ryal an noble titles|Thai ryal an noble title]]; {{lang|th-Latn|'''''Nakhon'''''}} designates an important or caipital ceety; [[Thai honorifics#Si.2FSri|Thai honorific ''Sri'' or '''''Si''''']] is frae the Indian term o veneration [[Sri]]. ==Ayutthaya Toun Centre== *Ayutthaya Historical Study Centre *Ayutthaya Rajabhat Varsity (ARU) *Chan Kasem Palace *Chao Sam Phraya National Museum *Wang Luang *[[Wat Chai Watthanaram]] *Wat Lokaya Sutharam *Wat Mahathat *Wat Na Phra Men *[[Wat Phanan Choeng]] *Wat Phra Ram *Wat Phra Si Sanphet *Wat Phutthaisawan *Wat Phuttai Sawan *[[Wat Ratchaburana, Ayutthaya|Wat Ratchaburana]] *Wat Suwan Dararam *Wat Thammikarat *Wihan Phra Mongkhon Bophit *St. Joseph's Kirk *[https://web.archive.org/web/20211020055733/https://baanhollanda.org/ Baan Hollanda Information Center] The ceety is locatit at the junction o the [[Chao Phraya]], [[Lopburi River|Lopburi]] an [[Pa Sak River|Pa Sak]] rivers, an on the main north-sooth railway linkin [[Chiang Mai]] tae [[Bangkok]]. The auld ceety is on an island formit bi a bend o the Chao Phraya on the wast an sooth sides, the Pa Sak on the east side an the Klong Muang canal on the northren side. The approximate centre o the auld ceety is {{coord|14|20|N|100|34|E}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Ayutthaya}} [[Category:Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province]] [[Category:Populatit places in Thailand]] [[Category:1350 establishments]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 1350s]] [[Category:Buddhist pilgrimages]] 1vgy9vk7rp4i0ryy0pl3rptg0sjl3bh 0 15046 928104 924216 2026-11-11T20:24:02Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name =Lyon |image flag =Flag of Lyon.png |image flag size =115px |image coat of arms size= 115px |flag legend =Ceety banner |city motto= ''Avant, avant, Lion le melhor.''<br />([[Franco-Provençal leid|Franco-Provençal]]: Forward, forward, Lyon the best) |image =Lyon paysages.jpg |image size =270px |caption =Tap, Lyon, wi the auld ceety in the foregrund. Centre, the Pont Bonaparte, at nicht, an the Pont Lafayette. Bottom, the Place Bellecour, wi the Basilica o Oor Lady an the Tour Metal in the backgrund. |coordinates = {{coord|45.7597|4.8422|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |time zone =CET <small>(GMT +1)</small> |INSEE =69123 |postal code =69001-69009 |region= [[Rhône-Alpes]] |department= [[Rhône (depairtment)|Rhône]] (69) |arrondissement =Lyon |canton =chief toun o 14 cantons |mayor =[[Gérard Collomb]] |party =[[Socialist Pairty (Fraunce)|PS]] |term =2014–2020 |subdivisions entry =[[Kintra subdiveesion|<span style="color:black;">Subdivisions</span>]] |area km2 =47.95 |elevation min m =162 |elevation max m =305 |subdivisions =9 [[Municipal arrondissements o Fraunce|arrondissements]] |population date = Jan. 2016<ref name="commune">{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/commune.asp?annee=2013&depcom=69123 |title=Séries historiques des résultats du recensement – Commune de Lyon (69123) |publisher=INSEE |accessdate=}}</ref> |population = 513,275 |population ranking =3rd in Fraunce |metro area km2 =6018.62 |metro area date =2010 |metro area pop =2,237,676<ref name="AU10_pop">{{cite web |url=http://insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&id=4502 |title=Villes de France |publisher=INSEE |accessdate=7 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305024348/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&id=4502 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |metro area pop date =2012 |intercom details =[[Urban Commonty o Lyon|Urban Commonty <br />o Lyon]] |website =[http://www.lyon.fr/ lyon.fr] }} '''Lyon''' ({{IPA-fr|ljɔ̃|-|Fr-Lyon.ogg}}; {{lang-frp|Liyon}}, {{IPA-frp|ʎjɔ̃|IPA}}; {{IPA-en|liːˈɒn|lang}} or anglicised as '''Lyons''' {{IPA-en|ˈlaɪ.ənz|}}), is a ceety in east-central [[France]] in the [[Rhône-Alpes]] [[Regions o France|region]], situatit atween [[Paris]] an [[Marseille]]. Lyon is locatit at 470&nbsp;km (292&nbsp;mi) frae Paris, 320&nbsp;km (199&nbsp;mi) frae Marseille, 160&nbsp;km (99&nbsp;mi) frae [[Geneva]], 280&nbsp;km (174&nbsp;mi) frae [[Turin]], an 600&nbsp;km (373&nbsp;mi) frae [[Barcelona]]. The woners o the ceety are cawed ''Lyonnais'' (singular an plural). The ceety o Lyon haes 480,660 indwallers.<ref name="commune" /> Thegither wi its suburbs and satellite towns, Lyon forms the seicont-lairgest metropolitan aurie in Fraunce efter that o Paris, wi the population o its urban aurie estimatit tae be 1,422,331 an that o its metropolitan aurie 1,757,180.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/chiffresCles.action?codeMessage=5&zoneSearchField=LYON&codeZone=00757-UU1999&normalizedSearch=&idTheme=3&rechercher=Rechercher |title=Résultat du rencensement de 2007. Unité urbaine : Lyon |publisher=INSEE |accessdate=18 November 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/chiffresCles.action?codeMessage=5&zoneSearchField=LYON&codeZone=002-AU1999&normalizedSearch=&idTheme=3&rechercher=Rechercher |title=Résultat du rencensement de 2007. Aire urbaine : Lyon |publisher=INSEE |accessdate=18 November 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Its urban region represents hauf o the [[Rhône-Alpes]] [[Regions o France|region]] population wi 2.9 million inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.regionurbainedelyon.fr/ |title=Chiffres-clés de la population |publisher=Région urbaine de lyon |date= |accessdate=18 November 2010 |archive-date=2008-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017023341/http://www.regionurbainedelyon.fr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lyon is the caipital o this region, as well as the caipital o the smawer [[Rhône (depairtment)|Rhône]] [[Depairtments o Fraunce|département]]. Lyon haes a lang cultural influence on Fraunce an the warld. The ceety is kent for its historical an architectural landmarks an is a [[Warld Heritage Steid|UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid]]. Lyon wis historically kent as an important aurie for the production an weavin o [[silk]] an in modren times haes developed a reputation as the caipital o [[gastronomy]] in Fraunce. It haes a significant role in the [[history o film|history o cinema]] due tae [[Auguste an Louis Lumière]]. The local professional fitbaa team, [[Olympique Lyonnais]], haes increased the profile o Lyon internaitionally throu participation in [[UEFA Champions League|European fitbaa championships]]. Economically, Lyon is a major centre for bankin an forby the chemical, pharmaceutical, an biotech industries. The ceety contains a significant software industry wi a particular focus on video gemmes, an in recent years haes focussed on a growin local stairt-up sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business.greaterlyon.com/city-business-support-lyon-entrepreneurship-system.85.0.html?&L=1 |title=Lyon entrepreneurship, Lyon company, Invest Lyon – Greater Lyon |publisher=Business.greaterlyon.com |date=|accessdate=3 April 2011}}</ref> Lyon hosts the internaitional heidquarters o [[Interpol]], [[Euronews]] an [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]]. == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Fraunce}} === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Lyon is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:<ref name="Lyon">{{cite web|url=http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1|title=''Partner Cities of Lyon and Greater Lyon''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 Mairie de Lyon|accessdate=2008-10-21|archive-date=2011-08-23|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/619PQfHcw?url=http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| cellpadding="10" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Sinop, Turkey|Sinop]], [[Turkey]] * {{Flagicon|Syria}} [[Aleppo]], [[Sirie]]<ref name="Lyon"/> * {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Beersheba]] in [[Israel]]<ref name="Lyon"/> * {{Flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Beirut]] in [[Lebanon]] <small><ref name="Lyon"/><ref name="Beirut">{{cite web|url=http://www.beirut.gov.lb/MCMSTest/Menu-Pages/SisterCitiesEN.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2fwww%2ebeirut%2egov%2elb%2fMCMSEN%2fTwinning%2bthe%2bCities%2f&NRNODEGUID=%7b18839037-0140-436E-A1AF-7F8F3693C3E6%7d&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest#|title=Twinning the Cities|publisher=City of Beirut|accessdate=2009-03-17|archive-date=2008-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221055403/http://www.beirut.gov.lb/MCMSTest/Menu-Pages/SisterCitiesEN.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2Fwww.beirut.gov.lb%2FMCMSEN%2FTwinning+the+Cities%2F&NRNODEGUID=%7B18839037-0140-436E-A1AF-7F8F3693C3E6%7D&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{Flagicon|UK}} [[Birmingham]], [[Unitit Kinrick]] <small>''(syne 1951'')</small><ref name="Lyon"/><ref name="Birmingham">{{cite web |url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/twins |title=Partner Cities |publisher=Birmingham City Council |accessdate=2009-07-17 |archive-date=2009-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915223157/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/twins |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Curitiba]] in [[Brazil]] * {{Flagicon|the United Arab Emirates}} [[Dubai]], [[Unitit Arab Emirates|UAE]] * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Guangzhou]] in [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] <small>''(syne 1988)''<ref name="Guangzhou">{{cite web|url=http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Item/3970.aspx|title=Sister Cities of Guangzhou|publisher=Guangzhou Foreign Affairs Office|accessdate=2010-02-10|archive-date=2011-08-23|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/619PSmN70?url=http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Item/3970.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] in [[Unitit States]] <small>''(syne 1975'')</small> || || * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Frankfurt]] in [[Germany]] <small>''(syne 1960)'' <ref name="Lyon"/><ref name="Frankfurt">{{cite web|url=http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=502645|title=''Frankfurt -Partner Cities''|publisher=www.frankfurt.de|accessdate=2008-12-05|archive-date=2007-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107080201/http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=502645|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Leipzig]] in [[Germany]] <small>''(syne 1981)''</small><ref name="Lyon"/><ref name="Leipzig">{{cite web|url=http://www.leipzig.de/int/en/int_messen/partnerstaedte/|title=Leipzig - International Relations|publisher=© 2009 Leipzig City Council, Office for European and International Affairs|accessdate=2009-07-17|archive-date=2009-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629111247/http://www.leipzig.de/int/en/int_messen/partnerstaedte/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Yokohama]] in [[Japan]] <small>''(syne 1959'') <ref name="Lyon"/><ref name="Yokohama">{{cite web|url=http://www.welcome.city.yokohama.jp/eng/tourism/mame/a3000.html|title=Official Yokohama City Tourism Website: ''Sister Cities''|accessdate=2008-11-11|publisher=[[copyright|©]] Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau|archive-date=2009-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827064945/http://www.welcome.city.yokohama.jp/eng/tourism/mame/a3000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Łódź]] in [[Poland]] <small>''(syne 1991)'' <ref name="Lyon"/><ref name="_Łódź_ Tourism">''{{cite web |url=http://en.www.uml.lodz.pl/index.php?str=2029 |title=Twin Cities |accessdate=2008-10-23 |work=The City of _Łódź_ Office |publisher=[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|14px]] [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|border|10px]] {{en icon}} and {{pl icon}} © 2007 UM_ |archive-date=2009-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009012259/http://en.www.uml.lodz.pl/index.php?str=2029 |url-status=dead }}''</ref></small> * {{Flagicon|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]] in [[Armenie]]<small>''(syne 1992)''<ref name="Lyon"/><ref name="Yerevan">{{cite web|url=http://yerevan.am/main.php?lang=3&page_id=194|title=Yerevan Municipality - Sister Cities|publisher=www.yerevan.am]|accessdate=2009-06-22|archive-date=2011-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002075135/http://www.yerevan.am/main.php?page_id=194&lang=3|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Milan]] in [[Italy]] <small>''(syne 1966)'' <ref name="Lyon"/><ref name="Milan">{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/ContentLibrary/In%20Comune/In%20Comune/Citt%20Gemellate|title=''Milano - Città Gemellate''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano)|accessdate=2008-12-05|archive-date=2014-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410020744/http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FContentLibrary%2FIn%20Comune%2FIn%20Comune%2FCitt%20Gemellate|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{Flagicon|Belarus}} [[Minsk]] in [[Belaroushie]] <small>''(syne 1976)'' <ref name="Lyon"/><ref name="Minsk">{{cite web|url=http://minsk.gov.by/cgi-bin/org_ps.pl?k_org=3604&mode=doc&doc=3604_2_a&lang=eng|title=''Twin towns of Minsk''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 The department of protocol and international relations of Minsk City Executive Committee|accessdate=2008-12-08|archive-date=2009-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830121424/http://minsk.gov.by/cgi-bin/org_ps.pl?k_org=3604&mode=doc&doc=3604_2_a&lang=eng|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Montreal|Montréal]] in [[Quebec|Québec]], [[Canadae]] <small>''(syne 1979)'' <ref name="Lyon"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1 |title=Montreal partner city |publisher=Lyon.fr |date= |accessdate=2009-02-05 |archive-date=2011-08-23 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/619PQfHcw?url=http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> || || * {{Flagicon|Sweden}} [[Gothenburg]] in [[Swaden]] * {{Flagicon|Hungary}} [[Pécs]] in [[Hungary]]<ref name="Lyon"/> * {{Flagicon|Palestine}} [[Jericho]] in [[State o Palestine|Palestine]] * {{Flagicon|Romania}} [[Craiova]] in [[Romanie]] <small>''(syne 1992)''<ref name="Lyon"/></small> * {{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Varna]] in [[Bulgarie]] * {{Flagicon|Philippines}} [[Manila]] in the [[Philippines]] * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Saunt Petersburg]] in [[Roushie]] <small>''(syne 1993)'' <ref name="Lyon"/><ref name="saint_petersburg">{{cite web |url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |title=Saint Petersburg in figures - International and Interregional Ties |publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government |accessdate=2008-11-23 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041012051131/http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities|url-status=dead }}</ref></small> * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Yoshkar-Ola]] in [[Roushie]] * {{Flagicon|Burkina Faso}} [[Ouagadougou]] in [[Burkina Faso]]<ref name="Lyon"/> |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Metropolis o Lyon communes}} [[Category:Lyon| ]] [[Category:Communes o the Metropolis o Lyon]] [[Category:Populatit places on the Rhone]] {{Stub/Fraunce}} {{Stub/Ceety}} popt3yovi6ir0v7z83fq7y6wn00iaae 0 15244 928067 926019 2026-11-11T17:25:16Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = El Aaiún |other_name = Laâyoune, Laayoune |native_name = العيون (''al-ˁūyūn''), ⵍⵄⵢⵓⵏ |image_skyline = Street view from Laayoune 2011.jpg |image_caption = Avenue Makkah al-Mukarramah in El-Aaiún |pushpin_map = Western Sahara |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Wastren Sahara |subdivision_type = Non-Sel-Govrenin Territory |subdivision_name = [[Wastren Sahara]] |subdivision_type1 = Region |subdivision_name1 = [[Laâyoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra|Laayoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra]] |subdivision_type2 = Province |subdivision_name2 = [[Laâyoune Province|Laayoune Province]] |population_as_of=2010 |population_total = 196,331 |coordinates = {{coord|27|9|13|N|13|12|12|W|region:EH|display=inline,title}} }} '''El-Aaiún''' ([[French leid|French]]: '''Laâyoune'''; [[Arabic]]: العيون, [[romanisation o Arabic|romanisit]] ''al-ʾAyūn'', leeterally ''"The Springs"''), is a ceety in [[Wastren Sahara]] foondit bi the [[Spain]]gie in 1928. Administered bi [[Morocco]] syne 1976<ref>UN General Assembly Resolution 34/37 and UN General Assembly Resolution 35/19.</ref>, El-Aaiún is the caipital o wha the Moroccan government cawed the region o ''[[Laâyoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra]]'', an [[POLISARIO]] cawed ''[[Occupied territory|Occupied Territories]]''. It is an aa claimed bi the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] as thair caipital. == Demographics == The ceety haes a population o 194,668<ref name="Population">{{cite web | url = http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&lng=de&dat=32&geo=-70&srt=npan&col=aohdq&men=gcis&lng=en | title = Morocco - largest cities (per geographical entity) | accessdate = 2009-03-25 | author = Stefan Helders | year = 2009 | publisher = World Gazetteer | language = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001090358/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&lng=de&dat=32&geo=-70&srt=npan&col=aohdq&men=gcis&lng=en | archivedate = 2007-10-01 | url-status = dead }}</ref> an is the lairgest ceety in Wastren Sahara. It is a growin economic hub in wha Morocco sees as its [[Soothren Provinces]]. Its population is a mixture o Moroccans frae the North as well as [[Sahrawis]] frae Soothren Saharan Morocco an natives o [[Wastren Sahara]] (who mak up a fift o the population).<ref>"Diplomacy over Western Sahara: Morocco v Algeria", ''[[The Economist]]'', 4th November, 2010.</ref> == Etymology == "El Aaiún" is the transliteration o the Arabic name uised as the Spainyie name for the ceety. "Laâyoune" is a French transliteration even uised in Moroccan literature. The Arabic name means "the springs". == Status == The [[United Naitions]] mission for the referendum, turned tae simply waitin for a poleetical solution, instead o a referendum which wis obsolete efter the UN votit for resolution 1813. [[MINURSO]], which administers the ceasefire dounset o 1991 atween [[Morocco]] an the [[Polisario Front]], haes its heidquarters in the ceety. == Climate == {{Weather box |location = Laâyoune" an aa "El Ayun" |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan high C = 20 |Feb high C = 20 |Mar high C = 22 |Apr high C = 22 |May high C = 22 |Jun high C = 24 |Jul high C = 26 |Aug high C = 28 |Sep high C = 27 |Oct high C = 25 |Nov high C = 24 |Dec high C = 20 |year high C = 23 |Jan mean C = 16 |Feb mean C = 17 |Mar mean C = 19 |Apr mean C = 18 |May mean C = 20 |Jun mean C = 21 |Jul mean C = 23 |Aug mean C = 25 |Sep mean C = 24 |Oct mean C = 22 |Nov mean C = 20 |Dec mean C = 17 |year mean C = 20 |Jan low C = 12 |Feb low C = 13 |Mar low C = 16 |Apr low C = 15 |May low C = 16 |Jun low C = 18 |Jul low C = 20 |Aug low C = 21 |Sep low C = 20 |Oct low C = 18 |Nov low C = 16 |Dec low C = 13 |year low C = 17 |Jan precipitation mm = 17.97 |Feb precipitation mm = 18.51 |Mar precipitation mm = 6.74 |Apr precipitation mm = 2.54 |May precipitation mm = 3.21 |Jun precipitation mm = 0.31 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.0 |Aug precipitation mm = 0.0 |Sep precipitation mm = 1.21 |Oct precipitation mm = 7.47 |Nov precipitation mm = 16.90 |Dec precipitation mm = 18.60 |year precipitation mm = 93.46 |Jan precipitation days = 3 |Feb precipitation days = 3 |Mar precipitation days = 1 |Apr precipitation days = 1 |May precipitation days = 1 |Jun precipitation days = 1 |Jul precipitation days = 1 |Aug precipitation days = 1 |Sep precipitation days = 0 |Oct precipitation days = 2 |Nov precipitation days = 1 |Dec precipitation days = 3 |year precipitation days = 18 |source 1 = Weatherbase<ref name="Weatherbase">{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=33006&refer=&units=metric |title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for El Aaiún |accessdate= |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224221737/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=33006&refer=&units=metric%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |date=August 2010 }} == Sport == The ceety's main fitbaa club in El Aaiun is [[Jeunesse Massira]]. The club played in the [[Botola]]/GNF 1. Jeunesse Massira uise [[Mohamed Laghdaf stadium]] in trainin an gemmes. == Transport == El-Aaiún is served bi [[Hassan I Airport]]. == Twin touns an sister ceeties == {{Portal|Wastren Sahara|Africae|Geografie}} * {{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], [[Algerie]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Renewing the twining agreement between Central Algiers and Wilaya of El Aaiun|url=http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/renewing-twining-agreement-between-central-algiers-and-wilaya-el-aaiun|publisher=[[Sahara Press Service]]|date=30-10-2011|accessdate=02-11-2011|archive-date=2012-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501181500/http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/renewing-twining-agreement-between-central-algiers-and-wilaya-el-aaiun|url-status=dead}}</ref> (''Syne 2001'') * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Almería]], [[Andalucía]], [[Spain]]<ref name="hermanadas">{{cite web |url = http://www.aytoalmeria.es/ciudadano/nav/ayuntamiento/concejalias/alcaldia/ciudadesHermanadas/index.jsp |title = Ciudades Hermanadas |editor = Ayuntamiento de Almería |accessdate = 2008-04-12 |archive-date = 2008-01-28 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080128165312/http://www.aytoalmeria.es/ciudadano/nav/ayuntamiento/concejalias/alcaldia/ciudadesHermanadas/index.jsp |url-status = dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Avilés]], [[Asturias]], Spain{{citation needed}} * {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]] (''Syne 12 August 2005'') * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Málaga]], Andalucía, Spain<ref name="Málaga2016">{{cite web|url = http://www.malaga2016.es/es|title = Official website for Malaga's candidature for European capital of culture in 2016|editor = [[Ayuntamiento de Málaga]]|accessdate = 2008-04-02|archive-date = 2009-03-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090322110144/http://www.malaga2016.es/es|url-status = dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.montevideo.gub.uy/institucional/relaciones-internacionales/documentos/hermanamiento-entre-el-aaiun-y-montevideo |title=Hermanamiento de Montevideo y El Aaiún |publisher=Montevideo.gub.uy |date=2009-12-13 |accessdate=2011-09-04 |archive-date=2012-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202161652/http://www.montevideo.gub.uy/institucional/relaciones-internacionales/documentos/hermanamiento-entre-el-aaiun-y-montevideo |url-status=dead }}</ref> (''Syne 13 December 2009'') * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Lorca]], [[Murcia]], Spain<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.murcia.com/lorca/noticias/2010/11/12-ayuntamiento-lorca-denuncia-agresion-marruecos.asp|title=El Ayuntamiento de Lorca denuncia la agresión de Marruecos contra el Pueblo Saharaui|publisher=Murcia.es|date=12-11-2010|accessdate=11-02-2013}} {{es icon}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Sorrento]], [[Campanie]], [[Italy]] (''Syne 18 April 2009'') == References == {{Portal box|Wastren Sahara|Geografie}} {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat}} * {{fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110303212317/http://www.laayouneinvest.ma/ Investir dans la région de Laâyoune "Invest in the region of Laâyoune"] * [http://lexicorient.com/morocco/laayoune.htm Entry in Lexicorient] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507120112/http://lexicorient.com/morocco/laayoune.htm |date=2012-05-07 }} * [http://www.travel-images.com/el-aaiun.html Entry in Travel-Images] {{Leet o African caipitals}} {{Stub/NAfricae}} {{Stub/Ceety}} {{DEFAULTSORT:El Aaiun}} [[Category:Populatit places in Wastren Sahara]] [[Category:Populatit places in the Laâyoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra Region]] gwjt9f3mjnwjhdzy9djf2dov5xnul2m 0 15886 928156 923057 2026-11-12T07:02:51Z Kent Wang 138357 Exterior apse of Sé Velha de Coimbra 71.jpg 928156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Municipality PT |official_name = Coimbra |image_flag = Pt-cbr1.png |image_shield = CBR.png |image_skyline = Almedina-CCBY.jpg |image_caption = |image_location = LocalCoimbra.svg |region = [[Centro Region, Portugal|Centro]] |subregion = [[Baixo Mondego]] |CIM = [[Região de Coimbra]] |district = [[Coimbra Destrict|Coimbra]] |parishes = 18 |leader_name = Manuel Machado |leader_party = [[Socialist Pairty (Portugal)|PS]] |coordinates = {{coord|40|12|40|N|8|25|45|W|type:adm1st_region:PT_dim:100000|display=inline,title}} |elevation = |elevation_min = 9 |elevation_max = 499 |area_total = 319.40 |population_as_of = 2011 |population_total = 143396 |patron = [[Elizabeth o Portugal|Rainha Santa Isabel]] |postal_code = 3000 |area_code = 292 |website = {{url|http://www.cm-coimbra.pt}} }} '''Coimbra''' ({{IPA-pt|kuˈĩbɾɐ}}) is a ceety in the [[Coimbra Municipality|municipality o Coimbra]] in [[Portugal]]. Although it served as the naition's caipital durin the [[Heich Middle Ages]], it is better-kent for its university, the [[University o Coimbra]], which, established in 1290, is [[Leet o auldest universities in continuous operation|ane o the auldest in Europe]] an the auldest academic institution in the [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese-speakin]] warld. There are mony airchaeological structures which date tae the [[Roman Empire|Roman era]], when Coimbra wis the settlement o [[Aeminium]], such as its well-preserved [[aqueduct]] an [[cryptoporticus]]. Similarly, biggins frae the period when Coimbra served as the caipital o Portugal (frae 1139 tae aboot 1260) still remain. Durin the Late [[Middle-Ages]], wi its decline as the poleetical centre o the [[Kinrick o Portugal]], Coimbra began tae evolve intae a major cultural centre, wi the foondation o the [[University o Coimbra]] in 1290. The [[university ceeties|university]], ane o the auldest in Europe, apairt frae attractin mony European an [[internaitional student]]s, is visitit bi tourists for its monuments an history. == Twin touns — Sister ceeties == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Portugal}} Coimbra is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:<ref name="Coimbra Twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.cm-coimbra.pt/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62&Itemid=128|title=Acordos de Geminação|publisher=© 2009 [http://web.archive.org/web/20071011035847/http://www.cm-coimbra.pt/ Câmara Municipal de Coimbra] – Praça 8 de Maio – 3000-300 Coimbra|language=Portuguese|accessdate=2009-06-25|archive-date=2009-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723230333/http://www.cm-coimbra.pt/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62&Itemid=128|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| cellpadding="10" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *{{flagicon|France}} [[Aix-en-Provence]], [[Fraunce]], syne 1982<ref>[http://www.aix-jumelages.com/ Association of twinnings and international relations of Aix-en-Provence]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mairie-aixenprovence.fr/article.php3?id_article=2981 |title=Mairie of Aix-en-Provence – Twinnings and partnerships |access-date=2011-02-24 |archive-date=2009-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113162049/http://www.mairie-aixenprovence.fr/article.php3?id_article=2981 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *{{flagicon|Mozambique}} [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]], [[Mozambique]], syne 1997 *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[USA]], syne 1982<ref name="dept">[http://www.cambridgema.gov/deptann.cfm?story_id=1597 "A Message from the Peace Commission: Information on Cambridge's Sister Cities,"] February 15, 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.</ref><ref name="thompson">Richard Thompson. [http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/10/12/looking_to_strengthen_family_ties_with_sister_cities/?page=full "Looking to strengthen family ties with 'sister cities',"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213617/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/10/12/looking_to_strengthen_family_ties_with_sister_cities/?page=full |date=2016-03-03 }} ''Boston Globe'', October 12, 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.</ref> *{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Curitiba]], [[Brazil]], syne 1995 *{{flagicon|India}} [[Daman, India|Daman]], [[Indie]], syne 2004 *{{flagicon|East Timor}} [[Dili]], [[East Timor]], syne 2002 *{{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Esch-sur-Alzette]], [[Luxembourg]], syne 2005 || *{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Fes]], [[Morocco]], syne 1988 *{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]], [[Germany]], syne 1975 *{{flagicon|Macau}} [[Ilhas, Macau|Ilhas]], [[Macau]], syne 1998 *{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] *{{flagicon|Cape Verde}} [[Mindelo]], [[Cape Verde]], syne 1994 *{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Padua]], [[Italy]], syne 1998 *{{flagicon|France}} [[Poitiers]], [[France]], syne 1979 || *{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Salamanca]], [[Spain]], syne 1980 *{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[São Carlos]], [[Brazil]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Santa Clara, Californie|Santa Clara]], [[Unitit States|USA]], syne 1971 *{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Santiago de Compostela]], [[Spain]], syne 1994 *{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Santos (São Paulo)|Santos]], [[Brazil]], syne 1981 *{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]], syne 1997<ref name="São Paulo">{{Cite web |url=http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 |title=Prefeitura.Sp – Descentralized Cooperation |access-date=2011-02-24 |archive-date=2008-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224222805/http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="São Paulo2">[http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/cidadesirmas/index.php?p=1066 International Relations – São Paulo City Hall – Official Sister Cities]</ref> *{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Yaroslavl]], [[Roushie]], syne 1984 *{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Zaragoza]], [[Spain]], syne 2005<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cmisapp.zaragoza.es/ciudad/zaragozainternacional/hermanamientos.htm |title=Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza. Hermanamientos y Protocolos de Colaboración<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2011-02-24 |archive-date=2007-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013163222/http://cmisapp.zaragoza.es/ciudad/zaragozainternacional/hermanamientos.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} <br><gallery class=center caption="Coimbra"> Coimbra-46-Praca do Comercio-2011-gje.jpg Coimbra-32-Neue Kathedrale-Figur-Volute-2011-gje.jpg Exterior apse of Sé Velha de Coimbra 71.jpg Coimbra-Mosteiro de Santa Cruz-06-Westfassade-Brunnen-2011-gje.jpg Coimbra-Mosteiro de Santa Clara-a-Velha-16-2011-gje.jpg Coimbra-60-Alternative Szene-2011-gje.jpg Coimbra-90-Haeuser am Steilhang-2011-gje.jpg Coimbra-96-Arcos do Jardim-2011-gje.jpg </gallery> == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Ceeties in Portugal]] [[Category:Coimbra| ]] [[Category:Umwhile naitional caipitals]] [[Category:Varsity touns]] 0hjrlolx7pkdgwiwk6rr0xrc1qn6wta 0 15905 928024 921119 2026-11-11T15:30:46Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 928024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Lagos | image_skyline = File:Lagos-centre-from-executive-lounge-Continental-hotel-2026-IMG_7970.jpg | native_name = Èkó ([[Yoruba leid|Yoruba]]) | image_size = 350px | nickname = Lasgidi<ref>{{cite news|url=http://premiumtimesng.com/sports/5817-18th-national-sports-festival-lagos-unveils-logo-mascot-and-website.html|title=18th National Sports Festival: Lagos unveils Logo, mascot and website|date=18 June 2012|work=Premium Times|accessdate=2 October 2012|location=Abuja, Nigeria|archive-date=2012-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027230021/http://premiumtimesng.com/sports/5817-18th-national-sports-festival-lagos-unveils-logo-mascot-and-website.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/eko-2012-building-branding-through-sports/122890/|title=Eko 2012: Building Branding through Sports, Articles|date=22 August 2012|work=[[ThisDay]]|accessdate=2 October 2012|location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-date=2013-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112111/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/eko-2012-building-branding-through-sports/122890/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | image_flag = Lagos Flag.png | image_caption = Ceety centre & skyline o Lagos shawn frae above | image_seal = Lagos_Seal.png | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map=Nigeria | pushpin_mapsize=300 | pushpin_map_caption = Lagos shawn within Nigerie | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{NGR}} | subdivision_type1 = [[States o Nigerie|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Lagos State]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Local Govrenment Auries o Nigerie|LGA]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Lagos Island]]<br>[[Lagos Mainland]] | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = [[Action Congress o Nigerie|ACN]] | leader_title = [[Leet o Govrenors o Lagos State|Govrenor]] | leader_name = [[Babatunde Fashola]] | area_footnotes = <ref name=Metropolitan_Lagos_land_area>Summing the 16 LGAs making up Metropolitan Lagos (Agege, Ajeromi-Ifelodun, Alimosho, Amuwo-Odofin, Apapa, Eti-Osa, Ifako-Ijaiye, Ikeja, Kosofe, Lagos Island, Lagos Mainland, Mushin, Ojo, Oshodi-Isolo, Shomolu, Surulere) as per:<br>{{cite web| url=http://www.nigeriacongress.org/FGN/administrative/statedetails.asp?state=lagos| title=Administrative Levels - Lagos State| author=The Nigeria Congress| accessdate=29 June 2007| archive-date=2005-12-25| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051225234623/http://www.nigeriacongress.org/fgn/administrative/statedetails.asp?state=Lagos| url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_urban_km2 = 999.6 | population_as_of = 2006 census, <small>preliminary</small> | population_footnotes = <ref name=Metropolitan_Lagos_population>Summing the 16 LGAs making up Metropolitan Lagos (Agege, Ajeromi-Ifelodun, Alimosho, Amuwo-Odofin, Apapa, Eti-Osa, Ifako-Ijaiye, Ikeja, Kosofe, Lagos Island, Lagos Mainland, Mushin, Ojo, Oshodi-Isolo, Shomolu, Surulere) as per:<br>{{cite web|url=http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/nbsapps/Connections/Pop2006.pdf|title=2006 Population Census|date=May 2007|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of Nigeria]]|accessdate=14 September 2010|archive-date=2011-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724143807/http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/nbsapps/Connections/Pop2006.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_total = 7,937,932 | population_density_km2 = 7,941 | population_density_sq_mi = 20,170 | population_urban = | population_metro = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] | blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.720 (<span style="color:#090">heich</span>) | blank1_name_sec1 = HDI rank | blank1_info_sec1 = 1st (2011) |Gini = 53.7 |Gini_year = |Gini_category = <span style="color:#990000">heich</span> | timezone = [[Wast African Time|WAT]] (UTC+1) | utc_offset = +1 | coordinates = {{coord|6|27|11|N|3|23|45|E|region:NG|display=inline}} | website = [http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/ lagosstate.gov.ng] | footnotes = }} ''' Lagos''' ({{IPA-en|ˈleɪɡɒs}}<ref>{{Citation|title=Lagos |edition=Dictionary.com Unabridged |publisher=[[Random House|Random House, Inc.]] |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Lagos |accessdate=2010-10-29}}</ref> {{respell|LAY|gos}};<ref>{{cite book|title=The pronunciation of placenames: a worldwide dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/pronunciationofp0000room |first=Adrian |last=Room |page=[https://archive.org/details/pronunciationofp0000room/page/108 108] |publisher=McFarland |year=2007 |isbn=0-786-42941-0}}</ref> {{Lang-bin|Èkó}})<ref name="Olupona">{{cite book|title=Òrìşà devotion as world religion: the globalization of Yorùbá religious culture |first1=Jacob Obafẹmi Kẹhinde |last1=Olupọna |first2=Terry |last2=Rey |page=132 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=0-299-22460-0 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bZD-1kObnMQC&pg=PA132}}</ref><ref name="Williamsguide">{{cite book|title=Nigeria: The Bradt Travel Guide |first=Lizzie |last=Williams |page=110 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2008 |isbn=1-841-62239-7 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fwuQ71ZbaOcC&pg=PA110}}</ref> is a port an the maist populous [[conurbation]] in [[Nigerie]]. Wi a population o 7,937,932, it is currently the seicont maist populous ceety in Africae efter [[Cairo]], an is estimatit tae be the fastest growin ceety in Africae (UN-HABITAT, 2008) an the seivent fastest growin in the warld.<ref>[http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html World's fastest growing cities and urban areas from 2006 to 2020], by [[CityMayors.com]]</ref> Lagos is the economic an financial caipital o Nigerie an wis ance the caipital o Nigerie. Lagos wis oreeginally inhabitit bi the [[Awori tribe|Awori]] subgroup o the [[Yoruba fowk]]. Unner the leadership o thair Olofin the Awori moved tae an island nou cried Iddo an then tae the lairger [[Lagos Island]]. In the 15t century the Awori dounset wis attacked bi the [[Benin Empire]] follaein a quarrel an the island became a Benin war-camp cried "Eko" unner Oba Orhogba, the [[Oba o Benin]] o the time.<ref name="Williamsguide"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Kingdoms of the Yoruba |first=Robert Sydney |last=Smith |page=73 |edition=3 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |year=1988 |isbn=0-299-11604-2 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ric6OhxbCS0C&pg=PA73}}</ref> Lagos is a huge metropolis which oreeginatit on islands separatit bi [[Creek (tidal)|creeks]] sic as [[Lagos Island]] that fringe the soothwast mooth o [[Lagos Lagoon]] protectit frae the [[Atlantic Ocean]] bi lang [[saund spit]]s sic as [[Bar Beach]] which stretch up tae 100&nbsp;km east an wast o the mooth. Frae the beginnin Lagos haes spread on the mainland wast o the lagoon an the conurbation, includin [[Ikeja]] an [[Agege]], nou reaches mair nor 40&nbsp;km north-wast o Lagos Island. Thare are suburbs lik [[Ikorodu]], [[Epe, Nigerie|Epe]] an [[Badagry]] an recently mair local cooncils hae been creatit tae bring the tot nummer o local govrenments in Lagos tae 57. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Lagos, Nigeria}} [[Category:Lagos| ]] [[Category:Populatit places in Lagos State]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Nigerie]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns in Nigerie]] [[Category:Umwhile naitional caipitals]] [[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]] [[Category:Ceeties in Yorubaland]] [[Category:Ceeties in Nigerie]] moogkhqvtrd2nztqwbk6py2fjjac3o7 928025 928024 2026-11-11T15:31:31Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 addit stub tag 928025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Lagos | image_skyline = File:Lagos-centre-from-executive-lounge-Continental-hotel-2026-IMG_7970.jpg | native_name = Èkó ([[Yoruba leid|Yoruba]]) | image_size = 350px | nickname = Lasgidi<ref>{{cite news|url=http://premiumtimesng.com/sports/5817-18th-national-sports-festival-lagos-unveils-logo-mascot-and-website.html|title=18th National Sports Festival: Lagos unveils Logo, mascot and website|date=18 June 2012|work=Premium Times|accessdate=2 October 2012|location=Abuja, Nigeria|archive-date=2012-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027230021/http://premiumtimesng.com/sports/5817-18th-national-sports-festival-lagos-unveils-logo-mascot-and-website.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/eko-2012-building-branding-through-sports/122890/|title=Eko 2012: Building Branding through Sports, Articles|date=22 August 2012|work=[[ThisDay]]|accessdate=2 October 2012|location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-date=2013-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112111/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/eko-2012-building-branding-through-sports/122890/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | image_flag = Lagos Flag.png | image_caption = Ceety centre & skyline o Lagos shawn frae above | image_seal = Lagos_Seal.png | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map=Nigeria | pushpin_mapsize=300 | pushpin_map_caption = Lagos shawn within Nigerie | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{NGR}} | subdivision_type1 = [[States o Nigerie|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Lagos State]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Local Govrenment Auries o Nigerie|LGA]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Lagos Island]]<br>[[Lagos Mainland]] | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = [[Action Congress o Nigerie|ACN]] | leader_title = [[Leet o Govrenors o Lagos State|Govrenor]] | leader_name = [[Babatunde Fashola]] | area_footnotes = <ref name=Metropolitan_Lagos_land_area>Summing the 16 LGAs making up Metropolitan Lagos (Agege, Ajeromi-Ifelodun, Alimosho, Amuwo-Odofin, Apapa, Eti-Osa, Ifako-Ijaiye, Ikeja, Kosofe, Lagos Island, Lagos Mainland, Mushin, Ojo, Oshodi-Isolo, Shomolu, Surulere) as per:<br>{{cite web| url=http://www.nigeriacongress.org/FGN/administrative/statedetails.asp?state=lagos| title=Administrative Levels - Lagos State| author=The Nigeria Congress| accessdate=29 June 2007| archive-date=2005-12-25| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051225234623/http://www.nigeriacongress.org/fgn/administrative/statedetails.asp?state=Lagos| url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_urban_km2 = 999.6 | population_as_of = 2006 census, <small>preliminary</small> | population_footnotes = <ref name=Metropolitan_Lagos_population>Summing the 16 LGAs making up Metropolitan Lagos (Agege, Ajeromi-Ifelodun, Alimosho, Amuwo-Odofin, Apapa, Eti-Osa, Ifako-Ijaiye, Ikeja, Kosofe, Lagos Island, Lagos Mainland, Mushin, Ojo, Oshodi-Isolo, Shomolu, Surulere) as per:<br>{{cite web|url=http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/nbsapps/Connections/Pop2006.pdf|title=2006 Population Census|date=May 2007|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of Nigeria]]|accessdate=14 September 2010|archive-date=2011-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724143807/http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/nbsapps/Connections/Pop2006.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_total = 7,937,932 | population_density_km2 = 7,941 | population_density_sq_mi = 20,170 | population_urban = | population_metro = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] | blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.720 (<span style="color:#090">heich</span>) | blank1_name_sec1 = HDI rank | blank1_info_sec1 = 1st (2011) |Gini = 53.7 |Gini_year = |Gini_category = <span style="color:#990000">heich</span> | timezone = [[Wast African Time|WAT]] (UTC+1) | utc_offset = +1 | coordinates = {{coord|6|27|11|N|3|23|45|E|region:NG|display=inline}} | website = [http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/ lagosstate.gov.ng] | footnotes = }} ''' Lagos''' ({{IPA-en|ˈleɪɡɒs}}<ref>{{Citation|title=Lagos |edition=Dictionary.com Unabridged |publisher=[[Random House|Random House, Inc.]] |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Lagos |accessdate=2010-10-29}}</ref> {{respell|LAY|gos}};<ref>{{cite book|title=The pronunciation of placenames: a worldwide dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/pronunciationofp0000room |first=Adrian |last=Room |page=[https://archive.org/details/pronunciationofp0000room/page/108 108] |publisher=McFarland |year=2007 |isbn=0-786-42941-0}}</ref> {{Lang-bin|Èkó}})<ref name="Olupona">{{cite book|title=Òrìşà devotion as world religion: the globalization of Yorùbá religious culture |first1=Jacob Obafẹmi Kẹhinde |last1=Olupọna |first2=Terry |last2=Rey |page=132 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=0-299-22460-0 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bZD-1kObnMQC&pg=PA132}}</ref><ref name="Williamsguide">{{cite book|title=Nigeria: The Bradt Travel Guide |first=Lizzie |last=Williams |page=110 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2008 |isbn=1-841-62239-7 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fwuQ71ZbaOcC&pg=PA110}}</ref> is a port an the maist populous [[conurbation]] in [[Nigerie]]. Wi a population o 7,937,932, it is currently the seicont maist populous ceety in Africae efter [[Cairo]], an is estimatit tae be the fastest growin ceety in Africae (UN-HABITAT, 2008) an the seivent fastest growin in the warld.<ref>[http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html World's fastest growing cities and urban areas from 2006 to 2020], by [[CityMayors.com]]</ref> Lagos is the economic an financial caipital o Nigerie an wis ance the caipital o Nigerie. Lagos wis oreeginally inhabitit bi the [[Awori tribe|Awori]] subgroup o the [[Yoruba fowk]]. Unner the leadership o thair Olofin the Awori moved tae an island nou cried Iddo an then tae the lairger [[Lagos Island]]. In the 15t century the Awori dounset wis attacked bi the [[Benin Empire]] follaein a quarrel an the island became a Benin war-camp cried "Eko" unner Oba Orhogba, the [[Oba o Benin]] o the time.<ref name="Williamsguide"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Kingdoms of the Yoruba |first=Robert Sydney |last=Smith |page=73 |edition=3 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |year=1988 |isbn=0-299-11604-2 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ric6OhxbCS0C&pg=PA73}}</ref> Lagos is a huge metropolis which oreeginatit on islands separatit bi [[Creek (tidal)|creeks]] sic as [[Lagos Island]] that fringe the soothwast mooth o [[Lagos Lagoon]] protectit frae the [[Atlantic Ocean]] bi lang [[saund spit]]s sic as [[Bar Beach]] which stretch up tae 100&nbsp;km east an wast o the mooth. Frae the beginnin Lagos haes spread on the mainland wast o the lagoon an the conurbation, includin [[Ikeja]] an [[Agege]], nou reaches mair nor 40&nbsp;km north-wast o Lagos Island. Thare are suburbs lik [[Ikorodu]], [[Epe, Nigerie|Epe]] an [[Badagry]] an recently mair local cooncils hae been creatit tae bring the tot nummer o local govrenments in Lagos tae 57. ==References== {{Reflist}}{{Stub/NigerieGeo}}{{Commonscat|Lagos, Nigeria}} [[Category:Lagos| ]] [[Category:Populatit places in Lagos State]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Nigerie]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns in Nigerie]] [[Category:Umwhile naitional caipitals]] [[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]] [[Category:Ceeties in Yorubaland]] [[Category:Ceeties in Nigerie]] h1or0ciktn4lb814bnpxc7an51ny2yu 0 16285 928053 919571 2026-11-11T16:25:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928053 wikitext text/x-wiki Unner the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005, '''Bòrd na Gàidhlig''' (Gaelic Leid Boord) is a ''non-departmental public body'' appointit bi the [[Scots Govrenment]] in 2003 an taskit wi securin [[Scots Gaelic]] as an [[offeecial leid]] o [[Scotland]].<ref>Macleod, Angus. [https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/gaelic-given-official-status-7pfkvdnc2wh "Gaelic given official status"] (22 April 2005) ''[[The Times]]''. London. Retrieved 14 September 2020.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |lang=en |url=https://www.gaidhlig.scot/bord/about-us/ |website=gaidhlig.scot |publisher=Bòrd na Gàidhlig |access-date=14 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918190555/https://www.gaidhlig.scot/bord/about-us/ |archive-date=2020-09-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==See an aw== * [https://www.gaidhlig.scot/ Làrach-lìn a' Bhùird] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918225600/https://www.gaidhlig.scot/ |date=2020-09-18 }} (offeecial wabsteid o the Boord) [[Category:Scots Gaelic leid]] [[Category:Leid regulators]] [[Category:Organisations based in Inverness]] [[Category:2003 establishments]] [[Category:Entities wi Scots Gaelic names]] {{Stub/scotpol}} {{Stub/Leid}} g1se65jzymkj5imm1jm2xoeatchmmee 0 16319 928126 925471 2026-11-11T22:39:24Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> <!-- Name and transliteration --> | name = Rotterdam | settlement_type = [[Ceeties o the Netherlands|Ceety]] an [[Leet o municipalities o the Netherlands|Municipality]] <!-- Images, nickname, motto --> | image_skyline = Erasmusbrug seen from Euromast.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Rotterdam skyline bi nicht wi the [[Erasmus Brig]] (left) athort the [[Nieuwe Maas]] in 2012 | image_flag =Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg | flag_size = 100x67px | flag_alt = | image_shield = Rotterdam wapen.svg | shield_size = 100x80px | shield_alt = | nickname = Rotown, Roffa, Rotjeknor | motto = Sterker door strijd ''(Stranger through struggle)'' <!-- Maps, coordinates --> | image_map = LocatieRotterdam-2010.png | map_alt = Heichlichtit poseetion o Rotterdam in a municipal cairt o Sooth Holland | map_caption = Location in Sooth Holland | coordinates = {{coord|51|55|N|4|30|E|region:NL|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = [[Netherlands]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o the Netherlands|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Sooth Holland]] | parts_type = <!-- defaults to: Boroughs --> | parts_style = coll | parts = 14 [[Govrenment o Rotterdam#Boroughs|Destricts]] |p1=[[Rotterdam Centrum|Centrum]] |p2=[[Charlois]] |p3=[[Delfshaven]] |p4=[[Feijenoord district|Feijenoord]] |p5=[[Hillegersberg-Schiebroek]] |p6=[[Hoogvliet]] |p7=[[Huik o Holland]] |p8=[[IJsselmonde, Rotterdam|IJsselmonde]] |p9=[[Kralingen-Crooswijk]] |p10=[[Noord, Rotterdam|Noord]] |p11=[[Overschie]] |p12=[[Pernis, Netherlands|Pernis]] |p13=[[Prins Alexander]] |p14=[[Rozenburg]] | government_footnotes = <ref name="mayor_now">{{cite web |url = http://www.rotterdam.nl/collegebenw |title = College van b en w |trans_title = Board of mayor and aldermen |language = Dutch |author = |date = |work = |publisher = Gemeente Rotterdam |accessdate = 21 August 2013 |archive-date = 2015-01-01 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150101172852/http://www.rotterdam.nl/collegebenw |url-status = dead }}</ref> | governing_body = [[Municipal council (Netherlands)|Municipal council]] | leader_party = [[Labour Pairty (Netherlands)|PvdA]] | leader_title = [[Burgemeester|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Ahmed Aboutaleb]] | leader_title1 = [[Wethouder|Aldermen]] | leader_name1 = {{Collapsible list |title=List of aldermen |1= [[Jeannette Baljeu]] |2= [[Alexandra van Huffelen]] |3= [[Hugo de Jonge]] |4= [[Antoinette Laan]] |5= [[Korrie Louwes]] |6= [[Marco Florijn]] |7= [[Hamit Karakus]] |8= [[Richard Moti]] }} <!-- Geographic information --> | total_type = Municipality<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_footnotes = <ref>{{Dutch municipality total area|dataref}}</ref><ref name="tno_randstad">{{cite techreport |author1=Anita Bouman–Eijs |author2=Thijmen van Bree |author3=Wouter Jonkhoff |author4=Olaf Koops |author5=Walter Manshanden |author6=Elmer Rietveld |url=http://www.zuidvleugel.nl/sites/www.zuidvleugel.nl/files/article/downloads/top_20_europese_grootstedelijke_regios_1995_2011_tno_2012_r11155.pdf |title=De Top 20 van Europese grootstedelijke regio's 1995–2011; Randstad Holland in internationaal perspectief |language=Dutch |trans_title=Top 20 of European metropolitan regions 1995–2011; Randstad Holland compared internationally |date=17 December 2012 |publisher=[[Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research|TNO]] |place=Delft |accessdate=25 July 2013 |archive-date=2014-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303212054/http://www.zuidvleugel.nl/sites/www.zuidvleugel.nl/files/article/downloads/top_20_europese_grootstedelijke_regios_1995_2011_tno_2012_r11155.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!-- square kilometers --> | area_total_km2 = {{Dutch municipality total area|Rotterdam}} | area_land_km2 = {{Dutch municipality land area|Rotterdam}} | area_water_km2 = {{Dutch municipality water area|Rotterdam}} | area_blank1_title = [[Randstad]] | area_blank1_km2 = 3043 | elevation_footnotes = <ref name="AHN">{{cite web |url = http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool |title = Postcodetool for 3011AD |trans_title = |language = Dutch |author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date = |work = Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland |publisher = Het Waterschapshuis |accessdate = 20 August 2013 |archive-date = 2013-09-21 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053543/http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool |url-status = dead }}</ref> | elevation_m = 0 | elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_max_m = | elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_min_m = <!-- Population, demographics --> | population_footnotes = <ref name="tno_randstad"/><ref>{{Dutch municipality population|dataref}}</ref><ref>{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|dataref}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Over de Metropoolregio Rotterdam Den Haag|url=http://mrdh.nl/over-mrdh|publisher=MRDH.nl|quote=De Metropoolregio Rotterdam Den Haag is het gebied dat nu de huidige stadregio’s Rotterdam en Haaglanden omvat. Binnen dat gebied gaan de 24 gemeenten hun krachten bundelen in het samenwerkingsverband Metropoolregio Rotterdam Den Haag om de internationale concurrentiepositie van de regio te versterken. De Metropoolregio regio heeft 2,2 miljoen inwoners.|date=2014|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref> | population_total = {{Dutch municipality population|Rotterdam}} | population_as_of = Municipality, {{MONTHNAME|{{Dutch municipality population|popbasemonth}}}} {{YEAR|{{Dutch municipality population|popbaseyear}}}}; Urban an Metro, {{MONTHNAME|{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|popbasemonth}}}} {{YEAR|{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|popbaseyear}}}}; Randstad, 2011 | population_density_km2 = {{Dutch municipality population density|Rotterdam}} <!-- For automatic calculation: auto--> | population_urban = {{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|Rotterdam Urban}} | population_metro = {{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|Rotterdam Metro}} | population_blank1_title = {{nobreak|[[:nl:Metropoolregio Rotterdam-Den Haag|Metropolitan region]]}} | population_blank1 = 2261844 | population_blank2_title = [[Randstad]] | population_blank2 = 6979500 | population_demonym = Rotterdammer <!-- Other information --> | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in the Netherlands|Postcode]] | postal_code = 3000–3099 | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in the Netherlands|Aurie code]] | area_code = 010 | website = {{URL|1=http://www.rotterdam.nl}} | footnotes = }} '''Rotterdam''' ({{pron-en|ˈrɒtərdæm}}; Dutch {{IPA-nl|ˌrɔtərˈdɑm||Nl-Rotterdam.ogg}}) is the [[Leet o ceeties in the Netherlands wi ower 100,000 fowk|seicont-lairgest]] ceety in the [[Netherlands]] an the lairgest port in [[Europe]]. Stairtin as a [[dam]] on the [[Rotte (river)|Rotte]] river, Rotterdam haes grown intae a major internaitional commercial centre. Its strategic location at the [[Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta]] on the [[North Sea]] an at the hert o a massive rail, road, air an inland watterwey distribution seestem extendin throughoot Europe means that Rotterdam can richtly be cried the gatewey tae Europe. == Internaitional relations == Rotterdam haes the follaein ceety an port connections throughoot the warld: * 14 sister ceeties * 13 pairtner ceeties * 4 sister ports The [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetish]] baund [[The Beautiful South]] recordit a sang named efter this region. === Twin touns – sister ceeties === Rotterdam is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {| cellpadding="10" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Cologne]], [[Germany]] 1958 * {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Esch-sur-Alzette]], [[Luxembourg]] 1958 * {{flagicon|France}} [[Lille]], [[Fraunce]] 1958{{citation needed}} * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Turin]], [[Italy]] 1958 <ref name="ct-tc">[http://www.comune.torino.it/relint/inglese/index.shtml Turin City Hall – International Affairs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226083647/http://www.comune.torino.it/relint/inglese/index.shtml |date=2009-02-26 }} {{en icon}} Retrieved on 2008-01-26.</ref> || * {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Liège]], [[Belgium]] 1958 * {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Burgas]], [[Bulgarie]] 1976 * {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Constanţa|Constanta]], [[Romanie]] 1976 * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Gdańsk]], [[Poland]] 1977<ref name="Gdańsk">{{cite web|url=http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad,62,733.html|title=Gdańsk Official Website: 'Miasta partnerskie'|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2009 [http://www.gdansk.pl/ Urząd Miejski w Gdańsku]|language=Polish & English|accessdate=2009-07-11|archive-date=2013-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723091807/http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad%2C62%2C733.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> || * {{flagicon|China}} [[Shanghai]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] 1979 * {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Havana]], [[Cuba]] 1983<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090115072746/http://www.granma.cu/espanol/2008/marzo/mar11/rotterdam.html Granma – En La Habana vicealcalde de la ciudad de Rotterdam] -La delegación visitante hará la entrega oficial de una donación de implementos deportivos, en momentos en que se celebra el aniversario 25 de las relaciones entre ambas urbes</ref> * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saunt Petersburg]], [[Roushie]] 1966<ref name="saint_petersburg">{{cite web |url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |title=Saint Petersburg in figures – International and Interregional Ties |publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government |accessdate=2008-03-23 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224073839/http://eng.gov.spb.ru:80/figures/ities |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] [[Unitit States|USA]] 1985<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baltimorecity.gov/government/intl/sistercities.php|title=Baltimore City Mayor's Office of International and Immigrant Affairs – Sister Cities Program|accessdate=2008-10-16|archive-date=2008-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807173931/http://www.baltimorecity.gov/government/intl/sistercities.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> || * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]], [[Spain]] * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Dresden]], [[Germany]] 1988 <ref name="Dresden">{{cite web|url=http://www.dresden.de/en/02/11/c_03.php|title=''Dresden – Partner Cities''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 Landeshauptstadt Dresden|accessdate=2008-12-29|archive-date=2008-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016001550/http://www.dresden.de/en/02/11/c_03.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]] 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm|title=Sister Cities of Istanbul|accessdate=2007-09-08|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq0Igk9U?url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=94185|publisher=Radikal|language=Turkish|date=2003-11-03|quote=49 sister cities in 2003|title=İstanbul'a 49 kardeş|last=Erdem|first=Selim Efe}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Surabaya]], [[Indonesie]] * {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Szeged]], [[Hungary]] * {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kuching]], [[Malaysie]] |} === Pairtner ceeties === {| cellpadding="10" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * {{flagicon|UK}} [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], [[Unitit Kinrick]] 1936<ref name="Hull">{{cite web|url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/hullinprint/archive/dec2006/christmas_around_the_world.php|title = Christmas around the world|work = Hull in print|accessdate = 2007-09-30|year = 2003|publisher = Kingston upon Hull City Council|archive-date = 2008-05-16|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080516112628/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/hullinprint/archive/dec2006/christmas_around_the_world.php|url-status = dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Antwerp]], [[Belgium]] 1940 * {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Basel]], [[Swisserland]] 1945 * {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Oslo]], [[Norawa]] 1945<ref name="int_coop">[http://www.oslo.kommune.no/the_city_of_oslo/international_cooperation/ Partners – Oslo kommune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102135652/http://www.oslo.kommune.no/the_city_of_oslo/international_cooperation/ |date=2009-01-02 }}</ref> || * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Duisburg]], [[Germany]] 1950 * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Nuremberg]], [[Germany]] 1961 * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesie]] 1983 * {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Osaka]], [[Japan]] 1984 || * {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]] 1991 * {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakie]] 1991 <ref name="Bratislava">{{cite web|url=http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns|title=''Bratislava City – Twin Towns''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2003–2008 Bratislava-City.sk|accessdate=2008-10-26}}</ref> * {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Durban]], [[Sooth Africae]] 1991 * {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]] 1991<ref name="Prague">{{cite web| author =www.praha-mesto.cz| title =Partner cities| url =http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/72647_Partnerska-mesta| accessdate =2008-10-09| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110523163632/http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/72647_Partnerska-mesta| archive-date =2011-05-23| url-status =dead}}</ref> || * {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentinae]] 1990 |} === Sister ports === {| cellpadding="10" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kobe]], [[Japan]] 1967<ref>[http://www.city.kobe.jp/cityoffice/17/020/en/international/worldmap.htm City of Kobe] – "Sister City, Friendly City, Friendship & Cooperation City". Retrieved February 15, 2007.</ref> * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Seattle]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] [[Unitit States|USA]] 1969 ^{[[Leet o Seattle sister ceeties#Sister Ports|Seattle Leet]]} * {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Busan]], [[Republic o Korea|Sooth Korea]] 1987<ref>[http://www.busanport.com/service?id=en_sister_01 Port of Busan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203230001/http://www.busanport.com/service?id=en_sister_01 |date=2010-12-03 }}, Sister Ports, Busan</ref> * {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] 1989 |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Rotterdam| ]] [[Category:Ceeties in the Netherlands]] [[Category:Municipalities o Sooth Holland]] [[Category:Populatit places in Sooth Holland]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns in the Netherlands]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the North Sea]] {{Stub/LawK}} {{Stub/Ceety}} 69w4sdqjjfsggwmglngrhajdda62t8l 0 16897 928101 927530 2026-11-11T20:00:35Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928101 wikitext text/x-wiki Paris haes ane [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|sister ceety]] an numerous pairtner ceeties.<ref name="partners1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974|work=Mairie de Paris|title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération|accessdate=14 October 2007|archive-date=2010-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905002448/http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974|url-status=dead|language=fr}}</ref><ref name="partners2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp|work=Mairie de Paris|title=International relations : special partners|accessdate=14 October 2007|archive-date=2008-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225090448/http://www.v1.paris.fr/EN/city_government/international/special_partners.asp|url-status=dead|language=fr}}</ref> ===Sister ceety=== * {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Roum]], Italy, syne 1956 :{{fr icon}} ''Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris.'' :{{it icon}} ''Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi.'' :"Anerlie Paris is wirthy o Rome; anerlie Roum is wirthy o Paris."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784|title=Twinning with Rome|work=Mairie de Paris|archive-date=8 Jun 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608151440/http://www.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/twinning-with-rome/rub_8139_stand_29903_port_18784 |url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref> ===Pairtner ceeties=== {| |- |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], Algerie, syne 2003.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Athens]], Greece, syne 2000.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], Cheenae, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Beirut]], Lebanon, syne 1992.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], Germany, syne 1987.<ref name="partners1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/index.en.html|title=Berlin's international city relations|publisher=Berlin Mayor's Office|accessdate=1 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822100321/http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/index.en.html|archivedate=2008-08-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentinae, syne 1999.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]], Egyp, syne 1985.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Caracas]], Venezuela, syne 1991.<ref name="partners2"/> * {{Flagicon|Morocco}} [[Casablanca]], Morocco, syne 2004.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Unitit States}} [[Chicago]], Unitit States, syne 1996.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Copenhagen]], Denmark, syne 2005.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|the United Arab Emirates}} [[Dubai]], [[Unitit Arab Emirates|UAE]], syne 2002.<ref name="Dubai Partner Cities">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dubaicityguide.com/site/features/index.asp?id=3149|title=Dubai Partner Cities|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-date=2013-05-30|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6GzbJaldM?url=http://www.dubaicityguide.com/site/features/index.asp?id=3149|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Geneva]], Swisserland, syne 2002.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesie, syne 1995.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Kyoto]], Japan, syne 1958.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Lisbon]], Portugal, syne 1998.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|UK}} [[London]], Unitit Kinrick, syne 2001.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Madrid]], Spain, syne 2000.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico Ceety]], Mexico, since 1999.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Montreal]], Canadae, syne 2006.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], Roushie, syne 1992.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|India}} [[Mumbai]], Indie, syne 1987.<ref name="partners1"/> |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Porto Alegre]], Brazil, syne 2001.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Prague]], Czech Republic, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Prague Partner Cities">{{Cite web|url=http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/72647_Partnerska-mesta|title=Prague Partner Cities|publisher=2009 [http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/ Magistrát hl. m. Prahy]|language=Czech|accessdate=2 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523163632/http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/72647_Partnerska-mesta|archive-date=2011-05-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Quebec Ceety]], Canadae, syne 2003.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Morocco}} [[Rabat]], Morocco, syne 2004.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil, syne 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |publisher=Paris.fr |date=17 March 2010 |accessdate=15 June 2010 |archive-date=2010-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718050920/http://www.paris.fr/portail/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]], Saudi Arabie, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Saunt Petersburg]], Roushie, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Yemen}} [[Sana'a]], Yemen, syne 1987.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|United States}} [[San Francisco]], Unitit States, syne 1996.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Chile}} [[Santiago]], Chile, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[São Paulo]], Brazil, syne 2004.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="São Paulo">{{Cite web |url=http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 |title=Prefeitura.Sp - Descentralized Cooperation |access-date=2011-04-23 |archive-date=2008-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224222805/http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="São Paulo2">[http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/cidadesirmas/index.php?p=1066 International Relations - São Paulo City Hall - Official Sister Cities]</ref> * {{Flagicon|South Korea}} [[Seoul]], Sooth Korea, syne 1991.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], Bulgarie, syne 1998.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Australia}} [[Sydney]], Australie, syne 1998.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Georgia}} [[Tbilisi]], Georgie, syne 1997.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Tel Aviv]], Israel, syne 1985.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Albania}} [[Tirana]], Albanie.<ref name="International relations">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf|title=Twinning Cities: International Relations|accessdate=23 June 2009|work=Municipality of Tirana|publisher=www.tirana.gov.al|format=PDF|archive-date=2008-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216035358/http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], Japan, syne 1982.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunis]], Tunisie, syne 2004.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]], Poland, syne 1999.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Washington, D.C.]], Unitit States, syne 2000.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Washington DC">{{Cite web|url=http://os.dc.gov/os/cwp/view,a,1206,q,522336.asp|title=Protocol and International Affairs|publisher=DC Office of the Secretary|accessdate=12 July 2008|archive-date=2008-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513185356/http://os.dc.gov/os/cwp/view%2Ca%2C1206%2Cq%2C522336.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]], Armenie, syne 1998.<ref name="partners1"/> * {{Flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic <ref name="partners1"/> |} ==Ither ceeties cawin thairsels Paris== Paris o the Middle East - Beirut <ref>{{cite web|work=http://www.familysecuritymatters.org/publications/id.8437/pub_detail.asp|accessdate=04/04/2011}}</ref> Paris o the Orient - Shanghai <ref>{{cite web|work=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/aug/05tjs.htm|accessdate=04/04/2011}}</ref> Paris o the Orient - Manilla <ref>{{cite web|work=http://www.johnmayo.com/saigon.htm|accessdate=04/04/2011}}</ref> Paris o Sooth Americae - Buenos Aires ==See an aw== [[Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Fraunce]] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Leets o twin touns an sister ceeties|Fraunce]] [[Category:Fraunce-relatit leets|Twin touns]] 29itgo2cen896v8porf2j83u8hm68s4 0 17470 928129 926344 2026-11-11T22:47:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928129 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sabratha''', an aa spelled '''Sabratah''' or '''Siburata''' ({{lang-ar|صبراتة}}), is a ceety in the [[Az Zawiyah Destrict]]<ref name="shabyat-2007">[http://gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php 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{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207003234/http://gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php |date=2009-02-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207003234/http://gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php |date=2009-02-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207003234/http://gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php |date=2009-02-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207003234/http://gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php |date=2009-02-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207003234/http://gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php |date=2009-02-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207003234/http://gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php |date=2009-02-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207003234/http://gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php |date=2009-02-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207003234/http://gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php |date=2009-02-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207003234/http://gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php |date=2009-02-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207003234/http://gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php |date=2009-02-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207003234/http://gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php |date=2009-02-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207003234/http://gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php |date=2009-02-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207003234/http://gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php |date=2009-02-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207003234/http://gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php |date=2009-02-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207003234/http://gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php |date=2009-02-07 }} ''شعبيات الجماهيرية العظمى''{{ndash}} Sha'biyat o Great Jamahiriya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207003234/http://gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php |date=2009-02-07 }}, accessed 20 July 2009, in Arabic</ref> in the northwastren corner o modren [[Libie]]. It wis the wastrenmaist o the "three ceeties" of [[Tripolis (region o Africae)|Tripolis]]. Frae 2001 tae 2007 it wis the caipital o the umwhile [[Sabratha Wa Surman|Sabratha Wa Surman Destrict]]. It lies on the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] coast aboot 65&nbsp;km (40 mile) wast o [[Tripoli]] (auncient Oea). The extant airchaeological steid wis inscribed as a UNESCO [[Warld Heritage Steid]] in 1982. == Auncient Sabratha == Sabratha's port wis established, aiblins aboot 500 BC, as a [[Phoenicie|Phoenician]] tradin-post that served as a coastal ootlet for the products o the African hinterland. The Phoenicians gave it the [[Berber leids|Lybico-Berber]] name 'Sbrt'n',<ref name="CB">[http://books.google.nl/books?id=Obu1zSDuUYsC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=appuleius+numidian+gaetulian&source=bl&ots=21GBkL4Jti&sig=w1Gz7ksztKgz1lWUnzYtWvtfbl0&hl=nl&ei=gfjJTKeCMJHrOZSX4JcB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDEQ6AEwBQ#v=snippet&q=libyan&f=false Septimus Severus] page 2</ref> which suggests that there mey hae been a native toun built there prior tae the Phoenicians' arrival. Sabratha became pairt o the short-lived [[Numidie|Numidian]] Kinrick o [[Massinissa]] afore being Romanized an rebuilt in the 2nt an 3rd centuries AD. The Emperor [[Septimus Severus]] wis born nearbi in [[Leptis Magna]], an Sabratha reached its monumental peak durin the rule o the Severans. The ceety wis badly damaged bi earthquakes durin the 4t century, pairticularly [[365 Crete earthquake|the quake o AD 365]]. It wis rebuilt on a mair modest scale bi [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] govrenors. Athin a hunder years o the Arab conquest o the [[maghreb]], trade haed shiftit tae ither ports an Sabratha dwindled tae a veelage. ==The airchaeological steid== [[File:LY-Sabratha.png|thumb|left|250px|Map o Sabratha]] Besides its magnificent late 3rd century theatre that retains its three-storey airchitectural backdrop, Sabratha haes temples dedicatit tae [[Liber|Liber Pater]], [[Serapis]] an [[Isis]]. There is a Christian [[basilica]] o the time o [[Justinian I|Justinian]] an an' a' remnants o some o the [[mosaic]] floors that enriched elite dwellins o Roman North Africae (for example, at the [[Villa Sileen]], near [[Al Khums]]). Housomeivver, these are maist clearly preserved in the coloured patterns o the seaward (or Forum) baths, directly owerleukin the shore, an in the black an white floors o the Theatre baths. There is an adjacent museum containin some treasures frae Sabratha, but ithers can be seen in the naitional museum in [[Tripoli]]. ==Modren Sabratha== [[Al Wefaq Sabratah]] is the fitbaa club, playin at [[Sabratah Stadium]]. == References == <references/> ==Further reading== * Matthews, Kenneth D. (1957) ''Cities in the Sand, Leptis Magna and Sabratha in Roman Africa'' University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/414295 OCLC 414295] * Ward, Philip (1970) ''Sabratha: A Guide for Visitors'' Oleander Press, Cambridge, UK, ISBN 0-902675-05-2 ==Freemit airtins== {{commonscat|Sabratha}} *[http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=184 UNESCO archaeological steid o Sabratha] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210112100801/http://www.romanhideout.com/places/sabratha1.asp Complete photo coverage o the aircheological steid] * [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/LY/51/Sabratah.html "Sabratah, Libya"] Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. * [http://www.bsrdigitalcollections.it/details.aspx?ID=2668&ST=AS Sabratha, image frae the BSR Library an Archive digital collections. Ward-Perkins photographic collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722025354/http://www.bsrdigitalcollections.it/details.aspx?ID=2668&ST=AS |date=2011-07-22 }} {{-}} [[Category:Roman steids in Libie]] [[Category:Tripolitanie]] [[Category:Airchaeological steids in Libie]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Libie]] [[Category:Umwhile populatit places in Libie]] [[Category:Populatit places in Libie]] [[Category:Tourism in Libie]] 875e3wzt8rfcoqv396h19ro2h3su36q 0 18833 928157 927511 2026-11-12T09:55:38Z Kent Wang 138357 Replace the beach photie — Praia da Ribeira, Cascais, Portugal, 2022-07-25, DD 04.jpg 928157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Municipality PT |official_name = Cascais |image_flag = Pt-csc1.png |image_shield = CSC.png |image_skyline = Baía de Cascais - Palacetes.jpg |image_caption = Cloods reflectit aff the sunset in the Bay o Cascais, wi the ceety o Cascais |image_location = LocalCascais.svg |region = [[Lisboa Region|Lisbon]] |subregion = [[Grande Lisboa]] |metro = [[Lisbon Metropolitan Aurie|Lisbon]] |district = [[Lisbon Destrict|Lisbon]] |parishes = [[#Geography|4]] |leader_name = Carlos Carreiras |leader_party = [[Social Democratic Pairty (Portugal)|PSD]]-[[Fowkpairty (Portugal)|CDS]] |latd = 38 | latm = 42 | lats = |longd = 9 | longm = 25 | longs = |elevation = |elevation_min = |elevation_max = |area_total = 97.40 |population_as_of = 2011 |population_total = 206,479 |patron = [[Anthony o Padua|Saint Anthony]] |postal_code = 2750 |area_code = 214 |website = [https://www.cascais.pt/ www.cascais.pt] }} '''Cascais''' is a coastal toun an municipality in [[Portugal]], 30 kilometres wast o [[Lisbon]], wi aboot 35,000 residents. It is a cosmopolitan suburb o the Portuguese caipital an ane o the richest [[Municipalities o Portugal|municipalities in Portugal]]. The umwhile fishin veelage gained fame as a resort for Portugal's [[ryal family]] in the late 19t century an early 20t century. Nouadays, it is a popular vacation spot for baith Portuguese an foreign tourists. It is locatit in the Estoril Coast (named efter [[Estoril]], a [[ceevil parish]]), in the [[Greater Lisbon]] subregion.<ref>{{citation|title=Lisbon|author= Matthew Hancock|year= 2004|publisher=Rough Guides|url=http://books.google.com/?id=KqbLAJJ4LvkC&pg=PA168&lpg=PA168&dq=Cascais|id=ISBN 1-84353-315-4|isbn=9781843533153}}</ref> It haes an airport for [[general aviation]] servin the [[Lisbon Region]] in Tires (S. Domingos de Rana), [[Cascais Aerodrome|Aeroporto Municipal de Cascais]]. == History == [[File:Praia da Ribeira, Cascais, Portugal, 2022-07-25, DD 04.jpg|thumb|250px|left|''Praia dos Pescadores'', a beach in the centre o Cascais.]] The coastal dounset o Cascais oreeginatit in the 12t century, dependin admeenistratively on the toun o [[Sintra]], locatit tae the north. In its humble beginnins, Cascais lived frae the products o the sea an land, but aaready in the 13t century, its fish production served the caipital [[Lisbon]], locatit nearbi. Durin the 14t century, the population increased tae the ootside o the waws o its castle. Its prosperity led tae the admeenistrative unthirldom frae Sintra in 1364. The veelage an its surroondins wur awned bi a feudal laird; the maist famous o them wis [[João das Regras]] (dee'd 1404), a lawyer an professor o the [[University o Coimbra|University o Lisbon]] that wis involved in the ascension o [[John I o Portugal|Keeng John I]] tae pouer as the first King o the [[Hoose o Aviz]]. Syne the [[Middle Ages]], Cascais lived frae fishin, maritime commerce (it wis a stap for ships sailin tae Lisbon), an frae agricultur, producin [[wine]], [[olive ile]], [[cereal]]s, an [[fruit]]s. Due tae its location close tae the [[Tagus]] estuary, it wis an aa seen as a strategic post in the defence o Lisbon. Aroond 1488, [[John II o Portugal|Keeng John II]] biggit a sma fortress in the veelage, locatit bi the sea. This medieval fortress wis no enough tae repel the invasion an in 1580, Spainyie troops led bi the Duke o Alba teuk the veelage durin the conflict that led tae the [[Struggle for the throne o Portugal|union o the Portuguese an Spainyie crouns]]. The fortress wis enlairged towards the end o the 16t century bi [[Philip II o Spain|Keeng Philip I]] (Philip II o Spain), turnin it intae a teepical renaissance [[citadel]] wi the characteristic flat profile an starn-shaped [[floorplan]]. Various fortresses wur biggit on the coast aroond Cascais durin the 17t century, an mony o them still exist. In 1755, the great [[Lisbon earthquake]] destroyed a lairge portion o the veelage. Aroond 1774, the [[Marquis o Pombal]], prime-meenister o [[José I o Portugal|Keeng José I]], teuk protective measures for the commercialisation o the wine o [[Carcavelos]] an established the Ryal Factory o Oo in the veelage, which existit till the early 19t century. Durin the [[Peninsular War|invasion o Portugal bi Napoleonic troops]] in 1807, the citadel o Cascais wis occupee'd bi the [[French fowk|French]], wi [[Andoche Junot|General Junot]] stayin some time in the veelage. This situation o decadence stairtit tae chynge when [[Luís I o Portugal|Keeng Luís II]] decidit tae turn the citadel o Cascais intae his simmer residence. Frae 1870 tae 1908, the Ryal Family came tae Cascais tae enjoy the sea, turnin the somnolent fishin veelage intae a cosmopolitan address. The citadel gained [[electric licht]] in 1878, the first in the kintra, thanks tae King Luís. The veelage gained better roads tae Lisbon an Sintra, a [[casino]], a [[bullrin|bullfecht rin]], a [[Sports club|sport club]], an impruivements in the basic infrastructure for the population. The railwey arrived in 1889. Mony noble families biggit bonnie manions in Cascais, as can still be seen in the centre an surroondins o the toun. [[File:Cascais beach 2.JPG|thumb|250px|left|''Praia da Rainha'', a beach in the centre o Cascais.]] [[File:Cascais 5.JPG|thumb|250px|right|Centre o Cascais.]] In 1896, [[Carlos I o Portugal|Keeng Carlos I]], a lover o aw maritime activities, instawed in the citadel the first oceanographic laboratory in Portugal. The King hissel led a tot o 12 scienteefic expeditions tae the coast, anerlie endit in 1908 wi his assassination in Lisbon. Anither important step in the touristic development o the aurie wis gien in the first hauf o the 20t century in neighbourin [[Estoril]], in which a casino wis biggit an the infrastructur for luxury vacations wis creatit aroond Monte Estoril. Due tae Portugal's [[Neutrality (internaitional relations)|neutrality]] in [[Warld War II]] an the toun's elegance an ryal past, Cascais became hame tae mony o the exiled ryal families o Europe, includin those o [[Spain]], [[Hoose o Savoy|Italy]], [[Hungary]] an [[Bulgarie]]. Nouadays, Cascais an its surroondins are a famous vacation spot for the Portuguese an foreigners, aimin at baith the "jet-set" an normal tourism, who seek tae enjoy its beaches. [[File:Cascais (Portugal).jpg|thumb|right|Centre o Cascais.]] [[File:Cascais Farol Casa Santa Maria.jpg|thumb|The Farol de Santa Marta an the Casa de Santa Maria.]] [[File:Exterior of Palácio dos Condes de Castro Guimarães 14.jpg|thumb|The Museum Conde Castro Guimarães in Cascais.]] == Tourism == The day, thare is a lairge [[Marina|yacht harbour]] an several sma saund beaches in an aroond toun. Cascais is easily reached frae Lisbon bi caur, (A5 Lisboa-Cascais heich-gate), or bi frequent inexpensive commuter trains. It haes the ruins o a castle, an airt an sea museum, as well as pairks an the chairmin cobbled streets o the historic centre. The toun haes mony hotels an tourist apairtments as well as mony guid restaurants o varyin cost. It is a fine base tae uise for those visitin Lisbon an its environs who prefer tae stay ootside o the ceety yet in an equally urban an sophisticatit environment. Cascais is surroondit bi popular beaches, sic as [[Guincho Beach]] tae the wast, an the lush [[Sintra]] muntains tae the north. Some o its shoreline is cliff-y, attractin tourists for its seascapes an ither naitural sichts sic as the [[Boca do Inferno]]. It is an aa becomin a popular golf destination, wi ower 10 [[Gowf|gowf courses]] nearby. [[Surfin]], [[sailin]], [[windsurfin]], an [[kitesurfin]] are an aa popular in the region aroond Cascais due tae favourable wather, wind, an sea conditions. In 2007, Cascais wis the offeecial host o the ISAF Warld Championship in sailin for dinghies an racin yachts. The municipality an aa hosts internaitional [[tennis]] an motorcyclin events an hostit for mony years the [[FIA]] F1 Portugal Grand Prix. The famous [[Estoril Casino]] is ane o the lairgest in Europe. Near the casino is the ''"Hotel Palácio"'' (Palace Hotel), a [[5-star]] hotel whaur scenes o the [[James Bond]] movie ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'' wur shot. == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Portugal}} === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Cascais is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Salvador, Bahia]], [[Brazil]], syne 1985 *{{Flagicon|France}} [[Biarritz]], [[Fraunce]], syne 1986 *{{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Vitória, Brazil|Vitória]], [[Brazil]], syne 1986 *{{Flagicon|Palestine}} [[Gaza]], [[State o Palestine|Palestine]] *{{Flagicon|São Tomé and Príncipe}} [[Santana, São Tomé an Príncipe]], syne 1986 || *{{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Atami]], [[Japan]], syne 1990 *{{Flagicon|China}} [[Wuxi]], [[Cheenae]], syne 1993 *{{Flagicon|Cape Verde}} [[Sal, Cape Verde]], syne 1993 *{{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Guarujá]], [[Brazil]], syne 2000 *{{Flagicon|Mozambique}} [[Xai-Xai]], [[Mozambique]], syne 2000 |} == References == ;Notes {{Reflist}} {{Portal|Portugal}} {{Commons|Cascais}} [[Category:Cascais| ]] [[Category:Municipalities o Portugal]] [[Category:Populatit places in Lisbon District]] [[Category:Municipalities o Lisbon District]] [[Category:Touns in Portugal]] [[Category:Seaside resorts in Portugal]] [[Category:Marinas in Portugal]] 3ml6zr038wyk1bixo83f2rc8smdfmmo 0 19961 928065 914381 2026-11-11T17:13:25Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Diyala Province |native_name = ديالى |other_name = Diyala Govrenorate |image_map = Diyala map.svg |mapsize = 200px |settlement_type = Province |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Iraq}} |subdivision_type1 = Caipital |subdivision_name1 = [[Baqubah]] |coordinates = {{coord|33|53|N|45|4|E|region:IQ|display=inline}} |population_as_of = 2003 |population_total = 1224000 |area_total_km2 = 17685 |density_km2 = }} '''Diyala Province''' ({{lang-ar|ديالى ''Diyālā''}}) is a [[Provinces o Iraq|province]] in eastren [[Iraq]]. == Provincial Govrenment == *Govrenor: [[Abdul-Nasir Al-Muntasir Billah Al-Mahdawi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14295&Itemid=128 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-11-02 |archive-date=2009-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810202201/http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14295&Itemid=128 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *Deputy Govrenor: [[Furat Muhammad Abed Al-Tamimi]] <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/07/10/africa/iraq.php |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-07-15 |archive-date=2007-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715043057/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/07/10/africa/iraq.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> *Provincial Cooncil Chairman (PCC): [[Talib Muhammad Hasan]] <ref>[http://nuralcubicle.blogspot.com/2005/11/18-november-2005-events-in-iraq-and-in.html]</ref> == Geography == Diyala Province stends tae the northeast o [[Baghdad]] as far as the mairch wi [[Iran]]. Its [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] is [[Baqubah]]. It kivers an aurie o 17,685 square kilometre (6,828&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi). A muckle portion o the province is drained bi the [[Diyala River]], a major tributary o the [[Tigris]]. Acause o its proximity tae twa major soorces o watter, Diyala's main industry is agricultur, mainly [[Phoenix dactylifera|dates]] grown in muckle shaws. The province conteens ane o the mucklest [[olive]] shaws in the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iraq-businessnews.com/2010/09/06/biggest-olive-groves-in-middle-east-in-diyala/ |title=Biggest Olive Groves in Middle East – in Diyala |access-date=2017-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916053124/http://www.iraq-businessnews.com/2010/09/06/biggest-olive-groves-in-middle-east-in-diyala/ |archive-date=2017-09-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is recognized as the [[oranger]] caipital o the Middle East an aw. The [[Hamrin Muntains]] passes through the govrenorate. == Population == In 2003, it haed an estimatit population o some 1,224,000 fowk. [[Iraqi fowk|Iraqi Arabs]] comprise aboot 82 percent o the govrenorate, [[Feyli Kurds|Iraqi Kurds]] aboot 16 percent (feckly in the [[Khanaqin Destrict|Khanaquin]] an [[Kifri]] Destricts), an [[Iraqi Turkmen]] aboot 2 percent.<ref>[http://hhcom1.co.cc/english/Diyala.html Web<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Aroond 75% o the population stey in the major ceeties: [[Baqubah]], [[Muqdadiyah]] an [[Khanaqin]].<ref>[http://hhcom1.co.cc/english/Diyala.html Web<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The population (as estimate in 2003) is as follaes: {| class="wikitable" border="1" ! Destrict ! Baqubah ! Al-Muqdadiya ! Khanaqin ! Al Khalis ! Kifri ! Balad Ruz ! Total |- |'''Population''' |467,895 |198,583 |160,379 |255,889 |42,010 |99,601 |'''1,224,358''' |- |} ==Destricts== * [[Al Khalis Destrict]] ([[Al Khalis]]) * [[Al-Muqdadiya Destrict]] ([[Al-Muqdadiya]]) * [[Balad Ruz Destrict]] ([[Balad Ruz]]) * [[Ba'quba Destrict]] ([[Ba'quba]]) * [[Khanaqin Destrict]] ([[Khanaqin]]) * [[Kifri Destrict]] ([[Kifri]]) == Ceeties an touns an veelages == * [[Baqubah]] (provincial caipital) * [[Muqdadiyah]] * [[Hebheb Ceety|Hebheb]] * [[Khanaqin]] * [[Balad Ruz]] * [[Al Khalis]] * [[Khan Bani Saad Ceety|Bani sa'ad]] * [[Jalula]] * [[As-Sadiyah]] * [[Ashraf Ceety]] * [[Dwelah]] * [[Kingirban]]<ref name="tageo">{{cite web | url = http://www.tageo.com/index-e-iz-v-10-d-m4389473.htm | title = Republic of iraq (IQ): Asia/Iraq/Diyala | work = Tageo.com | accessdate = 2007-05-28 }}</ref> * [[Marfu Veelage]] * [[Veelage o Nye]] * [[Udame]] * [[Kingirban]] * [[Al Mansouryah]] * [[Kan’aan]] * [[Al Wajehiya]] * [[Al Muntheriya]] * [[Abu Saydah]] * [[Buhriz]] * [[Mandali, Iraq|Mandali]] == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == *[http://www.iauiraq.org Iraq Inter-Agency Information & Analysis Unit] Reports, Maps and Assessments of Iraq from the UN Inter-Agency Information & Analysis Unit {{Geographic location |Centre = Diyala Govrenorate |North = [[Sulaymaniyah Govrenorate]] |Northeast = |East = {{flagicon|Iran}}[[Kermanshah Province]], [[Iran]] |Southeast = {{flagicon|Iran}}[[Ilam Province]], [[Iran]] |South = [[Wasit Govrenorate]] |Southwest = [[Baghdad Govrenorate]]<br>[[Babil Govrenorate]] |West = [[Salah ad Din Govrenorate]] |Northwest = }} {{Provinces o Iraq}} [[Category:Provinces o Iraq]] [[Category:Diyala Govrenorate| ]] [[Category:Fertile Crescent]] 9o31o8y8m0hmatbe38kkygf3eits8rx 0 20908 928088 833398 2026-11-11T19:25:35Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 928088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Roushie federal subject |en_name=Ulyanovsk Oblast |ru_name=Ульяновская область |image_map=Ulyanovsk in Russia.svg |coordinates = {{coord|53|57|N|47|55|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}} |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Ulyanovsk Oblast.png |coa_caption=[[Coat of arms of Ulyanovsk Oblast]] |image_flag=Флаг Ульяновской области (2013).svg |flag_caption=[[Flag of Ulyanovsk Oblast]] |anthem |anthem_ref |holiday |holiday_ref |political_status=Oblast |political_status_link=Oblasts o Roushie |federal_district=[[Volga Federal Destrict|Volga]] |economic_region=[[Volga economic region|Volga]] |adm_ctr_type=Admeenistrative center |adm_ctr_name=[[Ulyanovsk]] |adm_ctr_ref |pop_2010census=1292174 |pop_2010census_rank=37t |urban_pop_2010census=73.5% |rural_pop_2010census=26.5% |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> |pop_2002census=1382811 |pop_2002census_rank=36t |urban_pop_2002census=73.2% |rural_pop_2002census=26.8% |pop_2002census_ref=<ref name="PopCensus">{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}}</ref> |pop_density |pop_density_as_of |pop_density_ref |pop_latest |pop_latest_date |pop_latest_ref |area_km2=37300 |area_km2_rank=62nt |area_km2_ref |established_date=19 Januar 1943 |established_date_ref |license_plates=73 |ISO=RU-ULY |gov_as_of=Mairch 2011 |leader_title=[[Govrenor o Ulyanovsk Oblast|Govrenor]] |leader_title_ref |leader_name=[[Sergey Ivanovich Morozov|Sergey Morozov]] |leader_name_ref=<ref name="HeadName">Official website of Ulyanovsk Oblast. [http://morozov.ulgov.ru/ Sergey Morozov, Governor of Ulyanovsk Oblast] {{ru icon}}</ref> |legislature=[[Ulyanovsk Oblast Duma|Oblast Duma]] |legislature_ref |website=http://www.ulgov.ru/ |website_ref |date=March 2011 }} '''Ulyanovsk Oblast''' ({{lang-ru|Улья́новская о́бласть}}, ''Ulyanovskaya oblast'') is a [[federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject]] o [[Roushie]] (an [[oblast]]). It is locatit in the [[Volga Federal Destrict]]. Its [[admeenistrative center]] is the [[types o inhabitit localities in Roushie|ceety]] o [[Ulyanovsk]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=1,292,174|p2002=1,382,811|p1989=1,400,806}} ==Geography== Ulyanovsk Oblast borders [[Chuvashie]] (N), the [[Tatarstan]] (NE), [[Samara Oblast]] (E), [[Saratov Oblast]] (S), [[Penza Oblast]] (W), an [[Mordovie]] (NW). It is locatit on the northren edge o Central [[Steppes]]. A quairter o its territory is covered wi [[deciduous forest]]s; the rest is covered wi steppes an meadows. The oblast is dividit in hauf bi the [[Volga River]]. Hilly auries tae the wast o the Volga are kent as [[Volga Upland]] (elevations up tae 358&nbsp;m). Eastren pairt o the oblast is maistly flat. The watter table occupees aboot 6% o territory. Ulyanovsk Oblast haes moderately [[Continental climate|continental]], heichlie volatile climate. Average temperatur o Julie +19&nbsp;°C, o Januar−11&nbsp;°C. As wather seestems muive in an oot o the aurie, average daily temperaturs aften chynge mair nor 25&nbsp;°C in the maitter o days. Fixed snaw kiver is teepically present frae November tae the beginnin o Aprile. Owernicht frosts occur till late Mey, restrictin agricultur tae cauld-resistant plants lik rye an winter wheat. Annual precipitation draps oot 400&nbsp;mm a year. Aboot time in three year in aurie thare is a strang drocht whilk causes a damage tae region agricultur. ==Natur== Ulyanovsk Oblast is locatit in the zones o widdit plain an broad-leavit scaffauldin. The soils is predominantly chernozem. Scaffauldin occupee 1/4 territories. In the northwast&nbsp;— lairge massifs o aik scaffauldin wi the pairticipation o linden, maple; in the [[Transvolga]] region&nbsp;— meadae steppes, separate pine borons. Wur preservit moose, marten, squirrel, hare- white hare an ither wur numerous the planktonic an mairshy- coastal birds. In [[Kuybyshev Reservoir]]&nbsp;— bream, pike-perch, carp an ithers. The Ulyanovsk region — ane o the Roushie centres o dwellin o wasps. The [[Protectit auries o Ulyanovsk Oblast|protectit auries]] is foond on the territory o region: naitional pairk [[Sengiley muntains]], the guardin zone o state preserve “Volga woodit plain”, the monuments o natur [[Undory mineral source]], [[relict scaffauldin]] etc. ==Demographics== <gallery> File:Tatars in Ulyanovsk Oblast.png|[[Tatars]] File:Chuvashs in Ulyanovsk Oblast.png|[[Chuvash fowk|Chuvash]] File:Erzya in Ulyanovsk Oblast.png|[[Erzya]] </gallery> 55% o indwallers o Ulyanovsk Oblast stey in twa ceeties wi population abuin 25,000—[[Ulyanovsk]] an [[Dimitrovgrad, Roushie|Dimitrovgrad]]. Population is 72% [[Roushies|Roushie]], 12% [[Tatars|Tatar]], 8% [[Chuvash fowk|Chuvash]], 4% [[Mordva]], 4% ithers. For the first hauf o 2007, the birth rate wis 9.0 per 1000 [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2007/0301/barom04.php] The aurie population is reducit an for 20 years syne 1991 haes decreased on 200 thoosan fowk. ==Releegion== [[File:Mosque 0005.jpg|right|thumb|Mosque in Ulyanovsk]] Maistly [[Roushie Orthodox Christian]] wi [[Muslim]] minority o aboot 13%. ==Economics== Ulyanovsk an Dimitrovgrad is industrial ceeties an conteen a fair feck o lairge plants an factories. Rural pairt o Ulyanovsk Oblast is agricultural an is focused primarily on [[animal husbandry]], tae the lesser extent on [[crop fermin]]. In aurie territory thare are twa resorts - "White Jar" an "Dubki". Accordin tae Herbert E. Meyer, o the CIA Naitional Intelligence Cooncil, Ulyanovsk implementit a plan tae increase Roushie's dismal population growthe whilk stipulatit that wirkers wad receive the seicont hauf o the wirkday aff in order tae go hame an "produce mair futur patriots." It is govrenor's idea. Regional automobile code is 73. ==Admeenistrative diveesions== {{Main|Admeenistrative diveesions o Ulyanovsk Oblast}} ==Sister destrict== *{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Nghe An Province]], [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vietnamnews.ru/vietrus.htm|title=Russia and Vietnam cooperation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212135218/http://www.vietnamnews.ru/vietrus.htm|archive-date=2009-02-12}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Ulyanovsk Oblast}} *{{en icon}} [http://www.ulyanovsk-adm.ru/en/index.php Offeecial wabsteid o Ulyanovsk Oblast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207042525/http://www.ulyanovsk-adm.ru/en/index.php |date=2005-02-07 }} {{Subdiveesions o Roushie}} [[Category:Ulyanovsk Oblast| ]] f1e5lu56ipmk194p26isnl14i1x0q7k 928139 928088 2026-11-12T00:35:26Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Roushie federal subject |en_name=Ulyanovsk Oblast |ru_name=Ульяновская область |image_map=Ulyanovsk in Russia.svg |coordinates = {{coord|53|57|N|47|55|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}} |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Ulyanovsk Oblast.png |coa_caption=[[Coat of arms of Ulyanovsk Oblast]] |image_flag=Флаг Ульяновской области (2013).svg |flag_caption=[[Flag of Ulyanovsk Oblast]] |anthem |anthem_ref |holiday |holiday_ref |political_status=Oblast |political_status_link=Oblasts o Roushie |federal_district=[[Volga Federal Destrict|Volga]] |economic_region=[[Volga economic region|Volga]] |adm_ctr_type=Admeenistrative center |adm_ctr_name=[[Ulyanovsk]] |adm_ctr_ref |pop_2010census=1292174 |pop_2010census_rank=37t |urban_pop_2010census=73.5% |rural_pop_2010census=26.5% |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> |pop_2002census=1382811 |pop_2002census_rank=36t |urban_pop_2002census=73.2% |rural_pop_2002census=26.8% |pop_2002census_ref=<ref name="PopCensus">{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}}</ref> |pop_density |pop_density_as_of |pop_density_ref |pop_latest |pop_latest_date |pop_latest_ref |area_km2=37300 |area_km2_rank=62nt |area_km2_ref |established_date=19 Januar 1943 |established_date_ref |license_plates=73 |ISO=RU-ULY |gov_as_of=Mairch 2011 |leader_title=[[Govrenor o Ulyanovsk Oblast|Govrenor]] |leader_title_ref |leader_name=[[Sergey Ivanovich Morozov|Sergey Morozov]] |leader_name_ref=<ref name="HeadName">Official website of Ulyanovsk Oblast. [http://morozov.ulgov.ru/ Sergey Morozov, Governor of Ulyanovsk Oblast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230080519/http://morozov.ulgov.ru/ |date=2015-12-30 }} {{ru icon}}</ref> |legislature=[[Ulyanovsk Oblast Duma|Oblast Duma]] |legislature_ref |website=http://www.ulgov.ru/ |website_ref |date=March 2011 }} '''Ulyanovsk Oblast''' ({{lang-ru|Улья́новская о́бласть}}, ''Ulyanovskaya oblast'') is a [[federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject]] o [[Roushie]] (an [[oblast]]). It is locatit in the [[Volga Federal Destrict]]. Its [[admeenistrative center]] is the [[types o inhabitit localities in Roushie|ceety]] o [[Ulyanovsk]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=1,292,174|p2002=1,382,811|p1989=1,400,806}} ==Geography== Ulyanovsk Oblast borders [[Chuvashie]] (N), the [[Tatarstan]] (NE), [[Samara Oblast]] (E), [[Saratov Oblast]] (S), [[Penza Oblast]] (W), an [[Mordovie]] (NW). It is locatit on the northren edge o Central [[Steppes]]. A quairter o its territory is covered wi [[deciduous forest]]s; the rest is covered wi steppes an meadows. The oblast is dividit in hauf bi the [[Volga River]]. Hilly auries tae the wast o the Volga are kent as [[Volga Upland]] (elevations up tae 358&nbsp;m). Eastren pairt o the oblast is maistly flat. The watter table occupees aboot 6% o territory. Ulyanovsk Oblast haes moderately [[Continental climate|continental]], heichlie volatile climate. Average temperatur o Julie +19&nbsp;°C, o Januar−11&nbsp;°C. As wather seestems muive in an oot o the aurie, average daily temperaturs aften chynge mair nor 25&nbsp;°C in the maitter o days. Fixed snaw kiver is teepically present frae November tae the beginnin o Aprile. Owernicht frosts occur till late Mey, restrictin agricultur tae cauld-resistant plants lik rye an winter wheat. Annual precipitation draps oot 400&nbsp;mm a year. Aboot time in three year in aurie thare is a strang drocht whilk causes a damage tae region agricultur. ==Natur== Ulyanovsk Oblast is locatit in the zones o widdit plain an broad-leavit scaffauldin. The soils is predominantly chernozem. Scaffauldin occupee 1/4 territories. In the northwast&nbsp;— lairge massifs o aik scaffauldin wi the pairticipation o linden, maple; in the [[Transvolga]] region&nbsp;— meadae steppes, separate pine borons. Wur preservit moose, marten, squirrel, hare- white hare an ither wur numerous the planktonic an mairshy- coastal birds. In [[Kuybyshev Reservoir]]&nbsp;— bream, pike-perch, carp an ithers. The Ulyanovsk region — ane o the Roushie centres o dwellin o wasps. The [[Protectit auries o Ulyanovsk Oblast|protectit auries]] is foond on the territory o region: naitional pairk [[Sengiley muntains]], the guardin zone o state preserve “Volga woodit plain”, the monuments o natur [[Undory mineral source]], [[relict scaffauldin]] etc. ==Demographics== <gallery> File:Tatars in Ulyanovsk Oblast.png|[[Tatars]] File:Chuvashs in Ulyanovsk Oblast.png|[[Chuvash fowk|Chuvash]] File:Erzya in Ulyanovsk Oblast.png|[[Erzya]] </gallery> 55% o indwallers o Ulyanovsk Oblast stey in twa ceeties wi population abuin 25,000—[[Ulyanovsk]] an [[Dimitrovgrad, Roushie|Dimitrovgrad]]. Population is 72% [[Roushies|Roushie]], 12% [[Tatars|Tatar]], 8% [[Chuvash fowk|Chuvash]], 4% [[Mordva]], 4% ithers. For the first hauf o 2007, the birth rate wis 9.0 per 1000 [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2007/0301/barom04.php] The aurie population is reducit an for 20 years syne 1991 haes decreased on 200 thoosan fowk. ==Releegion== [[File:Mosque 0005.jpg|right|thumb|Mosque in Ulyanovsk]] Maistly [[Roushie Orthodox Christian]] wi [[Muslim]] minority o aboot 13%. ==Economics== Ulyanovsk an Dimitrovgrad is industrial ceeties an conteen a fair feck o lairge plants an factories. Rural pairt o Ulyanovsk Oblast is agricultural an is focused primarily on [[animal husbandry]], tae the lesser extent on [[crop fermin]]. In aurie territory thare are twa resorts - "White Jar" an "Dubki". Accordin tae Herbert E. Meyer, o the CIA Naitional Intelligence Cooncil, Ulyanovsk implementit a plan tae increase Roushie's dismal population growthe whilk stipulatit that wirkers wad receive the seicont hauf o the wirkday aff in order tae go hame an "produce mair futur patriots." It is govrenor's idea. Regional automobile code is 73. ==Admeenistrative diveesions== {{Main|Admeenistrative diveesions o Ulyanovsk Oblast}} ==Sister destrict== *{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Nghe An Province]], [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vietnamnews.ru/vietrus.htm|title=Russia and Vietnam cooperation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212135218/http://www.vietnamnews.ru/vietrus.htm|archive-date=2009-02-12}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Ulyanovsk Oblast}} *{{en icon}} [http://www.ulyanovsk-adm.ru/en/index.php Offeecial wabsteid o Ulyanovsk Oblast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207042525/http://www.ulyanovsk-adm.ru/en/index.php |date=2005-02-07 }} {{Subdiveesions o Roushie}} [[Category:Ulyanovsk Oblast| ]] k5kctox7gjwikfvftr35zbn3rsqzgp1 0 32994 928093 915548 2026-11-11T19:32:13Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Khentii Province | native_name = Хэнтий аймаг<br>{{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠡᠨᠲᠡᠢ}}{{MongolUnicode|ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ}} | native_name_lang = mn | settlement_type = [[Provinces o Mongolir|Province]] | image_skyline = Smile and have a happy day Khentii Aimag Family - skyline.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = Khentii aimag Flag.svg | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Mn coa khentii aimag.svg | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Khentii in Mongolia.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|47|19|N|110|39|E|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = Mongolie | established_title = Established | established_date = {{Start date|1930}} | founder = | seat_type =Capital | seat =[[Öndörkhaan]] | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 80325.08 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 65811 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = UTC+8 | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = +976 (0)156 | iso_code = MN-039 | registration_plate = ХЭ_ | website = {{URL|khentii.mn}} | footnotes = }} '''Khentii''' ({{lang-mn|Хэнтий}}) is ane o the 21 [[Provinces o Mongolie|aimags]] (provinces) o [[Mongolie]], locatit in the east o the kintra. Its caipital is [[Öndörkhaan]]. The aimag is namit efter the [[Khentii Muntains]]. It is best kent as the birthplace an likely feenal restin place o Temüjin (itherwise kent as [[Genghis Khan]].) == Geography == The aimag borders wi [[Roushie]] in the north. The neighbourin aimags are [[Selenge Province|Selenge]] in the northwast, [[Töv Province|Töv]] in the wast, [[Govisümber Province|Govisümber]] in the soothwast, [[Dornogovi Province|Dornogovi]] in the sooth, [[Sükhbaatar Province|Sükhbaatar]] in the sootheast, an [[Dornod Province|Dornod]] in the east. The border tae Töv is dividit bi the ceety o [[Baganuur]], an admeenistrative exclave o [[Ulan Bator]]. The northwast o the aimag is covered bi the eastren pairt o the [[Khentii Muntains]], towards the sootheast the landscape chynges intae the eastren Mongolie steppe plains. The muntain [[Burkhan Khaldun]] in the [[Khan Khentii Strictly Protectit Aurie]] is considered saucrit, an assumit tae be the birthplace o [[Genghis Khan]]. Sooth o Burkhan Khaldun the [[Kherlen River]] oreeginates, which crosses the sooth o the aimag in eastren direction efter a detour through Töv. A little further east is the spring o the [[Onon River]]. The [[Balj-Onon Naitional Pairk]] is locatit in the northeast o the aimag. == Population == {| class="wikitable" |+ Ethnic groups o Khentii aimag<ref name="Booklet2008">{{Cite web |url=http://www.statis.mn/portal/content_files/comppmedia/cpdf0x1112.pdf |title=Khentii Aimag Statistical Office. Statistical Booklet 2008 |access-date=2012-04-11 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722222004/http://www.statis.mn/portal/content_files/comppmedia/cpdf0x1112.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /><small>national censuses data</small> !Ethnic<br />group!!Mongolie<br />name!! 1979!!%!!1989!!%!!2000!!% |- |[[Khalkha]]||Халх||42,883||81.21||57,391||77.76||61,363||86.49 |- |[[Buryats|Buriad]] || Буриад||6,550||12.40||7,044||9.54||6,223||8.77 |- |[[Uriankhai]] ||Урианхай||595||1.13||1,004||1.36||951||1.34 |- |[[Kazakhs|Kazakh]]||Казак (Хасаг)||1,290||2.44||3,655||4.95||629||0.89 |- |[[Dariganga]] ||Дарьганга||177||0.34||353||0.48||361||0.51 |- |Dörvöd ||Дөрвөд||154||0.29||208||0.28||186||0.26 |- |[[Bayad]] || Баяд||56||0.11||185||0.25||120||0.17 |- |[[Darkhad]] || Дархад||18||0.03||24||0.03||32||0.05 |- |[[Torguud]] ||Торгууд||37||0.07||19||0.03||16||0.02 |- |[[Üzemchin]] ||Үзэмчин ||18||0.03||8||0.01||3||0.00 |- |Ither Mongolie citizens|| ||209||0.40||161||0.22||482||0.68 |- |Foreigners|| ||816||1.55||3,752||5.08||580||0.82 |- |'''Total''' || || '''52,803'''||'''100.00'''||'''73,804'''||'''100.00'''||'''70,946'''||'''100.00''' |} == Admeenistrative Subdiveesion == [[File:Mongolia Khentii sum map.png|thumb|right|250px|Sums of Khentii aimag]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- |+ The [[Leet o ceeties in Mongolie|Ceeties]] o Khentii aimag |- ! Ceety ! [[Mongolie leid|Mongolie]] ! Sum ! Population<br />(1994)<ref name="pop 1994">{{Cite web |url=http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/oxfamannex1-4.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-04-11 |archive-date=2010-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331223051/http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/oxfamannex1-4.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ! Population<br />(2001)<ref name="khentii-m13">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pmis.gov.mn/khentii/index.php?m13 |title=The Khentii aimag offeecial steid |access-date=2012-04-11 |archive-date=2007-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007215737/http://www.pmis.gov.mn/khentii/index.php?m13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ! Population<br />(2006)<ref name="rural powerty2007">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rprpmongolia.mn/pdf/2007semi_annual_report_eng.pdf |title=Rural Poverty Reduction Programme:semi-annual report 2007 |access-date=2012-04-11 |archive-date=2008-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528115803/http://www.rprpmongolia.mn/pdf/2007semi_annual_report_eng.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ! Population<br />(2007)<ref name="Report2008">{{Cite web |url=http://www.statis.mn/portal/content_files/comppmedia/cxls0x402.xls |title=Khentii Aimag Statistical Office. 2008 Annual Report |access-date=2012-04-11 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722221444/http://www.statis.mn/portal/content_files/comppmedia/cxls0x402.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref> ! Population<br />(2008)<ref name="Report2008"/> ! Population<br />(2010)<ref name="Census2010_bag">[http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/bag,horoogoor.pdf National Census 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705082341/http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/bag,horoogoor.pdf |date=2013-07-05 }} (bag level divisions)</ref> |- | [[Berkh, Khentii|Berkh]] || {{lang|mn|Бэрх }} || [[Batnorov, Khentii|Batnorov]] ||4,517|| 3,871 ||3,890||3,673||3,541||2,413 |- | [[Bor-Öndör]] || {{lang|mn|Бор-Өндөр }} || [[Darkhan, Khentii|Darkhan]] ||2,695|| 6,406 ||8,510||8,932||8,902||8,080 |- | [[Öndörkhaan]] (caipital) || {{lang|mn|Өндөрхаан}} || [[Kherlen, Khentii|Kherlen]] ||14,409|| ~12,000 ||~14,800||~15,000||~15,000||17,164 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- |+ The [[Sums o Mongolie|Sums]] o Khentii aimag |- ! Sum ! [[Mongolie leid|Mongolie]] ! width="100"|Population <br /> (1994)<ref name="pop 1994" /> ! width="100"|Population <br /> (2001)<ref name="khentii-m13" /> ! width="100"|Population <br /> (2005)<ref name="rural powerty">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rprpmongolia.mn/index.php?subaction=showfull&id=1146834147&archive=&start_from=&ucat=13&do=khentii |title=''Rural Poverty Reduction Programme'' official site |access-date=2012-04-11 |archive-date=2007-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928015801/http://www.rprpmongolia.mn/index.php?subaction=showfull&id=1146834147&archive=&start_from=&ucat=13&do=khentii |url-status=dead }}</ref> ! width="100"|Population <br /> (2008)<ref name="Report2008"/> ! width="100"|Population <br /> (2010)<ref name="Census2010_sum">[http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/sum,duurgeer.pdf National Census 2010] (sum level divisions)</ref> ! width="100"|Aurie <br /> (km²) ! width="100"|Density <br /> (/km²) |- | [[Batnorov, Khentii|Batnorov]] || {{lang|mn|Батноров }}|| 3,169||2,986|| 6739*||2,833||2,693||4,968||0.54 |- | [[Batshireet, Khentii|Batshireet]] || {{lang|mn|Батширээт }}|| 2,591||2,196|| 2,009||2,092||2,086||7,018||0.30 |- | [[Bayan-Adarga, Khentii|Bayan-Adarga]] || {{lang|mn|Баян-Адарга }}|| 2,493||2,333|| 2,413||2,429||2,205||3,021||0.73 |- | [[Bayankhutag, Khentii|Bayankhutag]] || {{lang|mn|Баянхутаг }}|| 2,130||2,280||2,090 ||1,949||1,656||6,029||0.27 |- | [[Bayanmönkh, Khentii|Bayanmönkh]] || {{lang|mn|Баянмөнх }}||1,646 ||1,790||1,693 ||1,532||1,347||2,540||0.53 |- | [[Bayan-Ovoo, Khentii|Bayan-Ovoo]] || {{lang|mn|Баян-Овоо }}|| 1,917||1,697||1,701 ||1,765||1,581||3,381||0.47 |- | [[Binder, Khentii|Binder]] || {{lang|mn|Биндэр }}|| 4,184||3,615||3,537 ||3,784||3,455||5,386||0.64 |- | [[Dadal, Khentii|Dadal]] || {{lang|mn|Дадал }}|| 2,826||2,387|| 2,534||2,667||2,612||4,727||0.55 |- | [[Darkhan, Khentii|Darkhan]] || {{lang|mn|Дархан }}|| 1,949||1,904||9,462** ||1,899||1,549||4,455||0.35 |- | [[Delgerkhaan, Khentii|Delgerkhaan]] || {{lang|mn|Дэлгэрхаан }}|| 3,029||2,902||2,339 ||2,353||2,040||3,986||0.51 |- | [[Galshar, Khentii|Galshar]] || {{lang|mn|Галшар }}|| 2,575||2,906||2,468 ||2,074||1,807||6,676||0.27 |- | [[Jargaltkhaan, Khentii|Jargaltkhaan]] || {{lang|mn|Жаргалтхаан }}|| 1,863||2,073||1,848 ||1,926||1,831||2,752||0.67 |- | [[Kherlen, Khentii|Kherlen]] *** || {{lang|mn|Хэрлэн }}|| 20,172||16,578||16,783 ||17,154||19,000||3,788||5.02 |- | [[Mörön, Khentii|Mörön]] || {{lang|mn|Мөрөн }}|| 2,444||2,264||2,026 ||1,934||1,326||2,196||0.60 |- | [[Norovlin, Khentii|Norovlin]] || {{lang|mn|Норовлин }}|| 2,713||2,777||2,255 ||2,341||2,254||5,334||0.42 |- | [[Ömnödelger, Khentii|Ömnödelger]] || {{lang|mn|Өмнөдэлгэр }}|| 3,895||5,739||5,208 ||5,148||5,156||10,877||0.47 |- | [[Tsenkhermandal, Khentii|Tsenkhermandal]] || {{lang|mn|Цэнхэрмандал }}|| 2,361||1,791|| 1,661||1,447||2,004||3,177||0.63 |- |} :^* - includin [[Berkh, Khentii|Berkh]]. :^** - includin [[Bor-Öndör]]. :^*** - includin The aimag caipital [[Öndörkhaan]]. == References == {{Reflist}} {{Geographic location |Centre = Khentii Province |North = {{flag|Roushie}} |Northeast = |East = [[Dornod Province]] |Southeast = [[Sukhbaatar Province]] |South = [[Dornogovi Province]] |Southwest = [[Govisumber Province]] |West = [[Tov Province]] |Northwest = [[Selenge Province]] }} {{Provinces o Mongolie}} [[Category:Khentii Province| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Mongolie]] f3atcx6dwktg79kuqvn1qiun919a5zz 0 36639 928098 926159 2026-11-11T19:52:21Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place |country = Scotland |label_position= left |language= [[Inglish leid|English]] |language1= [[Scots leid|Scots]] |official_name= Langholm |scots_name= Langhowm |gaelic_name= Langaim |local_name= ''The Muckle Toon'' |population= 2,311 |population_ref= (2001) |os_grid_reference= NY364847 |coordinates = {{coord|55.152|-2.999|display=inline,title}} |unitary_scotland= [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Dumfriesshire|Dumfries]] |constituency_westminster= [[Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale (UK Parliament constituency)|Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale]] |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Dumfriesshire (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Dumfrieshire]] |post_town= LANGHOLM |postcode_area= DG |postcode_district= DG13 |dial_code= 013873 |static_image_name= Langholm.jpg |static_image_caption= Langham an the [[River Esk, Dumfries an Gallowa|River Esk]] |london_distance= |edinburgh_distance= }} '''Langham''' (English: '''Langholm''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|æ|ŋ|əm}}), kent as "The Muckle Toun" an aw, is a burgh the historical coonty o [[Dumfriesshire]] in [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] in soothwast [[Scotland]]. Langham lies atween fower hills in the dale o the [[River Esk, Dumfries an Gallowa|River Esk]] in the [[Soothren Uplands]]. It is the tradeetional seat o [[Clan Armstrong]] wi its maist famous descendant bein [[Neil Armstrong]], the first man tae walk on the muin. In 1972 he acceptit in person bein bestowed the first Freeman an Honorary Burgess o the burgh o Langham. On acceptin the honour he said "The most difficult place to be recognised is in one's home town. And I consider this now to be my home town."<ref name=nls>{{Cite web |url=http://movingimage.nls.uk/film/0536 |title="NEIL ARMSTRONG IN LANGHOLM" National Library of Scotland |access-date=2020-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323060326/https://movingimage.nls.uk/film/0536 |archive-date=2020-03-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Location an geography== [[File:Langholm 09.jpg|thumb|left|Whita hill wi its obelisk commemoratin Sir [[John Malcolm]], Governor of Bombay from 1827-30.]] Langham sits 8 mile north o the [[Scots-Inglis Border|Scots-English mairch]] on the [[A7 road]] rinnin atween [[Edinburgh]] in in east central Scotland an [[Cairl]] in nor'wast [[Ingland|England]]. Edinburgh is 73 mile til the north, [[Copshaw Howm]] is aroond 10 mile til the east, an Cairl is 19 mile til the sooth.<ref name=lang>{{Cite web |url=https://www.langholm-online.co.uk/pages/content.asp?PageID=275 |title=Langholm Online |access-date=2020-03-23 |archive-date=2018-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035455/https://www.langholm-online.co.uk/pages/content.asp?PageID=275 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Langham is immediate surroondit bi fower hills in the [[River Esk, Dumfries an Gallowa|River Esk]] dale within Scotland's wider [[Soothren Uplands]]. The hie-est o the fower hills is the 984 fit Whita hilltat that an obelisk (kent local as "The Moniment" staunds on. The Moniment commemorates the life an achievements o Sir [[John Malcolm]] (1769-1833), an umwhile sodger, statesman, an historian. The ither three hills is Warblaw (in Langhown it's pronoonce't Warbla), Meiklehowmhill (a knowe that is kent there as 'Tinpin', an the Castle Hill. {{clear left}} ==History== Langham is the tradeetional seat o [[Clan Armstrong]] that is praisent representit aroond the warld bi the offeecial Clan Armstrong Trust. Hame o the Clan Armstrong is [[Gilnockie Tour]] 4.5 mile sooth o Langham an 1.4 mile north o [[Canonbie]]. The Episcopalian kirk on Castle Howm gae intae disuse afore convertin intil the Clan Armstrong Museum. The toun wis an important centre for the [[Border reivers]]. The town later growed around the [[claith]] industry. ==Governance== Langham is in the UK pairlamentary constituency o [[Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale an Tweeddale]]. [[David Mundell]] is the praisent [[Scots Conservative Pairty]] [[Member o Pairlament]]. The toun is pairt o the Sooth Scotland region in the [[Scots Pairlament]], bein int he constituency o Dumfriesshire. [[Oliver Mundell]] o the [[Scots Conservative Pairty]] is the MSP. Langham is represented on [[Dumfries an Galloway Cooncil]] by three cooncillors for Annandale East an Eskdale: Archie Dryburgh o the [[Scots Labour Pairty|Scots Labour Pairty]], Denis Male o the independents an Karen Carruthers o the Scots Conservative Pairty. The neist election will tak place in 2027. Afore [[Brexit]] for the [[European Pairlament]] its residenters votit tae elect [[Member o the European Pairlament|MEPs]] for the [[Scotland (European Pairlament consteetuency)|Scotland]] constituency. ==Namely veesitors an residenters== ===Neil Armstrong=== In 1972, astronaut [[Neil Armstrong]] wis walcomed an mae the first freeman an burgess o the burgh.<ref name=hera>[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13073067.Neil_Armstrong_s_Scots_roots_celebrated_as_Moon_landing_hero_makes_his_final_journey/ "Neil Armstrong's Scots roots celebrated as Moon landing hero makes his final journey"]</ref> The depute toun clark at the time later said, "The town council had made the approach because this is Armstrong country and we thought it would be appropriate. It turned out that he was coming to Edinburgh to deliver the Mountbatten lecture so he coul accept and come to Langholm."<ref name=scot>[https://www.scotsmagazine.com/articles/neil-armstrong-langholm/ "Mission To… Langholm?" The Scots Magazine 15 June 2015]</ref> The ceremony teuk place at Langham's lairgest biggin o the time, the pairish kirk. Wi his mainer o cannie deegnity he statit:<ref name=nls/><ref name=scot/> :"The most difficult place to be recognised is in one's home town. And I consider this now my home town." He commentit an aw: :"My pleasure is not only that this is the land of [[Johnnie Armstrong]], rather that my pleasure is in knowing that this is my home town and in the genuine feeling that I have among these hills among these people."<ref>http://www.dgstandard.co.uk/dumfries-news/local-news-dumfries/local-news-annandale-eskdale/2009/07/24/armstrong-lands-home-at-langholm-51311-24224663/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://scottishtartans.org/education/space_tartans.php |title="Armstrong's Lantern: Spaceflight Scottish Connections" Scottish Tartans Museum |access-date=2020-03-23 |archive-date=2019-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102121004/http://scottishtartans.org/education/space_tartans.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> He syne walkit for his denner at Buccleuch Hall. His veesit is capturt in a online video.<ref name=bbcfarem>[https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-19433405/neil-armstrong-remembered-by-scottish-town-langholm BBC 31 Aug 2012 "Neil Armstrong remembered by Scottish town Langholm"]</ref><ref name=nabbc70dec>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/aboutus/wirelesstoweb/decades/index.shtml?decade=70s BBC Scotland, Watch and listen 1970s]</ref><ref name=tynetees>[https://vimeo.com/48610124 Neil Armstrong in Langholm, Tyne Tees]</ref><ref name=bbcrem>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/8158762.stm "Recalling Moon man's 'muckle' leap" BBC, 20 July 2009]</ref> In kiverage bi the international press, the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'''s front page story includit a map o the Breetish Isles merkin anely [[Lunnon]] an Langham. Armstrong universal kent for his hummleness<ref name=nasa>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/Features/neil_armstrong_passing.html |title="Neil Armstrong: 'We have lost a humble giant, but his legacy is forever'" NASA 27 August 2012 |access-date=2020-03-23 |archive-date=2021-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411155835/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/Features/neil_armstrong_passing.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> is myndit as haein no interest on his veesit o blowstin o his achievements. Insteid he wis resorbit in findin oot mair o his Armstrong heirskip an makkin a connection with the aurie.<ref name=scot/> ===Ither fowk=== [[Thomas Telford]] wis born nearby an wrocht in Langham as a prentice early in his career. Christopher Murray Grieve (better kent as [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] wis born in Langham. The Scots poet wis a leadin licht in the [[Scots Renaissance]] o the 20t century. Unusual for a communist, he wis a commitit [[Scots naitionalism|Scots nationalist]] an wrate in baith English an leeterar Scots. The toun is hame til a moniment in his honour made o [[watherin steel]] that taks the form o a lairge appen beuk depictin eemages fae his writins. The first female corporate member o the [[Institution o Ceevil Ingineers]], [[Dorothy Donaldson Buchanan]], wis born an reart in Langham, the dochter o Rev James Donalson Buchanan, the langtime meenister in Langham Pairish. [[David Thomas Richardson]], a linguist an an officer in the [[Bengal Airmy]] wis born in Langham. ==Economy== [[Edinburgh Woollen Mill]] wis foondit in Langham in 1946 bi Drew Stevenson, houiver thay recent announce't plants tae muive thair heidquarters fae Langham tae Cairl.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-44239890</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-44239890|title=First minister 'disappointed' by EWM move|author=|date=24 May 2018|publisher=|accessdate=23 August 2018|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ==Transport== ===Bus=== The X95 cross-mairch bus service (that is operatit bi [[Borders Buses]] rins throu Langham, the service maistly follaes the route o the [[A7 road]] atween Edinburgh an Cairl via [[Haaick]] in [[The Mairches]]. ===Rail=== [[Langholm railwey station]] appent in 1964, bit closed 100 year later. The last raiglar passenger train wis on 13 Juin 1964, awthou a speicial train ran in Mairch 1967, complete wi a restaurant caur; the fraucht service conteenaed until September 1967. The nearest operational railwey stations is at Cairl in England an [[Lockerbie]] in Scotland. ==Local media== ===Newspaper=== The local newspaper is the ''Eskdale an Liddesdale Advertiser'' sted in Langham High Street. The ''Advertiser'' is awnt bi the [[CN Group]]. The newpaper kivers news fae Langham an its surroondin auries (namely [[Canonbie]] an [[Copshaw Howm]] an is common refert tae locally as "The Squeak". Estaiblisht in 1848, the newspaper wis the first penny newspaper in Scotland. ===Radio=== Ootby o the nationwide services a body can receive transmissions by: * [[BBC Radio Cumbria]] * [[BBC Radio Scotland]] * [[Radio Borders]] * [[Radio WestSound]] ==Eddication== [[Langholm Academy]] is a combine't primary an seicontary schuil. ==Sport== In 1858 Langholm [[Cricket]] Club wis foondit. The club play thair matches on the picturesque Castleholm Ground. They praisently play thair matches in the Border League, finishin mid-table for the 2009 saison. The 2010 saison stairtit again [[Gallae]] at hame on 24 Apryle. In 1871, [[Langholm RFC]] wis foondit, bein the auldest Rugby club in the Mairches. Langholm RFC play in the [[Scots National League (rugby union)]] (Diveesion 1) an in the [[Border League]]. Langham haes an aw a minor [[fitbaw]] team, [[Langholm Legion]], that play an aw on the Castleholm. The toun haes an aw a karate club, Langholm Shotokan Karate club, that is pairt o the JKS Scotland. ==Airts an leisur== Forby the Scots Episcopal Kirk noo uised as the Clan Armstrong Museum, the Roman Catholic kirk o St Francis o Assisi closed in 2010,<ref>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/st-francis-assisi-rc-church-2581198]</ref> an is noo a fine airt gailerie.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.britain123.co.uk/scotland/ua/Dumfries%20and%20Galloway-54/Broomholm-29414/directory/art-galleries-127/details.aspx?referrence=CnRiAAAAx89NLFHu7hkJLPxrzbIR8OK7dm7thbHledybqyYA7g9C4vAwiUiFtiD2ukDaA9JAnznmG5ig-n5mHcMAjtF-Ck-b4D9axtuXFh_xugXk55yDh120CMq55gL17bQfzG6i-ICAryY1_b6e6-BcnUS0AhIQphIXdXABnVaAa5Rq_cUgQxoU340L4i2LXz8PWI0hLIdBZt3D72Q |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-23 |archive-date=2020-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323090903/http://www.britain123.co.uk/scotland/ua/Dumfries%2520and%2520Galloway-54/Broomholm-29414/directory/art-galleries-127/details.aspx%3Freferrence%3DCnRiAAAAx89NLFHu7hkJLPxrzbIR8OK7dm7thbHledybqyYA7g9C4vAwiUiFtiD2ukDaA9JAnznmG5ig-n5mHcMAjtF-Ck-b4D9axtuXFh_xugXk55yDh120CMq55gL17bQfzG6i-ICAryY1_b6e6-BcnUS0AhIQphIXdXABnVaAa5Rq_cUgQxoU340L4i2LXz8PWI0hLIdBZt3D72Q |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Buccleuch Centre is a weel-plenisht venue, providin a raiglar programme o muisic an theatre. The toun is hame til a muisic an airts fest, a fuid fest, an the Langham walks. Ilka year mony veesitors come for the annual Common Ridin that taks place on the last Friday o Julie. Langham has a pipe baund an a bress baund (kent as "the Town Band" or colloquial "the Toun Baund", that is leged tae be the auldest survivin bress baund in Scotland. The toun is hame an aw til the Eskdale and Liddesdale Aruchaeological Society. The're an acteeve Archive Group an aw wi a steidy increasin collection o information, muckle o it is noo on-line.<ref>[http://www.langholmarchive.com Langholm Archive Group]. Retrieved 21 May 2010.</ref> ==Industry== Industry for a lang time wis sted on claith wi at ae time 22 mills in the toun. There haes been a muckle o consolidation an closur syne that peak. The High Street retail brand [[Edinburgh Woollen Mill]] wis stairtit in Langham and haes yet a praisence in the toun. ==Langholm Project== The "Langholm Project" or "Langholm Study" is a reference til the Joint Raptor Study, a scienteefic study unnerteuk in the 1990s on Langham Muir intil the effects o birds-o-prey on reid groose populations. This wis a lairge-schale project involvin inrowin a range o organisations includin the [[Game Conservancy Trust]], the [[UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology]] (or (ITE as thay wis than kent), an the [[Duke o Buccleuch|Buccleuch Estates]]. The project wis follaed bi a twa-year study on the effects o supplementary feedin o [[harrier (bird)|harriers]] that endit in 1999. The findins o the study an the effect on the muir hae been the subject o a muckle o commune. In 2007 the [[Scots Govrenment]] annoonce't a forder 10-year project wi the follaein aims: * aim tae estaiblish a commercial viable driven groose muir. Within the time frame o the project, it is the ettlin tae sell driven groose days producin an annual income in a superplus o £100,000 * aim tae replenish an important site for naitur conservation til a fauvourable condeetion * seek tae demonstrate whether the needs o an economical viabe groose muir can be met alangside the conservation needs o protectit birds-o-prey, espeicially the hen harrier. This mair-recent study is teetelt offeecial The Langholm Moor Demonstration Project, bit like its predecessor it is kent general as the "Langholm Project". The praisent project is a jynt ventur atween the Buccleuch Estates, the [[Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust]], the [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds]] , an the [[Natural England]] public body. ==Reference== {{reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category|Langholm}} * [http://www.langholm-online.co.uk/ Langham Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821104257/http://www.langholm-online.co.uk/ |date=2008-08-21 }} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uvnqhbGiQfA Video o Langham fae the air] * [http://www.langholmwalks.co.uk/index.html The Langham Walks an Walkin Fest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323093220/http://www.langholmwalks.co.uk/index.html |date=2020-03-23 }} * [http://www.langholmarchive.org.uk// Rake the local paper archive]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200323093233/https://www.buccleuchcentre.com/ The Buccleuch Centre] * [http://www.eladvertiser.co.uk/ The Eskdale & Liddesdale Advertiser] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323070645/http://eladvertiser.co.uk/ |date=2020-03-23 }} * [http://www.snh.org.uk/press/detail.asp?id=1792/ 2007 Press release regardin new Raptor an Grouse project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192420/http://www.snh.org.uk/press/detail.asp?id=1792%2F |date=2016-03-03 }} * [http://homepages.enterprise.net/iainlogan/langholm/ The Langholm Page] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091126/http://muckletooncricket.intheteam.com/modules/page/page.aspx?type=home&mid=19066&pmid=0%2F Langholm Cricket Club] * [http://www.langholmproject.com The Langholm Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906212816/http://www.langholmproject.com/ |date=2015-09-06 }} * [http://www.centrestagetheatre.org.uk Centre Stage Youth Theatre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522070901/https://centrestagetheatre.org.uk/ |date=2022-05-22 }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Touns in Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] {{Stub/Places o Scotland}} lj8zu0859siv2rwl6c28w5u5dd1cwrx 0 37243 928094 915549 2026-11-11T19:32:27Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Khmelnytskyi | native_name = Хмельницький | nickname= | image_skyline = Khmelnitsky, Proskurivska St, beginning, 2005 08 10.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = Proskurivska Street in Khmelnytskyi | image_flag = Flag of Khmelnytskyi.svg | image_shield = Coat of Arms of Khmelnitsky.svg | nickname = | motto = | pushpin_map =Ukraine#Ukraine Khmelnytskyi Oblast | pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_map_caption =Location o Khmelnytskyi in Ukraine | pushpin_mapsize = | coordinates = {{coord|49|25|0|N|27|00|0|E|region:UA|display=inline}} | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flag|Ukraine}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Oblasts o Ukraine|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Khmelnytskyi Oblast}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Raion]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Khmelnytskyi Raion]] | established_title = First mentioned | established_date = 1493 | established_title1 = Ceety richts | established_date1 = 22 September 1937 | leader_title = Ceety Heid | leader_name = Serhiy Melnyk | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 90|area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | population_as_of = 2005 | population_note = | population_total = 290100 | population_footnotes= | population_metro = | population_density_km2 = 2822 | elevation_m = | postal_code_type= [[Postal code]] | postal_code = 29000 | area_code = +380 382 | website = [http://www.khmelnytsky.com http://www.khmelnytsky.com] | footnotes = }} '''Khmelnytskyi''', ''Barley'' ({{lang-uk|Хмельни́цький}}, ''Khmel'nyts'ky''; {{lang-ru|Хмельни́цкий, ''Khmel'nitsky''}}; {{lang-pl|Chmielnicki}}) (till 1954, '''Proskuriv''', {{lang-uk|Проскурів}}) is the admeenistrative centre o the [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]] ([[oblast|province]]) in wastren [[Ukraine]]. The ceety lees in the historic [[Podolia]] region on the banks o the [[Soothren Bug|Soothren Buh River]]. The toun's oreeginal name wis ''Płoskirów'', later ''Proskurov'', but in 1954 wis renamed ''Khmelnytskyi''. The alternative [[transliteration]]s o the name include ''Khmel’nyts’kyỹ'', ''Khmel’nyts’kyy'', ''Khmelnitsky'', an ''Khmelnitskiy''. The ceety is servit bi [[Khmelnytskyi Ruzhychna Airport]]. As o 2009, the ceety's population is 290,100. ==Internaitional relations== {{See also|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Ukraine}} ===Twin towns — Sister ceeties=== Khmelnytskyi is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Modesto, Californie|Modesto]], [[Unitit States]] (1987) * {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Silistra]], [[Bulgarie]] (1992) * {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Bor, Serbie|Bor]], [[Serbie]] (1995) * {{flagicon|Moldova}} [[Bălți]], [[Moldovae]] (1996) * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Ciechanów]], [[Poland]] (1996) * {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Kramfors]], [[Swaden]] (1997) * {{flagicon|China}} [[Shijiazhuang]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] (1998) ==Freemit airtins== {{commonscat|Khmelnitsky}} {{Wiktionary|Khmelnytskyi}} * [http://www.khmelnytsky.com/ khmelnytsky.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329162941/http://www.khmelnytsky.com/ |date=2018-03-29 }} - Khmelnytskyi Ceety Rada wabsteid * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303135847/http://fotostudio.com.ua/travel/ukraine/hmelnickiy/hm/index.html Photos o Khmelnytskyi] * [http://ukrainetrek.com/khmelnitsky-city Khmelnytskyi Sichts an Streets] {{Cities in Ukraine}} {{Khmelnytskyi Oblast}} {{Admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine}} [[Category:Khmelnytskyi|Khmelnytskyi]] [[Category:Ceeties in Khmelnytskyi Oblast]] [[Category:1493 establishments]] 9a6wqx1lp3n42x9yr5nahddjxzwq0fn 0 37985 928092 906576 2026-11-11T19:32:05Z CiphriusKane 74958 A canna mind the name ae the template sae iss'll dae fur noo 928092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{confuse|Delaware River}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}} {{Infobox U.S. state |Name = Delaware |Fullname = State of Delaware |Flag = Flag of Delaware.svg |Flaglink = [[Flag of Delaware|Flag]] |Seal = Seal of Delaware.svg |Map = Delaware in United States (zoom).svg |Motto = [[Liberty and Independence]] |Demonym = Delawarean |Nickname = The First State; The Small Wonder;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2015/01/04/delaware-small-wonder/21270787/ |title=Delaware a Small Wonder no more? |author=Melissa Nann Burke |date=January 5, 2015 |publisher=Delaware Online |accessdate=March 10, 2015 }}</ref> Blue Hen State; The Diamond State |Former = Delaware Colony |Capital = [[Dover, Delaware|Dover]] |LargestCity = [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]] |LargestMetroArea = [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]] |Governor = [[John Carney]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]]) |Lieutenant Governor = [[Bethany Hall-Long]] (D) |Legislature = [[Delaware General Assembly|General Assembly]] |Upperhouse = [[Delaware Senate|Senate]] |Lowerhouse = [[Delaware Hoose o Representatives|Hoose o Representatives]] |Senators = [[Tom Carper]] (D)<br />[[Chris Coons]] (D) |Representative = [[Lisa Roschester]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]]) |PostalAbbreviation = DE |TradAbbreviation = Del. |AreaRank = 49th |TotalArea = 6,452 |TotalAreaUS = 1,982<ref>{{cite web|url=http://delaware.gov/facts/geo.shtml|title=State of Delaware|author=The State of Delaware|work=delaware.gov|accessdate=September 27, 2015|archive-date=2013-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619004622/http://www.delaware.gov/facts/geo.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> |LandArea = 5,068 |LandAreaUS = 1,954 |WaterArea = 1,387 |WaterAreaUS = 536 |PCWater = 21.5 |PopRank = 45t |2010Pop = 935,614 (2014 est)<ref name="PopEstUS">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2015/tables/NST-EST2015-01.csv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223235718/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2015/tables/NST-EST2015-01.csv |dead-url=yes |archive-date=December 23, 2015 |title=Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 |format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]] |work=2015 Population Estimates |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division |date=December 20, 2016 |accessdate=December 20, 2016 }}</ref> |DensityRank = 6t |2000Density = 179 |2000DensityUS = 464 |MedianHouseholdIncome = $50,152 |IncomeRank = 12th |AdmittanceOrder = 1st |AdmittanceDate = December 7, 1787 |TimeZone = [[Eastren Time Zone (North Americae)|Eastren]]: [[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]] [[Eastren Time Zone|−5]]/[[Eastern Daylight Time|−4]] |Longitude = 75° 3′ W to 75° 47′ W |Latitude = 38° 27′ N to 39° 50′ N |Width = 48 |WidthUS = 30 |Length = 154 |LengthUS = 96 |HighestPoint = Near the<br/>[[Ebright Azimuth]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|title=Elevations and Distances in the United States|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|year=2001|accessdate=October 21, 2011|archive-date=2012-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722022527/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref><ref name="HighestPoint">{{Cite journal|last=Schenck|first=William S|title=Highest Point in Delaware|publisher=Delaware Geological Survey|accessdate=July 23, 2008|url=http://www.dgs.udel.edu/publications/pubs/factsheets/highestpoint.aspx|journal=|archive-date=2008-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020055243/http://www.dgs.udel.edu/publications/Pubs/FactSheets/HighestPoint.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> |HighestElev = 136.2 |HighestElevUS = 447 |MeanElev = 20 |MeanElevUS = 60 |LowestPoint = Atlantic Ocean<ref name=USGS /> |LowestElev = 0 |LowestElevUS = 0 |ISOCode = US-DE |Website = http://delaware.gov/ }} {{Infobox U.S. state symbols |Flag = Flag of Delaware.svg |Seal = Seal of Delaware.svg |Name = Delaware |Bird = [[Delaware Blue Hen]] |Butterfly = [[Eastern Tiger Swallowtail]] |Fish = [[Weakfish]] |Flower = [[Peach|Peach blossom]] |Insect = [[Coccinella septempunctata|7-spotted Ladybug]] |Tree = [[American Holly]] |Wildlife Animal = [[Grey Fox]] |Beverage = [[Milk]] |Colors = [[Flag o Delaware|Colonial Blue]], Buff |Food = [[Strawberry]], [[Peach custard pie]] |Fossil = [[Belemnite]] |Mineral = [[Sillimanite]] |Motto = [[Liberty and Independence]] |Slogan = ''Endless Discoveries'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2015/01/05/delawares-new-tourism-brand-endless-discoveries/21289179/ |title=Delaware's new tourism brand: Endless Discoveries |author=Molly Murray |date=January 6, 2015 |publisher=Delaware Online |accessdate=March 10, 2015 }}</ref> – Formerly: ''It's Good Being First'' |Soil = [[Greenwich (soil)]] |Song = "[[Our Delaware]]" |Route Marker = Elongated circle 1.svg |Quarter = 1999 DE Proof.png |QuarterReleaseDate = 1999 }} '''Delaware''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Delaware.ogg|ˈ|d|ɛ|l|ə|w|ɛər}})<ref>''Random House Dictionary''.</ref> is ane o the [[Mid-Atlantic states]] locatit in the [[Northeast megalopolis]] region o the Unitit States.{{Efn|name="WhichRegion"|While the [[U.S. Census Bureau]] designates Delaware as ane o the [[South Atlantic States]], it is uisually groupit wi the [[Mid-Atlantic States]] an/or the [[Northeastren Unitit States]].}} It is bordered tae the sooth an wast bi [[Maryland]], tae the northeast bi [[New Jersey]], an tae the north bi [[Pennsylvanie]]. The state taks its name frae [[Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr]], an Inglis nobleman an[[Virginie]]'s first colonial govrenor,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Delaware|title= Delaware| accessdate=February 24, 2007|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> efter whom what is nou cried [[Cape Henlopen]] wis oreeginally named.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware: Their History and Relation to the Indians, Dutch and English, 1638-1664 : with an Account of the South, the New Sweden, and the American Companies, and the Efforts of Sweden to Regain the Colony, Volume 1|author=Johnson, Amandus|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|year=1911|page=167}}</ref> Delaware is in the northeastren portion o the [[Delmarva Peninsula]] an is the [[Leet o U.S. states an territories bi aurie|seicont smawest]], the [[Leet o U.S. states an territories bi population|saxth least populous]], but the [[Leet o U.S. states an territories bi population density|saxt maist densely populatit]] o the 50 Unitit States. Delaware is dividit intae [[Leet o coonties in Delaware|three coonties]], the lawest nummer o coonties o ony state. Frae north tae sooth, the three counties are [[New Castle Coonty, Delaware|New Castle]], [[Kent Coonty, Delaware|Kent]], an [[Sussex Coonty, Delaware|Sussex]]. While the soothren twa coonties hae historically been predominantly agricultural, New Castle Coonty haes been mair industrialisit. Afore its coastline wis splorit bi Europeans in the 16t century, Delaware wis inhabitit bi several groups o Native Americans, includin the [[Lenape]] in the north an [[Nanticoke Indian Tribe|Nanticoke]] in the sooth. It wis initially colonisit bi [[Dutch fowk|Dutch]] traders at [[Zwaanendael Colony|Zwaanendael]], near the present toun o [[Lewes, Delaware|Lewes]], in 1631.<ref>{{cite book|title=Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey and Delaware, 1630-1707, Volume 13|author=Myers, Albert Cook|publisher=C. Scribner's Sons|year=1912|p=8}}</ref> Delaware wis ane o the [[Thirteen Colonies|13 colonies]] pairticipatin in the [[American Revolution]] an on 7 Dizember 1787, became the first state tae ratifee the [[Constitution o the Unitit States]], tharebi becomin kent as ''The First State''. ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== ;State govrenment * [ {{PAGENAME}} state govrenment wabsteid] ==Relatit information== {{Navboxes |title= [[File:Nuvola apps kpdf2.png|25px]] Topics relatit tae {{PAGENAME}} |state=off |list1=</span> {{{{PAGENAME}}|expanded}} {{Unitit States poleetical diveesions}} {{Unitit States topics}} }} [[Category:Delaware| ]] [[Category:States o the Unitit States]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1787]] {{Stub/USA}} 8y051srlcdxsrafqo7jknwja4u2qzbc 0 37993 928110 921144 2026-11-11T20:47:30Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox U.S. state | Name = Mississippi | Fullname = State of Mississippi | Bird = [[Mockingbird]] | Tree = [[Magnolia]] | Flower = [[Magnolia blossom]] | Seal = Seal of Mississippi (2014).svg | Seallink = [[Seal o Mississippi|Seal]] | Map = Mississippi in United States.svg | Nickname = "The Magnolia State", "The Hospitality State" | Motto = ''Virtute et Armis'' | MottoEnglish = By Valor and Arms | Former = Mississippi Territory | Music = Mississippi is known for the [[blues]] | Demonym = Mississippian | Capital = [[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]] | OfficialLang = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] | LargestCity = capital | Largest Metro = [[Jackson metropolitan aurie]] | Governor = [[Phil Bryant]] ([[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|R]]) | Lieutenant Governor = [[Tate Reeves]] (R) | Legislature = [[Mississippi Legislature]] | Upperhouse = State Senate | Lowerhouse = Hoose o Representatives | Senators = {{Plainlist| * [[Cindy Hyde-Smith]] (R) * [[Roger Wicker]] (R) }} | Representative = 3 Republicans, 1 Democrat | PostalAbbreviation = MS | TradAbbreviation = Miss. | AreaRank = 32nt | TotalAreaUS = 48,430 | TotalArea = 125,443 | LandAreaUS = 46,952 | LandArea = 121,607 | WaterAreaUS = 1,521 | WaterArea = 3,940 | PCWater = 3% | PopRank = 32nt | 2010Pop = 2,992,333 (2015 est)<ref name="PopEstUS">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2015/tables/NST-EST2015-01.csv|format=CSV|title=Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015|date=December 26, 2015|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=December 26, 2015}}</ref> | DensityRank = 32nd | 2000DensityUS = 63.5 | 2000Density = 24.5 | MedianHouseholdIncome = $36,338 | IncomeRank = 50t | AdmittanceOrder = 20t | AdmittanceDate = 10 Dizember 1817 | TimeZone = [[Central Time Zone (North Americae)|Central]]: [[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]] [[Central Staundart Time|−6]]/[[Central Daylicht Time|−5]] | Latitude = 30° 12′ N tae 35° N | Longitude = 88° 06′ W tae 91° 39′ W | WidthUS = 170 | Width = 275 | LengthUS = 340 | Length = 545 | HighestPoint = [[Woodall Mountain]]<ref>{{cite ngs|designation=Knob Reset|id=EG1487}}</ref><ref name=USGS>{{cite web |url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |accessdate=October 24, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archivedate=2011-10-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref> | HighestElevUS = 807 | HighestElev = 246.0 | MeanElevUS = 300 | MeanElev = 90 | LowestPoint = [[Gulf o Mexico]]<ref name=USGS /> | LowestElevUS = 0 | LowestElev = 0 | ISOCode = US-MS | Website = www.ms.gov }} {{Infobox U.S. state symbols | Flag = Flag of Mississippi.svg | Seal = Seal of Mississippi (2014).svg | Coat of arms = Coat of arms of Mississippi.svg | Name = Mississippi | Amphibian = | Bird = {{Plainlist| * [[Northren mockingbird]] * (''Mimus polyglottos'') }} | Butterfly = {{Plainlist| * [[Papilio troilus|Spicebush swallowtail]] * (''Papilio troilus'') }} | Crustacean = | Fish = {{Plainlist| * [[Largemouth bass]] * (''Micropterus salmoides'') }} | Flower = [[Magnolia]] | Grass = | Insect = {{Plainlist| * [[Wastren honey bee]] * (''Apis mellifera'') }} | Mammal = [[White-tailed deer]] (''Odocoileus virginianus'') | Reptile = {{Plainlist| * [[American alligator]] * (''Alligator mississippiensis'') }} | Tree = {{Plainlist| * [[Magnolia grandiflora|Southern magnolia]] * (''Magnolia grandiflora'') }} | Beverage = [[Milk]] | Colors = reid an blue | Dance = [[Clogging]] | Food = [[Sweet potato]] | Gemstone = [[Emerald]] | Mineral = [[Gowd]] | Motto = ''[[Virtute et armis]]'' | Rock = [[Granite]] | Shell = {{Plainlist| * [[Eastern oyster]] * (Crassostrea virginica) }} | Slogan = ''First Flight'' (unoffeecial) | Song = "[[Go, Mississippi]]" | Route Marker = Ellipse sign 15.svg | Quarter = 2002 MS Proof.png | QuarterReleaseDate = 2002 }} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is a [[U.S. state|state]] locatit in the [[sootheastren Unitit States|sootheastren region]] o the [[Unitit States]]. Mississippi is the [[Leet o U.S. states an territories bi aurie|32nt maist extensive]] an [[Leet o U.S. states bi population|32nt maist populous]] o the [[Leet o states an territories o the Unitit States|50 Unitit States]]. It is mairchit bi [[Tennessee]] tae the north, [[Alabama]] tae the east, the [[Gulf of Mexico]] an [[Louisiana]] tae the sooth, an [[Arkansas]] an Louisiana tae the wast. The state's wastren boundary is lairgely defined bi the [[Mississippi River]]. [[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]], wi a population o approximately 175,000 fowk, is baith the state's [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an [[Leet o municipalities in Mississippi|lairgest ceety]]. The state is hivily forestit ootside the [[Mississippi Delta]] aurie, that is the aurie atween the Mississippi an Yazoo rivers. Afore the [[American Ceevil War]], maist development in the state wis alang riverfronts, as the watterweys wae creetical for transportation. Lairge gangs o sclaves war uised tae wirk on cotton plantations. Efter the war, [[freedmen]] begoud tae clear the bottomlands tae the interior, in the process sellin aff timmer an buyin property. Bi the end o the 19t century, [[African Americans]] made up twa-thirds o the Delta's property awners, but timmer an railwey companies acquired muckle o the laund efter the financial creesis, that occurred whan blacks war facin increasin racial discrimination an disfranchisement in the state. Clearin o the laund for plantations altered the Delta's ecology, increasin the severity o fluidin alang the Mississippi bi takkin oot trees an bushes that haed absorbed excess watters. Muckle laund is nou held bi agribusinesses. A lairgely rural state wi agricultural auries dominatit bi industrial farms, Mississippi is ranked law or last amang the states in sic meisurs as heal, eddicational attainment, an median hoosehaud income.<ref name="America's Health Rankings">{{cite web |url= http://www.americashealthrankings.org/MS |title= Mississippi Annual State Health Rankings - 2013 |website= America's Health Rankings |accessdate= October 5, 2014 |archive-date= 2016-04-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160424025323/http://www.americashealthrankings.org/MS |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.statemaster.com/graph/edu_per_of_peo_who_hav_com_hig_sch_inc_equ-completed-high-school-including-equivalency |title= Percent of People Who Have Completed High School (Including Equivalency) statistics – states compared – Statemaster |publisher= |accessdate= October 5, 2014 |archive-date= 2014-10-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083106/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/edu_per_of_peo_who_hav_com_hig_sch_inc_equ-completed-high-school-including-equivalency |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://proximityone.com/stmhi0910.htm|title=State Median Household Income Patterns: 1990–2010 |publisher= U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate= August 6, 2012 }}</ref> The state's [[catfish]] [[aquacultur]] farms produce the majority o farm-raised catfish consumed in the Unitit States.<ref>[http://msucares.com/aquaculture/catfish/ "Aquaculture: Catfish"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409072110/http://msucares.com/aquaculture/catfish/ |date=2016-04-09 }}, Mississippi State University</ref> Syne the 1930s an the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] o African Americans tae the North an Wast, the majority o Mississippi's population haes been white, awtho the state still haes the heichest percentage o black residents o ony U.S. state. Frae the early 19t century tae the 1930s, its residents war majority black, an afore the American Ceevil War that population wis componed lairgely o African-American sclaves. [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic Party]] whites reteened poleetical pouer throu disfranchisement an [[Jim Crow laws]]. In the first hauf o the 20t century, nearly 400,000 rural blacks left the state for wirk an opportunities in northren an midwastren ceeties, wi anither wave o migration aroond [[Warld War II]] tae Wast Coast ceeties. In the early 1960s, Mississippi wis the puirest state in the naition, wi 86% o its non-whites livin ablo the poverty level.<ref>{{cite book|first=Steven |last=Kasher|title=The Civil Rights Movement: A Photographic History, 1954–68|url=https://archive.org/details/civilrightsmovem00kash |location=New York|publisher=Abbeville Press |year=1996|pages=[https://archive.org/details/civilrightsmovem00kash/page/132 132]–135}}</ref> In 2010, 37% o Mississippians war African Americans, the heichest percentage o African Americans in ony U.S. state. Syne regainin enforcement o their votin richts in the late 1960s, maist African Americans hae supportit Democratic candidates in local, state an naitional elections. Conservative whites hae shiftit tae the [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican Pairty]]. African Americans are a majority in mony coonties o the Mississippi-[[Yazoo River|Yazoo]] Delta, an aurie o historic sclave settlement in the plantation era. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== ;State govrenment * [http://www.ms.gov/ {{PAGENAME}} state govrenment wabsteid] ==Relatit information== {{Navboxes |title= [[File:Nuvola apps kpdf2.png|25px]] Topics relatit tae {{PAGENAME}} |state=off |list1=</span> {{{{PAGENAME}}|expanded}} {{Unitit States poleetical diveesions}} {{Unitit States topics}} }} [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]] [[Category:States o the Unitit States]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1817]] {{Stub/USA}} bkbq3ql3pe3xaq81wdz8js0hu5h5bhn 4 39361 928001 890246 2026-11-11T12:47:49Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 928001 wikitext text/x-wiki Ae '''stub''' is a sma cutty airticle. == Templates == {{tl|Stub}} * {{tl|Stub/Africae}} ** {{tl|Stub/Angolae}} ** {{tl|Stub/DRCongo}} ** {{tl|Stub/Ghana}} ** {{tl|Stub/GuineaBissau}} ** {{tl|Stub/NAfricae}} *** {{tl|Stub/Egyp}} **** {{tl|Stub/EgypGeo}} *** {{tl|Stub/Libie}} * {{tl|Stub/Ainimal}} ** {{tl|Stub/Fish}} * {{tl|Stub/Antipodes}} ** {{tl|Stub/NewZealand}} * {{tl|Stub/Asie}} ** {{tl|Stub/Asie/Central}} *** {{tl|Stub/Afghanistan}} *** {{tl|Stub/Kyrgyzstan}} *** {{tl|Stub/Tajikistan}} *** {{tl|Stub/Turkmenistan}} ** {{tl|Stub/MiddleEast}} *** {{tl|Stub/Cyprus}} *** {{tl|Stub/Iran}} *** {{tl|Stub/Iraq}} *** {{tl|Stub/Israel}} **** {{tl|Stub/IsraelGeo}} *** {{tl|Stub/Lebanon}} **** {{tl|Stub/LebanonGeo}} *** {{tl|Stub/Qatar}} *** {{tl|Stub/SaudiArabie}} *** {{tl|Stub/Sirie}} *** {{tl|Stub/Turkey}} *** {{tl|Stub/Yemen}} ** {{tl|Stub/Asie/East}} *** {{tl|Stub/Cheenae}} *** {{tl|Stub/Japan}} ** {{tl|Stub/Indie}} * {{tl|Stub/Beuk}} * {{tl|Stub/Bird}} * {{tl|Stub/Caur}} * {{tl|Stub/Ceety}} ** {{tl|Stub/Toun}} * {{tl|Stub/Day}} * {{tl|Stub/Europe}} ** {{tl|Stub/Balkans}} ** {{tl|Stub/Baltics}} ** {{tl|Stub/Finland}} ** {{tl|Stub/Fraunce}} ** {{tl|Stub/Germany}} ** {{tl|Stub/Iceland}} ** {{tl|Stub/IrishRepublic}} ** {{tl|Stub/Italy}} ** {{tl|Stub/Norawa}} ** {{tl|Stub/Poland}} ** {{tl|Stub/Roushie}} ** {{tl|Stub/Spain}} ** {{tl|Stub/Swaden}} ** {{tl|Stub/UnititKinrick}} *** {{tl|Stub/Chainel}} *** {{tl|Stub/Ingland}} **** {{tl|Stub/Cornwall}} *** {{tl|Stub/Manx}} *** {{tl|Stub/NorthrenIreland}} *** {{tl|Stub/Scotland}} **** {{tl|Stub/Aiberdeen}} **** {{tl|Stub/Edinburgh}} **** {{tl|Stub/Glesga}} **** {{tl|Stub/Orkney}} **** {{tl|Stub/Shetland}} *** {{tl|Stub/Wales}} * {{tl|Stub/Film}} ** {{tl|Stub/Actor}} *** {{tl|Stub/USActor}} * {{tl|Stub/Haliday}} * {{tl|Stub/Kirk}} * {{tl|Stub/Leid}} * {{tl|Stub/Lang}} * {{tl|Stub/Muisic}} * {{tl|Stub/NorthAmericae}} ** {{tl|Stub/Canadae}} ** {{tl|Stub/CentralAmericae}} ** {{tl|Stub/Mexico}} ****{{tl|Stub/MorelosGeo}} ****{{tl|Zacatecas-geo-stub}} ** {{tl|Stub/UnititStates}} *** {{tl|Stub/UnititStates/Media}} *** {{tl|Stub/UnititStates/Pol}} **** {{tl|Stub/USPoliteecian}} ** {{tl|Stub/Cuba}} * {{tl|Stub/Oceanie}} ** {{tl|Stub/Australie}} * {{tl|Stub/Plaunt}} * {{tl|Stub/Science}} ** {{tl|Stub/Technologie}} * {{tl|Stub/SoothAmericae}} ** {{tl|Stub/Brazil}} *** {{tl|Stub/BrazilGeo}} **** {{tl|Stub/MinasGeraisGeo}} **** {{tl|Stub/RiodeJaneiroGeo}} ** {{tl|Stub/Colombie}} * {{tl|Stub/Sport}} * {{tl|Stub/TV}} * {{tl|Stub/Time}} * {{tl|Stub/Unc}} s82qfodv1tnah09vkn5697vdfrg23j2 0 40395 928081 917267 2026-11-11T19:10:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = Jesús María |settlement_type =[[Municipalities o Mexico|Municipality]] |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = EscudoJesusmaria.jpg |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = Jesus Maria en Aguascalientes.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Municipality location in Aguascalientes |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Mexico <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize =280 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Aguascalientes]] |subdivision_type2 = Municipal seat |subdivision_name2 = [[Jesús María, Aguascalientes|Jesús María]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 499 <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of =2010 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total =99,590 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|21|58|N|102|21|W|region:MX|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Jesús María''' is a [[municipalities o Mexico|municipality]] in the [[Mexico|Mexican state]] o [[Aguascalientes]]. It staunds at {{coord|21|58|N|102|21|W|}}. The municipality reportit 99,590 inhabitants in the 2010 census. Its municipal seat, [[Jesús María, Aguascalientes]], (population 38,631, the seicont-lairgest ceety in the state) is locatit so close tae the state caipital ceety o [[Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes|Aguascalientes]], that it haes been swallaeed bi it, renderin it pairt o the Aguascalientes [[metropolitan aurie]], wi the function o a suburban aurie. The municipality haes an aurie o 499.18 km² (192.73 sq mi). ==Settlements== *[[Jesús María, Aguascalientes|Jesús María]], municipal seat, population 38631 *[[Jesús Gómez Portugal]], pop. 7126 *[[Corral de Barrancos]], pop. 2329 *[[Maravillas]], pop. 1787 *[[Valladolid, Aguascalientes|Valladolid]], pop. 1608 ==References== *[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510204704/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ |date=2013-05-10 }} [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática]] (INEGI) *[http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_aguascalientes Aguascalientes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515091406/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_aguascalientes |date=2007-05-15 }} Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México ==Freemit airtins== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120819134933/http://www.jesusmaria.gob.mx/ Muncipio de Jesús María] Offeecial wabsteid *[http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/ Gobierno del Estado de Aguascalientes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406171651/http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/ |date=2007-04-06 }} Offeecial wabsteid o state o Aguascalientes [[Category:Municipalities o Aguascalientes]] {{Municipalities o Aguascalientes}} 74yqf2fclu39ufpxbzh13h6sjfzdpmy 0 40928 928000 927981 2026-11-11T12:45:50Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 remuived See an aw section, addit stub tag 928000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |official_name = Abreus |settlement_type = [[Municipalities o Cuba|Municipality]] |pushpin_map = Cuba |pushpin_label_position = none |pushpin_map_caption = Location o Abreus in [[Cuba]] |pushpin_mapsize = 280 |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cuba}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Cuba|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Cienfuegos Province|Cienfuegos]] |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1840<ref name=guije/> |area_footnotes =<ref name=statoids/> |area_total_km2 = 564 |population_as_of = 2004 |population_footnotes = <ref name=atenas/> |population_total = 30330 |population_density_km2 = 53.8 |timezone = [[Eastren Time Zone|EST]] |utc_offset = -5 |coordinates ={{coord|22|16|50|N|80|34|4|W|region:CU|display=inline}} |elevation_m = 60 |area_code = +53-432 }} '''Abreus''' is a municipality an ceety in the [[Cienfuegos Province]] o [[Cuba]]. The municipality is dividit intae the [[barrio]]s o Abreus.<ref name=guije/> It wis foondit in 1840.<ref name=guije>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guije.com/pueblo/municipios/vabreu/index.htm|title=Abreus|author=Guije.com|accessdate=2007-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012221925/http://guije.com/pueblo/municipios/vabreu/index.htm|archivedate=2007-10-12|url-status=live}} {{Es icon}}</ref> ==Demografics== In 2004, the municipality o Abreus haed a population o 30,330.<ref name=atenas>{{Cite web| url=http://www.atenas.inf.cu/todo/Estadisticas/TABLA%20No_3balance.htm| title=2004 Population trends, by Province and Municipality| author=Atenas.cu| year=2004| access-date=2007-10-07| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714001016/http://www.atenas.inf.cu/todo/Estadisticas/TABLA%20No_3balance.htm| archivedate=14 July 2006|url-status=dead}}{{Es icon}}</ref> Wi a total aurie o {{convert|564|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name=statoids>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/ycu.html|title=Municipios of Cuba|author=Statoids|year=2003|access-date=2007-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012141831/http://statoids.com/ycu.html|archive-date=2007-10-12|url-status=live}}</ref> it haes a population densitie o {{convert|53.8|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}. ==References== {{Reflist}}{{Stub/Cuba}}{{Municipalities in Cienfuegos}} [[Category:Populatit places in Cienfuegos Province]] i8iifugtw76zu9js830441mzqz8p436 0 41420 928096 850246 2026-11-11T19:39:25Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Koghb <br/> Կողբ |native_name = |image_skyline = Bn.2009,hoktember.JPG |image_caption = Koghb |pushpin_map = Armenia |mapsize = 150px |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Armenie]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Marz (Province)]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Tavush Province|Tavush]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_total_km2 = |area_footnotes = |population_as_of = 2008 |population_total = 4733 |population_density_km2 = |timezone = &nbsp; |utc_offset = +4 |timezone_DST = &nbsp; |utc_offset_DST = +5 |coordinates = {{coord|41|10|57|N|44|58|33|E|region:AM|display=inline}} |elevation_m = |area_code = |website = http://www.koghb.am/ }} '''Koghb''' ({{lang-hy|Կողբ }}) is a toun locatit in the [[Tavush Province]] o [[Armenie]]. Mshkavank kent as Mshakavank an aw, wi a restored kirk o Astvatsatsin, gavit, a 5-6t c. Tsghakhach kirk, 6t c. Tvarageghtsi kirk an cemetery o the 12-13t c. are somewhare on the muntain 3–4&nbsp;km soothwast o the toun. 1.5&nbsp;km sootheast is the Berdategh [[cyclopean masonry|cyclopean]] fort, an possibly in close proximity is the fort o Gharanots Gol an aw. Wast o Koghb 10&nbsp;km are twa cyclopean forts, Zikurati an Kozmani, wi [[Bronze Age]] tomb fields adjacent. 15&nbsp;km wast is the Patashar cyclopean fort. Northwast o Koghb are the ruins o Surb Arakel shrine in the auld Arakelots veelage. == Links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170509013021/http://www.koghb.am/ Koghb Offeecial Wabsteid] == References == * {{GEOnet2|32FA881E6DD63774E0440003BA962ED3}} (as Koghb) * [http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-17&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=x World Gazeteer: Armenia]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} &ndash; Warld-Gazetteer.com * {{ArmenianCensus|116}} * {{citation|last=Kiesling |first=Brady |title=Rediscovering Armenia: Guide |publisher=Matit Graphic Design Studio|location=[[Yerevan, Armenia]]|year=2005}} * {{RediscoveringArmenia|117-118}} {{Tavush}} [[Category:Populatit places in Tavush Province]] 4d3b6hlexrrxfacwxy4xd7g8m2ahj2c 0 46391 928043 642903 2026-11-11T16:05:44Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 928043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name =Lusagyugh |native_name =Լուսագյուղ |pushpin_map =Armenia |mapsize =150px |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Armenie]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Marz (Province)]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Armavir Province|Armavir]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_total_km2 = |area_footnotes = |population_as_of = 2001 |population_total =930 |population_density_km2 = |timezone =&nbsp; |utc_offset = +4 |timezone_DST =&nbsp; |utc_offset_DST = +5 |coordinates = {{coord|40|05|20|N|44|16|12|E|region:AM|display=inline}} |elevation_m = |area_code = |website = }} '''Lusagyugh''' ({{lang-hy|Լուսագյուղ}}, [[Romanise|Romansit]] as '''Lusagyukh''', '''Lusagekh''', an '''Lusaghyugh''' an aw; till 1935, '''Nerk’in Turkmenlu''' an '''Turkmenlu''') is a toun in the [[Armavir Province, Armavir|Armavir Province]] o [[Armeinie]]. == References == *{{GEOnet2|32FA881E6D213774E0440003BA962ED3}} *{{ArmenianCensus|130}} *{{RediscoveringArmenia|40}} {{Armavir}} [[Category:Populatit places in Armavir Province]] nlibblebmllw4hgukyniwirx9gsxgfv 928044 928043 2026-11-11T16:06:07Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 addit stub tag 928044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name =Lusagyugh |native_name =Լուսագյուղ |pushpin_map =Armenia |mapsize =150px |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Armenie]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Marz (Province)]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Armavir Province|Armavir]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_total_km2 = |area_footnotes = |population_as_of = 2001 |population_total =930 |population_density_km2 = |timezone =&nbsp; |utc_offset = +4 |timezone_DST =&nbsp; |utc_offset_DST = +5 |coordinates = {{coord|40|05|20|N|44|16|12|E|region:AM|display=inline}} |elevation_m = |area_code = |website = }} '''Lusagyugh''' ({{lang-hy|Լուսագյուղ}}, [[Romanise|Romansit]] as '''Lusagyukh''', '''Lusagekh''', an '''Lusaghyugh''' an aw; till 1935, '''Nerk’in Turkmenlu''' an '''Turkmenlu''') is a toun in the [[Armavir Province, Armavir|Armavir Province]] o [[Armeinie]]. == References == *{{GEOnet2|32FA881E6D213774E0440003BA962ED3}} *{{ArmenianCensus|130}} *{{RediscoveringArmenia|40}} {{Stub/Armenie}}{{Armavir}} [[Category:Populatit places in Armavir Province]] clpxlcx5lb6jqh8ndxglbrrzqkbhss9 0 46454 928079 915537 2026-11-11T18:58:52Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Italian Argentine<br/><small>''Italo Argentino''</small> |image = [[File:Inmigracion-argentina-efecto.JPG|250px]] |caption = Italian immigrants tae Argentinae |poptime = '''24,000,000'''<ref name="Asteriscos.tv">[http://www.igougo.com/story-s1214518-Buenos_Aires-Buenos_Aires_for_Dummies.html Esperanza Mía] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927102347/http://www.igougo.com/story-s1214518-Buenos_Aires-Buenos_Aires_for_Dummies.html |date=2013-09-27 }}; [http://www.asteriscos.tv/dossier-3.html ''Some 24 million fowk livin in Argentinae hae some degree o Italian strynd'', Asteriscos. (Spanish)]</ref><br /> <small>'''60% o Argentinae's population'''</small><br/> <small>'''Includin whose mixed wi ither ancestries'''</small> |popplace = Throuoot Argentinae |langs = [[Rioplatense Spaingie]], [[Italian leid|Italian]] an [[Italian dialects]]. |rels = Predominantly [[Roman Catholicism]] |related = [[Italians]], [[Italian Brazilian]], [[Italian Chilean]], [[Italian Mexican]], [[Italian American]], [[Italian Uruguayan]], [[Italo-Venezuelans]], [[Italian-Peruvian]] }} An '''Italian Argentine''' ([[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]] an [[Italian leid|Italian]]: ''italo-argentino'') is a body born in [[Argentinae]] o [[Italians|Italian]] ancestry. It is estimatit up tae 17 million Argentines hae some degree o Italian strynd (up tae 39% o the total population).<ref name="Asteriscos.tv"/> Italians began arrivin in Argentinae in great nummers frae 1857 tae 1940, totalin 44.9% o the entire immigrant population; mair nor frae ony other country (includin Spain at 31.5%), an this migratory flow continued tae the early 1950s, wi Italy haein the maist emigrants tae Argentinae for the decades 1980–2000 an aw. Acause o this, Italian strynd is at least 60% o the population,<ref name="migranti.torino.it">{{Cite web |url=http://www.migranti.torino.it/Documenti%20%20PDF/italianial%20ster05.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-02-19 |archive-date=2008-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227022729/http://www.migranti.torino.it/Documenti%20%20PDF/italianial%20ster05.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> almost 25 million.<ref name="Asteriscos.tv" /><ref name="migranti.torino.it"/> Italian dounset in Argentinae, alang wi [[Spaingie Argentine|Spaingie]] dounset, formit the backbone o theday's [[Argentinae|Argentine]] society. Argentine cultur haes significant connections tae Italian cultur in terms o leid, customs an tradeetions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi98/BajarondelosBarcos/frames.htm |title=O.N.I.-Department of Education of Argentina |access-date=2013-02-19 |archive-date=2008-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915043427/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi98/BajarondelosBarcos/frames.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Argentine fowk o Italian strynd| ]] [[Category:Immigration tae Argentinae]] [[Category:Italian Argentine| ]] [[Category:Italian diaspora bi kintra|Argentine]] 9ygx36bgf46n2ytrmxt0q9btjdea7m5 0 47495 928036 831466 2026-11-11T15:57:07Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 updatit 928036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Chanal |settlement_type =Municipality |image_map = Chanal - Chiapas.PNG |mapsize = |map_caption = Municipality o Chanal in Chiapas |pushpin_map = Mexico <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =above |pushpin_mapsize =300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Chiapas]] |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |population_as_of =2010 |population_total = 10,817 |population_footnotes = <ref name=SEDESOL></ref> |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank2_title =Religions |coordinates = {{coord|16|38|56|N|92|13|17|W|region:MX|display=inline}} }} '''Chanal''' is a [[toun]] an ane o the 119 [[Municipalities o Chiapas]], in soothren [[Mexico]]. In 2005, the municipality haed a total population o 7,568.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chanal|url=http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/chiapas/municipios/07024a.htm|work=Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México|publisher=Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas|access-date=July 25, 2008|archive-date=2011-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518004410/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/chiapas/municipios/07024a.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, the toun haed 7,008 fowk, an the municipality haed in tot 10,817 fowk.<ref name=SEDESOL>{{cite web|title=Chanal|url=http://www.microrregiones.gob.mx/catloc/LocdeMun.aspx?tipo=clave&campo=loc&ent=07&mun=024|work=Catálogo de Localidades|publisher=[[Secretaría de Desarrollo Social]] (SEDESOL)|accessdate=23 April 2014|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024061328/http://www.microrregiones.gob.mx/catloc/LocdeMun.aspx?tipo=clave&campo=loc&ent=07&mun=024|url-status=dead}}</ref> up from 7,568 as of 2005.<ref> It covers an area o 295.6&nbsp;km². ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Chiapas}} [[Category:Populatit places in Chiapas]] [[Category:Municipalities o Chiapas]] qnw9ngqwdq1e8lpcsn7wv0y5k609hqn 928037 928036 2026-11-11T15:58:00Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 oops 928037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Chanal |settlement_type =Municipality |image_map = Chanal - Chiapas.PNG |mapsize = |map_caption = Municipality o Chanal in Chiapas |pushpin_map = Mexico <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =above |pushpin_mapsize =300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Chiapas]] |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |population_as_of =2010 |population_total = 10,817 |population_footnotes = <ref name=SEDESOL></ref> |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank2_title =Religions |coordinates = {{coord|16|38|56|N|92|13|17|W|region:MX|display=inline}} }} '''Chanal''' is a [[toun]] an ane o the 119 [[Municipalities o Chiapas]], in soothren [[Mexico]]. In 2005, the municipality haed a total population o 7,568.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chanal|url=http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/chiapas/municipios/07024a.htm|work=Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México|publisher=Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas|access-date=July 25, 2008|archive-date=2011-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518004410/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/chiapas/municipios/07024a.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, the toun haed 7,008 fowk, an the municipality haed in tot 10,817 fowk, up from 7,568 as of 2005.<ref name=SEDESOL>{{cite web|title=Chanal|url=http://www.microrregiones.gob.mx/catloc/LocdeMun.aspx?tipo=clave&campo=loc&ent=07&mun=024|work=Catálogo de Localidades|publisher=[[Secretaría de Desarrollo Social]] (SEDESOL)|accessdate=23 April 2014|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024061328/http://www.microrregiones.gob.mx/catloc/LocdeMun.aspx?tipo=clave&campo=loc&ent=07&mun=024|url-status=dead}}</ref> It covers an area o 295.6&nbsp;km². ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Chiapas}} [[Category:Populatit places in Chiapas]] [[Category:Municipalities o Chiapas]] pstk7g03a6d4g7s5a7vbxpkwmjhftb0 0 48708 928133 894002 2026-11-11T23:16:03Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist |image = | name = Seiko Matsuda<br />松田聖子 | image_size = 200px | background = solo_singer | birth_name = 蒲池法子 (Noriko Kamachi) | alias = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|03|10|df=yes}} | death_date = | origin = [[Kurume]], [[Fukuoka Prefectur|Fukuoka]], Japan | genre = [[Pop muisic|Pop]], [[kayōkyoku]] | occupation = [[Sangster]], [[leericist]], [[actress]] | years_active = 1980–present | label = | associated_acts = | website = [http://www.seikomatsuda.jp/ Official Website] }} {{nihongo|'''Seiko Matsuda'''|松田 聖子|Matsuda Seiko|born {{nihongo|Noriko Kamachi|蒲池 法子|Kamachi Noriko}}, on 10 Mairch 1962, in [[Kurume]], [[Fukuoka Prefectur|Fukuoka]]}} is a Japanese [[pop muisic|pop]] [[sangster-sangwriter]]. Due tae her popularity in the 1980s an her lang career, she haes been dubbit the "Eternal [[Japanese idol|idol]]" bi the Japanese media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hmv.co.jp/news/article/512130055|title=日本のシンガーTOP30 - 第7位|publisher=HMV Japan|date=2005-12-27|accessdate=2008-12-15|language=Japanese|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209022440/http://www.hmv.co.jp/news/article/512130055|archive-date=2015-02-09|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000043286|title=『眠れる森の美女』を松田聖子が歌う|publisher=Barks|date=2008-09-10|accessdate=2008-12-15|language=Japanese}}</ref> == Personal life == Matsuda haes been marriet three times. She wis marriet tae actor Masaki Kanda frae 1985 tae 1997, Matsuda haes a dochter, [[Sayaka Kanda]], who is a sangster an aw. Her seicont husband wis a dentist whom she marriet in 1998. They divorcit in 2000. On 13 Juin 2012, she annooncit her marriage tae a university associate professor on her offeecial wabsteid. == Discografie == === Albums === {| |valign="top" width=33%| * 1980: ''Squall'' * 1980: ''North Wind'' * 1981: ''風立ちぬ'' (Kaze Tachinu) * 1981: ''Silhouette'' * 1982: ''Pineapple'' * 1982: ''Candy'' * 1983: ''ユートピア'' (Utopia) * 1983: ''Canary'' * 1984: ''Tinker Bell'' * 1984: ''Windy Shadow'' * 1985: ''The 9th Wave'' * 1985: ''Sound of My Heart'' * 1986: ''Supreme'' * 1987: ''Strawberry Time'' * 1988: ''Citron'' * 1989: ''ゴヤ…歌でつづる生涯'' * 1989: ''Precious Moment'' * 1990: ''Seiko'' * 1990: ''We Are Love'' * 1991: ''Eternal'' * 1992: ''1992 Nouvelle Vague'' * 1992: ''Sweet Memories '93'' * 1993: ''Diamond Expression'' * 1993: ''A Time for Love'' |valign="top" width=33%| * 1994: ''Glorious Revolution'' * 1995: ''It's Style'95'' * 1996: ''Vanity Fair'' * 1996: ''Was It the Future'' * 1996: ''Guardian Angel'' * 1997: ''My Story'' * 1997: ''Sweetest Time'' * 1998: ''Forever'' * 1999: ''Seiko Matsuda: Re-Mixes'' * 1999: ''永遠の少女'' * 2000: ''20th Party'' * 2000: ''松田聖子 Seiko Remixes 2000'' * 2001: ''Love & Emotion'' Vol. 1 * 2001: ''Love & Emotion'' Vol. 2 * 2002: ''Area62'' * 2004: ''Sunshine'' * 2005: ''Fairy'' * 2005: ''Under the Beautiful Stars'' * 2006: ''Bless You'' * 2006: ''Eternal II'' * 2007: ''Baby's Breath'' * 2008: ''My Pure Melody'' * 2010: ''My Prelude'' * 2011: ''Cherish'' |} === Singles === {| |valign="top" width=33%| * 1979: ''Hadashi no Kisetsu'' * 1980: ''Aoi Sangoshou'' * 1980: ''Kaze wa Aki Iro '' * 1981: ''Cherry Blossom'' * 1981: ''Natsu no Tobira '' * 1981: ''Shiroi Parasol'' * 1981: ''Kaze Tachi Nu'' * 1982: ''Akai Sweet Pea '' * 1982: ''Nagisa no Balcony '' * 1982: ''Komugi Iro no Mermaid '' * 1982: ''Nobara no Etude'' * 1983: ''Himitsu no Hanazono'' * 1983: ''Tengoku no Kiss '' * 1983: ''Glass no Ringo/Sweet Memories'' * 1983: ''Hitomi wa Diamond'' * 1984: ''Rock'n Rouge '' * 1984: ''Jikan no Kuni no Alice'' * 1984: ''Pink no Mozart'' * 1984: ''Heart no Earing '' * 1985: ''Tenshi no Wink'' * 1985: ''Boy no Kisetsu'' * 1985: ''Dancing Shoes '' * 1987: ''Strawberry Time'' * 1987: ''Pearl-White Eve'' * 1988: ''Marakech'' * 1988: ''Tabidachi no Freesia'' * 1989: ''Precious Heart'' * 1990: ''The Right Combination'' (Duet wi [[Donnie Wahlberg]]) * 1990: ''Who's That Boy'' * 1990: ''We Are Love'' * 1992: ''Kitto, Mata Aeru'' * 1992: ''Anata no Subete ni Naritai'' * 1993: ''Taisetsu na Anata'' * 1993: ''A Touch of Destiny'' * 1993: ''Kakowareta, Ai jing '' * 1994: ''Mou Ichido, Hajime Kara'' * 1994: ''Kagayaita Kisetsu e Tabidatou'' |valign="top" width=33%| * 1995: ''Suteki ni, Once again '' * 1996: ''Anata ni Aitakute'' * 1996: ''Let's Talk About It'' * 1996: ''I'll Be There For You'' (Duet wi [[Robbie Nevil]]) * 1996: ''Sayonara no Shunkan'' * 1997: ''Watashi Dake no Tenshi'' * 1997: ''Gone with the Rain'' * 1998: ''Koisuru Omoi'' * 1998: ''Touch the Love '' * 1999: ''Kanashimi no Boat'' * 2000: ''20th Party'' * 2000: ''Shanhai Love Song'' * 2000: ''Unseasonable Shore'' * 2000: ''True Love Story'' (Duet wi [[Hiromi Go]]) * 2000: ''The Sound of Fire'' * 2001: ''Anata Shika Mienai'' * 2001: ''Ai Ai'' * 2002: ''Suteki na Ashita'' * 2003: ''Call Me'' * 2004: ''Aitai'' * 2004: ''Smile on Me'' (Duet wi [[Takaaki Ishibashi]]) * 2005: ''Eien Sae Kanji ta Yoru'' * 2005: ''I'll Fall in Love'' * 2005: ''Shiawase na Kimochi'' * 2006: ''Bless You'' * 2007: ''Namidaga Tada Koborerudake'' * 2007: ''Manatsu No YoNo Yume'' (Duet wi [[Takashi Fujii]]) * 2007: ''Christmas No Yoru'' * 2008: ''Love is All'' * 2010: ''Ikutsu no Yoake o Kazoetara'' * 2011: ''Tokubetsu na Koibito'' |} ==Filmografie== ===Films=== * ''[[Nogiku no Haka]]'' (1981) * ''[[Purumeria no Densetsu Tengoku no Kiss]]'' (1983) * ''[[Natsufuku no Eve]]'' (1984) * ''[[Karibu Ai no Symphony]]'' (1985) * ''[[Penguin's Memory]]'' (1985) (Voice) * ''[[Docchimo Docchi]]'' (1990) * ''[[Final Vendetta]]'' (1996) * ''[[Armageddon (1998 film)|Armageddon]]'' (1997) * ''[[Drop Dead Gorgeous (film)|Drop Dead Gorgeous]]'' (1999) * ''[[GEDO The Final Blade]]'' (2000) * ''[[Sennen no Koi Story of Genji]]'' (2001) * ''[[Shanghai Baby]]'' (2007) * ''[[Hotaru no Haka]]'' (2008) * ''[[Yazima Beauty Salon#Film|Yazima Beauty Salon The Movie]]'' (2010) ===TV=== * ''[[The Big Easy]]'' (1997) * ''[[Partners (2000 film)|Partners]]'' (2000) * ''[[King of the Hill]]'' (2002) - Season 6, Episodes 21 & 22 ([[Rhythm game]] playin girl) * ''[[Tatta Hitotsuno Takaramono]]'' (2004) * ''[[Hanazakari no Kimitachi e]]'' (2007) * ''[[Bones (TV series)|Bones]]'' (2010) - Saison 5, Episode 15 (Riku Iwanaga) * ''[[Taira no kiyomori]]'' (2012) == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.seikomatsuda.jp/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302025650/http://www.seikomatsuda.jp/ |date=2009-03-02 }} * [http://www.seikoweb.com/ Sony Music public steid] {{ja icon}} * [http://www.universal-music.co.jp/kittymme/artist/matuda/ Universal Music public site] {{ja icon}} * [http://www.hmv.co.jp/news/newsDetail.asp?newsnum=311040081 HMV Japan - Top 100 Japanese pop artists] {{ja icon}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Matsuda, Seiko}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Japanese female pop sangsters]] [[Category:Japanese idols]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kurume]] [[Category:Sony Music Japan airtists]] 4sztwpyax8j9wc1x47rbsx602z23sq3 0 48716 928019 927591 2026-11-11T15:15:56Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928019 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Celine Dion Concert Singing Taking Chances 2008.jpg|thumb|The adult contemporary airtist [[Céline Dion]] is ane o the biggest internaitional starns in the history o muisic. She haes selt mair nor 220 million albums ower the warld.<ref>{{cite web|last=Proefrock|first=Stacia|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/celine-dion-mn0000186185|title=Celine Dion - Music Biography, Credits and Discography|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=2012-10-03}}</ref>]] '''Adult contemporary''' ('''AC''') is a category o popular muisic makkit for adult listeners. The nem is also uised for the record charts an radio formats that concentrate on sic muisic. Whit gangs intae adult contemporary at ony time is shapit maistly bi the popular muisic trends o the day, an bi which trends an [[Muisic genre|genres]] appeal mair strangly tae young fowk. It wis first established as a continuation o the easy listenin an soft rock soonds o the 1960s an 1970s, as a coonterwecht tae the [[Haurd rock|haurd rock]] o thon time, an later tae [[Hivy metal muisic|hivy metal]] an [[Hip hop muisic|hip-hop]]. At first it concentratit on sangs wi mair or less influence frae easy listenin, [[Pop muisic|pop]], [[Soul muisic|soul]], R&B, quiet storm an [[Rock muisic|rock]]. In the 1990s adult contemporary stairtit tae tak in a hetter soond that makkit mair room for contemporary pop, an it developit sub-categories for particular genres. In [[radio]] braidcastin, adult contemporary formats uisually aim at adults atween 25 an 44, acause advertisers favour thaim. The formats are telt apairt maistly bi thair playlists. "Hot AC" stations uisually concentrate on uptempo mainstream muisic, sic as dance-pop, [[Contemporar R&B|contemporary R&B]], pop, alternative, indie an soft rock. They leave oot the mair specialised kinds o hip-hop, haurd rock, teen pop an electronic dance muisic that appeal less tae aulder listeners. "Mainstream AC" balances new muisic wi established hits frae past decades, an "soft AC" haes a mair conservative soond. AC stations can play pop hits frae earlier decades an aw, that thair listeners find nostalgic. Ither sub-categories o AC hae also come forrit: rhythmic adult contemporary, that concentrates on [[Dance muisic|dance muisic]]; urban adult contemporary, that concentrates on R&B an soul muisic; an Christian adult contemporary. == History == === 1960s === Adult contemporary haes its ruits in the easy listenin format o the 1960s, that played a mix o 70–80% instrumentals tae 20–30% vocals. The easy listenin format, as it wis first kent, cam oot o the wish o some radio stations in the late 1950s an early 1960s tae keep playin new hit sangs. They didnae want tae be brandit as rock an roll stations. ''Billboard'' first published its Easy Listening chart on 17 July 1961, wi 20 sangs. The first nummer ane wis "Boll Weevil Song" bi Brook Benton. The chart describit itsel as "not too far out in either direction".<ref name=Trust>{{cite magazine |last=Trust |first=Gary |date=July 23, 2011 |title=Vanilla Is Licking the Competition |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |volume=123 |issue=25}}</ref> Efter 1965 the differences atween the Hot 100 chart an the Easy Listening chart grew mair merkit. As rock muisic got haurder, there wis faur less crossower atween the twa charts than in the first hauf o the 1960s. Roger Miller, Barbra Streisand an Bobby Vinton were amang the chart's maist popular performers.<ref name=Trust/> === 1970s === Bi the late 1960s haurd rock haed been established as ane o the rock genres.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.thepeoplehistory.com/60smusic.html | title=1960s Music History including Sixties Styles, Bands and Artists | access-date=July 16, 2019 | archive-date=July 29, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729030844/http://www.thepeoplehistory.com/60smusic.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Haurd rock an soft rock becam separate popular forms in rock,<ref name="autogenerated687">{{cite book |title=The Guide to United States Popular Culture |publisher=Popular Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-87972-821-3 |editor1-last=Browne |editor1-first=R. B. |page=687 |editor2-last=Browne |editor2-first=P.}}</ref> an major radio formats in the US.<ref>{{cite book |first=M. C. |last=Keith |title=The Radio Station: Broadcast, Satellite and Internet |publisher=Focal Press |edition=8th |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-240-81186-4 |page=14}}</ref> Soft rock wis aften drawn frae folk rock. It uised acoustic instruments an pit mair weicht on melody an harmony. Its major artists includit Carole King, [[Cat Stevens]], James Taylor<ref name="curtis">{{cite book |last=Curtis |first=J. M. |title=Rock eras: interpretations of music and society, 1954–1984 |publisher=Popular Press |year=1987 |page=236}}</ref> an Bread.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/soft-rock-ma0000011841 |title=Soft Rock : Significant Albums, Artists and Songs, Most Viewed |publisher=AllMusic |access-date=January 9, 2013 |archive-date=February 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227063131/https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/soft-rock-ma0000011841 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://80music.about.com/od/genresmovements/p/softrockprofile.htm |title=Soft Rock – Profile of the Mellow, Romantic Soft Rock of the '70s and Early '80s |publisher=80music.about.com |date=April 12, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2013 |archive-date=January 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116133043/http://80music.about.com/od/genresmovements/p/softrockprofile.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the early 1970s, safter sangs bi [[The Carpenters]], Anne Murray, John Denver, Barry Manilow an even Barbra Streisand stairtit tae be played mair aften on Top 40 radio. The Hot 100 an the Easy Listening/AC charts becam mair alike. AC stations stairtit tae play safter sangs bi [[Elvis Presley]], [[Elton John]], [[Billy Joel]] an ither rock artists. Suin efter, rock acts sic as Chicago an the [[Eagles (baund)|Eagles]] cam tae be associatit wi the format.<ref name=Trust/> Soft rock reached its heichest commercial pynt in the mid tae late 1970s, wi acts sic as [[Toto (baund)|Toto]], Air Supply an the reformed Fleetwood Mac, whase album ''Rumours'' (1977) wis ane o the best-sellin albums o the decade.<ref>{{cite book |first=P. |last=Buckley |title=The Rough Guide to Rock |publisher=Rough Guides |edition=3rd |year=2003 |page=378}}</ref> Bi 1977 some radio stations, amang thaim WTFM an WYNY in New York an WEEI in Boston, haed chynged tae an aa-soft rock format.<ref>{{cite book |first1=C. H. |last1=Sterling |first2=M. C. |last2=Keith |title=Sounds of Change: a History of FM broadcasting in America |publisher=UNC Press |year=2008 |pages=136–7}}</ref> === 1980s === On 7 Aprile 1979 the Easy Listening chart wis offeecially renamed Adult Contemporary.<ref name=Trust/> Adult contemporary muisic becam ane o the maist popular radio formats o the 1980s. As the decade gaed on, traditional AC artists sic as Barbra Streisand, The Carpenters, Barry Manilow, John Denver an [[Olivia Newton-John]] fund it harder tae hae major Top 40 hits. Some artists were staples o contemporary hit radio, sic as Richard Marx, [[Michael Jackson]], Bonnie Tyler, George Michael, [[Phil Collins]], [[Laura Branigan]] an Journey.<ref name=SoftRockClassificationBBC>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11733277|title=Journey: The band who did not stop believing|work=BBC News|access-date=December 6, 2010|date=November 12, 2010|archive-date=November 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116202649/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11733277|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=SoftRockClassificationMM>{{cite web|url=http://www.mademan.com/mm/10-best-soft-rock-ballads.html|title=10 Best Soft Rock Ballads|publisher=Made Man|access-date=December 6, 2010|date=November 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113200141/http://www.mademan.com/mm/10-best-soft-rock-ballads.html|archive-date=November 13, 2010|url-status=dead}} "Journey fans can easily list a dozen soft rock ballads from the band..."</ref> Throu the influence o [[MTV]], they stairtit tae cross ower tae the AC charts mair aften. === 1990s === Unlike maist mainstream sangsters o the 1980s, the mainstream pop an R&B sangsters o the 1990s generally crossed ower tae the AC charts. Amang them were All-4-One,<ref>{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=all-4-one|chart=all}}|title=All-4-One Album & Song Chart History|magazine=Billboard|access-date=October 3, 2012}}</ref> Boyz II Men, Christina Aguilera,<ref name="billboard.com">{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=mariah carey|chart=all}}|title=Mariah Carey Music News & Info|magazine=Billboard|access-date=October 3, 2012}}</ref> the Backstreet Boys an Savage Garden.<ref name="billboard.com"/> [[Laitin pop]] artists sic as Lynda Thomas,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloid=20981 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023042603/http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloid=20981 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 23, 2013 |title=Lynda realiza su internacionalización |access-date=March 27, 2015 |publisher=terra.com.mx |language=es }}</ref> [[Ricky Martin]], Marc Anthony, [[Selena]], [[Enrique Iglesias]] an [[Luis Miguel]] did weel on the AC charts an aw. Forby [[Céline Dion]], ither artists wi mair nor ae nummer ane on the AC chart in the 1990s include [[Mariah Carey]], Phil Collins, Michael Bolton, Bryan Adams, [[Whitney Houston]] an Shania Twain. New female sangwriters o adult album alternative, sic as Sarah McLachlan, Natalie Merchant, Jewel, Melissa Etheridge an Sheryl Crow, broke throu on the AC chart at this time an aw.<ref name="Hyatt">{{cite book | last=Hyatt | first=Wesley | title=The Billboard Book of Number One Adult Contemporary Hits | publisher=[[Billboard Books]] | location=New York City | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-8230-7693-2}}</ref> === 2000s tae the present === Josh Groban's single "You Raise Me Up" an Michael Bublé's cover o "Fever" are aften gien as key examples o the heich production values an ballad-hivy soond that merkit AC in the 2000s.<ref name="Trust" /> Key tae the success o AC in the 2000s wis listeners atween 25 an 34, that haed ootgrown the pop muisic o the time. Maist new rock haed becam ower alternative an harsh for AC radio, an maist new pop wis nou hivily influenced bi dance-pop, hip-hop an electronic dance muisic.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Joel Whitburn |last=Whitburn |first=Joel |year=2007 |title=Billboard Top Adult Songs 1961–2006 |publisher=Record Research Inc. |page=373}}</ref> In the late 2000s, some pop sangs stairtit tae enter the AC charts, uisually efter they haed recently drappit aff the Hot 100. Raither nor concentratin on aulder sangs, adult contemporary nou played monie o the same sangs as Top 40 an adult Top 40 stations, but anly efter the hits haed become established.<ref name="Trust" /> The shift o AC radio taewart mainstream pop wis a result o chynges in braidcastin efter the Great Recession. Advertisers preferred mair profitable chart-based formats, an monie AC formats, maistly thaim aimed at aulder listeners, cam tae an end. Fawin sales o physical records throu the 2010s wis a major blaw tae AC an aw.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-delilah/|title=The Queen of FM Fights for Her Throne|last=Boudway|first=Ira|date=June 14, 2016|website=[[Bloomberg Business Week]]|access-date=June 15, 2016|quote=It's destroying radio in general, and especially shows that don't play for the meter.|archive-date=June 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623090832/https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-delilah/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Adult contemporary formats == In radio braidcastin, adult contemporary is dividit intae several sub-formats, ilk ane wi its ain muisical direction an its ain target listeners. In hot adult contemporary formats the rotation is generally uptempo, wi recent hits that appeal tae a wide adult audience.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/adult-contemporary-radio-hits-millennials-724945/|title=Adult Radio Was Once the Butt of Jokes. Now It's the Hottest Radio Format|last=Leight|first=Elias|date=October 20, 2018|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=November 12, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=November 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112223628/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/adult-contemporary-radio-hits-millennials-724945/|url-status=live}}</ref> A station formatted as "adult contemporary" wi nae qualifier, kent forby as "mainstream" AC, generally haes a playlist lik hot AC stations, but wi a wider rotation o classic hits frae past decades.<ref name="ir-hotacchr">{{Cite news|url=http://www.insideradio.com/with-chr-polarizing-are-ac-hot-ac-the-new-top/article_1b3397c4-6321-11e8-ab4d-eba067176250.html|title=With CHR Polarizing, Are AC & Hot AC The New Top 40?|work=Insideradio.com|access-date=November 13, 2018|language=en|archive-date=May 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513160647/http://www.insideradio.com/with-chr-polarizing-are-ac-hot-ac-the-new-top/article_1b3397c4-6321-11e8-ab4d-eba067176250.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Soft adult contemporary formats hae a mair conservative soond, aimed maistly at adult weemen. Urban AC concentrates on R&B an [[Soul muisic|soul muisic]] that appeal tae African American adults, an rhythmic AC concentrates on dance muisic an ither rhythmic genres. == Christmas muisic == Syne the 1990s it haes become common for monie AC stations, soft AC stations abuin aw, tae play maistly or anly Christmas muisic in the [[Christmas]] season, in November an December. == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Popular muisic]] [[Category:Radio formats]] [[Category:Pop muisic genres]] [[Category:Easy listenin muisic]] [[Category:Muisic genres]] [[Category:Lounge muisic]] [[Category:New Age muisic]] [[Category:Soul muisic]] cpbxfy1oy289jnqe9pysu2rnigetnxb 0 49667 928100 927582 2026-11-11T19:55:21Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist |name = Lea Salonga |image = Lea Salonga San Francisco Sept 16 2011.png |alt = Heid an shouthers o an Asie wumman wi lang broon hair |image_size = 240px |caption = Lea Salonga in San Francisco, 16 September 2011 |background = solo_singer |birth_name = Maria Lea Carmen Imutan Salonga |alias = Lea Salonga-Chien |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1971|2|22}} |birth_place = [[Manila]], [[Metro Manila]], [[Philippines]] |origin = Angeles, Pampanga, [[Philippines]] |instrument = Vocals |genre = [[Pop muisic|Pop]], OPM,<br> [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], musical theatre |occupation = Sangster, actress |years_active = 1978–the day |label = [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]], Arista,<br> Capitol, EMI Philippines,<br> Musiko, [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music Philippines]],<br> WEA, Walt Disney |website = {{URL|http://www.leasalonga.com/}} }} '''Lea Salonga-Chien''', KLD—kent professionally as '''Lea Salonga''' ({{IPAc-en|pron|ˈ|l|eɪ|ə|_|s|ə|ˈ|l|ɒ|ŋ|ɡ|ə}}; born 22 Februar 1971)<ref>{{cite news |last=Campbell |first=Mary |date=December 27, 1992 |title=Lea Salonga moves from the Vietnam era to the French Revolution |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1051060626/?match=1&terms=%22Lea%20Salonga%22%20and%20pronounced |url-access=subscription |access-date=September 12, 2025 |work=Tarrytown Daily News |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=64 |via=Newspapers.com |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>—is a [[Filipino fowk|Filipina]] soprano [[sangster]] an [[actress]]. She is weel kent for playin the lead role o [[Miss Saigon#Major characters|Kim]] in the muisical ''[[Miss Saigon]]'',<ref name="broadway.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.broadway.com/gen/Buzz_Star_File.aspx?ci=23104|title=Broadway.com Star Files}}</ref> a role that wan her the Olivier, [[Tony Award|Tony]], Drama Desk, Outer Critics an Theatre World awards.<ref name="broadway.com" /><ref name="audreymagazine.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.audreymagazine.com/February2005/Features01.asp|title=Audrey Magazine: "The Entertainer"|access-date=2013-04-22|archive-date=2011-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319201419/http://www.audreymagazine.com/February2005/Features01.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kent as the ''Pride of the Philippines'', she haes heidlined shaws on Broadway an in the West End, appeared on television an in film warldwide, an released albums o her wirk. She stairtit performin in Philippine muisical theatre as a bairn, an makkit her professional debut at seiven year auld. She wan internaitional recognition in 1989 whan she wis the first tae play Kim in the West End production o ''Miss Saigon'', an she played the pairt again on Broadway in 1991. Her maist important awards include a [[Laurence Olivier Awards|Laurence Olivier Award]] (1990), a [[Tony Awards|Tony Award]] (1991) an twa [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] nominations (2004, 2019). She wis the first Asie tae play the roles o Éponine an Fantine in the muisical ''Les Misérables'' on Broadway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lesmis.com/pages/news/newsdetail.php?newskey=52|title=Les Miserables: "Tony Award winner to join cast as Fantine"|access-date=2013-04-22|archive-date=2007-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808195117/http://www.lesmis.com/pages/news/newsdetail.php?newskey=52|url-status=dead}}</ref> She also gied the singin voice o twa official Disney Princesses: Jasmine in ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]'' (1992), an Fa Mulan in ''Mulan'' (1998) an ''Mulan II'' (2004).<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=aIu8qmB_wxEC&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&dq=lea+salonga+age+of+seven+biography#PPA4,M1|title="The Right Way to Sing" by Linda Marquart: Lea Salonga Biography|isbn=978-1-58115-407-8|author1=Marquart|first1=Linda|last2=Salonga|first2=Lea|date=2005-04-01}}</ref> Salonga wis named a Disney Legend in 2011 for her wirk wi the company.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/08/21/11/lea-salonga-becomes-disney-legend |title=Lea Salonga becomes a Disney legend |access-date=2013-04-22 |archive-date=2013-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820110911/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/08/21/11/lea-salonga-becomes-disney-legend |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Personal life == On 10 Januar 2004, Salonga mairit Robert Charles Chien, a Cheenese-Japanese managin director o an entertainment [[Saftware|software]] company in Los Angeles, [[Californie|California]], that she met while she wis in ''Flower Drum Song''.<ref name="audreymagazine.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsflash.org/2002/08/sb/sb002334.htm|title=Newsflash.org: "A Whole New World for Lea Salonga"|access-date=2013-04-22|archive-date=2013-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820203910/http://www.newsflash.org/2002/08/sb/sb002334.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay hae a dochter, Nicole Beverly, born on 16 Mey 2006 an cried efter Salonga's late guid-mither, Beverly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicdigest.com/article/print/this-is-the-career-god-has-chosen-for-me|title=Catholic Digest: "This is the career God has chosen for me"|access-date=2013-04-22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107051101/http://www.catholicdigest.com/article/print/this-is-the-career-god-has-chosen-for-me|archive-date=2009-01-07}}</ref> She is a keen player o [[video gemme]]s an aw, an haes written aboot her luve for the hobby in a nummer o her newspaper articles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gmtristan.com/lea-salonga-is-a-gamer/|title=Le Salonga is a gamer|access-date=2013-04-22|archive-date=2009-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724083610/http://gmtristan.com/lea-salonga-is-a-gamer/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 15 October 2010, Lea Salonga wis named a Goodwill Ambassador o the {{lang|en|Food and Agriculture Organization}} o the Unitit Nations (FAO). ==Voice an muisical ability== Lea Salonga is a lyric soprano wi a range frae F3 tae C6.<ref name="leanight">{{cite web |url=http://newsflash.org/chat/leanight.htm |title=A Night with Lea Salonga |date=1 August 1997 |publisher=newsflash.org |accessdate=2012-09-24 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054558/http://newsflash.org/chat/leanight.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Salonga haes been praised for her control ower her pouerfu voice, that can easy shaw a wide range o emotions an soonds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theaureview.com/adelaide/live-review-lea-salonga-adelaide-festival-theatre-adelaide-10-06-12 |title=Live Review: Lea Salonga - Adelaide Festival Theatre, Adelaide (10.06.12) |date=11 June 2012 |first=Sosefina |last=Fuamoli |publisher=theaureview.com |accessdate=2012-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620141921/http://www.theaureview.com/adelaide/live-review-lea-salonga-adelaide-festival-theatre-adelaide-10-06-12 |archive-date=2012-06-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In her popular muisic releases, Salonga is kent for singin "simple love songs", that are common in traditional Original Pilipino Music.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/by-heart-mw0001032816 |title=Lea Salonga: By Heart |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |accessdate=2012-09-24 }}</ref> In baith Disney princess pairts, Salonga shaws aff her heid voice, that gangs up tae F5.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtdFPE.asp?ppn=MN0057034&ref=google |title=Reflection Lea Salonga Digital Sheet Music |publisher=musicnotes.com |accessdate=2012-09-24 }}{{link note |note=Purchase required |date=September 2012}}</ref> Her maist famous pairt, Kim in ''Miss Saigon'', is said tae shaw aff her voice weel frae the tap tae the bottom.<ref name="leanight" /> == Discografie == * ''Small Voice'' (1981) * ''Lea'' (1988) * ''[[Miss Saigon|Miss Saigon (Original London Cast)]]'' (1990) * ''The King And I (Hollywood Studio Cast)'' (1992) * ''Little Tramp – The Musical'' (1992) * ''Aladdin (soundtrack)'' (1992) * ''Lea Salonga'' (1993) * ''Les Miserables - The Dream Cast in Concert'' (1995) * ''Hey Mr. Producer: The Musical World of Cameron MacKintosh'' (1997) * ''I'd Like to Teach The World to Sing'' (1997) * ''Mulan (soundtrack)'' (1998) * ''By Heart'' (1999) * ''Lea... In Love'' (1999) * ''Lea Salonga Live Vol. 1'' (2000) * ''Lea Salonga Live Vol. 2'' (2000) * ''Lea Salonga: The Christmas Album'' (2000) * ''Making Tracks'' (2001) * ''Songs from The Screen'' (2001) * ''The Broadway Concert'' (2002) * ''Flower Drum Song'' (2002) * ''Songs From Home'' (2003) * ''100% Lea Gives Her Best'' (2003) * ''Songs from Home: Live Concert Recording'' (2004) * ''Mulan II'' (2005) * ''The Ultimate OPM Collection'' (2007) * ''Inspired'' (2007) * ''Shelldon'' (2008) * ''Lea Salonga: Your Songs'' (2009) * ''The Journey So Far - Recorded Live at Cafe Carlyle'' (2012) == Filmography == {| class = "wikitable sortable" |+Filmografie |- ! Year ! Film ! Role ! class = "unsortable" | Notes |- | 1981 | ''Tropang Bulilit'' | Lisa | |- | 1985 | ''Like Father, Like Son'' | Angela | |- | 1986 | ''Captain Barbell'' | Rosemarie | |- | 1986 | ''Ninja Kids'' | Yoko | |- | 1989 | ''Pik Pak Boom'' | Rosie | |- | 1989 | ''Dear Diary'' | Lenny Tacorda | The pairt "Dear Killer" |- | 1989 | ''{{sortname|The|Heat is on in Saigon|nolink=1}}'' | Hersel (Kim) | The makin o ''Miss Saigon'' |- | 1992 | ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]'' | Singin voice o Princess Jasmine | Voice anly |- | 1992 | ''Bakit Labis Kitang Mahal'' | Sandy | |- | 1993 | ''Olsen Twins Mother's Day Special'' | Sangster | Television film |- | 1994 | ''Aladdin Activity Center'' | Singin voice o Princess Jasmine | Voice anly<br />[[Video gemme]] |- | 1995 | ''Sana Maulit Muli'' | Agnes | |- | 1995 | ''Redwood Curtain'' | Geri Riorden | Television film |- | 1995 | ''Les Misérables: The 10t Anniversary Concert'' | Éponine | |- | 1998 | ''Mulan'' | Singin voice o Mulan | Voice anly |- | 2001 | ''Disney's Aladdin in Nasira's Revenge'' | Singin voice o Princess Jasmine | Voice anly<br />Video gemme |- | 2001 | ''ER'' | Amparo | [[Televeesion programme|Television programme]] |- | 2001 | ''As the World Turns'' | Lien Hughes #2 | Television programme<br />Back in the pairt in 2003 |- | 2004 | ''My Neighbor Totoro'' | Mrs. Kusakabe | Voice anly<br />Inglis dubbin |- | 2004 | ''Mulan II'' | Singin voice o Mulan | Voice anly<br />Direct-to-video |- | 2007 | ''Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams'' | Singin voice o Princess Jasmine | Voice anly<br />Direct-to-video |- | 2010 | ''Les Misérables: 25th Anniversary Concert'' | Fantine | |- | 2012 | ''Allegiance'' | Kei Kimura | |} == References == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons category|Lea Salonga}} *{{official website|http://www.leasalonga.com/}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Salonga, Lea}} [[Category:Filipino muisical theatre actors]] [[Category:Filipino bairn actors]] [[Category:Filipino female sangsters]] [[Category:Filipino Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Drama Desk Award winners]] [[Category:Laurence Olivier Awaird winners]] [[Category:Tony Awaird winners]] [[Category:Atlantic Records airtists]] [[Category:Arista Records airtists]] [[Category:Capitol Records airtists]] [[Category:Walt Disney Records airtists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Manila]] [[Category:Fowk frae Pampanga]] [[Category:Kapampangan fowk]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Lakandula]] [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Sopranos]] 1tra866495y87j36uf9jy6dqqzq9sy3 0 50332 928011 670277 2026-11-11T14:33:02Z CiphriusKane 74958 Reguidin tae [[Phoenix, Arizona]] 928011 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Phoenix, Arizona]] 7ca26ny0ges5mba46vyw6e3752ymiti 0 51067 928028 927519 2026-11-11T15:34:28Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tennis biography |name = Andy Murray |fullname = Andrew Barron Murray |image = Andy Murray Toyko 2011.jpg |caption = Murray in 2011 |kintra = [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[Davis Cup|Great Breetain]] |residence = Lunnon, Ingland |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|5|15|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Glesga]], [[Scotland]]<ref name=birth1>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottishroots.com/people/andy.php |title=Scottish Genealogy Scottish Family Tree History Research Genealogists: Andy Murray |publisher=Scottishroots.com |date=1987-05-15 |accessdate=2013-04-20 |archive-date=2013-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617050559/http://www.scottishroots.com/people/andy.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> |height = 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) |wecht = {{convert|82|kg|lb st|abbr=on}} |turnedpro = 2005 |retired = 1 August 2024 |plays = Richt-haundit (twa-haundit backhaund) |careerprizemoney = [[US$]]64,687,542<ref name="career-prize-money-leaders">{{cite web|title=ATP Prize Money Leaders|url=http://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/career_prize.pdf|access-date=12 July 2021|archive-date=30 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230094617/https://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/career_prize.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{small|&nbsp;6t&nbsp;aw-time&nbsp;leader&nbsp;in&nbsp;earnins}} |wabsteid = [http://www.andymurray.com/ www.andymurray.com] |singlesrecord = 662–189 (77.8%) |singlestitles = 46 |highestsinglesranking = No. 1 (7 November 2016) |AustralianOpenresult = F (2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016) |FrenchOpenresult = F (2016) |Wimbledonresult = '''W''' (2013, 2016) |USOpenresult = '''W''' (2012) |Othertournaments = Yes |MastersCupresult = '''W''' (2016) |Olympicsresult = [[File:Gold medal.svg|20px]] '''Gowd Medal''' (2012, 2016) |doublesrecord = 67–71 (48.5%) |doublestitles = 3 |highestdoublesranking = No. 51 (17 October 2011) |currentdoublesranking = |grandslamsdoublesresults = Yes |AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 1R (2006) |FrenchOpenDoublesresult = 2R (2006) |WimbledonDoublesresult = 1R (2005) |USOpenDoublesresult = 2R (2008) |OthertournamentsDoubles = Yes |MastersCupDoublesresult = |WTAChampionshipsDoublesresult = |OlympicsDoublesresult = 2R (2008) |Mixed = Yes |mixedrecord = 7–4 |mixedtitles = 0 |highestmixedranking = |grandslamsmixeddoublesresults = yes |OthertournamentsMixedDoubles = yes |WimbledonMixedresult = 2R (2006) |OlympicMixedDoublesresult = [[File:Silver medal.svg|20px]] Siller Medal (2012) |Team = yes |DavisCupresult = '''W''' (2015) |HopmanCupresult = F (2010) |updated = 8 November 2026 }} {{MedalTop}} {{MedalCountry|{{GBR2}}}} {{MedalSport|Men's Tennis}} {{MedalGold|[[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Lunnon]]|Singles}} {{Medal|Gold|[[2016 Simmer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]]|Singles}} {{MedalSilver|[[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Lunnon]]|Mixed Doobles}} {{MedalBottom}} {{stack end}} '''Sir Andrew Barron Murray''' [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (born 15 Mey 1987) is a [[Scots fowk|Scots]] tennis coach an umwhile professional [[tennis]] player. He wis rankit warld No. 1 in men's singles bi the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for 41 week, includin as the year-end No. 1 in 2016.<ref name=atp_profile>{{cite wab | url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/players/andy-murray/mc10/overview | title = Player profile – Andy Murray | publisher = [[Association of Tennis Professionals]] (ATP) | accessdate = 9 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Madrid Final 2016 Set By Set Djokovic Murray|url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/madrid-final-2016-set-by-set-djokovic-murray|website = [[Association of Tennis Professionals|atpworldtour.com]]|accessdate = 2016-05-09|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160508234957/http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/madrid-final-2016-set-by-set-djokovic-murray|archivedate = 2016-05-09}}</ref> Murray wan 46 ATP Tour singles titles, amang thaim three Grand Slam titles: the 2012 US Open, an Wimbledon in 2013 an 2016. He wan twa Olympic gowd medals, the 2016 ATP World Tour Finals an 14 Masters events an aw, an he wis runner-up at aicht ither majors, for eleiven major finals in aw. Murray is the younger brither o the doubles player [[Jamie Murray]]. Murray stairtit his professional career at a time whan [[Rafael Nadal]] an [[Roger Federer]] war the dominant players in men's tennis. He haed quick success on the ATP Tour, gettin intae the tap 10 for the first time in 2007 at the age o 19. Bi 2010 Murray an [[Novak Djokovic]] haed jyned Federer an Nadal in the "Big Fower", the players that dominatit men's tennis in the 2010s. Murray haed a haurd time against the ither three at first, lossin his first fower major finals, but he wan Olympic gowd against Federer at the 2012 Lunnon Olympics. He then beat Djokovic in the final o the 2012 US Open, the first British major singles champion sin [[Virginia Wade]] in 1977. He beat Djokovic again tae win Wimbledon in 2013, the first hame champion in the men's singles sin [[Fred Perry]] in 1936. In 2015 he led Great Britain tae its first Davis Cup title in the Open Era, winnin a record eleiven rubbers in the competeetion. Murray haed the best season o his career in 2016, whan he reached the finals o three majors an wan Wimbledon for the second time. He defendit his Olympic gowd medal at the 2016 Rio Olympics, the anly player, man or wumman, tae win twa Olympic gowd medals in singles. He becam warld No. 1 for the first time on 7 November 2016, an secured the year-end No. 1 rankin bi beatin Djokovic in the ATP Finals. Efter 2016 he struggled wi a hip injury that needit major hip-resurfacin surgery. Whan he cam back he wan ae last tour title at the 2019 European Open an got back intae the tap 50, but he niver got back tae his auld level. He retired efter rinnin tae the quarter-finals o the men's doubles at the 2024 Paris Olympics. Murray haed ane o the maist consistent twa-haundit backhaunds on the ATP Tour, an he helped mak Great Britain a leadin force in men's tennis again. He haes spak oot on equality, an in 2014 he becam anly the second tap-10 player in the history o the ATP Tour tae hae a wumman as coach, whan he teuk on [[Amélie Mauresmo]]. Efter his playin career he coached his auld rival Djokovic for a short time in 2025. Frae 2011 tae 2015 Murray reached at least the quarter-finals o ilka Grand Slam tournament he played, but for the 2015 US Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/tennis/andy-murray-savours-his-17th-successive-grand-slam-quarter-final.127722651|title=Andy Murray savours his 17th successive Grand Slam quarter final|publisher=Herald Scotland|date=1 June 2015}}</ref> He wis British No. 1 frae 27 Februar 2006 till Mairch 2018, whan Kyle Edmund teuk ower.<ref name="edmund2018">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/43279832|title=Kyle Edmund replaces Andy Murray to become British number one for first time|date=5 March 2018|work=BBC Sport|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref> At the 2012 Olympics he beat Roger Federer in straucht sets tae win the gowd medal in the men's singles final, the first British singles champion in ower 100 year. He wan a siller medal in the mixed doubles an aw, playin wi Laura Robson. At the 2012 US Open, Murray becam the first British player syne 1977, an the first British man syne 1936, tae win a [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] singles tournament, whan he defeatit [[Novak Djokovic]] in the final in five sets. This title left him the anerly British male tae become a Grand Slam singles champion durin the Open Era. On 7 Julie 2013, Murray won the 2013 Wimbledon Championships, acomin the first British player tae win a Wimbledon senior singles title syne [[Virginia Wade]] in 1977. He wis the first British man tae win the Men's Singles Championship syne [[Fred Perry]], 77 years previously. Murray is the anerly man in history tae hae won Olympic Gowd an the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] in the same calendar year. He is the third man tae haud the Gowd Medal an twa majors on different surfaces (efter Andre Agassi an Rafael Nadal). Subsequent tae his sonse at the Olympics an Wimbledon, Murray wis votit the 2013 [[BBC Sports Personality of the Year]]. Murray haes been the rinner-up in aicht ither singles Grand Slam finals: the 2008 US Open, the 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015 an 2016 Australian Opens, the 2012 Wimbledon Championships, an the 2016 French Open. He lost three tae Roger Federer an five tae Novak Djokovic. He is the first man in the Open Era tae achieve five rinner-up finishes at the [[Australian Open]], efter losin tae Djokovic in the final o the 2016 Australian Open. In 2011, Murray becam anerly the seivent player in the Open Era tae reak the semifinals o aw fower Grand Slam tournaments in ane year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.news.yahoo.com/andy-murray-reaches-u-open-semi-finals-204800033.html|publisher=Yahoo News UK|title=Andy Murray Reaches US Open Semi Finals|date=9 September 2011|accessdate=23 January 2012}}</ref> Durin the 2015 saison, he becam the fift man in tennis history tae hae won ower US$40&nbsp;million in career prize money. Efter winnin tae the [[French Open]] semifinal in 2014, he becam the tent man tae win tae twa or mair semifinals at ilkane o the fower Majors.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/06/23/Roland-Garros-Wednesday2-Monfils-Murray.aspx|title=Murray Beats Monfils in Fading Light at Roland Garros|publisher=ATP|date=4 June 2014|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref> Efter winnin tae the final o the 2016 French Open, Murray becam the tent player in the Open Era tae win tae the final o aw fower Grand Slam events. He becam jynt twalt on the leet for finals reached.<ref>{{cite news|title=Murray Ousts Wawrinka To Reach Roland Garros Final|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/murray-wawrinka-roland-garros-2016-semifinals-friday|publisher=ATP|date=3 June 2016|accessdate=3 June 2016}}</ref> He is anly the second British player (efter Fred Perry) o aither sex tae hae reached the final o aw fower majors. Murray forby featurt in [[Great Britain Davis Cup team|Great Britain's Davis Cup winnin team]] in 2015, winnin 11 matches (8 singles an 3 doubles) as thay secured thair first [[Davis Cup]] title syne 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/murray-goffin-davis-cup-final-2015-sunday|title=Murray Goffin Davis Cup Final 2015 Sunday - ATP World Tour - Tennis|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> Murray wis votit the 2015 [[BBC Sports Personality of the Year]], while the Davis Cup team won the 2015 BBC Sports Personality Team of the Year Award. He haes scored a tot 34 wins an 7 losses wi the British Davis Cup team. == Early an personal life == Murray wis born in Glesga, Scotland, [[Judy Murray|Judith]] (Erskine) an William Murray's son.<ref name="birth1" /> His maternal grandfaither, Roy Erskine, wis a professional [[association fitbaw|fitbawer]] in the late 1950s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/26/wimbledon2005.wimbledon1|title=Dunblane tastes regret along with its new favourite son|first=Will |last=Peakin|newspaper=The Observer |language=en|date=26 June 2005 |accessdate=9 September 2020}}</ref> Murray's elder brither, [[Jamie Murray|Jamie]], is a professional tennis player an aw, playin on the doubles circuit. Murray wis born wi a bipartite patella, whaur the kneecap remains as twa separate banes insteid o fusin thegither in early bairnheid, but wis nae diagnosed until the age o 16. He is seen tae haud his knee due tae the pain caused bi the condeetion an haes pulled oot o events acause o it.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/daviscup/2290508/Andy-Murray-to-miss-Argentina-Davis-Cup-tie.html|title=Andy Murray to miss Argentina Davis Cup tie|newspaper=Telegraph|date=31 January 2008}}</ref> Murray began playin tennis at the age o three whan his mither Judy teuk him tae play on the local courts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/get_involved/4237382.stm|title=Andy Murray's first steps in tennis|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref> He played in his first competitive tournament at age five an bi the time he wis aicht he wis kempin wi adults in the Central Destrict Tennis League.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/the-making-of-andy-murray-1883590.html|title=The making of Andy Murray |first=Paul |last=Newman |newspaper=Independent|language=en|date=30 January 2012 |accessdate=9 September 2020}}</ref> Murray grew up in [[Dunblane]] an attendit [[Dunblane|Dunblane Primary School]]. He an his brither wis present durin the 1996 [[Dunblane school massacre]],<ref name="Faultless young Scot">[http://news.scotsman.com/dunblanekillings/Faultless-young-Scot-who-is.2563990.jp Faultless young Scot who is all set to take on the tennis world], ''[[The Scotsman]]'', 14 September 2004</ref> whan Thomas Hamilton killt 16 weans an a teacher afore shootin himsel; Murray teuk kiver in a classroom.<ref>{{cite book|author=Murray, Andy|title=Hitting Back|url=https://archive.org/details/hittingbackautob0000murr|publisher=Random House|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84605-167-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/hittingbackautob0000murr/page/44 44]}}</ref> Murray says he wis too young tae understand what wis happenin an is reluctant tae talk aboot it in interviews. In his autobiography ''Hitting Back'', houiver, he states that he attendit a youth group run bi Hamilton, an that his mither gae Hamilton lifts in her car.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/jun/05/tennis.scotland|title=Murray describes fight to cope with trauma of Dunblane school killings|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Martin |last=Hodgson |language=en|date=5 June 2008 |access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref> Murray later gaed tae [[Dunblane|Dunblane High School]].<ref name="times interview">{{cite news|url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/sport/article178480.ece|title=The Big Interview: Andy Murray|newspaper=Times|date=4 June 2006|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-date=2016-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530211740/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/sport/article178480.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="guardian interview">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/jun/09/tennis.features|title=Boy on the brink|newspaper=Guardian|date=9 June 2007}}</ref> Murray's parents split up whan he wis anerly 10.<ref name="Murray facts">{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/345524/Andy-Murray-s-secret-fear-and-49-other-facts-you-never-knew-about-the-tennis-champion|title=Andy Murray's secret fear... and 49 other facts you never knew about the tennis champion|work=Daily Express|last1=Pukas|first1=Anna|last2=Carpenter|first2=Julie|date=12 September 2012|accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref> He believes the impact this haed on him coud be the reason ahint his competitive spirit.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1550734/Murray-Parents-divorce-fuels-my-aggression.html|title=Murray: Parents' divorce fuels my aggression |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |last=Harrison |first=David |date=6 May 2007 |accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref> At 15, he wis askit tae train wi [[Rangers F.C.]] at thair School o Excellence, but declined, optin tae focus on his tennis career insteid.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/jul/07/andy-murray-wimbledon-final | title=Wimbledon 2012: All you need to know about Andy Murray and a bit more | work=The Guardian | date=7 July 2012 | accessdate=9 July 2013 | location=London}}</ref> He then decidit tae flit tae [[Barcelona]], Spain. Thare he studied at the Schiller International School an trained on the clay courts o the Sánchez-Casal Academy, coached bi Pato Alvarez.<ref name="Coaches">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/jan/16/andy-murray-tennis-life-story|title=The rise and rise of Andy Murray, a story in six chapters |first1=Richard |last1=Jago |first2=Tom |last2=Lutz |newspaper=The Guardian |language=en|date=17 January 2009|accessdate=9 September 2020}}</ref> Murray describit this time as "a big sacrifice".<ref name="guardian interview"/> His parents haed tae finn £40,000 tae pey for his 18-month stay thare.<ref name="Murray facts"/> While in Spain, he trained wi Emilio Sánchez, umwhile warld No. 1 doubles player.<ref name="guardian interview"/> In Februar 2013, Murray bocht Cromlix House fur £1.8 million whilk appent as a 15-room five-starn hotel in Aprile 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-26823280|title=Hotel bought by Wimbledon champion Andy Murray opens|publisher=BBC News|language=en|date=1 April 2014|accessdate=9 September 2020}}</ref> Later that month Murray wis awairdit Freedom o Stirlin an received an Honorary Doctorate frae the University of Stirling in recognition o his services tae tennis.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-27114857|title=Honorary degree and freedom of Stirling for Andy Murray|publisher=BBC News|language=en|date=23 April 2014|accessdate=9 September 2020}}</ref> Murray began datin Kim Sears, dochter o player-turned-coach Nigel Sears, in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1511021/Andy-Murray-the-great-romantic.html|date=21 February 2006|title = Andy Murray, the great romantic|work=The Telegraph|location=London|last=Hodgkinson|first=Mark|accessdate=14 May 2009|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref><ref name="bbcengage">{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-30220015 | title=Andy Murray gets engaged to Kim Sears | publisher=BBC | accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref> Thair engagement wis annoonced in November 2014,<ref name="bbcengage"/> an thay mairit on 11 Aprile 2015 at Dunblane Cathedral in his hame toun.<ref name="bbcwedding">{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-32252206| title=Andy Murray marries girlfriend Kim Sears in Dunblane | publisher=BBC News| accessdate=11 April 2015|date=11 April 2015}}</ref> The couple haes a dochter, Sophia Olivia,<ref>{{Cite wab | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/12160991/Andy-Murray-and-Kim-Sears-name-their-baby-daughter-Sophia-Olivia.html | title = Andy Murray and Kim Sears 'name thair baby daughter Sophia Olivia' | wabsteid = Telegraph.co.uk | access-date = 2016-02-27 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite wab | url = http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/life/celebrity/article4692355.ece | title = Sophia Olivia is queen of the court for Andy Murray {{!}} The Times | wabsteid = The Times | leid = en-GB | access-date = 2016-02-27 }}</ref> born on 7 Februar 2016.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/14746272/andy-murray-wife-kim-sears-gives-birth-baby-girl | title=Andy Murray's wife Kim Sears gives birth to baby girl | publisher=ESPN | date=9 February 2016 | accessdate=9 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-kim-sears-name-7384411|title=Andy Murray and Kim Sears 'name their daughter Sophia Olivia'|newspaper=Mirror|date=17 February 2016}}</ref> == Career == [[File:Andy-Murray-Singles-Ranking-History-Chart.png|thumbnail|right|Andy Murray Singles Ranking History Chart]] === Junior tennis === Leon Smith, Murray's tennis coach frae 11 tae 17,<ref name="Coaches"/> describit Murray as "unbelievably competitive", while Murray evens his abeelities tae the motivation gained frae lossin tae his aulder brither Jamie. In 1999, at the age o 12, Murray won his age group at the Orange Bowl, a prestigious event for junior players.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://juniororangebowl.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Tennis-Past-Champions.pdf |title=Junior Orange Bowl Past Champions |publisher=Junior Orange Bowl |page=6 |url-status=dead |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005024304/http://juniororangebowl.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Tennis-Past-Champions.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005024304/http://juniororangebowl.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Tennis-Past-Champions.pdf |date=2016-10-05 }}</ref> In Julie 2003, Murray stairtit oot on the Challenger an Futures circuit. In his first tournament, he reached the quarterfinals o the Manchester Challenger.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/archive/manchester/583/2003/results|title= Manchester Challenger|publisher=ATP World Tour |language=en|date=20 July 2003|access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref> In September, Murray won his first senior title bi takin the [[Glasgow]] Futures event.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/great-britain-f10-futures/gbr/2003/m-fu-gbr-10a-2003/draws-and-results/|title= Glasgow GB Futures F10|publisher= ITF Tennis|access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref> He forby won tae the semi-finals o the [[Edinburgh]] Futures event.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/men's-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100005911|title= Edinburgh GB Futures F11|publisher= ITF Tennis|date= 5 October 2003|access-date= 2022-05-23|archive-date= 2018-11-20|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181120120704/https://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/men%27s-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100005911|url-status= dead}}</ref> For the first sax month o 2004, Murray haed a knee injury an cudnae play.<ref name="Injury 2004-2005">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-i-always-believed-i-was-going-to-make-it-520231.html|title=Andy Murray: 'I always believed I was going to make it'|newspaper=Independent|date=21 December 2005|access-date=9 September 2020|archive-date=2019-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224025823/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-i-always-believed-i-was-going-to-make-it-520231.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Julie 2004, Murray played a Challenger event in [[Nottingham]], whaur he lost tae future [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] finalist [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] in the second roond.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/scores/archive/nottingham/1631/2004/results|title= Nottingham Challenger|publisher=ATP World Tour|date=11 July 2004}}</ref> Murray then gaed on tae win Futures events in Xàtiva<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/spain-f17-futures/esp/2004/m-fu-esp-17a-2004/draws-and-results/|title= Xativa Spain Futures F17|publisher= ITF Tennis|access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref> an [[Roum]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/men's-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100010252|title= Rome Italy Futures F22|publisher= ITF Tennis|date= 29 August 2004|access-date= 2022-05-23|archive-date= 2021-06-22|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210622021520/https://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/men%27s-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100010252|url-status= dead}}</ref> In September 2004, he won the Junior US Open an wis seleckit for the [[Davis Cup]] World Group play-off match agin Austria again that month;<ref>{{cite news|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/3650524.stm|date=13 September 2004|title = Dunblane teenager takes US Open|accessdate=17 March 2008|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> However, he wisnae seleckit tae play. Later that year, he won BBC Young Sports Personality o the Year.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC Scotland audiences serve ace result for Andrew Murray in Sports Personality poll|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/12_december/09/murray.shtml|publisher=BBC|date=9 December 2005|accessdate=17 March 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211215516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/12_december/09/murray.shtml|archivedate=2007-02-11|url-status=live|url-status=live}}</ref> As a junior, Murray won up sae heich as No. 6 in the warld in 2003 (an No. 8 in doubles). In the 2004-instated combined rankins, Murray won tae No. 2 in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100013005|title=Andy MURRAY|publisher=ITFTennis.com|accessdate=12 July 2014|archive-date=2016-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921160255/http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100013005|url-status=dead}}</ref> <u>Junior Slam results:</u> Australian Open: -<br /> French Open: SF (2005)<br /> Wimbledon: 3R (2004)<br /> US Open: '''W''' (2004) === 2005 === Murray began 2005 rankit warld No. 407,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Rankings/Singles.aspx?d=10.01.2005&c=&r=401#|title=Tennis – ATP World Tour – Singles Rankings|publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=21 October 2011}}</ref> but whan he wis in South Americae in Januar, he hurt his back an haed tae tak 3 month aff.<ref name="Injury 2004-2005"/> In Mairch, he becam the youngest Briton tae play in the [[Davis Cup]].<ref name="Youngest">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4319789.stm|title=GB pair take stunning doubles win|publisher=BBC Sport|date=5 March 2005}}</ref> Murray turned professional in Aprile an wis gien a wild card entry tae a clay-court tournament in [[Barcelona]], the Open SEAT, whaur he lost in three sets tae Jan Hernych.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Andy-Murray.aspx?t=pa&y=2005&m=s&e=0#|title=Tennis – ATP World Tour – Tennis Players – Andy Murray |publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> In Aprile, Murray parted acrimoniously frae his coach Pato Alvarez, complainin aboot his negative attitude.<ref name="Mark Petchey">{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/mark-petchey-serving-andy-harsh-truths-at-the-start-of-an-epic-journey-296371.html|title=Mark Petchey: Serving Andy - harsh truths at the start of an epic journey|newspaper=Independent|date=2 July 2005|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-date=2016-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315095119/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/mark-petchey-serving-andy-harsh-truths-at-the-start-of-an-epic-journey-296371.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Murray then won tae the semi-finals o the lads' French Open whaur he lost in straucht sets tae Marin Čilić.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/low/tennis/4608493.stm|title=Murray loses in French semi-final|publisher=BBC Sport|date=3 June 2005}}</ref> Mark Petchey greed tae coach Murray for 4 week till the end o Wimbledon, but it metamorphosed intae a fou-time poseetion.<ref name="Mark Petchey"/> Gien a wild card tae [[Queen's Club Championships|Queen's]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/low/tennis/4603449.stm|title=Murray given wildcard for Queen's|publisher=BBC Sport|date=2 June 2005|accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref> Murray progressed past Santiago Ventura in straucht sets for his first ATP match win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Share/Event-Draws.aspx?e=311&y=2005|title=Tennis – ATP World Tour – Draws|publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=5 July 2012}}</ref> Follaein a second roond win against Taylor Dent,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4074906.stm|title=Murray excels in defeating Dent|publisher=BBC Sport|date=8 June 2005}}</ref> he played umwhile Australian Open champion Thomas Johansson in the third roond, losin in three sets efter crampin an twistin his ankle.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4078248.stm|title=Gallant Murray falls to Johansson|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 June 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4628225.stm|title=Petchey makes Murray fitness vow|publisher=BBC Sport|date=27 June 2005}}</ref> Follaein his performance at Queen's, Murray received a wild card for [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]. Rankit 312, Murray becam the first Scot in the Open Era tae win tae the third roond o the men's singles tournament at Wimbledon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/2709427/Andy-Murray-Career-highs-and-lows---US-Open-Tennis.html|title=Andy Murray: Career highs and lows|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=9 September 2008|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-date=2008-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912142018/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/2709427/Andy-Murray-Career-highs-and-lows---US-Open-Tennis.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the third roond, Murray lost tae 2002 Wimbledon finalist David Nalbandian due tae crampin an fatigue, haein led bi twa sets tae luve.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4619129.stm|title=Brave Murray falls to Nalbandian|date=25 June 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528161635/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4619129.stm|archivedate=2010-05-28|url-status=live|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=2016-06-28|url-status=live}}</ref> Follaein Wimbledon, Murray won Challengers events on the haurd courts o Aptos an Binghamton, New York. He then experienced his first Masters event at Cincinnati, whaur he beat Taylor Dent, afore losin in three sets tae warld No. 4, [[Marat Safin]]. Wi a wild card entry, Murray played Andrei Pavel in the openin roond o the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], whaur he rekivered frae bein doun twa sets tae ane tae win his first five-set match.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4199444.stm|title=Brave Murray through in five sets|publisher=BBC Sport|date=31 August 2005}}</ref> However, he lost in the second roond tae Arnaud Clément in anither five set contest.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4206614.stm|title=Battling Murray crashes out in US|publisher=BBC Sport|date=3 September 2005}}</ref> Murray wis again seleckit for the Davis Cup match agin Switzerland. He wis waled for the openin singles rubbers, lossin in straucht sets tae [[Stanislas Wawrinka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/results/tie/details.aspx?tieID=100006618|title=Tie Details|publisher=daviscup.com|date=25 September 2005}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Murray then reached his first ATP final at the Thailand Open whaur he faced warld No. 1 [[Roger Federer]]. Murray lost in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4300644.stm|title=Federer outguns impressive Murray|publisher=BBC Sport|date=2 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205045425/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4300644.stm|archivedate=2008-12-05|url-status=live|access-date=2016-06-28|url-status=live}}</ref> Murray beat [[Tim Henman]] in thair first meetin, at the Basel Swiss Indoors in the first roond, an eventually reached the quarter-finals.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4372118.stm|title=Murray holds nerve to beat Henman|publisher=BBC Sport|date=26 October 2005}}</ref> In November, Murray captained Scotland at the inaugural Aberdeen Cup against England led bi Greg Rusedski.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2005/nov/22/tennis.sport|title=Murray keen on patriot games with Rusedski|newspaper=The Guardian|date=22 November 2005}}</ref> This wis an exhibition tournament, an the anly event whaur Murray played Rusedski, thay never met on the Tour. Rusedski beat Murray in the first match, but Murray won the second. Scotland defeatit England 4½ - 2½.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4476784.stm|title=Murray gains revenge on Rusedski|publisher=BBC Sport|date=27 November 2005}}</ref> He completit the year rankit 64 an wis named the 2005 BBC Scotland Sports Personality of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/12_december/09/murray.shtml|title=BBC Scotland audiences serve ace result for Andrew Murray in Sports Personality poll|publisher=BBC|date=9 December 2005}}</ref> === 2006: British No. 1 === The 2006 saison saw Murray compete on the fou circuit for the first time an split wi his coach Mark Petchey<ref>{{cite news|title = Murray splits from coach Petchey|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4910582.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|language=en|date=14 April 2006}}</ref> an team up wi Brad Gilbert.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gilbert accepts Murray coach role|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5192008.stm|language=en |publisher=BBC Sport|date=26 July 2006}}</ref> On 27 Februar, Murray becam the British Number 1, endin [[Tim Henman|Tim Henman's]] seiven-year run. Murray wis nou warld No 42, Greg Rusedski No 43, an Tim Henman No 49.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4754030.stm|title=Murray is new British number one|publisher=BBC Sport|language=en |date=27 February 2006}}</ref> Murray dreed a straucht sets defait at the Australian Open, tae Argentine Juan Ignacio Chela in the first roond<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4617392.stm|title=Murray suffers tame loss to Chela|publisher=BBC Sport|language=en|date=17 January 2006}}</ref> an tae [[Gaël Monfils]] at the French Open, in five sets.<ref>{{cite news|title=Injured Murray beaten by Monfils|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5029854.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|language=en|date=30 May 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909092553/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5029854.stm|archivedate=2010-09-09|url-status=live|access-date=2016-06-28|url-status=live}}</ref> Murray however won tae the fowert roond for the first time at baith Wimbledon an the US Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5142184.stm|title=Tame Murray beaten by Baghdatis|publisher=BBC Sport|language=en|date=3 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5314496.stm |title=Davydenko swiftly ends Murray bid |publisher=BBC Sport|language=en |date=5 September 2006}}</ref> Murray played in Davis Cup ties agin Serbia, Israel an Ukraine. Murray missed the openin singles matches afore losin the doubles as Britain lost thair tie against Serbia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4890440.stm |title=GB struggling after doubles loss |publisher=BBC Sport|language=en |date=8 April 2006}}</ref> Durin the tie wi Israel, Murray won his rubber an lost the doubles afore pouin oot wi a neck injury afore the reverse singles, as Britain lost the tie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5203966.stm |title=Murray fights back to level tie |publisher=BBC Sport|language=en |date=21 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5205690.stm |title=Davis Cup doubles woe for Britain |publisher=BBC Sport |language=en|date=22 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5207746.stm |title=Delgado loss spells woe for Brits |publisher=BBC Sport|language=en |date=23 July 2006}}</ref> Against the Ukraine, Murray won baith his singles rubbers, but lost the doubles, as Britain won the tie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5366740.stm |title=Battling Brits boost survival bid |publisher=BBC Sport |language=en|date=22 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5373358.stm |title=Murray & Delgado crash in doubles |publisher=BBC Sport|language=en |date=23 September 2006 |accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5375208.stm |title=Murray win seals British survival |publisher=BBC Sport |language=en|date=24 September 2006}}</ref> At the Masters, Murray lost in the first roond in Miami,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4824248.stm |title=Murray suffers early Miami exit |publisher=BBC Sport |date=23 March 2006}}</ref> Monte Carlo an Rome.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4919406.stm |title=Murray out as cramps strike again |publisher=BBC Sport |date=18 April 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4754633.stm |title=Murray out in Rome, Henman wins |publisher=BBC Sport |date=9 May 2006}}</ref> Murray went oot o the tournaments in Indian Wells an Hamburg in the second roond.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4800184.stm |title=Murray bows out of Indian Wells |publisher=BBC Sport |date=12 March 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4988288.stm |title=Murray falls to defeat by Blake |publisher=BBC Sport |date=17 May 2006}}</ref> Murray won tae his first Masters semifinal in [[Toronto]] at the Rogers Cup lossin tae Richard Gasquet.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4786127.stm |title=Murray falls to guile of Gasquet |publisher=BBC Sport |date=12 August 2006}}</ref> At Cincinnati, Murray becam anerly ane o twa player, alang wi [[Rafael Nadal]], tae defait Roger Federer in 2006, breakin the Swiss starn's 55 match winnin streak on haurd courts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4797657.stm |title=Brilliant Murray outplays Federer |publisher=BBC Sport |date=16 August 2006 |accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> He lost twa roonds later tae Andy Roddick, but broke intae the tap 20 for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5263240.stm |title=Roddick defeats exhausted Murray |publisher=BC Sport |date=19 August 2006 |accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5270502.stm |title=Murray breaks into world top 20 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=21 August 2006 |accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> In the final twa Masters events in [[Madrid]] an Paris, Murray exited baith tournaments at the last-16 stage endin his saison, wi losses tae [[Novak Djokovic]] an Dominik Hrbatý.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6067636.stm|title=Madrid losses for Murray & Henman|date=19 October 2006|accessdate=11 March 2011|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6109450.stm|title=Hrbaty win ends Murray's season|date=2 November 2006|accessdate=11 March 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Whan the tour reached [[San Jose, Californie|San Jose, California]]; Murray defeatit a tap ten player for the first time in the shape o [[Andy Roddick]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4728788.stm|title=Murray stuns Roddick in San Jose|publisher=BBC Sport|date=19 February 2006|accessdate=25 May 2010}}</ref> Murray went on tae claim the SAP Open title defeatin warld No. 11 Lleyton Hewitt.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4729100.stm|title=Magic Murray claims maiden title|publisher=BBC Sport|date=20 February 2006|accessdate=25 May 2010}}</ref> Murray wis a finalist at the Legg Mason Tennis Classic an aw.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5249804.stm |title=Murray loses in Washington final |publisher=BBC Sport |date=6 August 2006 |accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> Playin doubles wi his brither in Bangkok the pair reached the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5396382.stm |title=Blake blasts to Bangkok victory |publisher=BBC Sport |date=1 October 2006 |accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> Efter the French Open, whaur Murray wis injured again, he revealed that his bones hadn't fully grown, causin him tae suffer frae cramps an back problems.<ref>{{cite news|title = Murray plays down injury worries|date = 30 May 2006|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5031414.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=6 September 2010}}</ref> In November, the Aberdeen Cup wis held for the second time, wi Murray leadin the Scotland team an Greg Rusedski captainin England.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5110752.stm|title=Murray to lead Scots in Aberdeen|publisher=BBC Sport|date=23 June 2006}}</ref> Scotland won 6½ - 1.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/nov/27/tennis.sport|title=Murray defeats Rusedski to wrap up Scottish success|newspaper=The Guardian|date=27 November 2006}}</ref> [[File:Andy Murray at the 2008 US Open3.jpg|thumb|Murray on his wey tae acomin a finalist at the 2008 US Open]] === 2007: Warld tap 10 === Murray won tae the fowert roond o the Australian Open, whaur he lost a five-set match agin warld No. 2, Rafael Nadal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6286767.stm|title=Valiant Murray succumbs to Nadal|publisher=BBC Sport|date=22 January 2007}}</ref> Follaein the Miami Masters, whaur he reached the semi-finals,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6509315.stm|title=Djokovic thrashes Murray in Miami |publisher=BBC Sport|date=31 March 2007}}</ref> Murray becam the warld No. 10 on 16 Aprile.<ref name="Singles ranking">{{cite web |url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/players/andy-murray/mc10/rankings-history|title=Andy Murray - Singles Rankings|publisher=ATP World Tour |accessdate=3 June 2016}}</ref> The British No 1 sustained tendon damage durin his first roond match at the German Open in Hamburg. Murray wis up 5–1 when he hit a forehaund frae the back o the court an snapped the tendons in his wrist, leavin him oot o action frae 15 Mey until 7 August, tharebi missin Wimbledon.<ref name="2007 wrist injury">{{cite news|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6974921.stm|title = Beaten Murray looks to Davis Cup |date =2 September 2007|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Durin this rest period, Murray rose tae warld No. 8, but bi 7 August, he haed dropped tae no 14.<ref name="Singles ranking"/> Murray dreed a third roond loss at the US Open. At the Masters tournaments, Murray won tae the semifinals o Indian Wells an Miami. At Rome an Cincinnati, Murray exited in the first roond whilst goin oot in the second in Canadae. In the final twa masters tournaments, Murray exited in the third roond in Madrid an he went oot in the quarter finals o Paris. Murray won titles in San Jose an St. Petersburg.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6374011.stm|title=Murray fights back to keep title|publisher=BBC Sport|date=19 February 2007}}</ref> He reached the final o tournaments in Doha an Metz an aw, finishin the saison rankit 11t in the warld.<ref name="Singles ranking"/> In November, Murray split wi his coach Brad Gilbert an added a team o experts alang wi Miles Maclagan, his main coach.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7095903.stm|title=Murray assembling team of experts|publisher=BBC Sport|date=30 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8131310.stm|title=Who are Team Murray? |publisher=BBC Sport|date=27 August 2009}}</ref> === 2008: First Grand Slam final an first Masters titles === In 2008, Murray suffered a first roond loss at the Australian Open tae eventual runner-up Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, an a third roond loss at the French Open tae Nicolás Almagro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/australianopen/2288937/Andy-Murray-knocked-out-of-Australian-Open.html|title=Andy Murray knocked out of Australian Open|work=The Telegraph|location=London|date=14 January 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010|last1=Hodgkinson|first1=Mark|last2=Hodges|first2=Vicki|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref> Murray then reached his first Grand Slam quarter final at Wimbledon afore makin his first final at the US Open. Durin the tournament in New York, Murray claimed his first win ower Nadal. That veectory meant that he'd become the first player frae Britain syne Greg Rusedski in 1997 tae reach a major final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7602257.stm|title=Murray stuns Nadal to reach final|publisher=BBC Sport|date=7 September 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010|last=Newbery|first=Piers}}</ref> In his first Grand Slam final Murray suffered a straucht sets loss tae Federer.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7603307.stm|title=Superb Federer ends Murray dream|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 September 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010|last=Newbery|first=Piers}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/olympics/article4530274.ece|title=Andy Murray blames Olympic failure on 'unprofessional' attitude|date=14 August 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010|location=London|work=The Times}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> At the [[2008 Simmer Olympics|Beijing Olympics]], Murray suffered ane o the worst defeats o his career, losin his first roond singles match tae warld No. 77 Yen-hsun Lu o Taiwan in straucht sets. That abject defeat wis still on his mind in a BBC interview five years later, despite an intervenin Olympic gowd medal an a heid-tae-heid win. That wis when he met the same player (nou rankit 75 in the warld) in the 2nt roond o Wimbledon 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/23051015|title=Murray wary efter Beijing loss tae Lu|date=25 Juin 2013|accessdate=17 Julie 2013|archive-date=2016-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414234500/http://m.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/23051015|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the Masters tournaments Murray went oot in roond fower in Indian Wells an the first roond o Miami. In the clay Masters Murray reached the third roond o Monte Carlo an Hamburg an the second o Rome. On the American haurd court swin Murray reached the semi-finals o Toronto afore winnin his first Masters shield in Cincinnati. He added anither shield tae his collection in Madrid;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/oct/20/tennis-andymurray|title=Murray masters Madrid on his path to grander ambitions|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=20 October 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010|last=Bierley|first=Steve}}</ref> afore losin in the quarter finals o Paris. Nou at No. 4 in the warld, Murray qualified for the first time for the [[ATP World Tour Finals|Masters Cup]]. He played well in defeatin an injured Federer<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7729083.stm|title=Murray knocks out ailing Federer|publisher=BBC Sport|date=14 November 2008|accessdate=21 October 2011}}</ref> but lost tae Davydenko in the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7730207.stm|title=Davydenko ends Murray's Cup run|publisher=BBC Sport|date=15 November 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> Murray endit 2008 rankit fowert in the warld. Murray won tournaments in Doha, Marseille an St Petersburg an aw. === 2009: Warld No. 2 === [[File:Andy Murray at the 2009 French Open 6.jpg|thumb|right|Murray made the quarter-finals of the 2009 French Open]] Murray stairtit the 2009 saison wi a successfu defence o his title at the Qatar Open in [[Doha]], defeatin Andy Roddick in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7822109.stm|title=Murray vs Roddick clash|publisher=BBC Sport|date=10 January 2009}}</ref> At the Australian Open, Murray got tae the fowert roond, losin tae [[Fernando Verdasco]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601102&sid=a638z6QofdwY&refer=uk|title=Murray Says 'No Disaster' in Australian Open Loss to Verdasco|work=Bloomberg|date=26 January 2009}}</ref> Murray won his eleventh career title in Rotterdam, defeatin No. 1, Nadal in the three sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7890935.stm|title=Murray v Nadal as it happened|publisher=BBC Sport|date=15 February 2009}}</ref> Murray next went tae Dubai but withdrew afore the quarterfinals wi a re-occurrence o a virus that haed affected him at the Australian Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/sport/tennis/article2369347.ece|newspaper=Times|title=Andy Murray a Davis Cup doubt after withdrawing from Dubai tournament with virus|date=26 February 2009}}</ref> The virus caused Murray tae miss a [[Davis Cup]] tie in Glesga. Murray then lost in the finals tae Nadal at Indian Wells,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7958320.stm|title=Murray v Nadal as it happened|publisher=BBC Sport|date=22 March 2009}}</ref> but won a week later in Miami ower Novak Djokovic for anither masters title. In the lead-up tae the French Open, Murray beat warld No. 9, Nikolay Davydenko at the Monte Carlo Masters, the first time he haed beaten a tap ten player on clay,<ref name="Davydenko">{{cite news |url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/apr/06/andy-murray-fabio-fognini-davis-cup|title=Italy bounce back to defeat Great Britain in Davis Cup quarter-final |newspaper=Guardian|date=6 April 2014}}</ref> tho he lost tae Nadal in the semis. Murray wis upset in roond twa o the Rome Masters bi qualifier Juan Mónaco, an he won tae the quarterfinals o the Madrid Masters, losin tae [[Juan Martín del Potro]]. Durin this time Murray gat roon the heichest ever rankin o a British male in the Open Era whan he becam warld No. 3 on 11 Mey 2009.<ref name="tennis1">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8030391.stm|title=Murray to move third in rankings|date=3 May 2009|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray reached the quarterfinals o the French Open, but wis defeatit bi [[Fernando González]] in fower sets. Murray won for the first time on [[Tennis|gress]] at Queen's an becam the first British winner o the tournament syne 1938. In the final, Murray defeatit American James Blake.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8099594.stm|title=Classy Murray wins Queen's title|date=14 June 2009|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> At Wimbledon, against Stanislas Wawrinka, Murray's fowert roond match wis the first match tae be played entirely under Wimbledon's retractable roof, enablin it tae be the latest finishin match ever at Wimbledon an aw.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8125335.stm|title=Murray wins late-night thriller|date=29 June 2009|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Houiver Murray lost a tight semifinal tae Andy Roddick. Murray returned tae action in Montreal, defaitin del Potro in three set tae tak the title.<ref>{{cite news|title=Murray v Del Potro as it happened|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8204081.stm|date=16 August 2009|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Efter this veectory, he owerteuk Nadal in the rankings an held the number twa poseetion until the stairt o the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]].<ref name="atpworldtour">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2009/08/Montreal-Sunday-Murray-Overcomes-Del-Potro-In-Montreal.aspx|title=Murray Overcomes Del Potro|accessdate=11 June 2010}}</ref> Murray follaed the Masters win playin at the Cincinnati Masters, whaur he lost tae Federer. At the US Open, Murray wis hampered bi a wrist injury an suffered a straucht-sets loss tae Čilić.<ref name="Wrist injury US Open 2009">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/usopen/6160347/US-Open-2009-Andy-Murray-refuses-to-blame-injury-for-Marin-Cilic-defeat.html|title=US Open 2009: Andy Murray refuses to blame injury for Marin Cilic defeat|date=9 September 2009|newspaper=Telegraph}}</ref> Murray won baith his singles matches, an lost at doubles in the Davis Cup against Poland,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/daviscup/6206135/Andy-Murray-wins-Davis-Cup-opener-for-Great-Britiain-against-Poland.html|title=Andy Murray in Davis Cup dilemma over wrist injury with GB level 1–1 with Poland|date=18 September 2009|newspaper=Telegraph}}</ref> but wis then forced tae miss sax weeks wi a wrist injury.<ref name="Valencia 2009">{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/nov/08/andy-murray-wins-valencia-open|title=Andy Murray eases back into title-winning ways at Valencia Open|date=8 November 2009|newspaper=Guardian}}</ref> In November, Murray won at Valencia,<ref name="Valencia 2009"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/6529801/Andy-Murray-admits-beating-Mikhail-Youzhny-at-Valencia-Masters-was-easier-than-expected.html|title=Andy Murray admits beating Mikhail Youzhny at Valencia Masters was easier than expected|date=9 November 2009|newspaper=Telegraph}}</ref> but bowed oot in roond twa o the Paris Masters. Tae end the saison, Murray didnae mak it oot o the roond robin at the World Tour Finals in London.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8378944.stm|title=Andy Murray knocked out of World Tour Finals at 02|date=27 November 2009|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> {{quotebox|quote=A can cry like Roger, it's a shame A cannae play like him.<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "I can cry like Roger, it's a shame I can't play like him."</ref>|source=Andy Murray in his rinner-up speech at the 2010 Australian Open.<ref>{{cite news |last=Newman |first=Paul |title=Murray left in tears by Federer's fireworks |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-left-in-tears-by-federers-fireworks-1885196.html |newspaper=The Independent |date=23 October 2011 |access-date=2016-06-28 |archive-date=2016-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508185336/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-left-in-tears-by-federers-fireworks-1885196.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>|quoted=1}} === 2010: Australian Open runner-up an twa Masters titles === Murray an [[Laura Robson]] representit Britain at the Hopman Cup. The pair progresst tae the final, whaur thay war beaten bi Spain.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8449765.stm|title=Andy Murray and Laura Robson beaten in Hopman Cup final|date=9 January 2010|accessdate=9 January 2010|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> At the Australian Open Murray beat Nadal an Čilić afore losin in the final tae warld No. 1 Roger Federer.<ref name="2010AO">{{cite web | url=http://www.australianopen.com/en_AU/event_guide/history/draws/2010_MS_F.html | title=2010 Australian open results | accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref> At the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, Murray reached the quarterfinals, losin tae Robin Söderling in straucht sets. Murray next played at the 2010 Sony Ericsson Open, but lost his first match o the tournament tae Mardy Fish, afterwards sayin that his mind hadn't been fully on tennis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/7587059/Andy-Murray-clears-clouded-mental-state-for-fresh-start-in-Monte-Carlo.html|title=Andy Murray clears clouded mental state for fresh start in Monte Carlo|date=14 April 2010|newspaper=Telegraph}}</ref> At the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, Murray dreed anither first match loss, this time tae Philipp Kohlschreiber. He forby entert the doubles competeetion wi Ross Hutchins, but thay lost tae the Bryan Brothers on a champions tie-breaker. Murray won tae the third roond in the Rome Masters, an the quarterfinals at the Madrid Masters, losin baith times tae David Ferrer. [[File:Australian Open 2010 Quarterfinals Nadal Vs Murray 3.jpg|thumb|left|Murray reached his second Grand Slam Final in Australie.]] Efter playin an exhibition match, Murray stairtit the French Open wi three tough wins, afore losin in straucht sets tae [[Tomáš Berdych]] in the fowert roond.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8714383.stm|title=Andy Murray says he was outplayed by Tomas Berdych|date=31 May 2010|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> In London, Murray progresst tae the third roond, whaur he faced Mardy Fish. At 3–3 in the final set wi momentum goin Murray's wey (he haed juist come back frae 3–0 doun), the match wis cried off for bad licht, leavin Murray fuming. Comin back the next day, Murray wis edged oot bi the eventual finalist in a tie-breaker for his second defeat bi him in the year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bad light stops Andy Murray's clash with Mardy Fish|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8734199.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=10 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Champion Andy Murray defeated by Mardy Fish at Queen's|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8735283.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=11 June 2010}}</ref> At Wimbledon, Murray progressed tae the semi-finals, losin tae Rafael Nadal in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.skysports.com/tennis/tournaments/story/0,25174,18898_6242676,00.html|title=Nadal ends Murray's dream|work=Sky Sports|date=2 July 2010|accessdate=2 July 2010|archive-date=2013-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021025145/http://www.skysports.com/tennis/tournaments/story/0,25174,18898_6242676,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 27 Julie 2010, Andy Murray an his coach Maclagan split, an Murray replaced him wi Àlex Corretja.<ref>{{cite news|title = Andy Murray looking ahead after sacking coach Maclagan|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8851529.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=29 July 2010}}</ref> Stairtin the US haurd-court saison wi the 2010 Farmers Classic, Murray reached the final but lost against Sam Querrey in three sets. This wis his first loss tae Querrey in five career meetins.<ref>{{cite news|title=Querrey beats Murray to win 4th crown|date=1 August 2010|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/07/30/LA-Sunday-Querrey-Wins-Fouth-Title-of-2010.aspx|work=ATP|accessdate=2 August 2010}}</ref> In Canadae, Murray becam the first player syne [[Andre Agassi]] in 1995 tae defend the Canadian Masters. Murray defeatit Nadal an then Federer in straucht sets, endin his aicht-month title drocht.<ref>{{cite news|title = Murray beats rain and Federer to defend title|date = 15 August 2010|url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/08/32/Toronto-Sunday-Murray-Defends-Title.aspx|work=ATP|accessdate = 16 August 2010}}</ref> At the Cincinnati Masters, Murray first complained aboot the speed o the court,<ref>{{cite news|title = Andy Murray beats Jeremy Chardy at Cincinnati Masters|date = 18 August 2010|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8926312.stm|publisher = BBC Sport|accessdate = 21 August 2010|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100820203457/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8926312.stm|archivedate = 2010-08-20|url-status=live|url-status = live}}</ref> an then in a quarterfinal match wi Fish, Murray complained that the organisers refused tae put the match on later in the day.<ref>{{cite news|title = Andy Murray to face Mardy Fish in midday heat again|date = 20 August 2010|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8931096.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=6 September 2010}}</ref> Wi temperatures reachin 33&nbsp;°C in the shade, Murray won the first set in a tie-breaker but began tae feel ill. The doctor wis cried on court tae actively cuil Murray doun. Murray admitted efter the match that he haed considered retiring. He lost the second set, but forced a final-set tie-breaker, afore Fish won.<ref name="hot cincy">{{cite news|title = Mardy Fish beats Andy Murray in Cincinnati|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8933087.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=20 August 2010}}</ref> Efter losin tae Stanislas Wawrinka in the third roond o the US Open, questions aboot Murray's conditionin arose, as he cried the trainer oot twice durin the match.<ref>{{cite news|title = Andy Murray baffled by US Open loss to Stan Wawrinka|date = 6 September 2010|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8970892.stm#atozlist|publisher = BBC Sport|accessdate = 6 September 2010|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100906192509/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8970892.stm#atozlist|archivedate = 2010-09-06|url-status=live|url-status = live}}</ref> His next event wis the China Open in Beijing, whaur Murray reached the quarterfinals, losin tae Ivan Ljubičić.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC Sport|title=Ivan Ljubicic beats Andy Murray in China Open|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9074427.stm|date=8 October 2010}}</ref> Murray then won the Shanghai Rolex Masters dismissin Roger Federer in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/10/41/Shanghai-Sunday-Murray-Masters-Federer-In-Final.aspx|title=Murray Masters Federer To Claim Shanghai Title|date=17 October 2010|publisher=ATP Tour|accessdate=10 November 2010}}</ref> He didnae drap a single set ootthrough the event. Murray returned tae Spain fur tae defend his title at the Valencia Open 500 but lost in the second roond tae Juan Mónaco.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC Sport|title=Andy Murray loses to Juan Monaco at Valencia Open|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9156672.stm|date=3 November 2010}}</ref> Houiver, in doubles, Murray pairtnered his brither Jamie Murray tae the final, whaur thay defeatit Mahesh Bhupathi an Max Mirnyi. The veectory wis Murray's first doubles title an the second time he haed reached a final wi his brither.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC Sport|title=Murray brothers seize first ATP Tour title in Valencia|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9164970.stm|date=7 November 2010|accessdate=10 November 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110031424/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9164970.stm|archivedate=2010-11-10|url-status=live|url-status=live}}</ref> Murray won tae the quarter finals at the BNP Paribas Masters losin tae Gaël Monfils in three sets. Combined wi his exit an Söderling's takin the title, Murray foond himsel pushed doun a spot in the rankings, tae No. 5 frae No. 4.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/soderlings-win-pushes-murray-down-to-no-5-2134252.html|title=Soderling's win pushes Murray down to No 5|newspaper=The Independent|date=15 November 2010}}</ref> At the Tour finals in London, Murray went 2–1 in roond robin play afore facin Nadal in the semifinal. Thay battled for ower three oors, afore Murray fell tae the Spaniard in a final-set tie-breaker, bringin an end tae his saison.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9234077.stm|title=Rafael Nadal battles past Andy Murray to reach O2 final|publisher=BBC Sport|date=27 November 2010}}</ref> === 2011: Second Australian Open final an twa Masters titles === Murray an Laura Robson lost in the roond-robin stage 2011 Hopman Cup, lossin aw three ties even tho Murray won aw o his singles matches. Then Murray, alang wi ither stars lik Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal, an Novak Djokovic, participatit in the Rally for Relief event fur tae help raise money for the fluid victims in [[Queensland]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/front_page/9360057.stm|title=Sports stars pledge help for Queensland flood victims|date=13 January 2011|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> [[File:Andy and Jamie Murray.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Andy wi his brither [[Jamie Murray|Jamie]] (left) at the 2011 Japan Open]] Seedit fift in the 2011 Australian Open, Murray met umwhile champion Novak Djokovic in the final an wis defeatit in straucht sets. In Rotterdam, he wis defeatit bi Marcos Baghdatis in the first roond.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/9387018.stm|title=Andy Murray loses to Marcos Baghdatis in Rotterdam|date=9 February 2011|accessdate=21 March 2011|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray reached the semifinals o the doubles tournament wi his brither Jamie. Murray lost tae qualifiers in the first roonds at the Masters Series events in Indian Wells an Miami, efter which he split wi coach Àlex Corretja.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/12890238.stm|title=Andy Murray parts with coach Alex Corretja|accessdate=13 April 2011|date=29 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408065114/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/12890238.stm|archivedate=2011-04-08|publisher=BBC Sport|url-status=live}}</ref> Murray returned tae form at the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, but lost tae Nadal in the semifinals.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/13104116.stm|title=Rafael Nadal beats Murray to reach Monte Carlo final|date=16 April 2011|accessdate=24 April 2011|last=Newbery|first=Piers|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray sustained an elbow injury afore the match an subsequently withdrew frae the 2011 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell due tae the injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/13122602.stm|title=Andy Murray out of Barcelona Open with elbow injury|date=19 April 2011|accessdate=24 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110422070131/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/13122602.stm|archivedate=2011-04-22|url-status=live|last=Newbery|first=Piers|publisher=BBC Sport|url-status=live}}</ref> Murray lost in the third roond at the Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open, but got tae the semi-finals o the Rome Masters, whaur he lost tae Novak Djokovic.<ref name="2011atp">{{cite web | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Andy-Murray.aspx?t=pa&y=2011&m=s&e=0# | title=2011 ATP stats | accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref> At the French Open, Murray won twa tough early matches, afore losin in his first semifinal at Roland Garros, against Rafael Nadal.<ref>{{cite news|last=Newbery|first=Piers|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/13584139 |title=French Open: Andy Murray beats Michael Berrer despite injury |date=28 May 2011 |accessdate=5 July 2012|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Newbery|first=Piers|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/13604860 |title=French Open: Andy Murray reaches Paris quarter-finals |date=31 May 2011 |accessdate=5 July 2012|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/13643353.stm | title=French Open: Rafael Nadal outclasses Andy Murray to reach final|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=3 June 2011|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray defaitit Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, winnin his second Queen's Club title.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/13739645.stm|title=Andy Murray beats Jo-Wilfried Tsonga to win Queen's|date=13 June 2011|last=Newbery|first=Piers|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> At Wimbledon, Murray lost in the semifinal tae Nadal, despite takin the first set.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/13991175.stm | title=Wimbledon 2011: Rafael Nadal beats Andy Murray in semis|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=1 July 2011|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> At the Davis Cup tie atween Great Britain an Luxembourg, Murray led the British team tae veectory.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray secures Great Britain Davis Cup victory|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/14098278.stm |accessdate=3 July 2013 |date=10 July 2011 |publisher=BBC Sport |last=Overend|first=Jonathan}}</ref> Murray wis the twa-time defendin 2011 Rogers Cup champion, but lost in the second roond tae South African Kevin Anderson.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/tennis/08/09/rogers-cup-murray.ap/ |title=Defending champ Murray takes early exit from Rogers Cup |work=Sports Illustrated |date=8 September 2011 |accessdate=5 July 2012 |archive-date=2012-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104175619/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/tennis/08/09/rogers-cup-murray.ap/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Houiver, the follaein week, he won the 2011 Western & Southern Open, beatin Novak Djokovic, efter Djokovic retired due tae injury.<ref name="djinjury">{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/21/novak-djokovic-injury-cincy-final_n_932484.html | title=Noval Djokovic Injured | accessdate=17 August 2012 | work=Huffington Post | date=21 August 2011}}</ref> At the 2011 US Open, Murray battled frae twa sets doun tae win a five-set second-roond encounter wi Robin Haase, but lost in the semifinals tae Rafael Nadal in fower sets. Murray easy won the smaw 250-class Thailand Open, an the follaein week he won his third title in fower tournaments at the Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships. His unfrein in the final wis Rafael Nadal, wham he beat for the first time in the year in three sets. Murray then won the doubles wi his brither Jamie Murray, acomin the first person in the 2011 saison tae captur baith singles an doubles titles at the same tournament. Murray then successfully defended his Shanghai Masters crown wi a straucht-sets veectory ower David Ferrer in the final. At the [[ATP World Tour Finals]], Murray lost tae David Ferrer in straucht sets an withdrew frae the tournament efter the loss wi a lisk yerk. Murray endit the year as No. 4 in the warld ahint Novak Djokovic, Rafael Nadal, an Roger Federer. === 2012: US Open champion, Wimbledon runner-up an Olympic gowd === {{main|2012 Andy Murray tennis season}} Wi [[Ivan Lendl]] as his new full-time coach,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/16372414.stm|title=Andy Murray appoints Ivan Lendl as his new coach|publisher=BBC Sport|last=Overend|first=Jonathan|date=31 December 2011}}</ref> Murray began the saison bi playin in the 2012 Brisbane International. He owercame a slow stairt in his first twa matches tae win his 22nt title bi beatin Alexandr Dolgopolov in the final.<ref>{{cite news|last=Briggs|first=Simon|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/9000543/Andy-Murray-wins-Brisbane-International-after-beating-Alexandr-Dolgopolov-in-straight-sets.html|title=Andy Murray cruises to Brisbane title and pays tribute to sense of humour and work ethic of new coach Ivan Lendl|date=9 January 2012|accessdate=25 January 2012|location=London|work=The Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|archive-date=2012-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109055545/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/9000543/Andy-Murray-wins-Brisbane-International-after-beating-Alexandr-Dolgopolov-in-straight-sets.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In doubles, he lost in the quarterfinals against second seeds Jürgen Melzer an Philipp Petzschner in a tight match.<ref>Tennis Live [http://www.tennislive.us/atp/match/jurgen-melzer-philipp-petzschner-VS-marcos-baghdatis-andy-murray/brisbane-international-brisbane-2012/ match result]</ref> Efter an exhibition tournament,<ref>[http://www1.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/7425934/Murray-toasts-success "Murray toasts success" British No. 1 wins exhibition encounter] 13 January 2012, Sky Sports</ref> Murray got tae the semi-finals o the 2012 Australian Open, whaur he wis defeatit bi Djokovic in a fower-oor-an-50-meenit match.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray defeated by Novak Djokovic in epic semi-final|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-defeated-by-novak-djokovic-in-epic-semifinal-6295539.html|work=The Independent|accessdate=27 January 2012|date=27 January 2012|last=Fisher|first=Jon|location=London|archive-date=2012-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127231624/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-defeated-by-novak-djokovic-in-epic-semifinal-6295539.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Victory Andy Murray.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Murray's veectory signature at the Olympics whaur he won the gowd medal.]] At the Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championships, Murray defeatit Djokovic in the semifinals, but lost in the final tae Roger Federer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Federer edges Murray to win Dubai Championships|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2012/03/03/federer-edges-murray-to-win-dubai-championships/|publisher=Fox News Channel|accessdate=6 March 2012|date=3 March 2012|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152618/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2012/03/03/federer-edges-murray-to-win-dubai-championships/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter an early defeat at the BNP Paribas Open, Murray reached the final o the Miami Masters, losin tae Djokovic.<ref name="2012ATP">{{cite web | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Andy-Murray.aspx?t=pa&y=2012&m=s&e=0# | title=ATP results | accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref> Murray then haed quarterfinal losses at the Monte Carlo Masters an Barcelona Open, an a third roond loss at the Italian Open.<ref name="2012ATP" /> Murray battled back spasms aw throu the French Open, an in the quarterfinals he wis beaten bi David Ferrer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jun/06/french-open-andy-murray|title=French Open 2012: Andy Murray runs out of steam against David Ferrer|accessdate=5 January 2015 | work=The Guardian|date=6 June 2012|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin}}</ref> Murray lost in the openin roond o the [[Queen's Club Championships]] tae warld No. 65 [[Nicolas Mahut]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/9330050/Andy-Murray-beaten-by-Nicolas-Mahut-in-second-round-at-Queens.html|title=Andy Murray beaten by Nicolas Mahut in second round at Queens|accessdate=13 June 2012 | work=The Telegraph|last1=Briggs|first1=Simon|date=13 June 2012|location=London|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref> At Wimbledon, Murray set the record for the latest feenish at the championships when he completit a fower-set veectory ower Marcos Baghdatis at 23:02 BST.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|last=Ornstein|first=David|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18654579 |title=Wimbledon 2012: Andy Murray beats Marcos Baghdatis in thriller |date=30 June 2012 |accessdate=5 July 2012|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray beat [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] in the semifinal in fower sets tae become the first male British player tae reach the final o Wimbledon syne Bunny Austin in 1938.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chronicle.augusta.com/sports/other-sports/2012-07-06/andy-murray-first-brit-make-wimbledon-finals-74-years?v=1341619125|title=Andy Murray is first Brit to make Wimbledon finals in 74 years |accessdate=6 July 2012}}</ref> In the final, he faced Federer, but efter takin the first set, he lost the match in fower sets.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/tennis/news/20120708/roger-federer-wins-wimbledon-andy-murray/ | title=Federer Wins 7th Wimbledon | accessdate=17 August 2012 | work=Wimbledon 2012 | date=8 July 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203093408/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/tennis/news/20120708/roger-federer-wins-wimbledon-andy-murray/ | archive-date=2014-02-03 }}</ref> Murray next kempit at the [[Tennis at the 2012 Simmer Olympics|London 2012 Summer Olympics]] in singles, doubles, an mixed doubles. He pairtnered his brither Jamie Murray in doubles an suffered a first-roond exit tae Austria (Jürgen Melzer an Alexander Peya) in three sets.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/19031536|title=Andy and Jamie Murray beaten in Olympic tennis doubles| date=28 July 2012|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> In the mixed doubles, Murray wis pairtnered bi Laura Robson. Thay got aw the wey tae the finals whaur thay lost tae the Belarusian top seeds ([[Victoria Azarenka]] an Max Mirnyi) in three sets, settlin for the siller medal. In singles, Murray lost anly ane set on his wey tae the finals whaur he met Federer, defeatin him in straucht sets, for the loss o juist 7 gemmes.<ref name="2012ATP" /> Bi winnin the Olympic gowd medal, Murray becam the first British man tae win the Olympic singles gowd medal in tennis syne Josiah Ritchie in 1908. He wis anly the 7t man in the open era tae win twa medals at the same Olympic Gemmes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray wins men's singles Olympics tennis gold|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18907001|accessdate=6 August 2012|last=Ornstein|first=David|date=5 August 2012|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray retired early in the Rogers Cup due tae a knee injury, an wis beaten bi unseedit Jérémy Chardy at the Cincinnati Masters in straucht sets. He next competit in the final major o the saison at the US Open. He cruised throu his openin twa roonds in straucht sets against Alex Bogomolov an Ivan Dodig, afore facin a tough fower-set battle wi [[Feliciano López]], whaur Murray haed tae win three tie-breakers. In the fowert roond, he defeatit the Canadian [[Milos Raonic]] in straucht sets, an then in the quarterfinals, haed tae come frae a set an twa breaks doun against Marin Čilić tae prevail in fower. In the semifinals, he defeatit Tomáš Berdych in a lang-focht match that lasted awmaist fower oors, tae reach his second consecutive Grand Slam final. Murray defeatit Djokovic in five sets, acomin the first British man tae win a Grand Slam final syne Fred Perry in 1936,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/usopen/9532050/US-Open-2012-Novak-Djokovic-defeats-David-Ferrer-to-set-up-final-against-Andy-Murray-on-Monday.html|title=Novak Djokovic sets up Andy Murray US Open final|accessdate=9 September 2012 | work=The Telegraph}}</ref> an the first Scottish-born player tae win a Grand Slam final syne Harold Mahony in 1896.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sport.stv.tv/tennis/189639-andy-murray-becomes-first-scottish-born-slam-winner-since-harold-mahony/|title=Andy Murray becomes first Scottish-born slam winner since Harold Mahony|publisher=STV|date=11 September 2012|accessdate=11 September 2012|archive-date=2012-09-12|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6AcKp7Ep6?url=http://sport.stv.tv/tennis/189639-andy-murray-becomes-first-scottish-born-slam-winner-since-harold-mahony/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The win wad set several records for Murray an aw. It involved the langest tiebreak in US Open final history, at 12–10 in the first set. It left Murray the first man ever tae win an Olympic gowd medal an the US Open in the same year. It tied wi the 1988 US Open final (in which Murray's coach Lendl competit) as the langest final in the tournament's history.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://espn.go.com/blog/statsinfo/post/_/id/50912/murrays-open-win-a-first-on-multiple-fronts/ |title=Murray's Open win a first on multiple fronts|publisher=ESPN|date=10 September 2012|accessdate=10 September 2012}}</ref> Bi defeatin Djokovic in the final, Murray achieved his 100th Grand Slam match win o his career. The victory pit Murray amang the "[[Big Four (tennis)|Big Four]]" accordin tae mony pundits, includin Novak Djokovic.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/sep/11/andy-murray-us-open-press-review|title=Andy Murray's US Open win, press review: 'The Big Three is the Big Four'|accessdate=11 September 2012|last=Murrells|first=Katy|date=11 September 2012|work=The Guardian|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/165275.html|title=Djokovic: Murray deserves 'big-four' tag|accessdate=26 January 2012|archive-date=2014-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030170955/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/165275.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Andy Murray with Lendl.JPG|thumb|left|Andy Murray wi coach Ivan Lendl]] In his first tournament efter the US Open, Murray reached the semifinals o the Rakuten Japan Open efter enterin as defendin champion. He wis beaten bi Milos Raonic in a close three-set match. He wis defendin champion in the doubles wi his brither Jamie an aw. Houiver, thay war knocked oot in the quarterfinals bi tap seeds Leander Paes an Radek Štěpánek. At the penultimate Masters 1000 tournament o the year in Shanghai, efter receivin a bye intae roond twa, Murray's first match wis due tae be played against Florian Mayer. Houiver, Mayer haed tae pou oot due tae skaith, giein Murray a walkower intae the thrid roond. Efter beatin Alexandr Dolgopolov in the third roond, he then overcame Radek Štěpánek in a three-set quarterfinal. Efter, Murray faced Roger Federer in the semifinals, wham he defeatit in straucht sets tae set up a second consecutive final against Novak Djokovic, an his third consecutive Shanghai final. Efter failin tae capitalise on five match pynts, Murray hinnerly lost in three sets, bringin tae an end his 12–0 winnin streak at the competeetion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to win Shanghai Masters|url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/19941370|publisher=BBC|date=14 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Simon Cambers|title=Novak Djokovic roars back to deny Andy Murray in epic Shanghai final|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/oct/14/novak-djokovic-andy-murray-shanghai|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|date=14 October 2012}}</ref> Whan Rafael Nadal poued oot o baith the Paris Masters an the Year-End Championships,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/news/tennis-nadal-paris-london-153900726.html|title=Tennis – Nadal down and out of Paris and London |accessdate=25 October 2012|date=25 October 2012|work=Yahoo Sport}}</ref> Murray feinisht the year at No. 3 in the warld, efter fower year at No. 4. This wis the first time Murray haed feinisht the year heicher than No. 4 in the warld. At the [[BBC]] ''Sports Personality of the Year'' Murray foond hisel votit third oweraw, aheid o [[Mo Farah]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bradley Wiggins claims BBC award is his 'greatest achievement'|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/sports-personality/20750840|date=17 December 2012|accessdate=12 March 2013|last=Keogh|first=Frank|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray won the World Breakthrough o the Year at the Laureus World Sports Awards.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/other-sports/laureus-world-sports-awards-jessica-ennis-named-sportswoman-of-year-8530330.html|title=Laureus World Sports Awards: Jessica Ennis named Sportswoman of Year|work=Evening Standard|date=12 March 2013|accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref> Murray wis appyntit [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services tae tennis.<ref name="Honours2013">{{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/dec/30/new-year-honours-list-2013 | title=New Year honours 2013: the full list | work=guardian.co.uk | date=30 December 2012 |accessdate=15 January 2013|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=60367 |date=29 December 2012 |startpage=24 |supp=y }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=BBC News|title=Honorary degree and freedom of Stirling for Andy Murray|date=23 April 2014|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-27114857|work=BBC News|accessdate=24 April 2014|location=London}}</ref> === 2013: Wimbledon champion an third Australian Open final === {{main|2013 Andy Murray tennis season}} Murray began his 2013 saison bi retainin his Brisbane International title, defeatin [[Grigor Dimitrov]] in the final in straucht sets.<ref name="2013 Brisbane">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/20926184 |title=Ross Hutchins diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma |date=6 January 2013 |accessdate=20 April 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Tryin tae win his second Major in a row, he began the 2013 Australian Open weel wi a straucht sets veectory ower Dutchman Robin Haase. He follaed this up wi straucht set victories ower João Sousa, practice pairtner Ričardas Berankis an French No. 14 seed Gilles Simon. In the quarterfinals he cruised past Jérémy Chardy in straucht sets tae set up a semi final clash wi Roger Federer. Efter exchangin sets, Murray eventually prevailed in 5 sets, recordin his first Grand Slam tournament triumph ower Federer. Wi this veectory, each member o the ATP's maist [[Big Four (tennis)|dominant quartet of the previous fower years (Federer, Nadal, Djokovic an Murray)]] haed beaten the ither three at the Majors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theroar.com.au/2013/01/27/2013-australian-open-mens-singles-final-preview/ |title=2013 Australian Open – Men's singles final preview |publisher=The Roar |date=|accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> This veectory set up Murray's third consecutive Major final appearance, an second in a row against Novak Djokovic. Efter takin the first set in a tiebreak, Murray wis eventually defeatit in fower sets.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21092882 |title=Andy Murray v Novak Djokovic as it happened |date=27 January 2013 |accessdate=20 April 2013 |publisher=BBC Sport |archive-date=2014-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110034720/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21092882 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His defeat in this final meant that Murray becam anly the second man in the Open Era tae achieve three runner-up finishes at the Australian Open, the ither bein Stefan Edberg. At the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, Murray lost at the quarter-final stage tae Juan Martín del Potro in three sets.<ref name="2013 Indian Wells">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21809556|title=Juan Martin del Potro beats Andy Murray in Indian Wells |accessdate=18 March 2013|publisher=BBC Sport|date=16 March 2013|last=Overend|first=Jonathan}}</ref> At the Miami Masters, Murray got throu his first fower matches withoot droppin a set, an efter overcomin Richard Gasquet in the semifinals, faced David Ferrer in the final. Efter losin the first set, an facin match pynt in the decider at 5–6, Murray eventually teuk the match in a third set tiebreaker tae win his second Miami Masters title. This let him leapfrog Roger Federer intae second place in the rankings, endin a near-decade lang time period in which neither Federer or Rafael Nadal war rankit in the tap twa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-up-to-no-2-in-world-after-hard-slog-against-david-ferrer-in-miami-heat-8555678.html?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=t.co|title=Andy Murray up to No. 2 in world after hard slog against David Ferrer in Miami heat|work=The Independent|date=31 March 2013|last=Newman|first=Paul|location=London}}</ref> Murray briefly fell back tae No. 3 in the warld, follaein a third roond defeat bi Stanislas Wawrinka in Monte-Carlo, but reclaimed the No. 2 rankin as a result o Federer failin tae defend his title at the Mutua Madrid Open. Later, Murray lost at the quarter-final stage tae Tomáš Berdych in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/22488571|title=Andy Murray beaten by Tomas Berdych at Madrid Open |accessdate=10 May 2013|publisher=BBC Sport|date=11 May 2013}}</ref> At the Rome Masters, Murray retired due tae a hip injury durin his second roond match against Marcel Granollers on his 26t birthday. Murray haed juist battled back tae tie the match at ane set all efter winnin the second set on a tiebreak. This left Murray wi anly eleven days tae be fit for the stairt o the French Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/22540156|title=Andy Murray pulls out of French Open with back injury|accessdate=15 May 2013|publisher=BBC Sport|date=21 May 2013|last=Overend|first=Jonathan}}</ref> Speakin at a press conference efter the match, Murray said, "As it is, I'd be very surprised if I was playing in Paris. I need to make a plan as to what I do. I'll chat with the guys tonight and make a plan for the next few days then make a decision on Paris after the next five days."<ref>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray pulls out of French Open with back injury|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/22540156|accessdate=15 May 2013|last=Overend|first=Jonathan|date=21 May 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> He wad go on tae withdraw frae Roland Garros later, citin a back injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2013/05/21/Murray-Withdraws-From-Roland-Garros.aspx|title=Murray withdraws from Roland Garros|date=22 May 2013|work=ATP|accessdate=7 July 2013}}</ref> Efter a fower-week break due tae injury, Murray cam back at the 2013 Aegon Championships, whaur he wis the tap seed. Efter a rain delayed first day, Murray haed tae complete his second roond match against Nicolas Mahut, an his subsequent match against Marinko Matosevic on the same day, baith o which he won in straucht sets. Efter beatin Benjamin Becker in the quarterfinals, Murray next faced his first tap ten opponent syne losin tae Tomáš Berdych in Madrid, takin on Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the semifinals. Efter droppin the first set against the Frenchman, Murray eventually raised his level an won in three tae set up a final against Marin Čilić o Croatia, his third consecutive final on gress courts. He came frae behind again tae beat Čilić in three sets tae claim his third title at [[Queen's Club Championships|Queen's Club]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/22926718|title=Andy Murray wins Aegon Championships at Queen's|website=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=17 June 2013|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> Goin intae Wimbledon, Murray hadn't lost a match on gress syne the previous year's final, an wis on a winnin streak o 11 matches on gress. In the first twa roonds, Murray faced Benjamin Becker<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/23031466|title=Andy Murray beats Benjamin Becker at Wimbledon 2013|website=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=24 June 2013|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> an Yen-hsun Lu<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/23066798|title=Andy Murray beats Yen-Hsun Lu at Wimbledon 2013|website=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=26 June 2013|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> respectively, defeatin baith in straucht sets. His third roond match wis against 32nd seed [[Tommy Robredo]], an despite a tour comeback ower the past year, Murray overcame the Spaniard in straucht sets tae set up a clash wi Mikhail Youzhny. Youzhny wis the heichest seed left in Murray's half follaein the unexpectedly early exits o Roger Federer an Rafael Nadal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/23106283|title=Andy Murray beats Tommy Robredo at Wimbledon 2013|website=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=28 June 2013|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> Despite facin a fightback in the second set, Murray won in straucht sets tae mak it throu tae his tenth consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/23130222|title=Andy Murray beats Mikhail Youzhny at Wimbledon 2013|website=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=1 July 2013|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> Thare he wis tae play Fernando Verdasco, the first left-handed player Murray haed faced syne the 2012 US Open. For the seivent time in his career, Murray haed tae come back frae a deficit o twa sets tae ultimately come throu in five.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/23170595|title=Andy Murray beats Fernando Verdasco at Wimbledon|website=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=3 July 2013|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> This set up a semifinal clash wi 24t seed Jerzy Janowicz, the Pols player that beat Murray in thair umwhile encounter. Efter Murray failed tae break Janowicz's serve, the Pole teuk the openin set in the tiebreak, follaein a dooble fault frae Murray. However, Murray managed tae up his level o play, an won the next three sets, makkin it throu tae his second consecutive Wimbledon final, an thrid consecutive major final again Novak Djokovic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/23201318|title=Andy Murray beats Jerzy Janowicz in Wimbledon semi-final|website=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=5 July 2013|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> [[File:Murray and the Wimbledon Trophy (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Murray holds the Wimbledon trophy follaein his veectory in the 2013 men's final.]] Despite the Serb bein the favourite tae win the title throughout the Championships, Murray overcame Djokovic in a straucht sets match that lasted ower three oors. He becam the first British winner o the men's singles title syne Fred Perry in 1936, an the first [[Scot]] o aither sex tae win a Wimbledon singles title syne Harold Mahony in 1896. The win extendit his winnin streak on gress tae 18 matches.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2013/jul/07/andy-murray-novak-djokovic-live|title=Andy Murray beats Novak Djokovic to win Wimbledon – as it happened|date=7 July 2013|work=The Guardian|accessdate=8 July 2013 |last=Murrells|first=Katy|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> Wi the win, he becam anly the second man in the open era efter Rafael Nadal tae haud the Olympic singles gowd medal an Wimbledon title simultaneously an aw. At the US Open, Murray entered a Grand Slam tournament as defendin champion for the first time, an stairtit strangly wi a straucht sets win against Michaël Llodra. He backed this up wi wins ower Leonardo Mayer, Florian Mayer an Denis Istomin tae reach the quarterfinals at a major for the 11t straucht tournament. In the last 8, Murray faced Stanislas Wawrinka o Switzerland, but lost in straucht sets, endin Murray's streak o fower consecutive major finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/23966036|title=US Open 2013: Andy Murray beaten by Stanislas Wawrinka|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> Follaein his disappointin run o form on haurd courts, Murray next jynt the [[Great Britain Davis Cup team]] in thair World Group Play-off tie on clay against Croatia, whaur he played in twa singles an the doubles rubbers. Efter defeatin 16-year-auld Borna Ćorić in straucht sets, Murray teamed up wi Colin Fleming tae defeat Croatian number 1 Ivan Dodig an Mate Pavić in the doubles, an tak a 2–1 lead in the tie. Murray then sealed Britain's return tae the World Group bi defeatin Dodig in straucht sets. Follaein the Davis Cup, Murray's saison wis cut short bi his decision tae unnergang surgery, in order tae sort oot the lawer back problems that haed caused him problems syne the early stages o the previous saison. He haed been forced tae withdraw frae the French Open in Mey, an the injury flared up again durin the US Open an later durin the Davis Cup World Group Play-offs. Murray decidit that surgery wis the best wey tae sort the problem oot for the lang-term.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/239631.html|title=Back surgery set to end Murray's season|date=19 September 2013|work=espn.co.uk|accessdate=20 September 2013|last=staff|first=ESPN|publisher=ESPN|archive-date=2014-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014121118/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/239631.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Follaein the conclusion o the 2013 saison, Murray wis voted the 2013 BBC Sport Personality of the Year, efter haein been hivy favourite syne the nominees war annoonced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/sports-personality/25386015 |title=Andy Murray wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2013 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=15 December 2013 |accessdate=8 June 2014}}</ref> === 2014: Recovery frae surgery an 30t career title === {{main|2014 Andy Murray tennis season}} Murray stairtit his saison at the Qatar Open in Doha. In the first roond, he defeatit Mousa Shanan Zayed in straucht sets in 37 meenits withoot droppin a single gemme, but wis defeatit in three sets bi warld No. 40 Florian Mayer in the second roond, despite bein a set an a break up three gemmes intae the second set.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thepeninsulaqatar.com/sports/tennis/261706/nadal-murray-start-season-at-qatar-open|title=Nadal, Murray start season at Qatar Open|accessdate=13 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427075644/http://thepeninsulaqatar.com/sports/tennis/261706/nadal-murray-start-season-at-qatar-open|archive-date=2016-04-27}}</ref> He then played a warm-up match at the 2014 AAMI Classic in Kooyong against warld No. 43 Lleyton Hewitt, losin in twa close tiebreaks. Murray next heided tae Melbourne for the 2014 Australian Open, whaur he drew the warld No. 112, Go Soeda o Japan. Despite worries that he wis nae match-fit, Murray got off tae a strang stairt, dispatchin the Japanese number 2 in under 90 meenits, losin juist 5 gemmes in the process. He next went on tae defeat Vincent Millot an Feliciano López respectively in straucht sets. In the fowert roond, Murray dropped his first set o the tournament on his wey tae beatin Stephane Robert in fower sets tae set up a meetin wi lang-staundin rival Roger Federer in the quarterfinals. Despite savin twa match pynts tae tak the third set, he ultimately went oot in fower, endin his streak o fower consecutive Australian Open semifinals.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/australian-open-2014-andy-murray-unable-to-stop-roger-federer-who-marches-on-to-semifinal-meeting-with-rafael-nadal-9076809.html |title=Andy Murray unable to stop Roger Federer who marches on to semi-final meeting with Rafael Nadal |newspaper=The Independent |date=22 January 2014 |access-date=2016-06-28 |archive-date=2015-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925232918/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/australian-open-2014-andy-murray-unable-to-stop-roger-federer-who-marches-on-to-semifinal-meeting-with-rafael-nadal-9076809.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> As a result o losin afore the final, Murray fell tae No. 6 in the warld, fallin oot o the tap 5 for the first time syne 2008. He neist heidit tae the United States tae compete in the Davis Cup World Group first roond wi [[Great Britain Davis Cup team|Great Britain]], that gaed intae the tie as ootsiders. Murray buir the gree i baith o his ties again Donald Young an Sam Querrey respectively, helpin Britain tae thair first Davis Cup quarterfinal syne 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100021080|title=USA vs Great Britain|work=Davis Cup website|accessdate=3 February 2014|archive-date=2014-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125081647/http://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100021080|url-status=dead}}</ref> Murray's next tournament wis the Rotterdam Open efter receivin a late wild card, however he lost tae Marin Čilić in straucht sets in the quarterfinals. His follaein competeetion, the Mexican Open in Acapulco, endit in a semifinal defeat bi Grigor Dimitrov in a thrillin three-setter that required twa tiebreakers tae decide the final twa sets. At Indian Wells, Murray struggled in his first twa matches against Lukáš Rosol an Jiří Veselý respectively. He overcame baith in close three-set encounters tae set up a fowert roond clash wi Canadian Milos Raonic, which he lost in three sets. Murray offered tae play wi 2012 Wimbledon Doubles champion Jonathan Marray, acause Marray wis unable tae convince anyone tae jyne him on court.<ref name="Wimbledon 2014: Jonny Marray's doubles trouble ends in win as he makes second round with John-Patrick Smith">{{cite news |title= Wimbledon 2014: Jonny Marray's doubles trouble ends in win as he makes second round with John-Patrick Smith|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/10929416/Wimbledon-2014-Jonny-Marrays-doubles-trouble-ends-in-win-as-he-makes-second-round-with-John-Patrick-Smith.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date= 26 June 2014}}</ref> For Murray an Marray's first competitive match thegither, thay won a doubles clash against [[Gaël Monfils]] an Juan Mónaco anly tae lose in the second round tae the No 2 seeds Alexander Peya an Bruno Soares. In Mairch, Murray split wi coach Ivan Lendl, that haed been widely praised for helpin Murray achieve his goal o winnin Grand Slam titles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/26646809|title=Andy Murray and coach Ivan Lendl agree mutual split|publisher=BBC Sport|date=19 March 2014}}</ref> At the 2014 Miami Masters, Murray defeatit Matthew Ebden, Feliciano López an Jo Wilfried Tsonga but lost tae Novak Djokovic in the quarterfinals. In the Davis Cup quarterfinals against Italy, he beat [[Andreas Seppi]] in his first rubber, then teamed up wi Colin Flemin tae win the doubles rubber. Murray haed anly beaten ane tap ten player on clay, Nikolay Davidenko, back in 2009, an sae he wis stunned bi Fabio Fognini in straucht sets in his final singles match. This teuk Great Britain tae the decidin final rubber. Houiver, in this match his compatriot, James Ward wis defeatit bi Andreas Seppi in straucht sets an aw, knockin Murray an Great Britain oot o the Davis Cup. Murray next competit at the Madrid Open an follaein his openin win, ower Nicolas Almagro, he dedicated the veectory tae umwhile player [[Elena Baltacha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/05/19/Madrid-Wednesday-Murray-Tsonga.aspx |title=Andy Murray Edges Nicolas Almagro In Madrid – Tennis |publisher=ATP World Tour |date= |accessdate=8 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Fuller, Russell |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27299893 |title=Andy Murray beats Nicolas Almagro at Madrid Masters |work=BBC Sport |date=7 May 2014 |accessdate=8 June 2014}}</ref> He then lost tae qualifier Santiago Giraldo in the follaein roond. Murray then reached the quarter-finals o the Rome Masters whaur he lost tae warld No. 1 Rafael Nadal in a tight match in which he haed been up a break in the final set.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27450843 |title=Rafael Nadal beats Andy Murray in Italian Open quarter-final |publisher=BBC Sport |date=16 May 2014 |accessdate=8 June 2014}}</ref> At the French Open, Murray defeatit Andrey Golubev an Marinko Matosevic afore edgin oot 28t seed Philipp Kohlschreiber 12–10 in the final set. This wis the first time Murray haed ever gone beyond 7–5 in a decidin set.<ref>{{cite web|last=Newbery |first=Piers |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27655396 |title=Andy Murray beats Philipp Kohlschreiber at French Open |publisher=BBC Sport |date=1 June 2014 |accessdate=8 June 2014}}</ref> He follaed this up wi a straucht sets win ower Fernando Verdasco an then recorded a five set veectory ower Frenchman Gaël Monfils in the quarter-final, which saw Murray rise tae warld No. 5 an equal his best ever [[French Open]] bi reachin the semi-finals. Houiver, he subsequently lost tae Rafael Nadal in straucht sets, winnin anly 6 gemmes in the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27734725 |title=Andy Murray beaten by Rafael Nadal in French Open semi-final |publisher=BBC Sport |date=6 June 2014}}</ref> Efter losin the 2014 French Open semi-finals tae Nadal, Murray appyntit umwhile women's warld No. 1, an twa-times slam titlist, [[Amélie Mauresmo|Amélie Mauresmo]] as his coach<ref>{{cite web|author=Fuller, Russell |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27753849 |title=Andy Murray appoints Amelie Mauresmo as coach |publisher=BBC Sport |date= |accessdate=8 June 2014}}</ref> in a 'historic muive' that left Mauresmo the first wumman tae coach a tap male tennis player.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/jun/08/andy-murray-amelie-mauresmo-coach 'Andy Murray appoints Amélie Mauresmo as his new coach'], ''[[The Guardian]]'' (London), 8 June 2014.</ref> Efter strang gress court seasons in 2012 an 2013, Murray wis seedit thrid for the 2014 Wimbledon Championship, behind Novak Djokovic an Rafael Nadal, that wis seedit first an second respectively.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27889167 'Wimbledon:Andy Murray third seed behind Djokovic & Nadal'], "BBC Sport", 19 June 2014.</ref> He began his title defence wi straucht sets wins ower [[David Goffin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27977150|title=Wimbledon 2014: Andy Murray beats David Goffin in round one|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> an Blaž Rola, defeatin the latter for the loss o juist twa gemmes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28020836|title=Andy Murray beats Blaz Rola in Wimbledon second round|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> Murray continued his good form, defeatin [[Roberto Bautista Agut]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28038906|title=Andy Murray beats Roberto Bautista Agut at Wimbledon|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> an Kevin Anderson,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28071971|title=Andy Murray beats Kevin Anderson under Wimbledon roof|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> the 27t an 20t seeds, again in straucht sets tae reach his seivent consecutive Wimbledon quarterfinal. Murray's defence then came tae a halt as Grigor Dimitrov ended his 17 match winnin-streak on the gress o Wimbledon (this includes the 2012 Olympics) wi a straucht sets win. This meant Murray failed tae reach the semi-finals for the first time syne 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28110931|title=Andy Murray loses to Grigor Dimitrov in Wimbledon quarters|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> Efter his defeat at the Championships, Murray dropped tae 10t in the warld, his lowest rankin syne 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28142258|title=Andy Murray: World ranking drops to 10th – lowest since 2008|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> Prior tae the North American haurd court swing, Murray annoonced he wis stendin his partnership wi Amélie Mauresmo til the end o the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], but wis ideally leukin for a lang-term deal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-looking-for-longterm-deal-with-coach-amelie-mauresmo-9647833.html |title=Andy Murray looking for long-term deal with coach Amelie Mauresmo |last=Newman |first=Paul |work=The Independent |date=4 August 2014 |accessdate=16 August 2014 |location=London |archive-date=2015-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925232904/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-looking-for-longterm-deal-with-coach-amelie-mauresmo-9647833.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He revealed an aw that he haed anly juist returned tae a fou trainin schedule follaein his back surgery last September.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28654658|title=Andy Murray: British number one able to train fully again|work=BBC Sport|date=5 August 2014|accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref> Murray reached back-tae-back quarter-finals at the Canadian Open an Cincinnati Masters, losin baith times tae the eventual champion. He lost tae Jo Wilfried Tsonga,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.si.com/tennis/2014/08/10/jo-wilfried-tsonga-beats-roger-federer-win-rogers-cup|title=Jo-Wilfried Tsonga beats Roger Federer to win Rogers Cup|website=Sports Illustrated|last=Nguyen|first=Courtney|date=10 August 2014|accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref> efter bein a break up in the decider,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28713089|title=Rogers Cup: Andy Murray beaten by Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in Toronto|work=BBC Sport|date=8 August 2014|accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref> an tae Roger Federer, efter bein twa breaks up in the second set.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28813820|title=Andy Murray beaten by Roger Federer in Cincinnati|work=BBC Sport|date=16 August 2014|accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref> He then got tae the quarter-finals o the 2014 US Open, losin tae Novak Djokovic, efter earnin his first tap ten win o the year in the previous roond against Jo Wilfried Tsonga.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/29023290|title=US Open: Andy Murray beats Tsonga to reach last eight|last=Newbury|first=Piers|website=BBC Sport|date=1 September 2014|accessdate=22 September 2014}}</ref> This wis the first saison syne 2009 whaur Murray failed tae reach a grand slam final. As a consequence Murray fell ootside o the tap 10 rankin places for the first time syne Juin 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/342009.html|title=Murray drops out of world's top 10|website=ESPN|date=9 September 2014|accessdate=22 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014121009/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/342009.html|archive-date=2014-10-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Murray teuk a wildcard intae the inaugural Shenzhen Open in China, enterin as the number 2 seed. Victories ower Somdev Devvarman, Lukáš Lacko an Juan Mónaco saw Murray reak his first final o the saison, breakin a drocht o 14 month follaein his title at Wimbledon. In the final he faced Tommy Robredo o Spain, the second final atween the twa. Efter savin five championship pynts in the second set tie break, Murray went on tae win the title in three sets, Robredo's drop in fitness ultimately provin decisive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/09/39/Shenzhen-Final-Murray-Robredo.aspx|title=MURRAY SAVES 5 MATCH POINTS FOR SHENZHEN CROWN|publisher=ATP Website|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> He then teuk his good form intae Beijing, whaur he reached the semifinals afore losin tae Djokovic in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/news/djokovic-downs-murray-beijing-073504102--ten.html|title=Djokovic downs Murray in Beijing|website=Yahoo sports|date=4 October 2014|accessdate=20 October 2014|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031519/http://sports.yahoo.com/news/djokovic-downs-murray-beijing-073504102--ten.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Houiver, he lost in the third roond at the Shanghai Masters tae David Ferrer despite bein a set up.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/29548360|title=Andy Murray loses to David Ferrer at Shanghai Masters|work=BBC Sport|date=9 October 2014|accessdate=20 October 2014}}</ref> Follaein his early exit in Shanghai, Murray teuk a wildcard intae the Vienna Open in an attempt tae claim a place at the ATP World Tour Finals. He reached the final, whaur he ance again faced Ferrer, an triumphed in three sets for his second title o the saison, an the 30t o his career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/10/19/tennis-men-vienna-results-idUKISS06346720141019|title=Tennis-Vienna Open men's singles final result|accessdate=20 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Murray defeatit Ferrer again in the semi-finals o the Valencia Open tae muive intae his third final in five weeks, an faur strengthen his bid for a place at the saison finale in London.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/29772603|title=Andy Murray beats David Ferrer to reach Valencia Open final|work=BBC Sport|date=25 October 2014|accessdate=25 October 2014}}</ref> In a repeat o the Shenzhen Open final, Murray again saved five championship pynts as he overcame Tommy Robredo in three sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.yahoo.com/murray-outlasts-robredo-win-valencia-title-190947464--ten.html|title=Murray outlasts Robredo to win Valencia title|work=Yahoo News|date=26 October 2014|accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref> Murray then went on tae reak the quarter-finals o the Paris Masters, whaur he wis eliminate bi Djokovic in whit wis his 23rd match in the space o anly 37 day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/29858134|title=Andy Murray loses to Novak Djokovic in Paris Masters|work=BBC Sport|date=31 October 2014|accessdate=4 November 2014}}</ref> However, his win ower Dimitrov in the third roond haed awready guaranteed him a spot at the ATP World Tour Finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/oct/30/andy-murray-grigor-dimitrov-paris-atp-tour-finals|title=Andy Murray beats Grigor Dimitrov to qualify for ATP Tour Finals|website=The Guardian|last=Steinberg|first=Jacob|date=30 October 2014|accessdate=4 November 2014}}</ref> At the ATP World Tour Finals, Murray lost his openin roond robin match tae [[Kei Nishikori]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/nov/09/andy-murray-kei-nishikori-atp-tour-finals|title=Andy Murray loses to Kei Nishikori in ATP Tour finals opener|work=The Guardian|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=9 November 2014 |accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref> but won his second match against Milos Raonic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/nov/11/andy-murray-beats-milos-raonic-atp-tour-finals|title=Andy Murray beats Milos Raonic in straight sets at ATP Tour Finals|website=The Guardian|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=11 November 2014 |accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref> Houiver, he lost his final group match agin Federer in straucht sets an anly managed tae win ane gemme agin him, which put him oot o the tournament. It wis his worst defeat syne lossin tae Djokovic in the 2007 Miami Masters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30046849|title=Andy Murray knocked out of World Tour Finals by Roger Federer|work=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=13 November 2014|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref> Despite the loss, his late-saison run haed already propelled him back up the rankings tae No. 6 in the warld, his best rankin syne Juin. Follaein the conclusion o the saison, Murray mutually greed a split wi lang-term backroom staff, trainin pairtner Dani Vallverdu an fitness coach Jez Green. Thay haed been wi him for five an seiven year respectively but war baith reportit tae hae been unhappy at the lack o consultation thay haed been gien aboot the appointment o Mauresmo.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/nov/26/andy-murray-split-dani-vallverdu-jez-green|title=Andy Murray splits with long-time allies Dani Vallverdu and Jez Green|work=The Guardian|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=26 November 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> Murray forby teuk pairt in the inaugural saison o the International Premier Tennis League, representin the Manila Mavericks, that haed drafted him as an icon player in Februar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/26388728|title=Andy Murray joins International Premier Tennis League|work=BBC Sport|date=28 February 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> Murray teuk pairt in the first three matches o the tournament which war aw played in [[Manila]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30247376|title=Andy Murray teams up with Maria Sharapova on IPTL debut|work=BBC Sport|date=28 November 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> === 2015: Fowert Australian Open final, first clay titles an Davis Cup champion === [[File:2015 Australian Open - Andy Murray 3.jpg|205px|thumb|left|Murray at the 2015 Australian Open]] {{main|2015 Andy Murray tennis season}} Murray began his year bi winnin an exhibition event in [[Abu Dhabi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30666557|title=Andy Murray wins title after Novak Djokovic withdraws in Abu Dhabi|work=BBC Sport|date=3 January 2015|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> He then played the Hopman Cup wi Heather Watson an, despite winnin aw his singles matches in straucht sets, thay finished second in thair group behind Poland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-09/dellacqua-loses-to-watson-in-last-hopman-cup-tie/6009836|title=Hopman Cup: Great Britain too good for Australia as Andy Murray and Heather Watson score straight-sets wins over Marinko Matosevic and Casey Dellacqua|website=abc|date=9 January 2015|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> His first competitive tournament o the year wis the Australian Open. He won his appenin three match in straucht sets afore defeatin 11t seed Grigor Dimitrov tae reak the quarter-final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30973337|title=Andy Murray beats Grigor Dimitrov to make Australian Open quarters|work=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=25 January 2015|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> Wins ower Nick Kyrgios<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/31000718|title=Australian Open: Andy Murray beats Nick Kyrgios in last eight|work=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=27 January 2015|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> an Tomáš Berdych follaed as Murray reached his fowert final at the tournament (three o whilk wis agin Djokovic) an the aicht grand slam final o his career.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/31042458|title=Andy Murray in Australian Open final after beating Tomas Berdych|work=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=29 January 2015|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> He lost the final tae Novak Djokovic in fower sets,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/31073438|title=Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to win fifth Australian Open title|work=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=1 February 2015|accessdate=5 February 2015}}</ref> however his run tae the final saw his return tae the tap fower in the warld rankings for the first time in 12 month.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/local-sport/andy-murray-returns-top-four-5102294|title=Andy Murray returns to top four|work=Daily Record|last= Jones |first=Gareth Iwan|date=4 February 2015|accessdate=5 February 2015}}</ref> Murray neist participated in the Rotterdam Open as the tap seed, but he lost in the quarterfinals tae Gilles Simon, that endit a 12 match lossin streak agin Murray.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisnow.com/News/2015/February/Simon-Snaps-12-Match-Losing-Streak-vs-Murray-in-R.aspx|title=Simon Snaps 12-Match Losing Streak vs. Murray in Rotterdam|work=Tennis Now|last=Oddo|first=Chris|date=13 February 2015|accessdate=16 February 2015|archive-date=2016-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327145943/http://tennisnow.com/News/2015/February/Simon-Snaps-12-Match-Losing-Streak-vs-Murray-in-R.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Murray then played in the Dubai Championships but suffert anither quarterfinal defeat tae 18-year-auld Borna Ćorić an as a eftercast, Murray slipped tae No. 5 in the warld rankins ahint Rafael Nadal an Kei Nishikori.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/feb/26/andy-murray-loses-borna-coric-dubai|title=Andy Murray beaten in straight sets by teenager Borna Coric in Dubai|work=The Guardian|date=26 February 2015|accessdate=2 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www1.skysports.com/tennis/news/12040/9739726/andy-murray-slips-behind-kei-nishikori-in-the-latest-world-rankings|title=Andy Murray slips behind Kei Nishikori in the latest world rankings|work=Sky Sports|date=2 March 2015|accessdate=2 March 2015}}</ref> Afterwards, Murray played the Davis Cup World Group in Glasgow against the United States. He won baith his matches agin Donald Young an John Isner, allouin [[Great Britain Davis Cup team|Great Britain]] tae progress tae the quarterfinals for the second consecutive time wi a 3–2 lead ower the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/31784058|title=Davis Cup: Andy Murray wins to wrap up GB victory over USA|work=BBC Sport|date=8 March 2015|accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref> [[File:Andy Murray and Jonas Björkman 2, Aegon Championships, London, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|right|Murray wi new coach Jonas Björkman during practice at the 2015 Aegon Championships.]] Murray then reached the semifinals o the 2015 Indian Wells, owertakin [[Tim Henman]]'s record o 496 career wins tae hae the maist career wins for a British man in the Open Era.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/news/tennis-murray-sets-new-milestone-way-indian-wells-232109326--ten.html|title=Tennis – Murray sets new milestone on way to Indian Wells semi-finals|work=Yahoo Sport|date=19 March 2015|accessdate=25 March 2015}}</ref> However, he suffered a 6t consecutive defeat tae Djokovic in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/32004366|title=Andy Murray loses to Novak Djokovic in Indian Wells semi-final|work=BBC Sport|date=21 March 2015|accessdate=23 March 2015}}</ref> Murray then reached the 2015 Miami Open final, recordin his 500th career win alang the wey tae become the first British player tae hae 500 or mair wins in the Open Era.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray beats Kevin Anderson to reach 500 career wins|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/32135605|work=BBC Sport|date=31 March 2015|accessdate=30 April 2015}}</ref> He went on tae lose the final tae Djokovic, this time in three sets.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray loses Miami Open final to Novak Djokovic|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/11517514/Andy-Murray-loses-Miami-Open-final-to-Novak-Djokovic.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=5 April 2015|accessdate=30 April 2015}}</ref> Murray added Jonas Björkman tae his coachin staff in Mairch initially on a five-week trail tae help oot in periods when Mauresmo wis unavailable as she wis anly willin tae wirk wi him for 25 weeks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/11464204/Andy-Murray-to-hire-Jonas-Bjorkman-when-hes-finished-with-Swedens-answer-to-Strictly-Come-Dancing.html|title=Andy Murray to hire Jonas Bjorkman – when he's finished with Sweden's answer to 'Strictly Come Dancing'|date=11 March 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> However, at the Australian Open end, Mauresmo haed informed Murray that she wis pregnant. He annoonced at the end o Aprile that Björkman wad be his main coach for aw the gress court saison an aw the US haurd court swing, while Mauresmo wad anly be wi the team for Wimbledon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/apr/26/andy-murray-jonas-bjorkman-coach|title=Andy Murray adds to Bjorkman burden while Mauresmo prepares for birth|author=Cambers, Simon|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Murray won his first ATP clay court title at the 2015 BMW Open. He defeatit German Philipp Kohlschreiber in three close sets tae become the first Briton syne Buster Mottram in 1976 tae win a tour level clay court event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2015/05/murray-wins-bmw-open-for-1st-clay-court-title/54819/#.VUdycfmqqkq|title=Murray wins BMW Open for first clay-court title|publisher=tennis.com|date=4 May 2015|accessdate=4 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2015/05/18/Munich-Final-Murray-Kohlschreiber.aspx|title=ATP World Tour|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> The follaein week, he reached his second final on clay, at the Madrid Open efter recordin anly his second an third victories ower tap 10 opposition on clay, agin Raonic an Nishikori.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2015/05/18/Madrid-Friday-Murray-Raonic-Nishikori-Ferrer.aspx|title=ATP World Tour|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2015/05/18/Madrid-Final-Preview-Nadal-Murray.aspx|title=ATP World Tour|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> In the final, he defeatit Rafael Nadal in straucht sets for his first Madrid title on clay, an first ever clay court Masters 1000 title. The win wis Murray's first ower Nadal, Federer or Djokovic syne Wimbledon 2013, an his first ower Nadal on a clay court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2015/05/18/Madrid-Final-Murray-Nadal.aspx|title=ATP World Tour|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/32683988|title=Andy Murray beats Rafael Nadal to win Madrid Masters final|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray conteenad his winnin streak at the Italian Open, beatin Jeremy Chardy in straucht sets in his openin match, but then withdrew due tae fatigue efter haein played nine matches in the space o ten day. Murray then reached his third semifinal at the French Open, but lost tae Djokovic in five set efter threatenin a comeback frae twa set tae luve doun, endin his 15 match winnin streak on clay.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/33034999|title=French Open: Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to reach final|author=Piers Newbery|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Tae stairt his gress court campaign, Murray went on tae win a record tyin fowert Queen's Club title, defeatin the big servin South African Kevin Anderson in straucht sets in the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/33215534|title=Andy Murray wins fourth Queen's Club title with two wins in a day|author=Piers Newbery|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> At the third grand slam o the year, the 2015 Wimbledon Championships, Murray drappit anly twa set on his wey tae settin up a semifinal clash wi Roger Federer. Mony fowk saw Murray as the favourite due tae his racent form, however he lost tae the Swiss veteran in straucht sets, gainin anly ane break pynt in the hail match. Efter Wimbledon, Murray returned tae Queen's Club, tae play for Great Britain against France in thair Davis Cup quarterfinal tie. Great Britain went 1–0 doun when James Ward lost tae Gilles Simon in straucht sets, however Murray levelled the tie wi a veectory agin Jo-Wilfried Tsonga. Murray then teamed up wi his brither Jamie tae win the doubles rubber, comin back frae a set doun tae defeat Tsonga an Nicolas Mahut in fower sets. This gae Britain a crucial 2–1 lead gaun intae the final day. He then faced Simon in the fowert rubber, an efter initially bein a set an a break doun, he suddent foond his form again taewart the end o the second set. He eventually won in fower sets, winnin 12 o the last 15 gemmes in the process (wi Simon strugglin frae an ankle injury). Wi a 3–1 lead ower France, this resulted in Great Britain reachin thair first Davis Cup semifinal syne 1981. Murray neist participated at the Citi Open (for the first time syne 2006), as the tap seed an favourite tae win the tournament. However, he suffered a defeat in his first match, lossin tae warld No. 53 Teymuraz Gabashvili in a final set tiebreak, in maugre o servin for the match. In doobles, he pairtnered Daniel Nestor, however thay lost in the first roond tae the fowert seeds, Rohan Bopanna an Florin Mergea, again in three sets. He bounced back frae this defeat bi winnin the Montreal Masters Rogers Cup, defeatin Tsonga an Nishikori in the quarter-finals an semifinals respectively. He then prevailed in the final against Djokovic in three sets. This broke his aicht-match, twa-year losin streak against Djokovic, his last win against him bein in the finals o Wimbledon in 2013. Winnin the title, he forby surpassed Federer in terms o ranking, acomin the warld No. 2 for the first time in ower twa year. In doobles, he pairtnered Leander Paes an thay won thair first match agin Chardy an Anderson, but war then defeatit bi Murray's brither Jamie an John Peers in twa sets. It wis the first time the Murrays haed competit agin ilk anither in a Tour-level match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/article/552/9948672/andy-murray-loses-to-brother-jamie-in-montreal-doubles-encounter|title=Jamie claims bragging rights|publisher=Sporting Life|date=14 August 2015|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-date=2016-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307230547/http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/article/552/9948672/andy-murray-loses-to-brother-jamie-in-montreal-doubles-encounter|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the second Master Series tournament o the US Haurd Court saison, the Cincinnati Masters, Murray defeatit veteran Mardy Fish in the second roond. He then beat baith Grigor Dimitrov an Richard Gasquet in three-set matches, haein tae come frae a set doun on baith occasions, while Dimitrov haed served for the match in the decidin set. In the semifinal, he lost tae defendin champion Roger Federer in straucht sets, an efter Federer went on tae win the tournament, this eftercast saw Murray return tae the No. 3 rankin an seedin for the US Open. At the US Open, Murray beat Nick Kyrgios in fower sets afore beatin Adrian Mannarino in five sets efter bein twa sets doun, equalin Federer for winnin aicht matches frae twa sets tae luve doun. He then beat Thomaz Bellucci in straucht sets but suffered a defeat in the fowert roond tae Kevin Anderson in fower sets. This ended Murray's five-year run o 18 consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinals (nae countin his withdrawal frae the 2013 French Open) syne his third roond loss tae Stan Wawrinka in the 2010 US Open.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/34181866|title=Andy Murray beaten by Kevin Anderson in US Open fourth round|date=8 September 2015|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=10 September 2015}}</ref> Playin against Australie in the semifinals o the Davis Cup World Group in Glesga, Murray won baith his singles rubbers in straucht sets, against Thanasi Kokkinakis an Bernard Tomic.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/sep/20/andy-murray-davis-cup-great-britain-australia|title=Andy Murray beats body and Bernard Tomic to put GB in Davis Cup final|date=20 September 2015|work=The Guardian|location=London|accessdate=22 September 2015}}</ref> He pairtnered his brither Jamie an aw, an thay won in five sets against the pairin o Sam Groth an Lleyton Hewitt. The results guidit [[Great Britain Davis Cup team|Great Britain]] tae the Davis Cup final for the first time syne 1978 wi a 3–2 lead ower Australie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/34307981|title=Andy Murray puts Great Britain into Davis Cup final|work=BBC Sport|date=19 September 2015}}</ref> Efter lossin in the semifinals o the Shanghai Masters tae Djokovic in straucht sets, Murray reached the finals o the Paris Masters for the loss o juist ane set. He haed victories against Borna Ćorić, David Goffin an David Ferrer. Efter a three set win ower Richard Gasquet, he jynt Novak Djokovic, Roger Federer an Rafael Nadal as the anly players tae reach the semi-finals (or better) at aw nine o the ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournaments. He forby ensured that he compiled his best match record in a single saison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/murray-battles-into-paris-2015-semi-finals|title=Murray Ends French Hopes, Battles Into Paris SFs|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> He then lost the final tae Djokovic again in straucht sets. As the warld No. 2, Murray participated in the ATP World Tour Finals in London, an wis drawn intae the Ilie Năstase group wi David Ferrer, Rafael Nadal an Stan Wawrinka. He went oot in the roond-robin stage, efter defeatin Ferrer an losin tae Nadal an Wawrinka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/14203474/atp-world-tour-finals-novak-djokovic-rest|title=ATP World Tour Finals - It's Novak Djokovic and the rest|work=ESPN.com}}</ref> Houiver, efter Federer failed tae win the tournament, he finished the saison as warld No. 2 for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/murray-davis-cup-preview-2015-final|title=murray davis cup preview 2015 final - ATP World Tour - Tennis|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> The Davis Cup final wis played on indoor clay courts at Ghent. Thare Murray's veectory ower Ruben Bemelmans in straucht sets pulled Great Britain level efter [[Kyle Edmund]] haed lost the first singles rubber in five sets. He then pairtnered his brither Jamie in a fower-set veectory ower the pairin o Steve Darcis an David Goffin, afore defeatin Goffin again in the reverse singles on Sunday. This ensured a 3–1 veectory for Great Britain, thair first Davis Cup title syne 1936 an thair tenth oweraw.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport//tennis/34957711|title=Andy Murray wins the Davis Cup for Great Britain|work=BBC Sport|date=29 November 2015|accessdate=29 November 2015}}</ref> Murray becam anly the third person syne the current Davis Cup format wis introduced tae win aw aicht o his singles rubbers in a Davis Cup saison an aw, efter [[John McEnroe]] an Mats Wilander.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/nov/29/andy-murray-davis-cup-great-britain|title=Andy Murray beats Goffin to seal first Davis Cup for Great Britain in 79 years|work=The Guardian|date=29 November 2015|accessdate=29 November 2015}}</ref> === 2016: Second Wimbledon title, second Olympic gowd an warld No. 1 === {{main|2016 Andy Murray tennis season}} Murray began his 2016 saison bi playin in the Hopman Cup, pairin up wi Heather Watson again. Houiver, thay finished second in thair group efter losin thair tie tae eventual champions Nick Kyrgios an Daria Gavrilova.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/35243110|title=Andy Murray & Heather Watson lose to Australia in Hopman Cup|work=BBC Sport|date=6 January 2016|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> Murray then played his first competitive tournament o 2016 at the [[Australian Open]] whaur he wis aimin tae win his first title thare efter fower runner-up finishes. He went on tae reach his fift Australian Open final wi victories ower Alexander Zverev, Sam Groth, João Sousa, Bernard Tomic, David Ferrer an Milos Raonic, droppin fower sets alang the wey. However, in a rematch o the previous year final, he cudnae win his first title as he lost in the final tae an in-form Novak Djokovic (that won a record-equalin saxt title) in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/35453531|title=Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to win sixth Australian Open title|work=BBC Sport|date=31 January 2016|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> Murray beat Djokovic in straucht sets at the Italian Open. This wis his first win ower Djokovic on clay an becam the first British player syne [[Virginia Wade]] in 1971 tae win the title an the first British man syne George Patrick Hughes in 1931.<ref>{{cite web|title=Andy Murray beats Novak Djokovic to win first Italian Open title|url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/36297221|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=7 June 2016|date=15 May 2016}}</ref> Murray then muived on tae the French Open whaur he struggled in the openin roonds comin throu twa five-set matches agin Radek Stepanek an French wildcard Mathias Bourgue. He came throu in straucht sets agin big servers Ivo Karlovic an John Isner tae reak the quarterfinals whaur he beat hame favourite Richard Gasquet tae set up a semifinal clash agin defendin champion Stanislas Wawrinka. Murray defeatit Wawrinka in fower sets tae become the first British player syne Bunny Austin in 1937, tae reach a French Open final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/36447728|title=Andy Murray beats Stan Wawrinka to reach his first French Open final|publisher=BBC Sport|date=3 June 2016}}</ref> He wis unable tae win his maiden French Open final, losin tae Djokovic in fower sets. He then wan his second Wimbledon an Olympic titles later in the year, an becam warld No. 1 in November. In Juin [[Ivan Lendl]] cam back as Murray's coach.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/36528343 |title=Andy Murray and Ivan Lendl reunited at Queen's Club |last1=Newbery |first1=Piers |date=14 June 2016 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=15 August 2016 }}</ref> At Wimbledon he beat Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in five sets in the quarter-finals<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/36729449|title=Wimbledon 2016: Andy Murray beats Jo-Wilfried Tsonga to reach semis|work=BBC Sport|date=5 July 2016}}</ref> an then Tomáš Berdych tae reach his third major final in a raw. In the final on 10 Julie he beat Milos Raonic in straucht sets tae win Wimbledon for the second time an his third major title.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Garber|first1=Greg|title=First-time favorite Andy Murray comes through in Wimbledon final|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/wimbledon16/story/_/id/16952210/first-favorite-andy-murray-comes-wimbledon-final|website=ESPN.com|date=10 July 2016|access-date=10 July 2016}}</ref> At the Rio Olympics he becam the first player, man or wumman, tae win twa gowd medals in a raw in the tennis singles, beatin Juan Martín del Potro in a final that lastit ower fower oors.<ref name="rio2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2016/08/andy-murray-juan-martin-del-potro-gold-medal-rio-olympic-2016/59955/|title=Andy Murray tops Juan Martin del Potro in four-hour four-setter to win second straight singles gold|website=Tennis.com|date=14 August 2016|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref> At the Paris Masters in November, Djokovic lost tae Marin Čilić an Raonic withdrew afore thair semi-final, an Murray becam the first British man tae reach warld No. 1 sin the rankins stairtit in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|title=Murray Becomes 26th Player In History To Hold No. 1 In Emirates ATP Rankings |website=ATPTour.com |date=5 November 2016 |access-date=6 November 2016 |url=https://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/andy-murray-no-1-emirates-atp-rankings}}</ref> He then beat Djokovic in the final o the ATP World Tour Finals tae feenish the year as warld No. 1.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/barclays-atp-world-tour-finals-2016-wrap-up|title=Historic ATP Season Finale Hits New Heights In Dramatic Finish To 2016 Season|website=ATPTour.com|date=23 November 2016|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref> === 2017–2019: Injury an hip surgery === Murray wis knichtit in the 2017 New Year Honours for services tae tennis an chairity, makkin him the UK's youngest knicht, at 29.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=61803 |date=31 December 2016 |supp=y |page=N2 }}</ref> He wan the Dubai Championships in Mairch, his anly title o the year,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/39168363|title=Andy Murray beats Fernando Verdasco to win first Dubai Championships title|date=4 March 2017|work=BBC Sport|access-date=8 March 2017}}</ref> an reached the semi-finals o the French Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/06/09/andy-murray-vs-stan-wawrinka-french-open-2017-live-score-updates/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/06/09/andy-murray-vs-stan-wawrinka-french-open-2017-live-score-updates/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Andy Murray loses epic French Open semi-final to Stan Wawrinka|last1=Briggs|first1=Simon|date=9 June 2017|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=7 November 2018|last2=Eccleshare|first2=Charlie|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He played Wimbledon wi a hip injury an lost in the quarter-finals tae Sam Querrey in five sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/07/12/andy-murray-vs-sam-querrey-wimbledon-mens-quarter-final-live/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/07/12/andy-murray-vs-sam-querrey-wimbledon-mens-quarter-final-live/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Hobbling Andy Murray knocked out of Wimbledon as Sam Querrey books first semi-final spot with five-sets win|last=Hodges|first=Vicki|date=12 July 2017|access-date=12 July 2017|newspaper=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In Mairch 2018 he lost his British No. 1 rankin for the first time sin 2006, tae Kyle Edmund.<ref name="edmund2018"/> On 11 Januar 2019, juist afore the Australian Open, Murray said he micht hae tae retire acause o the pain in his hip.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/sport/tennis/andy-murray-makes-surprise-announcement-ahead-of-the-australian-open/news-story/e1ee6b4245649e130dca436c3c03abdc |title=Andy Murray makes surprise announcement ahead of the Australian Open |website=news.com.au |date=11 January 2019 |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> On 29 Januar he annoonced that he haed haen hip-resurfacin surgery in Lunnon,<ref>{{cite news |title=Andy Murray undergoes hip resurfacing surgery in London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2019/01/29/andy-murray-undergoes-hip-resurfacing-surgery-london/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2019/01/29/andy-murray-undergoes-hip-resurfacing-surgery-london/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=29 January 2019 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=29 January 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> an on 16 Mey he wis knichtit bi Prince Charles at Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-48294552|title=Sir Andy Murray receives knighthood at Buckingham Palace|date=16 May 2019|work=BBC News|access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> He cam back in the doubles at Queen's in Juin an wan the title wi Feliciano López.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/jun/23/andy-murray-queens-doubles-tennis |title=Andy Murray wins Queen's doubles title in first tournament since hip surgery |last=Mitchell |first=Kevin |date=23 June 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=23 June 2019 |issn=0261-3077 }}</ref> In October he wan the European Open, beatin Stan Wawrinka in the final, his first singles title in mair nor twa year.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-european-open-stan-wawrinka-tennis-a9164116.html Andy Murray tearful as he revels in European Open final victory over Stan Wawrinka], The Independent, 20 October 2019</ref> === 2020–2024: Last years on tour === In 2020 Murray beat warld No. 7 Alexander Zverev at the Western & Southern Open, his first win ower a tap-10 player in mair nor three year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Murray beats world number seven Zverev|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/53893535|access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> In 2023 he wan three Challenger titles: at Aix-en-Provence, his first title sin 2019,<ref>{{cite web |last=Falkingham |first=Katie |title=Andy Murray beats Tommy Paul in Aix-en-Provence final for first title since 2019 |website=BBC Sport |date=7 May 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/65519683 |access-date=7 May 2023}}</ref> at Surbiton<ref>{{cite news |title=Surbiton Trophy 2023 results: Andy Murray beats Jurij Rodionov to claim grass-court title |website=BBC Sport |date=11 June 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/65871932 |access-date=11 June 2023}}</ref> an at Nottingham.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/murray-borges-nottingham-challenger-2023-saturday |title=Murray Continues Winning Streak, Reaches Nottingham Final |date=17 June 2023 |website=ATP |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> In Mairch 2024 Murray tore ligaments in his left ankle at the Miami Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/68690971|title=. Andy Murray: No timescale for three-time Grand Slam champion's return after ankle injury|date=29 March 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=2024-05-16}}</ref> At Queen's in Juin he played the 1,000t match o his career,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/murray-popyrin-london-2024-tuesday|title= Murray earns victory in 1000th match, advances at Queen's Club |website=ATPtour.com|date=18 June 2024|access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref> but he hurt his back in the next roond, an that wis the last professional singles match o his career.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/crgg77n8w1ro|title=Murray retires with injury at Queen's|date=19 June 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=2024-06-19}}</ref> On 23 Julie 2024 he annoonced that he wad retire efter the Paris Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/two-time-gold-medalist-andy-murray-retire-tennis-paris-olympics-rcna163179|title=Two-time gold medalist Andy Murray to retire from tennis after Paris Olympics|publisher=NBCNews.com|date=July 23, 2024|access-date=July 23, 2024}}</ref> He played the doubles there wi Dan Evans an reached the quarter-finals, an his professional career endit in August 2024.<ref name="paris2024">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/live/c99wn9rz818t|title=Olympics: Murray's tennis career ends with quarter-final exit|website=BBC Sport|date=1 August 2024}}</ref> == Coachin career == On 23 November 2024 it wis annoonced that Djokovic haed hired Murray, his lang-time rival, as his heid coach for the 2025 season.<ref>{{cite news |last=Maine |first=D'Arcy |date=2024-11-23 |title=Novak Djokovic hires former rival Andy Murray as new coach |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/42563469/novak-djokovic-hires-former-rival-andy-murray-new-coach |work=ESPN |publisher=ESPN Inc. |access-date=2025-03-17}}</ref> Unner Murray, Djokovic reached the semi-finals o the 2025 Australian Open an the final o the 2025 Miami Open. On 13 Mey 2025 it wis annoonced that thay haed stapped wirkin thegither.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-13 |title=Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray end coaching partnership after six months working together |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/c3rpqd4zy01o |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> In Mey 2026 Murray jyned [[Jack Draper]]'s coachin team for the gress-court season.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 June 2026 |title=What is the 2026 grass season calendar on the ATP Tour? |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/what-is-the-2026-atp-tour-grass-season-calendar |work=atptour.com |publisher=ATP Tour }}</ref> == Representin Great Britain == === Davis Cup === ==== 2005 ==== Murray played his first Davis Cup match for [[Great Britain Davis Cup team|Great Britain]] in the Europe/Africa Zone Group 1 2nt Round against Israel in 2005 at 17 years o age, the youngest ever player for Great Britain.<ref name="Youngest"/> He teamed up wi fellae debutant David Sherwood an came oot victorious in the crucial doubles rubber against the experienced Jonathan Erlich an Andy Ram, that helped Great Britain advance 3–2. In September, Murray played his debut singles match for the Davis Cup in the World Group Play-off against Switzerland in Geneva on clay wi Greg Rusedski, Alan Mackin an David Sherwood. Captain Jeremy Bates surprised everyone bi namin Andy Murray as the British No 1 an Alan Mackin as British No 2. Under the Davis Cup rules, this meant that for the Friday singles, Murray played the Swiss No 2, [[Stan Wawrinka]] while Mackin played the Swiss No 1, [[Roger Federer]]. Baith o them lost thair rubbers, giein Switzerland a 2–0 lead. Unner the rules, for the Sunday reverse singles, Bates wad cud tae substitute Mackin wi Greg Rusedski, sae that Rusedski wad play Wawrinka, while Murray played Federer. Houiver, Bates believed that Federer wis virtually wanbeatable acause he wis on a winnin streak an haedna lost syne Juin,<ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4454264.stm|title= Epic Nalbandian ends Federer run|publisher=BBC Sport|date=20 November 2005}}</ref> an consequently Britain gambled on beatin Wawrinka twice, wi Murray playin Wawrinka whan he wis freshest. In the doobles, Murray/Rusedski played Federer an Yves Allegro, leavin Rusedski tae play anly ance.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4271030.stm|title=Brits spring Davis Cup surprise|publisher=BBC Sport|date=23 September 2005}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100006618|title=2005 World Group Play Off – Tie Details|website=www.daviscup.com|publisher=[[International Tennis Federation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322024308/http://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100006618|archive-date=22 March 2016|access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref> The British tactics came tae nocht as Swisserland won the doobles rubber as weel, gainin un unassailable 3–0 lead efter twa the days. Alan Mackin an David Sherwood war consequently nominated for the dead singles rubbers losin baith o them, wi a eftercast o a clean sweep for Swisserland.<ref name=":0" /> ==== 2006 ==== For the Europe/Africa Zone Group I tie against Serbia an Montenegro, Murray haed been sufferin wi a bacterial infection, sae he wis restricted tae playin the doubles alongside Greg Rusedski, which thay lost.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4836938.stm|title=Murray out of opening GB singles|publisher=BBC Sport|date=6 April 2006}}</ref> Wi Arvind Parmar losin in the singles an aw, Great Britain war beaten 3-2. In the same week as the relegation 1st roond play-off against Israel, Murray wis offeecially entered for the ATP tournament in Indianapolis, sparkin fears aboot his commitment. Thare wis a controversial muive bi the Lawn Tennis Association tae pey £500,000 taewart Murray's neist coach's cost, Brad Gilbert as a wey o securin Murray's lang-term services for the Davis Cup team.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6168516.stm|title=Is the LTA spending too much? |publisher=BBC Sport|date=22 November 2006}}</ref> In the event, Murray played, winnin his first singles. However he lost the doubles wi Jamie Delgado, durin which Murray damaged his shouder an neck. He wis diagnosed wi whiplash, causin him tae sit oot the singles on the last day, an eventually Great Britain war beaten 3-2 tae proceed tae the relegation 2nt roond play-off against Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5207776.stm|title=Davis Cup photos|publisher=BBC Sport|date=23 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.the-claim-solicitors.co.uk/whiplash/News%20-%20Tennis-start-diagnosed-with-whiplash-injury.htm|title=Tennis star Andrew Murray told to rest for ATP Tour|work=The Claim Solicitors|accessdate=26 March 2016|archive-date=2016-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005004315/http://www.the-claim-solicitors.co.uk/whiplash/News%20-%20Tennis-start-diagnosed-with-whiplash-injury.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wi Murray an Greg Rusedski playin, Great Britain beat Ukraine 3-2, tae stay in Group I. ==== 2007 ==== In the tie against the Netherlands, Andy Murray an Tim Henman won the openin singles, then Jamie Murray an Greg Rusedski won the doubles tae secure veectory. Rusedski annoonced his retirement on the doubles court.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6535533.stm|title=Davis Cup - GB v Netherlands|publisher=BBC Sport|date=7 April 2007}}</ref> In the run up tae World Group play-off against Croatia, Tim Henman haed annoonced he wad retire efter this match. Murray said "I'm not going to want to let the team down or let Tim down, I'd feel terrible if I was the one that was responsible for losing Tim's last tie. This means a lot to me and it's definitely going to be the biggest Davis Cup match of my career." <ref name="2007 wrist injury"/> "Everyone is going to want to win for Tim. I'm hoping the way I play will show him what his career meant to my development and me."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/sep/03/tennis.usopentennis2007|title=Now I just want to do right by Henman, says beaten Murray |newspaper=Guardian|date=3 September 2007}}</ref> Great Britain beat Croatia 4-1 tae qualify for the World Group in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7009296.stml|title=Davis Cup - GB v Croatia|publisher=BBC Sport|date=23 September 2007}}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Efter the retirement o Tim Henman an Greg Rusedski, the Davis Cup team wis nou dependent on Murray haein tae win three matches, tho Henman haed telt him hou wearin an time consumin that can be. While the LTA wis fundin Brad Gilbert, Murray wis obligate tae play for his kintra, but in November, Murray finished wi Brad Gilbert as his coach.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/after-dumping-his-coach-is-ruthless-murray-ready-to-turn-his-back-on-his-country-6648009.html|title=After dumping his coach, is ruthless Murray ready to turn his back on his country?|newspaper=Evening Standard|date=17 November 2007}}</ref> ==== 2008 ==== Murray skippit the World Group 1st roond tie agin Argentina, ower fears he coud exacerbate a knee injury, leavin the British team in a hopeless situation - thay lost 4-1. Jamie wis furious that Andy wis lettin them doun an the Murrays wad nae spik tae ilk ither for twa week.<ref name="Andy and Jamie's feud Telegraph">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/daviscup/2291178/Jamie-and-Andy-Murray-at-war-over-Davis-Cup.html|title=Jamie and Andy Murray at war over Davis Cup|newspaper=Telegraph|date=7 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/feb/13/tennis.andymurray|title=Murray brothers yet to speak as Andy returns fire over Davis Cup |newspaper=Guardian|date=13 February 2008}}</ref> Seeven month later, as the brithers prepared for the tie against Austria, Andy declared that he haed healed the rift wi Jamie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-brothers-to-end-feud-ahead-337935|title=Murray brothers to end feud ahead of Davis Cup clash|newspaper=Mirror|date=16 September 2008}}</ref> When Jamie Murray an Ross Hutchins war beaten in the doubles, John Lloyd suffered criticism for nae playin Andy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Great Britain relegated after Bogdanovic defeat|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/sep/21/daviscup.tennis|newspaper=The Guardian |date=21 September 2008}}</ref> Great Britain lost thair World Group play-off tae Austria 3-2 an war relegated tae Europe/Africa Zone Group I. ==== 2009 ==== Murray withdrew frae the tie against Ukraine efter failin tae shake aff a virus,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/mar/02/murray-davis-cup|title=Murray confirms withdrawal from Ukraine tie|newspaper=Guardian|date=2 March 2009}}</ref> an Great Britain lost 4-1. Murray suffered an injury tae his left wrist at the US Open,<ref name="Wrist injury US Open 2009"/> an wad hae rested if his next event haed nae been the Davis Cup.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8265553.stm|title=GB relegated after Davis Cup loss|publisher=BBC Sport|date=20 September 2009}}</ref> At the Poland match, Murray won baith his singles rubbers. For the doubles wi Ross Hutchins, Murray began in the right-haund court, the side uisually occupied bi the less dominant pairtner. This wis tae afford mair pertection tae his troublesome left wrist than when strikin dooble-handed backhands frae the left court.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/sep/19/andy-murray-davis-cup-gb-poland|title=Andy Murray licks wounds as Poland beat erratic Great Britain in Davis Cup |newspaper=Guardian|date=19 September 2009}}</ref> Houiver, he allowed his pairtner tae resume his uisual role in the second set.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/daviscup/6210113/Andy-Murrays-bravery-fails-to-save-Britain-from-doubles-defeat-by-Poland-in-Davis-Cup.html|title=Andy Murray's bravery fails to save Britain from doubles defeat by Poland in Davis Cup |newspaper=Telegraph|date=19 September 2009}}</ref> Houiver, the pair succumbed tae the warld-cless Pols duo, an Poland won 3-2;Great Britain war relegated tae Europe/Africa Zone Group II for the first time syne 1996. Murray haed aggravated his wrist injury, sae couldn't play for anither sax weeks.<ref name="Valencia 2009"/> ==== 2010 ==== Murray pulled oot o the match agin Lithuania, sae younger players coud gain mair international experience, an tae allou him tae focus on tryin tae win Grand Slam titles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8438187.stm|title=Andy Murray withdraws from British Davis Cup tie|publisher=BBC Sport|date=3 January 2010}}</ref> His absence wis criticised bi Davis Cup captain John Lloyd.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8586461.stm|title=Andy Murray hits back at John Lloyd Davis Cup criticism|publisher=BBC Sport|date=25 March 2010}}</ref> The Lithuanian side entered the tie as underdogs; fieldin a team o teenagers,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lithuaniatribune.com/64907/on-this-day-in-sport-7-march-201464907/ |work=Lithuania Tribune |title=On this day in sport: 7 March |date=7 March 2014 |access-date=2016-06-28 |archive-date=2015-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003162600/http://www.lithuaniatribune.com/64907/on-this-day-in-sport-7-march-201464907/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> but Lithuania won 3-2. This wis the first time that Great Britain haed lost five ties in a row an wis describit as a humiliatin Davis Cup defeat for Great Britain.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8554231.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |title=Great Britain suffer humiliating Davis Cup defeat |date=7 March 2010}}</ref> It led tae the resignation o John Lloyd as Davis Cup captain an Britain wis nou threatened wi relegation tae the lowest tier o the competeetion. Murray did nae want tae share his coach Maclagan wi the LTA.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/daviscup/7568576/Andy-Murrays-former-coach-Leon-Smith-lined-up-to-be-Britains-new-Davis-Cup-captain.html|title=Andy Murray's former coach Leon Smith lined up to be Britain's new Davis Cup captain|newspaper=Telegraph|date=8 April 2010}}</ref> ==== 2011 ==== Murray returned for the Europe/Africa Zone Group II tie versus Luxembourg. He beat Laurent Bram, a tennis coach, 6-0, 6-0, 6-0, the last time a Briton haed achieved this score line in Davis Cup wis Alan Mills defeatin Josef Offenheim in 1959, against Luxembourg an aw.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/jul/08/andy-murray-davis-cup|title=Ruthless Andy Murray serves up a horror show for tortured Laurent Bram |newspaper=Guardian|date=8 July 2011}}</ref> Andy an Jamie Murray teamed up for the first time in Davis Cup doubles for a straucht sets win.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/sport/tennis/article3089361.ece|title=Murray brothers too strong for Luxembourg|newspaper=Times|date=9 July 2011}}</ref> In his second singles match, Andy then recorded a third straucht sets veectory, ower warld No. 81 Gilles Müller, wi Great Britain eventually winnin 4-1. Three o Hungary's tap fower players war nae available for the Great Britain vs Hungary tie,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-goes-from-nadal-to-hungarian-law-student-2355413.html|title=Murray goes from Nadal to Hungarian law student|newspaper=Independent|date=15 September 2011|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-date=2016-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624111004/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-goes-from-nadal-to-hungarian-law-student-2355413.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> sae Murray defeatit Sebo Kiss, a law student withoot a ranking, in his first singles rubber. Earlier, James Ward overcame sickness tae beat the Hungarian No 1,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-goes-from-nadal-to-hungarian-law-student-2355413.html|title=Murray and Ward win as GB lead Hungary 2-0 in Davis Cup|publisher=BBC Sport|date=16 September 2011|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-date=2016-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624111004/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-goes-from-nadal-to-hungarian-law-student-2355413.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> then Colin Fleming an Ross Hutchins won the doubles, an Great Britain wis promoted intae Europe/Africa Zone Group I for the first time syne 2009. Afterwards, Murray criticised the tournament schedule an cast dout on his availability for the Davis Cup the year efter.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/sep/18/andy-murray-davis-cup-schedule|title=Andy Murray criticises 'messed up' schedule despite Davis Cup success|newspaper=Guardsian|date=18 September 2011}}</ref> ==== 2013 ==== Bi 2013, Great Britain's ither tennis players haed earned the team a chance tae return tae the World Group. Murray wis sufferin a vulnerable back an intendit tae hae surgery efter the US Open. Murray revealed that the fear o bein branded “unpatriotic” led him tae delay the surgery until efter the Davis Cup tie in Croatia in September, which jeopardised his place in the next Australian Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/10422724/Andy-Murray-admits-his-Davis-Cup-heroics-were-fuelled-by-a-fear-of-critics-doubting-his-commitment.html|title=Andy Murray admits his Davis Cup heroics were fuelled by a fear of critics doubting his commitment|newspaper=Telegraph|date=2 November 2013}}</ref> Wi Croatia's No 1 Marin Cilic absent for committin a dopin offence, Murray won baith his singles matches an the doubles wi Colin Fleming.<ref>{{cite news |title=Andy Murray to face teenager Borna Coric in Davis Cup opening singles |url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/sep/12/davis-cup-britain-croatia-andy-murray |newspaper=The Guardian |date=12 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Andy Murray & Colin Fleming give Great Britain Davis Cup lead |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/24093481 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=14 September 2013}}</ref> Great Britain eventually won 4-1, for thair first veectory on clay syne Ukraine in 2006,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/sport/tennis/article3869880.ece|title=Captain Leon Smith and talisman Andy Murray are rewarded for their courage|newspaper=Times|date=16 September 2013}}</ref> an returned tae the World Group for the first time syne 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Andy Murray guides Great Britain back to Davis Cup World Group |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/24100659 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=15 September 2013}}</ref> ==== 2014 ==== At the World Group first round tie against the United States in [[San Diego]], Murray defeatit Donald Young an James Ward wanexpectedly beat Sam Querrey on the first day. On the last day, Murray beat Sam Querrey tae put Great Britain intae the quarterfinals o the Davis Cup for the first time syne 1986. The anly previous British veectory on American soil wis 111 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/feb/02/great-britain-davis-cup-usa-andy-murray|title=Great Britain beat United States to reach Davis Cup quarter-finals |newspaper=Guardian|date=2 February 2014}}</ref> Murray haed tae rekiver frae a virus tae play in the Quarter Final tie against Italy in [[Naples]] efter missin the Thursday draw ceremony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-defies-virus-play-3363244|title=Andy Murray defies virus to play Great Britain's first Davis Cup quarter-final for 28 year |newspaper=Mirror|date=3 April 2014}}</ref> James Ward lost his rain delayed match, while Murray's match against [[Andreas Seppi]] wis halted on Friday evenin due tae fadin licht wi the score at 6–4, 5–5 tae Murray. On Saturday morning, Murray finished his match, winnin 6–4, 7–5, 6–3. Twa oors later, Murray pairtnered Colin Fleming tae win the doubles rubber.<ref>{{cite wab|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/apr/05/andy-murray-davis-cup-great-britain-italy|title=Andy Murray and Colin Fleming win doubles to edge GB ahead of Italy |newspaper=Guardian|date=5 Apryle 2014}}</ref> Murray haed anly beaten ane tap ten player on clay, Nikolay Davydenko, back in 2009,<ref name="Davydenko"/> sae Murray wis stunned bi Fabio Fognini, warld No. 13, but a tap ten clay court player, in straucht sets. This teuk Great Britain tae the decidin final rubber. Houiver, James Ward wis defeatit bi Andreas Seppi in straucht sets an aw, knockin Great Britain oot o the Davis Cup. ==== 2015 ==== Murray played an important pairt in leadin Great Britain tae the final o the World Group for the first time syne 1978, winnin baith his singles rubbers in the matches against the USA, France an Australie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/34307981|title=Davis Cup: Andy Murray puts Great Britain into final|work=BBC Sport|date=20 September 2015}}</ref> In the final, Murray defeatit [[Belgian|Belgium]]'s David Goffin tae win the Davis Cup for Great Britain, 79 years efter the naitional team's last win. {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style=font-size:93% |- ! colspan="9" style="width:555px; background:#ecf2ff;"|'''All Davis Cup Matches: 34–7 (Singles: 27–2; Doubles: 7–5)''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2005 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I / World Group Play-offs''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !2R |4–6 Mar 2005 |{{davis|ISR}} |{{center|3–2}} |[[Ramat HaSharon]] | style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|Haurd |Doubles {{small|(wi Sherwood)}} |Erlich & Ram |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 7–6^(7–5), 2–6, 7–6^(7–5)''' |- !rowspan=2|PO |rowspan=2|23–25 Sep 2005 |rowspan=2|{{davis|SUI}} |rowspan=2|{{center|0–5}} |rowspan=2|[[Geneva]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ebc2af;"|Clay (i) |Singles 2 |[[Stanislas Wawrinka]] |bgcolor=FFA07A|3–6, 6–7^(5–7), 4–6 |- |Doubles {{small|(wi Rusedski)}} |Allegro & [[Roger Federer|Federer]] |bgcolor=FFA07A|5–7, 6–2, 6–7^(1–7), 2–6 |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2006 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !2R |7–9 Apr 2006 |{{davis|SCG}} |{{center|2–3}} |[[Glasgow]] | style="text-align:center;"|Carpet (i) |Doubles {{small|(wi Rusedski)}} |Bozoljac & [[Nenad Zimonjic|Zimonjic]] |bgcolor=FFA07A|3–6, 6–3, 3–6, 4–6 |- !rowspan=2|1PO |rowspan=2|21–23 Jul 2006 |rowspan=2|{{davis|ISR}} |rowspan=2|{{center|2–3}} |rowspan=2|[[Eastbourne]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Gress |Singles 2 |Andy Ram |bgcolor=98fb98|'''2–6, 4–6, 7–5, 6–2, 6–3''' |- |Doubles {{small|(wi Delgado)}} |Erlich & Ram |bgcolor=FFA07A|6–3, 3–6, 7–5, 3–6, 4–6 |- !rowspan=3|2PO |rowspan=3|22–24 Sep 2006 |rowspan=3|{{davis|UKR}} |rowspan=3|{{center|3–2}} |rowspan=3|[[Odessa]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ebc2af;"|Clay |Singles 2 |Alexandr Dolgopolov |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 6–4, 6–2''' |- |Doubles {{small|(wi Delgado)}} |Stakhovsky & Tereshchuk |bgcolor=FFA07A|3–6, 3–6, 3–6 |- |Singles 4 |Sergiy Stakhovsky |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 6–2, 7–5''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2007 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I / World Group Play-offs''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !2R |6–8 Apr 2007 |{{davis|NED}} |{{center|4–1}} |[[Birmingham]] | style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|Haurd (i) |Singles 4 |Raemon Sluiter |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 7–5, 6–2''' |- !rowspan=2|PO |rowspan=2|21–23 Sep 2007 |rowspan=2|{{davis|CRO}} |rowspan=2|{{center|4–1}} |rowspan=2|[[London]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Gress |Singles 1 |Marin Čilić |bgcolor=98fb98|'''3–6, 6–4, 6–2, 4–6, 6–3''' |- |Singles 4 |Roko Karanusic |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 7–6^(7–4)''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2008 Davis Cup World Group Play-offs''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !rowspan=2|PO |rowspan=2|19–21 Sep 2008 |rowspan=2|{{davis|AUT}} |rowspan=2|{{center|2–3}} |rowspan=2|[[London]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Gress |Singles 2 |Alexander Peya |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 6–1, 6–3''' |- |Singles 4 |Jürgen Melzer |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–1''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2009 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !rowspan=3|PO |rowspan=3|18–20 Sep 2009 |rowspan=3|{{davis|POL}} |rowspan=3|{{center|2–3}} |rowspan=3|[[Liverpool]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|Haurd (i) |Singles 1 |Michal Przysiezny |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 6–2, 6–4''' |- |Doubles {{small|(wi Hutchins)}} |Fyrstenberg & Matkowski |bgcolor=FFA07A|5–7, 6–3, 3–6, 2–6 |- |Singles 4 |Jerzy Janowicz |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 6–4, 6–3''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2011 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !rowspan=3|2R |rowspan=3|8–10 Jul 2011 |rowspan=3|{{davis|LUX}} |rowspan=3|{{center|4–1}} |rowspan=3|[[Glasgow]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|Haurd (i) |Singles 2 |Laurent Bram |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–0, 6–0, 6–0''' |- |Doubles {{small|(wi [[Jamie Murray|Murray]])}} |Bram & Vermeer |bgcolor=98fb98|'''7–5, 6–2, 6–0''' |- |Singles 4 |Gilles Müller |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 6–3, 6–1''' |- !rowspan=2|3R |rowspan=2|16–18 Sep 2011 |rowspan=2|{{davis|HUN}} |rowspan=2|{{center|5–0}} |rowspan=2|[[Glasgow]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|Haurd (i) |Singles 2 |Sebo Kiss |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–0, 6–2, 7–6^(7–3)''' |- |Singles 4 |György Balázs |bgcolor=98fb98|'''7–6^(7–3), 6–3''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2013 Davis Cup World Group Play-offs''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !rowspan=2|PO |rowspan=2|13–15 Sep 2013 |rowspan=2|{{davis|CRO}} |rowspan=2|{{center|4–1}} |rowspan=2|Umag | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ebc2af;"|Clay |Singles 1 |Borna Ćorić |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 6–0, 6–3''' |- |Singles 4 |Ivan Dodig |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 6–2, 6–4''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2014 Davis Cup World Group''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !rowspan=2|1R |rowspan=2|31 Jan–2 Feb 2014 |rowspan=2|{{davis|USA}} |rowspan=2|{{center|3–1}} |rowspan=2|[[San Diego]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ebc2af;"|Clay |Singles 1 |Donald Young |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–1, 6–2, 6–3''' |- |Singles 4 |Sam Querrey |bgcolor=98fb98|'''7–6^(7–5), 6–7^(3–7), 6–1, 6–3''' |- !rowspan=3|QF |rowspan=3|4–6 Apr 2014 |rowspan=3|{{davis|ITA}} |rowspan=3|{{center|2–3}} |rowspan=3|[[Napoli]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ebc2af;"|Clay |Singles 2 |[[Andreas Seppi]] |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 7–5, 6–3''' |- |Doubles {{small|(wi Fleming)}} |Bolelli & Fognini |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 6–2, 3–6, 7–5''' |- |Singles 4 |Fabio Fognini |bgcolor=FFA07A|3–6, 3–6, 4–6 |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2015 Davis Cup World Group''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !rowspan=2|1R |rowspan=2|6–8 Mar 2015 |rowspan=2|{{davis|USA}} |rowspan=2|{{center|3–1}} |rowspan=2|[[Glasgow]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|Haurd (i) |Singles 1 |Donald Young |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–1, 6–1, 4–6, 6–2''' |- |Singles 4 |John Isner |bgcolor=98fb98|'''7–6^(7–4), 6–3, 7–6^(7–4)''' |- !rowspan=3|QF |rowspan=3|17–19 Jul 2015 |rowspan=3|{{davis|FRA}} |rowspan=3|{{center|3–1}} |rowspan=3|[[London]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Gress |Singles 2 |[[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] |bgcolor=98fb98|'''7–5, 7–6^(12–10), 6–2''' |- |Doubles {{small|(wi [[Jamie Murray|Murray]])}} |[[Nicolas Mahut|Mahut]] & [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga|Tsonga]] |bgcolor=98fb98|'''4–6, 6–3, 7–6^(7–5), 6–1''' |- |Singles 4 |Gilles Simon |bgcolor=98fb98|'''4–6, 7–6^(7–5), 6–3, 6–0''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |- !rowspan=3|SF |rowspan=3|18–20 Sep 2015 |rowspan=3|{{davis|AUS}} |rowspan=3|{{center|3–2}} |rowspan=3|[[Glasgow]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|Haurd (i) |Singles 1 |Thanasi Kokkinakis |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 6–0, 6–3''' |- |Doubles {{small|(wi [[Jamie Murray|Murray]])}} |Groth & Hewitt |bgcolor=98fb98|'''4–6, 6–3, 6–4, 6–7^(6–8), 6–4''' |- |Singles 4 |Bernard Tomic |bgcolor=98fb98|'''7–5, 6–3, 6–2''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |- !rowspan=3|F |rowspan=3|27–29 Nov 2015 |rowspan=3|{{davis|BEL}} |rowspan=3|{{center|3–1}} |rowspan=3|[[Ghent]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ebc2af|Clay (i) |Singles 2 |Ruben Bemelmans |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 6–2, 7–5''' |- |Doubles {{small|(with [[Jamie Murray|Murray]])}} |Darcis & [[David Goffin|Goffin]] |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 4–6, 6–3, 6–2''' |- |Singles 4 |[[David Goffin]] |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 7–5, 6–3''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |} === Olympics === Murray representit Great Britain at his maiden Olympics in [[2008 Simmer Olympics|Beijing 2008]]. He competit in the singles an doubles competitions. In maugre o bein seedit saxt in the singles competeetion, he wis eliminate in the first roond bi Cheenese Taipei's Yen-hsun Lu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/2540280/Andy-Murray-crashes-out-to-Lu-Yen-Hsun-Beijing-Olympics-2008.html|title=Andy Murray crashes out to Lu Yen-Hsun - Beijing Olympics 2008|work=The Telegraph|date=11 August 2008}}</ref> Alang wi his brither Jamie, he advanced tae the second roond o the doubles competeetion wi a win ower the Canadian pairin o Daniel Nestor an Frédéric Niemeyer. The Murray brithers war eliminated in the second roond bi France's Arnaud Clément an Michael Llodra. In Februar, Murray pulled oot o the Davis Cup tie agin Argentina, acause o a knee injury, sae Argentina thrashed the under-strength British team. Jamie Murray scathingly criticised Andy an thay didnae spik tae ilk anither for a fortnicht.<ref name="Andy and Jamie's feud Telegraph"/> Thair rift conteenad in the Olympic doubles, ower a perceived lack o effort frae Andy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/sport/tennis/article4546030.ece|title=Brother’s left-field lessons boost Andy Murray|newspaper=Times|date=3 September 2015}}</ref> At the [[2012 Simmer Olympics|London 2012]] Olympics, Murray competit in the singles, doubles (pairtnerin his brither Jamie) an mixed doubles (pairtnerin Laura Robson). In the singles, he won the Gowd Medal, includin straucht-set victories ower Novak Djokovic in the semi-finals an Roger Federer in the final. This wis fower weeks efter Federer haed beaten him on the same court in the Wimbledon final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18907001|title=Andy Murray wins men's singles Olympics tennis gold|work=BBC Sport|date=5 August 2012}}</ref> He forby won the siller medal in the mixed doubles, lossin tae the [[Belarus]]ian pairin o Max Mirnyi an Victoria Azarenka.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18906645|title=Andy Murray & Laura Robson take silver in Olympics final|work=BBC Sport|date=5 August 2012}}</ref> At Rio in 2016 Murray becam the first player tae win twa Olympic gowd medals in a raw in the tennis singles, beatin Juan Martín del Potro in the final.<ref name="rio2016"/> At the Tokyo Olympics in 2021 he withdrew frae the singles wi a strained quadriceps, but he an Joe Salisbury reached the quarter-finals o the men's doubles.<ref>{{cite news| title=Tokyo Olympics tennis: Andy Murray & Joe Salisbury out, Novak Djokovic wins |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/57994553 |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> His last tournament wis the 2024 Paris Olympics, whaur he an Dan Evans reached the quarter-finals o the men's doubles.<ref name="paris2024"/> == Rivalries == {{See also|Big Four (tennis)}} === Murray vs. Djokovic === {{Main|Djokovic–Murray rivalry}} Novak Djokovic an Andy Murray hae met 34 times wi Djokovic leadin 24–10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=MC10&oId=D643|title=Tennis – ATP World Tour – FedEx ATP Head 2 Head|publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=3 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/Rivalries/Djokovic-Murray-Rivalry.aspx|title=Novak & Andy: The Rivalry|publisher=ATP World Tour|date=26 January 2013|accessdate=17 April 2013}}</ref> Djokovic leads 5–1 on clay, 19–7 on haurd courts, an Murray leads 2–0 on gress. The twa are awmaist exactly the same age, wi Murray bein anly a week aulder than Djokovic. Thay went tae trainin camp thegither, an Murray won the first match thay ever played as teenagers. The pair hae met 16 times in finals, wi Djokovic leadin 9–7. Ten o the finals war at ATP Masters 1000 events, an thay are tied at 5–5. Thay hae met in seiven Major finals: The 2011 Australian Open, the 2012 US Open, the 2013 Australian Open, the 2013 Wimbledon Championships, the 2015 Australian Open, the 2016 Australian Open, an the 2016 French Open. Djokovic haes won in Australie fower times an thair single French open final, Murray emerged as the victor at the US Open an Wimbledon. The umwhile o Murray's victories wis the langest ever final at the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], tyin wi the 1988 final played atween Ivan Lendl an Mats Wilander at 4 oors an 53 meenits. The latter wis notable for bein the first hame triumph in men's singles at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] syne 1936. Thay played a nearly five-oor lang semifinal match in the 2012 Australian Open an aw. Djokovic won it 7–5 in the fift set efter Murray led 2 sets tae 1. Murray an Djokovic met again in 2012 at the London 2012 Olympic Gemmes, wi Murray winnin in straucht sets. Durin the final o the 2012 Shanghai Masters, Murray held five championship pynts in the second set, however Djokovic saved each o them, forcin a decidin set. He eventually prevailed tae win his first Shanghai Masters title, endin Murray's 12–0 winnin streak at the event. The three set matches thay played in Rome an Shanghai in 2011 an 2012 respectively war voted the ATP World Tour Match o the Year for each respective saison.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2 Best ATP World Tour Matches of 2011|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2011/12/Features/Best-ATP-Matches-Of-2011.aspx|publisher=ATP|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Best ATP World Tour Matches of the Year – Nos. 1–2|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2012/11/Features/Best-ATP-Matches-Of-2012.aspx|publisher=ATP|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref> Due tae the tight competeetion atween 2008 an 2013, monie saw this as the rivalry o the future. The twa war baith in thair prime years at the time an war expectit tae be playin for at least anither five years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Djokovic-Murray move away from pack|url=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/simon-reed/djokovic-murray-move-away-pack-165711108.html|publisher=Eurosport|accessdate=1 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=World number two Andy Murray determined to improve on clay|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21994026|accessdate=16 June 2013|newspaper=BBC Sport|date=1 April 2013}}</ref> Houiver, Djokovic went on tae dominate the rivalry efter the 2013 Wimbledon final, winnin 8 matches in a row, until Murray ended the streak in the final o the 2015 Rogers Cup. === Murray vs. Federer === {{main|Federer–Murray rivalry}} Andy Murray an Roger Federer hae met 25 times wi Federer leadin 14–11. Federer leads 12–10 on haurd courts, 2–1 on gress, an thay hae never met on clay. Efter Federer won the first professional match thay played, Murray dominated the rivalry frae 2006 until 2014 wi Federer beatin Murray three straucht times tae reverse the lead at the 2014 ATP World Tour Finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=F324&oId=MC10|title=Federer v Murray Head to Head|publisher=atpworldtour.com|accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref> Federer leads 5–3 in finals, haein won each o thair Grand Slam Final meetins at the 2008 US Open<ref name="autogenerated2"/> an 2010 Australian Open, baith o which Federer won in straucht sets. The third wis the 2012 Wimbledon Championships, whaur Murray teuk the first set, but ended up losin in 4 sets. Murray leads 6–3 in ATP 1000 tournaments an 2–0 in finals. Thay hae met five times at the [[ATP World Tour Finals]], wi Murray winnin in Shanghai in 2008<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/nov/14/tennis-murray-federer-masters-cup|title=Murray wins gruelling match to knock out defending champion Federer|work=guardian.co.uk|location=London|date=14 November 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010|last=Bierley|first=Steve|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> an Federer comin oot victorious in London in 2009, 2010, 2012, an in 2014. In August 2012, Murray met Federer in the final o the London 2012 Olympics at Wimbledon Centre Court, juist fower weeks efter the 2012 Wimbledon Final. In that final Federer haed defeatit Murray tae win his record-tyin 7t title at the All-England Club. Murray defeatit Federer in straucht sets tae win the gowd medal, denyin Federer a Career Golden Slam. In 2013 Murray beat Federer for the first time in a Major in the semi-finals o the Australian Open, prevailin in five sets efter Federer haed come back twice frae a set doun.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cronin|first=Matt|title=Murray makes it happen|url=http://www.australianopen.com/en_AU/news/articles/2013-01-25/201301251359112474916.html|publisher=Australian Open|accessdate=16 June 2013|date=25 January 2013}}</ref> Thair last grand slam meetin wis at the 2015 Wimbledon Championships semifinals, whaur a dominant Federer defeatit Murray in straucht sets, earnin a place in his 10t Wimbledon final. Murray is ane o anly three players tae hae recorded 10 or mair victories ower Federer, the ither twa bein Nadal an Djokovic. Thair maist recent meetin teuk place at the 2015 Cincinnati Masters semifinals, wi Federer winnin the match in twa close sets, recordin his fift consecutive veectory ower Murray. === Murray vs. Nadal === {{Main|Murray–Nadal rivalry}} Andy Murray haes played against Rafael Nadal on 24 occasions syne 2007, wi Nadal leadin 17–7. Nadal leads 7–2 on clay, 3–0 on gress an 7–5 on haurd courts. The pair regularly meet at [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] level, wi nine oot o thair twinty-ane meetins comin in slams. Nadal leads thir 7–2 (3–0 at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], 2–0 at the [[French Open]], 1–1 at the [[Australian Open]] an 1–1 at the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=N409&oId=MC10|title=Nadal v Murray Head to Head|publisher=atpworldtour.com|accessdate=6 August 2012}}</ref> Aicht o thir nine appearances hae been at Quarter-final an Semi-final level. Thay hae never met in a Slam final. Houiver, Murray leads 3–1 in [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] finals, wi Nadal winnin at Indian Wells in 2009<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7958375.stm|title=Nadal blows Murray away in final|publisher=BBC Sport|date=22 March 2009|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> an Murray winnin in Rotterdam the same year,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7891311.stm|title=Murray beats Nadal to take title|publisher=BBC Sport|date=15 February 2009|accessdate=6 February 2012|last=Newbery|first=Piers}}</ref> Tokyo<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/15231444|title=Andy Murray defeats Rafael Nadal in Japan Open final|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 October 2011|accessdate=6 February 2012|last=Overend|first=Jonathan}}</ref> in 2011, an at Madrid in 2015. Murray lost three consecutive Grand Slam semifinals tae Nadal in 2011 frae the French Open tae the US Open. Of the past 20 Grand Slam drawsheets, thay hae been drawn in the same half 16 times. The pair haed nae met for three years syne the final o the 2011 Japan Open until the quarter finals o the 2014 Rome Masters. Thay war scheduled tae meet in the semi-final o the 2012 Miami Masters, but Nadal withdrew wi injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/17560498|title=Andy Murray to play Djokovic in Miami final after Nadal withdraws|publisher=BBC Sport|date=1 April 2012|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> At the semifinal stage o the 2014 French Open, Nadal triumphed in a dominant straucht sets win for the loss o juist 6 gemmes. In ane o thair maist recent meetins, Murray beat Nadal for the first time on clay,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/32683988 | title=Andy Murray beats Rafael Nadal to win Madrid Masters final | work=BBC Sport | date=10 May 2015 | agency=British Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate=June 14, 2015 | author=Patrick Jennings}}</ref> an the first time in a Masters 1000 final,{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} at the Madrid Open in 2015. Murray continued his form tae beat Nadal at the 2016 Mutual Madrid Open in the semifinals.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} == Playin style == [[File:Flickr - Carine06 - Andy Murray (10).jpg|thumb|upright|left|At the Boodles Challenge, Stoke Pairk, Juin 2012]] Murray plays an all-court gemme wi an emphasis on defensive baseline play, an professional tennis coach Paul Annacone stated that Murray "may be the best counterpuncher on tour today."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen09/columns/story?columnist=garber_greg&id=4429182 |title=Patience a virtue for Andy Murray? |publisher=Sports.espn.go.com |date=30 August 2009 |accessdate=10 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="No surface tension as Murray looks to shed his feet of clay">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sporter/tennis/no-surface-tension-as-murray-looks-to-shed-his-feet-of-clay-1667477.html|title=No surface tension as Murray looks to shed his feet of clay|work=The Independent|location=London|date=12 April 2009|accessdate=26 June 2009|last=Newman|first=Paul|url-status=dead}}</ref> His strengths include groondstrokes wi law error rate, the ability tae anticipate an react, an his transition frae defence tae offence wi speed, which enables him tae hit winners frae defensive poseetions. His playin style haes been likened tae that o Miloslav Mečíř. Murray haes ane o the best twa-handed backhands on the tour an aw, wi dynamic stroke execution<ref>{{cite web|last=W. Smith|first=David|title=Player tactics: The Andy Murray Backhand|url=http://www.tennisone.com/club/lessons/smith/murray_bh/bh.public.php?print=yes|accessdate=13 July 2013|archive-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203042739/http://www.tennisone.com/club/lessons/smith/murray_bh/bh.public.php?print=yes|url-status=dead}}</ref> while he primarily uses his forehaund an a sliced backhaund tae let opponents play intae his haunds.<ref>{{cite web|title=Player tactics|work=BBC Sport|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/skills/4609176.stm|accessdate=28 March 2016}}</ref> Tim Henman haes stated that Murray mey nou hae the best lob in the gemme, succeedin Lleyton Hewitt.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Wimbledon 2013|publisher=BBC Sport|date=26 June 2013 }}</ref> In addition tae this, Murray is a good volleyer, occasionally approachin the net, an executes a fine drop shot, awtho his drop shots are whiles a drawback against faster players lik Roger Federer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/2304244/Hawkeye-Andy-Murrays-drop-shot.html|title=Hawkeye: Andy Murray's drop shot|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=27 June 2008|accessdate=27 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/mar/14/andy-murray-jonas-bjorkman-coach-tennis-amelie-mauresmo|title=Jonas Bjorkman to offer an aggressive return on Andy Murray’s investment |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=14 March 2015 |accessdate=27 May 2015}}</ref> Murray's tactics uisually involve passive exchanges frae the baseline. He is capable o injectin suddent pace intae his groondstrokes tae surprise his faes that are uised tae the slow rally. Murray is ane o the tap returners in the gemme an aw, eften able tae block back fast serves wi his excellent reak an ability tae anticipate. For this raison, Murray is rarely aced.<ref>{{cite news|last=Thorp|first=Dan|title=Player tactics: Andy Murray is best described as a counter-puncher|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/skills/4609176.stm|accessdate=16 June 2013|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 June 2008}}</ref> Murray is kent for bein ane o the maist intelligent tacticians on the court, eften biggin pynts.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramsay|first=Alix|url=http://sport.scotsman.com/tennis/Murray-has-Indian-sign-over.5096794.jp|title=Murray has Indian sign over Fed |work=The Scotsman|location=Edinburgh|accessdate=26 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/3218318/Andy-Murray-to-take-on-Roger-Federer-in-Madrid-Masters-semi-final-Tennis.html|title=Andy Murray to take on Roger Federer in Madrid Masters semi-final|work=The Telegraph|location=London|last=White|first=Clive|date=17 October 2008|accessdate=25 April 2010|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref> Murray is maist proficient on a fast surface,<ref name="No surface tension as Murray looks to shed his feet of clay"/> lik gress, whaur he haes won sax singles titles includin the [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon Championships]] an the [[Tennis at the 2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Olympic Gowd Medal]]. He haes worked haurd syne 2008 on improvin his clay court gemme,<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC Sport|title=Corretja to help Murray on clay|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7331593.stm|date=4 April 2008|accessdate=1 July 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722140549/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7331593.stm|archivedate=2008-07-22|url-status=live|url-status=live}}</ref> ultimately winnin his first clay titles durin 2015 at Munich an Madrid, as weel as his first French Open final. Murray's serve is a major wappen for him, wi his first serve reachin speeds o 130&nbsp;mph or higher on some occasions.<ref name="How Andy Murray turned a second serve into a lethal weapon"/> Houiver, it whiles can be a weakness for him when hit under pressure,<ref>{{cite news|publisher=ESPN|title=Murray bemoans inconsistent serve after shock defeat|url=http://en.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/81775.html|date=March 26, 2011|accessdate=7 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415193104/http://en.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/81775.html|archive-date=2016-04-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> especially wi a mair inconsistent second serve. Syne his 2011 saison an Ivan Lendl's coaching, he haes worked tae improve his consistency, second serve, returns an mental gemme, resultin in a mair offensive gemme.<ref name="How Andy Murray turned a second serve into a lethal weapon">{{cite news|work=London Evening Standard|title=How Andy Murray turned a second serve into a lethal weapon|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/tennis/how-andy-murray-turned-a-second-serve-into-his-lethal-weapon-7908115.html|date=4 July 2015|accessdate=27 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062212/http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/tennis/how-andy-murray-turned-a-second-serve-into-his-lethal-weapon-7908115.html|archivedate=2016-03-04|url-status=live|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/9563342/andy-murray-must-return-to-ivan-lendls-aggressive-style-claims-greg-rusedski|title=Andy Murray must return to Ivan Lendl's aggressive style, claims Greg Rusedski|work=Sky Sports|date=14 November 2014|accessdate=27 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/usopen/8754939/US-Open-2011-Andy-Murrays-consistency-needs-a-trophy.html|title=US Open 2011: Andy Murray's consistency needs a trophy|work=The Telegraph|date=10 Sep 2011|accessdate=7 November 2015}}</ref> == Endorsements an equipment == In 2009, German manufacturer [[Adidas]] an Murray signed a five-year-deal worth £30 million. This included wearin thair range o tennis shoes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article6901849.ece|title=Andy Murray's fashion sense goes into overdrive with £30&nbsp;m deal with adidas|work=The Times|location=UK|date=4 November 2009|accessdate=25 January 2010|first=Neil|last=Harman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717224232/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article6901849.ece|archive-date=2025-07-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> The contract wi Adidas allowed Murray tae keep his sark sleeve sponsors Shiatzy Chen, Royal Bank of Scotland an Highland Spring. Afore he wis signed bi Adidas in late 2009, he wore Fred Perry apparel.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-ends-fred-perry-sponsorship-deal-1814472.html|title=Murray ends Fred Perry sponsorship deal|date=4 November 2009|accessdate=7 July 2013|agency=Reuters|work=The Independent|location=London}}</ref> At the end o thair contract thegither Adidas decidit nae tae re-sign wi Murray,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/11291164/Andy-Murrays-new-deal-with-Under-Armour-slips-out-as-tennis-star-fails-to-conceal-t-shirt-logo.html|title=Andy Murray's new deal with Under Armour slips out as tennis star fails to conceal t-shirt logo|date=12 December 2014|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> an he began a 4-year partnership wi athletic apparel company Under Armour in December 2014,<ref>{{cite web|title=Andy Murray signs £15m kit deal with US company Under Armour|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/dec/30/andy-murray-under-armour-sponsorship-deal|publisher=The Guardian|date=30 December 2014}}</ref> reportedly worth US$25 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Murray signs four-year clothing deal with Under Armour|url=http://www.tennis.com/gear/2014/12/murray-signs-4-year-under-armour-clothing-deal/53496/|publisher=Tennis.com|accessdate=25 September 2015|date=30 December 2014}}</ref> Murray uses Head rackets, an regularly appears in advertisements for the brand.<ref>{{cite web|title=HEAD – the most successful racquet on the tennis tour in 2012|url=http://www.head.com/tennis/news/?region=us&id=2632|publisher=HEAD|accessdate=16 June 2013|archive-date=2014-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214014951/http://www.head.com/tennis/news/?region=us&id=2632|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Juin 2012, the Swiss watch manufacturer Rado annoonced that Murray haed signed a deal tae wear thair D-Star 200 model.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchpro.com/13561-rado-reveals-andy-murray-as-latest-ambassador/|title=Rado reveals Andy Murray as latest ambassador|accessdate=11 June 2012|date=11 June 2012|work=Watch Pro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105194551/http://www.watchpro.com/13561-rado-reveals-andy-murray-as-latest-ambassador/|archive-date=2015-01-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Chairitable wark == Murray is a foundin member o the Malaria No More UK Leadership Council an helped launch the charity in 2009 wi [[David Beckham]]. Footage frae the launch at Wembley Stadium can be seen on YouTube an [https://web.archive.org/web/20150206131026/http://malarianomore.org.uk/mnmtv the charity's website]. Murray forby producit ''Nets Needed'', a short public service announcement, for the charity tae help raise awareness an funds tae help in the fecht against malaria.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray Supports Malaria No More UK and Comic Relief|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/news/tennis/2011/charity/andy-murray-charity.aspx|accessdate=7 July 2013|publisher=ATP World Tour|date=15 March 2011|agency=Press Release}}</ref> Murray haes taken pairt in several charity tennis events an aw, includin the Rally for Relief events that teuk place prior tae the stairt o the 2011 Australian Open.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2011/01/Other/Rally-For-Relief-A-Success.aspx|title=RALLY FOR RELIEF RAISES $1.8M FOR QUEENSLAND FLOOD VICTIMS|work=ATP Staff|date=16 January 2011|accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref> In Juin 2013, Murray teamed up wi umwhile British number 1 Tim Henman for a charity doubles match against Murray's coach an aicht-time grand slam champion Ivan Lendl, an warld No. 6 Tomáš Berdych at the Queen's Club in London. The event named Rally Against Cancer wis organised tae raise money for Royal Marsden Cancer Charity efter his best friend an fellae British player Ross Hutchins wis diagnosed wi Hodgkin's lymphoma.<ref>Murray cried Hutchins his best friend in his speech tae the crowd efter winnin the 2013 AEGON Championships, juist afore the charity match.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2013/feb/22/andy-murray-tim-henman-cancer-research|title=Andy Murray and Tim Henman double up in cancer research fundraiser|work=The Guardian|accessdate=16 April 2013|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|location=London|date=22 February 2013}}</ref> The event teuk place follaein the final day o competitive play at the AEGON Championships, on Sunday 16 Juin. Subsequently, follaein his veectory at the tournament, Murray donated his entire prize money pot tae The Royal Marsden Cancer Charity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rally Against Cancer|url=http://www.royalmarsden.org/rally-against-cancer|publisher=The Royal Marsden Cancer Charity|accessdate=7 July 2013|date=June 2013|quote=After generously donating his £73,000 prize money from the Aegon Championships, Andy Murray is now sporting The Royal Marsden Cancer Charity name on his sleeve throughout Wimbledon.|archive-date=2013-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716050012/http://www.royalmarsden.org/rally-against-cancer|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Juin 2014, follaein the daith o Elena Baltacha, Murray featurt in an event kent as 'Rally for Bally'. Murray played at Queen's Club alongside Victoria Azarenka, Martina Hingis, Heather Watson an his brither Jamie. The event raised money for the Royal Marsden Cancer Charity an the Elena Baltacha Academy o Tennis. Childer frae Baltacha's academy teuk tae the court tae play alongside Murray.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27857449|title=BBC Sport – Rally for Bally: Andy Murray leads Elena Baltacha tributes|work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/06/24/London-Queens-Sunday-Rally-For-Ball-Murray.aspx|title=Tennis World Unites At Rally For Bally|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> As a result o his various charitable exploits, Murray wis awairdit the Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year award for 2014. == Public image == === Naitional identity === [[File:Spectators at Live Site East (7724463944).jpg|thumb|Fans at Live Site East on the Olympic Pairk celebrate Murray winnin gowd, 5 August 2012]] Murray identifies himsel as Scottish an British.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hodgkinson|first=Mark|title=Wimbledon: Andy Murray promises to focus|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/atptour/2303901/Wimbledon-Andy-Murray-promises-to-focus.html|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=8 July 2013|location=London|date=23 June 2008}}</ref> His naitional identity haes eften been commented on bi the media.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/jul/07/andy-murray-wins-wimbledon-2013-djokovic Andy Murray: Scottish, British, who cares? Today he belongs to us all]. ''The Guardian'' (London). Retrieved on 6 September 2013.</ref> Whilst makin a cameo appearance on comedy shaw ''Outnumbered'', Murray wis asked whether he wis British or Scottish, tae which he responded "It depends if I'm winning".<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3ynYHHH9e0 Andy Murray Gets Outnumbered – Red Nose Day 2011 – BBC Comic Relief Night]. YouTube. Retrieved on 6 September 2013.</ref> Muckle o the discussion aboot Murray's naitional identity began prior tae Wimbledon 2006, when he wis quoted as sayin he wad "support whoever [[Ingland naitional fitbaw team|England]] is playing" at the [[2006 FIFA Warld Cup|2006 World Cup]]. Inglis ex-tennis player Tim Henman confirmed that the remarks haed been said in jest an war anly in respone tae Murray bein teased bi jurnalist Des Kelly an Henman aboot [[Scotland naitional fitbaw team|Scotland]]'s failure tae qualify.<ref name="five live">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqQsHBwkDgQ Tim Henman talks about Andy Murray, 9 September 2008], YouTube clip of BBC Radio 5 Live interview.</ref> Murray initially refused tae endorse aither side o the debate in the [[Scots independence referendum, 2014|2014 referendum]] on [[Scots unthirldom|Scottish independence]], citin the abuse he haed received efter his comments in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-26504286 |title=Scottish independence: Andy Murray stays quiet on vote |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=9 March 2014 |accessdate=15 April 2014}}</ref> Juist afore the referendum, Murray tweeted a message that wis considered bi the media tae be supportive o independence.{{efn|name=referendum|Murray tweeted "Huge day for Scotland today! no campaign negativity last few days totally swayed my view on it. excited to see the outcome. lets do this!"}}<ref name=guardianrefendum>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray on Scottish independence vote: 'Let's do this!'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/sep/18/andy-murray-on-scottish-independence-vote-lets-do-this|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=18 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Murray signals support for Scottish independence|url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2014/09/murray-signals-backing-for-scottish-independence/52808/|publisher=Tennis.com|accessdate=25 August 2015|date=18 September 2014}}</ref><ref name = "yes tweet"/> He received online abuse for expressin his opinion, includin messages that war describit as "vile" bi [[Police Scotland]]; ane referred tae the Dunblane massacre.<ref name = "yes tweet"/> A few days efter the vote, in which a 55% majority opposed Scottish independence, Murray said that he did nae regret statin his view. Houiver, he admitted that it wis oot o character an that he wad concentrate on his tennis career in the future.<ref name = "yes tweet">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-29323123 Scottish referendum: Andy Murray 'disappointed' by indyref tweet fallout], BBC News</ref> === Ither === In 2006, thare wis uproar efter a match wi Kenneth Carlsen. Haein been gien a warnin for racket abuse, he went on in the post-match interview tae state that he an Carlsen haed "played like women" durin the first set.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article786818.ece|location=London|work=The Times|first=Neil|last=Harman|title=Auckland to double his luck with Murray plea|date=10 January 2006}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Murray wis booed for the remark, but explained later that the comment haed been intendit as a jocular response tae what [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]] haed said at the Hopman Cup.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-mars-victory-with-verbal-error-522397.html|location=London|work=The Independent|last=Roberts|first=John|title=Murray mars victory with verbal error|date=10 January 2006|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-date=2015-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925233224/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-mars-victory-with-verbal-error-522397.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A few months later, Murray wis fined for swearin at the umpire durin a [[Davis Cup]] doubles rubber wi Serbia an Montenegro Davis Cup team. Murray refused tae shake haunds wi the umpire at the end o the match.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4892692.stm|title=Britain fined for Murray outburst|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 April 2006}}</ref> In 2007, Murray suggestit that tennis haed a match-fixin problem, statin that awbody kens it gaes on,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7044199.stm|title=Murray satisfied with ATP meeting|date=17 October 2007|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> in the wake o the investigation surroondin Nikolay Davydenko.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6928635.stm|title=Davydenko faces betting inquiry|date=27 August 2007|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Baith Davydenko an Rafael Nadal questioned his comments, but Murray responded that his words haed been taken oot o context.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7039513.stm|title=Tennis 'aware of fixing threat'|date=12 October 2007|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> On 20 December 2015 Andy Murray wis awairdit the BBC sports personality o the year award in [[Belfast]]. == Career statistics == {{Main|Andy Murray career statistics}} === Grand Slam tournament performance timeline === {{Performance key}} {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center |- !width=150|Tournament!!width=30|2005!!width=30|2006!!width=30|2007!!width=30|2008!!width=30|2009!!width=30|2010!!width=30|2011!!width=30|2012!!width=30|2013!!width=30|2014!!2015!!2016!!2017!!{{Tooltip| SR | Strike Rate}} !! {{Tooltip| W–L | Win–Loss}}!!width=45|Win % |- |colspan="20" style="text-align:left;"|[[Grand Slam (tennis)|'''Grand Slam tournaments''']] |- |align=left|[[Australian Open]] |A |style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |style="background:thistle;"|F |style="background:thistle;"|F |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:thistle;"|F |style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |style="background:thistle;"|F |style="background:thistle;"|F |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |0 / 11 |45–11 |{{#expr: 45/56 * 100/1 round 2}} |- |align=left|[[French Open]] |A |style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |A |style="background:#afeeee;"|3R |style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |A |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:thistle;"|F |bgcolor=yellow|SF |0 / 9 |34–9 |{{#expr: 34/43 * 100/1 round 2}} |- |align=left|[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] |style="background:#afeeee;"|3R |style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |A |style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:thistle;"|F |style="background:#0f0;"|'''W''' |style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |style="background:yellow;"|SF |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' |bgcolor=ffebcd|QF | |1 / 10 |46–9 |{{#expr: 46/55 * 100/1 round 2}} |- |align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] |style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |style="background:#afeeee;"|3R |style="background:thistle;"|F |style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |style="background:#afeeee;"|3R |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:#0f0;"|'''W''' |style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |bgcolor=ffebcd|QF | |1 / 11 |40–10 |{{#expr: 40/50 * 100/1 round 2}} |- !style=text-align:left|Win–Loss !3–2 !6–4 !5–2 !12–4 !15–4 !16–4 !21–4 !22–3 !17–2 !17–4 !19–4 !12–2 !2 / 41 !{{#expr: 3+6+5+12+15+16+21+22+17+17+19+12}}–{{#expr: 2+4+2+4+4+4+4+3+2+4+4+2}} !{{#expr: 165/204 * 100/1 round 2}} |} ;<big>Finals: 10 (2 titles, 8 runner-ups)</big> {|class="sortable wikitable" |- !width=70|Outcome !width=30|Year !width=120|Championship !width=40|Surface !width=150|Opponent ! style="width:250px;" class="unsortable"|Score |- style="background:#ccf;" |bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||2008||[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]||Haurd||{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Roger Federer]]||2–6, 5–7, 2–6 |- style="background:#ffc;" |bgcolor=FEA07A|Runner-up||2010||[[Australian Open]]||Haurd||{{flagicon|SUI}} Roger Federer||3–6, 4–6, 6–7^(11–13) |- style="background:#ffc;" |bgcolor=FEA07A|Runner-up||2011||Australian Open <small>(2)</small>||Haurd||{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Novak Djokovic]]||4–6, 2–6, 3–6 |- style="background:#cfc;" |bgcolor=FEA07A|Runner-up||2012||[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]||Gress||{{flagicon|SUI}} Roger Federer||6–4, 5–7, 3–6, 4–6 |- style="background:#ccf;" |bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2012||US Open||Haurd|| {{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic||7–6^(12–10), 7–5, 2–6, 3–6, 6–2 |- style="background:#ffc;" |bgcolor=FEA07A|Runner-up|||2013||Australian Open <small>(3)</small>||Haurd||{{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic||7–6^(7–2), 6–7^(3–7), 3–6, 2–6 |- style="background:#cfc;" |bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2013||Wimbledon||Gress||{{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic||6–4, 7–5, 6–4 |- style="background:#ffc;" |bgcolor=FEA07A|Runner-up||2015||Australian Open <small>(4)</small>||Haurd||{{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic||6–7^(5–7), 7–6^(7–4), 3–6, 0–6 |- style="background:#ffc;" |bgcolor=FEA07A|Runner-up||2016||Australian Open <small>(5)</small>||Haurd||{{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic||1–6, 5–7, 6–7^(3–7) |- style="background:#ebc2af;" |bgcolor=FEA07A|Runner-up||2016||[[French Open]]||Clay||{{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic||6–3, 1–6, 2–6, 4–6 |} === Olympic Gemmes === ==== Finals: 2 (1 gold medal, 1 silver medal) ==== ===== Singles: 1 (1–0) ===== {|class="sortable wikitable" |- !width=80|Outcome !width=50|Year !width=200|Championship !width=75|Surface !width=200|Opponent in the final !width=200|Score in the final |- style="background:Gold;" |bgcolor=gowd|Gowd||[[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012]] |London 2012 |Gress |{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Roger Federer]] |6–2, 6–1, 6–4 |} ===== Mixed Doubles: 1 (0–1) ===== {|class="sortable wikitable" |- !width=80|Outcome !width=50|Year !width=200|Championship !width=75|Surface !width=200|Pairtner !width=200|Opponents !width=200|Score |- style="background:Silver;" | style="background:silver;"|Siller||[[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012]] |London 2012 |Gress |{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Laura Robson]] |{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Victoria Azarenka]]<br />{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi |6–2, 3–6, [8–10] |} ===Records=== {{Main|List of career achievements by Andy Murray}} * Thir records war attained in the Open Era. * Records in '''bold''' indicate peer-less achievements. * Records in ''italics'' are currently active streaks. {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |- !Time Span !Records at each Grand Slam tournament !Players matched |- |2008 US Open —<br />2012 Wimbledon||First fower finals lost<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/09/sports/tennis/federer-beats-murray-and-britain-to-win-wimbledon.html?pagewanted=2&_r=2&ref=tennis|title=Federer Beats Murray, and Britain, for Seventh Wimbledon Title|first=Christopher|last=Clarey|newspaper=The New York Times|date=8 July 2012|accessdate=9 July 2012|quote=The only other man in the Open era to lose his first four major finals is Ivan Lendl&nbsp;...}}</ref>||[[Ivan Lendl]] |- |2010 Australian Open —<br> 2016 Australian Open||Five runner-up finishes at a single Major<ref>{{cite web|title=Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to win sixth Australian Open title|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/35453531|publisher=BBC Sport|date=31 January 2016|quote=[Murray] becomes only the second man - behind his former coach Ivan Lendl at the US Open - to lose five finals at the same Grand Slam since the open era began in 1968.}}</ref>||Ivan Lendl |- |2008 US Open —<br> 2016 French Open||Runner-up finishes at all fower Majors||[[Roger Federer]]<br>Ivan Lendl |- |'''2012 Olympics —<br />2012 US Open'''||'''Winner o Olympic singles gowd medal an US Open in same calendar year'''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/9535073/Andy-Murrays-US-Open-victory-hailed-as-perfect-end-to-perfect-summer-of-sport.html|title=Andy Murray's US Open victory hailed as perfect end to perfect summer of sport|last=Alleyne|first=Richard|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=11 September 2012|accessdate=3 January 2013|location=London|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref>||'''Stands alone''' |- |'''2012 US Open —<br />2013 Australian Open'''||'''Reached final o next consecutive tournament efter winnin first title'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis-x.com/xblog/2013-01-26/11457.php|title=Australian Open Men's Final Open Thread: Novak Djokovic v Andy Murray|publisher=tennis-x.com|accessdate=26 January 2013}}</ref>|| '''Stands alone''' |- |2012 Olympics —<br />2013 Wimbledon||Simultaneous holder o Olympic singles gowd medal an Wimbledon{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} ||[[Rafael Nadal]] |- |'''2012 Olympics —<br />2013 Wimbledon'''||'''Simultaneous holder o twa Olympic medals an twa singles Majors''' {{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}||'''Stands alone''' |} {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |- !Grand Slam tournaments !Time Span !Records at each Grand Slam tournament !Players matched |- |'''Australian Open'''||'''2010–2016'''||''' Five runner-up finishes oweraw'''||'''Stands alone''' |- |Australian Open||2010–2011<br>2015–2016||Twa consecutive runner-up finishes||Pat Cash<br />Steve Denton<br />Stefan Edberg |- |'''Australian Open'''||'''2010–2016'''||'''First five finals lost'''||'''Stands alone'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2015/01/4/Australian-Open-Thursday-Andy-Murray-Reaction.aspx?fb_comment_id=fbc_876603845724958_876612632390746_876612632390746#f371c0371|title=Murray "proud" after semi-final win over Berdych|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> |- |Wimbledon||2012||Latest finish for a match (11:02) vs. Marcos Baghdatis<ref>{{cite news|title=Wimbledon 2012: Andy Murray beats Marcos Baghdatis in latest finish|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/jun/30/andy-murray-beats-marcos-baghdatis|accessdate=30 June 2012|first=Kevin|last=Mitchell|location=London|date=30 June 2012|work=The Observer}}</ref>||Marcos Baghdatis |- |US Open||2012||Langest final (bi duration) vs. Novak Djokovic<ref name="USOfinal">{{cite news|title=Andy Murray wins Open, first Slam|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/usopen12/story/_/id/8364201/2012-us-open-andy-murray-wins-first-slam-novak-djokovic-rally-fizzles|accessdate=11 September 2012|publisher=ESPN}}</ref>||[[Ivan Lendl]]<br>Mats Wilander<br>[[Novak Djokovic]] |- |US Open||2012||Langest tiebreak in a final (bi pynts – 22) vs. Novak Djokovic<ref name="USOfinal" /> ||[[Novak Djokovic]] |} {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |- !Time span !Ither selected records !Players matched |- |2009–2016|| '''Five [[Queen's Club Championships]] titles'''|| '''Stands alone''' |- |2010–2011||Twa consecutive Shanghai Masters titles||[[Novak Djokovic]] |- |2010–2012|| '''Three consecutive Shanghai Masters finals'''||'''Stands alone''' |- |2010–2012||Three Shanghai Masters finals oweraw||[[Novak Djokovic]] |- |2010–2015||Winner o US Open Series twice||[[Rafael Nadal]]<br>[[Andy Roddick]] |- |2006–2015||Most tap-three finishes in US Open Series (five)||John Isner |- |2011||Triple bagel win (6–0, 6–0, 6–0)||Nikola Špear<br />Karel Nováček<br />Stefan Edberg<br />[[Ivan Lendl]]<br />Sergi Bruguera |- |2012||Twa medals won at the same Olympics||Mike Bryan<br />Stefan Edberg<br />[[Fernando Gonzalez]]<br />Goran Ivanišević<br />Nicolás Massú<br />Miloslav Mečíř |- |2015||Aicht Davis Cup singles wins in a year||[[John McEnroe]]<br />Mats Wilander |- |2015||Aicht live Davis Cup singles wins in a year||'''Stands alone'''<ref name="eurosport.co.uk">http://www.eurosport.co.uk/tennis/factbox-andy-murray-s-unbeaten-davis-cup-year-for-britain_sto5008636/story.shtml</ref> |- |2015||11 live Davis Cup wins in a year (singles an doubles), while remainin unbeaten||'''Stands alone'''<ref name="eurosport.co.uk"/> |} ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> <references group="note"/> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{Official website|http://www.andymurray.com}} * {{ATP|MC10}} * {{ITF male profile|100013005}} * {{DavisCup player|100013005}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Murray, Andy}} [[Category:Andy Murray|*]] [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Anglo-Scots]] [[Category:BBC Sports Personality o the Year winners]] [[Category:BBC Scotland Sports Personality o the Year]] [[Category:Clan Murray]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles]] [[Category:Hopman Cup competitors]] [[Category:Laureus Warld Sports Awairds winners]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Medallists at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Olympic gowd medallists for Great Breetain]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in tennis]] [[Category:Olympic siller medallists for Great Breetain]] [[Category:Olympic tennis players o Great Breetain]] [[Category:Fowk frae Dunblane]] [[Category:Scots expatriates in Spain]] [[Category:Scots male tennis players]] [[Category:Scots Olympic medallists]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Lunnon]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Glesga]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Stirlin (cooncil aurie)]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) junior champions]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] 682dgow1ajxm47x398wa73tifhee1v9 0 51116 928018 370345 2026-11-11T14:44:33Z CiphriusKane 74958 Reguidin tae [[Funabashi, Chiba]] 928018 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Funabashi, Chiba]] ntrdmkn42on6ehfjoamb3jnjdtu3qtm 0 51287 928119 927593 2026-11-11T21:55:34Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928119 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sahar Persian singer 2.jpg|thumb|[[Sahar Moghadass|Sahar]], that's kent for whit she haes gien tae Persie pop muisic]] '''Iranian pop muisic''' or '''Persie pop muisic''' ({{lang-fa|موسیقی پاپ ایرانی}}) is [[Pop muisic|pop muisic]] that comes frae [[Iran]], wi sangs maistly in the [[Persie leid|Persie]] leid an in ither regional Persie dialects o the kintra an the region. == History == === Early Iranian popular muisic === Efter the invention o radio in 1930, an efter the [[Warld War II|Second Warld War]], a form o popular muisic cam forrit an stairtit tae develop in Iran.<ref name="iranchamber">{{cite web |url=http://www.iranchamber.com/music/articles/pop_music_iran.php |title=Pop Music in Iran |work=Iran Chamber Society |date=2003}}</ref> [[File:Vigen.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Viguen, the "Sultan" o Iranian pop an jazz muisic.<ref name="mass">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TcLEgR9GkMC |title=Mass Mediations: New Approaches to Popular Culture in the Middle East and Beyond |first=Walter |last=Armbrust |publisher=University of California Press |year=2000 |page=70|isbn=9780520219267 }}</ref><ref name="vigen-bbc">{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3218885.stm |title=Iranian pop legend dies at 74 |date=October 27, 2003 |access-date=August 18, 2014 |website=BBC News |last=Saba |first=Sadeq}}</ref><ref name="Vigen Derderian">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/nov/26/guardianobituaries.iran |title=Obituary: Vigen Derderian |work=The Guardian |first=Sadeq |last=Saba |date=November 26, 2003 |access-date=March 24, 2013 |location=London}}</ref>]] === 1950s tae 1970s === Afore the 1950s, the muisic industry in Iran wis dominatit bi traditional singers.<ref name="Vigen Derderian"/> Iranian pop muisic wi Wastren influence cam forrit bi the 1950s.<ref name="Vigen Derderian"/> Viguen, kent as the "Sultan" o Iranian pop an jazz muisic, wis a pioneer o this chynge.<ref name="Vigen Derderian"/><ref name="vigen-bbc"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-03-19-fo-5537-story.html |title=The King of Persian Pop: Never a Dull Nouruz |work=Los Angeles Times |date=March 19, 1992 |first=Jac |last=Zinder}}</ref><ref name="mass"/> He wis ane o the first musicians in Iran tae perform wi a guitar.<ref name="Vigen Derderian"/> Viguen ushered in a revolution that cam at the same time as a new middle class wi Wastren influences grew up.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/iran/story/0,12858,1093324,00.html Vigen Derderian: Pop idol of a musical revolution in Iran]</ref> Some o the classical pop artists o Iran are Hayedeh, Mahasti, [[Andranik Madadian|Andy]], Aref, Dariush, [[Ebi]], Faramarz Aslani, Farhad, Fereydun Farrokhzad, Giti Pashaei, [[Googoosh]], Hassan Shamaizadeh, Homeyra, Leila Forouhar, Nooshafarin, Shahram Shabpareh, Varoujan, [[Shohreh Solati]] an Bijan Mortazavi. {{-}} <gallery mode="packed"> File:HayedehRohani.jpg|Hayedeh an Anoushirvan Rohani on Iranian Naitional Televeesion in 1975 File:LoghmanAdhamiMAminiNaserEftetahMahmoudRahmanipourHiydeh.jpg|Hayedeh, Loghman Adhami an ither musicians at a concert in the 1970s File:Bigharar-googoosh.jpg|[[Googoosh]] on an auld record cover File:Fereydoun Farrokhzad - Zan-e Rooz, Issue 303 - 16 January 1971 (01).jpg|Fereydun Farrokhzad on an auld magazine </gallery> === Efter the 1979 Islamic Revolution === Efter the [[Iranian Revolution|1979 Islamic Revolution]], pop muisic wis banned an disappeared hailly frae Iran.<ref name="rockrolls">{{cite news |title=Rock Rolls Once More in Iran As Hard-Liners Back Pop Revival |url=https://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/pearl060200.htm |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=June 2, 2000 |access-date=April 9, 2010}}</ref> Monie Iranians emigratit tae ither kintras, abuin aw tae [[Los Angeles]] in the [[Unitit States]], an monie o thaim kept on singin in exile. Amang thir singers were Leila Forouhar an Hayedeh in the Unitit States, an Rita in [[Israel]]. Syne then, several popular Iranian televeesion channels an radio stations hae wirkit ootside the kintra, braidcast throu various satellites. Thir braidcasters play an important pairt in promotin Iranian pop artists an bringin thaim tae Iranians aw ower the warld.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pmc.tv/?page_id=1263 |title=Submitting tips for TV broadcast |website=pmc.tv }}</ref> In the 1990s, offeecials o the new government decidit tae produce an promote "dacent" pop muisic, tae compete wi the unoffeecial soorces o Iranian muisic ootby the kintra. The poet Ali Moallem<ref>[http://www.iran-daily.com/1385/2638/html/art.htm#s167016 Ali Moallem on Pop music] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021225136/http://www.iran-daily.com/1385/2638/html/art.htm |date=2006-10-21 }}</ref> an the musician Fereydoun Shahbazian heidit a cooncil at the state braidcaster IRIB that owersaw the revival o Iran's ain pop muisic.<ref>[http://www.persianartmusic.com/Interview/fereydoun_shahbazian.html An interview with Fereydoun Shahbazian] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206071023/http://www.persianartmusic.com/Interview/fereydoun_shahbazian.html |date=2012-02-06 }}</ref> This pop muisic got a wairm walcome frae monie fowk, but the elites criticised it as shallae in its lyrics, its muisic an its cultural effect. Shahbazian wisnae pleased wi the wey it wis gaun, an efter a while he quit an jynt its critics in public.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.isna.ir/Main/NewsView.aspx?ID=News-680825&Lang=P |title=Shahbazian criticizing pop music |access-date=2013-06-07 |archive-date=2012-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205052855/http://www.isna.ir/Main/NewsView.aspx?ID=News-680825&Lang=P |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Shadmehr Aghili]] wis ane o the first singers efter the revolution tae get muckle support, promotion on naitional televeesion amang it, tae produce new Persie pop sangs inside Iran. He wis skilled on the fiddle an the guitar, an wis a talentit singer. He becam a successfu musician an singer in Iran, but in the end he emigratit tae [[Canadae]] an syne flittit tae Los Angeles, whaur he cairied on his career ootside Iran. Performin or publishin muisic in Iran needs a permit frae the Ministry o Culture an Islamic Guidance, kent forby as Ershaad.<ref>[http://www.iran-farhang.ir/en/nahad/ershad.php Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance website]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Unner the presidency o [[Mohammad Khatami|Khatami]], as cultural restrictions in Iran were eased, a nummer o new pop singers cam forrit frae inside the kintra.<ref>{{cite news |title=Roll Over, Khomeini! Iran Cultivates A Local Rock Scene, Within Limits |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/78405638.html?dids=78405638:78405638&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+23%2C+2001&author=John+Ward+Anderson&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Roll+Over%2C+Khomeini!+Iran+Cultivates+A+Local+Rock+Scene%2C+Within+Limits&pqatl=google |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=23 August 2001 |access-date=9 April 2010 |archive-date=26 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126035458/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/78405638.html?dids=78405638:78405638&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+23%2C+2001&author=John+Ward+Anderson&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Roll+Over%2C+Khomeini%21+Iran+Cultivates+A+Local+Rock+Scene%2C+Within+Limits&pqatl=google |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="rockrolls"/> Efter the new admeenistration teuk office, the Ministry o Culture an Islamic Guidance teuk up a different policy, maistly tae mak the industry easier tae monitor. The new policy loosened the restrictions for a sma nummer o artists an tichtened thaim for the lave. Awthegither, but, the nummer o albums released gaed up. This wis acause artists stairtit tae ask for permits for thair neist album even afore thay haed got ane for the album afore it.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bia2.com/music-review/review.php?id=296 |title=Music Review > Farzad Farzin > Shaans |access-date=2013-06-07 |archive-date=2013-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517193933/http://www.bia2.com/music-review/review.php?id=296 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Arian, the first pop baund wi weemen singers tae be offeecially sanctioned in Iran efter the revolution, stairtit a new chapter in Iranian pop muisic.<ref>{{cite web| last = BBC News| title = Iran's first pop revolutionaries| date = December 2004| url = http://newswww.bbc.net.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4079581.stm| access-date = 2008-04-10}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Thay wirkit wi the British-Irish singer Chris de Burgh on thair fowert album, {{lang|fa-Latn|Bi to, Ba to}},<ref>{{cite web|publisher = The Telegraph Media Group|title = Chris de Burgh to play 'cheek to cheek' with Iranian band in Tehran|date=28 July 2008| url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/2466045/Chris-de-Burgh-to-play-cheek-to-cheek-with-Iranian-band-in-Tehran.html}}</ref> an thay were the first Iranian baund tae be listit in the Inglis biographical dictionar {{lang|en|International Who's Who in Music}}. In 2001 some younger artists stairtit a movement cried Iranian hip hop. Thair muisic wis inspired bi American [[Hip hop muisic|hip hop]] artists sic as Eminem an [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]]. The government banned this kind o muisic at first, but artists sic as Zedbazi an Hichkas cam forrit awthegither. In late 2009, Sirvan Khosravi becam the first Iranian artist frae inside the kintra tae get heich-rotation airplay on an ordinar European radio station.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.funx.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7819:iraanse-popster-sirvan-khosravi-deze-week-de-dixte&catid=118:artist-news&Itemid=405|title = Iraanse popster Sirvan Khosravi deze week de diXte of FunX Radio|publisher = FunX (Radio network)|access-date = 2010-02-11|archive-date = 2018-06-16|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180616231310/https://www.funx.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7819:iraanse-popster-sirvan-khosravi-deze-week-de-dixte&catid=118:artist-news&Itemid=405|url-status = dead}}</ref> His first sang wis ''Saat-e 9'',<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.bia2.com/music-review/review.php?id=292|title = Sirvan Khosravi - Saate 9 (Review)|publisher = Bia2.com}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> an it got intae the heidlines in Iranian online media an aw.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.musicema.com/node/150348|title = آهنگ "ساعت 9" سیروان؛ رتبه‌ی اول چارت رادیوی هلندی شد|publisher = Musicema|access-date = 2018-11-24|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011702/http://www.musicema.com/node/150348|archive-date = 2019-02-12|url-status = dead}}</ref> In August 2010, Farzad Farzin Amin Rostami got on a European chart for the first time wi the sang ''Chike Chike'', frae his third legal album, ''Shans''. [[Sahar Moghadass|Sahar]], that emigratit tae the [[Unitit Arab Emirates|UAE]], wis anither influential singer o Iranian pop muisic efter the 1979 revolution.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.funx.nl/?&Itemid=625|title = FunX XTips Chart|publisher = FunX (Radio network)}}</ref> In 2012 Sirvan Khosravi haed a nummer ane hit on FunX Radio for the second time, wi the sang "Na Naro".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.musicema.com/module-pagesetter-viewpub-tid-1-pid-4583.html |title=قطعه «نه نرو» سیروان؛ رتبه‌ی اول چارت رادیوی هلندی شد |access-date=2013-06-07 |archive-date=2013-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211013227/http://www.musicema.com/module-pagesetter-viewpub-tid-1-pid-4583.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ither major pop artists in Iran the day include Sirvan Khosravi,<ref>[http://www.facebook.com/Sirvan.music Sirvan Khosravi Official FanPage]</ref> Farzad Farzin,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.farzadfarzin.com/ |title=Farzad Farzin Official Website |access-date=2021-01-18 |archive-date=2018-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813225602/http://farzadfarzin.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bahador Kharazmi<ref>{{cite web|title=B.B.C Persian|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/arts/story/2005/01/050114_ag-bahador.shtml |accessdate=2005-01-14}}</ref> an Alireza Eftekhari.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070710075729/http://iran-daily.com/1384/2515/html/art.htm Eftekhari: Popular and classical vocalist.]</ref> Eftekhari wis ane o a few that wirkit hard tae form a new genre o Iranian pop muisic. Speakin o the difficulties, he ance said: "Tae bring pop muisic intae Iranian muisic culture, A hae made masel a scapegoat" (owerset).<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "In order to introduce pop music to Iranian music culture, I have made myself a scapegoat."</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041028023751/http://www.iran-daily.com/1383/2115/html/art.htm Music Should Keep Up With the Times]</ref> == Awards == === Notable internaitional awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Year !! Recipient !! Award or achievement !! Details |- | 1971 || [[Googoosh]] || First prize an a gowd record at MIDEM in [[Cannes]] || For her 7t record (as ''Gougoush''), wi twa sangs in French:<br>''"Retour de la Ville"'' (A-side) an ''"J'entends Crier Je T'aime"'' (B-side) |- | 1972 || [[Googoosh]] || First prize at the Carthage Music Festival || |- | 1972 || [[Googoosh]] || First medal o airts o [[Tunisie]] || |- | 1973 || [[Googoosh]] || Took pairt in the Sanremo Music Festival || <ref>{{Cite web|url = http://iranian.com/Music/2003/February/Sanremo/index.html|title = A Treasure Hunter's Efforts Pay Off, An Album of Long Lost Googoosh Songs, San Remo 73|date = February 11, 2003|access-date = October 9, 2014|publisher = The Iranian|last = Bahmani|first = Behrouz}}</ref> |- | 2002 || Deep Dish || Grammy Award winner for ''Best Remixed Recording'' || For [[Dido (sangster)|Dido]]'s ''"Thank You"'' |- | 2006 || [[Andranik Madadian|Andy Madadian]] || ''Best Middle Eastern Song'' an ''Best Middle Eastern Album'' at the JPF Awards || |- | 2010 || [[Andranik Madadian|Andy Madadian]] || Gien a starn on the Hollywood Walk of Fame || <ref>{{Cite news |title=Andy Madadian, The Prince Of Persian Pop, Receives Hollywood Walk Of Fame Star |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/01/22/798392186/prince-of-persian-pop-receives-star-on-hollywood-walk-of-fame |access-date=2025-04-16 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2013 || Farzad Farzin || ''Best Song and Performance'' at the Art-football Festival || |} == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == {{Reflist}} * [https://www.vice.com/en/article/rap-is-banned-in-iran-but-the-underground-scene-is-flourishing/ Vice.com] == Freemit airtins == * [https://www.eghtesadonline.com/fa/news/581051/معرفی-موسیقی-پاپ-ایران History frae the Qajar era on] {{DEFAULTSORT:Persie Pop Muisic}} [[Category:Persie pop muisic| ]] dvs18ccm09l7ywu5vny2gecsba8zdt0 0 51617 928017 371237 2026-11-11T14:43:50Z CiphriusKane 74958 Reguidin tae [[Shizuoka, Shizuoka]] 928017 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Shizuoka, Shizuoka]] mvxem1qspb73y551koxrhfktlj5y4yo 0 52664 928105 916586 2026-11-11T20:33:20Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Marathi |nativename={{lang|mr|मराठी}} ''{{unicode|Marāṭhī}}'' |imagecaption=Marathi written in [[Devanāgarī]] an [[Modi script|Modi]] |image=Devanāgarī and Modi scripts.svg |imagesize=200px |pronunciation={{IPA-mr|məˈɾaʈʰi|}} |states=Indie |region=[[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]],<br> [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]] pairts<br> o [[Gujarat]], [[Andhra Pradesh]],<br> [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]],<br> [[Daman and Diu]], and [[Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://delhimarathi.com/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530202727/http://delhimarathi.com/ |archive-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> widely spoken in [[Mauritius]](mainly by Marathi immigrants)<ref>http://www.punemirror.in/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=2&contentid=201211202012112009014238341bcd5fb{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br>, [[United States|United States o America]], [[Israel]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.littleindia.com/nri/12667-keeping-marathi-alive-in-jerusalem.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-06-14 |archive-date=2013-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616013900/http://www.littleindia.com/nri/12667-keeping-marathi-alive-in-jerusalem.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br>, [[United Kingdom]], [[Fiji]],<br> [[UAE]], [[South Africa]] |speakers = 73 million |date = 2007 |ref = <ref>[[Nationalencyklopedin]] "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</ref> |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=[[Indo-Iranian leids|Indo-Iranian]] |fam3=[[Indo-Aryan leids|Indo-Aryan]] |fam4=[[Soothren Indo-Aryan leids|Soothren Indo-Aryan]] |dia1=[[Varhadi dialect|Varhadi]], Maalavi, Khaandeshi, Ahirani, |script=[[Devanagari]]<br>[[Modi alphabet|Modi]] (historical) |nation={{IND}}: [[Maharashtra]], [[Daman and Diu]]<ref name="goa">The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 makes Konkani the sole official language, but provides that Marathi may also be used "for all or any of the official purposes". The Government also has a policy of replying in Marathi to correspondence received in Marathi. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, [http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm |date=2007-10-08 }}, pp. para 11.3</ref><br> an [[Dadra an Nagar Haveli]]<ref name="dadra">Marathi is an official language of Dadra and Nagar Haveli [http://dnh.nic.in/deptdoc/vguide.pdf Administration's profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107091953/http://dnh.nic.in/deptdoc/vguide.pdf |date=2012-11-07 }}.</ref> |agency=[[Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad]] &<br> various [[#Marathi organisations|other institutions]] |iso1=mr |iso2=mar |lc1=mar|ld1=Modren Marathi |lc2=omr|ld2=Auld Marathi |linglist=omr |lingname=Auld Marathi |notice= |notice2= }} '''Marathi''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|t|i}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> {{lang|mr|मराठी}} ''{{unicode|Marāṭhī}}'' {{IPA-mr|məˈɾaʈʰi|}}) is an [[Indo-Aryan leid]]. It is the offeecial leid o [[Maharashtra]] state o [[Indie]] an is ane o the 23 offeecial [[leids o Indie]]. It is the 19t maist spoken leid in the warld. Thare wur 73 million speakers in 2001. Marathi hars the fowerth lairgest nummer o native speakers in Indie<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |title=Abstract of Language Strength in India: 2001 Census |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2013-05-09}}</ref><ref name="encarta">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People|url=http://encarta.msn.com/media_701500404/Languages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html|work=|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwPyXpQ1?url=http://encarta.msn.com/media_701500404/Languages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html|archivedate=2009-10-31|deadurl=yes|access-date=2013-06-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Marathi haes some o the auldest literatur o aw modren Indo-European, Indic leids, datin frae aboot 1000 AD.<ref>arts, South Asian." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite.</ref> The major dialects o Marathi are cried Staundart Marathi an Warhadi Marathi.<ref name=kas>{{cite journal|title=Marathi|journal=London Oriental and African language library|volume=13 |first1=Rameśa|last1= Dhoṅgaḍe|first2=Kashi|last2=Wali|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2009|isbn=90-272-3813-8 |id={{ISBN|9789027238139}}|pages=101, 139}}</ref> Thare are a few ither sub-dialects lik Ahirani, Dangi, Vadvali, Samavedi, Khandeshi, an Malwani. Staundart Marathi is the [[offeecial leid]] o the State o Maharashtra. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{InterWiki|code=mr}} {{sisterlinks|Marathi}} {{Wikibooks|Marathi}} {{Wikivoyage|Marathi_phrasebook}} * [http://www.marathijagat.in/ मराठीजगत » इथे मराठीचिये नगरी...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613040906/http://marathijagat.in/ |date=2013-06-13 }} A Marathi Wabsteid an Social Network * [http://www.marathicorner.com/ Marathi] corner- lairgest Marathi fowk community] * [http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/bbjmarathi/contents.html भारतीय भाषा ज्योति: मराठी] —a textbook for learnin Marathi throu Hindi frae the Central Institute o Indian Leids ; Dictionaries * Molesworth, J. T. (James Thomas). [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/molesworth/ A dictionary, Marathi an Inglis]. 2d ed., rev. an enl. Bombay: Printed for govrenment at the Bombay Eddication Society's press, 1857. * Vaze, Shridhar Ganesh. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/vaze/ The Aryabhusan schuil dictionary, Marathi-Inglis]. Poona: Arya-Bhushan Press, 1911. * Tulpule, Shankar Gopal and Anne Feldhaus. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/tulpule/ A dictionary o auld Marathi]. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 1999. * [http://www.cfilt.iitb.ac.in/wordnet/webmwn/wn.php Marathi Wordnet] [[Category:Marathi leid|*]] [[Category:Cultur o Maharashtra]] [[Category:Jain leids]] [[Category:Leids o Indie]] [[Category:Leids written in Devanagari]] [[Category:Offeecial leids o Indie]] [[Category:Soothren Indo-Aryan leids]] [[Category:Subject–object–verb leids]] kuxcx3aorrszru0fzgt79r33rsj5eo1 0 52696 928123 914494 2026-11-11T22:21:57Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | name = | image = Rachid Taha.jpg <!-- do not replace by images you found on the internet, album covers, or other "fair use" images --> | caption = Rachid Taha | background = solo_singer | birth_name = | alias = | birth_date = {{birth date|1958|9|18|df=y}} | origin = [[Sig, Algerie|Sig]], [[Algerie]] | death_date = 12 September 2018 (aged 59) | death_place = [[Paris]], [[Fraunce]] | instrument = | genre = [[rock muisic|Rock]],<ref name=twsD18/><ref name=twsD11>{{cite news |author= JON PARELES |title= Algerian Singer Mixes Rock and Rai |newspaper= The New York Times |date= July 7, 2008 |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/07/arts/music/07taha.html |accessdate= 2011-06-04 }}</ref> [[raï muisic|Raï]], [[Chaabi (Algerie)|Algerian chaabi]],<br><ref name=twsD13/> [[reggae]], rumba-pop,<ref name=twsD11/> [[funk]],<br> Breetish new wave,<ref name=twsD12/> [[electronica]],<br> [[punk rock]],<ref name=twsD18/> [[techno]],<br> [[Dance muisic|dance]]<ref name=twsD28/> | occupation = [[Sangster]], [[sangwriter]], [[activist]]<ref name=twsD18/><ref name=twsD21/> | years_active = 1980–present | label = [[Knitting Factory Records]]<br>[[Island Records]]<br>[[Barclay Records]] | associated_acts = | website = [http://www.rachidtahaofficial.com/] | notable_instruments = }} '''Rachid Taha''' ([[Arabic leid|Arabic]]: رشيد طه, {{IPA-ar|raʃiːd tˤaːhaː|}}; born 18 September 1958 in [[Sig, Algerie|Sig]]; deed 12 September 2018 in [[Paris]]) wis an [[Algerie|Algerian]] [[sangster]] an [[activist]]<ref name=twsD18/><ref name=twsD21/> based in [[Fraunce]]<ref name=twsD11/> who haes been describit as "sonically adventurous."<ref name=twsD21/> His muisic is influencit bi mony different styles such as [[rock muisic|rock]], [[Electronic muisic|electronic]], [[Punk rock|punk]] an [[raï]]. ==Discografie == ===Albums=== ;as pairt o [[Carte de Séjour]] {| class="wikitable" !align="center" rowspan="2" width="10"|Year !align="center" rowspan="2" width="210"|Album !align="center" colspan="1" width="30"|Peak positions |- !width="20"|<small>[[SNEP|FRA]]<br><ref name="lescharts">[http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Carte+de+S%E9jour LesCharts.com Carte de séjour discography]</ref></small> |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1983 | ''Carte de Séjour'' |align="center" rowspan="1"|{{spaced ndash}} |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1984 | ''Rhorhomanie '' |align="center" rowspan="1"|{{spaced ndash}} |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1986 | ''2½ (Deux Et Demi)'' |align="center" rowspan="1"|{{spaced ndash}} |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1987 | ''Ramsa (Cinq)'' |align="center" rowspan="1"|{{spaced ndash}} |- |} ;Solo {| class="wikitable" !align="center" rowspan="2" width="10"|Year !align="center" rowspan="2" width="210"|Album !align="center" colspan="2" width="30"|Peak positions |- !width="20"|<small>[[SNEP|FRA]]<br><ref name="lescharts"/></small> !width="20"|<small>[[Ultratop 50|BEL <br>(Wa)]]<br> |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1991 |''[[Barbès]]'' |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1993 |''Rachid Taha'' |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1995/<br>1996 |''[[Olé, Olé (album)|Olé, Olé]]'' * Record label: Mango (1995) * Record label: Barclay (1996) |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1997 | ''[[Carte Blanche (Rachid Taha album)|Carte Blanche]]'' |align="center"|32 |align="center"|– |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1998 | ''[[Diwân]]'' * Record label: Wrasse Records |align="center"|52 |align="center"|– |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1998 | ''[[1,2,3 Soleils]]'' (live) * Creditit ae: Taha / Khaled / Faudel * Record label: Polygram |align="center"|4 |align="center"|14 |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|2000 | ''[[Made in Medina]]'' * Record label: Universal |align="center"|38 |align="center"|– |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|2001 | ''[[Rachid Taha Live|Rachid Taha Live (Medina Tour)]]'' (live) |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|2004 | ''[[Tékitoi]]'' * Record label: Wrasse / Universal |align="center"|63 |align="center"|84 |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|2006 | ''[[Diwan 2]]'' * Record label: Wrasse / Barclay |align="center"|43 |align="center"|– |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|2006 | ''[[The Definitive Collection (Rachid Taha album)|The Best of Rachid Taha (The Definitive Collection)]]'' * Record label: Wrasse |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|2008 | ''Rock N Raï'' |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|2009 | ''[[Bonjour (album)|Bonjour]]'' * Record label: Knitting Factory Records |align="center"|126 |align="center"|– |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|2013 | ''Zoom'' * Record label: |align="center"|96 |align="center"|145 |- |} ===Singles=== ;as pairt o Carte de Séjour {| class="wikitable" !align="center" rowspan="2" width="10"|Year !align="center" rowspan="2" width="160"|Single !align="center" colspan="1" width="30"|Peak positions !align="center" rowspan="2" width="200"|Album |- !width="20"|<small>[[SNEP|FRA]]<br><ref name="lescharts"/></small> |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1984 |"Bleu De Marseille" |align="center"|– |align="center"|''Rhorhomanie'' |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1986 |"Douce France" |align="center"|42 |align="center"| ''2½ (Deux Et Demi)'' |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1986 |"Ramsa" |align="center"|– |align="center"|''Ramsa (Cinq)'' |- |} ;Solo {| class="wikitable" !align="center" rowspan="2" width="10"|Year !align="center" rowspan="2" width="160"|Single !align="center" colspan="2" width="30"|Peak positions !align="center" rowspan="2" width="120"|Album |- !width="20"|<small>[[SNEP|FRA]]<br><ref name="lescharts"/></small> !width="20"|<small>[[Ultratop 50|BEL <br>(Wa)]]<br> |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1993 |"[[Voilà, Voilà]]" |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"| |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1997 |"[[Ya Rayah]]" |align="center"|11 |align="center"|– |align="center"| |- |align="center" rowspan="2"|1998 |"Ida" |align="center"|80 |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |"Abdel Kader" (Live à Bercy) <br><small>(Taha / Khaled / Faudel)</small> |align="center"|6 |align="center"|36 |align="center" rowspan=2|''[[1,2,3 Soleils]]'' |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1999 |"Comme d'habitude" <br><small>(Taha / Khaled / Faudel)</small> |align="center"|40 |align="center"|40 |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|2001 |"Barra, Barra" |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"| |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|2006 |"Écoute Moi Camarade" |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"| |- |} ==Videografie== ;as pairt o Carte De Séjour * 1984: Bleu De Marseille * 1987: Douce France ;Solo * 1991: Barbes * 1993: Voilà, Voilà * 1993: Indie * 1995: Non Non Non * 1997: Ya Rayah * 1998: Ida * 1999: 1,2,3 Soleils * 2000: Hey Anta * 2001: Rachid Taha En Concert Live Paris * 2004: Tékitoi * 2004: Rock El Casbah * 2006: Écoute Moi Camarade * 2006: Agatha * 2007: Ma Parabole D'Honneur * 2009: Bonjour ==References== {{reflist|2}} * Plastino, Goffredo (2003). ''Mediterranean Mosaic: Popular Music and Global Sounds''. [[Routledge]]. ISBN 0-415-93656-X. </div> ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.rachidtahaofficial.com/ Rachid Taha Offeecial Steid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221131223/http://www.rachidtahaofficial.com/ |date=2014-12-21 }} * [http://www.3arabiaphoto.com/singers/rachid_taha.html Rachid Taha Bio, Picturs an Photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184507/http://www.3arabiaphoto.com/singers/rachid_taha.html |date=2007-09-27 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130429054326/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=24599 Read an album review of Diwân 2 at Allaboutjazz.com] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DbFYsi9iSg Rachid Taha "Rock El Casbah" on Youtube] * [http://www.frenchmusicblog.com/rachid-taha-snl-french-song Rachid Taha song appears on Saturday Night Live, FrenchMusicBlog.com ] {{DEFAULTSORT:Taha, Rachid}} [[Category:1958 births]] [[Category:2018 daiths]] [[Category:Daiths frae cardiac arrest]] [[Category:Algerie emigrants tae Fraunce]] [[Category:Algerie male sangsters]] [[Category:Fowk frae Oran]] [[Category:Kabyle fowk]] [[Category:Raï muisickers]] [[Category:Wrasse Records airtists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Sig]] brkyjg1jv0t5dswln9qmtc4e3k0pchp 0 58147 928151 830560 2026-11-12T01:26:54Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928151 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zarkadia''' ({{lang-el|Ζαρκαδιά}}) is a veelage an a commonty in the municipal unit o [[Chrysoupoli]] in the [[Kavala (regional unit)|Kavala regional unit]], [[Greece]]. The commonty consists o the veelages Zarkadia an Ekali. Ekali ({{lang-el|Εκάλη}}) is kent in [[Slavic leid (Greece)|local Slavic]] as Гедикли, Едикли or Кедикли - ''Gedikli'', ''Edikli'', ''Kedikli''.<ref>{{cite book| author = Todor Hristov Simovski| coauthors = Apostol Simovski| title = Naselenite mesta vo Egejska Makedonija| year = 1998| isbn = 978-9989-9819-4-4| page = 240 }}</ref>). Zakardia an Ekali haed a population o 515 an 79 respectively at the 2001 census.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gr/gr_tables/S1101_SAP_1_TB_DC_01_03_Y.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418221547/http://www.statistics.gr/gr_tables/S1101_SAP_1_TB_DC_01_03_Y.pdf|archivedate=2009-04-18|title=Data from the 2001 census, at the National Statistical Service of Greece|accessdate=2012-09-05|url-status=dead}} {{El icon}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} * {{GEOnet|-816800}} {{Nestos div}} {{coord|41|01|N|24|38|E|region:GR_type:city_source:enwiki-GNS|display=title}} [[Category:Populatit places in Kavala (regional unit)]] 532wola1iramuxal9zdg6h1vw400mu5 0 58313 928055 636684 2026-11-11T16:30:03Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Cairate | official_name = Comune di Cairate | native_name = | image_skyline = Chiesa di Sant'Ambrogio Cairate.JPG | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_shield = StemmaCairate.gif | shield_alt = | image_map = Map of comune of Cairate (province of Varese, region Lombardy, Italy).svg | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|45|41|N|8|52|E|type:city(7,570)_region:IT|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = [[Lombardy]] | province = [[Province o Varese|Varese]] (VA) | frazioni = | mayor_party = | mayor = Paolo Mazzucchelli | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 11.3 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 7887 | population_as_of = 31 Dizember 2010<ref>Data from [[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|Istat]]</ref> | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = Cairatesi | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | twin1 = | twin1_country = | saint = Oor Lady o the Rosar | day = October 7 | postal_code = 21050 | area_code = 0331 | website = {{official|http://www.comune.cairate.va.it/}} | footnotes = }} '''Cairate''' is a ''[[comune]]'' (municipality) in the [[Province o Varese]] in the [[Italy|Italian]] region [[Lombardy]], locatit aboot 35&nbsp;km northwast o [[Milan]] an aboot 15&nbsp;km sooth o [[Varese]]. Cairate borders the follaein municipalities: [[Carnago]], [[Cassano Magnago]], [[Castelseprio (commune)|Castelseprio]], [[Fagnano Olona]], [[Locate Varesino]], [[Lonate Ceppino]], [[Tradate]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080723200351/http://www.comune.cairate.va.it/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{clear}} {{Province o Varese}} h86ebhqlp9bs3jjckihaugpwubqiw1p 0 58717 928060 927727 2026-11-11T16:50:23Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{Taxobox |name = Enchanter's nichtshade |image = Illustration Circaea lutetiana0 clean.jpg |image_caption = Botanical drawin frae ''Flora von Deutschland Österreich und der Schweiz'' (1885) |regnum = [[Plant]]ae |unranked_divisio = [[Flouerin plant|Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_subclassis = [[Rosids]] |ordo = [[Myrtales]] |familia = Onagraceae |genus = ''Circaea'' |species = '''''C. lutetiana''''' |binomial = ''Circaea lutetiana'' |binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''''Circaea lutetiana''''' ('''enchanter's nichtshade''') is a [[plant]] in the evenin primrose faimily, Onagraceae. It is a native o Europe, Middle Asia an Siberia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=CILU|title=Plants Profile for Circaea lutetiana (broadleaf enchanter's nightshade)|website=plants.usda.gov|access-date=2016-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207170658/https://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=CILU|archive-date=2024-12-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> The genus nem comes frae the enchantress [[Circe]] in [[Greek mythology]]. The species nem comes frae Lutetia, the Laitin nem for [[Paris]], that wis whiles cried the "Witch City". For aa its nem, the plant isnae especially poisonous, but it hauds a lot o the astringent tannin.<ref>[http://www.alchemy-works.com/circaea_lutetiana.html Alchemy works] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927095412/http://www.alchemy-works.com/circaea_lutetiana.html |date=2011-09-27 }} Accessed July 2011</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q163955}} [[Category:Onagraceae]] [[Category:Plants describit in 1753]] {{stub/Plaunt}} dl03y1gzosgv1yuhkolemjnvs24ccuc 0 60488 928136 927586 2026-11-11T23:53:48Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Stoja | native_name = Стоја | native_name_lang = sr-Cyrl | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Stojanka Novaković | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|06|04|df=yes}} | birth_place = Perlez, SR Serbie, [[Socialist Federal Republic o Yugoslavie|Yugoslavie]] | years_active = 1997 tae the present | genre = {{Hlist|Fowk|[[Fowk-pop|pop-fowk]]|turbo-folk}} | label = {{Flatlist| *Lazarević Produktion *GETEX *Grand Production *BN Music *IDJ *Balkan Star }} }} '''Stoja Novaković'''{{Refn|group="note"|name="name_change"}} ({{Lang-sr-Cyrl|Стоја Новаковић}}; born 4 Juin 1972), kent bi the single nem '''Stoja''', is a hardcore-folk singer frae [[Serbie]]. She is recognised as ane o the maist popular turbo-folk performers, an is kent for her strang, deep vyce an her aften eccentric appearances. Her first album, ''Kako je meni sada'', cam oot on Lazarević Production in 1998. Efter that she released her albums wi the record label Grand Production. Athin a short time Stoja becam ane o the maist popular singers in the [[Balkans]]. She is signed at present tae BN Music,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bnmusicdoo.com/katalog-izdanja/spisak-izdanja/ |title=bnmusicdoo.com |access-date=2023-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014224759/https://bnmusicdoo.com/katalog-izdanja/spisak-izdanja/ |archive-date=2023-10-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> an she haes also released sangs wi IDJ an Balkan Star in recent times. == Early life == Novaković wis born on 4 Juin 1972 in the veelage o Perlez, in the [[Zrenjanin]] municipality o [[Vojvodina]], in the north o Serbie. She wis brocht up in Perlez, whaur she bade till she wis 25.<ref>Stoja - Ništa lično intervju, 02.30 - 03.10</ref> She is said tae hae got her uncommon, strang vyce frae her faither, but it wis her teacher, Sida, that fund her talent.<ref name=BalkanMedia-cl296>{{Cite web|url=http://www.balkanmedia.com/stoja-novakovic-siki-siki-vracam-se-ja-na-staro-cl296.html|title=STOJA NOVAKOVIĆ|publisher=BalkanMedia|date=25 March 2010|access-date=28 April 2013}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Efter she feenished primary schuil, she gaed tae a commercial heich schuil in Zrenjanin. In her third year there, at the age o 16, she decidit tae get mairit.<ref name="Poreklo Stoje Novaković">{{cite web |title=Poreklo Stoje Novaković |url=https://www.espreso.co.rs/showbiz/zvezde/1220873/stoja-novakovic-biografija |website=espreso.co.rs |access-date=13 December 2024}}</ref> == Career == === Beginnins (1987–1997) === Novaković stairtit singin as an amateur in kafanas an discos in 1987.<ref name="pulsonline.rs">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pulsonline.rs/na-gajbi-kod/stojanka-jovanovic-stoja-brak-opstaje-jer-se-retko-vidamo/b1v0d6q |title=Stojanka Jovanović Stoja: Brak opstaje jer se retko viđamo |last=Živković |first=Jelena |website=pulsonline.rs |date=17 November 2011|access-date=9 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809043508/http://www.pulsonline.rs/lifestyle/na-kafi-kod/5516/stojanka-jovanovic-stoja-brak-opstaje-jer-se-retko-vidjamo |archive-date=9 August 2016 |url-status=live |language=sr}}</ref> Efter her husband deed in a caur accident, she haed tae flit oot o his parents' hoose, whaur she bade wi thair son, an she gaed tae bide wi friends. She kept on singin, an in the end flittit tae [[Novi Sad]], an syne tae Borča near [[Belgrade]]. Ae nicht the composer Stevan Simeunović noticed her, an thay stairtit wirkin thegither.<ref name="Poreklo Stoje Novaković"/> In 1997 she stairtit recordin an album for the record label Lazarević Production. Her debut studio album, ''Kako je meni sada'', wis released in 1998, wi sangs sic as "Da, da, da" an a duet wi the Serbian folk singer Mile Kitić, "Takva je ljubav".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Stoja-Kako-Je-Meni-Sada/release/3295221|title=Kako je meni sada|publisher=Discogs|year=1998|access-date=10 September 2012}}</ref> It wis a big success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stoja.net/|title=Official Website of Stoja|publisher=Stoja|date=|access-date=5 September 2012}}</ref> The same year she signed wi Grand Production, the label awned bi Lepa Brena an Saša Popović, an in 1999 she brocht oot her second album, ''Ćiki, ćiki''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Stoja-%C4%86iki-%C4%86iki/release/3430561|title=Ćiki, ćiki|publisher=Discogs|year=1999|access-date=10 September 2012}}</ref> The album haed several hit sangs, the biggest o thaim "Ćiki, ćiki".<ref name="Stoja">{{cite web |title=Stoja |url=https://www.biografija.org/muzika/stoja/ |website=biografija.org |date=12 November 2018 |access-date=13 December 2024}}</ref> === Success (2000–2006) === She released her neist studio album, ''Samo'', in 2000, an that year she wis named folk singer o the year. The album ''Evropa'' cam oot in 2002, an its title sang becam weel liked in Serbie an the diaspora. The sang "Evropa" can be heard in episode 19 o the Bosnian televeesion series ''Viza za budućnost''.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x34q2y2 |title=Viza za buducnost 20 21 epizoda |website=dailymotion.com |date=5 September 2015 |access-date=14 July 2019 |time=1:04}}</ref> Her fift studio album, ''Zakletva'', cam oot in 2003.<ref name="Stoja"/> Efter that her career teuk a new turn. She chynged her look hailly, lost mair nor twinty kilograms, dyed her hair blue an released the ballad "Starija", that wis something hailly different frae the sangs she haed sung afore. The album o the same nem cam oot in 2004, an "Starija" wis declared folk album o the year.<ref name="Stoja"/> Her seivent studio album, ''Metak'', cam oot in 2006. Ane o its sangs, "Nešto mi govori", is amang the maist acclaimed o her career; its audio haed 67.7 million views on her YouTube channel {{As o|June 2026|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=STOJA - NESTO MI GOVORI (OFFICIAL AUDIO {{!}} 2006) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYCbG_80lRU |website=Youtube | date=16 September 2012 |publisher=STOJA official |access-date=22 June 2026}}</ref> === Acclaimed success (2008–2015) === In 2008 she released her maist acclaimed album, ''Do gole kože'', on the Grand Production label. Her nint studio album, ''Naj, naj'', cam oot the follaein year. Its best-kent sang is "Muzika", a duet wi Dejan Matić, that haes ower 24 million views on Grand Production's YouTube channel {{As o|June 2026|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stoja i Dejan Matic - Muzika - (Audio 2008) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Slx7uqTC49Y |website=YouTube | date=22 August 2012 |publisher=Grand Production |access-date=22 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Stoja"/> Her tent studio album, ''Nije da nije'', wis released on 6 Mey 2013 bi the Bosnian label BN Music. It wis the first time in 15 years that Stoja haed released an album wi a production company ither nor Grand Production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kurir-info.rs/stoja-smrsala-12-kilograma-pred-promociju-novog-albuma-clanak-766349|title=Stoja smršala 12 kilograma pred promociju novog albuma!|publisher=Kurir-info|date=27 April 2013|access-date=28 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601080642/http://www.kurir-info.rs/stoja-smrsala-12-kilograma-pred-promociju-novog-albuma-clanak-766349|archive-date=2013-06-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> "Bela ciganka", that wis published on her YouTube channel, wis an internaitional success, wi ower 100 million views in 2024, 2025 an 2026. That maks it ane o the maist watched videos in the Balkans.<ref>{{cite web |title=STOJA - BELA CIGANKA (AUDIO 2013) |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=47IGs0LroYg&pp=ygUMYmVsYSBjaWdhbmth |website=YouTube | date=4 November 2013 |publisher=STOJA official}}</ref> == Personal life == === Relationships === Novaković wis first mairit at 16, becam a mither at 17 an wis widaed at 19, when her first husband lost his life in a caur crash in 1991, three year intae thair mairriage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.story.rs/vesti/u-fokusu/3294-stoja-novakovic-sve-glasnija-svadbena-zvona.html|title=Stoja Novaković: Sve glasnija svadbena zvona|publisher=Story|date=12 April 2009|access-date=24 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224164820/http://www.story.rs/vesti/u-fokusu/3294-stoja-novakovic-sve-glasnija-svadbena-zvona.html|archive-date=2014-12-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> She haes bidit in Belgrade syne 2007,<ref name=BalkanMedia-cl296/> in the Bežanijska kosa neighbourheid o New Belgrade.<ref name="pulsonline.rs"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.svetplus.com/vesti/38420/stoja-novakovic-prezivela-pakao-prijavila-otmicu-svojih-unuka-policiji|title=Stoja Novaković preživela pakao! Prijavila otmicu svojih unuka policiji!|publisher=Svet Plus|date=16 March 2014|access-date=24 December 2014}}</ref> Novaković mairit the architect Igor Jovanović on 1 November 2009, efter five year thegither.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.svet.rs/najnovije-vesti/opet-problemi-u-braku-stoja-oterala-muza|title=Opet problemi u braku: Stoja oterala muža!|publisher=Svet|date=7 November 2012|access-date=24 December 2014}}</ref> === Cosmetic surgery === Stoja is kent for her monie cosmetic procedures an her byordinar figure. She wis ane o the first fowk in [[Serbie]]'s show business tae admit that she gaed tae [[Turkey]] for cosmetic surgery, an that it cost a lot (a figure o ower 100,000€ haes been mentioned).<ref>{{cite web |title=Stoja - Biografija |url=https://narodni.ba/stoja-biografija/ |website=Narodni.ba |date=12 April 2022 |access-date=16 December 2024}}</ref> == Discografie == *''Kako je meni sada'' (1998) *''Ćiki, ćiki'' (1999) *''Samo'' (2000) *''Evropa'' (2001) *''Zakletva'' (2003) *''Starija'' (2004) *''Metak'' (2006) *''Do gole kože'' (2008) *''Naj, naj'' (2009) *''Nije da nije'' (2013) *''Bela ciganka'' (2015) == Notes == {{Reflist|group="note"|refs= {{Refn|group="note"|name="name_change"|Stoja chynged her birth name, ''Stojanka'', tae her earlier nickname an stage name, ''Stoja'', in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.balkaniyum.tv/srpski/vesti/22998.shtml |title=Stojanka Novaković promenila ime |publisher=Svet |website=balkaniyum.tv |date=18 September 2008 |access-date=9 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809035011/http://www.balkaniyum.tv/srpski/vesti/22998.shtml |archive-date=9 August 2016 |url-status=live |language=sr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.svetestrade.com/a643-ex-stojanka-novakovi%C4%87-sada-sam-zvani%C4%8Dno-stoja |title=EX Stojanka Novaković: Sada sam zvanično Stoja! |publisher=Balkanmedia |website=svetestrade.com |date=19 September 2008 |access-date=9 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809034600/http://www.svetestrade.com/a643-ex-stojanka-novakovi%C4%87-sada-sam-zvani%C4%8Dno-stoja |archive-date=9 August 2016 |url-status=live |language=sr}}</ref>}}}} == References == {{Reflist|3}} === Soorces === *{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCaet9tXItA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122210557/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCaet9tXItA|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2015|title=Stoja - Ništa lično intervju|publisher=YouTube|date=3 November 2012|access-date=16 November 2012}} == Freemit airtins == *{{Facebook|stoja}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stoja}} [[Category:1972 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Pop fowk sangsters]] [[Category:Serbie female sangsters]] [[Category:Fowk frae Zrenjanin]] [[Category:Serbie fowk o Bosnie an Herzegovinae strynd]] b7dye5gdyujathndkq27yv34dr9jcc4 0 62645 928131 927807 2026-11-11T22:50:58Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = سامانیان |conventional_long_name = Samani |common_name = Samani |continent = Asia |country = [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] |era = Medieval |government_type = Emirate |year_start = 819 |year_end = 999 |p1 = Saffarid dynasty |flag_p1 = Saffarid dynasty 861-1003.png |p2 = Abbasid Caliphate |flag_p2 = Abbasids850.png |p3 = Alids of Tabaristan, Daylam and Gilan |flag_p3 = Alavids-map.png |s1 = Ghaznavid dynasty |flag_s1 = Ghaznavid Empire 975 - 1187 (AD).PNG |s2 = Karakhanids |flag_s2 = KaraKhanidAD1000.png |s3 = Banu Ilyas |flag_s3 = BanuIlyasMapHistoryofIran.png |image_map = Samanid dynasty (819–999).GIF |image_map_caption = The Samanid Empire at its greatest extent under [[Isma'il ibn Ahmad]] |capital = [[Balkh]], [[Bukhara]] |common_languages = [[Persie leid|Persian]] (<small>releegious decree/mither tongue</small>),<ref>"Persian Prose Literature." World Eras. 2002. HighBeam Research. (September 3, 2012);"''Princes, although they were often tutored in Arabic and religious subjects, frequently did not feel as comfortable with the Arabic language and preferred literature in Persian, which was either their mother tongue—as in the case of dynasties such as the Saffarids (861–1003), Samanids (873–1005), and Buyids (945–1055)...''". [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3034700041.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502180821/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3034700041.html |date=2013-05-02 }}</ref><ref>Elton L. Daniel, ''History of Iran'', (Greenwood Press, 2001), 74.</ref><br>[[Arabic]] (<small>art/science</small>)<ref>''The Samanids'', '''The David Collection'''. [http://www.davidmus.dk/en/collections/islamic/dynasties/samanids/coins Islamic dynasties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221001235/http://www.davidmus.dk/en/collections/islamic/dynasties/samanids/coins |date=2014-12-21 }}</ref> |religion = [[Sunni Islam]] |leader1 = [[Yahya ibn Asad]] |leader2 = [[Abd al-Malik II (Samanid emir)|'Abd al-Malik II]] |year_leader1 = 819–855 |year_leader2 = 999 |title_leader = [[Emir]] |stat_year1 = 928 est. |stat_area1 = 2850000 |today = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left; |title=&nbsp; |{{flag|Afghanistan}}|{{flag|Iran}}|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}|{{flag|Pakistan}}|{{flag|Tajikistan}}|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}||{{flag|Uzbekistan}} }} }} The '''Samani dynasty''' ({{lang-fa|سامانیان}}, {{lang-tg|Сомониён}} - ''Sāmāniyān''), forby kent as the '''Samanid Empire''', or simply '''Samanids''' (819–999),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samanid dynasty {{!}} History, Pottery, Art, Architecture, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Samanid-dynasty|url-status=live|access-date=2026-11-10|website=Britannica|language=en}}</ref> wis a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]<ref>Rene Grousset, ''The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia'', transl. Naomi Walford, (Rutgers University Press, 2002), 143.</ref> Persian [[Empire]]<ref>The Encyclopaedia of Islam (article by Clifford Edmund Bosworth) writes: SAMANIDS, a Persian dynasty which ruled in Transoxania and then in Khurasan also, at first as subordinate governors of the Tahirids [q. v. ] and then later autonomous, virtually independent rulers (204-395/819-1005)</ref><ref> *A historical atlas of Uzbekistan, By Aisha Khan, Published by The Rosen Publishing Group, 2003, ISBN 0-8239-3868-9, ISBN 978-0-8239-3868-1, pg. 23; *The Cambridge History of Iran, By Richard Nelson Frye, William Bayne Fisher, John Andrew Boyle, Published by Cambridge University Press, 1975, ISBN 0-521-20093-8, ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6, pg. 164; *The New Encyclopædia Britannica, By Encyclopædia Britannica Publishers, Inc. Staff, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc, Published by Encyclopædia Britannica, 1987, ISBN 0-85229-443-3, ISBN 978-0-85229-443-7, pg. 891; *The monumental inscriptions from early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana, By Sheila Blair, Published by BRILL, 1992, ISBN 90-04-09367-2, ISBN 978-90-04-09367-6, pg. 27.</ref> in [[Central Asia]], named efter its foonder [[Saman Khuda]], that convertit tae [[Islam]]<ref name="Elton L. Daniel pg. 74">The History of Iran By Elton L. Daniel, pg. 74</ref> despite bein frae [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] theocratic nobility. It wis a native Persie dynasty in [[Greater Iran]] an [[Central Asie]] efter the foonderin o the [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanid Persie empire]] caused bi the [[Islamic conquest o Persie|Arab conquest]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:States an territories established in 819]] [[Category:875 establishments]] [[Category:999 disestablishments]] [[Category:History o Iran]] [[Category:History o Tajikistan]] [[Category:Dynasties o Afghanistan]] [[Category:History o Kazakhstan]] [[Category:History o Kyrgyzstan]] [[Category:History o Pakistan]] [[Category:History o Uzbekistan]] [[Category:History o Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Muslim dynasties]] [[Category:History o Islam]] [[Category:Samanids| ]] [[Category:Iranian dynasties]] {{stub/Asie}} rvdz3fjn3jn7xq8vmc7du8km5lnwrx4 0 62667 928121 885863 2026-11-11T22:17:32Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other uses|Pueblo Viejo}} {{Infobox settlement | settlement_type = Toun | official_name = Pueblo Viejo |nickname = |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Colombia - Magdalena - Pueblo Viejo.svg |mapsize = 200px |map_caption = Location o the municipality an toun o Pueblo Viejo in the Depairtment o Magdalena. |subdivision_type = [[Kintra]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Natural regions o Colombie|Region]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Depairtments o Colombie|Depairtment]] |subdivision_name = [[Colombie]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Caribbean Natural Region, Colombie|Caribbean]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Magdalena, Colombie|Magdalena]] |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = |established_title = Foondation |established_date = 1526 |area_magnitude = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |population_as_of = 2005 |population_note = <ref>[http://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2005/regiones/magdalena/pueblo_viejo.pdf {{es icon}} DANE 2005 Census: Pueblo Viejo]</ref> |population_total = 24865 |population_metro = |population_urban = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |timezone = |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |website = <br>[http://www.puebloviejo-magdalena.gov.co/sitio.shtml www.puebloviejo-magdalena.gov.co] |footnotes = }} '''Pueblo Viejo''' is a toun an municipality o the [[Colombie]] [[Depairtments o Colombie|Depairtment]] o [[Magdalena, Colombie|Magdalena]]. It wis foondit in 1526 bi friar Tomas Ortíz. It wis erectit a municipality on 3 Mey 1929. The toun lees on a natural thin diveesion atween the [[Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta]] mairshes an the [[Caribbean Sea]]. ==Politics== ===Admeenistrative diveesions=== Corregimientos: *Bocas de Aracataca *Islas del Rosario *Palmira *Tasajera *Palos *Prietos ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{es icon}} [http://www.puebloviejo-magdalena.gov.co/sitio.shtml Pueblo Viajo offeecial websteid] *{{es icon}} [http://www.gobmagdalena.gov.co/default.asp?id=10&mnu=10 Gobernacion del Maagdalena - Municipios: Puebloviejo] {{Municipalities magdalena depairtment}} [[Category:Municipalities o Magdalena, Colombie]] [[Category:Populatit places in Magdalena, Colombie]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1526]] t9fqwc2hvhs2jkejfqpbvo3vpn0e5oa 0 65273 928022 927521 2026-11-11T15:23:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Aladdin | director = [[Ron Clements]]<br />[[John Musker]] | producer = Ron Clements<br />John Musker | writer = Ron Clements<br />John Musker<br />Ted Elliott<br />Terry Rossio | based on = [[Aladdin and the Magic Lamp]] frae ''[[Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts|One Thousand and One Nights]]'' | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Scott Weinger]] * [[Robin Williams]] * [[Linda Larkin]] * Jonathan Freeman * [[Frank Welker]] * [[Gilbert Gottfried]] * Douglas Seale}} | music = [[Alan Menken]] <!-- Do nae add Howard Ashman or Tim Rice, the credit asks for music, nae lyrics --> | editing = Mark A. Hester <br />H. Lee Peterson | studio = Walt Disney Pictures<br/>Walt Disney Feature Animation | distributor = Buena Vista Pictures | released = {{Film date|1992|11|25}}<!-- Do nae add the UK or Australian release date here, please; see WP:FILMRELEASE. --> | runtime = 90 minnets | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = US$28 million<ref name="boxoffice">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aladdin.htm|title=Aladdin box office info|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=Mairch 17, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090215092824/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aladdin.htm| archivedate= Februar 15, 2009 | url-status=live}}</ref> | gross = US$504.1 million<ref name="boxoffice"/> }} '''''Aladdin''''' is a 1992 American animatit muisical [[fantasie film]] produced bi Walt Disney Feature Animation an released bi [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. ''Aladdin'' is the 31st Disney animatit feature film, an wis pairt o the Disney film era kent as the Disney Renaissance. The film wis directit bi John Musker an Ron Clements, an is based on the Arab [[Fairy tale|folktale]] ''Aladdin and the Magic Lamp'' frae ''[[Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts]]''. The vyce cast featurs Scott Weinger, [[Robin Williams]], Linda Larkin, Jonathan Freeman, Frank Welker, [[Gilbert Gottfried]], an Douglas Seale. Lyricist Howard Ashman first pitched the idea, an the screenplay went throu three drafts afore then-Disney Studios preses [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] greed tae it bein makkit. The animators based thair designs on the wark o caricaturist Al Hirschfeld, an computers war uised for baith finishin the artwork an creautin some animatit elements. The muisical score wis scrieved bi Alan Menken an featurs sax sangs wi lyrics scrieved bi baith Ashman an Tim Rice, that teuk ower efter Ashman's daith. ''Aladdin'' wis released on November 25, 1992 an wis the maist successfu film o 1992, earnin ower US$217&nbsp;million in revenue in the [[Unitit States]], an ower US$504&nbsp;million warldwide. The film won monie awards an aw, maist o them for its soundtrack. {{nobreak|''Aladdin''{{'}}s}} success led tae ither material inspired bi the film, includin twa sequels released straucht tae video, ''The Return of Jafar'' an ''Aladdin and the King of Thieves'', an animatit telly series o the same nem. It led tae toys, video gemmes, spin-affs, a live-action remake in 2019, Disney merchandise an a Broadway adaptation that stairtit in 2014 as weel. ==Plot== Jafar, a sorcerer an the ryal vizier o the fictional ceety o Agrabah, an his taukin papingoe, Iago, seek oot a magyk lamp hidden amid the Cave o Wonders. Thay're tellt that ainly yin body is worthy tae put in. The 'diamant in the ruff', wham Jafar later identifees as Aladdin, an Agrabah wynd urchin. Princess Jasmine o Agrabah, pure upset that the law requires her tae mairie a prince insteid o the yin she luves, escapes the pailace an meets Aladdin an his pet monkey, Abu. The pailace guards capture Aladdin on Jafar's orders. Jasmine confronts Jafar tae demand Aladdin's release, bit he tells her a lee that Aladdin haes been kilt. Disguised as an auldjin, Jafar frees Aladdin an Abu an brings thaim tae the cave, ordering thaim tae retrieve the lamp. Efter bein telt tae titch hee haw bit the lamp, Aladdin finds a magic cairpet ben an obtains the lamp. Forgetting the cave's ruil, Abu grabs a jewel. Aladdin, Abu, an the cairpet rush tae escape the cave at the doon fallin; Aladdin gies the lamp tae Jafar, that throws baith Aladdin an Abu back intae the cave, tho nae afore Abu steals the lamp back. Trapped, Aladdin rubs the lamp an meets the genie that bides ben it. The genie grants Aladdin three wishes. Aladdin tricks the genie intae freeing thaim aw fae the cave athoot usin a wish. He uses his foremaist wish tae assume the identity o a prince tae woo Jasmine, an promises tae uise his third wish tae free the genie fae servitude. At Iago's request, Jafar plots tae becom [[Sultan]] bi mairyin Jasmine. Aladdin, as "Prince Ali Ababwa", arrives in Agrabah wi a lairge host, bit Jasmine gets crabbit whin he discusses her fate wi her faither the Sultan an Jafar athoot her. As a means o apology, Aladdin steals Jasmine on a hurl on the magic cairpet. Whin she deduces his true identitie, he convinces her that he ainlie dresses as a peasant tae escape the stresses o ryal lee. Efter Aladdin brocht Jasmine hame, the palace guards captur Aladdin on Jafar's behest an throw him intae the sea. The genie appears an saves him at the cost o his second wish. Aladdin returns tae the pailace an expones Jafar's evil plot. Jafar flees efter spotting the lamp an sicweys discoverin Aladdin's true identity. Fearing that he wull lose Jasmine if the truth is revealed, Aladdin breaks his promise an refuses tae unthirl the genie. Iago steals the lamp, an Jafar becomes the genie's nou master. He uses his foremaist twa wishes tae acome Sultan an the warld's maist pouerfu sorcerer. He then expones Aladdin's identity an exiles him, Abu, an the cairpet tae a frozen wasteland. Thay escape an return tae the palace. Jasmine tries tae hulp Aladdin steal the lamp back, bit Jafar notices an overpowers the heroes wi his magic. Aladdin taunts Jafar fur bein less powerful than the genie, tricking Jafar intae usin his lest wish tae acome an aw-powerful genie hissel. Noo bound tae his nou lamp, Jafar ends up trapped ben it, takkin Iago wi him. Wi Agrabah returned tae normal, the genie banishes Jafar's lamp an advises Aladdin uise his third wish tae regain his ryal title sae the law wull allou him tae bide wi Jasmine. Aladdin decides insteid tae keep his promise an frees the genie. Realising Aladdin an Jasmine's luve, the Sultan chynges the law tae allou Jasmine tae mairie wham she chooses. The genie leaves tae explore the warld, while Aladdin an Jasmine stairt thair freish lee thegither. ==Cast== *Scott Weinger as Aladdin, a poor, but kynd-hearted Agrabah thief. Weinger sent in a hamemade audition tape wi his mither playin the Genie,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scottweinger.net/article13.html|title=As Genie, mom helped grant son's wish for 'Aladdin' role|author=Abbott, Jim|date=January 5, 1993|work=St. Paul Pioneer Press|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602043724/http://www.scottweinger.net/article13.html|archivedate=2009-06-02|url-status=live|url-status=dead}}</ref> an efter several caw backs he foond sax month later that he haed the pairt.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scottweinger.net/article15.html|title=Aladdin's Voice Speaks|author=Caporaso, Jenna|author2=Trucks, Leigh|author3=Pompa, Andrew|date=February 27, 1994|work=The Charlotte Observer|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416063832/http://www.scottweinger.net/article15.html|archivedate=2009-04-16|url-status=live|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aladdin's supervising animator wis bi Glen Keane. Brad Kane gies Aladdin his singin vyce.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e1RTP8thtR0C&pg=PA112|title=Disney Voice Actors: A Biographical Dictionary|first=Thomas S.|last=Hischak|publisher=McFarland|year=2011|isbn=978-0-7864-6271-1|page=112}}</ref> *[[Robin Williams]] as The Genie, a comedic [[genie]], wi nigh omnipotent pouer that can anly be exercised whan his master wishes it. The Genie's supervising animator wis Eric Goldberg. Clements an Musker wrate the pairt o the Genie for Robin Williams an, whan met wi resistance, creatit a reel o Williams' stand-up tae animation o the Genie. The directors asked Goldberg tae animate a Genie ower ane o Williams' auld stand-up comedy routines tae pitch the idea tae the actor. The resultin test, whaur Williams taukin anent [[schizophrenia]] wis translated intae Genie growin anither heid tae argue wi himsel, makkit Williams "laugh his ass off" an convinced him tae sign on fur the role. Williams' appearance in ''Aladdin'' (despite his appearance alang wi Christian Slater an Tim Curry in the early 1992 animatit film ''FernGully'') marks the beginnin o a transition in animatit film tae celebrity vyce actors, rather than specifically trained vyce actors in animatit film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/10/how-celebrities-took-over-cartoon-voice-acting/247481|title=How Celebrities Took Over Cartoon Voice Acting|author=Meslow, Scott|work=The Atlantic|date=October 28, 2011|accessdate=May 3, 2015}}</ref> Williams providit monie celebrity impressions during recording sessions, which war re-adapted intae the fabric o the character. Thir included Ed Sullivan, [[Jack Nicholson]], [[Robert De Niro]], [[Groucho Marx]], [[Rodney Dangerfield]], William F. Buckley, Peter Lorre, [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], an Arsenio Hall.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2014/08/12/robin-williams-aladdin-eric-goldberg|title=Robin Williams in 'Aladdin': Animator Eric Goldberg remembers drawing Genie|date=August 12, 2014|author=Labrecque, Jeff|work=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=May 3, 2015|archive-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731115124/https://ew.com/article/2014/08/12/robin-williams-aladdin-eric-goldberg/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Williams vyces the Peddler forby, a mysterious merchant that appears at the beginnin o the film. Efter promoting feckless goods tae the audience, he reveals the magic lamp an begins the story o ''Aladdin''. The scene wis completely unscripted — the production left Williams a table wi props covered wi a sheet an asked him tae pull oot objects athoot lookin at them an describe them in-character. The dooble role originally led tae the Peddler revealin tae be the Genie disguised, but that idea wis dropped later in development.<ref name="ew" /> Bruce Adler supplies the singing vyce for the Peddler. *Jonathan Freeman as Jafar, the pouer-hungry Grand Vizier o Agrabah. Jafar wis originally envisioned as curnaptious, but the directors decidit that a calm villain wad be scarier.<ref name=popup/> Freeman wis the first actor cast an spent ane year an nine month recordin his dialogue. He later readjusted his vyce efter Weinger an Larkin war cast as he felt "Jafar had to be seen as a real threat to Aladdin and Jasmine".<ref>{{cite web|author=Hill, Jim|url=http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2011/06/13/jonathan-freeman-returns-as-jafar-in-new-stage-musical-version-of-disney-s-quot-aladdin-quot.aspx|title=Jonathan Freeman returns as Jafar in new stage musical version of Disney's "Aladdin"|publisher=Jim Hill Media|date=June 13, 2011|accessdate=December 26, 2011|archive-date=2019-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820184415/http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2011/06/13/jonathan-freeman-returns-as-jafar-in-new-stage-musical-version-of-disney-s-quot-aladdin-quot.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jafar's supervising animator wis Andreas Deja, that tried tae incorporate Freeman's facial expressions an gesturing intae the character,<ref name=diamond/> while Jafar's beggar an snake forms are animatit bi Kathy Zielinski.<ref name=comm1/> *Linda Larkin as Princess Jasmine: The princess o Agrabah, that is tired o life in the ryal pailace. Larkin wis chose nine month efter her audeetion, an haed tae lawer her heich-pitched vyce tae reach the vyce the film-makars war leukin for in the character.<ref name=popup/> Jasmine's supervising animator wis Mark Henn. [[Lea Salonga]] gies Jasmine her singin vyce.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://d23.com/lea-salonga/|title=Disney Legends: Lea Salonga|publisher=Disney.com|accessdate=December 26, 2011}}</ref> *Frank Welker as Abu, Aladdin's kleptomaniac pet monkey wi a heich-pitched vyce. The animators filmed monkeys at the San Francisco Zoo tae study thair muivments for Abu's character.<ref name=popup/> In the three years it teuk tae record the film, Welker didnae meet Weinger or Williams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allspark.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=3|title=The Allspark Interviews Legend Frank Welker|author=Kalidor|date=September 22, 2006|work=allspark.com|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602082326/http://www.allspark.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=3|archivedate=June 2, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Welker vyces Jasmine's tiger Rajah an the Cave o Wonders forby.<ref name=comm1/> Duncan Marjoribanks wis the supervising animator for Abu, while Rajah wis animatit bi Aaron Blaise. *[[Gilbert Gottfried]] as Iago, Jafar's sarcastic, foul-mouthed parrot assistant. Muckle lik Robin Williams, Gottfried wis gien freedom tae improvise his lines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Why-Gilbert-Gottfried-Had-Keep-Recording-His-Aladdin-Lines-112457.html|title=Why Gilbert Gottfried Had To Keep Recording His Aladdin Lines |author=Libbey, Dirk|publisher=CinemaBlend|accessdate=December 26, 2011}}</ref> Iago's supervising animator Will Finn tried tae incorporate a wheen o aspects o Gottfried's appearance intae Iago's design, sic as his semi-closed een an the always-appearin teeth.<ref name=popup/> *Douglas Seale as The Sultan, the pompous, but kynd ruler o Agrabah, that desperately tries tae find a suitor for his dochter Jasmine. Some aspects o the character war inspired bi the ''Wizard of Oz'', tae creaut a bumbling authority figure.<ref name=popup/> The Sultan's supervising animator wis David Pruiksma. *Jim Cummings as Razoul, the Captain o the Guard. He wis named efter layout supervisor Rasoul Azadani.<ref name=popup/> He an the ither guards war animatit bi Phil Young an Chris Wahl. *Charlie Adler as Gazeem: A thief that Jafar sends intae the Cave o Wonders at the beginnin o the film but is trapped inside for bein unworthy. Gazeem wis animatit bi T. Daniel Hofstedt. *Corey Burton as Prince Achmed, a snobbish prince that is rejected bi Princess Jasmine as her suitor. ==Production== ===Script an development=== In 1988, lyricist Howard Ashman pitched the idea o an animatit musical adaptation o Aladdin. Ashman haed written a 40-page film treatment remainin faithful tae the plot an characters o the original story, but envisioned as a campy 1930s-style musical wi a Cab Calloway/Fats Waller-lik Genie.<ref name="Rhodes">{{cite news| title=What Would Walt Say? : The credits read Disney, but 'Aladdin' is a brand-new 'toon, an irreverent high-stakes gamble that veers sharply from tradition | url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-11-08/entertainment/ca-4_1_walt-disney-studios | last=Rhodes | first=Joe | newspaper=Los Angeles Times | date=November 8, 1992 | accessdate=July 11, 2015}}</ref> Alangside pairtner Alan Menken, Ashman conceived several sangs an eikit Aladdin's friends named Babkak, Omar, an Kasim tae the story.<ref name="Mouseunderglass">{{cite book |last=Koeing |first=David |title=Mouse Under Glass: Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks |url=https://archive.org/details/mouseunderglasss0000koen |location=Irvine, California |publisher=Bonadventure Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mouseunderglasss0000koen/page/216 216]–26 |isbn=978-0964060517 |date=January 28, 2001 }}<!--|accessdate=Julie 11, 2015--></ref><ref name="time" /> Hooanever, the studio wis dismissive o Ashman's treatment an removed the project frae development in which Ashman an Menken war later recruited tae compone songs for ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-11-25/features/1992330079_1_alan-menken-ashman-howard | title=Ashman's words were music to his ears | last=Hunter | first=Stephen | newspaper=The Baltimore Sun | date=November 25, 1992 | accessdate=July 11, 2015 | archive-date=2017-08-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801234847/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-11-25/features/1992330079_1_alan-menken-ashman-howard | url-status=dead }}</ref> Linda Woolverton, that haed worked on ''Beauty and the Beast'' an aw, uised thair treatment an developit a draft. It haed elements inspired bi ''The Thief o Bagdad'', sic as a villain named Jaf'far, an aged sidekick retired human thief named Abu, an a human handmaiden for the princess.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://howardashman.com/blog/john-musker-question-countdown-number-9/ | title=John Musker Question Countdown – Number 9 | date=February 21, 2012 | accessdate=July 11, 2015 | archive-date=2016-04-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406212441/http://howardashman.com/blog/john-musker-question-countdown-number-9/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://animatedviews.com/2005/aladdin-crew-reunion/|first=Christian|last=Ziebarth|title=Aladdin: Crew Reunion|publisher=Animated Views|date=April 23, 2005|accessdate=May 31, 2009}}</ref> Then, directors John Musker an Ron Clements jynt the production, picking ''Aladdin'' oot o three projects affered, which included an adaptation o ''[[Swan Lake]]'' an ''King o the Jungle'' – that eventually becam ''[[The Lion King]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animationpodcast.com/ronandjohn-part-three/|title=Show 009 – Ron and John, Part Three|publisher=The Animation Podcast|date=November 1, 2005|accessdate=May 31, 2009|archive-date=2010-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309041355/http://animationpodcast.com/ronandjohn-part-three/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Afore Ashman's daith in Mairch 1991, Ashman an Menken haed componed "Prince Ali" an his last song, "Humiliate the Boy".<ref>{{cite news | title=Lyricist's life ended on poignant note | url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-11-22/entertainment/1991326070_1_alan-menken-ashman-song-we-wrote | work=Los Angeles Daily News | publisher=Baltimore Sun | date=November 22, 1991 | accessdate=July 11, 2015 | archive-date=2017-11-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107233721/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-11-22/entertainment/1991326070_1_alan-menken-ashman-song-we-wrote | url-status=dead }}</ref> Musker an Clements wrate a draft o the screenplay, an then delivered a storie reel tae studio chief [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] in Apryle 1991.<ref name="time" /> Katzenberg thocht the script didnae engage, an on a day kent bi the staff as "Black Friday", demaunded that the entire storie be rewrate athoot reschedulin the film's November 25, 1992 release date.<ref>{{cite video | people = John Musker, Ron Clements, Eric Goldberg, Amy Pell, Ed Gombert, Terry Rossio, Ted Elliot | title = Reflections On Black Friday | medium = DVD | publisher = Walt Disney Home Video |date = 2004}}</ref> Amang the changes Katzenberg requested frae Clements an Musker war tae nae be dependent on Ashman's vision,<ref name="Mouseunderglass" /> an the remuival o Aladdin's mither, remarkin, "Eighty-six the mother. The mom's a zero."<ref>{{cite news| title=Retread country | last=Steyn | first=Mark | newspaper=The Spectator | url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-october-1997/76/cinema | date=October 17, 1997 | accessdate=July 11, 2015}}</ref> Screenscreivin duo Ted Elliott an Terry Rossio war brocht in tae rewark the storie.<ref name="time" /> The changes thay med included the remuival o Aladdin's mither, the strenthenin o the character o Princess Jasmine, an the deletion o a wheen o the Ashman-Menken songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/1992/12/04/unsung-aladdin-songs|title=Unsung ''Aladdin'' songs | last=Daly | first=Steve | publisher=Entertainment Weekly | date=December 4, 1992 | accessdate=July 11, 2015}}</ref> Aladdin's personalitie wis rewritten tae be "a wee bit rucher, like a young [[Harrison Ford]]".<ref name="time" /><ref name="ultimate">{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdizzy.com/aladdin.html|title=Aladdin DVzsxD review|publisher=DVDizzy.com|accessdate=March 20, 2007 }}</ref> The papingoe Iago, that wis originallie a stiff Inglis archetype, wis rewirked intae a comic rôle efter the filmmakars saw [[Gilbert Gottfried]] in ''Beverly Hills Cop II''. Gottfried wis cast tae gie Iago's his vyce.<ref>{{cite video | people = John Musker, Ron Clements | title = Aladdin: Platinum Edition (Disc 2) | medium = DVD | publisher = Walt Disney Home Video |date = 2004}}</ref> Bi October 1991, Katzenberg wis blythe wi the new version o ''Aladdin''.<ref name="Rhodes" /> As wi Woolverton's screenplay, a wheen o characters an plot elements are based on the 1940 version o ''The Thief o Bagdad''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fosteronfilm.com/fantasy/thiefbagdad.htm|title=Fantasy: The Thief of Bagdad|publisher=Foster On Film|accessdate=May 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of the East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2_E_gl9BbYC|author=Bernstein, Matthew |author2= Studlar, Gaylyn|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=1997|isbn=978-1-86064-305-7}}</ref> The location o the film wis changed frae Baghdad, Iraq, tae the fictional [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian]] citie o Agrabah.<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Zach|title=Disney Myths Debunked by Ron Clements and John Musker, Directors of The Little Mermaid, Aladdin and Hercules|url=http://www.eonline.com/uk/news/706239/disney-myths-debunked-by-ron-clements-and-john-musker-directors-of-the-little-mermaid-aladdin-and-hercules|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|date=October 15, 2015|accessdate=December 19, 2015}}</ref> ===Design an animation=== Ane o the first issues that the animators faced durin production wis the depiction o Aladdin himsel.<ref name="thomas">Thomas, Bob: "Chapter 9: A New Tradition", pages 133–135. ''Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse to Hercules'', 1997</ref> Director an producer John Musker explains: {{cquote|In early screenings, we played with him being a little bit younger, and he had a mother in the story. [...] In design he became more athletic-looking, more filled out, more of a young leading man, more of a teen-hunk version than before.<ref name=thomas />}} He wis first gaun tae be 13 year old, but later becam 18.<ref name="thomas" /> Aladdin wis ettled bi a team led bi supervisin animator Glen Keane, an wis original makkit tae resemmle actor Michael J. Fox. Durin production, it wis decidit that the design wis too laddish an wisna "appealing enough", sae the character wis redrawn tae add airts derived frae actor [[Tom Cruise]] an Calvin Klein models.<ref name="ew" /> The design for maist characters wis based on the wark o caricaturist Al Hirschfeld.<ref name="diamond" /> Production designer Richard Vander Wende said this wis appropriate tae the theme, due tae similarities tae the swooping lines o Persian miniatures an Arabic calligraphy.<ref name="making">{{cite book|title=Disney's Aladdin The Making Of An Animated Film|last=Culhane|first=John|date=August 15, 1993|publisher=Disney Editions|isbn=978-1-56282-757-1}}</ref> Jafar's design wis nae based on Hirschfeld's wark acause Jafar's supervising animator, Andreas Deja, wanted the character tae be contrastin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tech.mit.edu/V112/N64/aladdin.64a.html|title=Aladdin animator used subtlety to design strong villain|date=November 20, 1992|publisher=The Tech|access-date=2017-05-31|archive-date=2018-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013140/http://tech.mit.edu/V112/N64/aladdin.64a.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Each character wis animatit alone, wi the animators consulting ilk ither tae mak scenes wi interrelatin characters. Aladdin's animator Glen Keane wis wirkin in the California branch o Walt Disney Feature Animation, an Jasmine's animator Mark Henn wis in the Florida ane at Disney-MGM Studios. This meant thay haed tae frequently phone, fax or send designs an discs tae ilk ither.<ref name="making"/> Animator Randy Cartwright describit wirkin on the Magic Carpet as challengin, acause it is anly a rectangular shape, that expresses himsel throu pantomime – "It's sort of like acting by [[origami]]".<ref name="making"/> Cartwright kept foldin a piece o cloth while animatin tae see hou tae position the cairpet.<ref name="making"/> Efter the character animation wis done, the cairpet's surface design wis applee'd digitally.<ref name=diamond/> Fur the scenery design, layoot supervisor Rasoul Azadani teuk monie pictures o his hametoon o [[Isfahan]], Iran for guidal.<ref name=popup/> Ither inspirations for design war Disney's animatit films frae the 1940s an 50s an the 1940 film ''The Thief of Bagdad''.<ref name="making"/> The colouring wis done wi the Computer Animation Production System, an the colour motifs war chose accordin tae the personalitie. The protagonists uise licht colours sic as blue, the antagonists darker yins sic as reid an black, an Agrabah an its pailace uise the neutral colour yellae.<ref name=popup/><ref name=diamond/> Computer animation wis uised for some elements o the film, sic as the tiger entrance o the Cave o Wonders an the scene whaur Aladdin tries tae escape the collapsing cave.<ref name="diamond">{{cite video|location=''Aladdin'' Platinum Edition, Disc 2|title=Diamond in the Rough: The Making of Aladdin|medium=DVD|publisher=Walt Disney Home Video|date=2004}}</ref> Musker an Clements creatit the Genie wi Robin Williams in mind; even tho Katzenberg suggestit actors sic as John Candy, [[Steve Martin]], an [[Eddie Murphy]], Williams wis approached an eventually acceptit the role. Williams came for vyce recording sessions during breaks in the shooting o twa ither films he wis starring in at the time, ''Hook'' an ''Toys''. Unusual fur an animatit film, a gey bit o Williams' dialogue wis mad up on the spot: for some scenes, Williams wis gien topics an diallog suggests, but alloued tae improvise his lines.<ref name="diamond" /> It wis estimatit thit Williams improvised 52 characters.<ref>{{cite video | people = James Lipton (host) |date = 2001 | title = Inside the Actors Studio: Robin Williams | medium = Documentary | publisher = Bravo}}</ref> Eric Goldberg, the supervisin animator for the Genie, then reviewed Williams' recorded diallog an selected the best gags an lines that his crew wad creaut character animation tae match.<ref name="diamond"/> The producers eikit monie in-jokes an references tae Disney's previous warks in the film, sic as a "cameo appearance" frae directors Clements an Musker an drawing some characters based on Disney workers.<ref name="comm1">[[Ron Clements]], [[John Musker]], Amy Pell.''Aladdin'' audio commentary – ''The Filmmaker's''</ref> Beast, Sebastian frae ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'', an Pinocchio mak brief appearances.<ref name="popup">{{cite video|title=Pop Up Fun Facts|location=''Aladdin'' Platinum Edition Disc 1|medium=DVD|date=2004|publisher=Walt Disney Home Video}}</ref> The wardrobe o the Genie at the end o the film—[[Goofy]] hat, Hawaiian sark, an sandals—are a reference tae a cutty film that Robin Williams did fur the Disney-MGM Studios tour in the late 1980s.<ref name="comm1"/> ===Robin Williams' conflichts wi the studio=== In gratitude for his success wi Touchstone Pictures' ''[[Good Morning, Vietnam]]'', Robin Williams voiced the Genie for SAG scale pey (US$75,000) insteid o his asking fee o US$8 million. He did this on condeetion that his nem or image widna be uised for marketing, an his (supporting) character nae tak mair nor 25% o space on advertising artwork. This wis acause Williams' film ''Toys'' wis scheduled for release ane month efter ''Aladdin''{{'}}s debut. For financial reasons, the studio went back on the deal on baith counts, especially in poster airt bi haein the Genie in 25% o the image, but haein ither major an supporting characters portrayed considerably smawer. The Disney Hyperion beuk ''Aladdin: The Making o an Animated Film'' listed baith o Williams' characters "The Peddler" an "The Genie" ahead o main characters. Hooanever, it wis forced tae refer tae him anly as "the actor signed tae play the Genie".<ref name="ew">{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312562,00.html |title=Disney's Got A Brand-New Baghdad 1 |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 4, 1992 |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |first=Steve |last=Daly |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806042954/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312562%2C00.html |archivedate=August 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312562_2,00.html |title=Disney's Got A Brand-New Baghdad 2 |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 4, 1992 |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |first=Steve |last=Daly |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025122146/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312562_2%2C00.html |archivedate=October 25, 2012 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312562_3,00.html |title=Disney's Got A Brand-New Baghdad 3 |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 4, 1992 |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |first=Steve |last=Daly |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025122132/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312562_3%2C00.html |archivedate=October 25, 2012 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref> Disney, while no uisin Williams' nem in commercials as per the contract, uised his vyce for the Genie in the commercials an uised the Genie character tae sell toys an fast fuid tie-ins. It did this athoot haein tae pey Williams additional money. Williams unhappily quipped at the time: "The only reason Mickey Mouse has three fingers is because he can't pick up a check." Disney attempted tae assuage Williams bi sending him a [[Pablo Picasso]] pentin worth mair nor US$1 million at the time. This muive failed tae repair the damaged relationship, as the pentin wis a self-portrait o the artist as Vincent van Gogh which apparently really "clashed" wi the Williams' wilder hame decor.<ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/robin-williams-disney-feud-picasso-gift-2014-11]</ref> Williams refused tae sign on for Aladdin 2, sae it wis [[Dan Castellaneta]] that voiced the Genie. When [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] wis replaced bi Joe Roth as Walt Disney Studios chairman, Roth gied a public apology tae Williams.<ref>[http://www.cbr.com/movie-legends-revealed-robin-williams-split-with-disney-over-aladdin-poster/]</ref> ===Music=== Composer Alan Menken an songwriters Howard Ashman an Tim Rice war praised for creautin a soundtrack that is "consistently good, rivaling the best of Disney's other animated musicals from the '90s".<ref>{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r110157|pure_url=yes}}|title=Aladdin soundtrack review|publisher=Allmusic|author=Phares, Heather|accessdate=Mairch 18, 2007}}</ref> Menken an Ashman began wark on the film thegither, wi Rice takkin ower as lyricist efter Ashman died o AIDS-relatit complications in early 1991.<ref>{{Cite video|location=''Aladdin'' Platinum Edition, Disc 2|title=Alan Menken: Musical Renaissance Man|medium=DVD|date=2004|publisher=Walt Disney Home Video}}</ref> Awtho fourteen songs war written for ''Aladdin'', anly sax are featurt in the movie, three bi each lyricist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312563,00.html |title=Unsettled score |work=Entertainment Weekly |author=Daly, Steve |date=December 4, 1992 |accessdate=June 12, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806042928/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312563%2C00.html |archivedate=August 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref> The DVD Special Edition released in 2004 includes fower songs in early animations tests, an a music video o ane, "Proud of Your Boy", performed bi Clay Aiken,<ref name="ign">{{cite web|url=http://dvd.ign.com/articles/549/549036p1.html|title=Aladdin: Ultimate DVD review|publisher=IGN|date=September 17, 2004|accessdate=March 16, 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070312234759/http://dvd.ign.com/articles/549/549036p1.html| archivedate= March 12, 2007 | url-status=live}}</ref> which appears on the album ''DisneyMania 3'' an aw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html|title=DisneyMania 3|publisher=Disney|accessdate=May 25, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519070127/http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html|archivedate=May 19, 2009|url-status=live}} {{Cite web |url=http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2009-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519070127/http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> ==Themes== The filmmakers thocht the moral message o the original tale wis nae appropriate, an decidit tae "pit a spin on it"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "put a spin on it"</ref>, bi makin the fulfillment o wishes seem lik a guid hing, but eventually acomin a problem.<ref name="making"/> Anither major theme wis avoiding an attempt tae be what the person is nae – baith Aladdin an Jasmine get intae trouble faking tae be different fowk.<ref name=popup/> The Prince Ali persona fails tae impress Jasmine, that anly faws for Aladdin whan she finds oot wha he truly is.<ref>{{cite book|title=Disney A to Z: The Official Encyclopedia|author=Smith, Dave | authorlink = Dave Smith (archivist) |publisher=Disney Editions|date=August 15, 1996|isbn=978-0-7868-6223-8}}</ref> Bein "imprisoned" is discussed, a fate that occurs tae maist o the characters – Aladdin an Jasmine are stuck tae thair lifestyles, Genie is attached tae his lamp an Jafar, tae the Sultan. This is represented visually bi the prison-lik walls an bars o the Agrabah pailace, an the scene involvin caged birds which Jasmine later frees.<ref name=popup/> Jasmine is depicted as a different Disney Princess, bein rebellious tae the ryal life an the social structure,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AKd6mZSGsVUC&pg=PA276&lpg=PA276|title=The Arabian Nights reader|first=Ulrich|last=Marzolph|publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8143-3259-7}}</ref> an tryin tae mak her ain wey, unlik the princesses that juist wait for rescue.<ref name="making"/> ==Release an reception== ===Theatrical run=== A lairge promotion campaign preceded ''Aladdin''{{'}}s debut in theaters, wi the film's trailer bein attached tae maist Disney VHS releases, an numerous tie-ins an licensees bein released.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,305817,00.html |title=Arabian Sheikdown |author=Daly, Steve |author2=Ascher-Walsh, Rebecca |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=March 12, 1993 |accessdate=August 30, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218052528/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C305817%2C00.html |archivedate=December 18, 2009 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref> Efter a leemitit release on November 13, 1992,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=1992&wknd=46&p=.htm|title=Weekend Box Office Results for November 13–15, 1992|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 26, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090603094552/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=1992&wknd=46&p=.htm| archivedate= June 3, 2009 | url-status=live}}</ref> ''Aladdin'' debuted in 1,131 theaters on November 25, 1992, grossing US$19.2 million in its openin weekend. This makkit it nummer twa at the box affice, behind ''Home Alone 2: Lost in New York''.<ref name="Opening BOM">{{cite news|url=http://variety.com/1992/film/news/holiday-b-o-gobbles-up-big-bucks-101610/ |title=Holiday B.O. gobbles up big bucks|work=Variety |date=November 30, 1992|last=Natale|first=Richard|accessdate=June 12, 2009}}</ref> It teuk aicht weeks for the film tae reach nummer ane at the US box affice, breaking the record for the week atween Christmas an New Year's Eve wi US$32.2 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1993-01-26/entertainment/ca-2081_1_weekend-box-office|title='Aladdin' Finally Hits No. 1 and a Record in Sales Too|work=Los Angeles Times|last=Fox|first=David J.|date=January 26, 1993|accessdate=June 12, 2009}}</ref> The film held the tap spot five times during its 22-week run.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=aladdin.htm|title=Aladdin (1992) – Weekend Box Office Results|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=June 12, 2009}}</ref> ''Aladdin'' wis the maist successfu film o 1992 grossing US$217 million in the Unitit States an ower US$504 million warldwide.<ref name="boxoffice"/> It wis the biggest gross for an animatit film until ''[[The Lion King]]'' twa years later, an wis the first full-length animatit film tae gross US$200 million in North Americae.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lionking.htm|title=The Lion King (1994)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 25, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090517125117/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lionking.htm| archivedate= May 17, 2009 | url-status=live}}</ref> As o Januar 2014, it is the thirtieth highest grossing animatit film an the third highest grossing tradeetionally animatit feature warldwide, behind ''[[The Lion King]]'' an ''The Simpsons Movie''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=simpsons.htm|title=The Simpsons Movie (2007)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 25, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090617051954/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=simpsons.htm| archivedate= June 17, 2009 | url-status=live}}</ref> It sauld an estimatit 52,442,300 tickets in the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aladdin.htm&adjust_yr=1&p=.htm|title=Aladdin (1992)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref> ===Critical reception=== [[File:Chuck Jones2 (cropped).jpg|150px|thumb|Warner Bros. Cartoons animator Chuck Jones cried ''Aladdin'', "the funniest feature ever made."<ref name="time">{{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,158290,00.html|work=Time|title=Aladdin's Magic| author = Richard Corliss |author2= Patrick E. Cole|author3= Martha Smilgis | authorlink = Richard Corliss | date=November 9, 1992|accessdate=March 16, 2007 | quote = Chuck Jones' verdict is judicious: Aladdin is "the funniest feature ever made." It's a movie for adults – if they can keep up with its careering pace – and, yes, you can take the kids. It juggles a '90s impudence with the old Disney swank and heart. }}</ref>]] The review aggregator wabsteid Rotten Tomatoes reportit that 94% o critics gae the film a guid review based on a sample o 68 reviews, wi an average score o 8.1/10.<ref name="RTfresh">{{cite web | url= http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1042582-aladdin/ | title=Aladdin at Rottentomatoes.com | publisher=Rotten Tomatoes | accessdate=March 23, 2012 }}</ref> Most critics' praise went tae Robin Williams' performance as Genie,<ref name="RTfresh" /> wi Janet Maslin o ''[[The New York Times]]'' declaring that childer "needn't know precisely what Mr. Williams is evoking to understand how funny he is".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CE7DC1138F932A25752C1A964958260|title=Disney Puts Its Magic Touch on 'Aladdin'|work=The New York Times|first=Janet|last=Maslin | authorlink = Janet Maslin | date=November 11, 1992|accessdate=June 12, 2009 }}</ref> Warner Bros. Cartoons director Chuck Jones even cried the film "the funniest feature ever made."<ref name="time"/> Furthermair, Inglis-Erse comedian Spike Milligan considered it tae be the greatest film o aw time.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0589711/bio?ref_=nm_dyk_trv_sm#trivia | title = Spike Milligan - Biography - IMDb}}</ref> James Berardinelli gae it 3.5 oot o 4 stars, praising the "crisp visuals and wonderful song-and-dance numbers".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/aladdin|title=Aladdin|author= Berardinelli, James | authorlink = James Berardinelli |publisher=Reelviews|year=1992|accessdate=May 26, 2009 }}</ref> Peter Travers o ''Rolling Stone'' said the comedy makkit the film accessible tae baith childer an adults.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163432/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin|archivedate=June 18, 2008|title=Aladdin|author=Travers, Peter|authorlink=Peter Travers|journal=Rolling Stone|issue=644|date=November 1992|accessdate=May 26, 2009}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2008-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163432/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163432/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin |date=2008-06-18 }}</ref> Desson Howe o ''[[The Washington Post]]'' shared this vision, an said "kids are still going to be entranced by the magic and adventure."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/aladdinghowe_a0af3c.htm|title='Aladdin'|first=Desson|last=Howe|work=The Washington Post|date=November 27, 1992|accessdate=May 26, 2009 }}</ref> Brian Lowry o ''Variety'' praised the cast o characters, describing the expressive magic cairpet as "its most remarkable accomplishment" an considered that "''Aladdin'' owercomes maist flaws in the storie thanks tae sheer technical virtuosity"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "''Aladdin'' overcomes most story flaws thanks to sheer technical virtuosity"</ref>.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117900071.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 |title=Aladdin|work=Variety |first=Brian|last=Lowry |date=November 4, 1992 |accessdate=May 26, 2009 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090602052954/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117900071.html?categoryid=31&cs=1| archivedate= June 2, 2009 | url-status=live}}</ref> Some aspects o the film war criticised. Ed Gonzalez o ''Slant Magazine'' wrate a negative review, describing the film as racist, ridiculous, an a "narcissistic circus act" frae Robin Williams.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/aladdin | title=Aladdin | work=Slant Magazine | date=September 23, 2004 | accessdate=June 16, 2015 | author=Gonzalez, Ed}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]], that generally praised the film in his review, considered the music inferior tae its predecessors ''The Little Mermaid'' an ''Beauty and the Beast'', an claimed Aladdin an Jasmine war "pale an routine". He criticised what he saw as the film's uise o ethnic stereotypes. He wrote: "Most of the Arab characters have exaggerated facial characteristics - hooked noses, glowering brows, thick lips - but Aladdin and the princess look like white American teenagers."<ref>{{cite news|author=Ebert, Roger | authorlink = Roger Ebert |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/aladdin-1992| title=Aladdin review|date=November 25, 1992|accessdate=March 17, 2007 |work=Chicago Sun-Times }}</ref> ===Awards=== ''Aladdin'' received monie award nominations, maistlins for its music. It won twa [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]s, Best Music, Original Score an Best Music, Original Song for "''A Whole New World''" an receiving nominations for Best Sang ("Friend Like Me"), Best Sound Editing (Mark A. Mangini), an Best Sound (Terry Porter, Mel Metcalfe, David J. Hudson an Doc Kane).<ref name="Oscars1993">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1993 |title=The 65th Academy Awards (1993) Nominees and Winners |accessdate=October 22, 2011|work=oscars.org}}</ref> At the Golden Globes, ''Aladdin'' won Best Original Song ("A Whole New World") an Best Original Score, as weel as a Special Achievement Award for Robin Williams, wi a nomination for Best Motion Picture&nbsp;– Musical or Comedy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/23558|title=SEARCH&nbsp;– Aladdin|publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association|accessdate=May 25, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713032324/http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/23558|archivedate=July 13, 2010}}</ref> Ither awards included the Annie Award for Best Animatit Feature<ref>{{cite web|url=http://annieawards.org/21stwinners.html |title=Legacy: 21st Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (1993) |publisher=Annie Awards |accessdate=May 25, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425215012/http://annieawards.org/21stwinners.html |archivedate=April 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref> an a MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance tae Robin Williams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1993/|title=1993 MTV Movie Awards|publisher=MTV|accessdate=May 25, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423094756/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1993/|archivedate=April 23, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> It won Saturn Awards fur Best Fantasy Film, {{lang|en|Performance by a Young Actor}} tae Scott Weinger an Supporting Actor tae Robin Williams,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |title=Past Saturn Award Winners |publisher=Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films |accessdate=May 25, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511180136/http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |archivedate=May 11, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2014-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906130320/http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> an the Best Animatit Feature bi the Los Angeles Film Critics Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lafca.net/years/1992.html|title=18TH Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards|publisher=LAFCA|accessdate=May 25, 2009|archive-date=2016-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316102754/http://www.lafca.net/years/1992.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It won fower [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]]s an aw: Best Soundtrack Album, an {{lang|en|Song of the Year}}, {{lang|en|Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal}} an {{lang|en|Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media}} for "''A Whole New World''".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/02/movies/top-grammy-to-houston-5-for-aladdin.html|title=Top Grammy to Houston; 5 for 'Aladdin'|first=Jon|last=Pareles|date=March 2, 1994|work=The New York Times|accessdate=May 25, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090602224016/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/02/movies/top-grammy-to-houston-5-for-aladdin.html| archivedate= June 2, 2009 | url-status=live}}</ref> The film is recognised bi American Film Institute in thir lists: 2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: "Friend Like Me" – nominatit. "A Whole New World" – nominatit. ===Hame media {{anchor|DVD}}=== The film wis first released in VHS on October 1, 1993, as pairt o the "Walt Disney Classics" line. In its first week, ''Aladdin'' sauld ower 10.6&nbsp;million copies,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,308423,00.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425210651/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C308423%2C00.html |archivedate=April 25, 2009 |title=Arabian Might |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=October 15, 1993 |accessdate=May 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref> an went on tae sell ower 25&nbsp;million in tot (a record anly broken bi the later release o ''The Lion King'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movieweb.com/disney-rubs-aladdins-lamp/|title=Disney Rubs Aladdin's Lamp|publisher=Movie Web|accessdate=March 20, 2007}}</ref> This VHS edition entered moratorium on Apryle 30, 1994.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/20/arts/home-video-149802.html|title=Home Video|work=The New York Times|date=May 20, 1994|accessdate=March 20, 2007 | first=Peter M. | last=Nichols}}</ref> A THX-certified widescreen LaserDisc wis issued in Autumn 1994,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TAgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA60&lpg=RA1-PA60&dq=aladdin+laserdisc+1994&source=bl&ots=eHM4OjcTuG&sig=XU1XZH8-nv6gT6dfedeb2BmwoYY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEtqfjoo7SAhUB34MKHWqHDkc4ChDoAQgeMAE#v=onepage&q=aladdin%20laserdisc%201994&f=false|title=Billboard|last=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|first=|date=1994-05-21|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=|via=}}</ref> an a Spaingie-dubbed VHS for the American mercat wis released on Apryle 14, 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/HISTORIC+SPANISH-LANGUAGE+DEBUT;+DISNEY'S+'SNOW+WHITE'+AND+'ALADDIN'...-a016806752|title=HISTORIC SPANISH-LANGUAGE DEBUT; DISNEY'S 'SNOW WHITE' AND 'ALADDIN' PLUS FIVE ADDITIONAL HITS COME TO HOME VIDEO BEGINNING APRIL 14 - Free Online Library|website=www.thefreelibrary.com|access-date=2017-02-14}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On October 5, 2004, ''Aladdin'' wis released on DVD, as pairt o Disney's Platinum Edition line. The DVD release featurt retouched an cleaned-up animation, prepared fur ''Aladdin's'' planned but ultimately cancelled IMAX reissue in 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2004/10/12/478.aspx|title= "Aladdin" Platinum Edition sets the gold standard for Disney DVD|author= Hill, Jim|date= October 12, 2004|accessdate= April 5, 2007|archive-date= 2009-07-25|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090725154432/http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/jim_hill/archive/2004/10/11/478.aspx|url-status= dead}}</ref> an a second disc wi bonus features. Accompanied bi a US$19 million marketing campaign,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001011344 |title=Best sellers |first=Thomas K. |last=Arnold |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=August 9, 2005 |accessdate=May 27, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602063539/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001011344 |archivedate=June 2, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref> the DVD sauld aroon 3&nbsp;million units in its first month. This wis less nor the nummer o copies sauld in that amount o time bi ony ither ''Platinum Edition'' released aforehaund.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.homemediamagazine.com/news/dvd-player-penetration-drives-october-sales-growth-6917|title=DVD Player Penetration Drives October Sales Growth|author=McCourt, Judith |date=December 2, 2004|accessdate=September 19, 2007}}</ref> The film's soundtrack wis available in its original Dolby 5.1 track or in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix.<ref name="ign" /> The DVD went intae moratorium in Januar 2008, alang wi its sequels.<ref>{{cite web | work=DVDizzy.com | title=Out of Print Disney DVDs|url=http://www.dvdizzy.com/disneyvault.html| accessdate=September 24, 2006}}</ref> Accordin tae an insert in the ''Lady and the Tramp'' Diamond Edition release case, ''Aladdin'' wis gart tae be released on [[Blu-ray Disc]] as a Diamond Edition in Spring 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=8139|title=Disney Teases 2012 Blu-ray Slate|work=Blu-ray.com}}</ref> Insteid, ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]'' wis released on Blu-ray as a Diamond Edition on Februar 5, 2013 tae celebrate its 60t anniversar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.insidethemagic.net/2013/02/review-peter-pan-diamond-edition-blu-ray-soars-with-outstanding-nine-old-men-bonus-feature-gorgeous-digital-restoration/ |title=Review: "Peter Pan" Diamond Edition Blu-ray soars with outstanding "Nine Old Men" bonus feature, gorgeous digital restoration |quote=Celebrating its 60th anniversary, Disney has released the timeless classic animated film “Peter Pan” onto Blu-ray for the first time with an impressive trip to Neverland given “Diamond Edition” treatment.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Peter-Pan-Blu-ray/55001/#Review |title=Peter Pan Blu-ray Review |quote=Pardon the nostalgic digression, but Walt Disney's fourteenth animated feature, now celebrating its 60th anniversary, has the look and whimsy of a much younger production.}}</ref> A non-Diamond Edition Blu-ray wis released in a few select European kintras in Mairch 2013. The Belgian edition (released athoot adverts) comes as a 1-disc version wi its extras pit ower frae the Platinum Edition DVD. The same disc wis released in the Unitit Kinrick on Apryle 14, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aladdin Blu-ray|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Aladdin-Blu-ray/37383/|accessdate=December 24, 2013}}</ref> Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on a Diamond Edition Blu-ray on October 13, 2015. The film wis released on Digital HD on September 29, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Disney's 'Aladdin' Never Looked Better Than in This 'Diamond Edition' Trailer (EXCLUSIVE)|url=http://news.moviefone.com/2015/02/05/disneys-aladdin-diamond-edition-blu-ray-digital/|accessdate=February 7, 2015|archive-date=2015-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207064049/http://news.moviefone.com/2015/02/05/disneys-aladdin-diamond-edition-blu-ray-digital|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pre-Order Disney's ALADDIN Diamond Edition Blu-ray & DVD, Set To Be Released 10/13|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Pre-Order-Disneys-ALADDIN-Diamond-Edition-Blu-ray-DVD-Set-To-Be-Released-1013-20150608|accessdate=June 8, 2015|archive-date=2015-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612020831/http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Pre-Order-Disneys-ALADDIN-Diamond-Edition-Blu-ray-DVD-Set-To-Be-Released-1013-20150608|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Aladdin' Trailer Offers Peek at New Robin Williams Outtakes as Genie|url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/aladdin-trailer-offers-peek-at-new-robin-129290396592.html|accessdate=September 29, 2015}}</ref> Upon its first week o release on hame media in the U.S., the film tapped the Blu-ray Disc sales chart. It debuted at nummer 2 at the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart, which tracks oweraw disc sales, behind the disaster film ''San Andreas''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2015/film/news/san-andreas-shakes-up-dvd-blu-ray-disc-sales-charts-1201623841/|title=‘San Andreas’ Shakes Up DVD, Blu-ray Disc Sales Charts|author=Thomas K. Arnold|work=Variety|date=October 22, 2015|accessdate=October 22, 2015}}</ref> ===Controversies=== Ane o the verses o the openin sang "Arabian Nights" wis altered follaein protests frae the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC). The lyrics war changed in Julie 1993 frae ''"where they cut off your ear if they don't like your face"'' in the original release tae ''"where it's flat and immense and the heat is intense"''. The chynge first appeared on the 1993 video release.<ref name="adc">{{cite web|url=http://www.adc.org/index.php?id=283|title=Arab Stereotypes and American Educators|publisher=American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee|accessdate=March 16, 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070405005650/http://www.adc.org/index.php?id=283| archivedate= April 5, 2007 | url-status=live}}</ref> The original lyric wis intact on the initial CD soundtrack release, but the re-release uses the edited lyric. The rerecording haes the original vyce on aw ither lines an then a noticeably deeper vyce says the edited line. The Broadway adaptation uses the edited line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adamjacobs.net/aladdin-gets-big-changes-broadway-debut/|title=Aladdin gets big changes for Broadway debut|first=Gregory|last=Miller|publisher=New York Post|date=2014-03-09|accessdate=2016-05-08}}</ref> ''Entertainment Weekly'' ranked ''Aladdin'' in a leet o the maist controversial films in history, due tae this incident.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1202224,00.html |title=The 25 Most Controversial Movies Ever |work=Entertainment Weekly |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314000859/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C1202224%2C00.html |archivedate=March 14, 2007 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref> The ADC complained aboot the portrayal o the lead characters Aladdin an Jasmine. Thay criticised the characters' Englified an pail features, an Inglis-American accents, in contrast tae the ither characters in the film, which are dark-skinned, hae foreign accents an grotesque facial features, an appear villainous or greedy.<ref name="adc" /> Protests war raised tae anither scene. When Aladdin is attacked bi the tiger Rajah on the pailace balcony, Aladdin quietly says a line that some fowk reportit hearing as ''"Good teenagers, take off your clothes"'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/disney/info/aladwsj.htm |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091001072715/http://www.snopes.com/disney/info/aladwsj.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 1, 2009 |title=Take Off Your Clothes! |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=October 25, 1995 |accessdate=April 2, 2013 |publisher=Snopes }}</ref> which thay considered a subliminal reference tae promiscuity. Hooanever, accordin tae the commentary track on the 2004 DVD, Musker an Clements did admit Scott Weinger mad up on the spot during the scene, but thay claimed "we didnae record that, we widnae record that"<ref group="note">In the original Inglis: "we did not record that, we would not record that,"</ref>. Thay said the line wis ''"Good tiger, take off and go…"'', an the wird "tiger" is owerlapped bi Rajah's snarl.<ref>Ron Clements and John Musker, "Filmmaker's Commentary". ''Aladdin: Platinum Edition'' DVD, Disc 1, Bonus Features, Backstage Disney, Walt Disney Home Entertainment.</ref> Efter the wird tiger, a second vyce can be heard which haes been suggestit wis accidentally grafted onto the soundtrack. Acause o the controversy, Disney removed the line on the DVD release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/disney/films/aladdin.asp|title=Disney (Take Off Your Clothes!)|publisher=Snopes|accessdate=March 24, 2007}}. The source compiles and cites four major newspaper references.</ref> Animation enthusiasts hae noticed similarities atween ''Aladdin'' an Richard Williams' unfinished film ''The Thief and the Cobbler'' (kent forby as ''Arabian Knight'' unner Miramax Films an ''The Princess and the Cobbler'' unner Majestic Films Internaitional). Thir similarities include a seemilar plot, seemilar characters, scenes an background designs, an the antagonist Zig-Zag's resemblance in character design an mannerisms tae Genie an Jafar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdsnapshot.com/January07Review/ThiefAndCobbler.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141735/http://www.dvdsnapshot.com/January07Review/ThiefAndCobbler.html|archivedate=December 16, 2008 |title=The Thief and the Cobbler review|publisher=DVD snapshot|author=Savino, Cris}}</ref><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/26/movies/film-review-a-late-finisher-about-old-araby.html|title= A Late Finisher About Old Araby |work=The New York Times|date=August 26, 1995 | first=Caryn | last=James}}</ref> Tho ''Aladdin'' wis released prior tae ''The Thief and the Cobbler'', ''The Thief and the Cobbler'' haed first gaen intae production lang afore, in the 1960s. It wis mired in difficulties, includin financial problems, copyright issues, story revisions an late production times caused bi separate studios tryin tae feenish the film efter Richard Williams wis fired frae the project for lack o finished wark.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.tvguide.com/movie-news/Best-Animated-Movie-7953.aspx|title=The Best Animated Movie You've Never Heard Of|publisher=TV Guide|date=November 28, 2006|accessdate=March 17, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615171326/http://movies.tvguide.com/movie-news/Best-Animated-Movie-7953.aspx|archivedate=2012-06-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> The late release, coupled wi Miramax purchasing an re-editing the film, haes whiles resulted in ''The Thief and the Cobbler'' bein labeled a rip-aff o ''Aladdin''.<ref name="nytimes" /> ==Live-action adaptations== * On 15 Julie 2015 the studio annoonced it wis developin a live-action prequel cried ''Genies'', written bi Damian Shannon an Mark Swift, wi Tripp Vinson producin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/aladdin-live-action-prequel-works-808895|title='Aladdin' Live-Action Prequel in the Works at Disney (Exclusive)|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|last=Kit|first=Borys|date=July 15, 2015}}</ref> On 8 November, Disney said it haed first planned tae uise Robin Williams' unuised lines frae the 1991–92 recordin sessions, but his will stappit the studio frae uisin his likeness for 25 year efter his daith.<ref>{{cite news|title=Robin Williams’ will prevents use of outtakes for ‘Aladdin’ sequel|last=Putnam|first=Lindsay|url=http://nypost.com/2015/11/08/robin-williams-will-prevents-use-of-outtakes-for-aladdin-sequel/|newspaper=The New York Post|date=November 8, 2015|accessdate=November 14, 2015}}</ref> * In October 2016 it wis reportit that Disney wis developin a live-action adaptation o ''Aladdin'', wi Guy Ritchie signed on tae direct. John August wrate the script, that keeps the muisical elements o the oreeginal film, an Dan Lin wis producer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2016/10/aladdin-guy-ritchie-disney-live-action-film-sherlock-holmes-1201834102/|last=Fleming Jr.|first=Mike|title=Guy Ritchie To Direct Live Action 'Aladdin' For Disney|publisher=[[Deadline.com]]|accessdate=October 10, 2016|date=October 10, 2016}}</ref> In Julie 2017 Mena Massoud wis cast as Aladdin, Naomi Scott as Jasmine an [[Will Smith]] as the Genie.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/aladdin-will-smith-naomi-scott-jasmine-cast-mena-massoud-d23-1202496767/|title='Aladdin': Disney Casts Will Smith, Mena Massoud, Naomi Scott|website=Variety|date=July 15, 2017|access-date=December 10, 2017|archive-date=July 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715232330/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/aladdin-will-smith-naomi-scott-jasmine-cast-mena-massoud-d23-1202496767/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film wis released in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|last=Prange|first=Stephanie|title=Disney to Bow Live-Action 'Aladdin' and Animated Classic on Digital Aug. 27, Disc Sept. 10 Including 4K|url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/disney-to-bow-live-action-aladdin-and-animated-classic-on-digital-aug-27-disc-sept-10-including-4k/|website=Media Play News.com|date=July 25, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2023}}</ref> ==Notes== <references group="note"/> ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{wikiquote|Aladdin}} * {{Offeecial wabsteid|http://movies.disney.com/aladdin}} * {{IMDb title|0103639|Aladdin}} * {{Allmovie title|1338|Aladdin}} * {{mojo title|aladdin|Aladdin}} * {{rotten-tomatoes|1042582-aladdin|Aladdin}} * {{bcdb|4-Aladdin|Aladdin}} * [http://toonopedia.com/aladdin.htm Aladdin] in folklore an popular culture, at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. [http://www.webcitation.org/6bCRL7uUO?url=http://toonopedia.com/aladdin.htm Archived] frae the original on August 31, 2015. {{Walt Disney Animation Studios}} {{Ron Clements an John Musker}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aladdin (1992 Disney film)}} [[Category:1992 animatit films]] [[Category:1990s adventur films]] [[Category:1990s American animatit films]] [[Category:1990s comedy films]] [[Category:1990s fantasie films]] [[Category:1990s muisical films]] [[Category:American animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:American buddy films]] [[Category:American bairns' animatit films]] [[Category:American bairns' fantasie films]] [[Category:American fantasie adventur films]] [[Category:American fantasie-comedy films]] [[Category:American muisical fantasy films]] [[Category:Animatit buddy films]] [[Category:Animatit comedy films]] [[Category:Animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:Animatit feature films]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Best Animatit Featur Annie Awaird winners]] [[Category:Cultural depictions o Arnold Schwarzenegger]] [[Category:Cultural depictions o The Marx Brothers]] [[Category:Disney's Aladdin| ]] [[Category:Disney Renaissance]] [[Category:Films aboot wish fulfillment]] [[Category:Films adaptit intae televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Films based on Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts]] [[Category:Films directit bi John Musker]] [[Category:Films directit bi Ron Clements]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Films featurin hypnosis]] [[Category:Film scores bi Alan Menken]] [[Category:Films set in a fictional Asian kintra]] [[Category:Films set in the Middle East]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Score Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Sang Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] 0z6jttsm50tbjbibntblykgwxc0x5ca 0 67346 928042 927569 2026-11-11T16:05:17Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Beauty and the Beast | image = Beautybeastposter.jpg | caption = Poster for the cinema release, bi John Alvin<ref>{{cite news|first=Jocelyn|last=Stewart|title=Artist created many famous film posters|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/california/la-me-alvin10feb10,1,5113268.story|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314184353/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/feb/10/local/me-alvin10|archive-date=March 14, 2010|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=February 10, 2008|access-date=February 10, 2008}}</ref> | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Gary Trousdale]] * [[Kirk Wise]] }} | producer = Don Hahn | screenplay = [[Linda Woolverton]] | story = {{Plainlist| * Brenda Chapman * Chris Sanders * Burny Mattinson * Kevin Harkey * Brian Pimental * Bruce Woodside * Joe Ranft * Tom Ellery * Kelly Asbury * Robert Lence }} | based_on = "Beauty and the Beast" bi Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Paige O'Hara]] * [[Robby Benson]] * Richard White * [[Jerry Orbach]] * [[David Ogden Stiers]] * [[Angela Lansbury]] * Bradley Michael Pierce * Rex Everhart }} | music = [[Alan Menken]] | editing = John Carnochan | production_companies = Walt Disney Feature Animation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Beauty-and-the-Beast-(1991)#tab=summary|title=Beauty and the Beast (1991)|publisher=The Numbers|access-date=April 3, 2017|archive-date=April 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404043146/http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Beauty-and-the-Beast-(1991)#tab=summary|url-status=live}}</ref> | distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]] | released = {{Film date|1991|9|29|[[New York Film Festival]]|1991|11|22|Unitit States|df=y}} | runtime = 84 meenit<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/beauty-and-beast-film|title=''Beauty and the Beast'' (U)|publisher=British Board of Film Classification|date=February 5, 1992|access-date=September 28, 2016|archive-date=October 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002071613/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/beauty-and-beast-film|url-status=dead}}</ref> | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = US$25&nbsp;million<ref name="box office">{{cite web |url= https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0101414/ |title= Beauty and the Beast (1991) |publisher= Box Office Mojo |access-date= September 17, 2020 |archive-date= August 3, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200803181044/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0101414/ |url-status= live }}</ref> | gross = US$451.2&nbsp;million<ref name="box office" /> }} '''''Beauty and the Beast''''' is an American animatit muisical romantic fantasy film frae 1991. It wis directit bi [[Gary Trousdale]] an [[Kirk Wise]] an written bi [[Linda Woolverton]], an it is based on the French fairy tale "Beauty and the Beast". Walt Disney Feature Animation makkit it. ''Beauty and the Beast'' wis first shawn, no yet feenished, at the [[New York Film Festival]] on 29 September 1991, an went on general release on 22 November. Critics praised its story, chairacters, muisic an animation, the ballroom scene abuin aw. It teuk in 331 million US dollars warldwide on its first run, an that makkit it the third heichest-grossin film o 1991 an the first animatit film tae gross ower 100 million US dollars in the Unitit States. It is coontit amang the greatest animatit films ever makkit. ==Plot== A young prince that is cruel an selfish bides in his castle in a faur-awa laund. Ae nicht an auld beggar wumman comes tae the castle an offers him an enchantit rose in return for shelter frae a storm. Whan he turns her awa wi scorn, she shaws hersel as an enchantress, an turns him intae a beast an his servants intae things aboot the hoose. Tae brak the curse, the prince maun learn tae luve somebody an win their luve back afore the last petal faws aff the rose. Ten year efter, in a village nearhaund, Belle, the bookish dochter o an inventor cried Maurice, dreams o adventure an keeps turnin doon Gaston, an arrogant hunter. Maurice gets lost in the forest on his wey tae a fair, an taks shelter in the Beast's castle, whaur he is lockit up for trespassin. Belle finds her faither in the dungeon an offers tae tak his place as a prisoner, an the Beast agrees. Whan she finds the enchantit rose, he flees intae a rage an drives her oot o the castle. Wouves set on her, an the Beast saves her but is hurt. As she tends his wounds a bond growes atween them, an in time they faw in luve. Belle sees in a magic mirror that her faither is in trouble, an the Beast, for luve o her, lets her gang tae save him. Gaston sees she luves the Beast. He haes her lockit in the cellar wi Maurice, an leads the villagers tae kill the Beast. Gaston sets on the Beast, that haes lost aw hert till he sees Belle come back. Belle, greetin, tells the deein Beast she luves him seconds afore the last petal faws. That braks the curse: the Beast comes back tae life, him an his servants is turned human again, an the castle is restored. ==Voices== * [[Paige O'Hara]] as Belle,<ref name="AFI-1991">{{cite web |url=http://www.afi.com/10top10/moviedetail.aspx?id=1& |title=10 Top 10 |publisher=American Film Institute |date=November 13, 1991 |access-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306021327/http://www.afi.com/10top10/moviedetail.aspx?id=1& |url-status=live }}</ref> a bricht young wumman that seeks adventure an gies up her ain freedom tae the Beast in return for her faither's. * [[Robby Benson]] as the Beast,<ref name="AFI-1991" /> a young prince turned intae a talkin beast bi an enchantress as punishment for his pride an selfishness. * Richard White as Gaston,<ref name="AFI-1991"/> a hunter that wants tae mairry Belle. * [[Jerry Orbach]] as Lumière,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.empireonline.com/features/50-greatest-animated-characters/default.asp?film=39 |title=The 50 Best Animated Movie Characters &#124; 39. Lumiere |magazine=Empire|access-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-date=February 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202133758/http://www.empireonline.com/features/50-greatest-animated-characters/default.asp?film=39 |url-status=live }}</ref> the castle's maître d', turned intae a candelabra. * [[David Ogden Stiers]] as Cogsworth,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://voices.yahoo.com/david-ogden-stiers-comes-out-after-decades-the-3269942.html?cat=7 |title=David Ogden Stiers Comes Out After Decades in the Closet – Yahoo Voices |publisher=Yahoo|first=Robert |last=Dougherty |date=March 11, 2009 |access-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118095950/http://voices.yahoo.com/david-ogden-stiers-comes-out-after-decades-the-3269942.html?cat=7 |archive-date=January 18, 2014}}</ref> the Beast's majordomo, turned intae a clock. Stiers narrates the stairt o the film an aw. * [[Angela Lansbury]] as Mrs. Potts,<ref>{{cite web |last=Alexander |first=Bryan |url=http://www.nbcbayarea.com/blogs/popcornbiz/Angela-Lansbury-Proud-To-Be-Mrs-Potts-from-Beauty-and-the-Beast-Forever-104510974.html |title=Angela Lansbury Proud To Be Mrs. Potts from 'Beauty and the Beast' Forever |publisher=NBC Bay Area |date=May 30, 2012 |access-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-date=October 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002153838/http://www.nbcbayarea.com/blogs/popcornbiz/Angela-Lansbury-Proud-To-Be-Mrs-Potts-from-Beauty-and-the-Beast-Forever-104510974.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the hoosekeeper, turned intae a teapot. * Rex Everhart as Maurice,<ref name="AFI-1991" /> Belle's faither, an inventor. * Jesse Corti as LeFou,<ref name="AFI-1991" /> Gaston's sidekick. * Jo Anne Worley as the Wardrobe,<ref name="Neuwirth 2003">{{cite book |last=Neuwirth |first=Allan |author-link=Allan Neuwirth|title=Makin' toons : inside the most popular animated TV shows and movies |publisher=Allworth Press |publication-place=New York |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-62153-197-5 |oclc=828934330 |page=[https://archive.org/details/makintoonsinside0000neuw/page/104/mode/1up?q=Worley 104]}}</ref><ref name="The Dollys 2019">{{cite web |title=The Dollys: Jo Anne Worley |website=Still Going Strong! |date=March 30, 2019 |url=https://www.callondolly.com/jo-anne-worley/ |access-date=June 28, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/jo_anne_worley/ |title=Jo Anne Worley |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |date=January 1, 1970 |access-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-date=April 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410184657/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/jo_anne_worley/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a umwhile opera singer turned intae a wardrobe. * Hal Smith as Philippe,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/hal_smith/ |title=Hal Smith |website=Rotten Tomatoes |date=January 1, 1970 |access-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-date=December 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211061039/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/hal_smith/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Belle's horse. ==Makkin the film== ===Early versions=== Efter the success o ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'' in 1937, [[Walt Disney]] luikit for ither stories tae mak intae feature films.<ref name="D23-2012">{{Cite news |date=January 12, 2012 |title=Still the Belle of the Ball |url=http://d23.disney.go.com/news/2012/01/still-the-belle-of-the-ball/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117053841/http://d23.disney.go.com/news/2012/01/still-the-belle-of-the-ball/ |archive-date=January 17, 2012 |access-date=January 24, 2024 |work=[[D23 (Disney)|D23]] }}</ref> Amang them wis Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's version o the fairy tale "Beauty and the Beast".<ref name="D23-2012" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Drawing the Line: The Untold Story of the Animation Unions From Bosko to Bart Simpson |url=https://archive.org/details/drawinglineuntol00sito |url-access=limited |last=Sito |first=Tom |year=2006 |publisher=The University Press of Kentucky |isbn=0-8131-2407-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/drawinglineuntol00sito/page/n315 301]}}</ref> He tried tae mak it intae an animatit film in baith the 1930s an the 1950s,<ref name="Willistein-1991" /> but it wis pit aside acause the plot, an its second hauf abuin aw, wis ower hard tae dae.<ref name="makingof">{{cite video|title=Tale as Old as Time: The Making of Beauty and the Beast |medium=VCD |publisher=Walt Disney Home Entertainment |date=2002}}</ref><ref name="Willistein-1991">{{Cite news |last=Willistein |first=Paul |date=November 22, 1991 |title='Beauty's' Story Was a Beast for Disney |url=http://articles.mcall.com/1991-11-22/features/2825583_1_beast-s-castle-fairy-tale-madame-gabrielle |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414235429/https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1991-11-22-2825583-story.html |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2025 |work=The Morning Call |pages=}}</ref> ''Beauty and the Beast'' wis Disney's first animatit film tae uise a feenished script afore storyboardin an animation.<ref name="Filmsite">{{Cite news |title=Greatest Films of the 1990s |url=https://www.filmsite.org/1991.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820074146/https://www.filmsite.org/1991.html |archive-date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=January 24, 2025 |work=Filmsite}}</ref> ===Rewritin the script an addin sangs=== Whan Jeffrey Katzenberg seen the first storyboard reels in 1989, he wisnae pleased an ordered the film stairtit again frae scratch. He askit Howard Ashman an Alan Menken, that wrote the sangs for ''The Little Mermaid'', tae mak it a muisical in the Broadway style.<ref name="wakingsleepingbeauty">{{cite video|people=Hahn, Don |title=Waking Sleeping Beauty |medium=Documentary film |publisher=Stone Circle Pictures/Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures |location=Burbank, California |date=2009 }}</ref> ===Animation=== It wis the second film, efter ''The Rescuers Down Under'', makkit wi the Computer Animation Production System (CAPS), a seestem for scannin, inkin, pentin an compositin that Pixar developit for Disney.<ref name="makingof" /><ref name="wakingsleepingbeauty" /> This wis uised maist in the "Beauty and the Beast" waltz, whaur Belle an the Beast dance throu a ballroom makkit on computer while the camera gangs roond aboot them.<ref name="dvdcommentary">Trousdale, Gary; Wise, Kirk; Hahn, Don; and Menken, Alan (2002). DVD audio commentary for ''Beauty and the Beast: Special Edition''. Walt Disney Home Entertainment</ref><ref name="makingof" /> ===Muisic=== Ashman deed o complications frae AIDS on 14 Mairch 1991, aged 40, aicht month afore the film wis released.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blau |first=Eleanor |date=1991-03-15 |title=Howard Ashman Is Dead at 40; Writer of 'Little Shop of Horrors' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/15/obituaries/howard-ashman-is-dead-at-40-writer-of-little-shop-of-horrors.html |access-date=April 29, 2026 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==Release== The film wis shawn unfeenished at the New York Film Festival on 29 September 1991, the first time The Walt Disney Company haed duin sic a thing.<ref>{{cite news|last=Haithman|first=Diane|title=Unfinished 'Beauty' to Make Splashy Debut : Movies: The New York Film Festival will premiere Disney's animated work-in-progress on Sept. 29.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-17-ca-693-story.html|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=June 18, 2013|date=August 17, 1991|archive-date=July 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729021148/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-17-ca-693-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The feenished film appent at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on 13 November 1991, an went on wide release on 22 November.<ref name="beautyreviewjournal">{{cite web|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/entertainment/arts-culture/more-20-years-after-beauty-and-beast-paige-ohara-still-remembered-voice|title=More than 20 years after 'Beauty and the Beast,' Paige O'Hara still remembered as voice of Disney princess|last=Cling|first=Carol|date=April 21, 2013|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|publisher=Stephens Media LLC|access-date=June 18, 2013|archive-date=April 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425082850/http://www.reviewjournal.com/entertainment/arts-culture/more-20-years-after-beauty-and-beast-paige-ohara-still-remembered-voice|url-status=}}</ref> ==Reception== ===Box office=== On its first release in 1991 it grossed 145.9 million US dollars in North Americae an 331.9 million US dollars warldwide.<ref name="box office" /> ===Whit the critics said=== ''Beauty and the Beast'' wis praised on aw sides for its script, animation, chairacters an muisic.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnston |first=Sheila |date=September 24, 1992 |title=FILM / Drawn by numbers: Scores must be settled before Disney animators set to work. Alan Menken gives Sheila Johnston a song-by-song guide to the making of Beauty and the Beast |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-drawn-by-numbers-scores-must-be-settled-before-disney-animators-set-to-work-alan-menken-gives-sheila-johnston-a-songbysong-guide-to-the-making-of-beauty-and-the-beast-1553532.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620153438/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-drawn-by-numbers-scores-must-be-settled-before-disney-animators-set-to-work-alan-menken-gives-sheila-johnston-a-songbysong-guide-to-the-making-of-beauty-and-the-beast-1553532.html |archive-date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=June 20, 2024 |work=The Independent |quote=it received universal critical acclaim}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Zach |date=February 10, 2022 |title=Fox invites public to 'be our guest' for 'Beauty & the Beast' |url=https://hanfordsentinel.com/entertainment/fox-invites-public-to-be-our-guest-for-beauty-the-beast/article_ed0509ae-d2a8-5d28-b3be-abc28aaae297.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620153035/https://hanfordsentinel.com/entertainment/fox-invites-public-to-be-our-guest-for-beauty-the-beast/article_ed0509ae-d2a8-5d28-b3be-abc28aaae297.html |archive-date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=June 20, 2024 |work=Hanford Sentinel |quote=The film was met with universal acclaim from both critics and audiences}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=White |first=Adam |date=August 7, 2020 |title=Disney's first gay hero: the epic life and tragic death of Little Mermaid lyricist Howard Ashman |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/disneys-first-gay-hero-epic-life-tragic-death-little-mermaid/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610141235/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/disneys-first-gay-hero-epic-life-tragic-death-little-mermaid/ |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |access-date=June 20, 2024 |work=The Daily Telegraph |quote=the film went on to receive universal acclaim}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 14, 2023 |title="Beauty & The Beast" Continues Family Favorites Film Series: App Theatre Sets Feb. 18 for Screening of Disney's Animated Classic |url=https://www.hcpress.com/app-theatre/beauty-the-beast-continues-family-favorites-film-series-app-theatre-sets-feb-18-for-screening-of-disneys-animated-classic.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620161737/https://www.hcpress.com/app-theatre/beauty-the-beast-continues-family-favorites-film-series-app-theatre-sets-feb-18-for-screening-of-disneys-animated-classic.html |archive-date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=June 20, 2024 |work=High Country Press |quote=widespread critical acclaim for its romantic narrative, animation (particularly the ballroom scene), characters, and musical numbers.}}</ref> ===Awards=== The sang "Beauty and the Beast", bi Menken an Ashman, wan the Academy Award for Best Original Song, an Menken's score wan Best Original Score.<ref name="Oscars1992">{{cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1992 |title=The 64th Academy Awards (1992) Nominees and Winners |access-date=October 22, 2011 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |archive-date=July 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706095833/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/64th-winners.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It wis the first animatit film ever nominatit for Best Picture.<ref name="Oscars1992" /><ref name="Ebiri-2019">{{Cite news |last=Ebiri |first=Bilge |author-link=Bilge Ebiri |date=November 14, 2019 |title=The Story of the 1991 Beauty and the Beast Screening That Changed Everything |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/11/the-beauty-and-the-beast-screening-that-changed-everything.html |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920054212/https://www.vulture.com/2019/11/the-beauty-and-the-beast-screening-that-changed-everything.html |archive-date=September 20, 2024 |access-date=January 29, 2025 |work=Vulture}}</ref> ==Legacy== The success o the film makkit siccar Disney's return tae the heid o the animation business, as an early film o the Disney Renaissance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chung |first=Jen |date=August 17, 2016 |title=The Story Of How Disney Brought 'Beauty & The Beast' To The NYFF In The '90s |url=https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/the-story-of-how-disney-brought-beauty-the-beast-to-the-nyff-in-the-90s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612112017/https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/the-story-of-how-disney-brought-beauty-the-beast-to-the-nyff-in-the-90s |archive-date=June 12, 2023 |access-date=January 29, 2025 |work=Gothamist}}</ref><ref name="High-2022">{{Cite news |last=High |first=Rachel |date=February 18, 2022 |title=Rococo and the (Disney) Renaissance |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/perspectives/rococo-disney-renaissance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216045230/https://www.metmuseum.org/perspectives/rococo-disney-renaissance |archive-date=February 16, 2025 |access-date=January 30, 2025 |work=Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref> ==Adaptations== ''Beauty and the Beast'' appent as a muisical on Broadway at the Palace Theatre in New York on 18 Aprile 1994, tae mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://newsok.com/sigmund-romberg-beauty-and-the-beast/article/3835413|title = Sigmund Romberg / Beauty and the Beast|date = July 29, 2012|website = NewsOK.com|last = Rogers|first = Rick|access-date = December 29, 2014|archive-date = August 1, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200801112738/http://oklahoman.com/article/3835413/sigmund-romberg-beauty-and-the-beast|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/14/theater/beauty-moving-from-palace-to-the-fontanne.html|title = 'Beauty' Moving From Palace To the Fontanne|date = December 12, 2014|website = The New York Times|access-date = February 14, 2017|archive-date = September 11, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200911065829/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/14/theater/beauty-moving-from-palace-to-the-fontanne.html|url-status = live}}</ref> The Broadway version ran for mair nor ten year an wan a Tony Award.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-xpm-2011-jun-08-la-et-tony-show-numbers-20110608-story.html |title=Tony Awards: Tony Awards' musical numbers are key to box-office success |work=Los Angeles Times |date=June 8, 2011 |access-date=March 18, 2014 |first=Patrick |last=Pacheco |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801073812/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-xpm-2011-jun-08-la-et-tony-show-numbers-20110608-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A live-action film, directit bi Bill Condon, wis annoonced in June 2014,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2014/06/04/bill-condon-live-action-beauty-and-the-beast |title=Disney taps Bill Condon to direct a live-action 'Beauty and the Beast' |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=June 4, 2014 |access-date=June 5, 2014 |first=Lindsey |last=Bahr |archive-date=December 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217235119/https://ew.com/article/2014/06/04/bill-condon-live-action-beauty-and-the-beast/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> an released on 17 Mairch 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2014/06/04/bill-condon-live-action-beauty-and-the-beast |title=Emma Thompson and Kevin Kline Join Beauty and the Beast, Release Date Set |publisher=comingsoon.net |date=March 16, 2015 |access-date=March 16, 2015 |archive-date=January 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117160814/https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/420081-emma-thompson-and-kevin-kline-join-beauty-and-the-beast-release-date-set |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{wikiquote}} {{Commonscat}} * {{Official website|http://movies.disney.com/beauty-and-the-beast}} * {{IMDb title|0101414|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{Allrovi movie|4522|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|beauty_and_the_beast_1991|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{Metacritic film|beauty-and-the-beast-1991|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{Mojo title|beautyandthebeast|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{Tcmdb title|68299|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{Bcdb title|5|Beauty and the Beast}} {{Walt Disney Animation Studios}} {{GoldenGlobeBestMotionPictureMusicalComedy 1981-2000}} [[Category:1990s American animatit films]] [[Category:1991 animatit films]] [[Category:1990s comedy-drama films]] [[Category:1990s fantasie films]] [[Category:1990s muisical films]] [[Category:3D re-releases]] [[Category:American animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:American bairns' animatit films]] [[Category:American comedy-drama films]] [[Category:American muisical fantasie films]] [[Category:American romantic fantasie films]] [[Category:American romantic muisical films]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot daith]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Animatit romance films]] [[Category:Annie Award winners]] [[Category:Best Animatit Featur Annie Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Pictur Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Directorial debut films]] [[Category:Disney's Beauty and the Beast| ]] [[Category:Disney Renaissance]] [[Category:Films aboot bibliophilia]] [[Category:Films aboot shapeshifting]] [[Category:Films aboot narcissism]] [[Category:Films based on fairy tales]] [[Category:Films directit bi Gary Trousdale]] [[Category:Films directit bi Kirk Wise]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Films produced bi Don Hahn]] [[Category:Film scores bi Alan Menken]] [[Category:Films set in Fraunce]] [[Category:Films set in the 18th century]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Score Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Sang Academy Awaird]] [[Category:IMAX films]] [[Category:Screenplays bi Joe Ranft]] [[Category:Screenplays bi Linda Woolverton]] [[Category:Unitit States Naitional Film Registry films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] [[Category:Witchcraft in film]] 6zisut0wqz333oxwwreghkgn7zjkthu 0 67805 928122 922481 2026-11-11T22:19:32Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = |name = Puerto Escondido |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = Ceety |total_type = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline =Mexico-PuertoEscondido-Airview.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = View o Puerto Escondido frae the air |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |city_logo = |citylogo_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map=Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{MEX}} |subdivision_type1 = [[States o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Oaxaca]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Municipality]] |subdivision_name2 = [[San Pedro Mixtepec, Juquila|San Pedro Mixtepec]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2013 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 45,000 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title = |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Time in Mexico|CST]] |utc_offset = -6 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|15|51|43|N|97|04|18|W|region:MX|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 60 |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Puerto Escondido''' ([[Inglis leid|Inglis]]/[[Scots leid|Scots]]: "Hidden Port") is a smaw port an tourist centre in the [[municipalities o Mexico|municipality]] o [[San Pedro Mixtepec, Juquila|San Pedro Mixtepec Distrito 22]] in the [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[States o Mexico|state]] o [[Oaxaca]]. Prior tae the 1930s, nae real toun existit. The bay haed been uised as a port intermittently tae ship coffee, but thare wis nae permanent dounset due tae the lack o potable watter. The name Puerto Escondido haed ruits in the legend o a wumman who escapit her captors an hid here. The [[Nahuatl]] wird for this aurie wis Zicatela, meanin “place o lairge thorns."<ref name="ptohistoria">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ptoescondido.com.mx/Historia/historia.htm |title=Historia de Puerto Escondido |language=Spanish |trans_title=History of Puerto Escondido |accessdate=2009-10-25 |archive-date=2009-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918234146/http://www.ptoescondido.com.mx/Historia/historia.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The day, it refers tae the aurie’s maist famous beach.<ref name="diez">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/notas/6022-Puerto-Escondido,-una-puerta-a-la-mar-del-sur.-%28Oaxaca%29 |title=Puerto Escondido, una puerta a la mar del sur. (Oaxaca) |first=Daniel |last=Díez |publisher=Mexico Desconocido |language=Spanish |trans_title=Puerto Escondido, a port of the south sea |year=1990 |accessdate=2009-10-25 |archive-date=2009-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417022608/http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/notas/6022-Puerto-Escondido,-una-puerta-a-la-mar-del-sur.-(Oaxaca) |url-status=dead }}</ref> Puerto Escondido is ane o the maist important tourist attractions on the Oaxacan coast. It caters tae a mair dounscale an eclectic clientele than neebourin [[Huatulco]], maistly surfers, backpackers an Mexican faimilies.<ref name="zap">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tomzap.com/escondio.html |title=Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca |first=Tom |last=Zap |accessdate=2009-10-25 |archive-date=2010-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104111738/http://tomzap.com/escondio.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The main attractions are the beaches, frae Zicatela Beach, which hosts major surfin competitions, tae beaches wi gentle waves.<ref name="Anderson">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/2852-puerto-escondido-mexico-s-hidden-oaxacan-beach|title= Puerto Escondido: Mexico's hidden Oaxacan beach |first=Geri |last= Anderson |publisher=MexConnect |accessdate=2009-10-25 }}</ref> Wast frae the toun is a lairge lagoon aurie popular for fishin an birdwatchin.<ref name="diez"/> ==History== The aurie aroond Puerto Escondido haed been inhabitit bi indigenous fowks for centuries, but nae touns o ony size wur established durin the pre-Hispanic or colonial eras.<ref name="zap"/> The bay wis kent as Bahia de la Escondida (Bay o the Hidden Wumman) due tae a legend associatit wi this place. The story states that a fierce pirate bi the name o Andrés Drake, brither o Sir [[Francis Drake]], anchored his ship in the bay whan the aurie wis completely uninhabitit, in order tae rest for a few days unmolestit bi authorities.<ref name="ptohistoria"/> Some weeks afore, he an his crew kidnappit a young Mixtec wumman frae the veelage o [[Santa María Huatulco]] an teuk her preesoner. While in the bay, the wumman managit tae escape the cabin in which she wis bein held, an bein a guid swimmer, jumpit owerboard tae get tae shore an hide in the jungle juist ayont the beach. Syne then, the pirates referred tae the wumman as “La Escondida” (the hidden ane) an ivery time the ship returned tae thir waters, the caiptain ordered his crew tae sairch an aurie aroond the bay, housomeivver, thay niver foond her. Hence, the aurie became kent as the Bahía de la Escondida.<ref name="ptohistoria"/> At the beginnin o the 20t century, it wis kent as Punta Escondida (Hidden Pynt),<ref name="oaxacamio">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oaxacamio.com/pto/ |title=Puerto Escondido |accessdate=2009-10-25 |archive-date=2009-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813200111/http://www.oaxacamio.com/pto/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> then later, Puerto Escondido.<ref name="ptohistoria"/> At that time, it wis juist a smaw fishin veelage that intermittently wis uised tae ship coffee.<ref name="oaxacamio"/><ref name="MexDesOax">{{cite journal |last= Quintanar Hinojosa |first=Beatriz |date=August 2007 |title=Puerto Escondido: pasión y adrenalina |journal=Guía México Desconocido: Oaxaca |volume= 137 |pages=56–66 |url= http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx }}</ref> Back then, Puerto Escondido suffered frae a lack o [[potable watter]], despite the fact that the [[Colotepec River]] ran nearbi. This caused fowk tae settle someplace else. Some did stay, includin Nazario Castellanos an Escolástica Valencia, who war the nicht watchmen for the nearby coffee plantations an considered tae be the toun’s first residents.<ref name="ptohistoria"/> Thare wis nae real toun till the 1930s, whan Puerto's activity as a port wis mair firmly established.<ref name="oaxacamio"/> Puerto Escondido belangit tae the municipality o [[Santa María Colotepec]]. Housomeivver, eventually the residents petitioned tae chynge jurisdiction tae anither nearbi municipality, San Pedro Mixtepec, which wis grantit in the 1940s.<ref name="ptohistoria"/><ref name="guerrero">{{Cite news |title= Retoma Puerto Escondido vieja demanda de ser municipio libre |first=Jaime |last=Guerrero |url= http://www.e-consulta.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15774&Itemid=98 |format= |newspaper=E-consultas Noticias |date=2008-08-05 |accessdate=2009-10-25 |language=Spanish |trans_title=Puerto Escondido revives old demand to be a free municipality }}</ref> Frae the 1940s tae the 1960s, a kirk wis constructit an the first schuil wis biggit. Wells wur eventually dug tae alleviate the watter supply problems, an generators bocht tae supply electricity tae the pumps an the few streetlichts. Housomeivver, thare wur still problems gettin needit ootside supplees sic as succar. Thir commodities anerly arrivit whan a merchant ship entered the bay tae sell its wares. Whiles, this wad no happen for months. Residents got bi wi local products sic as fish, poultry, [[iguana]]s, chicken an turtle eggs. Efter the Sol de Vega road tae the caipital o Oaxaca wis constructit, this problem wis alleviatit somewha.<ref name="ptohistoria"/> In the 1960s, Heich-gate 200 wis biggit, connectin Oaxacan coastal touns wi Acapulco. Surfers an ither tourists began tae fynd the quiet beaches aroond Puerto an tourism began tae flourish. Its function as a port diminished as coffee began tae be shippit bi truck.<ref name="zap"/><ref name="oaxacamio"/> Ither infrastructur addit includit those tae supplee the aurie wi potable watter, a smaw airport whaur the Rinconada is nou, mail service an some govrenment offices.<ref name="ptohistoria"/> Housomeivver, in the 1970s anerly aboot 400 fowk livit in Puerto Escondido.<ref name="diez"/> Wi time, Puerto Escondido’s importance as a tourist attraction increased, wi hotels an resorts bein constructit. For mony years, restaurants wur amaist exclusively in “palapas” (thatched ruif shelters) wi fishermen preparin thair catches; housomeivver, thir hae maistly gien wey tae modren tourist facilities.<ref name="oaxacamio"/> Currently, Puerto Escondido is ane o the maist important tourist steids on the Oaxacan coast.<ref name="oaxacamio"/> The commonty o Puerto Escondido is dividit atween twa municipalities, sae poleetically it is twa separate entities. The Zicatela Beach side belangs tae the municipality o Santa María Colotepec an the wastren portion belangs tae San Pedro Mixtepec. The boondar atween the twa municipalities is in dispute an aw, leavin mony businesses in limbo, whiles payin taxes tae baith municipalities. .<ref name="zap"/> Puerto Escondido haes been lobbyin for a mair unthirlt status wi the congress o the state o Oaxaca, despite opposition frae San Pedro Mixtepec. In addeetion tae the abuin problems, backers o the measur state that while the commonty generates maist o the municipality’s income, it daes no receive support frae the municipal seat.<ref name="guerrero"/> In August 2008, residents o Puerto Escondido blockit the heich-gate tae the municipal seat o San Pedro Mixtepec tae protest the lack o money for infrastructur in the toun.<ref name="rebela">{{Cite news |title= Se rebela Puerto Escondido contra Mixtepec; exige participaciones |url=http://www.e-consulta.com/oaxaca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3102&Itemid=27 |newspaper=E consulta Noticias |date=2008-08-27 |accessdate=2009-10-25 |language=Spanish |trans_title=Puerto Escondido officially declared a city }}</ref> An aw, 69% o the municipality’s population lifes in Puerto Escondido.<ref name="guerrero"/> As o the 2009 census, Puerto Escondido haed a population o 20,178<ref name="inegi">{{cite web |title= Principales resultados por localidad 2005 (ITER) |url= http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/default.asp?s=est&c=10395 |publisher=INEGI |accessdate=2009-10-25 }}</ref> On 30 Julie 2009, the state congress declared Puerto Escondido tae be a ceety. Housomeivver, the declaration did no resolve the boondar dispute atween San Pedro Mixtepec an Santa María Colotepec.<ref name="Castañeda">{{Cite news |title=Se oficializó como ciudad a Puerto Escondido |first=Jorge |last=Catañeda |url=http://www.notihuatulcopuertoescondido.com/?p=6004#more-6004 |newspaper= |publisher=La Pagina de la Informacion |date=2009-08-13 |accessdate=2009-10-25 |language=Spanish |trans_title=Puerto Escondido officially declared a city }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="publimar">{{Cite news |title=Puerto Escondido ya es ciudad |url=http://www.publimar.com.mx/?p=2526 |newspaper=Publimar |date=2009-07-31 |accessdate=2009-10-25 |language=Spanish |trans_title=Puerto Escondido revives old demand to be a free municipality }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==The toun== [[File:Escondido.avi.OGG|thumb|300px|right|The forenuin routine on Playa Principal]] Puerto Escondido is maistly locatit in the municipality o San Pedro Mixtepec in the wastren portion o Oaxaca’s coast <ref name="oaxacamio"/> kent as the Emerald Coast an aw. Its bay is adjoined bi a nummer o rocky clints, which vary in hicht atween fifteen an thirty metres. The toun centre is locatit on the north side o the bay.<ref name="ptohistoria"/> The climate is tropical an humid, wi a average annual temperatur o 28&nbsp;°C (82&nbsp;°F) wi a rainy saison in the simmer.<ref name="oaxacamio"/> Puerto Escondido is the auldest tourist attraction in the region, an is the main centre o tourist activity, baith for naitionals an foreigners.<ref name="oaxacamio"/> The lairge waves o Zicatela beach put it intae the tap ten surfin destinations.<ref name="zap"/> The port daes continue tae support commercial fishin activity,<ref name="zap"/> an it attracts fowk for deep-sea fishin (esp. for sailfish).<ref name="MexDesOax"/> Puerto is no as well-kent or visitit as ither beach resort auries sic as [[Acapulco]] or [[Cancun]] acause thare are anerly domestic flichts, discouragin a nummer o visitors.<ref name="Anderson"/> Bus rides frae the Oaxacan caipital tak seiven oors ower hairpin turns as the roads descend the Sierra del Sur muntain range.<ref name="Anderson"/><ref name="shapiro">{{Cite news |title=Mexican beach town Puerto Escondido radiates charm |first=Stephanie |last=Shapiro |url=http://cms.travel.latimes.com/articles/la-tr-puertoescondido?content=+the+brief+hop+into+a+trial.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3E&single_page=y#show |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |location=Los Angeles California |date=2007-04-03 |accessdate=2009-10-25 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Puerto Escondido is maistly dounscale an rustic, wi mony smaw an mid-sizit hotels an restaurants, but thare are a few upscale hotels. Maist cuisine is based on seafuid an local plants, which include eleiven species o bananae, chocolate an coffee.<ref name="diez"/> It haes an unuisual nummer o Italian restaurants an aw, which hae been opened bi recent Italian immigrants. The tourist centre o Puerto Escondido is no a plaza but Pérez Gazga Avenue, kent locally as El Adoquin or La Zona Adoquinada (the pavin stane street). Beginnin wi a statue o [[Benito Juárez]] are foond bars, hotels, cafes, restaurants, nichtclubs, craft shops, Internet cafes, corner stores, tour operators an scuba divin rental.<ref name="MexDesOax"/> It serves as a promenade an aw as it parallels the main beach o the toun,<ref name="shapiro"/> an is pedestrian-anerly efter 17:00.<ref name="zap"/> At nicht it is croudit wi locals an tourists.<ref name="shapiro"/> This is ane o the auries tae buy Mexican, especially Oaxacan, handcrafts sic as loose-fittin blouses, shirts, vests, wraps, tapestries, handbags, bags, jackets, hammocks, carvit stane jewelry, siller an seashell items. Housomeivver, the main mercat in the toun centre is whaur you get competitive Mexican prices. Awa frae the beach abuin the Adoquin is the Coastal Heich-gate 200. The Andador Escéncico (Scenic Walkwey) is a set o paths, stairs an brigs that begin at the main beach o the toun an winds its wey ower rocky oceanside cliffs, passin belaw the lichthoose tae a leukoot the namit Sueño Posible (Possible Dream). In some places the walkwey is vera near the ocean an gets wet frae the waves.<ref name="andador">{{Cite web |url= http://www.tomzap.com/suenoposible.html |title= Andador Escénico |accessdate= 2009-10-25 |archive-date= 2010-01-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100104114054/http://tomzap.com/suenoposible.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> Each year, the ceety celebrates [[Carnival]] which begins wi the "quema de mal humor" or the burnin o bad muid. This is done wi a effigy wi the purpose o riddin the fowk o bad thochts an muids in order tae enjoy the festivities.<ref name="rincones">{{cite book |title=Oaxaca: Guia para descubrir los encantos del estado |trans_title=Oaxaca: Guide to discover the charms of the state |last=Akaike Garrido |first=Yuki |year=2010 |editor1-first=Victor Manuel |editor1-last=Jiménez González |publisher=Editorial Océano de Mexico, SA de CV |location=Mexico City |isbn=978-607-400-233-1 |page=23 }}</ref> ==Beaches== The main attractions o Puerto Escondido are its beaches, which hae acome internaitionally kent. The aurie is attractive tae scuba divers acause o the variety o fish tae be foond an aw, as well as lairge oysters, lobsters an manta rays.<ref name="diez"/> Awtho the Paceefic Coast o Mexico generally runs north-sooth, this section o the coast in Oaxaca runs east-wast, Playa Zicatela is on the eastren end.<ref name="Anderson"/> Puerto Escondido became famous due tae surfin competitions held at '''Zicatela Beach''' ivery year in November. The competeetion brings competitors frae various kintras.<ref name="diez"/> Elk-namit the "Mexican Pipeline" due tae the seemilar pouer an shape o the Banzai Pipeline on the North Shore o Oahu, the wave that breaks on Zicatela Beach draws a internaitional croud o surfers, bodybuirders an thair entourages. Mid tae late simmer is law saison for tourists, but a prime time for waves an internaitional tournaments. A nummer o internaitional competitions sic as the [[ESPN]] [[X Games]], an the MexPipe Challenge hae taken place.<ref name="shapiro"/> This beach is separatit frae the ither beaches bi a rocky ootcroppin cried "El Morro" (the neb). The beach is fifty tae ane hunder metres wide an fower kilometres lang wi lairge waves that reach up tae saxteen metres heich.<ref name="MexDesOax"/> Lifegairds are stationed at this heich-risk beach as well as on the ither beaches. Aboot hauf o thir are profeesional an the ither hauf volunteers. Zicatela is still a surfers beach, wi the strang unnertow makkin the aurie unsuitable for swimmin.<ref name="Anderson"/> The Zicatela Beach tourist destrict caters tae surfers, includin specials on surfbuird rentals.<ref name="shapiro"/> The beach nou haes a promenade, landscapit wi flouers an shrubs alang the restaurants, mony recently established.<ref name="Anderson"/> Wast o Zicatela ower the El Moro rocky ootcrop is '''Playa Marinero''', which is the best beach for soummin as the surf an unnertow are hintle less.<ref name="Anderson"/> Thare is some surf, but gentle enough for beginnin surfers an [[bodybuirdin]].<ref name="MexDesOax"/><ref name="shapiro"/> {{wide image|Playa Principal Puerto Escondido Oaxaca.jpg|1000px|Playa Principal in Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, Mexico, wi the lichthoose visible on the left}} Wast frae Playa Marinero is '''Playa Principal''', or main beach, frontin o the toun proper. A main difference that distinguishes this beach frae Marinero is that boats an watter taxis are anchored close tae shore. Here, fishermen arrive at dawn tae sell thair catch tae local restaurants an faimilies.<ref name="Anderson"/> It is 500 metres lang wi feene, gray saund an law tae moderate surf. This is the primar place tae hire boats which tak tourists tae itherwise-inaccessible beaches, tae see porpoises an marine turtles or for deep-sea fishin.<ref name="MexDesOax"/> This beach is popular wi Mexican faimilies tae picnic on an play soccer an aw.<ref name="shapiro"/> [[File:Puerto angelito.jpg|thumb|Puerto Angelito Beach]] Wast o the Playa Principal is the lichthoose wi a stane walkwey, Andador Escénico, belaw it. Frae the end o the walkwey, an a bit farther wast, are the twin beaches o '''Puerto Angelito''' an '''Manzanillo''', atween which is a smaw rock ootcroppin. Thir are on a sheltered cove, makkin it safe for soummin, wi Manzanillo haein slichtly mair surf. Angelito beach is full o faimily-awned smaw restaurants locatit in palapas (open-air thatched structurs).<ref name="Anderson"/> Baith thir beaches hae watter that varies in colour frae emerald green tae turquoise blue.<ref name="MexDesOax"/> Puerto Angelito tends tae be croudit an frequentit bi busloads o visitors. Playa Manzanillo is quieter as thare is nae road access.<ref name="shapiro"/> [[File:Playa carrizalillo.jpg|thumb|left|Playa Carrizalillo]] Wast frae thir beaches is '''Playa Carrizalillo''', which haes white saund an [[cobalt]] blue watter edgit in licht green.<ref name="MexDesOax"/> This 300 metre wide beach is on a smaw bay. Thare are nae vehicular roads tae this beach, an the fuitpath strynds a steep slope on a recently instawed rock stairwey. A watter taxi ride frae Playa Principal is anither option for accessin Carrizalillo.<ref name="shapiro"/> Waves are normally gentle, except for a zone that opens directly ontae the ocean whaur waves are big enough for surfin. The difficult access means that the beach is no as croudit wi walkin vendors as the Puerto Angelito Beach. Thare are few restaurants an the aurie is generally cleaner. On the east an wast sides o the bay are rocky ootcroppins that serve as habitat for a wide variety o fish an coral, makkin it popular for snorkelin. Near Carrizalillo is the Rinconada, a umwhile landin strip that is nou lined wi restaurants, salons, an shops. It contains a lendin librar run bi a local charity run bi expatriates an aw.<ref name="shapiro"/> The wastmaist beach is '''Playa Bacocho''' wi upscale beach clubs.<ref name="Anderson"/> It haes fine, saft saund, palm trees, wairm, blue-green watter an a moderate surf awtho the far wast pairt o the beach can hae a strang unnertow. It faces soothwast, afferin guid sunset views.<ref name="MexDesOax"/> Wast frae Bacocho are still unnevelopit beaches. ==Transportation== [[Puerto Escondido Internaitional Airport]] ==Media== Thare are an AM an FM radio station an Spainyie leid weekly newspapers. ¡Viva Puerto! http://vivapuerto.com/ an El Sol de la Costa http://www.soldelacosta.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510115206/http://soldelacosta.com/ |date=2015-05-10 }} are the twa local, bilingual magazines. ==Fiestas de Noviembre== The Fiestas de Noviembre (Festivals o November) are held durin the month intae the beginnin o Dizember. Events are scheduled in baith the San Pedro Mixtepec an Santa María Colotepec jurisdictions an thare is little coordination atween the events. This uisually means a lairge nummer o events, mair nor a few concurrent an competin for attendees. Zicatela events are aften stagit on Playa Zicatela while the uptoun events are aften on Playa Principal or the municipal plaza wast an abuin the main beach.<ref name="zap"/><ref name="fiestasnov">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tomzap.com/festival.html |title=Fiestas de Noviembre 2009 |first=Tom |last=Zap |accessdate=2009-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104113531/http://tomzap.com/festival.html |archive-date=2010-01-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some o the major events include a motocross event, a sailfishin competeetion, a festival o coastal dance an a surfin turnament.<ref name="fiestasmio">{{Cite web|url= http://www.oaxaca-mio.com/fiestas/fiestasdenoviembre.htm|title= Oaxaca Mio Fiestas|accessdate= 2009-10-25|archive-date= 2010-01-10|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100110051809/http://www.oaxaca-mio.com/fiestas/fiestasdenoviembre.htm|url-status= dead}}</ref> ==Laguna de Manialtepec== Aboot ten km frae Puerto Escondido is the [[Laguna de Manialtepec]]. Thare is a smaw veelage on the wey cried Bajos de Chila as well as a smaw archeological zone o the [[Chatina]] cultur. This steid haes a Sun Stane which representit the solar deity an a statue o a heich-rankin priest. The lagoon itsel is full o [[mangroves]] an a vera lairge nummer o birds sic as [[pelicans]], [[seagull]]s, [[ibis]], [[stork]]s, [[crane (bird)|cranes]], [[jacana]]s, [[buzzard]]s, [[keengfisher]]s, [[swan]]s an ither species. Ither wildlife here includes [[raccoon]]s, [[weasel]]s, deer, [[wild boar]], tods an crocodiles. A nummer o thir are in danger due tae [[poaching]]. In the middle o the lagoon is a island namit Gallo, which accordin tae legend, a rooster can be heard singin ivery year on 24 Dizember.<ref name="diez"/><ref name="fodorslaguna">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fodors.com/world/mexico-and-central-america/mexico/oaxaca/review-176065.html |title= Laguna de Manialtepec |publisher=Fodor’s |accessdate=2009-10-25 }}</ref> {{commons|Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Oaxaca}} {{coord|15|51|43|N|97|04|02|W|type:city|display=title}} [[Category:Populatit places in Oaxaca]] [[Category:Beaches o Mexico]] oujlfx6dcx1c2t6j5c6uunw6kigoaho 0 68909 928090 858762 2026-11-11T19:27:25Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 928090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Acateno |settlement_type =[[Municipalities o Mexico|Municipality]] an toun |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = Escudo Acateno.svg |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = Location o the municipality in Puebla |pushpin_map = |pushpin_label_position =above |pushpin_mapsize = |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Puebla]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = |population_as_of =2005 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Staundart Time]] |utc_offset = -6 |timezone_DST = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Daylicht Time]] |utc_offset_DST = -5 |coordinates = |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Acateno''' is a toun an [[Municipalities o Puebla|municipality]] in [[Puebla]] in sooth-eastren [[Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ESTADO DE PUEBLA|url=http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/puebla/|work=Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México|publisher=[[Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal]]|accessdate=January 4, 2010|archive-date=2007-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405081753/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/puebla/|url-status=dead|language=es}}</ref><!-- The municipality covers an area of km². As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of . ---> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Puebla}} {{Coord|20.129878|-97.20855|display=title}} [[Category:Municipalities o Puebla]] [[Category:Populatit places in Puebla]] 5q16shzagm2aqq9usbs4mo1d35s5it4 928091 928090 2026-11-11T19:30:03Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 addit stub tag, remuived unuissed parameters an remuived comment that wisnae uissfu 928091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Acateno |settlement_type =[[Municipalities o Mexico|Municipality]] an toun |image_seal = Escudo Acateno.svg |map_caption = Location o the municipality in Puebla |pushpin_label_position =above |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Puebla]] |population_as_of =2005 |timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Staundart Time]] |utc_offset = -6 |timezone_DST = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Daylicht Time]] |utc_offset_DST = -5 }} '''Acateno''' is a toun an [[Municipalities o Puebla|municipality]] in [[Puebla]] in sooth-eastren [[Mexico]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ESTADO DE PUEBLA|url=http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/puebla/|work=Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México|publisher=[[Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal]]|accessdate=January 4, 2010|archive-date=2007-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405081753/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/puebla/|url-status=dead|language=es}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Puebla}} {{Coord|20.129878|-97.20855|display=title}} {{Stub/Mexico}} [[Category:Municipalities o Puebla]] [[Category:Populatit places in Puebla]] 30nzb4epheijnzajhrersreswt1gom8 0 69004 928147 923242 2026-11-12T01:16:16Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ice hockey player | name = Wayne Gretzky<br />{{post-nominals|CC}} | image = Gretzky aug2001 closeup.jpg | image_size = 275px | caption = Wayne Gretzky, 2001 | position = [[Centre (ice hockey)|Centre]] | played_for ='''''[[Warld Hockey Association|WHA]]'''''<br />&nbsp;[[Indianapolis Racers]]<br />&nbsp;[[Edmonton Oilers]] <br />'''''[[National Hockey League|NHL]]'''''<br />&nbsp;[[Edmonton Oilers]]<br />&nbsp;[[Los Angeles Kings]]<br />&nbsp;[[St. Louis Blues]]<br />&nbsp;[[New York Rangers]] | shoots = Left | height_ft = 6 | height_in = 0 | weight_lb = 185 | ntl_team = Canadae | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|1|26}} | birth_place = [[Brantford]], [[Ontario|ON]], [[Canadae|CAN]] | career_start = 1978 | career_end = 1999 | halloffame = 1999 | website = {{Official website|http://www.gretzky.com}} }} '''Wayne Douglas Gretzky''', [[Order o Canadae|CC]] ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|r|ɛ|t|s|k|i}}; born Januar 26, 1961) is a Canadian-American umwhile professional [[ice hockey]] player an umwhile heid coach. He played 20 saisons in the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) for fower teams frae 1979 tae 1999. Nicknamed '''"The Great Ane"''', he haes been cried the greatest hockey player ever"<ref name="Greatest"/> bi mony sportswriters, players, an the NHL itself. He is the leadin pynt-scorer in NHL history, wi mair assists nor ony ither player haes pynts, an is the anly NHL player tae tot ower 200&nbsp;points in ane season – a feat he accomplished fower times. In addeetion, he tallied ower 100&nbsp;pynts in 16 professional saisons, 14 o them consecutive. At the time o his retirement in 1999, he held 40 regular-saison records, 15 playoff records, an sax [[NHL Aw-Starn Gemme|Aw-Starn]] records.<ref name="Greatest">For his titles, see {{cite web |url=http://www.ualbertacentennial.ca/achievements/degrees/2000.html |title=University of Alberta: Honorary Degree Recipients (2000–2007) |publisher=Ualbertacentennial.ca |year=2000 |accessdate=July 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030555/http://www.ualbertacentennial.ca/achievements/degrees/2000.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }} *That he's regarded as the best player in the history of the NHL, see {{cite encyclopedia|title=Wayne Gretzky|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9001584/Wayne-Gretzky|accessdate=June 10, 2008}} *That he's regarded as the greatest by many sportswriters, see Falla, Jack, "The Greatest One Bar None", in Steve Dryden (ed.), ''The Top 100 NHL Players of All Time'', p. 16. *That many players share the view, see {{cite news|last=Maloney|first=Tom|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1159670,00.html|title=Gretzky's Awkward Arrival|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=February 15, 2006|accessdate=March 7, 2008|archive-date=2013-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823150141/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1159670,00.html|url-status=dead}} *That the NHL shares the view, see {{cite book|last=Falla|first=Jack|editor=Dan Diamond|chapterurl=http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=381966|chapter=Wayne Gretzky: Greatness Ascendant|title=Total Hockey: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Hockey League|publisher=Total Sports|accessdate=September 9, 2010|isbn=978-1-892129-85-7|year=2000|archive-date=2010-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117111345/http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=381966|url-status=dead}} *For the records he held at retirement, see {{cite web|url=http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=384583|title=NHL Records Held or Shared by Wayne Gretzky|publisher=[[National Hockey League]]|accessdate=September 9, 2010|archive-date=2016-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117175833/http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=384583|url-status=dead}} *For his selection to IIHF Centennial All-Star Team, see {{cite web |url=http://www.iihf.com/channels/iihf-world-championship/news/news-singleview-world-championship/article/iihf-centennial-all-star-team.html?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=552&cHash=3a26b76f60 |title=IIHF Centennial All-Star Team |publisher=Iihf.com |accessdate=February 21, 2011 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gretzky, Wayne}} [[Category:Wayne Gretzky| ]] [[Category:1961 births]] [[Category:Art Ross Trophy winners]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae Ontario]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Ontario]] [[Category:Canadian businessfowk in retailing]] [[Category:Canadian ice hockey players]] [[Category:Canadian ice hockey centres]] [[Category:Canadian ice hockey coaches]] [[Category:Canadian expatriate sportsfowk in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Belaroushie strynd]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Pols strynd]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Ukrainian strynd]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:Canadian racehorse ainers an breeders]] [[Category:Canadian restaurateurs]] [[Category:Companions o the Order o Canadae]] [[Category:Conn Smythe Trophy winners]] [[Category:Edmonton Oilers players]] [[Category:Edmonton Oilers (WHA) players]] [[Category:Gretzky faimily|Wayne]] [[Category:Hart Memorial Trophy winners]] [[Category:Hockey Haw o Fame inductees]] [[Category:Ice hockey fowk frae Ontario]] [[Category:Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics]] [[Category:Indianapolis Racers players]] [[Category:Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winners]] [[Category:Lester Patrick Trophy recipients]] [[Category:Lester B. Pearson Awaird winners]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Los Angeles Kings players]] [[Category:Lou Marsh Trophy winners]] [[Category:National Hockey League Aw-Starns]] [[Category:National Hockey League executives]] [[Category:National Hockey League ainers]] [[Category:National Hockey League players wi reteert nummers]] [[Category:New York Rangers players]] [[Category:Olympic caudron lichters]] [[Category:Olympic ice hockey players o Canadae]] [[Category:Order o Hockey in Canadae recipients]] [[Category:Fowk frae Brantford]] [[Category:Peterborough Petes (ice hockey) players]] [[Category:Phoenix Coyotes coaches]] [[Category:Recipients o the Olympic Order]] [[Category:Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds players]] [[Category:St. Louis Blues players]] [[Category:Stanley Cup champions]] [[Category:Toronto Argonauts ainers]] mt9dqpi3xd6j9sgv845orcpyfcewqvu 0 69889 928061 914830 2026-11-11T16:55:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox power station | name = Cockenzie pouer station | official_name = | image = Cockenzie Power station.jpg | image_caption = Cockenzie Pouer Station<br /><small>Viewed frae the sooth in Mairch 2003</small> | location_map = UK Scotland |relief=1 | coordinates = {{coord|type:landmark|format=dms}} | coordinates_ref = | country = Scotland | locale = [[Cockenzie]] | status = Closed | construction_began = | commissioned = 1967 | licence_expires = | decommissioned = 15 Mairch 2013 | cost = | owner = | operator = [[South of Scotland Electricity Board]]<br />''(1967–1991)''<br />[[Scottish Power]]<br />''(1991–2013)'' | developer = | constructor = | primary_fuel = Coal | secondary_fuel = | tertiary_fuel = | generation_units = | turbine_manu_other = | thermal_power_all = | cogeneration_all = | combined_cycle = | ghg_emission = | installed_capacity = 1,200&nbsp;MW | max_planned_cap = | capacity_factor = | average_annual_gen = | net_generation = | website = | as_of = | extra = {{gbmapping|NT394754}} }} '''Cockenzie pouer station''' is a closed [[Fossil fuel pouer plant|coal-fired pouer station]] in [[East Lothian]], Scotland. It feenisht makin electricity oan 15 Mairch 2013, wi the twa chimleys taen doon an the rest o it within twa or three years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=End Of An Era For Cockenzie Power Station – 45 Years Of Electricity Generation Comes To A Close|url=https://www.scottishpower.com/news/pages/end_of_an_era_for_cockenzie_power_station_45_years_of_electricity_generation_comes_to_a_close.aspx|access-date=2022-01-19|website=ScottishPower|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119211107/https://www.scottishpower.com/news/pages/end_of_an_era_for_cockenzie_power_station_45_years_of_electricity_generation_comes_to_a_close.aspx|archive-date=2022-01-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Cockenzie Power station demolition.jpg|left|thumb|Cockenzie pouer station demoleetion]] == References == [[Category:Biggins an structurs in East Lowden]] [[Category:Biofuel pouer stations in Scotland]] [[Category:Coal-fired pouer stations in Scotland]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs completit in 1967]] <references /> [[Category:Demolished biggins an structurs in Scotland]] 95jt4oz7vzui1fompdbfxsis8ay1gyb 0 69895 928062 927455 2026-11-11T17:01:12Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Cruachan Pouer Station | image = Dam at Cruachan reservoir.jpg | image_caption = The dam that hauds back the upper reservoir | coordinates = {{coord|56|24|23|N|05|06|47|W|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = Scotland | location = [[Argyll an Bute]] | status = Wirkin | construction_began = 1959<ref name=hist/> | opening = 15 October 1965 | owner = Drax Power | res_name = Cruachan Reservoir | res_capacity_total = {{cvt|10000000|m3}}<ref name=site>{{cite web |url=http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSiteComplete2011.pdf |title=Cruachan Power Station: Site Information |publisher=Scottish Power |access-date=26 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010302/http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSiteComplete2011.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (7 GWh) | lower_res_name = Loch Awe | plant_pumpgenerators = 4 | plant_hydraulic_head = {{Convert|396|m|abbr=on}} | plant_capacity = {{convert|440|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = {{convert|705|GWh|abbr=on}} {{small|(2009)}}<ref name=spew/> | website = {{URL|http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/}} }} '''Cruachan Pouer Station''' (also kent as the '''Cruachan Dam''') is a pumped-storage [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] pouer station in [[Argyll an Bute]], Scotland, in the UK. The scheme can gie 440{{nbsp}}MW o pouer, an it produced 705{{nbsp}}GWh in 2009. The [[Turbine|turbine]] haw is inside Ben Cruachan, an the scheme shifts watter atween Cruachan Reservoir an [[Loch Awe]], a heicht difference o {{cvt|396|m}}. It is ane o only fower pumped-storage pouer stations in the Unitit Kinrick, an it can gie a black stairt capability tae the {{lang|en|National Grid}}. Cruachan uises cheap electricity makkit at nicht tae pump watter up tae the heicher reservoir, an the watter can then be let oot through the day tae gie pouer as it is needit. ==Location== The pouer station is on the A85 road, aboot {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=in}} wast o Dalmally, on a brainch o Loch Awe that leads tae the River Awe, the ootflow o the loch at its north-wast corner. The Falls of Cruachan railway station, open at some seasons, is nearhaund. ==History== Wark stairtit in 1959, an Queen [[Elizabeth II]] appent the pouer station on 15 October 1965.<ref name=hist>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/about/history.asp |title=Cruachan: The Hollow Mountain: History |publisher=Visit Cruachan |access-date=26 April 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132707/http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/about/history.asp |archive-date=28 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sir Edward MacColl, that designed the concept, died afore it wis appent.<ref name=hist/><ref name=beeb/> At the heicht o the biggin, aboot 4,000{{nbsp}}fowk wis wirkin on the project.<ref name=herald/> Thirty-sax men died in the biggin o the pouer station an the dam.<ref name=reg>{{cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/07/23/reg_man_delves_deep_to_find_the_power/ |title=Boffins, Tunnel Tigers and Scotland's world-first power mountain |author=Bill Ray |newspaper=The Register |date=23 July 2013 |access-date=24 July 2013}}</ref> The scheme cost {{GBP|24.5 million}}.<ref name=herald/> Cruachan wis ane o the first reversible pumped-storage systems, whaur the same turbines wirk baith as pumps an as generators.<ref name=con>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ihbc.org.uk/context_archive/109/fleetwood/fleetwood.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711005136/http://www.ihbc.org.uk/context_archive/109/fleetwood/fleetwood.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-07-11 |first=David |last=Fleetwood |title=Ben Cruachan's hidden giant |journal=Context |issue=109 |date=May 2009 |publisher=Institute of Historic Building Conservation}}</ref> It is ane o fower pumped-storage schemes in the Unitit Kinrick.<ref name=cd>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-26124572 |title=Cruachan hydro power station output 'could double' |work=BBC News |date=11 February 2014 |access-date=28 April 2014}}</ref> Its biggin wis tied tae that o [[Hunterston A nuclear pouer station]], tae store electrical energy makkit bi nuclear pouer at nicht that wisna needit.<ref name=herald>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/mountain-of-power-to-get-pounds-18-5m-facelift-1.118295 |title=Mountain of power to get £18.5m facelift |author=James Freeman |newspaper=The Herald |date=19 May 2003 |access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref> The pouer station wis rin first bi the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board, an wis later haundit ower tae the South of Scotland Electricity Board.<ref name=dno/> ScottishPower owned it frae the privatisation o Breetain's electricity industry in 1990 till Drax Group bocht it, alang wi ither ScottishPower assets, on 1 Januar 2019.<ref>[http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/opinion/opinionpumped-storage-what-are-its-prospects-4292101/ "Pumped storage: what are its prospects?"] ''AECOM'' / ''International Water Power and Dam Construction. Global Trade Media'', 13 June 2014. Retrieved: 21 January 2015.</ref> ==Design== The Cruachan station stores energy for a while at times o law demand, an lets it oot at times o heich demand, when electricity prices are heicher.<ref name=spew/> That cuts the maximum pouer that ither pouer stations hae tae gie. Awthou it uises some rainwatter, Cruachan isna a net generator o electricity: it uises mair energy for pumpin watter an spinnin its turbines nor it generates.<ref name=spew/> Aboot 10% o the energy frae the station comes frae rainwatter; the lave comes frae the watter pumped up frae Loch Awe.<ref name=spew/> The station can generate {{convert|440|MW}} o electricity frae fower turbines, twa o {{convert|100|MW}} an twa o {{convert|120|MW}} capacity, efter twa units wis upgradit in 2005.<ref name=f72>{{harvnb|Fleetwood|2010|p=72}}</ref><ref name=dno>{{cite web |url=http://www.theiet.org/communities/powergen/all-energy/lessons-learned.cfm?type=pdf |title=IET Presentation |date=19 May 2010 |first=John |last=Strettle |publisher=The Institution of Engineering and Technology|access-date=27 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427223953/http://www.theiet.org/communities/powergen/all-energy/lessons-learned.cfm?type=pdf |archive-date=27 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.varleyhyd.com/casestudies.asp |title=Case Studies |publisher=Varley Hydraulics |access-date=28 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428165102/http://www.varleyhyd.com/casestudies.asp |archive-date=28 April 2014}}</ref> It can gang frae staundby tae full production in twa{{nbsp}}meenits, or in 30{{nbsp}}seconds if compressed air is uised tae stairt the turbines spinnin.<ref name=et/> The pouer station haes tae keep a 12-oor supply o watter tae gie a black stairt capability tae the {{lang|en|National Grid}}, that lets utilities be stairtit again wioot ony ootside pouer.<ref name=dno/><ref name=et/> In Juin 2021 Drax applied tae big a further 600{{nbsp}}MW pumped-storage system that wid uise the same reservoir, for a combined 1{{nbsp}}GW wi seiven hours o storage.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lempriere |first1=Molly |title=Drax to expand pumped storage hydro station Hollow Mountain |url=https://www.solarpowerportal.co.uk/news/drax_to_expand_pumped_storage_hydro_station_hollow_mountain |website=Solar Power Portal |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210625191811/https://www.solarpowerportal.co.uk/news/drax_to_expand_pumped_storage_hydro_station_hollow_mountain |archive-date=25 June 2021 |language=en |date=25 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Approval wis gien in Julie 2023, an Drax intendit tae finish the project in 2030.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 July 2023 |title=Drax approved for 600MW Cruachan 2 Scottish hydro |url=https://renews.biz/87128/drax-wins-permit-for-600mw-cruachan-2-scottish-hydro/ |website=ReNews.biz}}</ref> In Mey 2025 Drax pit the expansion on hauld, giein the risin costs o the project as the raison.<ref>{{cite news |title='Hollow Mountain' hydro power plant expansion put on hold |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c5yly4x3gedo |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=BBC News |date=7 May 2025}}</ref> ===Turbine haw=== There are fower Francis turbines, that wirk baith as pumps an as generators. They are hoosed in a cavern inside Ben Cruachan, {{cvt|91.5|m}} lang, {{cvt|23.5|m}} wide an {{cvt|38|m}} heich, wi a transformer haw aside it.<ref name=et>{{cite web |url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1006 |title=Cruachan Hydroelectric Scheme |publisher=engineering-timelines.com |access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref> Tae big the pouer station, {{convert|220000|m3}} o rock haed tae be taen oot.<ref name=et/> ===Reservoir=== Cruachan Reservoir is {{cvt|396|m}} abuin Loch Awe, an it is held back bi a dam {{cvt|316|m}} lang.<ref name=site/><ref name=spew>{{cite web |url=http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSite.pdf |title=Cruachan Power Station: Site Information |publisher=Scottish Power |access-date=26 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104440/http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSite.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Environmental restrictions meant that the dam haed tae look "clean", an for that raison the operational equipment is hoosed inside the dam wa.<ref name=con/><ref name=et/> ==Tourist attraction== The conservation organisation DoCoMoMo listit the pouer station as ane o the saxty key monuments o post-war Scots architecture.<ref name=con/> In November 2012 the pouer station received the Engineering Heritage Award o the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.<ref name=beeb>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-20562195 |work=BBC News |title=Engineering award for Cruachan power station's 'hidden' hydro scheme |date=30 November 2012 |access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref> A visitor centre, refurbished in 2009, staunds bi the ootflow tae Loch Awe, an aboot 50,000{{nbsp}}visitors come tae it ilka year.<ref name=et/><ref name=bi>{{cite web |url=http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanBio2011.pdf |title=Cruachan Power Station: Biodiversity Information |publisher=Scottish Power |access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> The pouer station hauds a modrenist [[Mural|mural]] in three sections, {{cvt|48x12|foot|m}}, in wid, plastic an gowd leaf, bi the Inglis artist Elizabeth Falconer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/oct/12/hidden-treasure-the-modernist-mural-buried-in-a-scottish-mountain |title=Hidden treasure: the modernist mural buried in a Scottish mountain|first=Philip|last=Oltermann |date=12 October 2015|work=The Guardian|access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> ==In popular culture== In episode sax o the [[Disney+]] ''[[Star Wars]]'' series ''[[Andor (TV series)|Andor]]'', "The Eye", Cruachan Pouer Station appeared as the [[Galactic Empire (Star Wars)|Empire's]] supply hub on the planet Aldhani.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cjenj90452ro |title=When Star Wars took over a Scottish hydro scheme |work=BBC News |date=5 December 2022 |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Soorces== * {{cite book |url=http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/power-to-the-people.pdf |title=Power to the People |publisher=Historic Scotland |year=2010 |first=David |last=Fleetwood |isbn=978-1-84917-036-9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111514/http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/power-to-the-people.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2014-11-17 |url-status=dead }} ==Freemit links== {{Commons category|Cruachan Dam}} * {{cite video |url=http://ssa.nls.uk/film.cfm?fid=2214 |title=The Hollow Mountain |author=R. S. Riddell Black |publisher=North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board / National Library of Scotland |work=Scottish Screen Archive |year=1966}} * {{cite video |url= http://www.britishpathe.com/video/hydroelectric-royal-opening-aka-queen-opens-cruach |title= Hydroelectric Royal Opening |publisher= British Pathé |year= 1965}} [[Category:Pumped storage pouer stations]] [[Category:Hydroelectric pouer stations in Scotland]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs in Argyll an Bute]] [[Category:Dams completit in 1965]] 5cwkm7pdm6ize5pyhlfkfui6c23mypd 0 71860 928134 915762 2026-11-11T23:17:27Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Serednie | native_name = Середнє | native_name_lang = uk | settlement_type = [[Urban-teep dounset]] | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_shield = Srednee pgt coa 1860.gif | shield_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map1 = Ukraine Zakarpattia Oblast | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption1 = Location o Serednie in Zakarpattia Oblast | coordinates = {{coord|48|32|21|N|22|30|44|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{UKR}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Oblasts o Ukraine|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Zakarpattia Oblast}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Raions o Ukraine|Destrict]] | subdivision_name2 = [[File:UKR У́жгородський райо́н flag.jpg|23px|border]] [[Uzhhorod Raion]] | established_title = First mentioned | established_date = 14t century | established_title1 = Toun status | established_date1 = 1971 | leader_party = | leader_title = Toun Heid | leader_name = Emerikh Krytskiy | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Serednie (Zakarpattia Oblast, Uzhhorod Raion)|url=http://weather.in.ua/en/zakarpatskaja/23718|work=weather.in.ua|accessdate=5 June 2012|language=English}}</ref> | elevation_m = 119 | population_footnotes = | population_total = {{increase}} 3,733 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | timezone = EET | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = EEST | utc_offset_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = [[Postal code]] | postal_code = 89452 | area_code_type = [[Telephone nummerin plan|Aurie code]] | area_code = +380 312 | website = [http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/z7502/A005?rdat1=29.06.2008&rf7571=11694 http://rada.gov.ua/] | footnotes = }} '''Serednie''' ({{lang-uk|Середнє}}; {{lang-hu|Szerednye}}) is an [[urban-teep dounset]] in the [[Uzhhorod Raion]] ([[raion|destrict]]) o [[Zakarpattia Oblast]] ([[oblast|province]]) in wastren [[Ukraine]].<ref name=rada>{{cite web|title=Serednie, Zakarpattia Oblast, Uzhhorod Raion|url=http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/z7502/A005?rdat1=29.06.2008&rf7571=11694|work=Regions of Ukraine and their Structure|publisher=[[Verkhovna Rada{{!}}Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine]]|accessdate=5 June 2012|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> The toun's population wis 3,505 as o the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian Census]]<ref name=rada/> an 3,733 in 2011.<ref name=stat>{{cite web|title=Actual Population of Ukraine on January 1, 2011|url=http://stat6.stat.lviv.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ/2011/chnas.zip|work=[[State Statistics Committee of Ukraine]]|publisher=Main Statistical Office in L'viv region|accessdate=5 June 2012|language=Ukrainian|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]|archive-date=2012-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010205321/http://stat6.stat.lviv.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ/2011/chnas.zip|url-status=dead}}</ref> Geographically, Serednie is locatit exactly atween the ceeties o [[Uzhhorod]], the destrict's admeenistrative centre, an [[Mukachevo]]. The veelage hooses the remains o a [[Romanesque airchitectur|Romanesque]] castle.<ref>{{cite web|title=Serednie Castle|url=http://www.uzhgorod.ws/architecture_castle_seredne.htm|work=Public-Informational Portal of the city of Uzhhorod|accessdate=6 June 2012|language=Ukrainian|archive-date=2009-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021072737/http://www.uzhgorod.ws/architecture_castle_seredne.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The veelage itsel wis first mentioned in the 14t century,<ref name=zamki>{{cite web|title=Serednie Castle in the village of Serednie|url=http://zamki-kreposti.com.ua/zakarpatskaya-oblast/serednjanskij-zamok-srednee|work=Zamki-Kreposti.com.ua|accessdate=6 June 2012|language=Russian}}</ref> awtho airchaeologists hae datit the castle back tae the 12t century.<ref name=kingdom>{{cite web|title=Serednje|url=http://ukraine.kingdom.kiev.ua/region/06/seredne_en.php|work=Architectural and Natural Monuments of Ukraine|accessdate=6 June 2012|language=Russian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829153512/http://ukraine.kingdom.kiev.ua/region/06/seredne_en.php|archive-date=2015-08-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> The castle is said tae hae been built bi the [[Knichts Templar]].<ref name=kingdom/><ref>{{cite web|title=Serednie|url=http://www.bestukrainetravel.com/2010/10/serednie/|work=BestUkraineTravel|accessdate=6 June 2012|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213956/http://www.bestukrainetravel.com/2010/10/serednie/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Serednie. Castle of the Knights Templar|url=http://www.castles.com.ua/se.html|work=Castles and Monuments of Ukraine|accessdate=6 June 2012|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{Commons-inline|Category:Serednie|Serednie}} {{Zakarpattia Oblast}} [[Category:Urban-teep dounsets in Zakarpattia Oblast]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 14t century]] nqb63cvz1lqgwrygtroipqzafx89kyc 0 73915 928064 918251 2026-11-11T17:09:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Korean settlement | title = Deungchon-dong | img = | imgwidth = | imgcaption = | hangul = {{linktext|등|촌|동}} | hanja = {{linktext|登|村|洞}} | rr = Deungchon-dong | mr = Dŭngch'on-tong | area_km2 = 2.3 | pop = 74907 | popnote = <ref name="encyber" /> | popyear = 2001 | popden_km2 = 32568 | popdennote = | divs = | map = |mapcaption = }} '''Deungchon-dong''' is a ''[[dong (neebourheid)|dong]]'', neebourheid o [[Gangseo-gu, Seoul|Gangseo-gu]] in [[Seoul]], [[Sooth Korea]].<ref name="encyber">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=732176&contentno=732176|title=등촌동 (Deungchon-dong 登村洞)|publisher=Doosan Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-04-19|language=Korean}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Gangseo-gu">{{cite web |url=http://www.gangseo.seoul.kr/dong/intro/history.jsp?dcode=DC3 |publisher=Gangseo-gu official site |title=The origin of Deungchon-dong |accessdate=2008-04-19 |language=Korean |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229035839/http://www.gangseo.seoul.kr/dong/intro/history.jsp?dcode=DC3 |archive-date=2024-12-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Attractions== [[Jin Air]] haes its heidquairters in Deungchon-dong.<ref>"[http://www.jinair.com/images/eng/footer/footer_copy.gif footer_copy.gif] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302214636/http://www.jinair.com/images/eng/footer/footer_copy.gif |date=2012-03-02 }}." [[Jin Air]]. Retrieved on October 9, 2010. "Address: 653-25 Deungchondong, Gangseogu, Seoul" [http://www.jinair.com/images/footer_copy.gif Address in Korean] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208141826/http://www.jinair.com/images/footer_copy.gif |date=2011-02-08 }}: "서울강서구등촌동653-25"</ref> SBS Open Hall, locatit in Deungchon-dong, is the broadcast an recordin centre o mony [[Seoul Broadcasting System]] programmes wi a [[studio audience]], namely the live weekly muisic show ''[[The Music Trend]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to apply for K-Pop Music Shows|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/CU/CU_EN_8_7_2_1.jsp|work=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=3 June 2012|archive-date=2015-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627191445/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/CU/CU_EN_8_7_2_1.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> == See an aw == *[[Admeenistrative diveesions o Sooth Korea]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.gangseo.seoul.kr/english/index.html Gangseo-gu offeecial wabsteid]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{ko}} [http://www.gangseo.seoul.kr/portal/introduc/main4_map.jsp Gangseo-gu map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041030041347/http://www.gangseo.seoul.kr/portal/introduc/main4_map.jsp |date=2004-10-30 }} at the Gangseo-gu offeecial wabsteid *{{ko}} [http://www.gangseo.seoul.kr/dong/index.jsp Dong Resident offices of Gangseo-gu]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202140208/http://www.gangseo.seoul.kr/dong/index.jsp |date=2024-12-02 }} {{Gangseo-gu, Seoul}} [[Category:Neebourheids o Gangseo-gu, Seoul]] {{coord missing|Sooth Korea}} acpdtbdg1ufkgnaw2z72fmmfavo4lvx 0 74779 928120 831989 2026-11-11T22:13:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox UK place | country = Scotland | official_name = Preswick | scots_name= | gaelic_name=Preastabhaig | population = 14,934 | population_ref = (2001) | os_grid_reference = NS349255 | map_type = Scotland | coordinates = {{coord|55.495551|-4.614160|display=inline,title}} | civil_parish = Monkton an Prestwick | unitary_scotland = [[Sooth Ayrshire]] | lieutenancy_scotland = [[Ayrshire an Arran]] | constituency_westminster = [[Central Ayrshire (UK Pairlament constituency)|Central Ayrshire]] | constituency_scottish_parliament = [[Ayr (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Ayr]] | post_town = PRESWICK | postcode_district = KA9 | postcode_area = KA | dial_code = 01292 |static_image=File:Prestwick_from_the_air_2.jpg}} '''Preswick''' or Prestwick<ref>https://d3lmsxlb5aor5x.cloudfront.net/library/document/Map_of_Scotland_in_Scots-Guide_and_gazetteer.pdf</ref> ({{lang-en|Prestwick}},<ref name=railwaynames>{{Cite web |url=http://newsnetscotland.com/index.php/component/content/article/2999-list-of-railway-station-names.html |title=List of railway station names in English, Scots and Gaelic – NewsNetScotland |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122064223/http://newsnetscotland.com/index.php/component/content/article/2999-list-of-railway-station-names.html |archive-date=2013-01-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{lang-gd|Preastabhaig}})<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=1054 |title=Aineman-Àite na h-Alba ~ Gaelic Place-names of Scotland |access-date=2014-05-18 |archive-date=2014-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134426/http://www.gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=1054 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a toun in [[Sooth Ayrshire]] on the sooth-wast coast o [[Scotland]], aboot {{convert|30|mi|km|-1}} sooth-wast o [[Glesga]]. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Touns in Sooth Ayrshire]] [[Category:Post touns in the KA postcode aurie]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] {{Stub/Places o Scotland}} 8vo551qqnlbw4oz8r7op4v4co8ufr5f 0 75501 928117 885783 2026-11-11T21:50:22Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928117 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Colombia - Cundinamarca - Paratebueno.svg|thumb|right|250px|Location o the toun an municipality o '''Paratebueno''' in [[Cundinamarca]].]] '''Paratebueno''' is a municipality an toun o [[Colombie]] in the [[Depairtments o Colombie|depairtment]] o [[Cundinamarca]]. ==Freemit airtins== *{{es icon}} [http://paratebueno-cundinamarca.gov.co/sitio.shtml Paratebueno offeecial wabsteid] {{Municipalities cundinamarca depairtment}} {{coord|4|22|31|N|73|12|47|W|source:kolossus-itwiki|display=title}} [[Category:Municipalities o Cundinamarca]] [[Category:Populatit places in Cundinamarca]] 77rhemdyyayc42wu3gd1d2vbqzl3rs7 0 76776 928116 927312 2026-11-11T21:23:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = Neymar | image = Neymar Junior Brazil V Morocco 13 June 2026-40.jpg | image_size = | caption = Neymar at the 2026 Warld Cup | fullname = Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior<ref name="Neymar">{{cite web|url=http://espnfc.com/player/_/id/132948/neymar-da-silva-santos-j%C3%BAnior?cc=3888|title=Neymar|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|02|05|df=y}}<ref name="Neymar" /> | birth_place = [[Mogi das Cruzes]], Brazil<ref name="Neymar" /> | height = {{convert|1.75|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}<ref>[http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/staff/players/neymar-jr "Neymar Jr. Profile"]. FC Barcelona.com. Retrieved 9 May 2014</ref> | number = 10 | position = Forward, weenger | currentclub = [[Santos FC|Santos]] | clubnumber = 10 | youthyears1 = 1999–2003 | youthclubs1 = Portuguesa Santista | youthyears2 = 2003–2009 | youthclubs2 = Santos | years1 = 2009–2013 | clubs1 = [[Santos FC|Santos]] | caps1 = 179 | goals1 = 107 | years2 = 2013–2017 | clubs2 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | caps2 = 123 | goals2 = 68 | years3 = 2017–2023 | clubs3 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps3 = 112 | goals3 = 82 | years4 = 2023–2025 | clubs4 = [[Al-Hilal FC|Al-Hilal]] | caps4 = 3 | goals4 = 0 | years5 = 2025– | clubs5 = [[Santos FC|Santos]] | caps5 = 38 | goals5 = 17 | nationalyears1 = 2009 | nationalteam1 = Brazil U17 | nationalcaps1 = 3 | nationalgoals1 = 1 | nationalyears2 = 2011 | nationalteam2 = Brazil U20 | nationalcaps2 = 7 | nationalgoals2 = 9 | nationalyears3 = 2012 | nationalteam3 = Brazil U23 | nationalcaps3 = 7 | nationalgoals3 = 4 | nationalyears4 = 2010–2026 | nationalteam4 = [[Brazil naitional fitbaw team|Brazil]] | nationalcaps4 = 130 | nationalgoals4 = 80 | medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry| {{BRA}}}} {{MedalSport|Men's Fitbaw}} {{MedalSilver|[[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Lunnon]]|Team Competition}} |club-update = 19:55, 5 October 2019 (UTC) |nationalteam-update = 18:40, 10 October 2019 (UTC) }} '''Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior''' ({{IPA-pt|nejˈmaʁ dɐ ˈsiwvɐ ˈsɐ̃tus ˈʒũɲoʁ}}; born 5 Februar 1992), aften kent juist as '''Neymar''', is a Brazilian professional [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]] that plays as an attackin midfielder or forrit for [[Santos FC|Santos]], that he caiptains an aw. He is Brazil's aw-time tap goalscorer, wi 80 goals in 130 gemmes, an retired frae internaitional fitbaw efter the 2026 World Cup.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49281072/neymar-brazil-retires-world-cup-2026-exit-norway |title=Tearful Neymar: Brazil career 'over' after World Cup exit to Norway |publisher=ESPN |date=5 July 2026 |access-date=6 July 2026 }}</ref> He becam weel kent wi Santos as a teenager, an flittit tae [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] in 2013. In 2017 he jyned [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] for a warld record €222 million.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 March 2019|title=10 Most Valuable Football Transfer Contracts So Far|url=https://sportycious.com/most-valuable-football-transfer-958846|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929115636/https://sportycious.com/most-valuable-football-transfer-958846|archive-date=29 September 2020|access-date=16 October 2019|website=Sportycious}}</ref> In August 2023 he signed for the Saudi club Al Hilal,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Which players have signed for the Saudi Pro League? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/25/which-players-have-signed-for-the-saudi-pro-league |access-date=8 July 2025 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> an in Januar 2025 he gaed back tae Santos.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2025 |title=Neymar returns to Brazilian club Santos after termination of contract in Saudi Arabia |url=https://apnews.com/article/saudi-al-hilal-neymar-terminate-contract-0c6470e475b427b6a240f0ec18e0bb48 |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=AP News }}</ref> Wi Brazil he wan the Olympic gowd medal in 2016, the kintra's first in men's fitbaw.<ref>{{cite web|title=Soccer: Neymar hands Brazil football gold medal|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-rio-soccer-m-idUSKCN10V0VE|work=Reuters|author=Andrew Downie|date=20 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305094045/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-rio-soccer-m-idUSKCN10V0VE|archive-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> At 19 Neymar wan the 2011 South American Footballer of the Year award, efter comin third in 2010.<ref name="goal.com">{{cite news | date = 31 December 2011 | url = http://www.goal.com/en/news/584/brazil/2011/12/31/2825160/santos-neymar-named-south-american-player-of-the-year | title = Santos' Neymar named South American Player of the Year |work=Goal.com | accessdate = 31 December 2011 }}</ref> He follit this bi winnin it again in 2012. In 2011 Neymar wis nominatit for the [[FIFA Ballon d'Or]], whaur he cam 10t, an the [[FIFA Puskás Award]] for Goal of the Year, that he wan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fifa.com/ballondor/puskasaward/index.html|title=Neymar beat Rooney|publisher=FIFA|access-date=2014-06-25|archive-date=2014-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310192610/http://www.fifa.com/ballondor/puskasaward/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is kent for his acceleration, speed, dribblin, finishin an skill wi baith feet. His style o play haes wan him critical acclaim, wi fans, media an umwhile players drawin comparison tae umwhile Brazil forrit [[Pelé]], that haes cried Neymar "an excellent player", while [[Ronaldinho]] haes said "he will be the best in the world".<ref>{{cite news | date = 3 August 2011 | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2011/aug/03/pele-neymar-premier-league-santos | title = Neymar should reject Premier League and stay at Santos, says Pelé | work = The Times | accessdate = 3 August 2011 | location = London | archive-date = 2013-03-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130322223931/http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2011/aug/03/pele-neymar-premier-league-santos | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/82/south-america/2012/12/07/3586215/ronaldinho-neymar-will-be-the-best-in-the-world "Ronaldinho: Neymar will be the best in the world"] Goal.com</ref> ==Early life== Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior wis born in [[Mogi das Cruzes]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], tae Neymar da Silva, Sr. an Nadine Santos. He gat his nem frae his faither, that is an umwhile fitbawer an becam his son's adviser as Neymar's talents grew.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.theage.com.au/sport/soccer/soccer-prodigy-neymar-is-at-home-in-brazil-20120710-21t7j.html | title = Soccer prodigy Neymar is at home in Brazil |work=The Age | accessdate = 10 July 2012 | location=Melbourne}}</ref> On his faither's role, Neymar haes said: "My father has been by my side since I was little. He takes care of things, my finances and my family."<ref name="Samba Star">{{cite news | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/01/sport/football/football-neymar-santos-brazil/index.html | title = Work and play – Brazil's samba star Neymar has it all | publisher=CNN | date=1 March 2012}}</ref> Growin up, Neymar combined his luve o [[futsal]] wi street fitbaw.<ref name="Back Page">{{cite web | url = http://backpagefootball.com/transfers/neymar-da-silva-santos-junior-the-world%E2%80%99s-hottest-property-2/ | title = Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior – The World’s Hottest Property? | publisher = Back Page Football | access-date = 2014-07-05 | archive-date = 2011-11-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111117105022/http://backpagefootball.com/transfers/neymar-da-silva-santos-junior-the-world%E2%80%99s-hottest-property-2/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2003 Neymar flittit wi his faimily tae [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]], whaur he began playin for youth side Portuguesa Santista.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://m.globoesporte.globo.com/sp/santos-e-regiao/noticia/2012/11/atuacao-brilhante-pelo-sub-12-da-briosa-quase-fez-neymar-ir-para-rival.html| title=Performance by the under-12 Briosa almost did Neymar hit with São Paulo| date=7 January 2013| access-date=2014-07-05| archive-date=2013-09-28| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928144251/http://m.globoesporte.globo.com/sp/santos-e-regiao/noticia/2012/11/atuacao-brilhante-pelo-sub-12-da-briosa-quase-fez-neymar-ir-para-rival.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> Later in 2003 thay flittit tae [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]], whaur Neymar jyned [[Santos FC]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://soccertalk.us/soccer-news/the-trajectory-of-a-soccer-star-neymar/| title=The Trajectory of a Soccer Star – Neymar| date=7 January 2013| access-date=2014-07-05| archive-date=2013-06-13| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613084109/http://soccertalk.us/soccer-news/the-trajectory-of-a-soccer-star-neymar| url-status=dead}}</ref> Wi the success o his youth career an the extra siller, the faimily bocht thair first property, a hoose next tae the Vila Belmiro. Thair life got better, as at 15 Neymar wis earnin 10,000 reais a month, an at 16, 125,000 reais a month. At 17 he signed a full professional contract, wis brocht up tae the Santos first team, an e'en got sponsorships.<ref name="Merca Foot">{{cite news |url=http://mercafoot.com/page/neymar-el-barcelona-piensa-en-su-fichaje-pero-podria-ser-sin-pep-guardiola-en-el-banquillo.html |title=Neymar: without Pep Guardiola on the Barce bench |publisher=Merca Foot |access-date=2014-07-05 |archive-date=2015-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611133541/http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid%3D2255077.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {{updated|match played 25 July 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|neymar-da-silva-santos-junior/102697|access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/football/player/_/id/132948/Neymar|title=Neymar Stats, News, Bio|publisher=ESPN|access-date=3 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022213548/http://espnfc.com/player/_/id/132948/neymar?cc=3888|archive-date=22 October 2013}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|State league{{efn|Includes [[Campeonato Paulista]]}} !colspan="2"|National cup{{efn|Includes [[Copa do Brasil]], [[Copa del Rey]], Coupe de France}} !colspan="2"|League cup{{efn|Includes Coupe de la Ligue}} !colspan="2"|Continental !colspan="2"|Other !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="6"|[[Santos FC|Santos]] |2009 |[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]] |33||10||12||3||3||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||48||14 |- |2010 |Série A |31||17||19||14||8||11||colspan="2"|—||2{{efn|name=COS|Appearances in Copa Sudamericana}}||0||colspan="2"|—||60||42 |- |2011 |Série A |21||13||11||4||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||13{{efn|name=COL|Appearances in [[Copa Libertadores]]}}||6||2{{efn|name=FCWC|Appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}}||1||47||24 |- |2012 |Série A |17||14||16||20||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||12{{efn|name=COL}}||8||2{{efn|Appearances in Recopa Sudamericana}}||1||47||43 |- |2013 |Série A |1||0||18||12||4||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||23||13 |- !colspan="2"|Total !103!!54!!76!!53!!15!!13!!colspan="2"|—!!27!!14!!4!!2!!225!!136 |- |rowspan="5"|[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] |2013–14 |[[La Liga]] |26||9||colspan="2"|—||3||1||colspan="2"|—||10{{efn|name=UCL|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}||4||2{{efn|Appearances in Supercopa de España}}||1||41||15 |- |2014–15 |La Liga |33||22||colspan="2"|—||6||7||colspan="2"|—||12{{efn|name=UCL}}||10||colspan="2"|—||51||39 |- |2015–16 |La Liga |34||24||colspan="2"|—||5||4||colspan="2"|—||9{{efn|name=UCL}}||3||1{{efn|name=FCWC}}||0||49||31 |- |2016–17 |La Liga |30||13||colspan="2"|—||6||3||colspan="2"|—||9{{efn|name=UCL}}||4||0||0||45||20 |- !colspan="2"|Total !123!!68!!colspan="2"|—!!20!!15!!colspan="2"|—!!40!!21!!3!!1!!186!!105 |- |rowspan="7"|[[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] |2017–18 |[[Ligue 1]] |20||19||colspan="2"|—||1||2||2||1||7{{efn|name=UCL}}||6||colspan="2"|—||30||28 |- |2018–19 |Ligue 1 |17||15||colspan="2"|—||3||2||1||1||6{{efn|name=UCL}}||5||1{{efn|name=TDC|Appearance in Trophée des Champions}}||0||28||23 |- |2019–20 |Ligue 1 |15||13||colspan="2"|—||2||2||3||1||7{{efn|name=UCL}}||3||0||0||27||19 |- |2020–21 |Ligue 1 |18||9||colspan="2"|—||3||1||colspan="2"|—||9{{efn|name=UCL}}||6||1{{efn|name=TDC}}||1||31||17 |- |2021–22 |Ligue 1 |22||13||colspan="2"|—||0||0||colspan="2"|—||6{{efn|name=UCL}}||0||0||0||28||13 |- |2022–23 |Ligue 1 |20||13||colspan="2"|—||2||1||colspan="2"|—||6{{efn|name=UCL}}||2||1{{efn|name=TDC}}||2||29||18 |- !colspan="2"|Total !112!!82!!colspan="2"|—!!11!!8!!6!!3!!41!!22!!3!!3!!173!!118 |- |rowspan="3"|[[Al-Hilal FC|Al-Hilal]] |2023–24 |[[Saudi Professional League|Saudi Pro League]] |3||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0||colspan="2"|—||2{{efn|name=ACL|Appearances in [[AFC Champions League|AFC Champions League]]}}||1||0||0||5||1 |- |2024–25 |Saudi Pro League |0||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0||colspan="2"|—||2{{efn|name=ACL}}||0||0||0||2||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !3!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!0!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!4!!1!!0!!0!!7!!1 |- |rowspan="3"|Santos |2025 |Série A |20||8||7||3||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||28||11 |- |2026 |Série A |9||6||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||3{{efn|name=COS}}||2||colspan="2"|—||16||8 |- !colspan="2"|Total !29!!14!!9!!3!!3!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!3!!2!!colspan="2"|—!!44!!19 |- !colspan="3"|Career total !370!!218!!85!!57!!49!!36!!6!!3!!115!!60!!10!!6!!635!!379 |} {{notelist}} ===International=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Appearances and goals by national team, year and competition<ref name="IntStatistics2">{{cite web | url = http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/39625/Neymar.html | title = Neymar | website = National Football Teams | access-date = 26 March 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141021141052/http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/39625/Neymar.html | archive-date = 21 October 2014}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |National team!! rowspan="2" |Year!! colspan="2" |Competitive!! colspan="2" |Friendly!! colspan="2" |Total |- !Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="17"|[[Brazil naitional fitbaw team|Brazil]] |2010||colspan="2"|–||2||1||2||1 |- |2011||4<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances at the [[2011 Copa América]]</ref>||2||9||5||13||7 |- |2012||colspan="2"|–||12||9||12||9 |- |2013||5<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances at the [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup]]</ref>||4||14||6||19||10 |- |2014||5<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances at the [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup]]</ref>||4||9||11||14||15 |- |2015||4<ref group="lower-alpha">Twa appearances an wan goal at the [[2015 Copa América]], twa appearances in the 2018 FIFA Warld Cup qualification</ref>||1||5||3||9||4 |- |2016||6<ref name="WCQ2018" group="lower-alpha">Appearance(s) in 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification</ref>||4||0||0||6||4 |- |2017||6<ref name="WCQ2018" group="lower-alpha" />||2||2||1||8||3 |- |2018||5<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances at the [[2018 FIFA Warld Cup]]</ref>||2||8||5||13||7 |- |2019||colspan="2"|–||5||1||5||1 |- |2020||2<ref name="WCQ2022" group="lower-alpha">Appearances in 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification</ref>||3||0||0||2||3 |- |2021||13<ref group="lower-alpha">Six appearances an twa goals at the 2021 Copa América, seiven appearances an three goals in the 2022 FIFA Warld Cup qualification</ref>||6||0||0||13||6 |- |2022||4<ref group="lower-alpha">Wan appearance an wan goal in the 2022 FIFA Warld Cup qualification, three appearances an twa goals at the [[2022 FIFA Warld Cup]]</ref>||3||4||4||8||7 |- |2023||4<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances in the 2026 FIFA Warld Cup qualification</ref>||2||0||0||4||2 |- |2024||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|– |- |2025||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|– |- |2026||2<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearance at the [[2026 FIFA Warld Cup]]</ref>||1||0||0||2||1 |- !colspan="2"|Total !60!!34!!70!!46!!130!!80 |} {{notelist}} ==Honours== ==== Santos ==== * [[Copa do Brasil]]: 2010<ref name="achievements">{{cite web |title=Neymar |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/staff/players/2016-2017/neymar-jr |publisher=FC Barcelona |access-date=11 August 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812023551/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/staff/players/2016-2017/neymar-jr |archive-date=12 August 2017 }}</ref> * [[Copa Libertadores]]: 2011 * Recopa Sudamericana: 2012 * [[Campeonato Paulista]]: 2010, 2011, 2012; runner-up: 2009, 2013 * [[FIFA Club World Cup]] runner-up: 2011 ==== Barcelona ==== * [[La Liga]]: 2014–15, 2015–16<ref name="achievements" /> * [[Copa del Rey]]: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17; runner-up: 2013–14 * Supercopa de España: 2013 * [[UEFA Champions League]]: 2014–15 * FIFA Club World Cup: 2015 ==== Paris Saint-Germain ==== * [[Ligue 1]]: 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2021–22, 2022–23 * Coupe de France: 2017–18, 2019–20, 2020–21; runner-up: 2018–19 * Coupe de la Ligue: 2017–18, 2019–20 * Trophée des Champions: 2018, 2020, 2022 * UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2019–20 ==== Al-Hilal ==== * [[Saudi Professional League|Saudi Pro League]]: 2023–24<ref name=":56">{{cite news |date=5 May 2024 |title="I Couldn't Give Them Much" – Injured Neymar Hints About Future With Al Hilal Following Saudi Pro League Triumph |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/soccer-football-news-i-couldnt-give-them-much-injured-neymar-hints-about-future-with-al-hilal-following-saudi-pro-league-triumph/ |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=Essentially Sports via internet archive |archive-date=2024-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514195912/https://www.essentiallysports.com/soccer-football-news-i-couldnt-give-them-much-injured-neymar-hints-about-future-with-al-hilal-following-saudi-pro-league-triumph/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Brazil U20 ==== * South American U-20 Championship: 2011<ref name="achievements" /> ==== Brazil U23 ==== * Summer Olympics gold medal: 2016 *Summer Olympics silver medal: 2012<ref>{{cite news |last=Irvin |first=Duncan |date=11 August 2012 |title=Mexico Wins Soccer Gold Medal, 2-1 |url=http://london2012.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/11/live-coverage-of-mexico-brazil-soccer-final/ |access-date=15 April 2025 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> ==== Brazil ==== * [[FIFA Confederations Cup]]: [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup|2013]]<ref name="Brazil 3–0 Spain">{{cite web|author=Ben Smith|date=1 July 2013|title=Brazil 3–0 Spain|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/23093784|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808215622/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/23093784|archive-date=8 August 2019|access-date=2 September 2017|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> * [[Copa América]] runner-up: 2021 [[File:Neymargoldenball.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Neymar wi the Golden Ball award for best player at the [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup|2013 Confederations Cup]]]] ==== Individual awards ==== * Copa do Brasil top scorer: 2010 * Bola de Prata: 2010, 2011 * Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year: 2010, 2011, 2012<ref>{{cite web|date=6 December 2010|title=Prêmio Craque do Brasileirão|url=http://globoesporte.globo.com/temporeal/cobertura/livre/06-12-2010/premio-craque-do-brasileirao/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110073731/http://globoesporte.globo.com/temporeal/cobertura/livre/06-12-2010/premio-craque-do-brasileirao/|archive-date=10 November 2020|access-date=19 May 2009|publisher=Globo Esporte|language=pt}}</ref><ref name="prêmiocraquedobrasileirão2011" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Conheça os grandes vencedores do futebol brasileiro |trans-title=Meet the big winners of Brazilian football |url=http://www.cbf.com.br/Not%C3%ADcias/2012/11/23/Conhe%C3%A7a%20os%20grandes%20vencedores%20do%20futebol%20brasileiro |date=23 November 2012 |access-date=23 November 2012 |publisher=CBF |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130141048/http://www.cbf.com.br/Not%C3%ADcias/2012/11/23/Conhe%C3%A7a%20os%20grandes%20vencedores%20do%20futebol%20brasileiro |archive-date=30 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Chuteira de Ouro: 2010, 2011, 2012 * South American U-20 Championship top scorer: 2011 * Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Best Player: 2011<ref name="prêmiocraquedobrasileirão2011">{{cite web |title=Os eleitos do Prêmio Craque do Brasileirão! |url=http://www.lanceactivo.com.br/www-lanceactivo-com-br-a-beira-do-campo/Blog/os-eleitos-do-premio-craque-do-brasileirao-/81551 |date=6 December 2011 |access-date=24 December 2011 |publisher=Lance! |language=pt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426071425/http://www.lanceactivo.com.br/www-lanceactivo-com-br-a-beira-do-campo/Blog/os-eleitos-do-premio-craque-do-brasileirao-/81551 |archive-date=26 April 2012 }}</ref> * Bola de Ouro: 2011, 2012 * Troféu Mesa Redonda Best Player: 2011,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://trofeumesaredonda.com.br/historico/2011.html#fotos-ano |title=Troféu Mesa Redonda 2011 |website=Troféu Mesa Redonda |language=pt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126181227/https://trofeumesaredonda.com.br/historico/2011.html#fotos-ano |archive-date=26 November 2024}}</ref> 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=https://trofeumesaredonda.com.br/historico/2012.html#fotos-ano |title=Troféu Mesa Redonda 2012 |website=Troféu Mesa Redonda |language=pt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122170925/https://trofeumesaredonda.com.br/historico/2012.html#fotos-ano |archive-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> * Copa Libertadores Best Player: 2011<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paulo |first=Por Felipe Zito São |date=2011-11-24 |title=Neymar recebe troféu de melhor jogador da Taça Libertadores 2011 |url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/santos/noticia/2011/11/neymar-recebe-trofeu-de-melhor-jogador-da-taca-libertadores-2011.html |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=globoesporte.com}}</ref> * Copa Libertadores top assist provider: 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rankings Copa Libertadores 2010/11 {{!}} Goalscorers, assists and more |url=https://www.besoccer.com/competition/rankings/copa_libertadores/2011 |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=BeSoccer EN |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * South American Footballer of the Year: 2011, 2012 * COB Best Player in Brazil: 2011, 2012<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-22 |title=Neymar es nombrado Mejor Jugador del año en Brasil |url=https://www.record.com.mx/historia/neymar-es-nombrado-mejor-jugador-del-ano-en-brasil-2025110212463467933 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=RÉCORD |language=es}}</ref> * ''World Soccer'' Young Player of the Year: 2011 * [[FIFA Club World Cup]] Bronze Ball: 2011 * [[FIFA Puskás Award]]: [[FIFA Puskás Award#2011|2011]] * Meus Prêmios Nick Favourite Athlete: 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nickelodeon {{!}} Homepage |url=https://www.nick.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514190023/http://meuspremiosnick.uol.com.br/vencedores/ |archive-date=2012-05-14 |access-date=2026-07-20 |website=Nick |language=pt}}</ref> * [[Campeonato Paulista]] top scorer: 2012 * Copa Libertadores top scorer: 2012 ^{(jynt wi Matías Alustiza)} * Campeonato Paulista Best Player: 2012,<ref name=":46" /> 2013<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neymar Jr. Official |url=https://www.neymarjr.com/ |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Neymar Jr. |language=en}}</ref> * ''El País'' Ideal Team of America: 2012<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-12-27 |title=Cuatro jugadores de la "U" integran el "Equipo Ideal de América 2012" |url=https://www.latercera.com/noticia/cuatro-jugadores-de-la-u-integran-el-equipo-ideal-de-america-2012/ |access-date=2026-07-20 |website=La Tercera |language=es}}</ref> * CBF & COB Copa Libertadores Team of the Year: 2012<ref name=":46">{{Cite web |title=Neymar Jr. Official |url=https://www.neymarjr.com/ |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Neymar Jr. |language=en}}</ref> * IFFHS World's Best International Goal Scorer runner-up: 2012, 2014<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFFHS |url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/914 |access-date=2026-06-19 |website=iffhs.com |archive-date=2022-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113210804/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/914 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball: [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup#Awards|2013]] * FIFA Confederations Cup Bronze Shoe: 2013 * FIFA Confederations Cup Dream Team: 2013 * FIFA World Cup Dream Team: [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup|2014]] * FIFA World Cup Bronze Boot: [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup|2014]] * ''L'Équipe'' Ideal XI: 2014,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Messi and Neymar named in L’Équipe Ideal XI |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/1115817/messi-and-neymar-named-in-lequipe-ideal-xi |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=FC Barcelona |language=en}}</ref> 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-03 |title=L'Equipe Name Their 2017 Team Of The Year |url=https://www.soccerladuma.co.za/international/messi-ronaldo-neymar-mbappe-watch/lequipe-name-their-2017-team-of-the-year-20180103 |access-date=2026-07-28 |website=Soccer Laduma |language=en}}</ref> 2020<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espn.com.br/futebol/artigo/_/id/7988886/com-neymar-sem-messi-jornal-frances-escala-selecao-melhores-temporada |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=espn.com.br|title=Com Neymar e sem Messi, jornal francês escala seleção de melhores da temporada|date=4 January 2021}}</ref> * Samba de Ouro: 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2021, 2022<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sambafoot.com/en/news/67568_neymar_wins_his_first_samba_gold.html |title=Neymar wins his first Samba Gold |website=Sambafoot |date=31 December 2014 |access-date=10 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094358/http://www.sambafoot.com/en/news/67568_neymar_wins_his_first_samba_gold.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Neymar wins the Samba Gold Award for the fourth time|url=https://www.sambafoot.com/en/news/neymar-wins-the-samba-gold-award-for-the-fourth-time|date=7 May 2021|access-date=7 May 2021|website=Sambafoot}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sambafoot.com/en/news/neymar-winner-samba-gold-2021|title=Neymar is the big winner of the Samba Gold Trophy 2021|last=Kolade|first=Daniel|date=2 February 2022|website=Sambafoot|access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sambafoot.com/news/neymar-is-the-winner-of-the-2022-samba-gold-trophy-player-wins-the-award-for-the-6th-time|title=Neymar is the winner of the 2022 Samba Gold Trophy; player wins the award for the 6th time|last=Seixas|first=Josué|date=8 February 2023|website=Sambafoot|access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref> * Copa del Rey top scorer: 2014–15<ref>{{cite web |title=Copa del Rey Top Scorer: 2014–15 |url=http://www.worldfootball.net/goalgetter/esp-copa-del-rey-2014-2015/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126190602/https://www.worldfootball.net/goalgetter/esp-copa-del-rey-2014-2015/ |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=24 May 2016 |publisher=World Football}}</ref> * UEFA Champions League top scorer: 2014–15 ^{(jynt wi [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] an [[Lionel Messi]])} * UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: 2014–15,<ref>{{cite news |date=9 June 2015 |title=UEFA Champions League squad of the season |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0253-0d802a501f23-68765bf409b3-1000--uefa-champions-league-squad-of-the-season/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611133541/http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid%3D2255077.html#uefa+champions+league+squad+season |archive-date=11 June 2015 |access-date=9 June 2015 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> 2019–20,<ref>{{cite news |date=28 August 2020 |title=UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0260-103d6b6179e6-7a1932c7a58c-1000--uefa-champions-league-squad-of-the-season |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114125542/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0260-103d6b6179e6-7a1932c7a58c-1000--uefa-champions-league-squad-of-the-season/ |archive-date=14 November 2020 |access-date=28 August 2020 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> 2020–21<ref>{{cite news |date=31 May 2021 |title=UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0269-12688c451cdd-b6efcb4ce948-1000--champions-league-all-star-squad/ |access-date=1 June 2021 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> * ''France Football'' Best Player in the World (U-23): 2015<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neymar é considerado por revista francesa o melhor jogador com até 23 anos |url=https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/futebol/ultimas-noticias/2015/03/19/neymar-e-considerado-por-revista-o-melhor-jogador-com-menos-de-23-anos.htm |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref> * La Liga Best American Player: 2014–15<ref>{{cite journal |date=30 November 2015 |title=Messi beats Ronaldo to top prize at La Liga awards |url=http://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/messi-beats-ronaldo-top-prize-la-liga-awards |journal=Four Four Two |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401183940/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/messi-beats-ronaldo-top-prize-la-liga-awards |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=8 March 2016}}</ref> * La Liga Player of the Month: November 2015<ref>[http://www.laliga.es/en/news/neymar-named-liga-bbva-player-of-the-month-for-november Neymar named Liga BBVA Player of the Month for November] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912234658/http://www.laliga.es/en/news/neymar-named-liga-bbva-player-of-the-month-for-november|date=12 September 2017}}; LFP.es 8 December 2015</ref> * FIFA Club World Cup top assist provider: 2015<ref>{{cite web |title=Club World Cup 2015 » Assists |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/assists/klub-wm-2015/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115131840/https://www.worldfootball.net/assists/klub-wm-2015/ |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=World Football}}</ref> * UEFA Team of the Year: 2015,<ref>{{cite news |date=8 January 2016 |title=Team of the Year 2015 |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0253-0d809ae6dd3b-3da0ae473003-1000--uefa-com-users-team-of-the-year-2015/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616091057/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0253-0d809ae6dd3b-3da0ae473003-1000--uefa-com-users-team-of-the-year-2015/?autoplay=true&referrer=%2fuefachampionsleague%2fnews%2fnewsid%3d2322451 |archive-date=16 June 2020 |access-date=8 January 2016 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> 2020<ref>{{cite news |date=20 January 2021 |title=UEFA.com fans' Team of the Year 2020 revealed |url=https://www.uefa.com/news-media/news/0265-1160a803540f-283794ce2b95-1000--uefa-com-fans-teams-of-the-year-2020-announced/ |access-date=20 January 2021 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> * ''France Football'' World XI: 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/detail/article/messi-neymar-jr-iniesta-and-alves-in-france-football-world-xi-of-2015|title=Messi, Neymar Jr, Iniesta and Alves in France Football World XI of 2015|publisher=FC Barcelona.com|date=30 December 2015|access-date=30 December 2015|archive-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608174905/http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/detail/article/messi-neymar-jr-iniesta-and-alves-in-france-football-world-xi-of-2015|url-status=live}}</ref> * ''Sky Sports'' Top 100 Players of the Year runner-up: 2015,<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |date=26 December 2015 |title=Messi, Neymar Named Top Players Of Year |url=https://news.sky.com/story/messi-neymar-named-top-players-of-year-10334797 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> 2016<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2016 |title=Top 100 players of 2016 |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11096/10704085/top-100-players-of-2016-full-list-as-ranked-by-whoscored-com |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> * ''L'Équipe'' Top 100 Players of the Year runner-up: 2015<ref name=":60">{{Cite web |title=Leo Messi, Neymar Jr and Luis Suárez are top 3 players, according to l'Equipe |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/1072964/leo-messi-neymar-jr-and-luis-suarez-are-top-players-according-to-lequipe |access-date=2026-07-26 |website=www.fcbarcelona.com |language=en}}</ref> * [[Ballon d'Or]] third place: 2015, 2017<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cox |first=Michael |date=2023-09-11 |title=Neymar deserves to be considered one of football’s true greats |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4838524/2023/09/09/neymar-pele-brazil/ |access-date=2026-06-11 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * FIFA FIFPRO World 11: 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2016 |title=2015 FIFA FIFPro World XI revealed |url=https://www.fifa.com/the-best-fifa-football-awards/news/2015-fifa-fifpro-world-xi-revealed-2754606 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926045700/https://www.fifa.com/the-best-fifa-football-awards/news/2015-fifa-fifpro-world-xi-revealed-2754606 |archive-date=26 September 2019 |access-date=15 January 2021 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> 2017<ref>{{cite web |date=24 October 2017 |title=HISTORY - THE FIFA FIFPRO WORLD 11 OF 2017 |url=https://www.fifpro.org/en/industry/world-11/history-the-fifa-fifpro-world-11-of-2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207161004/https://fifpro.org/en/industry/world-11/history-the-fifa-fifpro-world-11-of-2017 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=FIFPRO}}</ref> * UEFA Champions League top assist provider: 2015–16, 2016–17<ref>{{cite web |title=Champions League 2016/2017 " Assists |url=http://www.worldfootball.net/assists/champions-league-2016-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805142321/https://www.worldfootball.net/assists/champions-league-2016-2017/ |archive-date=5 August 2020 |access-date=25 October 2017 |publisher=WorldFootball}}</ref> * WhoScored?/''[[The Guardian]]'' La Liga Team of the Season: 2015–16<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laurence |first=Martin |date=2016-05-18 |title=Teams of the season: best XIs from the Premier League and around Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/who-scored-blog/2016/may/18/premier-league-team-season-2015-16 |access-date=2026-07-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> * COB Best Footballer of the Olympics: 2016<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Neymar Jr. Official |url=https://www.neymarjr.com/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Neymar Jr. |language=en}}</ref> * WhoScored?/''[[The Guardian]]'' Team of the Year: 2016<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laurence |first=Martin |date=2017-01-10 |title=An alternative to Fifa's team of 2016 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/who-scored-blog/2017/jan/10/fifa-best-team-year-2016-alternative |access-date=2026-07-04 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> * IFFHS Men's World Team: 2017<ref>{{cite web |date=12 December 2017 |title=THE IFFHS MEN WORLD TEAM 2017 |url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/480 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115130546/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/480 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |publisher=IFFHS}}</ref> * IFFHS World's Best Left Winger: 2017<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFFHS |url=https://www.iffhs.com/awards/31 |access-date=2026-06-19 |website=iffhs.com }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * ''L'Équipe'' Les 30 qui font le foot Français first place: 2017<ref>{{Cite web |title=Les 30 qui font le foot français - 1er : Neymar, système solaire |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Article/Les-30-qui-font-le-foot-francais-neymar-systeme-solaire/863618 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref> * Ligue 1 top assist provider: 2017–18<ref name=":39">{{Cite web |title=PSG 2017-18: Neymar's highs and lows in a title-winning season|url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-my/football/ligue-1/articles/psg-2017-18-neymars-highs-and-lows-in-a-tit-7 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=beIN SPORTS -asia}}</ref> * UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Year: 2017–18<ref>{{cite news |title=Trophées UNFP : Neymar, Mbappé... Découvrez le palmarès 2018 |url=http://www.rtl.fr/sport/football/trophees-unfp-neymar-mbappe-decouvrez-le-palmares-2018-7793373391 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106095424/https://www.rtl.fr/sport/football/trophees-unfp-neymar-mbappe-decouvrez-le-palmares-2018-7793373391 |archive-date=6 January 2021 |access-date=14 May 2018 |publisher=RTL}}</ref> * UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2017–18,<ref name=":6">{{cite news |title=Trophées UNFP : Neymar élu joueur de Ligue 1, Le PSG rafle tout ou presque |url=http://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-1/actualites/la-ceremonie-des-trophees-unfp-en-direct-908921 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213021701/https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-1/actualites/la-ceremonie-des-trophees-unfp-en-direct-908921 |archive-date=13 December 2020 |access-date=13 May 2018}}</ref> 2018–19,<ref name=":7">{{cite web |date=19 May 2019 |title=Mbappé Wins Awards Double |url=https://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/article/mbappe-wins-awards-double.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525011547/https://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/article/mbappe-wins-awards-double.htm |archive-date=25 May 2019 |access-date=19 May 2019 |website=ligue1.com}}</ref> 2020–21<ref name=":16">{{cite news |date=24 May 2021 |title=Trophées UNFP : cinq Parisiens, deux Lillois et deux Lyonnais dans l'équipe type |trans-title=Trophées UNFP : five Parisiens, two Lillois and two Lyonnais in the typical team |url=https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-1/fil-info/trophees-unfp-cinq-parisiens-deux-lillois-et-deux-lyonnais-dans-l-equipe-type-1045019 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=Le Figaro |language=fr}}</ref> * ESM Team of the Year: 2017–18<ref name=":36">{{Cite news |title=Messi, Salah & Co.: Die ESM-Topelf der Saison |url=https://www.kicker.de/messi-salah-26-co-_die-esm-topelf-der-saison-725703/slideshow |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106090401/https://www.kicker.de/messi-salah-26-co-_die-esm-topelf-der-saison-725703/slideshow |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-06-26 |work=kicker |language=de-DE}}</ref> * CIES Football Observatory Most Valuable Player in Europe: 2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weekly Post 237 |url=https://football-observatory.com/IMG/sites/b5wp/2018/237/en/ |access-date=2026-07-28 |website=football-observatory.com}}</ref> * ''Placar'' magazine Best Brazilian Player Post-Pelé: 2019<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-02-14 |title=Revista Placar aponta Neymar como maior jogador brasileiro pós-Pelé e polemiza |url=https://esporte.ig.com.br/futebol/2019-02-14/neymar-revista-placar-melhor-pos-pele.html |access-date=2026-07-20 |website=Portal iG |language=pt-BR}}</ref> * ''France Football'' Team of the Decade: 2011–2020<ref>{{Cite web |last=NicolasB |date=2019-12-29 |title=Neymar seul joueur du PSG dans l'équipe-type de la décennie de France Football |url=https://www.parisfans.fr/autour-du-psg/neymar-seul-joueur-du-psg-dans-lequipe-type-de-la-decennie-de-france-football-438229.html |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=ParisFans |language=fr-FR}}</ref> * Trivela Team of the Decade: 2011–2020<ref name="auto2" /> * UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month: December 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neymar Jr. Official |url=https://www.neymarjr.com/ |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Neymar Jr. |language=en}}</ref> Januar 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2020 |title=Neymar gets Player of the Month nod for January |url=https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/NEWS/2020/02/21/neymar-gets-player-of-the-month-nod-for-january |access-date=25 September 2022 |website=Ligue1 }}</ref> August 2022<ref name="unfp.org">{{cite web |date=22 September 2022 |title=Neymar Jr, joueur du mois d'août de la Ligue 1 Uber Eats ! |trans-title=Neymar Jr, player of the month for August in Ligue 1 Uber Eats! |url=https://www.unfp.org/2022/09/neymar-jr-joueur-du-mois-daout-de-la-ligue-1-uber-eats/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |publisher=National Union of Professional Footballers |language=fr |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005124224/https://www.unfp.org/2022/09/neymar-jr-joueur-du-mois-daout-de-la-ligue-1-uber-eats/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''L'Équipe'' Best Player in Ligue 1: 2019–20<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |last=Sport |date=2020-05-03 |title=Neymar, nombrado mejor jugador de la Ligue 1 |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/neymar-nombrado-mejor-jugador-ligue-7948649 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Diario Sport |language=es |archive-date=30 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260630211306/https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/neymar-nombrado-mejor-jugador-ligue-7948649 |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''L'Équipe'' Ligue 1 Team of the Season: 2019–20<ref>{{Cite web |last=Español |first=En |date=2020-04-11 |title=Mbappe and Neymar named in L'Equipe's Ligue 1 team of the season |url=https://e01-marca.uecdn.es/en/football/international-football/2020/04/11/5e92036c268e3ef54d8b456c.html |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=MARCA in English |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * ''France Football'' Ligue 1 Team of the Season: 2019–20<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2020 |title=Neymar fica fora do top 3 do Campeonato Francês eleito pela France Football |url=https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/futebol/ultimas-noticias/lancepress/2020/05/01/neymar-fica-de-fora-da-lista-dos-tres-melhores-do-campeonato-frances-eleitos-pela-france-football.htm |website=Universo Online}}</ref> * ''France Football'' Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2020 |title=Com Neymar e mais três do PSG, revista francesa apresenta a seleção de 2020 do Francês |url=https://www.espn.com.br/futebol/artigo/_/id/7959877/com-neymar-e-mais-tres-do-psg-revista-francesa-apresenta-a-selecao-de-2020-do-frances |website=ESPN.com.br}}</ref> * IFFHS Best South American Player of the Decade runner-up: 2011–2020<ref name=":44">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-08 |title=Neymar Finished at 4th Behind Messi, Ronaldo and Iniesta for the IFFHS World's Best Player of the Decade Honor |url=https://onefootball.com/en/news/neymar-finished-at-4th-behind-messi-ronaldo-and-iniesta-for-the-iffhs-worlds-best-player-of-the-decade-honor-32344574 |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=OneFootball }}</ref> * IFFHS CONMEBOL Team of the Decade: 2011–2020<ref>{{cite web |date=26 January 2021 |title=IFFHS MAN TEAM - CONMEBOL - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020 |url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/921 |work=IFFHS |access-date=2026-07-29 |archive-date=2022-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011044/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/921 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * IFFHS All-time Men's South American Dream Team (B)<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFFHS |url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1116 |access-date=2026-06-19 |website=iffhs.com |archive-date=2022-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407062346/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1116 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Maracanã Hall of Fame<ref name="auto2" /> * Copa América Golden Ball: 2021^{(jynt wi Messi)} * Copa América Team of the Tournament: 2021<ref>{{cite news |date=13 July 2021 |title=Uno por uno, el equipo ideal de la CONMEBOL Copa América 2021 elegido por el GET |url=https://copaamerica.com/es/noticias/equipo-ideal-get-conmebol-copa-america-2021/ |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=Copa América |language=es}}</ref> * IFFHS Best Playmaker of the Copa América: 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFFHS |url=https://iffhs.com/posts/1194# |access-date=2026-06-19 |website=iffhs.com }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Globe Soccer Player Career Award: 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neymar Jr (Player Career Award) |url=https://www.globesoccer.com/winners/neymar-jr-player-career-award-2024/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Globe Soccer Awards }}</ref> * Campeonato Paulista Best Goal: 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=Neymar vence o prêmio de gol mais bonito do Paulistão 2025; veja o golaço |url=https://tntsports.com.br/futebolbrasileiro/Neymar-vence-o-premio-de-gol-mais-bonito-do-Paulistao-2025-veja-o-golaco-20250328-0029.html |website=TNT Sports.br }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category|Neymar}} *{{Official website|http://www.neymaroficial.com/}} {{pt icon}} *{{NFT player|pid=39625}} {{Paris Saint-Germain F.C. squad}} {{Navboxes colour |title=Brazil squads |bg=#FEDF00 |fg=#009B3A |bordercolor=#002776 |list1= {{Brazil squad 2011 Copa América}} {{Brazil men's football squad 2012 Summer Olympics}} {{Brazil squad 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{Brazil squad 2014 FIFA World Cup}} {{Brazil squad 2015 Copa América}} {{Brazil men's football squad 2016 Summer Olympics}} {{Brazil squad 2018 FIFA World Cup}} }} {{Navboxes colour |title= Awairds |bg= gold |fg= navy |bordercolor=black |list1= {{South American Youth Football Championship awards}} {{Copa do Brasil top scorers}} {{Chuteira de Ouro}} {{2010 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year}} {{2010 Bola de Prata}} {{2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year}} {{2011 Bola de Prata}} {{2012 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year}} {{Copa Santander Libertadores MVP Award}} {{Craque do Brasileirão}} {{Bola de Ouro}} {{South American Footballer of the Year}} {{FIFA Puskás Award winners}} {{Copa Libertadores top scorers}} {{FIFA Confederations Cup awards}} {{2014 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament}} {{Samba Gold}} {{Copa del Rey top scorers}} {{UEFA Champions League top scorers}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Neymar}} [[Category:1992 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Brazilian Christians]] [[Category:Brazilian fitbawers]] [[Category:Brazilian expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:Brazil youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Brazil internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Fitbawers at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:2013 FIFA Confederations Cup players]] [[Category:2014 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:Olympic fitbawers o Brazil]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in fitbaw]] [[Category:Olympic siller medallists for Brazil]] [[Category:Fowk frae Mogi das Cruzes]] [[Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Santos Futebol Clube players]] [[Category:FC Barcelona players]] [[Category:Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players]] [[Category:Sooth American Youth Championship players]] [[Category:2011 Copa América players]] [[Category:Medallists at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:FIFA Confederations Cup-winnin players]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Spain]] [[Category:Brazil unner-20 internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:2018 FIFA Warld Cup players]] nw6pf5tw0k68619wirwbjpo1g306ys3 0 78180 928046 927330 2026-11-11T16:10:32Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = Bernabé Ferreyra | image = Bernabe_ferreyra_posando.jpg | image_size = | caption = Ferreyra in 1936 while playin for [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]. | height = | birth_date = {{birth date|1909|2|12}} | birth_place = Rufino, [[Argentinae]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1972|5|22|1909|2|12}} | currentclub = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentinae]] | clubnumber = | position = Forrit | years1 = 1927–1932 | caps1 = 43 | goals1 = 45 | clubs1 = [[Club Atlético Tigre|Tigre]] | years2 = 1930–1931 | caps2 = 0 | goals2 = 0 | clubs2 = → [[Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield|Vélez Sársfield]] (loan) | years3 = 1932–1939 | caps3 = 185 | goals3 = 187 | clubs3 = [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] | nationalyears1 = 1930–1937 | nationalcaps1 = 4 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalteam1 = [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team|Argentinae]] }} '''Bernabé Ferreyra''' (12 Februar 1909 – 22 Mey 1972) wis a [[Argentinae|Argentine]] [[association fitbaw]] forrit. He wis ane o the first professional players in Argentine fitbaw tae become that popular that a film wis makkit aboot his life. ==Playin career== ===Club=== [[File:Bferreyra lastmatch 1939.jpg|thumb|left|Ferreyra an fans durin his last match in 1939.]] Ferreyra stairtit playin at 14 for Jorge Newbery, a local club in his hame toun. At 18 he gaed tae BAP, a club o Junín, [[Buenos Aires Province]]. His senior career stairtit in 1926 wi [[Newell's Old Boys]], whan Argentine fitbaw wis still amateur. Syne he gaed tae Tigre. He scored 4 goals against El Porvenir in his first match. He wis lent tae [[Club Atlético Huracán|Huracán]] for a tour o Brazil, whaur he played 8 matches an scored 11 goals. Atween 1930 an 1931 Tigre lent him for free tae [[Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield|Vélez Sársfield]], tae play wi the club durin thair Pan-American tour.<ref name=velez>{{cite web |url=http://www.velezsarsfield.net/club/historia/ |title=Historia del Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield |publisher=VelezSarsfield.net |language=Spanish |accessdate=2010-10-27 |archive-date=2012-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702234933/http://www.velezsarsfield.net/club/historia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He scored 38 goals wi the team durin the tour.<ref name=velez/> In 1932, Ferreyra wis transferred frae Tigre tae [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] for a record transfer fee o 23,000 poonds.<ref>[http://soccer-europe.com/Data/Finance/Historical.html Historical Soccer Transfers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626053806/http://soccer-europe.com/Data/Finance/Historical.html |date=2007-06-26 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.worldsoccer.com/features/historical_list_of_record_transfers_in_football_features_55678.html Feature Article – World Soccer News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629150928/http://www.worldsoccer.com/features/historical_list_of_record_transfers_in_football_features_55678.html |date=2011-06-29 }}</ref> The record stuid for 20 year, the langest it haes ever stuid unbroken. His first match for River wis on 13 Mairch 1932 against Chacarita. River wan 3–1 an Ferreyra scored 2 goals. He played 185 matches for River an scored 187 goals, an average o 1.01 goals a gemme.<ref name=tarin>{{Cite web |url=http://www.taringa.net/posts/deportes/2417760/Idolos-de-River-Plate---Bernabe-Ferreyra.html |title=Idolos de River Plate: Bernabé Ferreyra |access-date=2014-07-11 |archive-date=2015-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915222707/http://www.taringa.net/posts/deportes/2417760/Idolos-de-River-Plate---Bernabe-Ferreyra.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He wan three league titles, aw wi [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] (1932, 1936 an 1937). In the 1932 league tournament, he wis the tap scorer wi 43 goals. That makkit him the tap scorer in Sooth Americae.<ref>http://goalscorers.narod.ru/Most_successful.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310220842/http://goalscorers.narod.ru/Most_successful.htm |date=2007-03-10 }}</ref> Ferreyra's last match wis on 11 Mey 1939 against [[Newell's Old Boys]]. The match endit 2–2 an Ferreyra didna score. He retired at 29, an never taen on a coachin job.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Wi Valeriano López an [[Arthur Friedenreich]], Ferreyra is ane o the anerly professional fitbawers in the Americas tae average mair nor ae goal a match. He scored 206 goals in 197 gemmes frae the stairt o the professional era in 1931 tae his retiral in 1939. He wis that weel kent for the strenth o his shot that the newspaper ''Crítica'' offered a prize tae the first [[Goalkeeper (association fitbaw)|goalkeeper]] that coud play against him athoot lettin in a goal.<ref>[http://riverplate.brinkster.net/Paginas/IN_Idolos_Bernabe.asp River Plate Online – Bernabé Ferreyra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429190843/http://riverplate.brinkster.net/Paginas/IN_Idolos_Bernabe.asp |date=2007-04-29 }}</ref> ===Naitional team=== Ferreyra played his first gemme for the [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team]] on 25 Mey 1931, against [[Uruguay naitional fitbaw team|Uruguay]] in a Copa Lipton match, but he didna play weel an the journalists criticised him. His time wi the naitional team wis short, an he never played at a [[FIFA Warld Cup]]. ==Personal life== Ferreyra wis born in the ceety o Rufino, [[Santa Fe Province]]. He mairit Juanita in 1936, an thay haed twa sons, Bernabé Daniel an Carlos Alberto. Ower his career he wis kent as "El Mortero de Rufino",<ref name=autogenerated1>http://www.rufinoweb.com.ar/noticia.asp?idn=2307{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.eldiariony.com/noticias/columnistasdetail.aspx?sectionId=84&Txtid=721258 El Diario/LA PRENSA OnLine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185639/http://www.eldiariony.com/noticias/columnistasdetail.aspx?sectionId=84&Txtid=721258 |date=2007-09-30 }}</ref> for his strenth as a striker an his poweful shot. He wis kent as ''La Fiera'' (Spaingie for "The Wild Animal") an aw. ==Quotes== Quotes frae Ferreyra himsel an frae some o his teammates an ither weel-kent players, owerset frae the Spanish:<ref name=comogardel>[https://www.lanacion.com.ar/306970-la-fiera-fue-tan-idolo-como-gardel La Fiera fue tan ídolo como Gardel] {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} on ''La Nación'', 22 May 2001</ref> {{cquote|My brithers wis set on me bein the haurdest shuiter in the toun. Mornin an efternuin they had me kickin the baw. 'Haurder… mair! Haurder yet!' }} {{cquote|Afore fitbaw leaves me, I'd raither leave it masel}} {{cquote|'Sae ye're La Fiera… I wantit tae meet ye', said [[Carlos Gardel]] tae Ferreyra, an he answered: 'Na, maister. It's you that's La Fiera when ye sing'.<ref name="burgo">[https://www.tycsports.com/al-angulo/marini-apodos-millonarios-ciclon-fortin-boca-id346075.html Hugo Marini, el rey de los apodos: Millonarios, Ciclón y El Fortín (y eso que era hincha de Boca)] on TyC Sports, 26 May 2021 by [[Andrés Burgo]]</ref>}} {{cquote|As a player he wis exceptional: he made his rivals mark him twice as close, an that made the gemme easier for the rest o us. As a man he wis worth mair yet. He earned aw the siller he wantit, but he never bothered aboot keepin it. He gied it awa by the haunfu, an never socht ocht back. When he shook yer haun, ye kent ye had a freend in him for life.|source= [[José Manuel Moreno]] aboot Ferreyra}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.sitioriverplatense.com.ar/bernabefoto.htm At River Plate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000555/http://www.sitioriverplatense.com.ar/bernabefoto.htm |date=2007-09-29 }} {{es icon}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071020025056/http://futbolfactory.futbolweb.net/index.php?ff=historicos&f2=00001&idjugador=223 Futbol Factory profile] (archived 20 October 2007) {{es icon}} {{s-start}} {{s-sports}} {{succession box|title=Warld fitbaw transfer record|before=David Jack|after=Johnny Morris|years=1932–1949}} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ferreyra, Bernabe}} [[Category:1909 births]] [[Category:1972 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae General López Depairtment]] [[Category:Argentine fitbawers]] [[Category:Argentinae internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Argentine Primera División players]] [[Category:Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield fitbawers]] [[Category:River Plate fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw forrits]] ex55j7zznbt53oetayeaf21i7k5aaeu 0 78794 928050 923040 2026-11-11T16:19:44Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Songs --> | Name = Born This Way | Cover = | Alt = | Artist = [[Lady Gaga]] | Album = [[Born This Way]] | Released = {{Start date|2011|02|11}} | Format = [[Muisic dounload|Deegital dounload]], [[CD single]], [[12-inch single|12"]] | Recorded = 2010; [[Abbey Road Studios]] ([[Lunnon]]), Germano Studios ([[New York Ceety|New York, New York]]) | Genre = {{flatlist| *[[Synthpop]] *[[dance-pop]] }} | Length = 4:20 | Label = Streamline, [[Kon Live Distribution|Kon Live]], [[Interscope Records|Interscope]] | Writer = [[Lady Gaga|Stefani Germanotta]], [[Jeppe Laursen]] | Producer = Lady Gaga, Fernando Garibay, Jeppe Laursen, DJ White Shadow<ref name="credits">{{cite AV media notes |title= Born This Way|titlelink= Born This Way|others=[[Lady Gaga]] |year=2011 |first=Stefani |last=Germanotta |authorlink= |coauthors= |page=4 |pages= |type=CD liner notes |publisher=[[Interscope Records]] |id=2771838 |location=Manhattan, Newyork }}</ref> | Last single = "[[Dance in the Dark]]"<br />(2010) | This single = "'''Born This Way'''"<br />(2011) | Next single = "[[Judas (Lady Gaga sang)|Judas]]" <br />(2011) }} "'''Born This Way'''" ({{lang-sco|Born This Wey}}) is a sang bi American recordin airtist [[Lady Gaga]], frae her seicont studio [[Born This Way|album o the same name]]. ==Charts and certifications== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ===Charts=== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- !scope="col"|Chart (2011) !scope="col"|Peak<br/>poseetion |- !scope="row"|[[ARIA Charts|Australie Singles Chart]]<ref name="hung">{{cite web |title=Ultratop – Lady Gaga – Born This Way |url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Lady+Gaga&titel=Born+This+Way&cat=s |publisher=[[Ultratop]]. Hung Medien |accessdate=March 5, 2011 |language=French}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- !scope="row"|[[Ö3 Austria Top 40|Austrick Singles Chart]]<ref name="hung"/> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- !scope="row"|[[Ultratop 50|Belgian Singles Chart]] (Flanders)<ref name="hung"/> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- !scope="row"|[[Ultratop 50|Belgian Singles Chart]] (Wallonia)<ref name="hung"/> | style="text-align:center;"|3 |- !scope="row"| Brazil ''[[Billboard Brazil|Billboard]]'' [[Brasil Hot 100 Airplay|Hot 100 Airplay]]<ref name="Brasil Hot 100 Airplay">{{cite journal|title=Brasil Hot 100 Airplay|language= Portuguese|journal= Billboard Brasil |location=Sao Paolo|volume=2|issue= 96|date= March 2011|<!--issn= 977-217605400-2-->}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|4 |- !scope="row"|Brazil ''[[Billboard Brasil|Billboard]]'' [[Brasil Hot 100 Airplay|Pop Songs]]<ref name="Brasil Hot 100 Airplay"/> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- !scope="row"|[[Canadian Hot 100]]<ref name="billboardcanadianhot100">{{cite web |title=Canadian Hot 100: Week Ending February 26, 2011 |url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=lady gaga|chart=Billboard Canadian Hot 100}} |accessdate=February 17, 2011 |date=February 26, 2011 |work=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |archive-date=2015-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125054834/http://www.billboard.com/artist/306341/Lady+Gaga/chart?f=793 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- !scope="row"|[[Croatian Airplay Radio Chart]]<ref name="croatian">{{cite web|url=http://hrt.hr/fileadmin/video/ARC_100_05_02.xls|title=ARC, Issue Date: May 2, 2011|publisher=[[Croatian Radiotelevision|HRT]]|date=May 3, 2011|accessdate=February 2, 2012|language=Croatian|archive-date=2015-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626203751/http://www.hrt.hr/fileadmin/video/ARC_100_05_02.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- !scope="row"|[[Rádio Top 100 Oficiální|Czech Airplay Chart]]<ref name="czech">{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpicr.cz/hitparada/index.php?a=titul&hitparada=2&titul=148863&sec=b001171d55b19579b91ffdcb0bfd881b|title=RADIO TOP100 Oficiální – Lady Gaga – Born This Way – Czech Republic|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]] |date=May 13, 2010|accessdate=May 11, 2011|language=Czech}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|8 |- !scope="row"|[[Tracklisten|Dens Singles Chart]]<ref name="hung"/> | style="text-align:center;"|2 |- !scope="row"|[[Dutch Top 40]]<ref name="top40">{{cite web| url=http://www.top40.nl/index.aspx?&jaar=2011&maand=4&week=09| title=Nederlandse Top 40 26 Februari 2011| publisher=[[MegaCharts]]| date=February 26, 2011| accessdate=February 18, 2011| language=Dutch| archive-date=2011-03-10| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310151409/http://www.top40.nl/index.aspx?&jaar=2011&maand=4&week=09| url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- !scope="row"|[[Finland's Offeecial Leet|Finnish Singles Chart]]<ref name="fin">{{cite web | url=http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/virallinen-lista/singlet/2011/7 | title=Tilastot – Suomen virallinen lista – Singlet 7/2011 | publisher=[[Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland]] | accessdate=February 17, 2011 | date=February 17, 2011 | language=Finnish | archive-date=2011-02-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223112926/http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/virallinen-lista/singlet/2011/7 | url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- !scope="row"|[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|French Singles Chart]]<ref name="hung"/> | style="text-align:center;"|2 |- !scope="row"|[[Media Control Charts|German Singles Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicinfonet.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Lady+Gaga/Born+This+Way+%28digi%29/single|title=Chartverfolgong > Lady Gaga > Born This Way (digi)|date=July 25, 2010|publisher=[[Media Control Charts]]|accessdate=April 22, 2011|language=German|archive-date=2012-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316232934/http://www.musicinfonet.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Lady+Gaga/Born+This+Way+(digi)/single|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- !scope="row"|[[IFPI Greece|Greek Airplay Chart]]<ref name=greek>{{cite web|url=http://billboard.com.gr/airplay/i37|title=Στην 1η θέση αυτή την εβδομάδα:|date=June 6, 2011|work=Billboard|publisher=[[IFPI Greece]]|accessdate=June 6, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320012442/http://billboard.com.gr/airplay/i37|archivedate=2012-03-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|4 |- !scope="row"|[[Mahasz|Hungarian Singles Chart]]<ref name="hungary">{{cite web|url=http://mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=archivum&lista=kislemez&ev=2011&het=11&submit_=Keres%E9s|title=Archívum – Slágerlisták – Top 10 lista|date=March 14, 2011|publisher=[[Mahasz]]. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége |accessdate=April 24, 2011|language=Hungarian}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|2 |- !scope="row"|[[Erse Singles Chart]]<ref name="ire">{{cite web | url=http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240001&arch=t&lyr=2011&year=2011&week=7 | title=GFK Archive – Top 50 Singles: Week Ending 17 February 2011 | publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]. GFK | date=February 17, 2011 | accessdate=February 19, 2011 | archive-date=2012-07-15 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69AFuLCIN?url=http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp | url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- ! scope="row"|[[Media Forest|Israeli Airplay Chart]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Media Forest: Airplay chart | url=http://www.mediaforest.biz/WeeklyCharts/HistoryWeeklyCharts.aspx?year=2011&week=09 | work= | publisher=mediaforest.biz | access-date=2014-07-19 | archive-date=2012-10-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025170556/http://www.mediaforest.biz/WeeklyCharts/HistoryWeeklyCharts.aspx?year=2011&week=09 | url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- !scope="row"|[[Federation o the Italian Muisic Industry|Italian Singles Chart]]<ref name="hung"/> | style="text-align:center;"|2 |- !scope="row"|Japan (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Japan Hot 100]])<ref name="japan">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard-japan.com/system/jp_charts/hot100/|title=Japan Hot 100: Week Ending April 11, 2011|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=April 7, 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xwQAfSFR?url=http://www.billboard-japan.com/system/jp_charts/hot100/|archivedate=2011-04-14|url-status=live}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- !scope="row"|Luxembourg Deegital Sangs (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2011-03-05/luxembourg-digital-songs|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|title=Luxembourg Digital Songs - March 5, 2011|access-date=2014-07-19|archive-date=2014-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531134738/http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2011-03-05/luxembourg-digital-songs|url-status=dead}}</ref> |style="text-align:center;"| 1 |- !scope="row"|[[Monitor Latino|Mexico Top Inglés]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elporvenir.com.mx/notas.asp?nota_id=487815|title=Continúa Lady Gaga a la cabeza de las preferencias radiales en inglés|language=Spanish|publisher=El Porvenir|date=April 19, 2011|accessdate=June 1, 2012|archive-date=2012-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019114824/http://www.elporvenir.com.mx/notas.asp?nota_id=487815|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- !scope="row"|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand Singles Chart]]<ref name="hung"/> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- !scope="row"|[[VG-lista|Norwegian Singles Chart]]<ref name="hung"/> | style="text-align:center;"|2 |- !scope="row"|[[Pols Muisic Charts|Pols Airplay Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/nielsen/top5.php?idlisty=338|title=ZPAV Top5 Airplay 02.04.2011 – 08.04.2011|date=April 8, 2010|publisher=[[Polish Music Charts]]|language=Polish|accessdate=April 20, 2011|archive-date=2011-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114140246/http://zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/nielsen/top5.php?idlisty=338|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- !scope="row"|[[Romanie Top 100]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kissfm.ro/emisiuni/30/Romanian-Top-100.html|title=Romanian Top 100 02.05.2011 – 08.05.2011|date=May 8, 2010|publisher=kissfm.ro|language=Romanian|accessdate=May 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103012025/http://www.kissfm.ro/emisiuni/30/Romanian-Top-100.html|archive-date=2011-01-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|17 |- !scope="row"|[[Roushie Muisic Charts|Roushie Dounload Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lenta.ru/articles/2011/03/18/chart/ |title=Российские музыкальные чарты. Недели 9 и 10 |year=2011|accessdate=January 2, 2013|publisher=Lenta.ru|language=Russian}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|8 |- !scope="row"|[[Scottish Singles and Albums Chart|Scots Singles Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/archive-chart/_/22/2011-02-26/|title=Archive Chart – Scotland – 26 February 2011|date=February 26, 2011|accessdate=April 24, 2011|publisher=[[The Official Charts Company]]}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- !scope="row"|[[Rádio Top 100 Oficiálna|Slovak Airplay Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpicr.cz/hitparadask/index.php?a=titul&hitparada=18&titul=146445&sec=f3fded37f0249aecf42bfefd76272a14|title=RADIO TOP100 Oficiální – Lady Gaga – Born This Way – Slovak|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]. IFPI.sk|accessdate=April 15, 2011|language=Czech|archive-date=2015-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142025/http://www.ifpicr.cz/hitparadask/index.php?a=titul&hitparada=18&titul=146445&sec=f3fded37f0249aecf42bfefd76272a14|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- !scope="row"|[[Productores de Música de España|Spainyie Singles Chart]]<ref name="spaintop50">{{cite web| url=http://www.promusicae.org/files/listastonos/historial/TOP%2050%20CANCIONES%2011_06.pdf| title=Top 50 Canciones Singles| format=PDF| date=February 26, 2011| publisher=[[Productores de Música de España]]| accessdate=February 16, 2011| language=Spanish| archive-date=2012-03-28| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328012018/http://www.promusicae.org/files/listastonos/historial/TOP%2050%20CANCIONES%2011_06.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- !scope="row"|[[Gaon Chart|Sooth Korean Internaitional Singles Chart]]<ref name="korea">{{cite web |url= http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/search/list.gaon?Search_str=Born+This+Way+&x=22&y=9 |title =가온차트와 함께하세요 – Digital Comprehensive charts |publisher=[[Gaon Chart]] |language=Korean |accessdate=February 22, 2011}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- !scope="row"|[[Sverigetopplistan|Swadish Singles Chart]]<ref name="hung"/> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- !scope="row"|[[Swiss Muisic Charts|Swiss Singles Chart]]<ref name="hung"/> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- !scope="row"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name="uk">{{cite press release |title=Jessie J wins Champion chart battle as Lady Gaga swoops into Top 3 |publisher=[[The Official Charts Company]] |date=February 13, 2011 |url= http://www.theofficialcharts.com/chart-news/jessie-j-wins-champion-chart-battle-as-lady-gaga-swoops-into-top-3/ |accessdate=February 13, 2011}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|3 |- !scope="row"| US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name="billboard1">{{cite web |title=''Billboard'' – Lady Gaga – Born This Way |url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=lady gaga|chart=all}} |work=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |accessdate=March 5, 2011 |archive-date=2015-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523092403/http://www.billboard.com/artist/306341/Lady+Gaga/chart |url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- !scope="row"| US [[Adult Contemporary (chart)|Adult Contemporary]]<ref name="billboard1"/> | style="text-align:center;"|22 |- !scope="row"| US [[Adult Top 40|Adult Pop Songs]]<ref name="billboard1"/> | style="text-align:center;"|7 |- !scope="row"| US [[Hot Dance Club Songs]]<ref name="billboard1"/> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- !scope="row"| US [[Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs)|Mainstream Top 40]]<ref name="billboard1"/> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |} {{col-2}} {{-}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Born This Way (sang)}} [[Category:2011 singles]] [[Category:Billboard Hot 100 nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:Billboard Dance/Mix Show Airplay nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:Billboard Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:Canadian Hot 100 nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:Dutch Top 40 nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:Irish Singles Chart nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:Japan Hot 100 nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:Lady Gaga sangs]] [[Category:LGBT-relatit sangs]] [[Category:Monitor Latino Top Inglés nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Australie]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Austrick]] [[Category:Ultratop 50 Singles (Flanders) nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Finland]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Germany]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in New Zealand]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Poland]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Spain]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Swaden]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Swisserland]] [[Category:Singles certified quadruple platinum bi the Australie Recordin Industry Association]] [[Category:Singles certified platinum bi the Federation o the Italian Music Industry]] [[Category:Singles certified gowd bi the Recording Industry Association o Japan]] [[Category:Singles certified gowd bi the Internaitional Federation o the Phonographic Industry o Swaden]] [[Category:Singles certified platinum bi the Internaitional Federation o the Phonographic Industry o Swisserland]] [[Category:Singles certified platinum bi Recorded Music NZ]] [[Category:Singles certified gowd bi the Productores de Música de España]] [[Category:Sangs against racism an xenophobia]] [[Category:Multilingual sangs]] [[Category:Sangs written bi Lady Gaga]] [[Category:Singles certified gowd bi the Belgian Entertainment Association]] [[Category:Interscope Records singles]] [[Category:Sang recordins produced bi Lady Gaga]] [[Category:MTV Video Muisic Awaird for Best Female Video]] [[Category:NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen sangs]] {{stub}} jyp5sx5tcdnmz3s3tv9p465rt76zcox 0 79162 928086 895083 2026-11-11T19:21:27Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 less informal, addit stub tag 928086 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:LA2-vx06-vetlanda-stadshotellet.jpg|thumb|Vetlanda]] '''Vetlanda''' is a locality situatit in Vetlanda Municipality, [[Jönköping Coonty]], [[Swaden]]. It haes a population o 13 050 inhabitants in 2010.<ref>[http://www.scb.se/statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/MI0810_2010A01_SM_MI38SM1101.pdf Tätorter 2010]</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == {{Commonscat-inline|Vetlanda}} {{Stub/Swaden}} [[Category:Populatit places in Jönköping Coonty]] jsu2xz8830ez1lejeo8265yn6984olw 928087 928086 2026-11-11T19:22:50Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 impruived citation 928087 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:LA2-vx06-vetlanda-stadshotellet.jpg|thumb|Vetlanda]] '''Vetlanda''' is a locality situatit in Vetlanda Municipality, [[Jönköping Coonty]], [[Swaden]]. It haes a population o 13 050 inhabitants in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scb.se/statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/MI0810_2010A01_SM_MI38SM1101.pdf|title=Tätorter 2010|language=sv}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == {{Commonscat-inline|Vetlanda}} {{Stub/Swaden}} [[Category:Populatit places in Jönköping Coonty]] 36fsx9oio1j751rl12cdxs1050zb2vg 928114 928087 2026-11-11T21:17:57Z Atlantic306 30244 fixed reference 928114 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:LA2-vx06-vetlanda-stadshotellet.jpg|thumb|Vetlanda]] '''Vetlanda''' is a locality situatit in Vetlanda Municipality, [[Jönköping Coonty]], [[Swaden]]. It haes a population o 13 050 inhabitants in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scb.se/statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/MI0810_2010A01_SM_MI38SM1101.pdf|title=Tätorter 2010|archive-date=26 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626070848if_/http://www.scb.se/statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/MI0810_2010A01_SM_MI38SM1101.pdf|url-status=dead|language=sv}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == {{Commonscat-inline|Vetlanda}} {{Stub/Swaden}} [[Category:Populatit places in Jönköping Coonty]] 1ombgvdo2y56wwtoronhix05y28dsm8 0 79242 928026 924021 2026-11-11T15:32:16Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox OS | name = Android | logo = [[File:Android logo 2023.svg|200px]] | screenshot = | caption = Android 14 home screen | developer = [[Google]]<br />[[Open Handset Alliance]] | family = Unix-lik | working state = Current | source model = [[Open soorce saftware|Open soorce]]<ref name="philosophy">{{cite web |url=http://source.android.com/about/philosophy.html |title=Philosophy and Goals |work=Android Open Source Project |publisher=Google |accessdate=April 21, 2012 |archive-date=2012-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501080416/https://source.android.com/about/philosophy.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> an in maist devices wi [[proprietary saftware|proprietary]] components<ref name="ars-irongrip">{{cite web |title=Google’s iron grip on Android: Controlling open source by any means necessary |url=http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/10/googles-iron-grip-on-android-controlling-open-source-by-any-means-necessary |work=Ars Technica |accessdate=December 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617013945/http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/10/googles-iron-grip-on-android-controlling-open-source-by-any-means-necessary/ |archive-date=2016-06-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | released = {{start date|2008|9|23}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://android-developers.blogspot.in/2008/09/announcing-android-10-sdk-release-1.html|title=Announcing the Android 1.0 SDK, release 1|date=September 9, 2008|accessdate=September 21, 2012|archive-date=2015-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919030955/http://android-developers.blogspot.in/2008/09/announcing-android-10-sdk-release-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | latest release version = [[Android Marshmallow|6.0.1 "Marshmallow"]] | latest release date = {{release date and age|2015|12|09}} | latest preview version = [[Android N]] | latest preview date = {{release date and age|2016|03|09}} | frequently updated = yes | marketing target = [[Smartphone]]s<br />[[Tablet computer]]s | programmed in = [[C (programmin leid)|C (core)]], [[C++]], {{nowrap|[[Java (programmin leid)|Java (UI)]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Android Code Analysis|url=http://www.ohloh.net/p/android/analyses/latest|accessdate=June 6, 2012|archive-date=2013-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914185702/http://www.ohloh.net/p/android|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | language = Multi-lingual (46 leids) | package manager = [[Google Play]], [[APK (file format)|APK]] | supported platforms = [[32-bit]] [[ARMv7|ARM]], [[MIPS airchitectur|MIPS]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4215490/MIPS-gets-sweet-with-Honeycomb |title=MIPS gets sweet with Honeycomb |publisher=Eetimes.com |date= |accessdate=February 20, 2012 |archive-date=2012-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211075357/http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4215490/MIPS-gets-sweet-with-Honeycomb |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[x86]],<ref name="ARMAN-4.0-on-x86">{{cite web |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9222323/Google_s_Android_4.0_ported_to_x86_processors |title=Google's Android 4.0 ported to x86 processors |last=Shah |first=Agam |date=December 1, 2011 |work=Computerworld |publisher=International Data Group |accessdate=February 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124084934/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9222323/Google_s_Android_4.0_ported_to_x86_processors |archive-date=2012-01-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[x86-64]] | kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]] (modified Linux kernel) | userland = [[Bionic (saftware)|Bionic libc]],<ref>[https://android.googlesource.com/platform/bionic/+/master/libc/ android/platform/bionic/]</ref> [[Korn shell|mksh]] shell,<ref>[https://android.googlesource.com/platform/external/mksh/+/master android/platform/external/mksh/]</ref> native core utilities wi a few frae [[NetBSD]]<ref>[https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/master/toolbox/ android/platform/system/core/toolbox/]</ref> | ui = [[Graphical uiser interface|Graphical]] ([[Multi-touch]]) | license = [[Apache License]] 2.0<br />Modified [[Linux kernel]] unner [[GNU General Public License|GNU GPL]] v2<ref name="Licenses">{{cite web|url=http://source.android.com/source/licenses.html|title=Licenses|work=Android Open Source Project.|publisher=Open Handset Alliance|accessdate=September 9, 2012|date=|quote=''The preferred license for the Android Open Source Project is the Apache Software License, 2.0.&nbsp;... Why Apache Software License?&nbsp;... For userspace (that is, non-kernel) software, we do in fact prefer ASL2.0 (and similar licenses like BSD, MIT, etc.) over other licenses such as LGPL. Android is about freedom and choice. The purpose of Android is promote openness in the mobile world, but we don't believe it's possible to predict or dictate all the uses to which people will want to put our software. So, while we encourage everyone to make devices that are open and modifiable, we don't believe it is our place to force them to do so. Using LGPL libraries would often force them to do so.''}}</ref> | website = {{URL|http://www.android.com/}} }} '''Android''' is a mobile [[operatin seestem]] (OS) based on the [[Linux kernel]] that is currently developed bi [[Google]]. It is feckly uised for touch-screen devices, sic as [[smartphone]]s an tablet [[computer]]s, but haes an aa been developit for uiss wi ither Google hardware includin [[televeesion]]s (Android TV) an wearables (Android Wear). ==References== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Android (Operatin Seestem)}} [[Category:Android (operatin seestem)| ]] [[Category:2008 saftware]] [[Category:ARM operatin seestems]] [[Category:Clood clients]] [[Category:Free mobile saftware]] [[Category:Google]] [[Category:Google saftware]] [[Category:Mobile Linux]] [[Category:Mobile operatin seestems]] [[Category:Smartphones]] [[Category:Saftware uisin the Apache license]] 6qzp7lwotkw9cq6csnp9fvgjciosqgs 0 79394 928049 916531 2026-11-11T16:17:46Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Boadilla del Monte | settlement_type = [[Municipalities o Spain|Municipality]] | official_name = <!-- if different from name --> | native_name = <!-- if different from name --> | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = Flag of Boadilla del monte.PNG | image_shield = Escudo de Boadilla del Monte.svg | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Boadilla del Monte (Madrid) mapa.svg | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Spain | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Spain | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flag|Spain}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|Autonomous commonty]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Commonty o Madrid|Madrid]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Spain|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Commonty o Madrid|Madrid]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Comarcas o Spain|Comarca]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Madrid metropolitan aurie]] | seat_type = <!-- [[Capital (political)|Capital]] --> | seat = | coordinates = {{coord|40|24|25|N|3|52|30|W|region:ES_type:city|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | elevation_m = 689 | elevation_min_m = | elevation_max_m = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 47.24 | established_title = <!-- Founded --> | established_date = | population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | population_total = 41807 | population_as_of = 2008 | population_demonym = Boadillense | population_note = | population_density_km2 = auto | blank_name_sec1 = [[Leids o Spain|Offeecial leid(s)]] | blank_info_sec1 = | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = [[Leet o postal codes in Spain|Postal code]] | postal_code = 28660 | area_code_type = [[Telephone nummers in Spain|Dialin code]] | area_code = | leader_title = [[Alcalde]] | leader_name = Juan Jesús Siguero Aguilar (2009) | leader_party = [[Fowkpairty (Spain)|PP]] | website = {{official|http://www.aytoboadilla.com}} | footnotes = }} '''Boadilla del Monte''' ({{IPA-es|boaˈðiʎa ðel ˈmonte}}) is a toun an municipality in central Spain. It is locatit in the centre o the [[Commonty o Madrid]]. It haed a population o 41,807 in 2008. ==Gallery== <gallery> File:boadilla1.JPG|Sector Siglo XXI an the tram File:boadilla2.JPG|Infante Don Luis Street File:boadilla3.JPG|Teepical street -Pio Baroja File:boadilla4.JPG|Statue on a roond aboot File:boadilla5.JPG|Skateboard court File:boadilla6.JPG|Avenida Condesa De Chinchon File:boadilla7.JPG|The tram File:boadilla8.JPG|The tram station </gallery> ==Freemit airtins== {{commonscat|Boadilla del Monte}} * [http://www.aytoboadilla.com Offeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140620142451/http://soloboadilla.es/ Local magazine] {{es icon}} * [http://www.infoboadilla.com Ceety Information wabsteid on ceety] {{es icon}} {{Municipalities in the Commonty o Madrid}} [[Category:Boadilla del Monte| ]] [[Category:Municipalities in the Commonty o Madrid]] [[Category:Populatit places in the Commonty o Madrid]] lvhwfndabady85pkd9mrlgs6e5neec0 0 81756 928158 635393 2026-11-12T10:36:15Z CommonsDelinker 411 Replacin' Blason_L_Hospitalet.svg wi' [[File:Blason_ville_fr_L'Hospitalet_(Alpes-de-Haute-Provence).svg]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] coz: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 928158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = L'Hospitalet |image = L'Hospitalet-vue générale.JPG |image coat of arms = Blason ville fr L'Hospitalet (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence).svg |region = Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur |department = Alpes-de-Haute-Provence |arrondissement = Forcalquier |canton = Banon |INSEE = 04095 |postal code = 04150 |mayor = Jean-Pierre Calcia |term = 2008&ndash;2014 |intercommunality = Pays de Banon |coordinates = {{coord|44.0878|5.6992|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 880 |elevation min m = 779 |elevation max m = 1632 |area km2 = 19.35 |population = 89 |population date = 2008 }} '''L'Hospitalet''' is a [[Communes o Fraunce|commune]] in the [[Alpes-de-Haute-Provence]] [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment]] in sootheastren [[Fraunce]]. ==Population== {{Historical populations |align=left |1765|181 |1793|227 |1800|230 |1806|337 |1821|261 |1831|269 |1836|238 |1841|262 |1846|231 |1851|223 |1856|195 |1861|196 |1866|180 |1872|147 |1876|144 |1881|161 |1886|163 |1891|154 |1896|149 |1901|132 |1906|134 |1911|126 |1921|117 |1926|107 |1931|86 |1936|74 |1946|66 |1954|57 |1962|32 |1968|49 |1975|33 |1982|52 |1990|58 |1999|78 |2008|89 }} {{clear-left}} ==See an aw== *[[Communes o the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence depairtment]] ==References== *[http://www.insee.fr/en/home/home_page.asp INSEE] {{reflist}} {{commonscat|L'Hospitalet|L'Hospitalet, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence}} {{Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hospitalet}} [[Category:Communes o Alpes-de-Haute-Provence]] i44de9cil0x2jc058ibw5rytv513qqe 0 82792 928112 927720 2026-11-11T20:56:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Morazán |image_size = 300px |pushpin_map = Guatemala |pushpin_label_position = bottom |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Guatemala.svg|25px]] [[Guatemala]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Depairtments o Guatemala|Depairtment]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Image:Flag of El Progreso Department.svg|25px]] [[El Progreso Depairtment|El Progreso]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Miguel Ángel Arriaza |unit_pref = Metric |coordinates = {{coord|14|55|58|N|90|08|35|W|region:GT|display=inline}} |blank_name_sec1 = [[Köppen climate clessification|Climate]] |blank_info_sec1 = Aw }} '''Morazán''' ({{IPA-es|moɾaˈsan}}) is a [[municipality]] in the [[El Progreso Depairtment]] o [[Guatemala]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.eleconomista.net/economia/Guatemala-Canicula-afectara-a-agricultores-de-tres-regiones-20170721-0130.html|title=Guatemala: Canícula afectará a agricultores de tres regiones|first=Carlos|last=Álvarez|work=ElEconomista.net|date=21 July 2017|access-date=28 February 2026|language=es}}</ref> Morazán is 349.5 m abuin [[sea level]], an its laund covers 329&nbsp;km². Fermin is the main trade, an a guid pairt o the fowk wirk fields that belang tae their faimilies. A festival, the "Feria del pueblo", is held ilka year frae 22 tae 26 December. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518184420/http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inforpressca.com%2Fmorazan%2F&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=5&ct=result&prev=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DMoraz%25C3%25A1n%2C%2Bguatemala%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGGL%2CGGGL%3A2007-39%2CGGGL%3Aen Morazán Municipality] {{El Progreso Depairtment}} {{coord|14.9328|N|90.1431|W|source:kolossus-itwiki|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Morazan, El Progreso}} [[Category:Municipalities o the El Progreso Depairtment]] [[Category:Populatit places in the El Progreso Depairtment]] 01p1j2h57tpqft25w9o65eu0140snby 0 83202 928103 828033 2026-11-11T20:05:19Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Les Franqueses del Vallès | native_name = | settlement_type = [[Municipalities o Spain|Municipality]] | image_skyline = AJuntament Franqueses.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | flag_alt = | image_shield = | shield_size = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | pushpin_map = Spain Catalonia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Catalonie | coordinates = {{coord|41|37|08|N|2|17|53|E|source:cawiki|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Spain}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|Commonty]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Catalonie}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Spain|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Province o Barcelona|Barcelona]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Comarques o Catalonie|Comarca]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Vallès Oriental]] | established_title = | established_date = | leader_party = | leader_title = [[Mayor]] | leader_name = Francesc Colomé i Tenas | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 29.1 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 232 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 16325 | population_as_of = 2007 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = Franquesí, franquesina | population_note = | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Les Franqueses del Vallès''' {{IPA-ca|ɫəs fɾəŋˈkɛsəz ðəɫ βəˈʎɛs|}}, {{lang-es|Las Franquesas del Vallés}} {{IPA-es|las fɾaŋˈkesaz ðel βaˈʎes|}}, is a [[municipality]] in the ''[[Comarques o Catalonie|comarca]]'' o the [[Vallès Oriental]] in [[Catalonie]], [[Spain]]. It lees tae the north o [[Granollers]], the caipital an lairgest ceety in the ''comarca''. The municipality covers an area of 29.1&nbsp;km², an haes aboot 16,000 inhabitants. It is dividit intae five neebourheids: [[Bellavista (Franqueses del Vallès, Spain)|Bellavista]], [[Corró d'Amunt]], [[Corró d'Avall]], [[Llerona]] an [[Marata (Franqueses del Vallès, Spain)|Marata]]. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="15%" | 1900 ! width="15%" | 1930 ! width="15%" | 1950 ! width="15%" | 1970 ! width="15%" | 1986 ! width="15%" | 2007 |- | align="center" | 1,888 | align="center" | 2,118 | align="center" | 2,247 | align="center" | 5,539 | align="center" | 9,403 | align="center" | 16,325 |- |} == References == * Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). ''Guia de Catalunya'', Barcelona:Caixa de Catalunya. ISBN 84-87135-02-1 == Freemit airtins == {{commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100925232034/http://www.lesfranqueses.org/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{ca icon}} * [http://www.municat.net:8000/omunicat/owa/mun_p01.dad_ens?via=1&cod=0808630008 Information - Generalitat de Catalunya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121224/http://www.municat.net:8000/omunicat/owa/mun_p01.dad_ens?via=1&cod=0808630008 |date=2007-09-29 }} {{ca icon}} * [http://www.idescat.cat/territ/BasicTerr?TC=3&V0=1&V1=08086 Statistical information - Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya] {{ca icon}} {{br}} {{Geographic location |Centre = Les Franqueses del Vallès |N = [[Cànoves i Samalús]] |NE = |E = [[Cardedeu]] |SE = [[La Roca del Vallès]] |S = [[Granollers]] |SW = [[Canovelles]] |W = [[L'Ametlla del Vallès]] |NW = [[La Garriga]] }} {{Valles Oriental}} {{Municipalities in Barcelona}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Les Franqueses Del Valles}} [[Category:Municipalities in Vallès Oriental|Franqueses del Valles, Les]] c1zf9978xy0eaw0840z7bv401lxz32k 0 84347 928078 885940 2026-11-11T18:58:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Istmina |native_name = |nickname = |motto = |settlement_type = [[Municipalities o Colombie|Municipality]] an toun |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Colombia - Chocó - Istmina.svg |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Location o the municipality an toun o Istmina in the Chocó Depairtment o Colombie. |pushpin_map = |pushpin_mapsize =300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Colombie |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Colombie}} |subdivision_type1 =[[Depairtments o Colombie|Depairtment]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Chocó]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |coordinates = |timezone = Colombie Staundart Time |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Istmina''' is a municipality an toun in the [[Chocó]] [[Depairtments o Colombie|Depairtment]], [[Colombie]]. The toun o Istmina wis foondit in 1834 bi Juan Nepomuceno Mosquera, initially wi the name o San Pablo. The name wis chyngit in 1903 tae Istmina, a contraction o isthmus an minas (mines), twa characteristics o the aurie. The municipality covers {{Convert|2480|km2|sqmi|0}}, wi a average elevation o {{Convert|79|m|ft|0}}, an a average temperatur o {{Convert|25.9|C|F|0}}. Istmina is locatit {{Convert|75|km|mi|0|abbr=on|abbr=on}} frae the depairtmental caipital, Quibdó. ==References== ::''This airticle is based in pairt on material frae the [[:es:Istmina|Spaingie Wikipaedia]]''. ==Freemit airtins== * {{es icon}} [http://istmina-choco.gov.co/sitio.shtml Istmina official municipality website] {{Municipalities choco depairtment}} {{coord|5|10|N|76|41|W|region:CO_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title}} [[Category:Municipalities o Chocó]] [[Category:Populatit places in Chocó]] eaqzs84n4la86tzw34xma591sdjr1oa 0 84349 928155 914930 2026-11-12T01:41:30Z Atlantic306 30244 replaced archive today 928155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Lloró |native_name = |nickname = |motto = |settlement_type = [[Municipalities o Colombie|Municipality]] an toun |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Colombia - Chocó - Lloró.svg |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Location o the municipality an toun o Lloró in the Chocó Depairtment o Colombie. |pushpin_map = |pushpin_mapsize =300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Colombie |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Colombie}} |subdivision_type1 =[[Depairtments o Colombie|Depairtment]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Chocó]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |coordinates = |timezone = Colombie Staundart Time |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Lloró''' is a municipality an toun in the [[Chocó]] Depairtment, [[Colombie]]. It claims the seicont warld record for heichest average annual precipitation wi {{convert|12717|mm|0|abbr=on}}<ref>http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/faunayflora/pacific1/cap10.htm{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Lacerda2004">{{cite book|author=Luiz Drude de Lacerda|title=Environmental Geochemistry in Tropical and Subtropical Environments|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3th0bNos0OcC&pg=PA177|date=9 February 2004|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-42540-3|pages=177–}}</ref> efter López del Micay which haulds the record wi {{convert|12892.4|mm|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web | last = Burt | first = Christopher C | title = Weather Extremes : New Wettest Place on Earth Discovered? | work = Weather Underground | accessdate = 2014-05-22 | date = 2013-03-18 | url = http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=135#commenttop | archive-date = 2014-10-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141031053635/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=135#commenttop | url-status = dead }}</ref> The rainfaw data wis measured in its Agricultural Farm, managed bi the Varsity o Bogotá, atween 1952 an 1989. If accurate, that wad mak it the wettest place in the warld.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html#highpre |title=NCDC: Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation|work=www.ncdc.noaa.gov|archive-date=27 September 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020927021958/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html#highpre|url-status=dead }}</ref> The Spainyie verb ''llorar'' "tae cry" can be uised as a metaphor for rain an aw, an sae ''lloró'' can mean "It rained". Housomeivver, this is no the oreegin o the name; the toun is namit for Gioró, a pre-Columbie indigenous chief. An 1853 wattercolor bi [[Manuel María Paz]] portrays twa men in strae hats wi a female vendor at a liquor staund in Lloró.<ref>{{Cite web | last = Paz | first = Manuel María | authorlink = Manuel María Paz Delgado | title = Liquor Shop in the Village of Lloró, Province of Chocó | work = World Digital Library | accessdate = 2014-05-21 | url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9055 | archive-date = 2014-05-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140522105245/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9055/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Corregimientos== *El Cajón *Carmen de Surama *Irabubú *La Playita *San Lorenzo *Sesego *El Tigre *Urabará ==See an aw== * [[Cherrapunji]] * [[Munt Waialeale]] * [[Quibdó]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Municipalities choco depairtment}} {{coord|5|30|N|76|32|W|display=title|region:CO_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lloro}} [[Category:Municipalities o Chocó]] [[Category:Populatit places in Chocó]] [[Category:Wather extremes o Yird]] 6yblc90ilw56qdmvetbutmcv2l3rugs 0 85252 928107 916590 2026-11-11T20:41:26Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Maçanet de la Selva | native_name = | settlement_type = [[Municipalities o Spain|Municipality]] | image_skyline = Massanet de la Selva - Església.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | flag_alt = | image_shield = Escut de Maçanet de la Selva.svg | shield_size = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | pushpin_map = Spain | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Spain | coordinates = {{coord|41|46|46|N|2|44|0|E|type:city|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Spain}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|Commonty]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Catalonie}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Spain|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Province o Girona|Girona]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Comarques o Catalonie|Comarca]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Selva]] | established_title = | established_date = | leader_party = | leader_title = [[Mayor]] | leader_name = Alfons Soms i Quellos | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 45.5 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 100 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 6871 | population_as_of = 2009 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = Maçanetencs | population_note = | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = 17412 | area_code_type = | area_code = | website = {{official|http://www.massanetdelaselva.org}} | footnotes = }} '''Maçanet de la Selva''' ({{IPA-ca|məsəˈnɛd də ɫə ˈsɛɫβə}}) is a [[Spain]]yie [[municipality]] in the [[province o Girona]], situatit in the [[Comarques o Catalonie|''comarca'']] o the [[Selva]], [[Catalonie]]. It is a important communications junction, whaur the routes frae the coast meet those frae the Prelittoral Depression tae shape a single axis north towards [[Girona]] an the [[Fraunce|French border]]. [[RENFE]] railwey lines run both sooth-east (wi the N-II road) towards [[Blanes]] an the coasts o the [[Maresme]] an sooth-wast (wi the A-7 [[Motorwey|''autopista'']] an the C-251 road) towards [[Granollers]]: the station is shared wi the neebourin municipality o [[Massanes, Catalonia|Massanes]]. ==Main sichts== *Romanesque kirk o ''Sant Llorenç'' *Kirk o ''Sant Pere de Martorell'' *Torcafelló Castle *Iberian dounset o Mont-Barbat ==References== * Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). ''Guia de Catalunya'', Barcelona:Caixa de Catalunya. ISBN 84-87135-01-3 (Spanish). ISBN 84-87135-02-1 (Catalan). ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20141217132721/http://massanetdelaselva.cat/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{ca icon}} *[http://www.municat.net:8000/omunicat/owa/mun_p01.dad_ens?via=1&cod=1710300000 Information - Generalitat de Catalunya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123349/http://www.municat.net:8000/omunicat/owa/mun_p01.dad_ens?via=1&cod=1710300000 |date=2007-09-29 }} {{ca icon}} *[http://www.idescat.cat/territ/BasicTerr?TC=3&V0=1&V1=17103 Statistical information - Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya] {{ca icon}} {{br}} {{Geographic location |Centre = Maçanet de la Selva |N = [[Sils, Girona|Sils]] |NE = |E = [[Vidreres]] |SE = [[Lloret de Mar]] |S = [[Tordera]] |SW = [[Fogars de la Selva]] |W = [[Massanes, Catalonie|Massanes]] |NW = [[Riudarenes]] }} {{Selva}} {{Municipalities in Girona|state=autocollapse}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Macanet De La Selva}} [[Category:Municipalities in Selva]] [[Category:Populatit places in Selva]] 5qnrcr2o7hswdw04eblmu8evyankivk 0 85697 928057 908566 2026-11-11T16:39:08Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928057 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:HeLa Hoechst 33258.jpg|thumb|350px|right|[[HeLa]] cells steened for nuclear [[DNA]] wi the [[Blue]] [[Hoechst stain|Hoechst]] dye. The central an richtmaist cell are in [[interphase]], sicweys thair entire nuclei are labeled. On the left, a cell is gaeing throu [[mitosis]] an its DNA haes condensed.]] In [[cell biology]], the '''nucleus''' (pl. ''nuclei''; frae [[Laitin]] {{lang|la|''nucleus''}} or {{lang|la|''nuculeus''}}, meanin ''kernel'' or ''seed'') is a [[biological membrane|membrane]]-enclosed [[organelle]] foond in [[eukaryote|eukaryotic]] [[cell (biology)|cells]]. Eukaryotes uisually hae a single nucleus, but a few cell teeps, sic as mammalian reid bluid cells, hae [[#Anucleatit_cells|na nuclei]], an a few ithers hae [[Multinucleate|mony]]. Human skeletal muscle cells hae mair nor ane nucleus, as dae eukaryotes lik fungi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cell Nucleus|url=https://biologydictionary.net/cell-nucleus|website=biologydictionary.net|accessdate=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808234338/https://biologydictionary.net/cell-nucleus/|archive-date=2017-08-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cell nuclei conteen maist o the cell's [[genetics|genetic material]], organised as multiple lang linear [[DNA]] molecules in [[Multiprotein complex|complex]] wi a muckle variety o [[protein]]s, sic as [[histone]]s, tae form [[chromosome]]s. The [[gene]]s within these [[chromosome]]s are the cell's [[genome|nuclear genome]] an are [[Eukaryotic Nuclear Organisation|structurt]] in sic a wey tae promote cell function. The nucleus mainteens the integrity o genes an controls the activities o the cell bi regulatin [[gene expression]]—the nucleus is, tharefore, the control centre o the cell. The main structurs makkin up the nucleus are the [[nuclear envelope]], a dooble membrane that encloses the entire organelle an isolates its contents frae the cellular [[cytoplasm]], an the [[nuclear matrix]] (that includes the [[nuclear lamina]]), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, muckle lik the [[cytoskeleton]], that supports the cell as a hale. Acause the nuclear membrane is impermeable tae muckle molecules, [[nuclear pore]]s are required tae regulate [[nuclear transport]] o molecules athort the envelope. The pores cross baith nuclear membranes, providin a [[Ion channel|channel]] throu that muckler molecules maun be actively transportit bi cairier proteins while allouin free muivement o smaw molecules an [[ion]]s. Muivement o muckle molecules sic as proteins an [[RNA]] throu the pores is required for baith gene expression an the maintenance o chromosomes. Awtho the interior o the nucleus daes nae conteen ony membrane-boond sub compartments, its contents are nae uniform, an a nummer o ''sub-nuclear bouks'' exeest, made up o unique proteins, RNA molecules, an pairteecular pairts o the chromosomes. The best-kent o thir is the [[nucleolus]], that is mainly involved in the assemmly o [[ribosome]]s. Efter bein produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exportit tae the cytoplasm whaur thay translate [[mRNA]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cell Nucleus}} [[Category:Cell nucleus| ]] [[Category:Cell anatomy]] [[Category:Organelles]] do8jpe0jsmu7my6z3igiqrqy94tuktr 0 90298 928039 914141 2026-11-11T16:00:48Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928039 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Mary bawbee 1542 127326.jpg|thumb|right|Bawbee]] A '''bawbee''' wis a [[Scotland|Scots]] haufpenny. It becam mair kenspeckled bi the sang ' ''Couters Candy''<nowiki/>': Ally, bally, ally bally bee, Sittin' on yer mammy's knee Greetin' for anither bawbee, Tae buy mair Coulter's candy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Traditional Scottish Songs - Coulters Candy|url=http://www.rampantscotland.com/songs/blsongs_coulter.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=2022-01-17|website=www.rampantscotland.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412000440/http://www.rampantscotland.com/songs/blsongs_coulter.htm|archive-date=2021-04-12}}</ref> {{Short pages monitor}}<!-- This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special:Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template:Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well.--> [[Category:Cunyies o Scotland]] {{Stub/Scotland}} == References == <references /> b06cpbmya3xzdsohcghdgophgf482lg 0 90802 928010 625534 2026-11-11T14:31:06Z CiphriusKane 74958 Reguidin tae [[Coonty Durham]] 928010 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Coonty Durham]] anfhjh4hzm6xi034j20tksknsil9inc 0 92234 928085 896730 2026-11-11T19:20:24Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 addit stub tag 928085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Kropyvnytskyi | native_name = Кропивницький |settlement_type = [[Ceety o regional signeeficance (Ukraine)|Ceety o regional signeeficance]] |image_skyline = Ріка Інгул у Кіровограді.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Inhul River in Kirovohrad |image_shield = Coat of Arms of Kropyvnytskyi.png |image_flag = Flag of Kirovograd.svg |image_blank_emblem = |nickname = Little Paris (uised in historical context) |motto = Wi peace an guidness |subdivision_type = [[Kintras o the warld|Kintra]]<br /> [[Subdiveesions o Ukraine|Oblast]]<br /> [[Raion]] |subdivision_name =[[Ukraine]]<br /> [[Kirovohrad Oblast]]<br /> [[Kropyvnytskyi Raion]] |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1754 |established_title1 = Ceety richts |established_date1 = 1765, 1782 |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Oleksandr Sainsus]]<ref>{{uk icon}} [http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2308431.html Повага та увага до городян мало коштує, але важить найбільше – мер Кіровограда], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (14 February 2011)</ref> |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 103|area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |population_as_of = 2004 |population_note = |population_total = 239400|population_footnotes= |population_metro =| population_density_km2 = 2324 |pushpin_map =Ukraine#Ukraine Kirovohrad Oblast |pushpin_map1= |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption =Location o Kirovohrad Oblast |pushpin_mapsize = |coordinates = {{coord|48|30|0|N|32|16|0|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = 124 ||postal_code_type=[[Postal code]] |postal_code = 25000-490 |area_code = +380 522 |blank_info = |blank1_info = [[Dobrich]]|blank1_name=[[Toun twinnin|Sister ceeties]]| ([[Bulgarie]]) |website = http://www.kr-rada.gov.ua/ |footnotes = }} '''Kropyvnytskyi''' ({{lang-uk|Кропивницький}}, {{IPA-uk|kropeu̯nɪt͡sʲkei̯|}} (umwhile '''Yelisavetgrad''' an frae 1939 till Julie 2016 '''Kirovohrad''' ({{lang-uk|Кіровогра́д}}, {{IPA-uk|kirowɔˈɦrɑd|}})) is a [[ceety]] in central [[Ukraine]] locatit on the [[Inhul]] river, an is the admeenistrative centre o the [[Kirovohrad Oblast]]. ==References== {{Reflist}}{{Stub/Ukraine}}{{Cities in Ukraine}} [[Category:Kropyvnytskyi| ]] [[Category:Ceeties in Kirovohrad Oblast]] [[Category:Kherson Govrenorate]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1754]] [[Category:Roushification]] [[Category:Ceeties o regional signeeficance in Ukraine]] [[Category:1754 establishments in Roushie]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns o Ukraine biggit in the Roushie Empire]] ms1zza9kgkp51nbv2by5210fhne3stl 0 94548 928083 927331 2026-11-11T19:11:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spanish name|Capdevila|Méndez}} {{Infobox fitbaw biography |name = Joan Capdevila |image = Joan Capdevila 2013 Catalonia.jpg |caption = Capdevila in action for [[Catalonie naitional fitbaw team|Catalonie]] in 2013 |fullname = Joan Capdevila i Méndez<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|title=FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010: List of players|publisher=FIFA|page=29|date=4 June 2010|accessdate=13 September 2013|format=PDF|archive-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517205300/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|2|3|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Tàrrega]], Spain |height = {{convert|1.82|m|abbr=on}} |position = [[Defender (association fitbaw)#Full-back|Left back]] |currentclub = |clubnumber = |youthyears1 = | youthclubs1 = Tàrrega |years1 = 1996–1997 | clubs1 = Tàrrega | caps1 = 34 | goals1 = 3 |years2 = 1997–1998 | clubs2 = Espanyol B | caps2 = 45 | goals2 = 4 |years3 = 1998–1999 | clubs3 = [[RCD Espanyol|Espanyol]] | caps3 = 29 | goals3 = 4 |years4 = 1999–2000 | clubs4 = [[Atlético Madrid]] | caps4 = 31 | goals4 = 2 |years5 = 2000–2007 | clubs5 = [[Deportivo de La Coruña|Deportivo La Coruña]] | caps5 = 179 | goals5 = 15 |years6 = 2007–2011 | clubs6 = [[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]] | caps6 = 140 | goals6 = 15 |years7 = 2011–2012 | clubs7 = [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] | caps7 = 5 | goals7 = 0 |years8 = 2012–2014 | clubs8 = [[RCD Espanyol|Espanyol]] | caps8 = 31 | goals8 = 0 |years9 = 2014 | clubs9 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] | caps9 = 6 | goals9 = 0 |years10 = 2015 | clubs10 = Lierse | caps10 = 4 | goals10 = 0 |years11 = 2016–2017 | clubs11 = [[FC Santa Coloma|Santa Coloma]] | caps11 = 7 | goals11 = 0 |totalcaps = 517 | totalgoals = 43 |nationalyears1 = 1998–2000 | nationalteam1 = Spain U21 | nationalcaps1 = 13 | nationalgoals1 = 0 |nationalyears2 = 2000 | nationalteam2 = Spain U23 | nationalcaps2 = 4 | nationalgoals2 = 0 |nationalyears3 = 2002–2011 | nationalteam3 = [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spain]] | nationalcaps3 = 60 | nationalgoals3 = 4 |nationalyears4 = 2002–2013 | nationalteam4 = [[Catalonie naitional fitbaw team|Catalonie]] | nationalcaps4 = 10 | nationalgoals4 = 0 |medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{ESP}}}} {{MedalSport|Men's Fitbaa}} {{MedalSilver|[[2000 Simmer Olympics|2000 Sydney]]|Team Competition}} }} '''Joan Capdevila i Méndez''' ({{IPA-ca|ʒuˈaŋ kədːəˈβiɫə}}; born 3 Februar 1978) is a Spaingie umwhile professional [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]] that played as a left-back. Ower 15 season in [[La Liga]] he played 410 gemmes an scored 36 goals, maistly for [[Deportivo de La Coruña|Deportivo]] an [[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ecodiario.eleconomista.es/futbol/noticias/1754016/12/09/Los-goles-de-Capdevila-garantizan-las-victorias-del-Villarreal.html|title=Los goles de Capdevila garantizan las victorias del Villarreal|trans-title=Capdevila goals equal Villarreal wins|publisher=El Economista|language=es|date=7 December 2009|access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref> In a senior career o 21 year he played in Portugal, Indie, Belgium an Andorrae an aw, an he annoonced his retiral on 5 Julie 2017, at 39.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.villarrealusa.com/2017/7/5/15920608/joan-capdevila-villarreals-world-cup-winner-retires|title=Joan Capdevila, Villarreal's World Cup winner, retires|publisher=Villarreal USA|date=5 July 2017|access-date=5 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710163741/https://www.villarrealusa.com/2017/7/5/15920608/joan-capdevila-villarreals-world-cup-winner-retires|archive-date=2018-07-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> Capdevila wan 60 caps for [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spain]]. He wan a siller medal at the [[2000 Simmer Olympics]],<ref name=ST>{{cite web|url=http://www.soccertimes.com/international/2000/games/sep30.htm|title=Cameroon's "Indomitable Lions" win shootout over Spain to take Olympic gold.|publisher=Soccer Times|date=30 September 2000|access-date=26 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322111703/http://www.soccertimes.com/international/2000/games/sep30.htm|archive-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> an he wis a member o the squads that wan [[UEFA Euro 2008|Euro 2008]], whaur he becam first choice at left-back,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/spains-2008-euro-winning-squad-where-they-are-now/3|title=Spain's Euro 2008 winning squad – Where are they now?|publisher=Sportskeeda|first=Ashwin|last=Hanagudu|date=26 April 2016|access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref> an the [[2010 FIFA Warld Cup|2010 World Cup]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Navboxes colour |title=Spain squads |bg=#C60B1E |fg=#FFC400 |bordercolor=#000033 |list1= {{Spain squad 2000 Summer Olympics}} {{Spain squad UEFA Euro 2004}} {{Spain squad UEFA Euro 2008}} {{Spain squad 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{Spain squad 2010 FIFA World Cup}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Capdevila, Joan}} [[Category:1978 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Tàrrega]] [[Category:Spaingie fitbawers]] [[Category:Catalan fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw defenders]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Segunda División B players]] [[Category:Tercera División players]] [[Category:RCD Espanyol B fitbawers]] [[Category:RCD Espanyol fitbawers]] [[Category:Deportivo de La Coruña players]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid fitbawers]] [[Category:Villarreal CF players]] [[Category:Primeira Liga players]] [[Category:S.L. Benfica fitbawers]] [[Category:Indian Super League players]] [[Category:NorthEast United FC players]] [[Category:Indian Super League marquee players]] [[Category:Belgian Pro League players]] [[Category:K. Lierse S.K. players]] [[Category:Spain unner-21 internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Spain unner-23 internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Spain internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2004 players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players]] [[Category:2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA European Championship-winnin players]] [[Category:2010 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:FIFA Warld Cup-winnin players]] [[Category:Fitbawers at the 2000 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic fitbawers o Spain]] [[Category:Olympic siller medallists for Spain]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in fitbaw]] [[Category:Catalonie internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Portugal]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Indie]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Belgium]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriates in Portugal]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriates in Indie]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriates in Belgium]] [[Category:FC Santa Coloma players]] c05gmlq3fpdpm4y2fo8gadrwlb3bbhh 0 123651 928102 926176 2026-11-11T20:04:02Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928102 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a '''leet o wather records''', a leet o the maist extreme occurrences o wather phenomena for various categories. ==Temperatur== ===Measurin condeetions=== The staundart measurin condeetions for temperatur are in the air, 1.5 meters abuin the grund, an shielded frae direct sunlicht (hence the term, x degrees "in the shade").<ref name=running2011 /> The follaein leets include aw offeecially confirmed claims measurt bi those methods. Temperaturs measured directly on the grund mey exceed air temperaturs bi 30 tae 50&nbsp;°C.<ref name=running2011>p. 855-857, [http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1 Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth], David J. Mildrexler, Maosheng Zhao, and Steven W. Running, ''Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society'', July 2011, pp. 855-860, {{doi|10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1}}.</ref> A grund temperature o 84&nbsp;°C (183.2&nbsp;°F) haes been recordit in Port Sudan, Sudan.<ref>Table 9.2, p. 158, ''Dryland Climatology'', Sharon E. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 1139500244.</ref> A grund temperatur o 93.9&nbsp;°C (201&nbsp;°F) wis recordit in [[Furnace Creek, Californie|Furnace Creek]], [[Death Valley]], [[Californie]], [[USA]] on 15 Julie 1972; this mey be the heichest naitural grund surface temperatur ever recordit.<ref>A possible warld record maximum naitural grund surface temperatur, Paul Kubecka, ''Weather'', '''56''', #7 (July 2001), ''Weather'', pp. 218-221, {{doi|10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x}}.</ref> The theoretical maximum possible grund surface temperatur haes been estimatit tae be atween 90 and 100&nbsp;°C for dry, darkish siles o law thermal conductivity.<ref>[http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0450%281992%29031%3C1096%3AEMLST%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures], J. R. Garratt, Journal of Applied Meteorology, '''31''', #9 (September 1992), pp. 1096–1105, {{doi|10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1096:EMLST>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Satellite measurements o grund temperature taken atween 2003 an 2009, taken wi the [[MODIS]] [[infrared]] spectroradiometer on the [[Aqua (satellite)|Aqua]] satellite, foond a maximum temperatur o 70.7&nbsp;°C (159.3&nbsp;°F), which wis recorded in 2005 in the [[Lut Desert]], [[Iran]]. The Lut Desert wis an aa foond tae hae the heichest maximum temperatur in 5 o the 7 years measurt (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 an 2009.) Thir measurements reflect averages ower a lairge region an sae are lawer than the maximum pynt surface temperatur.<ref name=running2011 /> Satellite measurements o the surface temperatur o Antarctica, taken atween 1982 an 2013, foond a cauldest temperatur o −93.2&nbsp;°C (−136&nbsp;°F) on 10 August 2010, at {{Coord|81.8|S|59.3|E}}. Althou this is nae comparable tae an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperatur at this location wad hae been lawer than the offeecial record lawest air temperatur o −89.2&nbsp;°C.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25287806 Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite], Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.</ref><ref>[http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2013/files/2013/12/ColdestPlaceOnEarth.pdf The Coldest Place on Earth: -90°C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors], Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, [[American Geophysical Union]] fall meeting, 9 December 2013.</ref> ===Heat=== ====Heichest temperaturs ever recordit bi continent==== [[File:Koppen World Map BWh.png|280px|thumb|A warld cairt shawin auries wi [[Köppen climate clessification|Köppen]] ''BWh'' (het desert climate). The temperaturs in thir regions hae the potential tae exceed 50&nbsp;&deg;C (122&nbsp;°F) during the hettest saisons.]] ==== Africae{{refn |group="notes"|Accordin tae Christopher Burt, Africae's hettest reliably measured temperatur is 50.7°C (123.3°F) at [[Semara]], [[Wastren Sahara]] on 13 Julie 1961.<ref name="reliably">{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Christopher C.|title=Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth: PART TWO|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/hottest-reliably-measured-air-temperatures-on-earth-part-two.html|publisher=Weather Underground|date=19 August 2016|accessdate=2 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225035304/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/hottest-reliably-measured-air-temperatures-on-earth-part-two.html|archive-date=2017-12-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> This vailyie wis surpassed on 5 Julie 2018 whan {{convert|51.3|C|F}} wis recordit at [[Ouargla]], [[Algerie]] on 5 Julie 2018.<ref name=watts2018/>}} ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Algerie}} |{{convert|51.3|C|F}} |[[El Bayadh]], [[El Bayadh Province]] / [[Ouargla]], [[Ouargla Province]] |{{Dts|2 September 1979}}<ref name=AlgeriaCC>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/algnc2.pdf |title=Seconde Communication Nationale de L'Algerie Sur Les Changements Climatiques a la CCNUCC |publisher=Ministere de L'Amenagement du Territoire et de L'Environnement |year=2010 |language=French |page=27 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref>/{{Dts| 5 Julie 2018}}<ref name=watts2018>{{cite web |last1=Watts |first1=Jonathan |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731151105/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/13/heatwave-sees-record-high-temperatures-set-around-world-this-week |archivedate=31 July 2018 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/13/heatwave-sees-record-high-temperatures-set-around-world-this-week |title=Heatwave sees record high temperatures around world this week |publisher=The Guardian |date=13 July 2018 |accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Botswana}} |{{convert|44.0|C|F}} |[[Maun, Botswana|Maun]] |{{Dts|7 Januar 2016}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201601112526.html|title=Botswana: Heat Wave Breaks Maximum Temperature Records}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Burkina Faso}} |{{convert|47.2|C|F}} |[[Dori, Burkina Faso|Dori]] |{{Dts|1984}}<ref name=burkinaclimatechange>{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/bfa01f.pdf |title=Programme D'Action National D'Adaptation a la Variabilite et aux Changements Climatiques (Pana du Burkina Faso) |publisher=Ministere de L'Environnnement et du Cadre de Vie |language=French |page=11 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Chad}} |{{convert|47.6|C|F}} |[[Faya-Largeau]] |{{Dts|22 Juin 2010}}<ref name="wu">{{cite web|url=https://www.cyprus-weather.org/temperature-breaks-all-records/|title=Temperature breaks all records in Cyprus|author=|first=|date=7 August 2010|website=|publisher=Weather Underground|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Comoros}} |{{convert|36.0|C|F}} |[[Prince Said Ibrahim Internaitional Airport|Hahaya Internaitional Airport]] |{{Dts|15 November 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/noaa-earth-had-its-third-warmest-year-record-2017 |title=NOAA: Earth Had Its Third Warmest Year on Record in 2017 |publisher=Wunderground |date=18 January 2018 |accessdate=29 April 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Eswatini|name=Eswatini (Swaziland)}} |{{convert|47.4|°C|°F}} |[[Lavumisa]] | ?<ref name=swazilandrecords>{{cite web|url=http://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/swaziland1991cidagroundwaterresourcesa.pdf |title=Groundwater Resources of Swaziland |publisher=Swaziland Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Use and Energy |page=6 |date=December 1992 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Ghana}} |{{convert|43.8|C|F}} |[[Navrongo]] |{{Dts|26 Mairch 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Guinea}} |{{convert|45|C|F}} |[[Koundara]], [[Boké Region]] |{{Dts|29 Mairch 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Niger}} |{{convert|49.5|C|F}} |[[Diffa]] |{{Dts|7 September 1978}}<ref name=nigerCC>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506213909/https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf/nernc3.pdf |archivedate=6 May 2018 |url=https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf/nernc3.pdf |title=Troisieme Communication Nationale A La Conference Des Parties De La Conventioncadre Des Nations Unies Sur Les Changements Climatiques |publisher=Republique de Niger |page=8 |accessdate=6 May 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Nigerie}} |{{convert|46.4|C|F}} |[[Yola, Nigerie|Yola]] |{{Dts|3 Apryle 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Réunion}} |{{convert|36.9|C|F}} |[[Le Port, Réunion|Le Port]] |{{Dts|6 Mairch 2004}}<ref name=reunionrecords>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101020215/http://www.meteofrance.re/climat/description-du-climat |archivedate=1 January 2019 | url=http://www.meteofrance.re/climat/description-du-climat |title=Climat de la Réunion |publisher=Météo-France |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sooth Africae}} |{{convert|50|C|F}} |[[Dunbrody, Eastren Cape|Dunbrody]], [[Eastren Cape]] |{{Dts|3 November 1918}}<ref name="saws">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517132011/http://www.weathersa.co.za/learning/climate-questions/39-what-are-the-temperature-rainfall-and-wind-extremes-in-sa |archivedate=17 May 2017|url=http://www.weathersa.co.za/learning/climate-questions/39-what-are-the-temperature-rainfall-and-wind-extremes-in-sa |title=What are the temperature, rainfall and wind extremes in SA? | publisher=[[South African Weather Service]]|accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sudan}} |{{convert|49.7|C|F}} |[[Dongola]] |{{Dts|25 Juin 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Tunisie}} |{{convert|55|C|F}} |[[Kebili]] |{{Dts|7 Julie 1931}}<ref name=bams>{{cite journal|author1=Khalid Ibrahim El Fadli |author2=Randall S. Cerveny |author3=Christopher C. Burt |author4=Philip Eden |author5=David Parker |author6=Manola Brunet |author7=Thomas C. Peterson |author8=Gianpaolo Mordacchini |author9=Vinicio Pelino |author10=Pierre Bessemoulin |author11=José Luis Stella |author12=Fatima Driouech |author13=M.M Abdel wahab |author14=Matthew B. Pace |title=World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|year=2012|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1|volume=94|issue=2 |pages=199–204|bibcode=2013BAMS...94..199E}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Wastren Sahara}} |{{convert|50.7|C|F}} |[[Semara]] |{{Dts|13 Julie 1961}}<ref name=reliably/> |- |{{flag|Zambie}} |{{convert|42.4|C|F}} |[[Mfuwe]], [[Eastren Province, Zambie|Eastren Province]] |{{Dts|13 October 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |} ==== Antarcticae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperature !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Antarcticae}} (aw laund/ice sooth o 60°S) | {{convert|19.8|C|F}} | [[Signy Resairch Station]], [[Sooth Orkney Islands]] |{{Dts|30 Januar 1982}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=1 March 2017 |archive-date=2021-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106025041/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Antarcticae}} (mainland an adjynin islands) |{{convert|17.5|C|F}} |[[Esperanza Base]], [[Trinity Peninsula]] |{{Dts|24 Mairch 2015}}<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/31/potential-record-high-temperature-in-antarctica-alarms-scientists | title = Antarctica records unprecedented high temperatures in two new readings | last = Mccarthy | first = Tom | work = The Guardian | date = 31 March 2015 | accessdate = 8 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-continent |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica mainland & adjoining islands): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=1 March 2017 |archive-date=2017-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302030128/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-continent |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Antarcticae}} ([[Antarctic Plateau]] > {{convert|2,500|m|ft|0}}) |{{convert|-7.0|C|F}} | Automatit Wather Station D-80 (coordinates: 70°6'S, 134°53'W, elevation: {{convert|2,500|m|ft|0}}) |{{Dts|28 December 1989}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-plateau |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica plateau>2500m): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=29 April 2018 |archive-date=2018-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430113958/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-plateau |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |[[Sooth Pole]] |{{convert|-12.3|C|F}} |[[Amundsen–Scott Sooth Pole Station]] |{{Dts|25 December 2011}}<ref name="Antarctic Sun">{{cite web |url=http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contenthandler.cfm?id=2563 |title=Heat wave: South Pole hits record high temperature on Christmas Day |publisher=United States Antarctic Program |date=29 December 2011 |accessdate=1 February 2012 |archive-date=2013-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523025538/http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contenthandler.cfm?id=2563 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} ==== Asie ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Afghanistan}} |{{convert|49.9|C|F}} |[[Farah, Afghanistan|Farah]] |{{Dts|August 2009}}<ref name="afghan record">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVGaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48|title=Afghanistan Constitution and Citizenship Law Handboook – Strategic Information and Basic Laws|last=inc|first=Ibp|date=2013|publisher=Int'l Business Publications|isbn=978-1-4387-7835-8|page=48}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Armenie}} |{{convert|43.7|C|F}} |[[Meghri]] |{{Dts|1 August 2011}}<ref name=ArmeniaCC>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/armnc3.pdf |title=Republic of Armenia Third National Communication on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection |year=2015 |page=3 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=Armeniarecordhigh>{{cite web |url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/3377/hottest-day-on-record---437-celsius.html |title=Hottest Day on Record – 43.7 Celsius |publisher=Hetq Online |date=3 August 2011 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |{{convert|46.0|C|F}} |[[Julfa, Azerbaijan (ceety)|Julfa]] an [[Ordubad]] |?<ref name=azhydromet>{{cite web |last1=Mahmudov |first1=Rza |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524005453/http://www.azhydromet.com/SRIH/Water%20Resurs.html |archivedate=24 May 2007 |url=http://www.azhydromet.com/SRIH/Water%20Resurs.html |title=Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic |publisher=Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan Republic |accessdate=27 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Bangladesh}} |{{convert|45.1|C|F}} |[[Rajshahi]] |{{Dts|30 Mey 1972}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/node/17080 |title=Bangladesh records highest temperature 42.2 degree Celsius in last 14 years |work=Asian Tribune |date=27 April 2009 |accessdate=7 November 2016 |archive-date=2015-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618065730/http://asiantribune.com/node/17080 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Bhutan}} |{{convert|40|C|F}} |[[Phuentsholing]] |{{Dts|27 August 1997}}<ref>{{cite news|author1=Passang Norbu|title=The heat has got into the Himalayas|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/the-heat-has-got-to-the-himalayas/#.VPR-x9KUdA0|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=Kuensel|date=14 June 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095043/http://www.kuenselonline.com/the-heat-has-got-to-the-himalayas/#.VPR-x9KUdA0|archivedate=2 April 2015}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cambodie}} |{{convert|42.6|C|F}} |[[Preah Vihear Province|Preah Vihear]] |{{Dts|15 Apryle 2016}}<ref name="meteofranceasia">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/35905150-asie-vague-de-chaleur-exceptionnelle |title=Exceptional Heat Wave 2016 |work=[[Meteo France]] |accessdate=29 April 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428202234/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/35905150-asie-vague-de-chaleur-exceptionnelle |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cheenae}} |{{convert|50.5|C|F}} |[[Erbao Tounship]], [[Turpan]], [[Xinjiang]] |{{Dts|10 Julie 2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1572543886818701&wfr=spider&for=pc|title=50.5℃！全国最高气温问世 未来或将再创新纪录|work=baijiahao.baidu.com}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Hong Kong}} |{{convert|39.0|C|F}} |[[Hong Kong Wetland Park|Wetland Park]] |{{Dts|22 August 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Macau}} |{{convert|39.0|C|F}} |[[Coloane]] |{{Dts|22 August 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Indie}} |{{convert|51.0|C|F}} |[[Phalodi]], [[Rajasthan]] |{{Dts|19 May 2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skymetweather.com/content/weather-news-and-analysis/indian-summer-makes-history-phalodi-in-rajasthan-boils-at-51c/|title=Indian summer makes history, Phalodi in Rajasthan boils at 51°C|work=Skymet Weather}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Indonesie}} |{{convert|39.5|C|F}} |[[Jatiwangi]], [[Majalengka Regency]], [[Wast Java]] /<br>[[Semarang]], [[Central Java]] |{{Dts|December 2006}} /<br>27 October 2015<ref name=wu20151027>{{cite web|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3169|title=Indonesia ties all-time national heat record|accessdate=31 October 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109200547/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3169|archivedate=9 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Iran}} |{{convert|54|C|F}} |[[Ahvaz]] Airport (OIAW) |{{Dts|29 Juin 2017}}.<ref name=reliably/><ref name="Samenow2016">{{cite web |last1=Samenow |first1=Jason |title=Two Middle East locations hit 129 degrees, hottest ever in Eastern Hemisphere, maybe the world|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/07/22/two-middle-east-locations-hit-129-degrees-hottest-ever-in-eastern-hemisphere-maybe-the-world/|publisher=The Washington Post|date=22 July 2016|accessdate=23 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/Weather/iran-ahvaz-hottest-temperature-ever-recorded-world-record-extreme-death-valley-california-a7815771.html |title=Temperatures in Iranian city of Ahvaz hit 129.2F (54C), near hottest on Earth in modern measurements |publisher=independent.com |date=30 June 2017 |accessdate=30 June 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Iraq}} |{{convert|53.8|C|F}} |[[Basra]] |{{Dts|22 Julie 2016}}<ref name=Samenow2016/><ref name=Tapper2016>{{cite web |last1=Tapper |first1=James |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/23/think-youre-hot-spare-a-thought-for-kuwait-as-mercury-hits-record-54c |title=Think you're hot? Spare a thought for Kuwait, as mercury hits record 54C |publisher=The Guardian |date=23 July 2016 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Israel}} |{{convert|54|C|F}} |[[Tirat Zvi]] |{{Dts|21 Juin 1942}}<ref name="ims">{{cite web|url=http://ims.gov.il/IMSEng/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael/ |title=Climate Extremes in Israel |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |date=21 June 1942 |accessdate=5 October 2016}}</ref>{{refn |group="notes"|The temperature has been reported as {{convert|54|C|F}}, however weather historian Christopher Burt argues that the thermograph trace was misread.<ref name="htoe">{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Christopher C.|title=Hottest air temperatures reported on Earth|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=3|website=Weather Underground|date=October 22, 2010|accessdate=7 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103200557/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=3|archivedate=3 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} |- |{{flag|Japan}} |{{convert|41.1|C|F}} |[[Kumagaya, Saitama|Kumagaya]], [[Saitama Prefectur|Saitama]] |{{Dts|23 Julie 2018}}<ref name="JMA">{{cite web |url=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rankall.php?prec_no=&block_no=&year=&month=&day=&view=|title=former National Rankings|accessdate=13 August 2013 |publisher=[[Japan Meteorological Agency]]}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Jordan}} |{{convert|50|C|F}} |Jordan University Agriculture Research Center |{{Dts|6 September 2002}}<ref name=Jordanrecords>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127213759/http://jometeo.gov.jo/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9 |archivedate=27 November 2016 |url=http://jometeo.gov.jo/معلومات-مناخية-وزراعية/القيم-المتطرفة |script-title=ar:القيم المتطرفة |publisher=Jordanian Meteorological Department |language=Arabic |accessdate=27 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Kuwait}} |{{convert|53.9|C|F}} |[[Mitribah]] |{{Dts|21 Julie 2016}}<ref name=WMOJune2019>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618130839/https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth |archivedate=18 June 2019 |url=https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth |title=WMO verifies 3rd and 4th hottest temperature recorded on Earth |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=18 June 2019}}</ref>{{refn |group="notes"|According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.<ref name=WMOJune2019/>}} |- |{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |{{convert|44.0|C|F}} |? |?<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://mineconom.gov.kg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2055:country-profile&lang=kg |title=Country profile |website=mineconom.gov.kg |publisher=Ministry of Economy of the Kyrgyz Republic |accessdate=13 January 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220074546/http://mineconom.gov.kg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2055:country-profile&lang=kg |archivedate=20 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Laos}} |{{convert|42.3|C|F}} |[[Seno, Laos|Seno]] |{{Dts|12 Apryle 2016}}<ref name=meteofranceasia/> |- |{{flag|Malaysie}} |{{convert|40.1|C|F}} |[[Chuping]] |{{Dts|9 Apryle 1998}}<ref name="climate stats 01">{{cite news| title=General Climate Information| url=http://www.met.gov.my/web/metmalaysia/education/climate/generalclimateinformation| publisher=Malaysia Meteorological Department| accessdate=30 June 2010| archive-date=2015-11-16| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116010753/http://www.met.gov.my/web/metmalaysia/education/climate/generalclimateinformation| url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Maldives}} |{{convert|34.9|C|F}} |[[Hanimaadhoo (Haa Dhaalu Atoll)|Hanimaadhoo]] |{{Dts|16 Apryle 2016}}<ref name="meteofranceasia"/> |- |{{flag|Mongolia}} |{{convert|44.0|C|F}} |[[Khongor, Darkhan-Uul|Khongor]], [[Darkhan-Uul Province]] |{{Dts|24 Julie 1999}}<ref name=MARCC>{{cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/pdf/MARCC2009_BOOK.pdf |title=Mongolia: Assessment Report on Climate Change 2009 |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Nature and Tourism, Mongolia |pages=36–37 |date=September 2009 |accessdate=23 October 2016 |archive-date=2015-12-09 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20151209053717/http://www.unep.org/pdf/MARCC2009_BOOK.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Myanmar}} |{{convert|47.2|C|F}} |[[Myinmu]] |{{Dts|14 Mey 2010}}<ref name=Myint2016>{{cite web |last1=Myint |first1=Yee |url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/yangon/20063-heat-takes-its-toll.html |title=Heat takes its toll |publisher=Myanmar Times |date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=Soe2016>{{cite web |last1=Soe |first1=Kyaw |url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/mandalay-upper-myanmar/19170-warnings-of-strong-el-nino-through-june.html |title=Warnings of strong El Niño through June |publisher=Myanmar Times |date=25 February 2016 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Nepal}} |{{convert|46.0|°C|°F}} |[[Chisapani, Bardiya|Chisapani]] | ?<ref name=faoNepal>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Nepal/Nepal.htm |title=Nepal |work=Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate=24 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024140133/http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/Counprof/Nepal/nepal.htm |archivedate=24 October 2016 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Oman}} |{{convert|50.8|C|F}} |[[Buraimi]],<br>[[Sohar]], <br>[[Qurayyat, Oman|Qurayyat]] |{{Dts|Julie 1990}}, <br>{{Dts|Mey 2009}}, <br>{{Dts|30 Mey 2017}}<ref name=jfwu17>Jeff Masters, [https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/historic-heat-wave-sweeps-asia-middle-east-and-europe Historic Heat Wave Sweeps Asia, the Middle East and Europe], 6 June 2017</ref> |- |{{flag|Pakistan}} |{{convert|53.7|C|F}} |[[Turbat]] |{{Dts|28 Mey 2017}}<ref name=WMOJune2019/> |- |{{flag|Philippines}} |{{convert|42.2|C|F}} |[[Tuguegarao]], [[Cagayan Valley]] |{{Dts|12 Apryle 1912}}, 11 Mey 1969<ref name=PhilippinesCC>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/phlnc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |publisher=Government of the Philippines |date=29 December 2014 |page=6 |accessdate=24 October 2016 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Qatar}} |{{convert|50.4|C|F}} |[[Doha]] |{{Dts|14 Julie 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Roushie}} (Siberie) |{{convert|42.3|C|F}} |[[Belogorsk, Amur Oblast|Belogorsk]], [[Amur Oblast]] |{{Dts|12 Julie 2010}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1546 |title=Wunder Blog |publisher=Weather Underground |date=19 July 2010 |accessdate=28 January 2011 |archive-date=2010-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722041822/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1546 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Saudi Arabie}} |{{convert|52.0|C|F}} |[[Jeddah]] |{{Dts|23 Juin 2010}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2010062476182 |deadurl=yes |title=saudigazette|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930232945/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2010062476182 |archivedate=30 September 2015 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Singapore}} |{{convert|37.0|C|F}} |[[Tengah, Singapore|Tengah]] |{{Dts|17 Apryle 1983}}<ref name=MSSrecords>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-historical-extremes-temperature |title=Historical Extremes |publisher=[[Meteorological Service Singapore]] |accessdate=8 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127224631/http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-historical-extremes-temperature/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sooth Korea}} |{{convert|41.0|C|F}} |[[Hongcheon]], [[Gangwon Province (Sooth Korea)|Gangwon Province]] |{{Dts|1 August 2018}}<ref name="news1">{{cite web|url=https://m.news.naver.com/read.nhn?mode=LSD&sid1=103&sid2=248&oid=421&aid=0003514221|title=한반도 폭염 신기원…서울 39.6도·홍천 41.0도 |publisher=[[news1]]|accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sirie}} |{{convert|49.4|C|F}} | ? | ?<ref name=SyriaCC>{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/syrnc1.pdf |title=Initial National Communication of the Syrian Arab Republic |publisher=Ministry of state for Environmental Affairs |pages=18–20 |date=April 2010|accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Taiwan}} |{{convert|40.3|C|F}} |[[Tianxiang]], [[Hualien Coonty]] |{{Dts|9 Julie 2018}}<ref name=watts2018/><ref name="Wunderground">{{cite web|url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/Heat-Records-Falling-Around-World-2018|title=Heat Records Falling Around the World in 2018|work=[[Wunderground]]|accessdate=20 September 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Thailand}} |{{convert|44.6|C|F}} |[[Mae Hong Son]] |{{Dts|28 Apryle 2016}}<ref name="meteofranceasia"/> |- |{{flag|Turkey}} |{{convert|49.0|C|F}} |[[Cizre]], [[Şırnak Province]] |{{Dts|27 August 1961}}<ref name="DMIGM">{{cite web|url=https://www.mgm.gov.tr/genel/sss.aspx?s=sicaklikenleri2|title=Türkiye'de ve Dünyada Kaydedilen En Düşük ve En Yüksek Değerler |publisher=Turkish State Meteorological Service |accessdate=10 July 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Turkmenistan}} |{{convert|50.1|C|F}} |[[Repetek Biosphere State Reserve]], [[Karakum Desert]] |{{Dts|28 Julie 1983}}<ref name=TurmenistanCC>{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/tkmnc3.pdf |title=Third National Communication of Turkmenistan Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan |pages=12–13 |year=2015 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=TurkmenistanUNCCD>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118145252/http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/300703d5-c6bc-416b-8aeb-a0fa014a4a8f |archivedate=18 November 2016 |url=http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/300703d5-c6bc-416b-8aeb-a0fa014a4a8f |title=Report on implementation of the UNCCD in Turkmenistan |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan |year=2000 |page=7 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Unitit Arab Emirates}} |{{convert|52.1|C|F}} |[[Al Jazeera Mairch Gate]] |{{Dts|Julie 2002}}<ref name=Leon>{{cite news |last1=Ponce de Leon |first1=Janice |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/weather/debunking-weather-myths-in-the-uae-1.1877541 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118143949/http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/weather/debunking-weather-myths-in-the-uae-1.1877541 |archivedate=18 November 2016 |title=Debunking weather myths in the UAE |publisher=Gulf News |date=11 August 2016 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=UAErecordhigh>{{cite news |last1=Croucher |first1=Martin |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-weather-temperature-soars-to-near-record-level |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118144107/http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-weather-temperature-soars-to-near-record-level |archivedate=18 November 2016 |title=UAE weather: Temperature soars to near record level |publisher=The National |date=12 July 2013 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Vietnam}} |{{convert|43.4|C|F}} |[[Huong Khe Destrict]] |{{Dts|20 Apryle 2019}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cappucci |first1=Matthew |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/04/22/vietnam-just-observed-its-highest-temperature-ever-recorded-degrees-april/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505153741/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/04/22/vietnam-just-observed-its-highest-temperature-ever-recorded-degrees-april/ |archivedate=2019-05-05 |title=Vietnam just observed its highest temperature ever recorded: 110 degrees, in April |publisher=The Washington Post |date=22 April 2019 |accessdate=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> |} ==== Europe ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Albanie}} |{{convert|43.9|C|F}} |[[Tirana]] |{{Dts|1973}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knoema.com/gbpfred/extreme-temperatures-across-the-world?tsId=1000890|title=Extreme Temperatures across the World|publisher=[[knoema.com|knoema]]|accessdate=26 July 2019 |date=26 July 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Austrick}} |{{convert|40.5|C|F}} |[[Bad Deutsch-Altenburg]] |{{Dts|8 August 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/klima/news/neuer-hitze-rekord-40-5deg-c-in-bad-deutsch-altenburg|title=Neuer Hitze-Rekord: 40,5°C in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg|publisher=[[Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics|ZAMG]]|accessdate=9 August 2013 |date=9 August 2013}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Belaroushie}} |{{convert|38.9|C|F}} |[[Gomel]] |{{Dts|7 August 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Belgium}} |{{convert|41.8|C|F}} |[[Begijnendijk]], [[Flemish Brabant]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"|Part of the [[July 2019 European heat wave]]}} |{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}<ref name=Belgium1>{{cite web |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2019/07/26/hitte-zo-uitzonderlijk-was-het-gisteren |title=Zo uitzonderlijk was het gisteren: 41,8 graden in Begijnendijk |publisher=VRTNWS|language=Dutch|accessdate=25 July 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} |{{convert|46.2|C|F}} |[[Mostar]] |{{Dts|31 Julie 1901}}<ref name="Federal Hydrometeorological Institute">{{cite web |url=http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/engleski/Mostarstanica.php |title=Federal Hydrometeorological Institute |accessdate=28 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009021245/http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/engleski/Mostarstanica.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="meteofrance"/> |- |{{flag|Bulgarie}} |{{convert|45.2|C|F}} |[[Sadovo]], [[Plovdiv Province]] |{{Dts|5 August 1916}}<ref name="unfccc">{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/bulnc2.pdf |title=Bulgaria Second National Communication |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Croatie}} |{{convert|42.8|C|F}} |[[Ploče]] |{{Dts|5 August 1981}}<ref name="cro">{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom_/application/pdf/hrv_nc6.pdf#page=23 |title=Croatia Sixth National Communication |format=PDF |accessdate=19 July 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cyprus}} |{{convert|45.6|C|F}} |[[Nicosia]] |{{Dts|1 August 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Czech Republic}} |{{convert|40.4|C|F}} |[[Dobřichovice]], [[Prague-Wast Destrict]] |{{Dts|20 August 2012}}<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlasceska.cz/ceska-republika/ceska-nej/ |title=Česká republika – Česká nej |publisher=atlasceska.cz |accessdate=20 August 2012}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Denmark}} |{{convert|36.4|C|F}} |[[Holstebro]], [[Midtjylland]] |{{Dts|10 August 1975}}<ref name="dmi">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426034355/http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/vejrekstremer-dk/ |archivedate=26 April 2017 |url=http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/vejrekstremer-dk/ |title=Vejrekstremer i Danmark |publisher=Danish Meteorological Institute |language=Danish |accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Estonie}} |{{convert|35.6|C|F}} |[[Võru]] |{{Dts|11 August 1992}}<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/rekordid/ohutemperatuur/?lang=en |title=Weather records |publisher=Estonian Weather Services |accessdate=28 September 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Finland}} |{{convert|37.2|C|F}} |[[Joensuu Airport]], [[Liperi]] |{{Dts|29 Julie 2010}}<ref name=fmirecords>{{cite web|url=http://ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/lampotilaennatyksia |title=Lämpötilaennätyksiä |publisher=Finnish Meteorological Institute |language=Finnish |accessdate=3 January 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Fraunce}} |{{convert|46.0|C|F}} |[[Vérargues]], [[Hérault]] |{{Dts|28 Juin 2019}}<ref name="meteofrance">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721010727/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74345599-c-est-officiel-on-a-atteint-les-46-c-en-france-en-juin |archivedate=2019-07-21 |url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74345599-c-est-officiel-on-a-atteint-les-46-c-en-france-en-juin |title=C'est officiel : on a atteint les 46 °C en France en juin |publisher=Météo France |language=French |accessdate=19 July 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Germany}} |{{convert|42.6|C|F|abbr=}} |[[Lingen, Germany|Lingen]], [[Lawer Saxony]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"}} |{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www1.wdr.de/nachrichten/wetter-sammlung-100.html|title=Hitzewelle: Lingen mit 42,6 Grad heißester Ort|website=www1.wdr.de|date=25 July 2019|accessdate=25 July 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Greece}} |{{convert|48.0|C|F}} |[[Athens]] {{refn |group="notes"|A temperatur o {{convert|48.7|C|F}} haes an aw been meisurt on the same day in [[Tatoi]], houiver it is nae conseedert tae be the offeecial temperatur record for Greece.<ref name="meteoclub1">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/1468-rekor-thermokrasias |title=Τα χαμηλότερα και υψηλότερα ρεκόρ θερμοκρασίας στην Ελλάδα |publisher=Meteoclub.gr |date= |accessdate=22 February 2019 |archive-date=2018-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702024059/http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/1468-rekor-thermokrasias |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |{{Dts|10 Julie 1977}}<ref name="WMO">{{cite web|url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-meteorological-organization-global-weather-climate-extremes-archive|title=Global Weather & Climate Extremes|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organisation]]|accessdate=2 January 2019|archive-date=2013-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Hungary}} |{{convert|41.9|C|F}} |[[Kiskunhalas]] |{{Dts|20 Julie 2007}}<ref name="met.hu">{{cite web|url=http://owww.met.hu/eghajlat/Magyarorszag/rekordok/ |title=Website of the Hungarian Meteorological Service |publisher=Met.hu |accessdate=7 August 2015}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Iceland}} | {{convert|30.5|C|F}} | Teigarhorn, [[Djúpivogur]] |{{Dts|22 Juin 1939}}<ref name="iceland">Einarsson, Markús. [http://en.vedur.is/media/loftslag/myndasafn/frodleikur/Einarsson.pdf Climate of Iceland] pg 683. Retrieved 29 April 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16539&ew_0_a_id=309709 Heat Wave Hits Iceland, New Records Set] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629021152/http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16539&ew_0_a_id=309709 |date=2009-06-29 }} ''[[Iceland Review]]'' 31 July 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2009.</ref> |- |{{flag|Ireland}} |{{convert|33.3|C|F}} |[[Kilkenny Castle]], [[Coonty Kilkenny]] |{{Dts|26 Juin 1887}}<ref name="Met Éireann">{{cite web |url=http://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp |title=Temperature – Climate – Met Éireann – The Irish Meteorological Service Online |publisher=Met.ie |date=2 January 1979 |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003129/https://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Italy}} |{{convert|47.0|C|F}} |[[Foggia]], [[Apulie]] {{refn |group="notes"|A disputit record temperatur o 48.5&nbsp;°C (119.3&nbsp;°F) wis measurt on 10 August 1999 in [[Catenanuova]], Sicily.<ref name=Italy1/>}} |{{Dts|25 Juin 2007}}<ref name=Italy1>{{cite web |url=http://www.meteogiornale.it/notizia/9192-1-battuti-i-record-di-caldo-italia-del-sud-nella-fornace-africana-punte-di-47c |title=BATTUTI I RECORD DI CALDO: Italia del Sud nella fornace africana, punte di +47 °C |publisher=Meteogiornale |date=25 June 2007 |accessdate=8 May 2014 |language=Italian |archive-date=2014-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224114/http://www.meteogiornale.it/notizia/9192-1-battuti-i-record-di-caldo-italia-del-sud-nella-fornace-africana-punte-di-47c |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Italy>{{cite web|url=http://www.centrometeotoscana.it/2012/07/07/il-record-italiano-di-caldo-48-5c/ |title=Il record italiano di caldo: +48.5 °C|publisher=CentroMeteoToscana |date=7 July 2012 |accessdate=8 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224554/http://www.centrometeotoscana.it/2012/07/07/il-record-italiano-di-caldo-48-5c/|archivedate=12 May 2014|language=Italian}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Latvie}} |{{convert|37.8|C|F}} |[[Ventspils]] |{{Dts|4 August 2014}}<ref name="meteolv">[https://twitter.com/VSIA_LVGMC/status/496291491539845120 LVGMC Twitter account]. Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre. Retrieved 4 August 2014. {{lv icon}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Lithuanie}} |{{convert|37.5|C|F}} |[[Zarasai]], [[Utena Coonty]] |{{Dts|30 Julie 1994}}<ref name="record lithuania">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteo.lt/lt/web/guest/rekordai |title=(Meteorologiniai rekordai Lietuvoje) |publisher=Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service |language=Lithuanian |accessdate=28 September 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002123054/http://www.meteo.lt/lt/web/guest/rekordai |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Luxembourg}} |{{convert|40.8|C|F|abbr=}} |[[Steinsel|Steinsel, Luxembourg]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"}} |{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}<ref name="record luxembourg">{{cite web|url=https://www.wort.lu/de/lokales/40-8-c-neuer-offizieller-temperaturrekord-in-luxemburg-5d39c099da2cc1784e3488ff|title=40,8°C: Neuer offizieller Temperaturrekord in Luxemburg|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=AgriMeteo|language=German|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726130556/https://www.wort.lu/de/lokales/40-8-c-neuer-offizieller-temperaturrekord-in-luxemburg-5d39c099da2cc1784e3488ff|archive-date=2019-07-26|dead-url=|accessdate=25 July 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Maltae}} |{{convert|43.8|C|F}} |[[Maltae Internaitional Airport]] |{{Dts|9 August 1999}}<ref name="MaltaCC">{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/mlt_nc02.pdf |title=The Second Communication of Malta to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Xhange |publisher=Ministry of Resources and Rural Affairs |pages=40–41 |date=May 2010 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=MaltaNSO>{{cite web |last1= Galdies |first1= Charles |url= https://nso.gov.mt/en/publicatons/Publications_by_Unit/Documents/B3_Environment_Energy_Transport_Agriculture_Statistics/The_Climate_of_Malta.pdf |title= The Climate of Malta: statistics, trends, and analysis 1951–2010 |pages= 6–7 |year= 2011 |publisher= National Statistics Office |accessdate= 26 February 2013 |archive-date= 2016-04-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160405203936/http://nso.gov.mt/en/publicatons/Publications_by_Unit/Documents/B3_Environment_Energy_Transport_Agriculture_Statistics/The_Climate_of_Malta.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Moldovae}} |{{convert|42.4|°C|°F}} |[[Falesti]] |{{Dts|7 August 2012}}<ref name=Moldovarecords>{{cite web |title=Recorduri meteorologice în Republica Moldova |url=http://www.meteo.md/newsait/historu/record.htm |publisher=Serviciul Hidrometeorologic de Stat |language=Romanian |accessdate=25 October 2016 |archive-date=2017-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320091515/http://www.meteo.md/newsait/historu/record.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Montenegro}} |{{convert|44.8|C|F}} |[[Podgorica]] & [[Danilovgrad]] |{{Dts|16 August 2007}} /<br/>8 August 2012<ref name="Jeff Masters">{{cite web|last=Masters |first=Jeff |title=2012: Earth's 10th warmest year on record, and warmest with a La Niña |url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/article.html |publisher=Weather Underground |accessdate=17 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117064246/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/article.html |archivedate=17 January 2013 |df= }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Netherlands}} |{{convert|40.7|C|F}} |[[Gilze en Rijen]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"}} |{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}<ref>https://nos.nl/liveblog/2294980-meting-41-7-graden-in-deelen-niet-geldig-wel-boven-de-40-in-gilze-rijen.html}</ref> |- |{{flag|North Macedonie}} |{{convert|45.7|C|F}} |[[Demir Kapija]], [[Demir Kapija Municipality|Demir Kapija]] |{{Dts|24 Julie 2007}}<ref name=MacedoniaCC>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124035513/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/macnc2.pdf |archivedate=24 November 2016 | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/macnc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning |page=24 |date=December 2008 |accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Norawa}} |{{convert|35.6|°C|°F}} |[[Nesbyen]], [[Buskerud]] |{{Dts|20 Juin 1970}}<ref name="DNMI">{{cite web |url=http://met.no/met/normaler_ekstremer/maneds_rekorder.html |title=Klima |publisher=met.no |accessdate=20 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129225502/http://www.met.no/met/normaler_ekstremer/maneds_rekorder.html |archivedate=29 November 2007 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Poland}} |{{convert|40.2|°C|°F}} |[[Prószków]]{{refn |group="notes" |Record meisurt on [[Weimar Republic|German territory]] at that time: [[Proskau]], [[Landkreis]] [[Opole|Oppeln]], [[Province o Upper Silesie|Oberschlesien]] (nou [[Prószków]], [[Opole Voivodeship]]). The record in [[Seicont Pols Republic|Poland proper]] at that time wis attained on the same day bi the veelage o [[Zbiersk]] at 40.0&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://meteomodel.pl/rekordy-temperatury/|title=Polskie Rekordy|website=MeteoModel.pl|date=31 May 2011|access-date=2016-02-12}}</ref>}} |{{Dts|29 Julie 1921}}<ref name="klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl">{{cite web |url=http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |title=Rekordy klimatyczne w Polsce |language=pl |publisher=Zakład Klimatologii – [[Uniwersytet Jagielloński]], Kraków |work=Klimat.Geo.UJ.edu.pl |accessdate=20 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529040418/http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |archivedate=29 May 2010 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Portugal}} |{{convert|47.4|°C|°F}} |[[Amareleja]], [[Beja (destrict)|Beja]] |{{Dts|1 August 2003}}<ref name="meteo1">[https://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/extremos.clima/ Extremes] Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, IPMA</ref> |- |{{flag|Romanie}} |{{convert|44.5|°C|°F}} |[[Ion Sion]], [[Brăila Coonty]] |{{Dts|10 August 1951}}<ref>[http://www.meteoromania.ro/index.php?id=405 THERMAL EXTREMES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909041857/http://www.meteoromania.ro/index.php?id=405 |date=2008-09-09 }} Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie</ref> |- |{{flag|Roushie|}} (in Europe) |{{convert|45.4|°C|°F}} |[[Utta]], [[Kalmykie]] |{{Dts|12 Julie 2010}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pogoda.ru.net/news/5076/ |title=Погода и Климат – В России установлен новый абсолютный температурный максимум |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |accessdate=28 January 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070750/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/news/5076/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|San Marino}} |{{convert|40.3|C|F}} |[[Serravalle (San Marino)|Serravalle]] |{{Dts|3 August 2017}}, {{Dts|9 August 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Serbie}} |{{convert|44.9|°C|°F}} |[[Smederevska Palanka]], [[Podunavlje Destrict|Podunavlje]] |{{Dts|24 Julie 2007}}<ref name="hidmet">{{cite web|url=http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/ciril/meteorologija/klimatologija_temp_rezim.php |title=TEMPERATURE REGIME IN SERBIA, Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia |publisher=Hidmet.gov.rs |accessdate=4 September 2012}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Slovakie}} |{{convert|40.3|C|F}} |[[Hurbanovo]] |{{Dts|20 Julie 2007}}<ref name=slovakrecord>{{cite web|title=Historial Extremes: Review of historical extremes (extreme values) of selected meteorological elements at the territory of Slovak republic |url=http://www.shmu.sk/en/?page=1384 |publisher=Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute |accessdate=9 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Slovenie}} |{{convert|40.8|C|F}} |[[Cerklje ob Krki]] |{{Dts|8 August 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|title=V Cerkljah ob Krki namerili rekordnih 40,8 stopinje Celzija|url=http://www.24ur.com/novice/slovenija/vroce-bo-temperature-pa-okoli-40-stopinj-celzija.html|publisher=24ur.com|accessdate=8 August 2013|language=Slovenian}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Spain}} |{{convert|47.3|C|F}} |[[Montoro, Cordoba]] (as Montoro Vega Armijo) |{{Dts|13 Julie 2017}}<ref name=Benayas2017>{{cite web |last1=Benayas |first1=Victoria |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/07/14/inenglish/1500017188_072441.html |title=Córdoba sets new temperature record as heatwave continues in Spain |publisher=El País |date=14 July 2017 |accessdate=19 July 2017 |archive-date=2017-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818001445/https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/07/14/inenglish/1500017188_072441.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Swaden}} |{{convert|38.0|C|F}} |[[Ultuna]], [[Uppsala Coonty]]/<br>[[Målilla]], [[Kalmar County]] (tied) |{{Dts|9 Julie 1933}} /<br>29 Juin 1947<ref name="SMHI">{{cite web |url=http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/svenska-temperaturrekord-1.5792 |title=Svenska temperaturrekord |publisher=Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut |accessdate=15 August 2017 |archive-date=2017-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815175701/http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/svenska-temperaturrekord-1.5792 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Swisserland}} |{{convert|41.5|C|F}} |[[Grono, Swisserland|Grono]], [[Moesa Destrict]] |{{Dts|11 August 2003}}<ref name="Weather in Switzerland">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/home/climat/passe/extremes-climatiques/records-suisse.html |title=Records Suisse |publisher=MeteoSwiss |accessdate=25 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816174245/http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/home/climat/passe/extremes-climatiques/records-suisse.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Ukraine}} |{{convert|42.0|C|F}} |[[Luhansk]] |{{Dts|12 August 2010}}<ref name=cgo>{{cite web |url =http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords/ |script-title =uk:Кліматичні рекорди |publisher =Central Observatory for Geophysics |language =Ukrainian |accessdate =4 August 2016 |archive-date =2016-08-04 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160804044852/http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords%2F |url-status =dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} |{{convert|38.7|C|F}} |[[Cambridge]], [[Cambridgeshire]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"}} |{{Dts| 25 Julie 2019|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2019/new-official-highest-temperature-in-uk-confirmed |title=New official highest temperature in UK confirmed |publisher=[[Met Office]] |accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="UK Met Office">{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate-extremes/#?tab=climateExtremes |title=UK climate – Extremes |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Vatican Ceety}} |{{convert|40.7|C|F}} |[[Vatican Ceety]] |{{Dts|2 August 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |} ==== North Americae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Anguilla}} |{{convert|34.2|C|F}} |[[The Valley, Anguilla|The Valley]] |{{Dts|12 September 2015}}<ref name=wu20151021>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/sixteen-nationalterritorial-alltime-extreme-heat-records-set-in-2015.html |title=Sixteen National/Territorial All-Time Extreme Heat Records Set in 2015 |publisher=Wunderground |date=27 January 2016 |accessdate=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204182639/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/sixteen-nationalterritorial-alltime-extreme-heat-records-set-in-2015.html |archive-date=2018-02-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Antigua an Barbuda}} |{{convert|34.9|C|F}} |[[V. C. Bird Internaitional Airport]], [[St. John's, Antigua an Barbuda|St. John's]] |{{Dts|12 August 1995}}<ref name=Antiguaclimate>{{cite web |url=http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/Our_Climate.html |title=Our Climate |publisher=Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2017-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305012206/http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/Our_Climate.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Antiguaclimatedata>{{cite web |url=http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/STATS/coolidge_dailytemp.html |title=Normal Daily Temperature: TEMPERATURE AT V.C. Bird International Airport |publisher=Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2019-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823025952/http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/STATS/coolidge_dailytemp.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Breetish Virgin Islands}} |{{convert|35.0|C|F}} |[[Terrance B. Lettsome Internaitional Airport]] |{{Dts|22 Julie 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |last2=Henson |first2=Bob |url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/confirmed-2016-the-warmest-year-in-history-of-global-recordkeeping.html |title=Confirmed: 2016 the Warmest Year in History of Global Recordkeeping |publisher=Wunderground |date=18 January 2017 |accessdate=7 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507221643/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/confirmed-2016-the-warmest-year-in-history-of-global-recordkeeping.html |archive-date=2018-05-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Canadae}} |{{convert|45.0|C|F}} |[[Yellow Grass]], [[Saskatchewan]]<br>[[Midale]], Saskatchewan |{{Dts|5 Julie 1937}}<ref name="canadaextremes">{{cite web|url = http://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=en&n=6a4a3ac5-1#1921-1940 |title = Top Weather Events of the 20th Century |publisher = Environment Canada |date = May 2010|accessdate = 26 January 2013}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cayman Islands}} |{{convert|34.9|C|F}} |[[Owen Roberts Internaitional Airport]], [[Grand Cayman]] |{{Dts|21 August 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |- |{{flag|Cuba}} |{{convert|39.1|C|F}} |Veguitas ([[Granma Province]]) |{{Dts|30 Juin 2019}}<ref name=Cubarecords>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geoclimat.org/p/records-nationaux-de-temperatures.html|title=Records nationaux de température}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Dominica}} |{{convert|35.5|C|F}} |[[Canefield Airport]] |{{Dts|3 October 2015}}<ref name=wu20151021/> |- |{{flag|Dominican Republic}} |{{convert|43.0|C|F}} |[[Mao, Dominican Republic|Mao]] |{{Dts|31 August 1954}}<ref name=mejia>{{cite web |first1=Mariela |last1=Mejía |url=http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias/2011/01/07/i274915_frio-extremo-calor-agobiante.html |title=Frío extremo, calor agobiante |publisher=Diario Libre |language=Spanish |date=7 January 2011 |accessdate=2 May 2017 |archive-date=2013-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104214132/http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias/2011/01/07/i274915_frio-extremo-calor-agobiante.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Greenland}} |{{convert|30.1|C|F}} |[[Ivittuut]] |{{Dts|23 Juin 1915}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/06/10/greenland-witnessed-its-highest-june-temperature-ever-recorded-on-thursday/ |title=Greenland witnessed its highest June temperature ever recorded on Thursday |work=The Washington Post |date=10 June 2016 |accessdate=22 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/cif/station/gr-ivigt.htm |title=Greenland -Dnk- - Ivigtut |publisher=Pendientedemigracion.ucm.es |date= |accessdate=22 February 2019 |archive-date=2016-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126080156/http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/cif/station/gr-ivigt.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iceagenow.info/record-lows-since-1937-record-highs/ |title=More record lows since 1937 than record highs |work=Iceagenow.info |date=27 June 2017 |accessdate=22 February 2019 |archive-date=2018-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005145353/https://www.iceagenow.info/record-lows-since-1937-record-highs/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Guatemala}} |{{convert|45|C|F}} |[[Estanzuela]], [[Zacapa]] | ?<ref name="INSIVUMEH"/> |- |{{flag|Martinique}} |{{convert|36.5|C|F}} |[[Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]] |{{Dts|6 October 2010}}<ref name=martiniqueclimate>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101021428/http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/climat972_2pages.pdf/1bb26ab1-630b-4fd4-9757-9adb5da948a6 |archivedate=1 January 2019 |url=http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/climat972_2pages.pdf/1bb26ab1-630b-4fd4-9757-9adb5da948a6 |title=Le climat en Martinique |publisher=Météo-France |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Mexico}} |{{convert|52.0|C|F}} |[[Mexicali]] area |{{Dts|28 Julie 1995}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/early-summer-heat-broils-northern-hemisphere.html|author=Christopher Burt|title=Early Summer Heat Broils Northern Hemisphere|accessdate=19 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319151445/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/early-summer-heat-broils-northern-hemisphere.html|archive-date=2018-03-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=García Cueto |first1=O.R. |last2=Santillán Soto |first2=N. |last3=Quintero Núñez |first3=M. |last4=Ojeda Benítez |first4=S. |last5=Velázquez Limón |first5=N. |title=Extreme temperature scenarios in Mexicali, Mexico under climate change conditions |journal=Atmósfera |date=October 2013 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=509–520 |doi=10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71092-0 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Panama}} |{{convert|40.0|C|F}} |[[San Francisco, Panamá|San Francisco]] |{{Dts|20 Mairch 1998}}<ref name=ETESA>{{cite web |url=http://www.hidromet.com.pa/temperaturas_extremas.php?idioma=ing |title=Extreme Temperatures |publisher=Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica S.A |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031151317/http://www.hidromet.com.pa/temperaturas_extremas.php?idioma=ing |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Puerto Rico}} |{{convert|104|F|C|order=flip}} |[[Mona Island]] |{{Dts|2 Julie 1996}}<ref name=NWSpuertorico>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119141404/http://www.weather.gov/sju/climo_extremes |archivedate=19 January 2017|url=http://www.weather.gov/sju/climo_extremes |title=All Time Extremes for PR and VI |publisher=National Weather Service |accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> |- | |{{flag|United States}} |{{convert|56.7|C|F}} |[[Furnace Creek, Californie|Furnace Creek]], [[Death Valley]], [[Californie]] |{{Dts|10 Julie 1913}}<ref name="KPBS-report">{{cite web |url=http://www.kpbs.org/news/2013/jul/15/doubts-cloud-death-valleys-100-year-heat-record/ |title=Doubts Cloud Death Valley's 100-year Heat Record|accessdate=30 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="WMO-Highest">[http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature World: Highest Temperature] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |date=4 January 2013 }} [[World Meteorological Organization]]. Retrieved 13 September 2012.</ref><ref name="Burt"/> |- |{{flag|Unitit States Virgin Islands}} |{{convert|99|F|C|order=flip}} |[[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Thomas]]/ [[Cruz Bay, U.S. Virgin Islands|Cruz Bay]] |{{Dts|4 August 1994}} an 23 Juin 1996<ref name=NWSpuertorico/><br/> 31 July 1988<ref name=NWSpuertorico/> |} ==== Oceanie{{refn |group="notes"|On 16 Januar 1889, a temperatur o 53&nbsp;°C (128&nbsp;°F) wis recordit at [[Cloncurry, Queensland]]. It wis measurt wi a non-staundart thermometer, so it is unkent if this readin wis valid or nae.<ref name="NCDC"/> The readin is nae recognised bi Australie's [[Bureau o Meteorology]].<ref name="BoMExtremes"/>}}==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Australie}} |{{convert|50.7|C|F}} |[[Oodnadatta, Sooth Australie]] |{{Dts|2 Januar 1960}}<ref name="NCDC">[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128084534/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html |date=2013-11-28 }} [[National Climatic Data Center]]. Retrieved 21 June 2007.</ref><ref name="BoMExtremes">{{cite web | title = Australian Temperature Extremes | publisher = [[Bureau of Meteorology (Australia)|Bureau of Meteorology]] | date = 1 April 2009 | url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/extreme/records/national.pdf | accessdate=16 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://reg.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/highesttemp.shtml |title=50.5&nbsp;°C – W.A.'s Highest Ever Temperature |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |date=20 February 1998 |accessdate=12 July 2011}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Marshall Islands}} |{{convert|35.6|C|F}} |[[Utirik Atoll]] |{{Dts|24 August 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |- |{{flag|New Zealand}} |{{convert|42.4|C|F}} |[[Rangiora]], [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]] /<br>Jordan, [[Marlborough Region|Marlborough]] (tied) |{{Dts|7 Februar 1973}}<ref name="record NZ">{{cite web |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealandInBrief/NaturalEnvironment/3/en |title=Carl Walrond. 'Natural environment', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 25-Sep-2007 |publisher=Teara.govt.nz |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2009-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816033058/http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealandInBrief/NaturalEnvironment/3/en |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Palau}} |{{convert|35|C|F}} |[[Koror]] |{{Dts|22 Mairch 2018}}<ref name=Palauhigh>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/march-2018-earths-5th-warmest-march-record | title = March 2018: Earth's 5th Warmest March on Record | publisher = Wunderground | date = 18 April 2018 | accessdate=29 April 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Samoa}} |{{convert|35.3|C|F}} |[[Asau, Samoa|Asau]] |{{Dts|24 December 1968}}<ref name = WBsamoaclimate> {{cite web |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161105161301/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/619871468093590816/pdf/E28540EA0v30P10MF000December0202011.pdf |archivedate= 5 November 2016 |url= http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/619871468093590816/pdf/E28540EA0v30P10MF000December0202011.pdf |title= Environmental and Social Management Framework for the Samoa Agriculture Competitiveness Enhancement Project |publisher= World Bank |date= 2 December 2011 |page= 53 |accessdate= 5 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Solomon Islands}} |{{convert|36.1|C|F}} |[[Honiara]], [[Guadalcanal Province]] |{{Dts|1 Februar 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Tonga}} |{{convert|35.5|C|F}} |[[Niuafoou]] |{{Dts|1 Februar 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |- |{{flag|Vanuatu}} |{{convert|36.2|C|F}} |[[Lamap Malekula]] |{{Dts|8 Februar 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |- |{{flag|Wallis and Futuna}} |{{convert|35.8|C|F}} |[[Futuna Airport]] |{{Dts|10 Januar 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |} ==== Sooth Americae{{refn |group="notes"|Accordin tae Christopher Burt, Sooth America's hettest reliably meisurt temperature is 47.3°C (117.1°F) at [[Campo Gallo]], [[Argentinae]] on 16 October 1936.<ref name=reliably/>}}==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Argentinae}} |{{convert|48.9|C|F}} * |[[Rivadavia, Salta|Rivadavia]], [[Salta Province]] |{{Dts|11 December 1905}}<ref name="NCDC"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/#continental |title=Continental Weather & Climate Extremes: Based on World Meteorological Organization Defined Regions |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=17 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="meteofa">The record o 49.1&nbsp;°C (120.4&nbsp;°F) in [[Villa de María del Río Seco|Villa de María]], [[Córdoba Province, Argentinae|Córdoba Province]], Argentinae, on 2 Januar 1920, is disputit an conseedert dubious{{cite web |url=http://www.smn.gov.ar/?mod=biblioteca&id=94 |title=Servicio Meteorólogico Nacional (Argentina) |accessdate=31 March 2014}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Bolivie}} |{{convert|46.7|C|F}} |[[Villamontes]], [[Tarija Depairtment]] |{{Dts|29 October 2010}}<ref name="wu"/>{{refn |group="notes"|Temperatur reached on multiple occasions; this is the maist recent.}} |- |{{flag|Brazil}} |{{convert|44.8|C|F}} |[[Nova Maringá]], [[Mato Grosso]] |{{Dts|4 November 2020}}, {{Dts|5 November 2020}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/climatempo/brasil-tem-novo-recorde-historico-de-calor,539a60945327d9f61cd981427377c37cuo1khkwn.html |title=Brasil tem novo recorde histórico de calor |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=6 November 2020 |website=www.terra.com.br |publisher=Terra|access-date= 7 November 2020|language=Portuguese||trans-title=Brazil has a new historic heat record|quote=}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Chile}} |{{convert|44.9|C|F}} |[[Quillón]], [[Biobio Region]]{{refn |group="notes"|This record is disputit acause o the [[2017 Chile wildfires|forest fires]] that occurred aroond the toun o Quillón. It is heichly probable thae fires hae influenced this record.}} |{{Dts|26 Januar 2017}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2017/01/27/en-bio-bio-se-registro-la-temperatura-maxima-de-la-historia-de-chile-449oc-en-quillon.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615134949/http://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2017/01/27/en-bio-bio-se-registro-la-temperatura-maxima-de-la-historia-de-chile-449oc-en-quillon.shtml|archivedate=15 June 2017|title=En Bío Bío se registró temperatura máxima de la historia de Chile|date=27 January 2017|publisher=Biobiochile.cl|language=Spanish |deadurl=no |accessdate=19 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theclinic.cl/2017/01/26/quillon-tuvo-hoy-la-temperatura-mas-alta-la-historia-chile-44-9-grados-la-sombra/|title=Quillón tuvo hoy la temperatura más alta de la historia de Chile: 44.9 grados a la sombra|publisher=[[The Clinic (newspaper)|The Clinic]] |date=26 January 2017 |accessdate=15 June 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Colombie}} |{{convert|45.0|C|F}} |[[Puerto Salgar]], [[Cundinamarca Depairtment|Cundinamarca]] |{{Dts|29 December 2015}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pronosticosyalertas.gov.co/documents/78690/301070/12_IDA_DICIEMBRE_30_2015.pdf/18413b07-7123-42e7-95f3-6f8b92311265?version=1.0 |title=Informe Técnico Diario N°364 |publisher=[[IDEAM]] |date=30 December 2015 |accessdate=15 January 2016 |archive-date=2016-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129085236/http://www.pronosticosyalertas.gov.co/documents/78690/301070/12_IDA_DICIEMBRE_30_2015.pdf/18413b07-7123-42e7-95f3-6f8b92311265?version=1.0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|French Guiana}} |{{convert|38.0|C|F}} |[[Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] |{{Dts|27 September 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |-- |{{flag|Paraguay}} |{{convert|45.0|C|F}} |[[Pratts Gill]], [[Boquerón Depairtment]] |{{Dts|14 November 2009}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteorologia.gov.py:9191/historico.html|title=Valores extremos históricos climatológicos de la red de estaciones|date=13 January 2011|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=2012-12-21|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221100002/http://www.meteorologia.gov.py:9191/historico.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Peru}} |{{convert|48.3|C|F}} |[[Juan Guerra]], [[Depairtment o San Martín|San Martín]] |{{Dts|3 November 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/peru/senamhi-regiones-han-registrado-temperaturas-altas-nivel-nacional-noticia-503478|title=¿En qué regiones se han registrado las temperaturas más altas a nivel nacional?|work=[[El Comercio Perú]]|date=11 March 2018|language=es}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Uruguay}} |{{convert|44.0|C|F}} |[[Paysandú]], [[Paysandú Depairtment]] |{{Dts|20 Januar 1943}}<ref name="uruguayrecordssum">{{cite web |title = Clima del Uruguay |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213061537/http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/Uy_c-info.htm |archivedate=13 December 2016 |url = http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/Uy_c-info.htm |publisher = Red Académica Uruguaya |language=Spanish |accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="uruguayrecordsraw">{{cite web |title = Boletín meteorológico |url = http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/records.txt |publisher = Dirección Nacional de Meteorología |language = Spanish |trans-title = Meteorologic records of Uruguay |accessdate = 1 October 2010 |archive-date = 2015-06-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150609015041/http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/records.txt |url-status = dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Venezuela}} |{{convert|43.6|C|F}} |[[Santa Ana de Coro]], [[Falcón]] ||{{Dts|29 Apryle 2015}}<ref name=wu20151021/> |} ====Ither heich-temperature records==== * '''Fastest temperatur rise:''' 27&nbsp;°C (49&nbsp;°F) in twa minutes; [[Spearfish, Sooth Dakota]], 1943-01-22.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book">{{cite book | last = Lyons | first = Walter A | title = The Handy Weather Answer Book | url = https://archive.org/details/handyweatheransw00lyon | edition = 2nd | year = 1997 | publisher = Visible Ink press | location = Detroit, Michigan | isbn = 0-7876-1034-8}}</ref> * '''Maist consecutive days abuin 37.8&nbsp;°C (100&nbsp;°F):''' 160 days; [[Marble Bar, Wastren Australie]] frae 31 October 1923 tae 7 Aprile 1924.<ref name="climateextremes">{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.htm|title=Marble Bar heatwave, 1923–1924|work=Australian Climate Extremes|publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]|accessdate=21 September 2008|archiveurl=https://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.html|archivedate=2009-03-17|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''Surface temperatur:''' Heat records are measurt bi air temperature abuin the grund. Remote sensin can estimate grund or "skin" surface temperaturs: the [[MODIS]] satellite foond in a brief survey a grund temperature o {{convert|70.7|C|F}}, in the [[Lut Desert]] o Iran, the hettest detectit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=77779|title=Finding the hottest spots on Earth by satellite|publisher=NASA|work=Earth Observatory|date=2012-05-02}}</ref> ===[[Cauld]]=== ===Lawest temperaturs recordit=== <!-- Note: Dates should have name of month SPELLED OUT (as in previous table) to avoid confusion over MONTH/DAY. THIS PAGE IS FOR OFFICIAL RECORDS ONLY, NOT REMOTELY SENSED OBSERVATIONS --> ===Bi continent=== ==== Africae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Algerie}} | {{convert|-13.8|C|F}} | [[Mécheria]] | 28 January 2005<ref name=AlgeriaCC/> |- | {{flag|Burkina Faso}} | {{convert|5|C|F}} | [[Markoye]] | January 1975<ref name=burkinaclimatechange/> |- | {{flag|Botswana}} | {{convert|-15.0|C|F}} | [[Tsabong]] | ?<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203143334/http://www.weather.info.bw/resources/entry_fs.html |archivedate=3 December 2008 |url=http://www.weather.info.bw/resources/entry_fs.html |title=Botswana's Climate |publisher=Meteorological Services Botswana |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Eswatini|name=Eswatini (Swaziland)}} | {{convert|-6.7|°C|°F}} | [[Big Bend, Eswatini|Big Bend]] | ?<ref name=swazilandrecords/> |- | {{flag|Ghana}} | {{convert|11.0|C|F}} | [[Kumasi]], [[Tafo]] | ?<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011052633/http://www.meteo.gov.gh/climatology.html |archivedate=11 October 2008 |url=http://www.meteo.gov.gh/climatology.html |title=Climatology |publisher=Ghana Meteorological Services Department |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Guinea}} | {{convert|2.5|C|F}} | [[Bareing]] | 2 Januar 1982<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109004730/http://www.meteo-guinee-conakry.net/DMN/records.htm |archivedate=9 January 2007 |url=http://www.meteo-guinee-conakry.net/DMN/records.htm |title=Quelques Records en Guinée |publisher=Météorologie Nationale, République de Guinée |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Lesotho}} | {{convert|-21.0|C|F}} | ? | ?<ref name="lesotho">{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/lesnc1.pdf |title= Lesotho – National report on climate change |publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources |date=April 2000 |accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Morocco}} | {{convert|-23.9|C|F}} | [[Ifrane]] | 11 Februar 1935<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/africa-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region I (Africa): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=25 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226055625/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/africa-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Niger}} | {{convert|-2.4|C|F}} | [[Bilma]] | {{Dts|13 Januar 1995}}<ref name=nigerCC/> |- | {{flag|Réunion}} | {{convert|-5.0|C|F}} | [[Gite de Bellecome]] | {{Dts|10 September 1975}}<ref name=reunionrecords/> |- | {{flag|Sooth Africae}} | {{convert|-20.1|C|F}} | [[Buffelsfontein]], near [[Molteno, Eastren Cape|Molteno]], [[Eastren Cape]] | 23 August 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mybroadband.co.za/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=76495&d=1381902030|title=New minimum temperature record for South Africa |accessdate=12 June 2014}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Sudan}} | {{convert|-1.0|°C|°F}} | [[Zalingei]] | December 1961 an Januar 1962<ref name=faosudan>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/counprof/sudan/sudan.htm |title=Sudan |work=Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate=22 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016075150/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Sudan/sudan.htm |archivedate=16 October 2016 }}</ref> |} ==== Antarcticae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Antarcticae}} |{{convert|-89.2|C|F}} <!-- Please do not change this record without reaching consensus on the talk page. Recent satellite measurements below this figure, while gaining a lot of publicity, are not considered official (by the WMO, for example) and are not comparable with ground-based measurements. See the article "Lowest temperature recorded on Earth", the footnote below the table, or the source cited in the lead, for details. --> |[[Vostok Station]] |21 Julie 1983<ref name="NCDC"/><ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/><ref>{{cite journal | author=Budretsky, A.B. | title=New absolute minimum of air temperature | journal=Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition | url=http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min.html | issue=105 | year=1984 | location=Leningrad | publisher=[[Gidrometeoizdat]] | language=Russian | access-date=2015-07-22 | archive-date=2009-02-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227071811/http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>{{refn |group="notes" | This temperature is conseedert the lawest iver offeecially recordit in Antarctica an in the Warld, as it was perceived bi grund-poseetioned thermometers in 1983. [[Satellite]] analyses made on 10 August 2010 pyntit tae a temperatur o −93.2&nbsp;°C (−135.8&nbsp;°F) near [[Dome F]] in [[Queen Maud Land]], but this record is nae offeecially leetit acause it wis meisurt by [[remote sensin]] methods that are nae totally consistent, unlik the 1983 temperatur. See [[Lawest temperatur recorded on Yird]] for details.}} |- |Dome A |{{convert|-82.5|C|F}} |[[Dome A]] | Julie 2005<ref>{{cite web|author=Web Team |url=http://www.aad.gov.au/weather/aws/dome-a/index.html |title=''Australian Antarctic Division'' |publisher=Aad.gov.au |date=5 September 2005 |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> |- |[[Sooth Pole]] |{{convert|-82.8|C|F}} |[[Amundsen–Scott Sooth Pole Station]] |23 Juin 1982<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/support/southp.jsp |title=''Office of Polar Programs'' |publisher=Nsf.gov |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2020-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414060623/https://www.nsf.gov/geo/opp/support/southp.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} ==== Asie ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Afghanistan}} | {{convert|-52.2|C|F}} | [[Shahrak Destrict|Shahrak]] | {{Dts|Januar 1964}}<ref name="afghan record" /> |- | {{flag|Armenie}} | {{convert|-42.0|C|F}} | [[Paghakn]] an [[Ashocq]] | {{Dts|1961}}<ref name=ArmeniaCC/> |- |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |{{convert|-33.0|C|F}} |Julfa an Ordubad |?<ref name=azhydromet/> |- | {{flag|Bangladesh}} | {{convert|2.6|C|F}} | [[Tetulia Upazila]] | 8 Januar 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=Cold claims 8 more |accessdate=8 January 2018 |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/lowest-temperature-in-bangladesh-bd-on-january-8-2018-recorded-3-degree-celsius-in-nilphamari-1516666 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Cheenae}} | {{convert|-58|C|F}} | [[Genhe]], [[Inner Mongolie]] | 31 December 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20180123000102-260309/ |title=大陸冷極 內蒙根河室內外溫差90℃ - 中時電子報 |work=Chinatimes.com |date=23 January 2018 |accessdate=22 February 2019}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Hong Kong}} | {{convert|-6.0|C|F}} | [[Tai Mo Shan]] | 24 January 2016<ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSpjtXUOu98|title=多雨極寒的一月|date=5 February 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Indie}} | {{convert|-44.9|C|F}} | [[Dras]], [[Jammu an Kashmir]] | 22 Mairch 1911<ref name="IMD">{{cite journal |last1=De |first1=U. |last2=Dube |first2=R. |last3=Rao |first3=G. |title=Extreme Weather Events over India in the last 100 years |url=http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf |journal=Journal of Indian Geophysical Union |year=2005 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=173–187 |access-date=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231319/http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Iran}} | {{convert|-36.0|C|F}} | [[Saqqez]] | 1972<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://danakhabar.com/fa/news/1163560/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C-71-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%A7-46-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1|title=رکورد گرمترین و سردترین نقطه ایران مربوط به کی و کجاست؟ / ثبت دمای بالای 71 درجه تا 46 درجه زیر صفر|website=danakhabar.com|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=2016-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319165039/http://danakhabar.com/fa/news/1163560/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C-71-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%A7-46-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Israel}} | {{convert|-14.2|C|F}} | [[Merom Golan]] | 10 Januar 2015<ref>Judah Ari Gross, [http://www.timesofisrael.com/golan-sees-record-low-temperatures-during-storm/ "Golan sees record low temperatures during storm"], The Times of Israel, 12 January 2015.</ref> |- | {{flag|Japan}} | {{convert|-41.0|C|F}} | [[Asahikawa]], [[Hokkaidō]] | 25 Januar 1902<ref name="JMA"/> |- |{{flag|Jordan}} |{{convert|-16.0|C|F}} |[[Shoubak]] |{{Dts|15 December 2013}}<ref name=Jordanrecords/> |- | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{convert|-4.8|C|F}} | [[Salmy]] | 3 Januar 2009<ref name=kuwaitclimate>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213163824/https://www.met.gov.kw/Climate/climate_hist.php?lang=eng |archivedate=13 February 2019 |url=https://www.met.gov.kw/Climate/climate_hist.php?lang=eng |title=Climate History |publisher=Kuwait Meteorological Department |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |{{convert|-53.6|C|F}} |? |?<ref name=":0" /> |- | {{flag|Malaysie}} | {{convert|7.8|C|F}} | [[Cameron Hielands]] | 1 February 1978<ref name="climate stats 01"/> |- | {{flag|Maldives}} | {{convert|17.2|C|F}} | [[Hulhulé Island]], locatit at [[Ibrahim Nasir Internaitional Airport]] | 11 Apryle 1978<ref name=Maldivesclimate>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127214507/http://www.meteorology.gov.mv/climateofmaldives |archivedate=27 November 2016 |url=http://www.meteorology.gov.mv/climateofmaldives |title=Climate of Maldives |publisher=Maldives Meteorological Service |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Mongolie}} | {{convert|-55.3|C|F}} | [[Züüngovi, Uvs|Züüngovi]], [[Uvs Province]] | 31 December 1976<ref name=MARCC/><ref name=MongoliaNC>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015000101/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2018%20Mongolia%20TNC%20EN.pdf |archivedate=15 October 2018 |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2018%20Mongolia%20TNC%20EN.pdf |title=Mongolia Third National Communication |publisher= Ministry of Environment and Tourism |accessdate=14 October 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Myanmar}} | {{convert|-57.9|C|F}} | [[Hkakabo Razi]] | unknown<ref>{{cite web |url=https://livingasean.com/explore/asean-winter-snow-in-the-tropics/ |title=ASEAN Winter Snow in the Tropics |website=Living ASEAN |access-date=2019-07-31 |archive-date=2018-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925191255/http://livingasean.com/explore/asean-winter-snow-in-the-tropics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Nepal}} | {{convert|-26.0|C|F}} | [[Thakmarpha]], [[Mustang destrict]] | ?<ref name=faoNepal/> |- | {{flag|North Korea}} | {{convert|-43.6|C|F}} | [[Chunggangjin]] | 12 January 1933<ref>{{cite web |author=선종일 |url=http://user.chollian.net/~jis0523/korea-climate.htm |title=Korean Climate |publisher=User.chollian.net |date=1 August 1942 |accessdate=29 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229002124/http://user.chollian.net/~jis0523/korea-climate.htm |archivedate=29 December 2011 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Pakistan}} | {{convert|-24|C|F}} | [[Skardu]] | 7 January 1995<ref>{{cite web |author=Hamayoon Janjua |url=https://crayon.pk/places-with-extreme-low-temperature-in-pakistan/ |title=Pakistan Climate |publisher=crayon.pk |date=30 January 2019 |accessdate=11 May 2018 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705123907/https://crayon.pk/places-with-extreme-low-temperature-in-pakistan/ |archivedate=2019-07-05 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Philippines}} | {{convert|6.3|C|F}} | [[Baguio]] | 18 January 1961<ref name=PhilippinesCC/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Luces|first1=Kim|title='Abnormally cold' temperatures recorded in January|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/346457/scitech/science/abnormally-cold-temperatures-recorded-in-january|accessdate=2 March 2015|publisher=GMA News|date=31 January 2014|quote=However, these are nothing compared to the all-time lowest temperature ever felt in Baguio City and in the Philippines – the 6.3-degree cold felt on January 18, 1961.}}</ref> {{refn |group="notes" |It is reported by local news outlet that temperatures in [[Mt. Pulag]] in the Philippines which is 2,922 meters above sea level plunges as low as {{convert|2.0|C|F}}. PAGASA cannot verify<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yap|first1=DJ|title=Zero in Mt. Pulag? Pagasa clueless|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/346661/zero-in-mt-pulag-pagasa-clueless|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=25 January 2013}}</ref>}} |- |{{flag|Qatar}} |{{convert|1.5|C|F}} |[[Abu Samra]] |{{Dts|5 Februar 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- | {{flag|Roushie}} (Siberie) | {{convert|-67.8|C|F}} | [[Verkhoyansk]] an<br/>[[Oymyakon]], baith in [[Sakha Republic]] | 7 February 1892<br/>6 February 1933<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/northern-hemisphere-lowest-temperature |title=Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=25 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226145102/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/northern-hemisphere-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Saudi Arabie}} | {{convert|-12.0|C|F}} | [[Turaif]] | ?<ref name=SaudiCC>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/saunc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication |publisher=Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |page=2 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Singapore}} |{{convert|19.0|C|F}} |[[Paya Lebar]] |{{Dts|14 Februar 1989}}<ref name=MSSrecords/> |- | {{flag|Sooth Korea}} | {{convert|-32.6|C|F}} | [[Yangpyeong]] | 5 January 1981<ref name=kma>{{cite web|url=http://web.kma.go.kr/eng/biz/climate_01.jsp|title=Climate of Korea|publisher=[[Korea Meteorological Administration]]|accessdate=24 July 2010}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Sirie}} | {{convert|-23.0|C|F}} | [[Idlib]] | Januar 1951<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sy.arabiaweather.com/content/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B0-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-1950|title=أبرد شتاء مر على سوريا منذ عام 1950 !|work=طقس سوريا – طقس العرب}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Taiwan}} |{{convert|-18.4|C|F}} |[[Yushan Naitional Pairk|Yushan]] |{{Dts|31 Januar 1970}}<ref name="ysnp">{{cite web|url=http://www.ysnp.gov.tw/css_en/page.aspx?path=550|title=The Climate|publisher=Yushan National Park|accessdate=22 April 2018|archive-date=2018-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202523/http://www.ysnp.gov.tw/css_en/page.aspx?path=550|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Thailand}} | {{convert|-1.4|C|F}} | [[Sakon Nakhon Province|Sakon Nakhon]] | 2 Januar 1974<ref name="tmd">{{cite web |url=http://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf |title=The Climate of Thailand |publisher=Thai Meteorological Department |accessdate=31 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801225446/http://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |- | {{flag|Turkey}} | {{convert|-46.4|C|F}} | [[Çaldıran (Destrict), Van|Çaldıran]], [[Van Province]] | 9 Januar 1990<ref name="DMIGM"/> |- | {{flag|Turkmenistan}} | {{convert|-36.0|C|F}} | [[Daşoguz Region]] | ?<ref name=TurmenistanCC/> |- | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{convert|-5.4|C|F}} | [[Jebel Jais]] | 3 Februar 2017<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- | {{flag|Vietnam}} | {{convert|-6.1|C|F}} | [[Sa Pa]] | 4 Januar 1974<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imh.ac.vn/b_tintuc_sukien/bb_tt_khkt/mlfolder.2010-01-25.6091843748/mlfolder.2011-01-28.5026715834/mlnews.2011-01-28.5670939729 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312003953/http://www.imh.ac.vn/b_tintuc_sukien/bb_tt_khkt/mlfolder.2010-01-25.6091843748/mlfolder.2011-01-28.5026715834/mlnews.2011-01-28.5670939729 |archivedate=12 March 2012 |title=Vì sao miền Bắc lạnh bất thường? |publisher=Vietnam Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology |language=Vietnamese |accessdate=13 October 2016}}</ref> |} ==== Europe ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Country/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Albanie}} | {{convert|-25.8|C|F}} | ? | <ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.climatechangepost.com/albania/climate-change/ |title=Albania |website=Climate Change Post}} </ref> |- | {{flag|Austrick}} | {{convert|-52.6|C|F}} | [[Grünloch]] doline | 19 Februar 1932<ref name="Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/icam2007/ICAM2007/extended/manuscript_95.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-07-22 |archive-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112200637/http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/icam2007/ICAM2007/extended/manuscript_95.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Belaroushie}} | {{convert|-42.2|C|F}} | [[Slavnom]], [[Vitsebsk Voblast]] | 17 Januar 1940<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web |author1=Baglasov Andrey |author2=Belov Alexandr |author3=Sinitsa Valentina |author4=Bychenkov Alexandr |url=http://www.pogoda.by/ |title=Department of Hydrometeorology |publisher=Pogoda.by |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2010-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822154324/http://pogoda.by/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Belgium}} | {{convert|-30.1|°C|°F}} | Valley o the [[Lesse]] in [[Rochefort, Belgium|Rochefort]] | 20 Januar 1940<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kmi.be/meteo/view/nl/1119603-Januari.html |title=KMI (Belgian Royal Meteorological Institute) site |publisher=Kmi.be |accessdate=29 January 2012 |archive-date=2015-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928195714/http://www.kmi.be/meteo/view/nl/1119603-Januari.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Bosnie an Herzegovinae}} | {{convert|-42.5|°C|°F}} | [[Igman]] in [[Sarajevo Canton]] | 24 Januar 1963<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108030246/https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/na-igmanu-je-1963-ziva-na-termometru-pala-na-minus-42-5/120210061 |archivedate=8 January 2017 |url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/na-igmanu-je-1963-ziva-na-termometru-pala-na-minus-42-5/120210061 |title=Interview with the Federal Hydrometeorological Institute of BiH |publisher=Klix.ba |accessdate=8 January 2017}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Bulgarie}} | {{convert|-38.3|C|F}} | [[Tran, Bulgarie|Tran]] | 25 Januar 1947<ref name="unfccc"/> |- | {{flag|Croatie}} | {{convert|-35.5|C|F}} | [[Čakovec]] | 3 Februar 1929<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom_/application/pdf/hrv_nc6.pdf#page=23 |title=Sixth National Communication and First Biennial Report of the Republic of Croatia under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) |publisher=Croatian Ministry of Environmental and Nature Protection |language=English |accessdate=2 August 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{convert|-16|C|F}} | ? | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://viborc.com/lowest-temperatures-records-for-every-european-country/ |title=Lowest temperatures – list of records for every European country|accessdate=1 July 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Czech Republic}} | {{convert|-42.2|C|F}} | [[Litvínovice]] | 11 Februar 1929<ref name=autogenerated2 /> |- | {{flag|Denmark}} | {{convert|-31.2|C|F}} | [[Thisted Municipality]], [[North Denmark Region]] | 8 Januar 1982<ref name="dmi"/> |- | {{flag|Estonia}} | {{convert|-43.5|C|F}} | [[Jõgeva]], [[Jõgeva Coonty]] | 17 Januar 1940<ref name=autogenerated3 /> |- | {{flag|Finland}} | {{convert|-51.5|C|F}} | Pokka, [[Kittilä]], [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]] | 28 Januar 1999<ref name=fmirecords/> |- | {{flag|France}} | {{convert|-41.0|C|F}} | [[Mouthe]], [[Doubs]] | 17 Januar 1985<ref name="Méteo France">{{cite web |url=http://comprendre.meteofrance.com/pedagogique/dossiers/phenomenes/les_grands_froids?page_id=2764&document_id=4578&portlet_id=18309 |title=MétéoFrance |publisher=Comprendre.meteofrance.com |accessdate=29 January 2012 |archive-date=2009-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513102352/http://comprendre.meteofrance.com/pedagogique/dossiers/phenomenes/les_grands_froids?page_id=2764&document_id=4578&portlet_id=18309 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Germany}} | {{convert|-45.9|C|F}} | [[Funtensee]], [[Berchtesgadener Land]], [[Bavarie]] | 24 December 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unwetterzentrale.de/uwz/495.html|title=Wetterextreme (Temperaturspanne von bis zu 146,5°C)|author=Andreas Wagner|date=August 2009|publisher=[[Meteomedia AG|MeteoGroup]]|accessdate=11 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831170129/http://www.unwetterzentrale.de/uwz/495.html|archive-date=2014-08-31|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Greece}} | {{convert|-27.8|C|F}} | [[Ptolemaida]] | 27 Januar 1963<ref name="meteoclub1"/> |- | {{flag|Hungary}} | {{convert|-35|C|F}} | [[Görömbölytapolca]] | 16 Februar 1940<ref name="met.hu"/> |- | {{flag|Iceland}} | {{convert|-37.9|C|F|sigfig=3}} | [[Grímsstaðir]] | 21 Januar 1918<ref name="iceland"/> |- | {{flag|Ireland}} | {{convert|-19.1|C|F}} | [[Markree Castle]], [[County Sligo]] | 16 Januar 1881<ref name="Met Éireann" /> |- | {{flag|Italy}} | {{convert|-49.6|C|F}} | [[Busa Fradusta]], [[Pale di San Martino]] | 10 Februar 2013<ref name="montagna.tv">{{Cite web|url=https://www.montagna.tv/47324/record-di-freddo-in-italia-49-6c-sulle-pale-di-san-martino/|title=Record di freddo in Italia: -49.6°C sulle Pale di San Martino|date=10 May 2013}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Latvie}} | {{convert|-43.2|C|F}} | [[Daugavpils]] | 8 February 1956<ref name="meteolv"/> |- | {{flag|Lithuanie}} | {{convert|-42.9|C|F}} | [[Utena, Lithuanie|Utena]], [[Utena Coonty]] | 1 February 1956<ref name="record lithuania" /> |- | {{flag|Malta}} | {{convert|1.4|C|F}} | [[Maltae Internaitional Airport]] | 29 Januar 1981<ref name="MaltaCC"/><ref name=MaltaNSO/> |- | {{flag|Moldovae}} | {{convert|-35.5|°C|°F}} | [[Brătușeni]], [[Edineț Destrict]] | {{Dts|20 Januar 1963}}<ref name=Moldovarecords/> |- | {{flag|Netherlands}} | {{convert|-27.4|C|F}} | [[Winterswijk]] | 27 Januar 1942<ref name="meteonet1">{{cite web|url=http://weergegevens.nl/extremes_day.aspx?station=9999999&extreem=X_TX&order=1&maand=7&dag=25&country=3|title=Dagrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland|work=weergegevens.nl}}</ref> |- | {{flag|North Macedonie}} | {{convert|-31.5|C|F}} | [[Berovo]], [[Berovo Municipality]] | 27 Januar 1954<ref name="meteomk">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20070819153102/http://www.meteo.gov.mk/MeterolKlimaEkstremni.asp |archivedate=19 August 2007 |url=http://www.meteo.gov.mk/MeterolKlimaEkstremni.asp?X=1 |title=Климатски екстреми |publisher=Hydrometeorological Service |language=Macedonian |accessdate=4 February 2010 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Norawa}} | {{convert|-51.4|C|F}} | [[Karasjok]], [[Finnmark]] | 1 Januar 1886<ref name="DNMI" /> |- | {{flag|Poland}} | {{convert|-41.0|C|F}} | [[Siedlce]], [[Masovian Voivodeship]] | 11 Januar 1940<ref name="klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl"/> |- | {{flag|Portugal}} | {{convert|-16.0|C|F}} | [[Penhas da Saúde]], [[Covilhã Municipality]]<br/>[[Miranda do Douro]] | 16 Januar 1945 an 5 Februar 1954<ref name="meteopt">{{cite web |url=http://www.freipedro.pt/tb/301299/soc8.htm |title=Terras da Beira – "Reveillon" português sem chuva, mas a bater o dente de frio |date=27 March 2014 |accessdate=31 March 2014 |language=pt |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812052145/http://www.freipedro.pt/tb/301299/soc8.htm |archivedate=12 August 2010 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Romanie}} | {{convert|-38.5|C|F}} | [[Bod, Braşov|Bod]], [[Braşov Coonty]] | 25 January 1942<ref>{{cite web|author=infoTURIST |url=http://www.infoturist.ro/romania.html |title=Romania |publisher=Infoturist.ro |date=25 January 1942 |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> |- | {{flagdeco|Roushie}} [[European Roushie]] | {{convert|-58.1|C|F}} | [[Ust' Shchugor]], [[Komi Republic]] | 31 December 1978<ref name="WMO"/> |- | {{flag|Serbie}} | {{convert|-39.5|C|F}} | [[Karajukica Bunari]], [[Zlatibor Destrict]] | 13 Januar 1985<ref name="hidmet"/> |- | {{flag|Slovakie}} | {{convert|-41.0|C|F}} | [[Vígľaš|Vígľaš-Pstruša]] | 11 Februar 1929<ref name=slovakrecord/> |- | {{flag|Slovenie}} | {{convert|-34.5|C|F}} | [[Babno Polje]] | 15 Februar 1956 / 16 Februar 1956 / 13 Januar 1968{{refn |group="notes" |The lawest unoffeecially meisurt temperatur in Slovenie wis recordit at [[Komna]] on 9 Januar 2009 an reached {{convert|-49|C}}.}}<ref name="ARSO">{{cite web |url=http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/podnebje/slo_vremenski_rekordi.pdf |title=Slovenski vremenski rekordi |publisher=Slovenian Environment Agency |language=Slovenian |page=2 |accessdate=22 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001118/http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/podnebje/slo_vremenski_rekordi.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Spain}} | {{convert|-30|C|F}} | [[Calamocha]] Airport, [[Province o Teruel|Teruel Province]] | 17 December 1963<ref name="AEMET">{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/divulgacion/resumen_efemerides/Resumen_extremos.pdf |title=Resumen de extremos climatológicos en España |publisher=Agencia Estatal de Meteorología |language=Spanish |accessdate=31 October 2016}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Sweden}} | {{convert|-52.6|C|F}} | [[Vuoggatjålme]], [[Lapland (Swaden)|Lappland]] | 2 Februar 1966<ref name="SMHI"/> |- | {{flag|Swisserland}} | {{convert|-41.8|C|F}} | [[La Brévine]] | 12 Januar 1987<ref name="Weather in Switzerland"/> |- | {{flag|Ukraine}} | {{convert|-41.9|C|F}} | [[Luhansk]] | 8 Januar 1935<ref name=cgo/><ref name="segodnya1">{{cite web |url=http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14068460.html |title=Погодные рекорды Украины &#124; Новости Украины &#124; СЕГОДНЯ |publisher=Segodnya.ua |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2009-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801122521/http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14068460.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} | {{convert|-27.2|C|F}} | [[Braemar]], [[Aberdeenshire]]<br/>[[Altnaharra]], [[Sutherland]] | 11 Februar 1895<br>10 Januar 1982<br/>30 December 1995<ref name="UK Met Office"/> |} ==== North Americae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location ! data-sort-type="ISOdate" | Date |- | {{flag|Antigua an Barbuda}} | {{convert|16.1|C|F}} | [[V. C. Bird Internaitional Airport]], [[Antigua]] | data-sort-value="1974-12-31" | 31 December 1974 and 28 January 1976<ref name=Antiguaclimate/><ref name=Antiguaclimatedata/> |- | {{flag|Canada}} | {{convert|-63.0|C|F}} | [[Snag, Yukon|Snag]], [[Yukon]] | data-sort-value="1947-02-03" | 3 February 1947<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/north-america-excluding-greenland-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region IV (North America): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101101839/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/north-america-excluding-greenland-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Cayman Islands}} | {{convert|11.1|C|F}} | [[Owen Roberts Internaitional Airport]], [[Grand Cayman]] | ?<ref name=Caymanclimate>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov.ky/portal/page/portal/nwshome/climate|title=Climate|publisher=National Weather Service (Cayman Islands Government)|accessdate=30 October 2016|archive-date=2016-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031033225/http://www.weather.gov.ky/portal/page/portal/nwshome/climate|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Cuba}} | {{convert|0.6|C|F}} | Bainoa, [[Mayabeque Province]] | data-sort-value="1996-02-18" | 18 February 1996<ref name=Cubarecords/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/red/tiempo/programa_y_articulos_en_pdf.pdf |title=III Congreso Cubano de Meteorología |page=36 |publisher=ACQ & Asociados |language=Spanish |trans-title=Third Cuban Congress of Meteorology |accessdate=27 October 2011 |quote=Desde el punto de vista sinóptico, se realizó un estudio del día 18 de febrero de 1996, cuando se registraron temperaturas notablemente frías en la región occidental, y muy frías en el resto del país. Ese día, en la estación meteorológica de Bainoa se registró el record nacional de 0.6°C. |archive-date=2012-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506113646/http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/red/tiempo/programa_y_articulos_en_pdf.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Dominican Republic}} | {{convert|-7.0|C|F}} | Valle Nuevo, [[La Vega Province]] | data-sort-value="1983-01-17" | 17 January 1983<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cassá Bernaldo de Quirós|first1=Constancio|title=Valle Nuevo: su historia y naturaleza|journal=Clío|date=July 2012|issue=184|page=222|url=http://clio.academiahistoria.org.do/trabajos/clio184/Clio_2012_No_184-07.pdf|accessdate=29 January 2015|publisher=Academia Dominicana de la Historia|language=Spanish|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216100933/http://clio.academiahistoria.org.do/trabajos/clio184/Clio_2012_No_184-07.pdf|archivedate=16 February 2015}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Greenland}} | {{convert|-66.1|C|F}} | [[North Ice]] | data-sort-value="1954-01-09" | 9 Januar 1954<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/wmo-region-6-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region VI (Europe): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101102132/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/wmo-region-6-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Guatemala}} | {{convert|-11.5|C|F}} | [[Olintepeque]], [[Quetzaltenango Department]] | ?<ref name="INSIVUMEH">{{cite web|url= http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/meteorologia/ESTADISTICAS.htm |title= Datos metorologicos de los departamentos |publisher= INSIVUMEH |language= spanish |accessdate=26 October 2011}}</ref> <!-- Note: THIS PAGE IS FOR OFFICIAL RECORDS ONLY, NOT REMOTELY SENSED OBSERVATIONS for example: http://www.aztecanoticias.com.mx/notas/estados/193862/madera-el-lugar-mas-frio-de-mexico "aunque pocos lo saben porque aquí no hay medidor oficial", Translation: "though few know it because there is no official measurer" The source itself states that the record is not official! --> |- |{{flag|Martinique}} |{{convert|14.1|C|F}} |[[Le Lamentin]] |{{Dts|25 December 1964}}<ref name=martiniqueclimate/> |- | {{flag|Panama}} | {{convert|2.0|C|F}} | Bajo Grande, [[Chiriquí Province]] | data-sort-value="1995-02-20" | 20 February 1995<ref name=ETESA/> |- | {{flag|Puerto Rico}} | {{convert|40|F|C|order=flip}} | [[Aibonito]]/[[San Sebastián, Puerto Rico|San Sebastian]] | data-sort-value="1911-03-09" | 9 March 1911/ 24 January 1966<ref name=NWSpuertorico/> |- | {{flag|US Virgin Islands}} | {{convert|51.0|F|C|order=flip}} | [[Anna's Hope, U.S. Virgin Islands|Anna's Hope]], [[Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Croix]] | data-sort-value="1954-01-31" | 31 January 1954<ref name=NWSpuertorico/> |- | {{flag|Unitit States}}<br> ({{flag|Alaska}}) | {{convert|-62.2|C|F}} | [[Prospect Creek, Alaska|Prospect Creek]], [[Alaska]] | data-sort-value="1971-01-23" | 23 January 1971<ref name="NCEC">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/ncec/records |title=National Climate Extremes Committee: Existing Records |publisher=[[National Climatic Data Center]] |accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Unitit States}}<br> ({{flag|Hawaii}}) | {{convert|-11.1|C|F}} | [[Mauna Kea]], [[Hawaii]] | data-sort-value="1979-05-17" | 17 May 1979<ref name=usstaterecords>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221174428/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records |archivedate=21 February 2018 |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records |title=State Climate Extremes Committee (SCEC): Records by State |publisher=National Climatic Data Center |accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Unitit States}}<br> (Mainland) | {{convert|-57.0|C|F}} | [[Rogers Pass (Montana)|Rogers Pass]], [[Montana]] | data-sort-value="1954-01-20" | 20 January 1954<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/tfx/tx.php?wfo=tfx&type=html&loc=text&fx=topweather| title = Top Ten Montana Weather Events of the 20th Century | work =National Weather Service Unveils Montana's Top Ten Weather/Water/Climate Events of the 20th Century | publisher = National Weather Service |accessdate=9 March 2007}}</ref> |} ==== Sooth Americae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperature !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Argentinae}} | {{convert|-32.8|C|F}} | [[Sarmiento, Chubut|Sarmiento]], [[Chubut Province]] | 1 Juin 1907<ref>{{cite web |publisher= Arizona State University |url= http://wmo.asu.edu/#continental |title= World Meteorological Organization Global Weather & Climate Extremes Archive |accessdate= 7 June 2015}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Brazil}} | {{convert|-14.0|C|F}} | [[Caçador]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] | 11 Juin 1952<ref name="Caçador municipality">{{cite web |title = História de Caçador |url = http://www.clicrbs.com.br/anoticia/jsp/default.jsp?uf=2&local=18&section=Geral&newsID=a2969554.xml |publisher = A Notícia |language = Portuguese |trans-title = Quarta-feira pode ter recorde de temperatura mínima neste ano em Santa Catarina |year = 2010 |accessdate = 22 December 2010 |quote = Caçador has the lowest recorded temperature, officially, in Brazil, of −14&nbsp;°C in 1952. Another record, unofficial, of −17.8&nbsp;°C in 1996-06-29, at the summit of [[Morro da Igreja]], [[Urubici]], also in [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], would give the record to this locality. |archive-date = 2011-06-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629103211/http://www.clicrbs.com.br/anoticia/jsp/default.jsp?uf=2&local=18&section=Geral&newsID=a2969554.xml |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ciram.epagri.sc.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=140&Itemid=364|title=Recordes de Frio em SC|accessdate=17 October 2014}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Chile}} | {{convert|-37|C|F|1}} | [[Coyhaique Alto]], [[Aysen Region]] | 21 June 2002<ref>{{cite news|title=Bajas temperaturas ponen en alerta a sector agrícola en Aysén|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2002/06/21/88368/bajas-temperaturas-ponen-en-alerta-a-sector-agricola-en-aysen.html|accessdate=18 August 2017|language=Spanish|archive-date=2017-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818093531/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2002/06/21/88368/bajas-temperaturas-ponen-en-alerta-a-sector-agricola-en-aysen.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag|French Guiana}} | {{convert|16.9|C|F}} | [[Maripasoula]] | 23 Januar 1964<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101020827/http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/Climat973_2pages.pdf/0073f8b7-66af-4487-93e7-36a3c32d44e0 |archivedate=1 January 2019 |url= http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/Climat973_2pages.pdf/0073f8b7-66af-4487-93e7-36a3c32d44e0 |title= Le Climat Guyanais |publisher=Météo-France |language=French |accessdate= 31 December 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Paraguay}} | {{convert|-7.5|C|F}} | [[Pratts Gill]], [[Boquerón Depairtment]] | 13 Julie 2000<ref>{{es icon}} [http://www.lanacion.com.py/articulo.php?con-12-grados-bajo-cero-en-asuncion-la-ola-polar-l&edicion=2&sec=10&art=28339 Con 1,2 grados bajo cero en Asunción, la ola polar llegó para quedarse] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102005334/http://www.lanacion.com.py/articulo.php?con-12-grados-bajo-cero-en-asuncion-la-ola-polar-l&edicion=2&sec=10&art=28339 |date=2 January 2013 }}, La Nación. Retrieved 12 February 2012.</ref> |- | {{flag|Peru}} | {{convert|-25.2|C|F}} | [[Mazo Cruz]], [[Puno Region]] | 30 Juin 1966<ref>[http://bvpad.indeci.gob.pe/doc/pdf/esp/doc320/doc320_4b.pdf Programa de Capacitación Para la Estimación del Riesgo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725004314/http://bvpad.indeci.gob.pe/doc/pdf/esp/doc320/doc320_4b.pdf |date=25 July 2011 }}, Biblioteca Virtual en Prevención y Atención de Desastres (BVPAD). Retrieved 30 August 2009.</ref> |- | {{flag|Uruguay}} | {{convert|-11.0|C|F}} | [[Melo, Uruguay|Melo]], [[Cerro Largo Depairtment]] | 14 Juin 1967<ref name=uruguayrecordssum/><ref name=uruguayrecordsraw/> |- | {{flag|Venezuela}} | {{convert|-12.0|C|F}} | [[Pico Piedras Blancas|Piedras Blancas]], [[Estado Mérida (Venezuela)|estado Mérida]] | 15 Januar 2010<ref name="mherrera"/> |} ==== Oceanie ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperature !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Australie}} | {{convert|-23.0|C|F}} | [[Charlotte Pass, New Sooth Wales]] | 29 Juin 1994<ref name="BoMExtremes"/> |- | {{flag|New Zealand}} | {{convert|-25.6|C|F}} | [[Ranfurly, New Zealand|Ranfurly]], [[Central Otago]] | 18 Julie 1903<ref name="TVNZ">{{cite web |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/new-record-zealand-s-coldest-day-4297892 |title=New record for New Zealand's coldest day |publisher=TVNZ |date=12 July 2011 |accessdate=12 July 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715024615/http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/new-record-zealand-s-coldest-day-4297892 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Samoa}} | {{convert|11.1|C|F}} | [[Afiamalu, Samoa|Afiamalu]] | {{Dts|29 September 1971}}<ref name = WBsamoaclimate/> |} ===Ither law-temperatur records=== * '''Fastest temperatur drop:''' 27.2&nbsp;°C (49&nbsp;°F) in 5 meenits; [[Rapid City, Sooth Dakota]], 10 Januar 1911.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> * '''Cauldest simmer (month o Julie in the Northren Hemisphere)''': {{convert|-33|C|F|1}} degrees; [[Summit Camp]], Greenland on 4 Julie 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=*Impressive cold in Greenland and near record accumulations of snow and ice|url=https://www.vencoreweather.com/blog/2017/7/6/115-pm-impressive-cold-in-greenland-and-near-record-accumulations-of-snow-and-ice|website=vencore weather|accessdate=29 July 2017}}</ref> ==Precipitation== * '''Least per year (locale)''': {{convert|0.2|mm|in}} per year or less, [[Quillagua]], [[Antofagasta Region]], [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Time to Update World’s Driest and Wettest Locations?|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=131|publisher=Weather Underground|accessdate=10 June 2013|author=Christopher C. Burt|archive-date=2013-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329022116/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=131|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Rain=== * '''Maist in ane minute''': {{convert|38|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Barot, [[Guadeloupe]], 26 November 1970.<ref>{{cite web|title=Service Hydrologique de 1’O.R.S.T.O.M: Intensité extraordinaire de la précipitation du 26 novembre 1970 dans la région des Grands-Fonds de Guadeloupe|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/hydrologie/14877.pdf|accessdate=4 June 2013}}</ref> * '''Maist in ane oor''': {{convert|305|mm|in|abbr=on}} in 42 minutes. [[Holt, Missouri]], Unitit States, 22 Juin 1947.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 12 oors''': {{convert|1144|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cilaos]], [[Réunion]], 8 Januar 1966, during [[tropical cyclone]] Denise.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 24 oors''': {{convert|1825|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cilaos]], Réunion, 7–8 Januar 1966, during [[tropical cyclone]] Denise.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 48 oors''': {{convert|2493|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cherrapunji]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie, 15–16 Juin 1995.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 72 oors''': {{convert|3929|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Commerson, [[Réunion]], 24–26 Februar 2007.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 96 oors''': {{convert|4869|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Commerson, Réunion, 24–27 Februar 2007.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in ane year''': {{convert|26470|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cherrapunji]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie, 1860–1861.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Heichest average annual tot''': {{convert|11872|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Mawsynram]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie.<ref name="WMO"/> ===Snaw=== * '''Maist in ane-year period''': 31.5 meters (102&nbsp;ft); [[Mount Rainier]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], United States, 19 Februar 1971 tae 18 Februar 1972.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> * '''Maist in ane saison (1 Julie – 30 Juin):''' 29.0&nbsp;meters, (95&nbsp;ft); [[Mount Baker]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], United States, 1998 throu 1999.<ref name="season snow record">{{Citation | last = Burt | first = Christopher | year = 2004 | title = Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book | publisher = W.W. Norton & Co. | ISBN = 0-393-32658-6 |page=77 }}</ref> * '''Maist in ane calendar month''' an '''greatest snow depth''' in North Americae: 990.6&nbsp;cm (390 inches) o snaw fell in [[Tamarack, Californie]] in Januar 1911, leadin tae a snaw depth in Mairch o 1145.5&nbsp;cm (451 inches).<ref name="season snow record"/><ref>Frank H. Forrester, ''1001 Questions Answered about the Weather'' (ISBN 0486242188), page 235: "The greatest amount of snowfall for a calendar month occurred at Tamarack, California, in January, 1911—390 inches."</ref> ==Wind speed== * '''Fastest ever recorded''': 484[[±]]32&nbsp;km/h (301[[±]]20&nbsp;mph) 3-second gust; Observed bi a [[Doppler On Wheels|DOW]] ([[Doppler weather radar|Doppler]] On Wheels) radar unit in a [[1999 Bridge Creek – Moore tornado|tornado]] near [[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma on 3 Mey 1999.<ref name="fastest wind">{{cite web| url = http://cswr.org/dow/DOW.htm| title = Doppler On Wheels| accessdate = 18 February 2007| author = [http://cswr.org/ Center for Severe Weather Research]| year = 2006| archive-date = 2007-02-05| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070205124033/http://www.cswr.org/dow/dow.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> * '''Fastest recorded wi an [[anemometer]]:''' 113.2&nbsp;m/s or {{convert|407|km/h|abbr=on}} 3-second gust; ane of five extreme gusts during a series of 5-min time periods; [[Barrow Island (Western Australia)]], 10 Aprile 1996, during [[Cyclone Olivia]].<ref>[http://wmo.asu.edu/world-maximum-surface-wind-gust World: Maximum Surface Wind Gust (3-Second)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175240/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-maximum-surface-wind-gust |date=2016-03-03 }} at the World Meteorological Organization website</ref> * '''Fastest recorded wi an anemometer ootside a [[tropical cyclone]]:''' 372&nbsp;km/h (231&nbsp;mph) sustained 1-minute average; [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|Mount Washington]], [[New Hampshire]], 12 Aprile 1934.<ref name="101 earth facts">{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/101_earth_facts_030722-1.html |title=101 Amazing Earth Facts |publisher=SPACE.com |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> * '''Fastest daily average:''' 174&nbsp;km/h (108&nbsp;mph); [[Port Martin]] ([[Adélie Land]]), Antarctica, 24-oor period frae 21 Mairch 1951 tae 22 Mairch 1951.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> ==Tornadoes== {{Main|Tornado records}} [[File:Tri-State Tornado.JPG|thumb|250px|The Tri-State Tornado haulds mony records, includin the langest kent tornado track, fastest speed for a signeeficant tornado, an the deadliest tornado ootside o [[Bangladesh]].]] ===Deadliest in history=== * '''On Yird''': Approximately 1300 daiths; [[Manikganj Destrict]], Bangladesh on 26 Aprile 1989.<ref name="tornado project Bangladesh">{{cite web |url=http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm |title=Tornadoes in Bangladesh |publisher=Tornadoproject.com |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2012-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919111413/http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> * '''In North Americae:''' 695 daiths ([[Tri-State Tornado]]); [[Missouri]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], United States 18 Mairch 1925.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> * '''In Europe:''' 600 or mair ([[Valletta, Malta Tornado|Grand Harbour Tornado]]); [[Valletta]], Malta, 23 September 1551 or 1556 (soorces conflict)<ref name="TORRO records">{{cite web |url=http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/research/whirlextreme.php |title=Research: Tornado Extremes |publisher=TORRO |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2007-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814075710/http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/research/whirlextreme.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * '''In Sooth Americae:''' 63 daiths, [[San Justo, Santa Fe|San Justo]], [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]], Argentina, 10 Januar 1973<ref name="Uno Santafe">{{cite web|url=http://www.unosantafe.com.ar/santafe/A-39-aos-del-tornado-en-San-Justo-el-unico-F5-en-toda-Sudamerica-y-Latinoamerica-20120110-0002.html"|title=A 39 años del tornado en San Justo, el único F5 en toda Sudamérica y Latinoamérica|publisher=Uno Santa Fe|accessdate=18 March 2014}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * '''In Australie:''' Three daiths, [[Kin Kin]], [[Queensland]] tornado, 14 August 1971<ref>{{cite web |author=National Climate Centre |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm1.htm |title=Australian Climate Extremes-Storm |publisher=BOM |accessdate=3 September 2012 |archiveurl=https://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm1.html |archivedate=2009-03-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Ootbreaks=== * '''Lairgest an maist severe:''' The [[Aprile 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak]]: 207 confirmed tornadoes occurred in a span o 24 oors, wi a tot o 337 occurrin throuoot the duration o the ootbreak. Thay affectit sax US states, an includit 11 [[Enhanced Fujita scale|EF4s]] an 4 EF5s.<ref>[http://wmo.asu.edu/tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak World: Largest tornado Outbreak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926235427/http://wmo.asu.edu/tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak |date=2013-09-26 }} at the World Meteorological Organization website</ref> ==Tropical cyclones== {{Main|Leet o tropical cyclone records}} ===Maist intense (bi minimum surface air pressur)=== * '''Maist intense iver recordit''': 870&nbsp;hPa (25.63&nbsp;[[Inches o mercury|inHg]]); [[ee (cyclone)|ee]] o [[Typhoon Tip|Super Typhoon Tip]] ower the Pacific Ocean, 12 October 1979.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> * '''Maist intense in the [[Western Hemisphere]]:''' 872&nbsp;hPa (25.75&nbsp;inHg); ee o [[Hurricane Patricia]] ower the eastren Paceefic Ocean, 23 October 2015.<ref name="strongest hurricane">{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/hurricane-patricia-mexico-coast |title=Catastrophic Landfall Expected in Mexico Friday; Patricia Becomes Strongest Hurricane Ever Recorded |publisher=weather.com |accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref> * '''Maist intense iver recordit on laund:''' 892&nbsp;hPa (26.35&nbsp;inHg); Craig's Key, Florida, ee o the [[Labor Day Hurricane o 1935|Labor Day Hurricane]], 2 September 1935. While ither laundfawin tropical cyclones potentially haed lawer pressurs, data is vague frae auries ither nor the [[Atlantic basin]], especially afore the invention o [[wather satellite]]s.<ref name="lowest on land">{{cite web |url=http://extremeweatherguide.com/records.asp |title=Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book |publisher=Extremeweatherguide.com |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2010-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804232406/http://extremeweatherguide.com/records.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ither severe wather== [[File:Hailstone.jpg|thumb|right|A pictur o the Aurora, Nebraska hailstone, measurt at {{convert|18.75|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} in [[circumference]]]] ===Hail=== {{Main|Leet o costly or deadly hailstorms}} * '''Hiviest offeecially recordit:''' {{convert|2.25|lb|kg|disp=flip|abbr=on}}; [[Gopalganj Destrict (Bangladesh)|Gopalganj Destrict]], Bangladesh, 14 Aprile 1986.<ref name="weather extremes">{{cite web|url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/research/Guide/weatherextremes.pdf|title=Appendix I – Weather Extremes|publisher=[[National Weather Service]]|location=San Diego, California|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528065516/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/research/Guide/weatherextremes.pdf|archivedate=2008-05-28|accessdate=1 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''Lairgest diameter offeecially measurt:''' {{convert|8.0|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on}} [[diameter]], {{convert|18.625|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} [[circumference]]; [[Vivian, Sooth Dakota]], 23 Julie 2010.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.crh.noaa.gov/abr/?n=stormdamagetemplate| title = Record Setting Hail Event in Vivian, South Dakota on July&nbsp;23, 2010| author = NWS| date = 30 July 2010| publisher = National Weather Service| location = [[Aberdeen, South Dakota]]| archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5rhd1coDR?url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/abr/?n=stormdamagetemplate| archivedate = 2010-08-03| accessdate = 3 August 2010| url-status = live}}</ref> * '''Lairgest circumference offeecially measurt:''' {{convert|18.75|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} circumference, {{convert|7.0|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on}} diameter; [[Aurora, Nebraska]], 22 Juin 2003.<ref name="weather extremes"/><ref name="NG Hail">{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0804_030804_largesthailstone.html |title=Largest Hailstone in U.S. History Found |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2003-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030807092143/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0804_030804_largesthailstone.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Lichtnin=== * '''Langest lichtnin bowt''': {{convert|321|km|mi|abbr=on}} on 20 Juin 2007 in [[Oklahoma]].<ref name=Lang2016>{{cite journal |last1=Lang |first1=Timothy |last2=Pédeboy |first2=Stéphane |last3=Rison |first3=William |last4=Cerveny |first4=Randall |last5=Montanyà |first5=Joan |last6=Chauzy |first6=Serge |last7=MacGorman |first7=Donald |last8=Holle |first8=Ronald |title= WMO World Record Lightning Extremes: Longest Reported Flash Distance and Longest Reported Flash Duration |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]] |volume= 98|issue= 6|pages=1153–1168 |date=September 2016 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0061.1 |pmid=28111477 |pmc=5240975 |bibcode =2017BAMS...98.1153L }}</ref><ref name=wmolightning>{{cite news|title=WMO rules on longest distance and longest duration lightning flashes|url=http://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-rules-longest-distance-and-longest-duration-lightning-flashes|accessdate=16 September 2016|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|date=16 September 2016|archive-date=2016-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917075936/http://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-rules-longest-distance-and-longest-duration-lightning-flashes|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''Langest duration for a single lichtnin flash''': 7.74 seconds on 30 August 2012 in [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]], Fraunce.<ref name=Lang2016/><ref name=wmolightning/> * '''Maist strikes per year''': [[Catatumbo lichtnin]] in [[Loch Maracaibo]], [[Venezuela]] earned the tap spot receivin an average rate o aboot 233 flashes per square kilometer per year.<ref name="NASA lightning">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/news/releases/2016/earths-new-lightning-capital-revealed.html |title=NASA – Earth's New Lightning Capital Revealed |publisher=Nasa.gov |accessdate=2 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=Albrecht2016>{{cite journal |last1=Albrecht |first1=Rachel |last2=Goodman |first2=Steven |last3=Buechler |first3=Dennis |last4=Blakeslee |first4=Richard |last5=Christian |first5=Hugh |title= Where are the lightning hotspots on Earth? |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-of-the-american-meteorological-society_2016-11_97_11/page/2051 |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]] |volume=97 |issue=11 |page= 2051|date=December 2016 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00193.1 |bibcode =2016BAMS...97.2051A }}</ref> ===UV=== *On Dec. 29, 2003, a warld-record UV index o 43.3 wis detectit at Bolivia's Licancabur volcano.<ref>http://www.livescience.com/46701-andes-highest-uv-index-measured.html</ref> ==Ither categories== * '''Heichest air pressur ever recorded (abuin 750 meters)''': 1084.8&nbsp;hPa (32.03&nbsp;inHg); [[Tosontsengel, Khövsgöl|Tosontsengel]], [[Khövsgöl Province]], [[Mongolia]], 19 December 2001.<ref name="ASU1">{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |title=World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 meters |author= |work= |publisher=Arizona State University |accessdate=7 October 2012 |archive-date=2012-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225735/http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |url-status=dead }}</ref> This is the equivalent [[sea-level pressur]]; Tosontsengel is locatit at {{convert|1300|m|ft}} abuin sea level. The heichest adjusted-tae-sea-level barometric pressur ever recordit (ablo 750 meters) wis at Agata, Evenhiyskiy, Roushie (66°53’N, 93°28’E, elevation: 261&nbsp;m (856.3&nbsp;ft)) on 31 December 1968 o 1,083.3 hectopascals (hPa) (31.99 inHg).<ref name="ASU2">{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-sea-level-air-pressure-below-700m |title=World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Below 750 meters |author= |work= |publisher=Arizona State University |accessdate=7 October 2012 |archive-date=2012-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225154/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-sea-level-air-pressure-below-700m |url-status=dead }}</ref> The discrimination is due tae the problematic assumptions (assumin a staundart lapse rate) associatit wi reduction o sea level frae heich elevations.<ref name="ASU1"/><ref name="ASU2"/> ==See an aa== {{Portal|Wather}} * [[Extremes on Yird]] * [[Leet o extreme temperaturs in Canadae]] * [[UK rainfaw records]] * [[U.S. state temperatur extremes]] * [[Wather extremes in Canadae]] * [[2013 extreme wather events]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|group="notes"}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/monitoring/extremes/ncec.html National Climate Extremes Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829221108/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/monitoring/extremes/ncec.html |date=2009-08-29 }} * [http://wmo.asu.edu/ Global Weather & Climate Extremes] (Arizona State Varsity) {{Portal bar|Wather}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Leet O Wather Records}} [[Category:Leets o wather records| ]] [[Category:Wather extremes o Yird]] ezcb4oa9mo73i75wbqan0v3vexp28bq 0 124068 928089 827387 2026-11-11T19:25:35Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Karviná |other_name = Karwina |nickname = | settlement_type = ceety |motto = |image_skyline = Frysztat 1049.jpg |image_caption = Toun squerr in Karviná-Fryštát |image_flag = Karwina flag.svg |image_shield = Karwina herb.svg |pushpin_map = Czech Republic |pushpin_label_position = none |pushpin_map_caption = Location in the Czech Republic |subdivision_type = [[Kintras o the world|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Czech Republic]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o the Czech Republic|Region]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Moravie-Silesie Region|Moravie-Silesie]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Destricts o the Czech Republic|Destrict]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Karviná Destrict|Karviná]] |parts_type = Ceety parts |parts = 9 |p1 = [[Doly (Karviná)|Doly]] |p2 = [[Fryštát]] |p3 = Hranice |p4 = [[Darkov|Lázně Darkov]] |p5 = [[Louky (Karviná)|Louky]] |p6 = [[Mizerov]] |p7 = [[Nové Město (Karviná)|Nové Město]] |p8 = [[Ráj]] |p9 = [[Staré Město (Karviná)|Staré Město]] |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = Jan Wolf ([[ČSSD]]) |established_title = First mentioned |established_date = 1268 |established_title2 = Town rights |established_date2 = 1923 |area_magnitude = 1 E8 |area_total_km2 = 57.49 |population_as_of = 2015 |population_note = |population_total = 55985 |population_density_km2 = auto |coordinates = {{coord|49|51|15|N|18|32|34|E|region:CZ|display=inline}} |elevation_m = 221 |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 733 01 or 735 06 |website = [http://www.karvina.cz/ karvina.cz] |footnotes = }} '''Karviná''' ({{IPA-cs|ˈkarvɪnaː|-|Cs-Karviná.oga}}; {{lang-pl|Karwina}}, {{IPA-pl|karˈvɪna|-|Karwina.ogg}}, {{lang-de|Karwin}}) is a ceety in [[Moravie-Silesie Region]] o the [[Czech Republic]], on the [[Olza River]]. ==Internaitional relations== ===Twin touns — Sister ceeties=== Karviná is [[toun twinnin|twinned]] wi:<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnerská města |url=http://www.karvina.cz/portal/page/portal/uvodni_stranka/mesto_karvina/o_meste/partnerska_mesta |work= |publisher=Statutární město Karviná |accessdate=2009-10-09 |archive-date=2011-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718174026/http://www.karvina.cz/portal/page/portal/uvodni_stranka/mesto_karvina/o_meste/partnerska_mesta |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Jastrzębie Zdrój]], [[Poland]] *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Jaworzno]], Poland *{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Mieres del Camino]], [[Spain]] || *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Rybnik]], Poland, syne 30 Aprile 2004<ref name="Twin">''{{cite web|url=http://www.rybnik.pl/index.php?id=324|title=Rybnik Official Website - Twin Towns|language=English. [[copyright|©]] 2008 Urząd Miasta Rybnika, ul. Bolesława Chrobrego 2, 44-200 Rybnik|accessdate=2008-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191144/http://www.rybnik.pl/index.php?id=324|archive-date=2016-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Skoczów]], Poland *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Wodzisław Śląski]], Poland |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{coord|49|51|15|N|18|32|34|E|region:CZ_type:city|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Karvina}} [[Category:Ceeties an touns in the Czech Republic]] [[Category:Karviná Destrict]] [[Category:Karviná| ]] oc9y66u2u7essq1tp6cph39uskw54x8 0 124071 928128 829551 2026-11-11T22:43:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Rybnik | image_skyline = Rybnik rynek373.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = Main Squerr | image_flag = POL Rybnik flag.svg | image_shield = POL Rybnik COA.svg | pushpin_map = Poland | pushpin_label_position = bottom | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{POL}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships o Poland|Voivodeship]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Silesie Voivodeship|Silesian]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|Coonty]] | subdivision_name2 = ''ceety coonty'' | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Piotr Kuczera | established_title = Established | established_date = 10t century | established_title3 = Toun richts | established_date3 = 1327 | elevation_min_m = 210 | elevation_max_m = 290 | area_total_km2 = 148 | population_as_of = 2013 | population_total = 140 863 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_metro = 527 017 | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 | coordinates = {{coord|50|5|N|18|33|E|region:PL|display=inline}} | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 44-200 to 44-292 | area_code = +48 32 | blank_name = [[Pols caur nummer plates|Caur plates]] | blank_info = SR | website = http://www.rybnik.pl/ }} '''Rybnik''' {{IPAc-pl|AUD|Pl-Rybnik.ogg|'|r|y|b|ń|i|k}} is a ceety in soothwastren Poland, in the [[Silesie Voivodeship]]. ==Internaitional relations== ===Twin touns — sister ceeties=== Rybnik is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:<ref name="Rybnik">''{{cite web|url=http://www.rybnik.pl/index.php?id=324|title=Rybnik Official Website - Twin Towns|publisher=<small>[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|14px]]{{fontcolor|Green|(in}} [[Inglis leid|{{fontcolor|Green|English}}]])</small> [[copyright|©]] 2008 Urząd Miasta Rybnika, ul. Bolesława Chrobrego 2, 44-200 Rybnik|accessdate=2008-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191144/http://www.rybnik.pl/index.php?id=324|archive-date=2016-03-03|url-status=dead}}''</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Bedburg-Hau]] in Germany <ref name="Rybnik"/> *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Dorsten]] in Germany <small>''(syne 1994)'' <ref name="Rybnik"/><ref name="RuhrTwins2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd|title=List of Twin Towns in the Ruhr District|publisher=© 2009 [http://www.twins2010.com/index.php?id=home&L=1 Twins2010.com]|accessdate=2009-10-28|archive-date=2009-11-28|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5lctsW5KG?url=http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Eurasburg]] in Germany <small>''(syne 2001)'' <ref name="Rybnik"/></small> *{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Haderslev Municipality|Haderslev]] in Denmark <ref name="Rybnik"/> *{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Ivano-Frankivs'k]] in Ukraine <small>''(syne 2001)'' <ref name="Rybnik"/><ref name="Ivano-Frankivsk">{{Cite web|url= http://www.mvk.if.ua/news/4114/|script-title=uk:Офіційний сайт міста Івано-Франківська|work=mvk.if.ua|language=Ukrainian|accessdate=7 March 2010}}</ref></small> *{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Karviná]] in Czech Republic <small>''(syne 2004)'' <ref name="Rybnik"/></small> *{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Larissa]] in Greece <small>''(syne 2003)'' <ref name="Rybnik"/><ref name="Greek twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.kedke.gr/uploads/twinnedcities.pdf|title=Twinnings|accessdate=2013-08-25|work=Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece|archive-date=2016-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115172503/http://www.kedke.gr/uploads/twinnedcities.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> || *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lievin]] in Fraunce <small>''(syne 2000)'' <ref name="Rybnik"/></small> *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Mazamet]] in Fraunce <small>''(syne 1993)'' <ref name="Rybnik"/></small> *{{flagicon|NIR|union}} [[Newtownabbey]] in Northren Ireland <small>''(since 2003)'' <ref name="Rybnik"/></small> *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Saint-Vallier]] in Fraunce <small>''(syne 1961)'' <ref name="Rybnik"/></small> *{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Szolnok]] in Hungary <ref name="Rybnik"/> *{{flagicon|LTU}} [[Vilnius Coonty]] in Lithuanie <small>''(syne 2000)'' <ref name="Rybnik"/></small> |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{coord|50|06|N|18|33|E|display=title}} [[Category:Rybnik| ]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Silesie Voivodeship]] [[Category:Ceeties in Silesie]] [[Category:Ceety coonties o Poland]] [[Category:Province o Silesie]] [[Category:Silesie Voivodeship (1920–39)]] ==Links== [https://www.facebook.com/RybnikCentrum/ Rybnik Centrum] [https://rybnik-moje-miasto.blogspot.com/ Rybnik] igltxbasop8i734xctb64d5wih31jfo 0 138099 928027 667138 2026-11-11T15:34:17Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 928027 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Harper Lee Nov07.JPG|thumb|150px|right|Harper Lee in [[2007]]]] Nelle '''Harper Lee''' (born 28 Aprile 1926 an deid 19 Februar 2016) wis a American writer maist kent fur writin the beuk ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'', which is set in her native [[Alabama]], aroond Scout Finch an her faither Atticus, a lawer, concentratin on the issue o racism in the Soothren states in the 1930s - the beuk wis published in 1960; a prequel, [[Go Set A Watchman]], wis published in 2015. She is fae the South o the kintra an wisna in the haunt o shawin her nameliheid.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Madden-Lunsford|first=Kerry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64_UhVnq5KgC&dq=Harper+Lee&hl=gd&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj8gcK1kZ3LAhVIVxQKHYp1Dt44ChDoAQgZMAA|title=Harper Lee|date=2009-03-19|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1-101-16283-5|language=en}}</ref> She deed in her native Monroeville, [[Alabama]], on 19 Februar 2016, agit 89. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, Harper}} [[Category:1926 births]] [[Category:2016 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century American novelists]] [[Category:20t-century American writers]] [[Category:20t-century weemen writers]] [[Category:Alabama Academy o Honour members]] [[Category:American novelists]] [[Category:American weemen novelists]] [[Category:American Methodists]] [[Category:Huntingdon College alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Alabama]] [[Category:Fowk frae Monroeville, Alabama]] [[Category:Presidential Medal o Freedom recipients]] [[Category:Pulitzer Prize for Feection winners]] [[Category:To Kill a Mockingbird]] [[Category:Unitit States Naitional Medal o Airts recipients]] [[Category:Varsity o Alabama School of Law alumni]] [[Category:Writers frae Alabama]] [[Category:Writers o American Soothren leeteratur]] {{stub}} 44vorqyfl5rqrkbbgtscswdv44l6yna 0 138563 928097 885615 2026-11-11T19:49:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = La Unión |native_name = |nickname = |motto = |settlement_type = [[Municipalities o Colombie|Municipality]] an toun |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = Flag of La Unión (Sucre).svg |image_seal = |image_map = Colombia - Sucre - La Unión.svg |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Location o the municipality an toun o La Unión in the Sucre Depairtment o Colombie. |pushpin_map = |pushpin_mapsize =300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Colombie |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Colombie}} |subdivision_type1 =[[Depairtments o Colombie|Depairtment]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Sucre, Colombie|Sucre]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |coordinates = |timezone = Colombie Staundart Time |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |website = |footnotes = }} '''La Unión''' is a toun an municipality locatit in the [[Sucre, Colombie|Sucre Depairtment]], northren [[Colombie]]. ==References== *{{es icon}} [http://gobersucre.gov.co/launion.php Gobernacion de Sucre - La Unión] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131613/http://gobersucre.gov.co/launion.php |date=2007-09-29 }} *{{es icon}} [http://launion-sucre.gov.co/sitio.shtml La Unión offeecial wabsteid] {{Municipalities sucre depairtment}} {{coord|8.86056|N|75.2806|W|source:kolossus-itwiki|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:La Union, Sucre}} [[Category:Municipalities o Sucre, Colombie]] dlfqcedzpl1lqi3i9pd6xmx2i16xvmz 0 140158 928048 880881 2026-11-11T16:13:14Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 addit stub tag 928048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox MP | name = Marion Maréchal-Le Pen | image = Portrait de Marion Maréchal, avril 2022.jpg | caption = Marion Maréchal-Le Pen in 2022. | constituency_MP = [[Vaucluse's 3rd constituency]] | parliament = French | majority = 18 920 (42.09%)<ref name="3CV">{{cite web|url=http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/LG2012/084/08403.html|title=2012 French parliamentary elections : Vaucluse's 3rd constituency (first round and run-off)|publisher=[[Minister of the Interior (France)]]|accessdate=21 June 2012|language=fr}}</ref> | predecessor = [[Jean-Michel Ferrand]] | successor = | term_start = 20 Juin 2012 | term_end = 20 Juin 2017 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|12|10|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], [[Yvelines]] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = French | spouse = {{marriage|Matthieu Decosse|2014}} | party = [[Naitional Front (Fraunce)|Naitional Front]] (<small>2008–present</small>) | relations = [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]] (grandfaither)<br> [[Marine Le Pen]] (aunt) | children = Olympe (b. 2014) | residence = [[Saint-Cloud]], [[Hauts-de-Seine]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.20minutes.fr/elections/legislatives/955019-marion-marechal-le-pen-plus-jeune-deputee-elue-histoire-ve-republique|title=Marion Maréchal-Le Pen, the youngest elected MP in the history of the French Fifth Republic|newspaper=[[20 minutes (Fraunce)|20 minutes]]|last=Béraud|first=Anne-Laëtitia|date=17 June 2012|accessdate=17 November 2013|language=fr}}</ref> | alma_mater = [[Panthéon-Assas Varsity]], <small>[[Master o Laws]] (2012)</small> | occupation = [[Politeecian]] | profession = [[Lawyer]] | religion = [[Catholic Kirk|Roman Catholicism]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/marion-marechal-le-pen-au-pelerinage-de-chartres_1257089.html|title=Marion Maréchal-Le Pen on the pilgrimage to Chartres|newspaper=[[L'Express (France)]]|last=Tugdual|first=Denis|date=13 June 2013|accessdate=15 August 2013|language=fr}}</ref> | signature = | signature_alt = | website = {{URL|http://www.marionlepen.fr/accueil/|Marion Maréchal-Le Pen}} | footnotes = }} '''Marion Jeanne Caroline Maréchal-Le Pen''' ({{IPA-fr|maʁjɔ̃ maʁeʃal ləˈpɛn}}; born 10 December 1989) is a [[Fraunce|French]] politeecian, granddauchter o the politeecian [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]], foonder o the ''[[Naitional Front (Fraunce)|Front national]]'' (FN) in 1972, an niece o [[Marine Le Pen]], preses o the FN syne 2011. ==References== {{Reflist}}{{Stub/Fraunce}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Marechal-Le Pen, Marion}} [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Members o the Naitional Assembly o the French Fift Republic]] [[Category:21st-century French politeecians]] [[Category:Creetics o the European Union]] [[Category:Far-richt politeecians in Fraunce]] [[Category:Naitional Front (Fraunce) politeecians]] [[Category:French weemen in politics]] [[Category:French fowk o Breton strynd]] [[Category:Fowk frae Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] [[Category:Fowk frae Yvelines]] [[Category:Varsity o Paris alumni]] [[Category:French Roman Catholics]] [[Category:French Tradeetionalist Catholics]] [[Category:Jean-Marie Le Pen]] 3t2njkywqvltnzq0nht1lrghncmpwux 0 143738 928137 833220 2026-11-12T00:17:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place |country= Scotland |official_name= Cairnryan |gaelic_name= Machair an Sgithich |scots_name= The Cairn |population= 142 |population_ref= ([[Unitit Kinrick Census 2001|2001 Census]]) |os_grid_reference= NX067683 |coordinates = {{coord|54.971|-5.018|display=inline,title}} |unitary_scotland= [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Wigtownshire|Wigtown]] |constituency_westminster= [[Dumfries an Gallowa (UK Pairlament constituency)|Dumfries an Gallowa]] |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Gallowa an Wast Dumfries (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Gallowa an Wast Dumfries]] |post_town= STRANRAER |postcode_district= DG9 |postcode_area= DG |dial_code= 01776 |static_image=About to dock at Cairnryan - geograph.org.uk - 1255948.jpg |static_image_caption=About to dock at Cairnryan }} '''The Cairn''' ({{lang-en|Cairnryan}};<ref name=lang>{{Cite web |url=http://newsnetscotland.com/index.php/component/content/article/2999-list-of-railway-station-names.html |title=List of railway station names in English, Scots and Gaelic |access-date=2016-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122064223/http://newsnetscotland.com/index.php/component/content/article/2999-list-of-railway-station-names.html |archive-date=2013-01-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{lang-gd|Machair an Sgithich}}) is a wee veelage in the historical coonty o [[Wigtounshire]] in [[Dumfries an Gallowa]], [[Scotland]]. It lies on the eastren shore o [[Loch Ryan]], 6 mile north o [[Stranrawer]]. Twa ferry services connectin Scotland an [[Northren Ireland]] serve its port. ==Herbour== [[Image:Ferry at cairnryan.jpg|thumb|left|Ferry berthed at The Cairn]] The Cairn his twa ferry stances connectin Scotland tae Northren Irealnd. The first, sooth o The Cairn, appent in 1973, operatit oreeginal bi Townsend Thoresen an noo bi P&O Ferries, links Scotland wi the port o [[Lairne]]. Pairt o this stance uises Cairnryan Lighterage Wharf. The seicont, at Old House Point, juist north o The Cairn, is operatit bi [[Stena Line]] linkin til the [[Belfast Harbour|Port o Belfast]] in [[Belfast]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-15780705 |work=BBC News | title=Stranraer harbour bids farewell to ferries | date=18 November 2011}}</ref> ==Bus links tae Stranrawer an Ayr railwey stations== A bus link operatit bi Wigtownshire Community Transport rins atween the P&O Ferries ferry stance an the Stena Line ferry stance at The Cairn an Stranrawer.<ref name="dumgal.gov.uk">{{cite web|url=https://bustimes.org/services/350-cairnryan-stranraer|title=350 bus timetable|access-date=2020-03-15|archive-date=2018-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716224029/https://bustimes.org/services/350-cairnryan-stranraer|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Stranrawer railwey station]] is aboot a 15 meenit walk fae the bus stance. Stena Line operates a coach service atween the ferry stance an [[Ayr railwey station]] tae connect wi certaint sailins tae an fae Belfast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stenaline.co.uk/ferries-to-britain/rail-sail|title=Rail & Sail|website=www.stenaline.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref> {{s-rail-start|noclear=yes}} {{s-rail|title=Ferry}} {{s-note|text=Ferry services}} {{rail line|next=[[Port of Belfast]] <br /><small>(nearest stations [[Yorkgate railwey station|Yorkgate]], [[Lanyon Place railwey station|Lanyon Place]] &<br> [[Belfast Great Victoria Street railwey station|Belfast Great Victoria Street]])</small>|previous=[[Ayr railwey station|Ayr]]<br /><small>(via coach link fae The Cairn<ref name="dumgal.gov.uk"/>)</small>|route=[[Stena Line]]<br /><small>Ferry</small>|col={{ferry colour}} }} {{rail line|next=[[Larne Harbour railway station|Lairne Herbour]]|previous=[[Stranrawer Herbour railwey station|Stranrawer Herbour]]<br /><small>(via bus link fae The Cairn<ref name="dumgal.gov.uk"/>)</small>|route=[[P&O Ferries]]<br/><small>Ferry</small>|col={{ferry colour}} }} {{s-end}} ==History== The Cairn is a linear dounset, leukin ootower the main [[A77 road]] tae [[Loch Ryan]]. It wis estaiblisht in 1701, whan [[Lochryan Hoose]] wis built, alang wi mony o the hooses, in the North End o the veelage, for wirkers on the [[Lochryan Estate]]. A sclate quarrel can be seen in the side o the face o the [[Cairn Hill]] that leuks ootower the veelage, that the sclates for the hoosin ruifs wis soorce't fae. Featurs o the estate includit a deer pairk an a boulin green. Thir anes, alang wi hooses on the shore side o the main road, wad make wey for the war biggin the veelage wad see. Lochryan Hoose was remodelt in the 1820s an the imposin structur, juist visible fae the main road nouadays, wis the upshot. In the 1800s, The Cairn wis an important stagin stance on the coach route til [[Ayr]], wi hauf a dizzen inns alang this streetch o coast. It achieved an aw a nae so desirable reputation as a howff o [[briganders]] preyin on that same passin traffeck. Durin [[Warld War II]] The Cairn becam [[No.2 Military Port]] wi three herbour piers an a military railwey, linkin the veelage wi nearby [[Stranrawer]], aw built bi the airmy. Anely ae pier remeens; the tane being dismantle't an the thither ane bein malafoustert in an ammuneetion flist shortlins efter the war. The remeenin pier is noo in a state o ruination an is palint aff. In maugre o this, mony anglers uise this pier for [[tope]], [[mackerel]], [[cod]], [[Squaliformes|dugfish]], [[mullet(fiesh)|mullet]], an [[plaice]]. Anither role, durin Warld War II, wis the biggin o some sections for the twa [[Mulberry Harbours]], the fleetin ports that the Allies lippent efter D-Day. Thoosands o troups wis sted local, in militar camps. At the end o the war, the Atlantic U-boat fleet surrendert in Loch Ryan an wis anchort in the port afore bein towed til the [[Sheuch (Erse Sea)|Sheuch (North Chainel)]] an sunk. This acteevity wis codename't [[Operation Deadlight]]. For a speak efter the war, conteenuin at least until 1958, the port wis uised tae receieve, by rail an [[Victory ship]]s an [[Liberty ship]]s, owerplus an time-spiret ammuneetion that wis laiden ontil airmy laundin boats for pittin by at sea. Thae comin bi rail hid wagons labelt wi the address "Davy Jones' Locker, Cairnryan". Haundlin an pittin by wis an unchancy task duin bi 13 Coy [[Royal Pioneer Corps]] (sted at Quarry Camp, ahint the [[Loch Ryan Hotel]]) that, in the early days, teuk the lifes o several at the port, while the lang-term an wider risks o sic pittin by hae anely later become mair evident. In 1957 an 1958, Cairnryan Lighterage Whart an the port/jet wis again uised in a jynt Airmy/RAF operation cried [[Operation Hardrock]]. This operation wis tae build a racket-trackin station on the hiddly island o [[St Kilda, Scotland|St Kilda]], servin the [[South Uist Missile Range]], whaur the 'Corporal' missiles wis lencht fae. The ceevil ingineerin wirk wis duin by the RAF's 5004 [[Airfield Construction Squadron]], Wellesbourne, Mountford. Staffs, machinery an ither gear bein transportit tae/fae St Kilda uisin RASC Landing Craft Tanks (LCTs), operatit bi76 SQn RASC (LCT), sted at [[Portsmouth]]. Militar port acteevity ceased in the early 1960s, whan maist o the militar infrastructur wis abandont syne dismantle't, forby fae the pier an the lighterage wharf. In the early 1950s, til the South End o the veelage, hooses wis built at Claddyburn Terrace that increased the population o the veelage. In the late 1960s, shipbrakkin becam the main industry; the Breetish aircraft carriers [[HMS Centaur]], [[HMS Bulwark]], [[HMS Eagle]], an [[HMS Ark Royal]] wis aw sent for brakkin up, as weel as a nummer o ither boats, includin [[HMS Mohawk]] an [[HMS Blake]]. As recent as 1990, [[Soviet Navy]] [[submarine]]s wis bein dismantle't for orral-metal. In 1973, Townsend Thoreson stairted a ro-ro ferry service fae The Cairn tae Lairne for passengers an caurs, uisin the ship "Ionic Ferry". Fower month later, the service wis extendit tae commercial vehicles. TT wis later taen ower bi P&O. ==Futur== P&O Irish Sea conteenas tae depairt fae The Cairn, an Stena Line hae operatit fae a new ferry stance at Old House Point syne 2011. This means a major financial investment in the North Chainel routs an signeeficant lang-speal security for the veelage an the wider Loch Ryan Basin. ==References== {{Reflist}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150104215358/http://public.fotki.com/crossleydd42/operation-hardrock-/ Photos o The Cairn durin Operation Hardrock in 1958] *[http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/scotland/dumfries+and+galloway/cairnryan/map-/ Leetit biggins in The Cairn] [[Category:Wigtownshire]] [[Category:Veelages in Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Ports an herbours o Scotland]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Erse Sea]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1701]] [[Category:1701 establishments in Scotland]] [[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] {{Stub/Places o Scotland}} 3nnj7txnr4ux7hvcxrvelh0t7p2u1rg 0 144307 928063 918248 2026-11-11T17:05:57Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928063 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox aircraft begin |name= Rafale |image=File:Rafale_-_RIAT_2009_(3751416421).jpg{{!}}border |caption=A [[French Air Force]] Dassault Rafale at [[RIAT]] in 2009 |alt= }}{{Infobox aircraft type |type= [[Multirole combat aircraft|Multirole fighter]] |national origin= [[France]] |manufacturer= [[Dassault Aviation]] |designer= |first flight= 4 Julie 1986 |introduced= 18 Mey 2001 |retired= |status= In service |primary user= [[French Air Force]] |more users= [[French Navy]]<br/>[[Egyptian Air Force]] <br/>[[Qatar Air Force]] |produced= 1986–present |number built= 141 ({{as of|2015|09|lc=on}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dassault-aviation.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2015/07/2015.06_DASSAULT_AVIATION_Communique_financier_EN.pdf|title=2015 first half-year results|work=Dassault Aviation|date=23 July 2015|accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dassault-aviation.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/2/files/2015/09/2015.06_Press-conference.pdf|title=Press conference - July, 23rd 2015|work=Dassault Aviation|date=23 July 2015|accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dassault-aviation.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2015/07/DASSAULT-AVIATION_2015-first-half-year-financial-report.pdf|title=2015 - 1st Half-Year Financial report|work=Dassault Aviation|accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |url=http://www.dassault-aviation.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/2/files/2014/10/EN-Rafale-Navy-F1-F3.pdf |title=The French defense procurement agency (DGA) takes delivery of its 1st retrofitted Rafale "Marine" from Dassault Aviation |publisher=Dassault Aviation |date=7 October 2014 |accessdate=25 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=25_July_2014_press_release>{{Cite press release |url=http://www.dassault-aviation.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2014/07/EN-Dassault-Aviation-_-H1-_-07-25-2014.pdf |title=2014 first half-year results |publisher=Dassault Aviation |date=25 July 2014 |accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref><!--<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.defense.gouv.fr/dga/actualite/lancement-du-nouveau-standard-du-programme-rafale |title= Lancement du nouveau standard du programme Rafale |trans_title= Launch of the Rafale program new standard |date= 10 January 2014 |place= FR |publisher= Défense |language= French}} {{Wayback|url=http://www.defense.gouv.fr/dga/actualite/lancement-du-nouveau-standard-du-programme-rafale|date =20140110233852}}</ref>--><ref>{{cite web|last=Cabirol|first=Michel|url=http://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/industrie/aeronautique-defense/exportation-du-rafale-les-inquietudes-de-l-armee-de-l-air-482410.html |title=Exportation du Rafale : les inquiétudes de l'armée de l'air |work=La Tribune |date=15 August 2015 |accessdate=29 October 2015}}</ref> |program cost= €45.9 billion <small>(as o FY2013)</small><ref name=Francebudget2013>{{cite web |url=http://www.senat.fr/rap/a13-158-8/a13-158-813.html#toc178 |title=Projet de loi de finances pour 2014 : Défense : équipement des forces et excellence technologique des industries de défense |language=French |publisher=Senate of France |date=21 November 2013 |accessdate=2 July 2014 |quote=Avant prise en compte du projet de LPM, le coût total du programme pour l'Etat était de 45,9 Mds €2013. Le coût unitaire (hors coût de développement) de 74 M€2013 pour le Rafale B (pour 110 avions) de 68,8 M€2013 pour le Rafale C (pour 118 avions) et de 79 M€2011 pour le Rafale M (pour 58 avions)."<br>'''Translatit:''' Afore takin intae accopnt the draft Trademark Law, the tot cost o the progremme for the state wis 45.9 billion € 2013. Unit cost (excludin development costs) of €74M 2013 for the Rafale B (110 aircraft) €68.8M 2013 for the Rafale C (for 118 aircraft) an 79 M € 2011 for the Rafale M (58 aircraft). |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509184134/http://www.senat.fr/rap/a13-158-8/a13-158-813.html#toc178 |archive-date=2020-05-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> (US$62.7&nbsp;billion) |unit cost=Rafale B: €74m, $101m ([[flrraway cost]], FY2013)<ref name=Francebudget2013 /> <br />Rafale C: €68.8m, $94m (fleeaway cost, FY2013)<ref name=Francebudget2013 /> <br />Rafale M: €79m, $108m (flrraway cost, 2011)<ref name=Francebudget2013 /> |developed from= |variants with their own articles= }} |} The '''Dassault Rafale''' ({{IPA-fr|ʁafal}}, leeterally meanin "gust o wind",<ref>{{plainlist|* {{cite web|url=http://www.wordreference.com/fren/rafale|title=rafale|work=WordReference|accessdate=26 November 2015|archive-date=2015-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126102536/http://www.wordreference.com/ren/rafale|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.wordreference.com/enfr/gust%20of%20wind|title=gust of wind|work=WordReference|accessdate=26 November 2015|archive-date=2015-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126122440/http://www.wordreference.com/enfr/gust%20of%20wind|url-status=dead}}}}</ref> an "burst of fire" in a mair militar sense)<ref>Langenscheidt Taschenwörterbuch Englisch-Französisch p471</ref> is a French [[Twinjet|twin-ingine]], [[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]] [[delta weeng]], [[Multirole combat aircraft|multirole]] [[fechter aircraft]] designed an biggit bi [[Dassault Aviation]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Canard aircraft]] [[Category:Carrier-based aircraft]] [[Category:Dassault Group aircraft|Rafale]] [[Category:Delta-weeng aircraft]] [[Category:French fechter aircraft 1980–1989]] [[Category:Air refuelin]] [[Category:2000 introductions]] [[Category:Twinjets]] [[Category:Relaxed-stability aircraft]] 3t2rt64z4gd4lkbp9983dbvdqrx6qwk 0 145134 928074 848966 2026-11-11T18:26:23Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 928074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website |name = Google Translate |logo = [[File:Google Translate Icon.png|130px]] |screenshot = |caption = |url = {{URL|https://translate.google.com}} |commercial = Ay |type = [[Stateestical machine translation]] |registration = Optional |language = 109 leeds, see [[Google Translate#Supportit leeds|supportit leeds]] |num_users = Ower 200+ million fowk.<ref name="CNET">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/google-translate-now-serves-200-million-people-daily/|title=Google Translate now serves 200 million people daily|last1=Shankland|first1=Stephen|publisher=CNET|accessdate=17 October 2014}}</ref> |owner = [[Google]] |launch_date = {{start date and age|2006|4|28|mf=yes}} (as [[rule-based machine translation]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleresearch.blogspot.com/2006/04/statistical-machine-translation-live.html|title=Research Blog: Statistical machine translation live|work=Google Research Blogspot|date=2006-04-28|accessdate=2016-03-11}}</ref><br>{{start date and age|2007|10|22|mf=yes}} (as [[statistical machine translation]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googlesystem.blogspot.com/2007/10/google-translate-switches-to-googles.html|title=Google Switches to Its Own Translation System|work=Google System Blogspot|date=2007-10-22|accessdate=2016-03-11}}</ref> |current_status = Active }}'''Google Translate''' is a machine translation wabsteid frae [[Google]] that can translate text atween different langages.<ref>{{cite web|title=Download & use Google Translate - Computer|url=https://support.google.com/translate/answer/6350850|url-status=live|accessdate=2021-04-05|publisher=Google}}</ref> It can translate wirds, sentences, blads and wab pages atween onie mixtur o mair nor 100 supportit langages.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Translate - A Personal Interpreter on Your Phone or Computer|url=https://translate.google.com/intl/en/about/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-05|website=translate.google.com|language=en}}</ref> It wis launtched on the 28 Aprile 2006 and haes aye been free tae uise.<ref>{{cite web|author=Franz Josef Och|date=2006-04-28|title=Statistical machine translation live|url=https://research.googleblog.com/2006/04/statistical-machine-translation-live.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-05|work=Google Research Blog|language=en}}</ref> Google Translate can dui mair nor shaw juist the translate o wirds. It can shaw hou tae say the wird uisin text-tae-speak, an shaw the meanin like a [[dictionar]] an aa. It lats the communitie mak chynges or suggestions tui, for example, if the [[computer]] made a wrang translate. This is a fair bit like hou a bodie can pit up an chynge things on wabsteids like [[Google Maps]] an [[Wikimedia Foundation]] wabsteids. ==Supportit leeds== {{colbegin|4}} #[[Afrikaans]] #[[Albanie leid|Albanie]] #[[Amharic]] #[[Arabic]] #[[Armenie leid|Armenie]] #[[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]] #[[Basque leid|Basque]] #[[Belaroushie leid|Belaroushie]] #[[Bengali leid|Bengali]] #[[Bosnie leid|Bosnie]] #[[Bulgarie leid|Bulgarie]] #[[Catalan leid|Catalan]] #[[Cebuano leid|Cebuano]] #[[Staundart Cheenese|Cheenese]] (Simplified) #[[Staundart Cheenese|Cheenese]] (Tradeetional) #[[Chewa leid|Chichewa]] #[[Corsican leid|Corsican]] #[[Croatie leid|Croatie]] #[[Czech leid|Czech]] #[[Dens leid|Dens]] #[[Dutch leid|Dutch]] #[[Erse leid|Erse]] #[[Esperanto]] #[[Estonie leid|Estonie]] #[[Filipino leid|Filipino]] #[[Finnish leid|Finnish]] #[[French leid|French]] #[[Wast Frisie leid|Frisie]] #[[Galician leid|Galician]] #[[Georgie leid|Georgie]] #[[German leid|German]] #[[Greek leid|Greek]] #[[Gujarati leid|Gujarati]] #[[Haitian Creole]] #[[Hausa leid|Hausa]] #[[Hawaiian leid|Hawaiian]] #[[Hebrew]] #[[Hindi]] #[[Hmong leid|Hmong]] #[[Hungarian leid|Hungarian]] #[[Icelandic leid|Icelandic]] #[[Igbo leid|Igbo]] #[[Indonesian leid|Indonesian]] #[[Inglis leid|Inglis]] #[[Italian leid|Italian]] #[[Japanese leid|Japanese]] #[[Javanese leid|Javanese]] #[[Kannada]] #[[Kazakh leid|Kazakh]] #[[Khmer leid|Khmer]] #[[Kinyarwanda]] #[[Korean leid|Korean]] #[[Northren Kurdish|Kurdish (Kurmanji)]] #[[Kyrgyz leid|Kyrgyz]] #[[Laitin]] #[[Lao leid|Lao]] #[[Latvie leid|Latvie]] #[[Lithuanie leid|Lithuanie]] #[[Luxembourgish leid|Luxembourgish]] #[[Macedonie leid|Macedonie]] #[[Malagasy leid|Malagasy]] #[[Malay leid|Malay]] #[[Malayalam]] #[[Maltese leid|Maltese]] #[[Māori leid|Maori]] #[[Marathi leid|Marathi]] #[[Mongolie leid|Mongolie]] #[[Burmese leid|Myanmar (Burmese)]] #[[Nepali leid|Nepali]] #[[Norse leid|Norse]] #[[Odia leid|Oriya]] #[[Pashto]] #[[Persie leid|Persie]] #[[Pols leid|Pols]] #[[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]] #[[Punjabi leid|Punjabi]] #[[Romanie leid|Romanie]] #[[Roushie leid|Roushie]] #[[Samoan leid|Samoan]] #[[Scots Gaelic|Scots Gaelic]] #[[Serbie leid|Serbie]] #[[Sotho leid|Sesotho]] #[[Shona leid|Shona]] #[[Sindhi leid|Sindhi]] #[[Sinhalese leid|Sinhala]] #[[Slovak leid|Slovak]] #[[Slovene leid|Slovenie]] #[[Somali leid|Somali]] #[[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]] #[[Sundanese leid|Sundanese]] #[[Swahili leid|Swahili]] #[[Swadish leid|Swadish]] #[[Tajik leid|Tajik]] #[[Tamil leid|Tamil]] #[[Tatar leid|Tatar]] #[[Telugu leid|Telugu]] #[[Thai leid|Thai]] #[[Turkis leid|Turkis]] #[[Turkmen leid|Turkmen]] #[[Ukrainian leid|Ukrainian]] #[[Urdu]] #[[Uyghur leid|Uyghur]] #[[Uzbek leid|Uzbek]] #[[Vietnamese leid|Vietnamese]] #[[Welsh leid|Welsh]] #[[Xhosa leid|Xhosa]] #[[Yiddish]] #[[Yoruba leid|Yoruba]] #[[Zulu leid|Zulu]] {{colend}} ===Leeds in development=== Thir leeds isna yet supportit bi Google Translate, but can be gotten at in the Translate Commonty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/community|title=Translate Community: Help us improve Google Translate!|access-date=April 3, 2021|lang=en}}</ref> {{colbegin|4}} #[[Achenese leid|Achinese]] #[[Adyghe leid|Adyghe]] #[[Afar leid|Afar]] #[[Aragonese leid|Aragonese]] #[[Assamese leid|Assamese]] #[[Standard Moroccan Amazigh|Berber]] #[[Bhojpuri leid|Bhojpuri]] #[[Boro leid (Indie)|Boro]] #[[Breton leid|Breton]] #[[Cantonese]] #[[Chechen leid|Chechen]] #[[Cherokee leid|Cherokee]] #[[Chhattisgarhi leid|Chhattisgarhi]] #[[Chittagonian leid|Chittagonian]] #[[Swahili leid|Congo Swahili]] #[[Dholuo]] #[[Dogri leid|Dogri]] #[[Dyula leid|Dyula]] #[[Dzongkha]] #[[Edo leid|Edo]] #[[Efik leid|Efik]] #[[Esan leid|Esan]] #[[Fon leid|Fon]] #[[Garhwali leid|Garhwali]] #[[Guarani leid|Guarani]] #[[Haryanvi leid|Haryanvi]] #[[Inuktitut]] #[[Kamba leid|Kamba]] #[[Kapampangan leid|Kapampangan]] #[[Kashmiri leid|Kashmiri]] #[[Kikuyu leid|Kikuyu]] #[[Kurdish leids|Kurdish]] ([[Central Kurdish|Sorani]]) #[[Lingala]] #[[Luba-Kasai leid|Luba-Kasai]] #[[Luba-Katanga leid|Luba-Katanga]] #[[Magahi leid|Magahi]] #[[Maldivian leid|Maldivian]] #[[Marathi leid|Marathi]] ([[Varhadi dialect|Varhadi-Nagpuri]]) #[[Marwari leid|Marwari]] #[[Meitei leid|Meitei]] (Manipuri) #[[Minangkabau leid|Minangkabau]] #[[Montenegrin leid|Montenegrin]] #[[Mossi leid|Mossi]] #[[Nigerian Pidgin]] #[[Northren Sami]] #[[Northren Sotho leid|Northren Sotho]] #[[Occitan leid|Occitan]] #[[Oromo leid|Oromo]] #[[Romansh leid|Romansh]] #[[Sadri leid|Sadri]] #[[Samogitian byleid|Samogitian]] #[[Santali leid|Santali]] #[[Serrano leid|Serrano]] #[[Sicilian leid|Sicilian]] #[[Soothren Ndebele leid|Soothren Ndebele]] #[[Surjapuri leid|Surjapuri]] #[[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] #[[Tigrinya leid|Tigrinya]] #[[Tonga leid (Zambie an Zimbabwe)|Tonga (Zambie an Zimbabwe)]] #[[Tsonga leid|Tsonga]] #[[Tswa leid|Tswa]] #[[Tswana leid|Tswana]] #[[Wolof leid|Wolof]] #[[Venda leid|Venda]] {{colend}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Google Translate}} [[Category:Google services|Translate]] [[Category:Machine translation]] [[Category:Naitural leid processin saftware]] [[Category:Products introduced in 2006]] [[Category:Translation wabsteids]] 62kx9c7o6rpm2odvebrpe3qqgu544dr 0 145547 928095 927174 2026-11-11T19:34:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place | country = Scotland | official_name = Kirkcudbright | scots_name =Kirkcoubrie | gaelic_name = Cille Chuithbeirt<ref>{{cite web|title=Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba (2011) 'Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba - Gaelic Place-Names of Scotland - Database', Ainmean-Aite.org.|url=http://www.gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=851|access-date=2016-06-12|archive-date=2016-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407210629/http://gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=851|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population = 3,352 | population_ref = (2011) | os_grid_reference = NX685505 | coordinates = {{coord|54.832|-4.048|display=inline,title}} | unitary_scotland = [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] | lieutenancy_scotland = [[Kirkcoubrieshire]] | constituency_westminster = [[Dumfries and Galloway (UK Parliament constituency)|Dumfries and Galloway]] | constituency_scottish_parliament = [[Galloway and West Dumfries (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Galloway and West Dumfries]] | post_town = KIRKCUDBRIGHT | postcode_district = DG6 | postcode_area = DG | dial_code = 01557 | static_image_name = File:Kasteelruïne aan een rivier in Kirkcudbright, Bestanddeelnr 190-1107.jpg | static_image_caption = Kirkcoubrie | edinburgh_distance_mi = 84 | london_distance_mi = 282 }} '''Kirkcoubrie''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ər|ˈ|k|uː|b|r|i}} {{respell|kur|KOO|bree}} {{lang-en|Kirkcudbright}} {{lang-gd|Cille Chuithbeirt}}) is a toun, pairish, an ryal burgh fae 1455 in [[Kirkcoubrieshire]], [[Dumfries an Gallowa]], [[Scotland]]. Kirkcoubrie wis the coonty toun o Kirkcoubrieshire. The toun lies southwast o [[Castle Douglas]] an [[Dawbeattie]] at the mooth o the [[River Dee, Gallowa|River Dee]], aroond 4 mile fae the [[Erse Sea]]. ==History== An early rendeetion o the name o the toun wis Kilcudbrit;<ref>Learmonth, W (2012) ''Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtownshire'', Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press</ref> this derives fae the [[Scots Gaelic]] ''Cille Chuithbeirt'' meanin "chaipel o [[Saunt Cutbear|Cutbear (Cuthbert)]]", the saunt whase mortal remeens wis keepit at the toun atween thair exhumation at [[Lindisfarne]] an reinternment at [[Chester-le-Street]].<ref>Eyre, C (1849) ''The History of St. Cuthbert: Or an Account of His Life, Decease, and Miracles; of the Wanderings with his Body at Intervals During CXXIV. Years; of the State of his Body from his Decease Until A.D. 1542; and of the Various Monuments Erected to His Memory'', City of Westminster: James Burns</ref> [[John Spottiswoode]], in his accoont o releegious hooses in Scotland, mentions that the [[Franciscan]]s, o Grayfreers, hid been estaiblisht at Kirkcoubrie fae the 12t century.<ref>Spottiswood, J (1655) ''The history of the Church of Scotland, beginning in the year of our Lord 203 and continued to the end of the reign of King James the VI of ever blessed memory : wherein are described the progress of Christianity, the persecutions and interruptions of it, the foundation of churches, the erecting of bishopricks, the building and endowing monasteries, and other religious places, the succession of bishops in their sees, the reformation of religion, and the frequent disturbances of that nation by wars, conspiracies, tumults, schisms : together with great variety of other matters, both ecclesiasticall and politicall'', City of London: J. Flesher for R. Royston</ref> No hints o the Grayfreers o Franciscan dwallins remeen in the pairish o Kirkcoubrie. [[John I de Balliol|John Balliol]] wis awnin o the auncient castle at Castledykes in the late 13t century an [[Edward I o Ingland|Keeng Edward I o England]] is said tae hae steyed here in 1300 durin his war again Scotland.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Keay|first=John|title=Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland|url=https://archive.org/details/collinsencyclopa00john|publisher=HarperCollinsPublishers|year=1994|isbn=0002550822|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/collinsencyclopa00john/page/585 585]}}</ref> In 1455 Kirkcoubrie becam a [[Ryal Burgh]].<ref>Bell, J (2015) 'Old Kirkcudbright - History of an Ancient Parish & Burgh.', Kirkcudbright Community Website. [http://www.old-kirkcudbright.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213113719/http://www.old-kirkcudbright.net/|date=2020-02-13}}</ref> Aboot a century later, the bailies o the toun obteent permeesion fae [[Mary, Queen o Scots]] tae uise pairt o the convent an nunnery as a pairish kirk. Fae aroond 1570, Sir Tammas MacLellan o Bombie, the chief bailie, receive't a chairter for the site, its grunds, an its gairdens. MacLellan later dismantle't the kirk sae as tae obteen material for his new [[MacLellan's Castle|castle]], a gey fine hoose, that wis built on the site.<ref>Coventry, M (2006) The Castles of Scotland, City of Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited</ref> Efter his defeat at the [[Battle o Towton]], [[Henry VI o Ingland|Keen Henry VI o England]] crosst the [[Solway Firth]] in August 1461 tae laund at Kirkcoubrie tae defend [[Queen Margaret o Anjou|Queen Margaret]] at [[Lithgae]]. The toun for some time gainstuid a siege in 1547 fae the English commaunder Sir Thomas Carleton bit, efter the surroondin kintra hid been ower-rin, wis gart tae surrender.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nicolson|first1=J |last2= Burn|first2= R|year=1777|title=The History and Antiquities of the counties of Westmorland and Cumberland|volume=1|location=City of Westminster|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyandantiq00burngoog#page/n60/mode/2up.asp}}</ref> Kirkcoubrie Towebuith wis built atween 1625 an 1629 an serve no anely as the [[towebuith]], bit the cooncil offices, the burgh an shirra coorts, the creeminal preeson, an the dyvour's preeson an aw. Ane o the maist famous preesoners wis [[John Paul Jones]], foonder o the [[Unitit States Navy]] that wis born in [[Kirkbean]].<ref>[http://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/jpjlife.htm Slaving and a Murder Trial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023212600/http://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/jpjlife.htm |date=2013-10-23 }}. Retrieved on 14 November 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.scan.org.uk/researchrtools/courtrecords.htm 1770 Extract of Warrant for the arrest of John Paul (Jones)]. Scan.org.uk. Retrieved on 14 November 2012.</ref> [[File:Johnston_School,_Kirkcudbright_-_view_from_NW.jpg|thumb|The Johnston School, Kirkcoubrie]] The Johnston School wis the toun primary schuil until replace't wi a new biggin in 2009. The schuil wis endoued wi a bequest bi Kirkcoubrie merchand an shipawner William Johnston (1769-1845) an appent in 1847 as Johnston's Free School. The biggin wis designt bi Edinburgh airchitect [[James Newlands]] that later gaed on tae be the first Borough Engineer fae [[Liverpuil]] whaur he designt an built the first integratit sewerage seestem in the warld in 1848. The schuil biggin was rebuilt, reteenin the Italianate tour an facade in 1933 bi William A MacKinnell (1871-1940). He wis the Coonty Airchitect for Kirkcoubrieshire an built mony schuils in Kirkcoubrieshire. In 2020 the biggin is bein replenisht as a Community Acteevity and Resoorce Centre. The biggin is leetit Categorie B.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/212431/kirkcudbright-st-mary-street-johnston-school|title=The Johnston School|publisher=Canmore|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2020-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125025051/https://canmore.org.uk/site/212431/kirkcudbright-st-mary-street-johnston-school|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk/details/991918|title=Johnston School (Former), St Mary Street, Kirkcudbright &#124; Buildings at Risk Register|website=www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2020-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125025111/http://www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk/details/991918|url-status=dead}}</ref> St Andrew's and St Cuthberts Kirk wis designt in 1886 by Lunnon airchitect A E Purdie (1843-1920) in the Gothic style. It wis built on the site o the medieval St Andra's Kirk. In 1971 the ben o the kirk wis re-redd an strippit o its Victorian fixturs an fittins an noo featurs an abstract airn an concrete cross bi the Liverpuil sculptor [[Sean Rice]] (1931-1997),[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-sean-rice-1283255.html] modren staint gless bi the Pols airtist [[Jerzy Faczynski]] (1917-1994), an a set o fower pentins bi [[Vivian K Chapman]] depictin The Passion. The kirk wis built on the site o the auld preeson an the governor's hoose noo serves as the clergy's hoose. The kirk wis built closse til the site of the pre-reformation St Andra's Kirk. The [[Kirkcudbright Railway]] appent in 1864 bit the railwey line an its [[Kirkcudbright railwey station|station]] closed in 1965.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://canmore.org.uk/site/69353/kirkcudbright-st-mary-street-railway-station|title=Kirkcudbright, St Mary Street, Railway Station|publisher=Canmore|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2015-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611061447/http://canmore.org.uk/site/69353/kirkcudbright-st-mary-street-railway-station|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Toun Hoose wis designt bi airchitects [[Peddie and Kinnear]]. It wis completit in 1879 an is a Categorie B leetit biggin.<ref name="SArch">{{cite web |title=Kirkcudbright Public Hall and Museum |url=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=215193 |website=Scottish Architects |accessdate=27 January 2020}}</ref> It his been convertit intil the Kirkcudbright Galleries. The War Memorial dates fae 1922 an wis creatit bi the sculptor [[George Henry Paulin]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Edwards|first= M |year=2006|title=Roll of Honour - Kirkcudbrightshire - Kircudbright|url=http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Kirkcudbrightshire/Kirkcudbright.html}}</ref> ===Kirkcudbright trainin airt=== Like mony ither hiddly places durin [[Warld War II]], a 4,700 acre airt til the sootheast o the toun an stendin til the coast o the Solway Firth wis acquire't bi the Airmy in 1942, as a trainin aure for the [[D-Day]] invasion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kirkcudbright Training Area |url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/WhatWeDo/DefenceEstateandEnvironment/AccessRecreation/Scotland/KirkcudbrightTrainingArea.htm |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]]}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.secretscotland.org.uk/index.php/Secrets/KirkcudbrightTrainingArea|title=Secret Scotland - Kirkcudbright Training Area|website=www.secretscotland.org.uk|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2020-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319222323/http://www.secretscotland.org.uk/index.php/Secrets/KirkcudbrightTrainingArea|url-status=dead}}</ref> The airt remeens in activ uiss for live-firin exerceeses. Pairt o the trainin airt is the [[Dundrennan Range]], a wappens development an testin range. The uiss o this range for the testin o [[depletit uranium]] shells his been controversial.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Call to stop uranium shell tests |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/1157417.stm |date=7 February 2001 |publisher=[[BBC News]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Weapon test move comes under fire |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/south_of_scotland/7289584.stm |date=11 March 2008 |publisher=[[BBC News]] }}</ref> The range conteens ane o the twa survivin [[A39 Tortoise]] hivy assaut tanks fae the sax prototypes oreeginal produce't. the 32-punder gun his been remuived an the tank is uised for target practice. Acause o the range's designation as a Site o Speicial Interest, the remuivin o the tank til a museum is no likely. ===Museums=== [[File:Broughton_House,_Kirkcudbright.jpg|thumb|Broughton Hoose, Kirkcoubrie]] [[Broughton House]] is an 18th century toonhoose staundin on the Heich Street. It wis the hame o Scots impressionist airtist [[Edward Atkinson Hornel]] atween his 1901 an his deith in 1933. The [[National Trust for Scotland]] mainteen the hoose an its guids as a museum o Hornel's life an wirk. The [[Stewarty Museum]] wis foondit in 1879 an wis at first sted in the Toon Hoose until it becam ower smaw tae hoose the collections. The collection flittit til a purpose-built site. It conteens the local an naitural history o the Stewartrie o Kirkcoubrie. Breetain's earliest survivin sportin trophy, the Siller Gun, is pairt o the collection, as is pentins bi mony local airtists. The towebuith biggin is noo uised as an airts centre. The new Kirkcudbright Galleries wis offeecial appent in Julie 2018 bi the Princess Ryal. It is situatit in the umwhile Toon Hoose. On shaw is pentins by the various airtists that bade and wrocht in the toun. The're a gailerie for veesitin exhibeetions, an cafe, an a gift shap. ==Airts== ===Airtist's Toun=== [[File:The_Greengage,_High_Street,_Kirkcudbright,_Scotland.jpg|thumb|The Greengate, hame an studio o Jessie M King, Heich Street]] Kirkcoubrie his for a lang time been a centre for visual airtists an is noo kent as "the Airtist's Toun".<ref name=artist>[http://www.kirkcudbright.co.uk/ Artists' Town official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204183004/http://www.kirkcudbright.co.uk/ |date=2016-12-04 }}. Kirkcudbright. Retrieved on 22 June 2011.</ref> The toun's roadside signs an logo include a representation o pent on a penter's pallet. Nouadays, penters, textile airtists, floorishers, ceramicists, photae-makkers, etchers, print-makkers, sculptors, encaustic airtists, willae-makkers, an mair anes aw wirk in or aroond the toun. Kirkcoubrie is hame til an airtist's collective that his a shap in the toun centre, [http://papop-up.co.uk/ The PA, Professional Artists Collective].<ref name="PA">{{cite web |title=The PA Pop-up |url=http://papop-up.co.uk/ |website=PA Pop-up |accessdate=26 January 2020}}</ref>. WASPS (Working Artists Studio Spaces, Scotland) occupees twa linkit tounhooses, Canonwalls an Claverhouse, in the Heich Street. It is a centre that mony airtists appen thair studios in durin [[Spring Fling Open Studios]]. The [https://www.artandcraftstrail.com/ Kirkcudbright Arts & Crafts Trail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617051606/http://www.artandcraftstrail.com/ |date=2016-06-17 }} taks place ilka simmer. This fower-day event, finishin on the first Monanday in August, allous veesitors tae see airtist's studios an veesit places that is for ordinar aff-leemits tae veesitors. ====Gaileries==== Gaileries in Kirkcoubrie incluse [[Kirkcudbright Galleries]], umwhile the Toon Hoose, in St Mary Street. Belike the auldest gailerie is [http://www.harbourcottagegallery.org.uk The Harbour Cottage Gallery]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.harbourcottagegallery.org.uk/history/|title=History – Harbour Cottage Gallery|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-28}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ither anes include the [https://www.whitehousegallery.co.uk/ Whitehouse Gallery], the [https://www.ochregallery.co.uk/ Ochre Gallery], an the [http://www.highstgallery.co.uk/ High St Gallery]. ===Cinema an literatur=== [[File:Kirkcudbright Harbour.jpg|thumb|Kirkcoubrie Herbour]] [[File:In Memory Of Loved Ones Lost At Sea - Kirkudbright.jpg|thumb|upright|1994 widden sculpture ''In Memory Of Loved Ones Lost At Sea'' bi Charlie Easterfield in Kirkcoubrie Herbour]] The [[whaduinit]] [[Five Red Herrings]] bi [[Dorothy L. Sayers]] involves the airtistic community o Kirkcoubrie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0072502/|title=Five Red Herrings|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref> In the 1975, the beuk wis made intil a BBC TV pictur shot in the toun, wi [[Ian Carmichael]] playin the lead role o [[Laird Peter Wimsey]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=IMDb.com|title=Five Red Herrings (TV Mini-Series 1975)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0072502/}}</ref> The toun providit locations for the cult 1973 horror pictur ''[[The Wicker Man]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Where was 'The Wicker Man' filmed?|url=http://www.british-film-locations.com/The-Wicker-Man-1973|website=British Film Locations|accessdate=5 June 2017|archive-date=2020-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319225910/http://www.british-film-locations.com/The-Wicker-Man-1973|url-status=dead}}</ref> Several pairts o the toun can be easily seen in the pictur. [[Robert Urquhart (aktor)|Robert Urquhart]] sterred in a 1980 BBC adaptation o [[Henrik Ibsen]]'s ''[[An Enemy of the People]]'', shot on location in Kirkcoubrie. The 2018 meestery novelle ''The Shadow of the Black Earl'' bi [[Charles E McGarry]] his scenes set in Kirkcoubrie while maist o the action taks place in a fictional version of Laurieston Hall an the surroondin airts. ===Muisic=== [[Matt McGinn]] wrate an recordit ''The Wee Kirkcudbright Centipede'' that his been kivert bi ither sangers an aw, includin [[Alastair McDonald]] on disc an on his BBC Scotland shaw "Songs of Scotland" that includit a segment filmt on location at the toun's Johnston Primary School whaur McDonald led the childer in a dance sequence. The baund Betrayal, that comprised Kirkcoubrie muisicker Stephen Milligan (lead guitar), Mervin Mackllin (rhythm guitar), an Stephen McClelland (keyboards), as weel as Andrew Black (bass), Blue (vocals), and Marty (drums), released an album "Rattlesnake Waltz on Liverpuil's [[Probe Plus Records]] in 1987. As reviewed in Q Magazine at the time as "This seven-piece outfit from Galloway make their album debut with a strange brew containing a healthy dash of speed metal and a fistful of disparate elements taken from early Genesis, The Lovin' Spoonful, Led Zeppelin, and The Skids. On paper this might seem unworkable but in reality it adds up to a highly individual sound, with tracks like Made, Dead Man's Hand and No Big Thing - where Sue Dring's soaring vocals form an attractive contrast to Steve McClelland's manic synthesizer-providing the high spots. The only obvious drawback to this formula is that by utilising such an unusual variety of influences the band may be limiting their appeal to lovers of the eccentric ..." ==Namely fowk== ===Airtists=== Kirkcoubrie his hid a lang associe wi the Glasgow Art Movement. Several airtists, includin the [[Glasgow School|Glasgow Boys]] and the famed [[Scots Colourists]], sic as [[Samuel Peploe]] an [[Francis Cadell (airtist)|Francis Cadell]], steidit thaimsels in the area ower a 30-year speal fae 1880 til 1910, estaiblishin the [[Kirkcudbright Artists' Colony]]. Amang thaim that flittit tae here fae [[Glesga]] wis [[Edward Atkinson Hornel]], [[George Henry (penter)|George Henry]], an [[Jessie M. King]]. Later anither curn o Glega-traint airtists built thair studios ower the river at The Stell, includin [[John Charles Lamont]] an [[Robert Sivell]]. Laundskip penter [[Charles Oppenheimer]] flittit tae Kirkcoubrie in 1908. He is gien creedit alang wi airtist [[Dorothy Nesbitt]] for hainin the Harbour Cottage (Art) Gallery fae demolishin in 1967. Kirkcoubrie becam kent as "the airtist's toun"<ref name=artist/> awtho langime residenters conseedert is a "fishin toun". Ither airtists include: * [[Joseph Simpson (airtist)|Joseph Simpson]] (1879-1939) - penter an etcher o limns an sportin subjects<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkcudbrightgalleries.org.uk/artists-footsteps/artist/joseph-w-simpson/|title=Joseph W Simpson &#124; Kirkcudbright Galleries &#124; Dumfries and Galloway &#124; Artists &#124; Gallery|website=Kirkcudbright Galleries}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Phyllis Bone]] (1894-1972) - sculptor, first female member o the [[Ryal Scots Academy]]<ref name="Alumni">{{cite web |title=Phyllis Mary Bone (1894 – 1972) |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/phyllis-mary-bone |website=University of Edinburgh Alumni |publisher=University of Edinburgh |accessdate=26 January 2020}}</ref> * [[William Hanna Clarke]] (1882-1924) - laundskip and feegur penter<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artistsfootsteps.co.uk/artists_a_z.asp?ID=25 |title=William Hanna Clarke |publisher=Artists' Footsteps |access-date=2020-03-20 |archive-date=2018-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022232455/http://www.artistsfootsteps.co.uk/artists_a_z.asp?ID=25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Jankel Adler]] (1895-1949) - penter an printmakker <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kirkcudbrightgalleries.org.uk/artists-footsteps/artist/jankel-adler/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803142430/https://www.kirkcudbrightgalleries.org.uk/artists-footsteps/artist/jankel-adler/ |archive-date=2019-08-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://www.artrabbit.com/events/jankel-adler-a-degenerate-artist-in-britain-194049</ref> ===Sportspeople=== ====Perfaisional fitbawers==== * [[Bob McDougall (fitbawer)|Bob McDougall]] (1894-1936) * [[George Cloy (fitbawer)|George Cloy]] * [[David Mathieson (fitbawer)|David Mathieson]] (born 1978)<ref name="McCartney, I 2008">McCartney, I (2008) Queen of the South: The History 1919–2008, Staffordshire: The Breedon Books Publishing Company Limited</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McLean|first=K |year=2009|title=QosFC: Legends - George Cloy|publisher= Queen of the South Football Club|url=http://qosfc.com/content-legendsView.aspx?playerid=1050}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McLean|first=K |year=2009|title=QosFC: Legends - Tommy Bryce|publisher= Queen of the South Football Club|url=http://qosfc.com/content-legendsView.aspx?playerid=1045}}</ref> ====Rugby==== * [[David MacMyn (rugby)|David MacMyn]] (1903-1978)<ref>HG (1978) 'Obituary', British Medical Journal, 1 (6119, April), 1058 to 1060</ref> ===Ither fowk=== [[File:Craigville, St Mary's Street, Kirkcudbright, Scotland.jpg|alt=|thumb|Lawrence o Arabia's faimily bade at Craigville, St Mary's Street, Kirkcoubrie atween 1889 an 1891]] * [[Malcolm Caldwell]] (1931-1978) - academic an Marxist scriever. Murthert in Cambodia. His faither wis the coonty airchitect for Kirkcoubriesire fae 1950 tae 1957. Caldwell wis Dux o [[Kirkcudbright Academy]] in 1949.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kirkcudbrightacademy.website/caldwell.html|title=Caldwell|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2019-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420150538/http://www.kirkcudbrightacademy.website/caldwell.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Cecil Coles]] (1888-1918) - composer. Killt in [[Warld War I]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission|year=1918|title=Comprehensive Report|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/71046/COLES,%20CECIL%20FREDERICK%20G}}</ref> * [[Marrott Edgar]] (1880-1951) - poet, scriptwriter, comedian. Edgar wrate for [[Stanley Holloway]]. * [[John Erskine, 1t Baron Erskine o Rerrick]] (1893-1980) - baunker, Governor o Northren Ireland fae 1964 tae 1968 * [[T. E. Lawrence]] (1888-1935) - Kent as Lawrence o Arabia, he bade in Kirkcoubrie as a babbie fae 1889 tae 1891.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/lifestory/2323783|title=Life story: William George Lawrence {{!}} Lives of the First World War|website=livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk|access-date=2020-01-30}}</ref> * Marchand Robert Lenox, faither o philanthropist and bibliophone [[James Lenox]]. James's personal collection o beuks wad gie rise til the [[New York City Library]]. * [[Gary Lewis (actor)|Gary Lewis]] (born 1957) - actor, sterred in ''Gangs of New York'', ''Billy Elliot'', etc * [[William (Billy) Marshall]] (1672-1792) - King o the [[Romani fowk|Gipsys]]. ==Sport== Kirkcoubrie is representit in the [[South of Scotland Football League]] bi [[St Cuthbert Wanderers F.C.]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=St Cuthbert Wanderers FC|year=2014|title=St Cuthbert Wanderers FC|url=http://www.stcuthbertwanderers.co.uk/|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2020-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319235600/https://www.stcuthbertwanderers.co.uk/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It wis foondert bi the pairishoners o St Cuthbert Catholic Church. The club's best-kent umwhile players is Bob McDougall, Billy Halliday, an David Mathieson.<ref name="McCartney, I 2008"/> ===2019 Tour o Breetain=== The first stage fae [[Glesga]] o the 2019 Tour o Breetain endit in Kirkcoubrie on 7 September. The winner wis Dutchman [[Dylan Groenewegen]]. == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category|Kirkcudbright}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200203204359/https://www.kirkcudbright.town/ Visit Kirkcudbright Wabsteid] * [http://www.kirkcudbright.com/ Kirkcudbright Community Wabsteid] *http://www.kirkcudbrightacademy.website/caldwell.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420150538/http://www.kirkcudbrightacademy.website/caldwell.html |date=2019-04-20 }} *https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-sean-rice-1283255.html *https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/phyllis-mary-bone *https://web.archive.org/web/20190925094104/https://www.kirkcudbright.town/arts/kirkcudbright-artists-town/ *https://www.kirkcudbrightgalleries.org.uk/artists-footsteps/artist/joseph-w-simpson/{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *https://papop-up.co.uk/kirkcudbright/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126141655/http://papop-up.co.uk/kirkcudbright/ |date=2020-01-26 }} *https://www.waspsstudios.org.uk/spaces/artist-space/canonwalls-and-claverhouse/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510173941/https://www.waspsstudios.org.uk/spaces/artist-space/canonwalls-and-claverhouse/ |date=2019-05-10 }} *https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/320810/LAWRENCE,%20WILLIAM%20GEORGE {{Authority control}} [[Category:Ryal burghs]] [[Category:Gallowa]] [[Category:Kirkcoubrieshire]] [[Category:Touns in Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Pairishes in Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] oe2rcrorz9zti0ox5aaxuram31lscmf 0 146407 928099 886206 2026-11-11T19:54:24Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2012}} {{Infobox person | name= Larry Sanger | image = L Sanger.jpg | image_size = 170px | caption = Sanger in July 2006 | birth_name = Lawrence Mark Sanger | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1968|7|16}} | birth_place = [[Bellevue, Washington]], U.S. | residence = [[Columbus, Ohio]], U.S. | alma_mater = [[Reed College]] <small>([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])</small><br/>[[Ohio State Varsity]] <small>(MA, [[PhD]])</small> | occupation = Internet project developer | website = [http://larrysanger.org/ LarrySanger.org] | known_for = Co-foondin Wikipaedia }} '''Lawrence Mark''' "'''Larry'''" '''Sanger''' ({{IPAc-en|s|æ|ŋ|ɜr}};<ref>{{YouTube|zTaY3mg06sU|Western History for Kids, Part 1 - ancient and medieval - Sanger Academy}}, video taken from Sanger's official educational YouTube channel, pronunciation confirmed around 0:10, accessed May 7, 2016</ref> born Julie 16, 1968<ref name=Anderson2011>{{cite book |author=Jennifer Joline Anderson |chapter= |pages=20 |title=Wikipedia: The Company and Its Founders |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3Ql0ic5dTmgC&pg=PA20 |edition=1 |editor= |publisher=Abdo Group |year=2011 |isbn=1617148121}}</ref>) is an American [[Internet]] project developer, co-foonder o [[Wikipaedia]], an the foonder o [[Citizendium]].<ref name=Walker2014>{{cite web | url=http://www.newsweek.com/wikipedia-news-becomes-open-public-292613 | title=‘Wikipedia for News’ Becomes Open to the Public | work=Newsweek | date=16 December 2014 | accessdate=16 December 2014 | author=Walker, Lauren}}</ref><ref name="Chillingworth">{{cite news|first=Mark|last=Chillingworth|title=Expert edition|url=http://www.iwr.co.uk/information-world-review/features/2171366/expert-edition|publisher=[[Information World Review]]|date=November 27, 2006|accessdate=2007-03-25|archive-date=2008-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016092322/http://www.iwr.co.uk/information-world-review/features/2171366/expert-edition|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Anderson">{{cite news|first=Nate|last=Anderson|title=Larry Sanger says "tipping point" approaching for expert-guided Citizendium wiki|url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20071121-larry-sanger-says-tipping-point-approaching-for-expert-guided-citizendium-wiki.html?rel|publisher=Ars Technica|date=November 21, 2007|accessdate=2007-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080104012952/http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20071121-larry-sanger-says-tipping-point-approaching-for-expert-guided-citizendium-wiki.html?rel|archive-date=2008-01-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> He grew up in [[Anchorage, Alaska]].<ref name="Chillingworth" /> Frae an early age he haes been interestit in filosofie.<ref name="Wade_Roush">{{cite news|first=Wade|last=Roush|title=Larry Sanger's Knowledge Free-for-All|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/Biztech/14071/?a=f|work=[[Technology Review]]|date=January 2005|accessdate=2007-03-25|archive-date=2011-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514100333/http://www.technologyreview.com/Biztech/14071/?a=f|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sanger receivit a Bachelor o Airts in filosofie frae [[Reed College]] in 1991 an a Doctor o Filosofie in filosofie frae [[Ohio State Varsity]] in 2000.<ref name="Education">{{cite news|first=Larry|last=Sanger|title=Larry Sanger&nbsp;– Education|url=http://larrysanger.org/#Education|publisher=larraysanger.org|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref> Maist o his filosofical wirk haes focused on [[epistemology]], the theory o knawledge.<ref name="Wade_Roush" /> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Larry Sanger}} * {{twitter.com|lsanger|Larry Sanger}} * {{facebook.com|pages/Larry-Sanger/107978809222387|Larry Sanger}} * {{YouTube|u=LarrySanger|Larry Sanger}} * [http://larrysanger.org/ Larry Sanger]&nbsp;– Sanger's personal wabsteid. {{DEFAULTSORT:Sanger, Larry}} [[Category:1968 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:American bloggers]] [[Category:American computer businessfowk]] [[Category:American eddicational theorists]] [[Category:American foonders]] [[Category:American philosophers]] [[Category:Creetics o Wikipaedia]] [[Category:Epistemologists]] [[Category:Ohio State Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Anchorage, Alaska]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bellevue, Washington]] [[Category:Fowk frae San Diego]] [[Category:Fowk frae Columbus, Ohio]] [[Category:Reed College alumni]] [[Category:Wikipaedia fowk]] 71r8i8vfyg6nh1hgfpqp4gq9ntmbo0u 0 147235 928056 637441 2026-11-11T16:35:19Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Castel San Niccolò | official_name = Comune di Castel San Niccolò | native_name = | image_skyline = CastelSanNiccoloBorgoCastellano.JPG | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = Panorama o Borgo Castellano | image_shield = Castel_San_Niccolò-Stemma.png | shield_alt = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|43|45|N|11|43|E|type:city(2,830)_region:IT|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = [[Tuscany]] | province = [[Province o Arezzo|Arezzo]] (AR) | frazioni = Borgo alla Collina, Cetica, Prato di Strada, Garliano, Caiano, Rifiglio, Battifolle, Ristonchi, Terzelli, Pagliericcio | mayor_party = | mayor = Paolo Renzetti | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 83.0 | population_footnotes = <ref name="istat">All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute [[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|Istat]].</ref> | population_total = 2823 | population_as_of = 31 August 2007 | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = Stradini | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 380 | twin1 = | twin1_country = | saint = St. Martin | day = November 11 | postal_code = 52018, 52010 | area_code = 0575 | website = {{official website|http://www.comune.castel-san-niccolo.ar.it/}} | footnotes = }} '''Castel San Niccolò''' is a ''[[comune]]'' (municipality) in the [[Province o Arezzo]] in the [[Italy|Italian]] region [[Tuscany]], locatit aboot {{convert|40|km|mi}} east o [[Florence]] an aboot {{convert|35|km|mi}} northwast o [[Arezzo]]. Castel San Niccolò borders the follaein municipalities: [[Castelfranco di Sopra]], [[Loro Ciuffenna]], [[Montemignaio]], [[Ortignano Raggiolo]], [[Poppi]], [[Pratovecchio]], [[Reggello]]. == Demografic evolution == <timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.8) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.7,0.8) ImageSize = width:455 height:303 PlotArea = left:50 bottom:50 top:30 right:30 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:8000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:500 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:100 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:1861 text:1861 bar:1871 text:1871 bar:1881 text:1881 bar:1901 text:1901 bar:1911 text:1911 bar:1921 text:1921 bar:1931 text:1931 bar:1936 text:1936 bar:1951 text:1951 bar:1961 text:1961 bar:1971 text:1971 bar:1981 text:1981 bar:1991 text:1991 bar:2001 text:2001 PlotData= color:barra width:20 align:left bar:1861 from: 0 till:5969 bar:1871 from: 0 till:5999 bar:1881 from: 0 till:5815 bar:1901 from: 0 till:7097 bar:1911 from: 0 till:7209 bar:1921 from: 0 till:7305 bar:1931 from: 0 till:7424 bar:1936 from: 0 till:7125 bar:1951 from: 0 till:6477 bar:1961 from: 0 till:4494 bar:1971 from: 0 till:3344 bar:1981 from: 0 till:3043 bar:1991 from: 0 till:2859 bar:2001 from: 0 till:2855 PlotData= bar:1861 at:5969 fontsize:XS text: 5969 shift:(-8,5) bar:1871 at:5999 fontsize:XS text: 5999 shift:(-8,5) bar:1881 at:5815 fontsize:XS text: 5815 shift:(-8,5) bar:1901 at:7097 fontsize:XS text: 7097 shift:(-8,5) bar:1911 at:7209 fontsize:XS text: 7209 shift:(-8,5) bar:1921 at:7305 fontsize:XS text: 7305 shift:(-8,5) bar:1931 at:7424 fontsize:XS text: 7424 shift:(-8,5) bar:1936 at:7125 fontsize:XS text: 7125 shift:(-8,5) bar:1951 at:6477 fontsize:XS text: 6477 shift:(-8,5) bar:1961 at:4494 fontsize:XS text: 4494 shift:(-8,5) bar:1971 at:3344 fontsize:XS text: 3344 shift:(-8,5) bar:1981 at:3043 fontsize:XS text: 3043 shift:(-8,5) bar:1991 at:2859 fontsize:XS text: 2859 shift:(-8,5) bar:2001 at:2855 fontsize:XS text: 2855 shift:(-8,5) TextData= fontsize:S pos:(20,20) text:Data from ISTAT </timeline> ==Twin touns== *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pégomas]], [[Fraunce]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category|Castel San Niccolò}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120724174048/http://www.comune.castel-san-niccolo.ar.it/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{clear}} {{Province o Arezzo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Castel San Niccolo}} cvizw6mf2bo9pomj6hz1fpojgkev079 0 155157 928075 911579 2026-11-11T18:26:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928075 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Capri harbour from Anacapri 2013.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Capri]] herbour, [[Italy]] seen frae [[Anacapri]].]] A '''haven''' is a place far ships, boaties an barges seek shelter fae bad wither, or are stowed fur future uses. Havens, herbours an [[port]]s is aften synonymous wi jist slicht differences. Havens can be ony port or herbour tae shelter fae stormy wither, bit a haven micht nae hae ony berths. A port is a manmade facility makkit fur loadin an unloadin vessels, drappin aff an pickin up passengers. It his berths. Ports are aften locatit in herbours. Herbours is havens fit haes berths. ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category|Ports and harbours|Harbors}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210721142759/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43222.pdf Harbor Maintenance Finance and Funding] [[Congressional Research Service]] {{wiktionary}} [[Category:Ports an herbours| ]] [[Category:Coastal construction]] [[Category:Nautical terms]] dteins4orlgdzxs0xjqftt2l5x7hyng 0 168418 928153 927436 2026-11-12T01:31:57Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Ötzi | image = Otzi-Quinson.jpg | caption = Ötzi's mummified remains on show at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology | birth_date = {{circa|3275 BC}} | birth_place = Near whit is noo the village o Feldthurns (Velturno), north o [[Bolzano]], [[Italy]] | death_date = {{circa|3230 BC}} (aged {{circa|45}}) | death_place = [[Ötztal Alps]], near Tisenjoch on the border atween [[Austrick]] an Italy | death_cause = Bluid loss frae an arrae wound in his shouther<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/iceman-murder-mystery.html|title=NOVA - Iceman Murder Mystery|author=|work=pbs.org}}</ref> | resting_place = [[South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology]], [[Sooth Tyrol]], Italy | other_names = Ötzi the Iceman; Similaun man; Tyrolean Iceman; Man frae Hauslabjoch; Hauslabjoch mummy | known_for = The auldest kent natural [[mummy]] o a European man frae the Copper Age | height = {{cvt|160|cm|ftin}} }} '''Ötzi''' ({{IPA-de|ˈœtsi|-|De-Oetzi-pronunciation.ogg}}; {{circa|3275 BC|3230 BC}}), also cried '''the Iceman''', the '''Similaun man''' or the '''Tyrolean Iceman''', is the natural [[mummy]] o a man that lived in the 4t millennium BC.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last1=Kean |first1=Walter F. |last2=Tocchio |first2=Shannon |last3=Kean |first3=Mary |last4=Rainsford |first4=K. D. |title=The musculoskeletal abnormalities of the Similaun Iceman ('ÖTZI'): clues to chronic pain and possible treatments |journal=Inflammopharmacology |date=February 2013 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |doi=10.1007/s10787-012-0153-5 |pmid=23096483 |pmc=3560943 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |last2=Prüfer |first2=Kay |last3=Krause-Kyora |first3=Ben |last4=Childebayeva |first4=Ainash |last5=Schuenemann |first5=Verena J. |last6=Coia |first6=Valentina |last7=Maixner |first7=Frank |last8=Zink |first8=Albert |last9=Schiffels |first9=Stephan |last10=Krause |first10=Johannes |date=2023-09-13 |title=High-coverage genome of the Tyrolean Iceman reveals unusually high Anatolian farmer ancestry |journal=Cell Genomics |volume=3 |issue=9 |at=100377 |doi=10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100377 }}</ref> His remains were fund on 19 September 1991 in the [[Ötztal Alps]], on the border atween Austrick an Italy, an that is whaur the nem "Ötzi" comes frae. He is the auldest natural human mummy that is kent in Europe, an it gies a view o Copper Age Europeans that nae earlier find haes gien. Researchers think somebody else killt Ötzi, acause there is an arraheid stuck in his left shouther, an ither wounds forby. Hou he lived an hou he deed hae been the subject o muckle study an speculation. His remains an his belangins are on show at the [[South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology]] in [[Bolzano]], [[Sooth Tyrol]], Italy. == Discovery == Ötzi wis fund on 19 September 1991 bi Helmut an Erika Simon, twa German tourists, near the Tisenjoch pass in the Ötztal Alps. They saw the tap hauf o his body stickin oot the ice, aboot {{convert|3210|m|ft}} abuin sea level.<ref name="Pilo2023">{{cite journal |last1=Pilø |first1=Lars |last2=Reitmaier |first2=Thomas |last3=Fischer |first3=Andrea |last4=Barrett |first4=James H. |last5=Nesje |first5=Atle |title=Ötzi, 30 years on: A reappraisal of the depositional and post-depositional history of the find |journal=The Holocene |volume=33 |issue=1 |year=2023 |pages=112–125 |doi=10.1177/09596836221126133|hdl=11250/3054486 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Acause the steid wis near the border, the Austrian polis an the Italian Carabinieri were baith tellt. At first, fowk thocht he wis a muntain climmer that haed deed no lang syne.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery">{{cite web |title=The Discovery |url=https://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi/the-discovery |website=South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology |access-date=3 September 2026}}</ref> The wark tae get his body oot stairtit the neist day. Bad wather held it up, an it gaed on till 23 September.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> In that time, the muntain climmers [[Reinhold Messner]] an Hans Kammerlander leukit at some o Ötzi's belangins: leather claes, birk bark boxes an an aix. Efter he saw a drawin o the aix, Messner said the remains micht be faur aulder than first thocht.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> Several fowk cam tae the steid afore Ötzi wis taen oot. Some fragile things were trampit on, an ithers were liftit afore onybody wrate doun whaur they lay, an some o the evidence o whaur his belangins haed been lyin wis lost. Researchers spak tae the visitors efterwards tae wark oot whaur the finds haed been.<ref name="Pilo2023"/> Ötzi wis taen oot the ice at last on 23 September, fower days efter he wis fund. Nae archaeologist wis there.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> A dagger wis fund aside him, an a lang widden object nearby wis later kent tae be a bowe. His body wis flown tae Vent, an then taen tae the Institute of Forensic Medicine in [[Innsbruck]] tae be examined.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> It still wisnae clear whether Ötzi haed been fund in Austrick or Italy. The border set doun bi the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye o 1919 wis meant tae follae the watershed o the Alps, but snaw an ice haed makkit the place ill tae map richt.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> On 2 October, thirteen days efter the discovery, an offeecial survey pit the steid {{convert|92.56|m|yd}} inside Italy, in Sooth Tyrol.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> Sooth Tyrol claimed Ötzi as its ain, but greed that his body coud bide in Innsbruck for the time while the examinations gaed on.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/><ref name="Brida2014">{{cite journal |last1=Brida |first1=Juan Gabriel |last2=Meleddu |first2=Marta |last3=Pulina |first3=Manuela |title=Investigating informal learning at a cultural site |journal=Economics Bulletin |volume=34 |issue=2 |year=2014 |pages=634–650}}</ref> == Condition == When Ötzi wis taen oot in September 1991, he wis a wat mummy that the [[glacier]] ice haed keepit naturally. Muckle o the watter in his body haed been lost, but near the hale o him wis keepit. His tissues, banes an innards were in guid order, an his mummified body wis aboot {{cvt|1.54|m|ftin}} lang.<ref name="MuseumBody">{{cite web |title=The Body |url=https://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi/the-body |website=South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology |access-date=3 September 2026}}</ref> Ither pairts o his body haed gane as it decayed. The ootmaist layer o his skin haed come aff, an his body hair wis lost. His finger an tae nails haed come aff an aw. Tufts o his daurk hair were fund aroon the body, an ae fingernail an twa taenails were fund in later digs.<ref name="MuseumBody"/> Ötzi wis damaged mair when he wis taen oot an haundled efter. A pneumatic drill damaged his hip, his left airm wis broke while he wis bein haundled, an pairts o his claes were wrackit.<ref name="nationalgeo">{{cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=David |title=The Iceman: Lone Voyager From the Copper Age |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_national-geographic_1993-06_183_6/page/45 |journal=National Geographic |date=June 1993 |volume=183 |issue=6 |pages=45–46}}</ref> His longbow wis broke an aw when he wis taen oot.<ref name="nationalgeo"/> Wind an wather haed damaged his claes efter the ice aroon him meltit, an they were damaged mair when he wis taen oot.<ref name="MuseumClothing">{{cite web |title=Ötzi's Clothing |url=https://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi/clothing |website=South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology |access-date=3 September 2026}}</ref> Bi 24 September 1991, the day efter he wis taen oot, Ötzi's body haed stairtit tae decay. He wis pit in a cauld cell at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Innsbruck that wis set up lik the glacier.<ref name="MuseumDiscovery"/> [[Fungus]] stairtit growin on his skin at the mortuary an aw, an within days scientists stairtit tae keep the mummy mair cannily.<ref name="nationalgeo"/> == Claes an gear == [[File:OtzishoesS1340065.jpg|thumb|left|A copy o Ötzi's shae at the Bata Shoe Museum]] Ötzi wore a cloak o woven gress, an a coat, a belt, a pair o leggins, a loincloth an shaes, aw o leather frae different skins. He wore a bearskin bunnet an aw, wi a leather chin strap. The coat, belt, leggins an loincloth were makkit o upricht strips o leather shewed thegither wi sinew. A pooch shewed ontae his belt held a nummer o uisefu things: a scraper, a drill, a flint flake, a bane awl an a dried fungus.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The Belt and Pouch |url=http://www.iceman.it/en/node/275 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311083938/http://www.iceman.it/en/node/275 |archive-date=2009-03-11 |access-date=2016-04-23 |publisher=South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology}}</ref> The shaes were watterticht an braid, seemin makkit for walkin ower snaw. The soles were bearskin, the taps were deer hide, an there wis a nettin o tree bark. Saft gress gaed aroon the fit inside the shae, lik modren socks.<ref name=":3" /> The leather loincloth an the hide coat were makkit o sheepskin. The sheep were nearer the modren hame-bred sheep o Europe than wild sheep, an at least fower beasts' skins were uised. The leggins were makkit o leather frae hame-bred goats.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Netburn |first=Deborah |date=2016-08-18 |title=How Otzi the Iceman outfitted himself: Fur from brown bears and leather from roe deer |url=https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-otzi-iceman-garments-quiver-20160818-snap-story.html |access-date=2022-10-31 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> DNA frae sax o his claes shawed whaur the materials cam frae. The shae laces were makkit frae European kye an the quiver frae wild [[Rae deer|rae deer]], while the fur bunnet cam frae a line o [[Broun beir|broun bear]] that still bides in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Davis |first=Nicola |date=2016-08-30 |title=It becometh the iceman: clothing study reveals stylish secrets of leather-loving ancient |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/18/it-becometh-the-iceman-otzi-clothing-study-reveals-stylish-secrets-of-leather-loving-ancient |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830164637/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/18/it-becometh-the-iceman-otzi-clothing-study-reveals-stylish-secrets-of-leather-loving-ancient |archive-date=2016-08-30 |access-date=2016-08-30 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Romey |first=Kristin |date=18 August 2016 |title=Here's What the Iceman Was Wearing When He Died 5,300 Years Ago |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/otzi-iceman-european-alps-mummy-clothing-dna-leather-fur-archaeology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819105927/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/otzi-iceman-european-alps-mummy-clothing-dna-leather-fur-archaeology/ |archive-date=2016-08-19 |access-date=2016-08-18 |magazine=National Geographic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Sullivan |first1=Niall J. |last2=Teasdale |first2=Matthew D. |last3=Mattiangeli |first3=Valeria |last4=Maixner |first4=Frank |last5=Pinhasi |first5=Ron |last6=Bradley |first6=Daniel G. |last7=Zink |first7=Albert |date=2016-08-18 |title=A whole mitochondria analysis of the Tyrolean Iceman's leather provides insights into the animal sources of Copper Age clothing |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=6 |at=31279 |bibcode=2016NatSR...631279O |doi=10.1038/srep31279 |doi-access=free|pmc=4989873 |pmid=27537861}}</ref> [[File:ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg|thumb|upright|A copy o Ötzi's capper aix]] The ither things fund wi the Iceman were a capper aix wi a [[Taxus baccata|yew]] haunle, a knife wi a chert blade an an ash haunle, an a quiver o 14 arraes wi shafts o viburnum an dugwid.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fleur |first=Nicholas St |date=2018-06-21 |title=The Final Hours of the Iceman's Tools |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/21/science/otzi-iceman-tools.html?rref=collection/column/trilobites |access-date=2018-07-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petraglia |first1=Michael D. |last2=Wierer |first2=Ursula |last3=Arrighi |first3=Simona |last4=Bertola |first4=Stefano |last5=Kaufmann |first5=Günther |last6=Baumgarten |first6=Benno |last7=Pedrotti |first7=Annaluisa |last8=Pernter |first8=Patrizia |last9=Pelegrin |first9=Jacques |year=2018 |editor-last=Petraglia |editor-first=Michael D. |title=The Iceman's lithic toolkit: Raw material, technology, typology and use |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=13 |issue=6 |at=e0198292 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1398292W |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0198292 |pmc=6010222 |pmid=29924811 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Twa o the arraes, that were broke, haed flint heids an fletchin. The ither 12 werenae feenished an haed nae heids. In the quiver wi the arraes there wis whit is thocht tae be a bowe string, a tuil naebody kens the uise o, an an antler tuil that micht hae been uised tae shairpen arraheids.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fowler |first=Brenda |title=Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man found in an Alpine Glacier |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-226-25823-2 |location=Chicago, Ill. |pages=105–106}}</ref> There wis an unfeenished yew longbow forby, {{cvt|1.82|m|in}} lang.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |title=Europe: A History |title-link=Europe: A History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-820171-7 |location=Oxford}}</ref> Amang Ötzi's belangins there were berries, twa birk bark baskets an twa kynds o polypore [[Puddock stuil|puddock stuils]] wi leather strings through them. Ane o them, the birk fungus, is kent tae kill worms in the guts, an it wis likly uised as a medicine.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Capasso |first=Luigi |date=December 1998 |title=5300 years ago, the Ice Man used natural laxatives and antibiotics |journal=Lancet |volume=352 |issue=9143 |page=1864 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79939-6 |pmid=9851424 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The ither wis a kynd o tinder fungus, pairt o whit leuks tae hae been a fire-lichtin kit. The kit haed pieces o mair than a dozen different plants, an flint an [[pyrite]] for strikin spairks. The aix's haunle is {{cvt|60|cm|in}} lang, makkit o yew that wis wrocht wi care. The aix heid is {{convert|9.5|cm|in}} lang an near pure [[capper]].<ref name="Axe">{{Cite web |title=The Axe – Ötzi – South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology |url=http://www.iceman.it/en/node/277 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116010012/http://www.iceman.it/en/node/277 |archive-date=2010-11-16 |access-date=2010-09-12 |website=iceman.it}}</ref> It wis cast, an no haurdened efter. Capper ore in the Alps wis mined in Ötzi's time, but a 2017 study fund that the capper in the aix cam frae the sooth o [[Tuscany]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Artioli |first1=Gilberto |last2=Angelini |first2=Ivana |last3=Kaufmann |first3=Günther |last4=Canovaro |first4=Caterina |last5=Dal Sasso |first5=Gregorio |last6=Villa |first6=Igor Maria |date=2017 |title=Long-distance connections in the Copper Age: New evidence from the Alpine Iceman's copper axe |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=7 |at=e0179263 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1279263A |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0179263 |pmc=5497943 |pmid=28678801 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The heid wis set intae the forkit end o the haunle an held there wi birk tar an ticht leather lashin. The blade shaws clear signs o bein uised for choppin an cuttin. An aix lik this wid hae been a dear possession, as a tuil an as a mark o staunin baith.<ref name="Axe" /> == Datin == On 24 September, at the medical examiner's office in Innsbruck, the find wis examined bi the archaeologist Konrad Spindler o the University of Innsbruck. He dated it tae at least fower thoosand year auld, frae the type o aix amang the things fund wi it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fowler |first=Brenda |title=Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man Found in an Alpine Glacier |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-226-25823-2 |page=37&nbsp;''ff''}}</ref><ref name="Iceman-2013">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=The Incredible Age of the Find |url=http://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi-age |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624085502/http://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi-age |archive-date=2015-06-24 |access-date=2015-08-03 |publisher=South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology}}</ref> Tissue samples frae the body, an ither things fund wi it, were studied later at several scientific institutions. The results shawed clearly that the remains belanged tae somebody that lived atween 3359 an 3105 BC, some 5,100 year syne.<ref name="Iceman-2013" /> Mair exact estimates gie a 66% chance that he deed atween 3239 an 3105 BC, a 33% chance that he deed atween 3359 an 3294 BC, an a 1% chance that he deed atween 3277 an 3268 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bonani |first1=Georges |last2=Ivy |first2=Susan D. |last3=Hajdas |first3=Irena |last4=Niklaus |first4=Thomas R. |last5=Suter |first5=Martin |date=1994 |title=Ams 14 C Age Determinations of Tissue, Bone and Grass Samples from the Ötztal Ice Man |journal=Radiocarbon |language=en |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=247–250 |bibcode=1994Radcb..36..247B |doi=10.1017/S0033822200040534 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Scientific studies == === Body an heal === When he deed, aroon 3230 BC, Ötzi wis aboot 45 year auld. His body wis aboot {{cvt|160|cm|ftin}} heich, an he is thocht tae hae weighed aboot {{cvt|50|kg}} when he wis livin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2000-09-26 |title=Iceman is defrosted for gene tests: New techniques may link Copper Age shepherd to present-day relatives |url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,373487,00.html |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2012 |title=Mummy Melodrama: Top 9 Secrets About Otzi the Iceman |url=https://www.livescience.com/24666-otzi-iceman-mummy-life-death.html |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=Live Science |publisher=Future plc}}</ref> A 2006 study that uised CT scans o his skeleton gied a wee bit different figures, {{cvt|158|cm|ftin}} an {{cvt|61|kg}}.<ref name="Ruff-2006">{{Cite journal |last1=Ruff |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Holt |first2=Brigitte M. |last3=Sládek |first3=Vladimír |last4=Berner |first4=Margit |last5=Murphy |first5=William A. Jr. |last6=Zur Nedden |first6=Dieter |last7=Seidler |first7=Horst |last8=Recheis |first8=Wolfgang |date=July 2006 |title=Body size, body proportions, and mobility in the Tyrolean "Iceman" |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=91–101 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.02.001 |pmid=16549104}}</ref> His shin banes shaw that he traivelt muckle ower roch grund, mair than maist ither [[Neolithic]] European men the researchers leukit at.<ref name="Ruff-2006"/> His banes, jynts an muscles shaw lang-time damage tae his spine, an arthritis in his richt knee an cuit. Researchers think thir likly gied him lang-lastin pain in his back, richt knee an richt cuit in the later years o his life.<ref name=":4" /> Ötzi haed several heal problems. He haed whipworm, a parasite o the guts, tho naebody kens hou ill the infection wis.<ref name="Dickson-2003">{{Cite journal |last1=Dickson |first1=James H. |last2=Oeggl |first2=Klaus |last3=Handley |first3=Linda L. |date=May 2003 |title=The Iceman Reconsidered |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_2003-05_288_5/page/n75 |journal=Scientific American |volume=288 |issue=5 |pages=70–79 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0503-70 |pmid=12701332}}</ref> Bi his mid-40s, his teeth were sair worn an haed several holes, an he haed gum disease forby. Researchers airt the holes in his teeth tae chynges in diet that cam wi the spreid o fermin in the Neolithic.<ref name="Seiler-2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Seiler |first1=Roger |last2=Spielman |first2=Andrew I. |last3=Zink |first3=Albert |last4=Rühli |first4=Frank |date=June 2013 |title=Oral pathologies of the Neolithic Iceman, c.3,300 BC |journal=European Journal of Oral Sciences |volume=121 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=137–141 |doi=10.1111/eos.12037 |pmid=23659234}}</ref> Ae fingernail that is left haes three Beau's lines, grooves that come when illness stops a nail growin. They shaw that Ötzi wis ill three times in his last sax month, the last time aboot twa month afore he deed, for at least twa weeks.<ref name="Dickson-2003"/> Ötzi haed ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' an aw. In 2016, researchers rebiggit the bacterium's 5,300-year-auld [[genome]] frae his guts. It belanged tae hpAsia2, a population o bacteria frae Asie that wis in Europe in prehistoric times, afore it mixed wi strains frae Africae.<ref name="Maixner-2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Maixner |first1=Frank |last2=Krause-Kyora |first2=Ben |last3=Turaev |first3=Dmitrij |last4=Herbig |first4=Alexander |last5=Hoopmann |first5=Michael R. |last6=Hallows |first6=Janice L. |last7=Kusebauch |first7=Ulrike |last8=Egarter Vigl |first8=Eduard |last9=Malfertheiner |first9=Peter |display-authors=3 |date=8 January 2016 |title=The 5,300-year-old ''Helicobacter pylori'' genome of the Iceman |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_science_2016-01-08_351_6269/page/162 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=351 |issue=6269 |pages=162–165 |doi=10.1126/science.aad2545 |pmid=26744403 |pmc=4775254}}</ref> DNA frae Ötzi haed sequences frae the bacteria ''Borrelia'' forby. A 2012 study said they were ''Borrelia burgdorferi'', a cause o [[Lyme disease]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Keller |first1=Andreas |last2=Graefen |first2=Angela |last3=Ball |first3=Markus |last4=Matzas |first4=Mark |last5=Boisguerin |first5=Vassilis |last6=Maixner |first6=Frank |last7=Leidinger |first7=Petra |last8=Backes |first8=Christina |last9=Khairat |first9=Rabab |display-authors=3 |date=2012 |title=New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing |journal=Nature Communications |volume=3 |page=698 |doi=10.1038/ncomms1701 |pmid=22426219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A 2013 study o the same data fund that maist o the sequences coudnae be set doun tae ony ae species, an that the auncient strain wis different in its genes frae the ''B. burgdorferi'' that is kent the day.<ref name="Ames-2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Ames |first1=Sasha K. |last2=Hysom |first2=David A. |last3=Gardner |first3=Shea N. |last4=Lloyd |first4=Glynn S. |last5=Gokhale |first5=Mayuri B. |last6=Allen |first6=Jonathan E. |date=2013 |title=Scalable metagenomic taxonomy classification using a reference genome database |journal=Bioinformatics |volume=29 |issue=18 |pages=2253–2260 |doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btt389 |pmid=23828782 |pmc=3753567}}</ref> === Whaur he cam frae === Studies o pollen, stour an the [[isotope]]s in his teeth shaw that he spent his bairnheid near whit is noo the Sooth Tyrol village o Feldthurns, north o Bolzano. Later he gaed tae bide in glens aboot {{convert|50|km}} faurer north.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Wolfgang |title=Origin and Migration of the Alpine Iceman |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2003-10-31_302_5646/page/862 |date=2003-10-31 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=302 |issue=5646 |pages=862–866 |bibcode=2003Sci...302..862M |doi=10.1126/science.1089837 |pmid=14593178 |name-list-style=vanc |display-authors=1 |last2=Fricke |first2=H |last3=Halliday |first3=AN |last4=McCulloch |first4=MT |last5=Wartho |first5=JA}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Who was Ötzi the Iceman? |url=http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/identity.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217203826/http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/identity.htm |archive-date=2007-12-17 |website=Mummy Tombs}}</ref> === Diet === In 2009, a CAT scan shawed that efter daith his stamack haed shiftit up tae whaur the boddom o his lung wid uisually be. In it were the hauf-digestit remains o ibex meat, which shaws he haed likly haed a meal less than twa hours afore he deed. Wheat grains were fund an aw.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Than |first=Ker |date=2011-06-23 |title=Iceman's Stomach Sampled – Filled With Goat Meat |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/06/110623-iceman-mummy-otzi-meal-goat-stomach-science/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626140019/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/06/110623-iceman-mummy-otzi-meal-goat-stomach-science |archive-date=2011-06-26 |access-date=2011-06-24 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]}}</ref> His intestines held twa meals, ane o [[chamois]] meat an the ither o [[Reid deer|reid deer]] an herb breid, baith eaten wi ruits an fruit. The last meal wis eaten aboot aicht hours afore he deed. The grain eaten wi baith meals wis a weel-processed einkorn wheat bran,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holden |first=T.G. |title=Bones and the Man: Studies in Honour of Don Brothwell |publisher=Oxbow Books |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-84217-060-1 |editor-last=Dobney |editor-first=Keith |editor-link=Keith Dobney |location=Oxford |pages=35–40 |chapter=The Food Remains from the Colon of the Tyrolean Ice Man |editor-last2=O'Connor |editor-first2=Terry}}</ref> possibly breid. Near the body there were caff an grains o einkorn an [[Baurley|baurley]], an seeds o [[Lint|lint]] an poppy, that micht hae come frae the Iceman's provisions. There were kernels o slaes, an seeds o different wild berries, forby.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heiss |first1=Andreas G. |last2=Oeggl |first2=Klaus |title=The plant macro-remains from the Iceman site (Tisenjoch, Italian–Austrian border, eastern Alps): new results on the glacier mummy's environment |journal=Vegetation History and Archaeobotany |date=January 2009 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=23–35 |doi=10.1007/s00334-007-0140-8 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00334-007-0140-8 |bibcode=2009VegHA..18...23H |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The pollen in the first meal shawed it haed been eaten in a [[Pinophyta|conifer]] forest hauf wey up a muntain. The pollen wis that weel keepit that the cells inside were still hale, which shaws it haed been fresh (aboot twa hours auld) when Ötzi deed. That pits his daith in the spring or early simmer. Einkorn wheat is hairstit in the late simmer, an slaes in the hairst, an thir maun hae been keepit frae the year afore.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bortenschlager |first1=Sigmar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=roEsBAAAQBAJ&q=Einkorn+wheat+is+harvested+in+the+late+summer,+and+sloes+in+the+autumn;+these+must+have+been+stored+from+the+previous+yea&pg=PA104 |title=The Iceman and his Natural Environment: Palaeobotanical Results |last2=Oeggl |first2=Klaus |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-7091-6758-8 |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, researchers studied his stamack an guts in detail. Ötzi wis thocht tae be a vegetarian afore, but this study shawed that he ate baith meat an plants. Frae traces o DNA an proteins, the researchers fund that his last meal wis fat an meat frae ibex an reid deer, wi einkorn wheat. Traces o bracken, that is pushionous tae fowk, were fund in his stamack an aw. The researchers thocht he either ate it as a medicine for the parasites in his guts, or wrappit his ither food in it an ate the pushionous spores bi accident.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maixner |first1=Frank |last2=Turaev |first2=Dmitrij |last3=Cazenave-Gassiot |first3=Amaury |last4=Janko |first4=Marek |last5=Krause-Kyora |first5=Ben |last6=Hoopmann |first6=Michael R. |last7=Kusebauch |first7=Ulrike |last8=Sartain |first8=Mark |last9=Guerriero |first9=Gea |last10=o'Sullivan |first10=Niall |last11=Teasdale |first11=Matthew |last12=Cipollini |first12=Giovanna |last13=Paladin |first13=Alice |last14=Mattiangeli |first14=Valeria |last15=Samadelli |first15=Marco |display-authors=29 |date=2018-07-23 |title=The Iceman's Last Meal Consisted of Fat, Wild Meat, and Cereals |journal=Current Biology |volume=28 |issue=14 |pages=2348–2355.e9 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.067 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6065529/ |pmc=6065529 |pmid=30017480 |last16=Tecchiati |first16=Umberto |last17=Putzer |first17=Andreas |last18=Palazoglu |first18=Mine |last19=Meissen |first19=John |last20=Lösch |first20=Sandra |last21=Rausch |first21=Philipp |last22=Baines |first22=John F. |last23=Kim |first23=Bum Jin |last24=An |first24=Hyun-Joo |last25=Gostner |first25=Paul |last26=Egarter-Vigl |first26=Eduard |last27=Malfertheiner |first27=Peter |last28=Keller |first28=Andreas |last29=Stark |first29=Robert W. |last30=Wenk |first30=Markus |bibcode=2018CBio...28E2348M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zink |first1=Albert R. |last2=Maixner |first2=Frank |title=The Current Situation of the Tyrolean Iceman |journal=Gerontology |date=2019 |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=699–706 |doi=10.1159/000501878 |url=https://karger.com/ger/article/65/6/699/148083/The-Current-Situation-of-the-Tyrolean-Iceman |pmid=31505504 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>[https://www.science.org/content/article/iceman-s-last-meal-was-high-fat-feast The ‘Iceman's' last meal was a high-fat feast]</ref> === Wark === Heich levels o [[capper]] an [[Airsenic|arsenic]] were fund in his hair. Thon, alang wi his aix blade that is 99.7% capper, haes led scientists tae speculate that he wirkit at smeltin capper.<ref>{{Cite news |last=<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> |date=2002-09-16 |title=Iceman's final meal |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2262615.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330095330/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2262615.stm |archive-date=2015-03-30 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The proportions o his shin bane, [[Thee bane|thee bane]] an pelvis shaw that he likly walkit lang distances ower hilly grund. This degree o traivellin isnae seen in ither Europeans o the Copper Age, an it micht mean he wis a herd in the heich hills.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ruff |first1=Christopher |last2=Holt |first2=BM |last3=Sládek |first3=V |last4=Berner |first4=M |last5=Murphy |first5=WA Jr |last6=Zur Nedden |first6=D |last7=Seidler |first7=H |last8=Recheis |first8=W |date=July 2006 |title=Body size, body proportions, and mobility in the Tyrolean "Iceman" |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=91–101 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.02.001 |pmid=16549104 |bibcode=2006JHumE..51...91R }}</ref> === Tattoos === Ötzi haed 61 tattoos in aw. They were 19 groups o black lines, {{cvt|1|-|3|mm}} braid an {{cvt|7|-|40|mm}} lang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Samadelli |first1=M |last2=M Melis |last3=M Miccoli |last4=E Egarter-Vigl |last5=AR Zink |date=2015 |title=Complete Mapping of the Tattoos of the 5300-year-old Tyrolean Iceman |journal=Journal of Cultural Heritage |volume=16 |pages=753–758 |doi=10.1016/j.culher.2014.12.005 |number=5}}</ref> The maist o the merks are on his legs, that hae 12 groups o lines atween them.<ref name="Deter-Wolf-2015">{{Cite web |last=Deter-Wolf |first=Aaron |date=2015-01-22 |title=Scan finds new tattoos on 5300-year-old Iceman |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113319184/scan-finds-new-tattoos-on-5300-year-old-iceman-012215/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033016/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113319184/scan-finds-new-tattoos-on-5300-year-old-iceman-012215/ |archive-date=2015-11-17 |access-date=2015-11-16}}</ref> Unner the microscope, the tattoos shawed that they were makkit wi pigment frae fireside ash or suit.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pabst |first1=M.A. |last2=I Letofsky-Papst |last3=E Bock |last4=M Moser |last5=L Dorfer |last6=E Egarter-Vigl |last7=F Hoffer |date=2009 |title=The Tattoos of the Tyrolean Iceman: A Light Microscopical, Ultrastructural and Element Analytical Study |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=36 |issue=10 |pages=2335–2341 |bibcode=2009JArSc..36.2335P |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2009.06.016}}</ref> In 2024 a team o researchers tried oot different weys o tattooin. They fund that Ötzi's tattoos were maist likly makkit bi jabbin the skin wi a bane pynt or a capper awl, no bi cuttin it, as wis thocht afore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taub |first1=Benjamin |title=Ötzi The Iceman's Tattoos Recreated On Living Skin To Discover How They Were Made |url=https://www.iflscience.com/otzi-the-icemans-tattoos-recreated-on-living-skin-to-discover-how-they-were-made-73407 |work=IFLScience |date=15 March 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deter-Wolf |first1=Aaron |last2=Robitaille |first2=Benoît |last3=Riday |first3=Danny |last4=Burlot |first4=Aurélien |last5=Sialuk Jacobsen |first5=Maya |title=Chalcolithic Tattooing: Historical and Experimental Evaluation of the Tyrolean Iceman's Body Markings |journal=European Journal of Archaeology |date=August 2024 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=267–288 |doi=10.1017/eaa.2024.5 }}</ref><ref name="Piombino-Mascali-2020">{{cite book |last1=Piombino-Mascali |first1=Dario |last2=Krutak |first2=Lars |title=Purposeful Pain |chapter=Therapeutic Tattoos and Ancient Mummies: The Case of the Iceman |series=Bioarchaeology and Social Theory |date=2020 |pages=119–136 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-32181-9_6 |isbn=978-3-030-32180-2 }}</ref> X-rays o his banes shawed wear on monie o the tattooed pairts, in the lower spine an in the knee an mair in the cuit jynts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spindler |first=Konrad |title=The man in the ice |publisher=Phoenix |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-7538-1260-0 |pages=178–184}}</ref> The tattoos micht hae been pairt o a cure for pain lik acupressure or acupuncture,<ref name="Deter-Wolf-2015" /> tho Ötzi lived at least 2,000 year afore thae were first uised in Cheenae ({{c.}} 1000 BC).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dorfer |first1=L |last2=M Moser |last3=F Bahr |last4=K Spindler |last5=E Egarter-Vigl |last6=S Giullén |last7=G Dohr |last8=T Kenner |date=September 1999 |title=A medical report from the stone age? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1999-09-18_354_9183/page/1023 |journal=The Lancet |volume=354 |issue=9183 |pages=1023–1025 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(98)12242-0 |pmid=10501382 }}</ref> Ötzi wis ance thocht tae be the auldest tattooed human mummy yet fund.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deter-Wolf |first=Aaron |date=2015-11-11 |title=It's official: Ötzi the Iceman has the oldest tattoos in the world |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113410697/its-official-otzi-the-iceman-has-the-oldest-tattoos-in-the-world-111115/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115131532/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113410697/its-official-otzi-the-iceman-has-the-oldest-tattoos-in-the-world-111115/ |archive-date=2015-11-15 |access-date=2015-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Deter-Wolf |first1=Aaron |last2=Robitaille |first2=Benoît |last3=Krutak |first3=Lars |last4=Galliot |first4=Sébastien |date=February 2016 |title=The World's Oldest Tattoos |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01227846 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |volume=5 |pages=19–24 |bibcode=2016JArSR...5...19D |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.11.007 }}</ref> In 2018, but, tattoos were fund on Egyptian mummies frae near the same time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daley |first=Jason |date=2019-12-05 |title=Infrared Reveals Egyptian Mummies' Hidden Tattoos |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/infrared-reveals-egyptian-mummies-hidden-tattoos-180973700/ |access-date=2020-06-20 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> === Genes === Ötzi's hale genome wis first sequenced in 2012.<ref name="Keller-2012">{{cite journal |display-authors=2 |last1=Keller |first1=Andreas |last2=Graefen |first2=Angela |last3=Ball |first3=Markus |last4=Matzas |first4=Mark |last5=Boisguerin |first5=Valesca |last6=Maixner |first6=Frank |last7=Leidinger |first7=Petra |last8=Backes |first8=Christina |last9=Khairat |first9=Rabab |last10=Forster |first10=Michael |last11=Stade |first11=Björn |last12=Franke |first12=Andre |last13=Mayer |first13=Jens |last14=Spangler |first14=Jessica |last15=McLaughlin |first15=Stephen |last16=Shah |first16=Minita |last17=Lee |first17=Clarence |last18=Harkins |first18=Timothy T. |last19=Sartori |first19=Alexander |last20=Moreno-Estrada |first20=Andres |last21=Henn |first21=Brenna |last22=Sikora |first22=Martin |last23=Semino |first23=Ornella |last24=Chiaroni |first24=Jacques |last25=Rootsi |first25=Siiri |last26=Myres |first26=Natalie M. |last27=Cabrera |first27=Vicente M. |last28=Underhill |first28=Peter A. |last29=Bustamante |first29=Carlos D. |last30=Vigl |first30=Eduard Egarter |last31=Samadelli |first31=Marco |last32=Cipollini |first32=Giovanna |last33=Haas |first33=Jan |last34=Katus |first34=Hugo |last35=O'Connor |first35=Brian D. |last36=Carlson |first36=Marc R.J. |last37=Meder |first37=Benjamin |last38=Blin |first38=Nikolaus |last39=Meese |first39=Eckart |last40=Pusch |first40=Carsten M. |last41=Zink |first41=Albert |title=New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing |journal=Nature Communications |date=28 February 2012 |volume=3 |issue=1 |at=698 |pmid=22426219 |bibcode=2012NatCo...3..698K |doi=10.1038/ncomms1701 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A new genome wi faur less contamination frae modren fowk wis published in 2023.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Ke |display-authors=etal |date=2023 |title=High-coverage genome of the Tyrolean Iceman reveals unusually high Anatolian farmer ancestry |journal=Cell Genomics |volume=3 |issue=9 |at=100377 |doi=10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100377 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ötzi is maist closely sib tae Sooth Europeans, mair than ony, tae fowk that hae lang been cut aff frae ithers, lik the [[Corsicae|Corsicans]] an [[Sardinie|Sardinians]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-19 |title=Ancient DNA reveals genetic relationship between today's Sardinians and Neolithic Europeans – HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology |url=http://hudsonalpha.org/ancient-dna-reveals-genetic-relationship-between-todays-sardinians-and-neolithic-europeans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008061113/http://hudsonalpha.org/ancient-dna-reveals-genetic-relationship-between-todays-sardinians-and-neolithic-europeans |archive-date=2016-10-08 |access-date=2016-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Keller-2012"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Callaway |first1=Ewen |title=Iceman's DNA reveals health risks and relations |journal=Nature |date=28 February 2012 |doi=10.1038/nature.2012.10130 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-02-28 |title=Tratti genetici comuni tra la mummia Oetzi e gli attuali abitanti di Sardegna e Corsica |url=http://notizie.tiscali.it/articoli/scienza/12/02/tratti-genetici-oetzi-abitanti-sardegna-corsica.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302190033/http://notizie.tiscali.it/articoli/scienza/12/02/tratti-genetici-oetzi-abitanti-sardegna-corsica.html |archive-date=2012-03-02 |publisher=Tiscali |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pinkowski |first=Jennifer |date=2021-09-15 |title=Ötzi the Iceman: What we know 30 years after his discovery |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/tzi-the-iceman-what-we-know-30-years-after-his-discovery |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915193800/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/tzi-the-iceman-what-we-know-30-years-after-his-discovery |archive-date=15 September 2021 |work=National Geographic}}</ref> The 2023 study fund that 90% o his ancestry cam frae the fermers that cam frae [[Anatolie]], the heichest amang Europeans o his time. Less cam frae European hunter-gaitherers, an nane frae the fowk o the Steppe.<ref name="Wang-2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |last2=Prüfer |first2=Kay |last3=Krause-Kyora |first3=Ben |last4=Childebayeva |first4=Ainash |last5=Schuenemann |first5=Verena J. |last6=Coia |first6=Valentina |last7=Maixner |first7=Frank |last8=Zink |first8=Albert |last9=Schiffels |first9=Stephan |last10=Krause |first10=Johannes |date=2023-08-16 |title=High-coverage genome of the Tyrolean Iceman reveals unusually high Anatolian farmer ancestry |journal=Cell Genomics |volume=3 |issue=9 |at=100377 |doi=10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100377 |quote=The weighted genetic score of dark pigmentation in the Iceman is estimated to be 0.591, higher than the score of present-day southern European populations taking Sardinians as an example (Table S11), which the Iceman shares closest genetic affinity to (Figure S1) and which represent the highest level of pigmentation among modern-day European groups,29 although it is lower than the score of ancient LBK farmers and the Luxembourg_Loschbour.DG hunter-gatherer. |doi-access=free}}</ref> The study fund that he likly haed daurker skin than Europeans the day, that he wis likly bald, an that he micht hae haed metabolic disorders linked tae obesity.<ref name="Wang-2023" /> In October 2013, it wis reportit that 19 modren men in [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]] belang tae the same line on the faither's side (Y-DNA haplogroup G-L91) as Ötzi. Scientists at the Institute of Legal Medicine in Innsbruck haed studied the DNA o mair than 3,700 men in Tyrol that gied bluid, an fund 19 (c. 0.5%) that shared the same haplogroup wi him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-10-10 |title=Link to Oetzi the Iceman found in living Austrians |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24477038 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012043826/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24477038 |archive-date=2013-10-12 |access-date=2013-10-12 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bettinger |first=Blaine |date=2013-10-16 |title=Identifying Ötzi the Iceman's Relatives |url=https://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2013/10/16/identifying-otzi-the-icemans-relatives/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=The Genetic Genealogist |language=en-US}}</ref> == Daith == === Efter his daith === Ötzi's body wisnae aye frozen efter he deed. His tissues first turnt intae adipocere, a waxy substance that comes frae body fat in wat conditions, afore the body dried oot. This shaws that Ötzi lay months in watter ower several seasons afore he dried oot an wis keepit in the ice.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bereuter |first1=T. L. |title=Human Mummies |last2=Lorbeer |first2=E. |last3=Reiter |first3=C. |last4=Seidler |first4=H. |last5=Unterdorfer |first5=H. |year=1996 |isbn=978-3-7091-7352-7 |pages=273–278 |chapter=Post-mortem alterations of human lipids – Part II: Lipid composition of a 5300-year-old mummy |doi=10.1007/978-3-7091-6565-2_26}}</ref> === Hou he deed === At first, fowk thocht Ötzi deed o the cauld in a winter storm. Later it wis speculatit that he haed been a human sacrifice, possibly acause he wis a chief.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ives |first=Sarah |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/10/1030_031030_icemandeath.html |title=Was ancient alpine 'Iceman' killed in battle? |date=2003-10-30 |work=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic News]] |access-date=2007-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015063145/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/10/1030_031030_icemandeath.html |archive-date=2007-10-15 }}</ref><ref name="Rollo-2002">{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |name-list-style=vanc |last1=Rollo |first1=Franco |last2=Ubaldi |first2=Massimo |last3=Ermini |first3=Luca |last4=Marota |first4=Isolina |title=Ötzi's last meals: DNA analysis of the intestinal content of the Neolithic glacier mummy from the Alps |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=October 2002 |volume=99 |issue=20 |pages=12594–12599 |doi=10.1073/pnas.192184599 |bibcode=2002PNAS...9912594R |pmc=130505 |pmid=12244211 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This idea cam frae theories that haed been pit forrit for bodies fund in peat bogs, lik Tollund Man an Lindow Man.<ref name="Rollo-2002" /> In 2001, X-rays an a CT scan shawed that Ötzi haed an arraheid stuck in his left shouther when he deed,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pain |first=Stephanie |date=2001-07-26 |title=Arrow points to foul play in ancient iceman's death |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1080 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823042935/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1080 |archive-date=2014-08-23 |publisher=NewScientistTech}}</ref> an a wee tear in his coat that matched it.<ref name="Deem-2008a">{{Cite web |last=Deem |first=James M. |date=2008-01-03 |title=Ötzi: Iceman of the Alps: Scientific studies |url=http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/studies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902231211/http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/studies.html |archive-date=2015-09-02 |access-date=2008-01-06}}</ref> Researchers thocht that he deed o bluid loss frae the wound, an that it wid likly hae killt him even wi modren medicine.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Alok |date=2007-06-07 |title=Iceman bled to death, scientists say |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/jun/07/archaeology.internationalnews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313233825/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/jun/07/archaeology.internationalnews |archive-date=2016-03-13 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Mair research fund that the arrae's shaft haed been taen oot afore he deed. There were bruises an cuts on his haunds, wrists an chest, an an injury tae his brain that pynts tae a blaw on the heid. He haed a cut at the boddom o his thoum frae something shairp that gaed in tae the bane. The wound haed nae scar, which shaws it wis fresh when he deed. The view the noo is that Ötzi bled tae daith efter the arrae brak his shouther blade an damaged nerves an bluid vessels, afore it stuck near his lung.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2002-03-21 |title=How Oetzi the Iceman was stabbed in the back and lost his fight for life |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/mar/21/humanities.research1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209193136/http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/humanities/story/0,,671346,00.html |archive-date=2007-12-09 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> DNA tests in 2003 are said tae hae fund traces o bluid frae at least fower ither fowk on his gear: ane on his knife, twa on ae arraheid in his quiver, an a fowerth on his coat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USATODAY.com – 'Iceman' was murdered, science sleuths say |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2003-08-11-iceman-murder_x.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627042824/http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2003-08-11-iceman-murder_x.htm |archive-date=2012-06-27 |website=USA Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fagan |first1=Brian M. |last2=Durrani |first2=Nadia |title=In the Beginning: An Introduction to Archaeology |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34643-2 |doi=10.4324/9781003471974 |page=303 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNOPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA303 }}</ref> Some read thir finds tae mean that Ötzi killt twa fowk wi the same arrae an got it back baith times. On this readin, the bluid on his coat wis frae a woundit freend he micht hae cairried on his back.<ref name="Deem-2008a" /> === Anither idea o whaur he deed === Maist research haes taen it that Ötzi deed near whaur he wis fund.<ref name="Vanzetti-2010">A. Vanzetti, M. Vidale, M. Gallinaro, D.W. Frayer, and L. Bondioli. "[http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/084/ant0840681.htm The iceman as a burial] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906094420/http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/Ant/084/ant0840681.htm |date=2010-09-06}}." ''Antiquity''. Volume: 84 Number: 325 Page: 681–692. September 2010</ref> In 2010, the archaeologist Alessandro Vanzetti o the Sapienza University of Rome, an his colleagues, said that Ötzi deed faur lower doun an wis buried heicher up the muntains.<ref name="Vanzetti-2010" /> Frae their study o the things fund near Ötzi, an whaur they lay, the Iceman micht hae been laid on whit is been taen for a stane burial mound. Syne his body shiftit wi ilka thaw, afore it froze again.<ref name="Bower-2010">"[http://sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/62670/description/Prehistoric_%E2%80%98Iceman%E2%80%99_gets_ceremonial_twist Prehistoric 'Iceman' gets ceremonial twist] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830181108/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/62670/description/Prehistoric_%E2%80%98Iceman%E2%80%99_gets_ceremonial_twist |date=2010-08-30}}", ''Science News'', 25 September 2010. (Retrieved 19 September 2010)</ref> The archaeobotanist Klaus Oeggl o the University of Innsbruck greed that the body likly shiftit frae the ridge this wey, but he said the paper gied nae strang evidence that the scattered stanes were a burial platform.<ref name="Bower-2010"/> The biological anthropologist Albert Zink says forby that the Iceman's banes shaw nae dislocations that a slide doun the hill wid hae left, an that the clots o bluid in his arrae wound wid shaw damage if the body haed been shiftit up the muntain.<ref name="Bower-2010"/> == Legal dispute == [[File:Oetzi Memorial.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The Ötzi memorial near Tisenjoch]] Efter Ötzi wis fund, ither fowk claimed that they haed fund his body first, an no Helmut an Erika Simon. Unner Italian law, the Simons haed the richt tae a finder's fee o 25% o Ötzi's value.<ref name="BBC News-2008">{{Cite news |last= |date=2008-09-29 |title='Iceman' row ends after 17 years |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7643286.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930070344/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7643286.stm |archive-date=2008-09-30 |work=BBC News}}</ref> In 1994, three year efter the discovery, the provincial government o Sooth Tyrol offered them 10 million lire (€5,200), an they turnt it doun.<ref name="BBC News-2008"/> In 2003, a coort in Bolzano recognised the Simons as Ötzi's offeecial finders.<ref name="Deem-2008b">{{Cite web |last=Deem |first=James M. |date=September 2008 |title=Ötzi: Iceman of the Alps: Finder's fee lawsuits |url=http://mummytombs.com/otzi/lawsuit.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102055614/http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/lawsuit.htm |archive-date=2008-11-02 |access-date=2008-10-01 |publisher=Mummy Tombs}}</ref> Helmut Simon deed the neist year, afore the dispute wis sattled. In 2006, a coort o appeal confirmed that the Simons haed fund Ötzi an haed the richt tae a finder's fee.<ref name="Deem-2008b"/> The case endit in September 2008, seventeen year efter the discovery, when Erika Simon an the provincial government greed on a payment o €150,000.<ref name="BBC News-2008"/> == On show == Syne 1998, Ötzi haes been on show at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, the capital o Sooth Tyrol.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Brida |first1=Juan Gabriel |last2=Meleddu |first2=Marta |last3=Pulina |first3=Manuela |title=Understanding Urban Tourism Attractiveness: The Case of the Archaeological Ötzi Museum in Bolzano |journal=Journal of Travel Research |date=November 2012 |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=730–741 |doi=10.1177/0047287512437858 }}</ref> A reconstruction o his face haes been makkit for the museum wi modren 3D scannin. It shaws the Iceman leukin auld for his 45 year, wi deep-set broun een, a beard, a lined face an howe cheeks. He is shawn as tired an unkempt.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lorenzi |first=Rossella |date=2011-02-25 |title=The Iceman Mummy: Finally Face to Face |url=http://news.discovery.com/history/otzi-face-reconstruction-110225.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619001445/http://news.discovery.com/history/otzi-face-reconstruction-110225.html |archive-date=2011-06-19 |access-date=2011-06-24 |publisher=Discovery News}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Otzi The Iceman}} [[Category:Fowk wi Lyme disease]] [[Category:Mummies]] [[Category:Copper Age Europe]] [[Category:Airchaeological airtefacts]] [[Category:Anthropology]] [[Category:History o the Alps]] [[Category:Fowk frae Sooth Tyrol]] [[Category:Airchaeological discoveries in Austrick]] [[Category:Airchaeological discoveries in Italy]] [[Category:Historical fowk wha war forensically reconstructit]] [[Category:1991 in Italy]] [[Category:1991 in science]] [[Category:1991 in Austrick]] [[Category:4t-millennium BC daiths]] [[Category:Unsolved daiths]] [[Category:Curses]] fpyjji4agjqwllswqh11ekgwcn93p5i 0 170487 928138 927609 2026-11-12T00:19:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928138 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''thorax''' is the middle section (tagma) o the body o a [[Hexapoda|hexapod]] ([[insect]]s an entognathans). It cairries the heid, legs, wings an abdomen. In ither [[arthropod]]s it is cried the mesosoma or the cephalothorax. It is formed bi the prothorax, mesothorax an metathorax. It taks in the scutellum; the cervix, a membrane that separates the heid frae the thorax; an the pleuron, a sclerite on the side o the thorax. In [[Odonata|dragonflies an damselflies]], the mesothorax an metathorax are fused thegither intae the '''synthorax'''.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Complete Field Guide to Dragonflies of Australia |last=Theischinger |first=Günther |last2=Hawking |first2=John |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-643-09073-6 |location=Collingwood, Victoria |page=303}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://medusa.jcu.edu.au/odonata_digital_literature/Tillyard/tillyard_1917_book_searchable.pdf |title=The Biology of Dragonflies |last=Tillyard |first=R. J. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1917 |page=20 |author-link=Robert John Tillyard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703054703/https://medusa.jcu.edu.au/odonata_digital_literature/Tillyard/tillyard_1917_book_searchable.pdf |archive-date=July 3, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In the pupae o some insects, sic as [[Midge|mosquitoes]], the heid an thorax can be fused intae a cephalothorax. In the suborder Apocrita (wasps, ants an bees) o the order [[Hymenoptera]], the first segment o the abdomen is fused wi the thorax, an this segment is cried the propodeum. The heid is jyned tae the thorax throu the occipital foramen, that lets the heid muive ower a wide range.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/entomol/hymenoptera.htm |title=General Summary of the Hymenoptera |last=Legner |first=Elrich Fred |website=An Introduction to the Study of Entomology}}</ref> In maist insects that flee, the thorax alloos the uise o asynchronous muscles. {{multiple image | align = center | caption_align = center | header_align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 800 | header = The thorax in different kinds o insect | image1 = Heteroptera morphology-d.svg | caption1 = {{legend|#ffffaa|In Heteroptera|outline=silver}} | image2 = Housefly anatomy-key.svg | caption2 = {{legend|#ffefac|In [[Flee|Diptera]]|outline=silver}} | image3 = Scheme ant worker anatomy-numbered.svg | caption3 = {{legend|#ffe0A0|In [[Eemock|Formicidae]]|outline=silver}} }} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Thorax (insect anatomy)}} [[Category:Insect anatomy]] {{stub/Ainimal}} 8cjsuhr5i8e9nlf67nvc7t8ms77xcsa 0 174107 928106 927195 2026-11-11T20:33:55Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tennis biography | name = Margaret Court<br /><small>AC [[Member o the Order o the Breetish Empire|MBE]]</small> | image = Margaret Court 1964.jpg | caption = Court in 1964 | country = {{flagu|Australia}} | residence = [[Perth]], [[Wastren Australie]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1942|7|16}} | birth_place = [[Albury]], [[New South Wales]] | height = {{height|ft=5|in=9}} | turnedpro = 1960 | retired = 1977 | plays = Richt-haundit (ane-haundit backhaund) | careerprizemoney = | tennishofyear = 1979 | tennishofid = margaret-smith-court | singlesrecord = | singlestitles = 192<small> (92 in the appen era) | highestsinglesranking = No. '''1''' (1962) | AustralianOpenresult = '''W''' (1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1969, '''1970''', 1971, 1973) | FrenchOpenresult = '''W''' (1962, 1964, 1969, '''1970''', 1973) | Wimbledonresult = '''W''' (1963, 1965, '''1970''') | USOpenresult = '''W''' (1962, 1965, 1969, '''1970''', 1973) | doublesrecord = | highestdoublesranking = No. '''1''' (1963) | AustralianOpenDoublesresult = '''W''' (1961, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973) | FrenchOpenDoublesresult = '''W''' (1964, 1965, 1966, 1973) | WimbledonDoublesresult = '''W''' (1964, 1969) | USOpenDoublesresult = '''W''' (1963, 1968, 1970, 1973, 1975) |OthertournamentsDoubles = Yes |WTAChampionshipsDoublesresult = '''W''' (1973, 1975) | Mixed = yes | mixedtitles = 21<small> (7 in the appen era) | AustralianOpenMixedresult = '''W''' ('''1963''', 1964, '''1965''', 1969) | FrenchOpenMixedresult = '''W''' ('''1963''', 1964, '''1965''', 1969) | WimbledonMixedresult = '''W''' ('''1963''', '''1965''', 1966, 1968, 1975) | USOpenMixedresult = '''W''' (1961, 1962, '''1963''', 1964, '''1965''', 1969, 1970, 1972) | Team=yes | FedCupresult = '''W''' (1964, 1965, 1968, 1971) }} '''Margaret Court''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=AC [[Member o the Order o the Breetish Empire|MBE]]}} (née '''Smith'''; born 16 Julie 1942), kent as '''Margaret Smith Court''' an aw, is a retired Australie [[tennis]] player an umwhile warld No. 1. In her career she wan a record 24 Grand Slam singles titles (ane ahead o [[Serena Williams]]) an 40 Grand Slam titles in doubles an mixed doubles. The [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]] says: "For sheer strength of performance and accomplishment there has never been a tennis player to match (her)."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tennisfame.com/famer.aspx?pgID=867&hof_id=150 |publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame |title=Hall of Famers – Margaret Court Smith "The Arm" |access-date=14 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119112638/http://www.tennisfame.com/famer.aspx?pgID=867&hof_id=150 |archive-date=19 November 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1960, aged 17, she wan the first o seiven Australian Open singles titles in a raw. She wan the Grand Slam in 1970, winnin aw fower major singles titles in the ae year. Efter the birth o her bairns she teuk breaks frae the gemme, an she retired in 1977. In the 2010s she haes caused controversy wi her views on [[homosexuality]]. ==Early life== Court wis born on 16 Julie 1942 in [[Albury]], [[New South Wales]].<ref name=sg>{{cite news|url=https://www.womenaustralia.info/exhib/sg/court.html|title=Margaret Court|work=She's Game: Women Making Australian Sporting History|publisher=Australian Women's Archives Project|year=2007|access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> ==Meenistry an views== Court wis brocht up a Catholic, but in the 1970s she becam involved wi Pentecostalism, an in 1991 she becam a Christian meenister in that tradition. She haes been a steady critic o same-sex mairriage in Australie.<ref name="Pink News 2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2011/12/15/former-tennis-star-margaret-court-serves-up-controversy-over-gay-marriage/ |title=Former tennis star Margaret Court serves up controversy over gay marriage |last=Gray |first=Stephen |date=15 December 2011 |work=Pink News |access-date=19 April 2012 |archive-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314224630/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2011/12/15/former-tennis-star-margaret-court-serves-up-controversy-over-gay-marriage/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In Januar 2003, Show Court One at Melbourne Park wis renamed Margaret Court Arena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.margaretcourtarena.com.au/about/history/|title=History {{!}} Margaret Court Arena|website=www.margaretcourtarena.com.au|language=en-US|access-date=2 June 2017|archive-date=24 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524191409/http://www.margaretcourtarena.com.au/about/history/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sin 2012 there hae been caws for the arena's nem tae be chynged acause o Court's statements against gay an lesbian richts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/40103968|title=Margaret Court: Tennis is 'full of lesbians', says Australian Grand Slam legend|date=31 May 2017|website=BBC|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-date=31 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531103623/http://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/40103968|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Honours== In 2021 she becam a Companion o the Order o Australie (AC), for "eminent service to tennis as an internationally acclaimed player and record-holding grand slam champion, and as a mentor of young sportspersons".<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-01/AD21%20Media%20Notes%20-%20AC.pdf | title = COMPANION (AC) IN THE GENERAL DIVISION OF THE ORDER OF AUSTRALIA | website = www.gg.gov.au | publisher = Governor General of Australia | access-date = 25 January 2021 | archive-date = 4 March 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220304010019/https://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-01/AD21%20Media%20Notes%20-%20AC.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Court, Margaret Smith}} [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Australie female tennis players]] [[Category:Australie Championships (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Australie Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Australie Pentecostals]] [[Category:Converts tae Pentecostal denominations]] [[Category:Converts tae evangelical Christianity frae Roman Catholicism]] [[Category:Umwhile Roman Catholics]] [[Category:French Championships (tennis) champions]] [[Category:French Open champions]] [[Category:International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:Australie Members o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Officers o the Order o Australie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Albury, New Sooth Wales]] [[Category:Recipients o the Australie Sports Medal]] [[Category:Recipients o the Centenary Medal]] [[Category:Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:Sportsweemen frae New Sooth Wales]] [[Category:Sportsweemen frae Wastren Australie]] [[Category:Tennis fowk frae New Sooth Wales]] [[Category:Tennis fowk frae Wastren Australie]] [[Category:Unitit States Naitional champions (tennis)]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Wastren Australie Sports Starn o the Year winners]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions (pre-Open Era)]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in weemen's singles]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in weemen's doobles]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doobles]] [[Category:Tennis players frae Perth, Wastren Australie]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Perth, Wastren Australie]] ciu598ql2yv17z7b9ad1mk0c07x4bnv 0 180175 928125 914711 2026-11-11T22:35:34Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928125 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Tyne at Preston Mill.jpg|thumb|right|350px|The Tyne at Preston Mill]] The '''River Tyne''' is a [[river]] in [[Scotland]], its soorce is amang the Muirfuit Hills.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-29|title=River Tyne|url=https://forthriverstrust.org/rivers-wildlife/explore/river-tyne/|access-date=2024-01-23|website=Forth Rivers Trust|language=en-GB}}</ref> It rins fir aboot 30mile (50 kilometer) nor'east intae the sea at Belhaven, nearby [[Dunbar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=River Tyne - Haddington to the Sea {{!}} Southern Uplands {{!}} Scotland {{!}} Rivers - The UK Rivers Guidebook|url=https://www.ukriversguidebook.co.uk/rivers/scotland/southern-uplands/river-tyne-haddington-to-the-sea|access-date=2024-01-23|website=www.ukriversguidebook.co.uk|archive-date=2024-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123191909/https://www.ukriversguidebook.co.uk/rivers/scotland/southern-uplands/river-tyne-haddington-to-the-sea|url-status=dead}}</ref> It flows throu or nearby tae touns sic as * Easter Pencaitland * [[Haidintoun]] * East Linton<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tyne at East Linton: River level and flood alerts|url=https://riverlevels.uk/tyne-east-linton|access-date=2024-01-23|website=riverlevels.uk}}</ref> An it passes historical sites at * Saltoun Hall * St. Mary's Church, Haidintoun * Hailes Castle * Phantassie Doocot * Prestonkirk Parish Church * Preston Mill * Tyninghame House It is a weel-kent trout river, wi fishin managed bi the [[East Lowden]] Angling Association. <ref>{{Cite web|title=River Tyne Sea Trout Fishing Scotland|url=https://www.trout-salmon-fishing.com/scotland-river-tyne.htm|access-date=2024-01-23|website=www.trout-salmon-fishing.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=East Lothian Angling Association|url=https://www.fishforth.org/rivers/river-tyne/east-lothian-angling-association/|access-date=2024-01-23|website=Fishing Around the Forth|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123192213/https://www.fishforth.org/rivers/river-tyne/east-lothian-angling-association/|archive-date=2024-01-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{coord|56.00486|N|2.60178|W|type:river_region:GB|display=title}} [[Category:Midlowden|Tyne]] [[Category:East Lowden|Tyne]] [[Category:Rivers]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{Stub/Scotland}} alxbzg2htiyprdobvifugyjq9gxh74d 0 181150 928038 926819 2026-11-11T15:58:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox architect |image = |name = Sir Basil Urwin Spence |nationality = Scots |citizenship = Unitit Kinrick |birth_date = {{birth date|1907|8|13|df=yes}} |birth_place = [[Bombay]], Indie |death_date = {{death date and age|1976|11|19|1907|8|13|df=yes}} |death_place = [[Yaxley, Suffolk]] |practice = Basil Spence & Partners |significant_buildings = [[Coventry Cathedral]]<br>[[Hyde Park Barracks, Lunnon|Hyde Park Barracks]]<br>[[Beehive (biggin)|New Zealand pairlament extension]] |significant_projects = |significant_design = |awards = }} Sir '''Basil Urwin Spence''', [[Order o Merit|OM]], [[Order o the Breetish Empire|OBE]], [[Ryal Academy|RA]] (13 August 1907 – 19 November 1976) wis a Scots airchitect, maist associatit wi [[Coventry Cathedral]] in Ingland an the [[Beehive (New Zealand)|Beehive]] in New Zealand, but responsible for monie ither biggins in the [[Modernist]] an [[Brutalist]] styles an aw. He wis born in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], in Breetish Indie,<ref name=Frank>[https://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/oct/16/communities Let's be frank about Spence], ''The Guardian'' (16 October 2007). Retrieved: 10 October 2021.</ref> an wis knichtit in 1960 for his wark at Coventry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.basilspence.org.uk/worship|title=Sir Basil Spence Archive Project|website=www.basilspence.org.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112142016/http://www.basilspence.org.uk/worship|archive-date=2019-01-12|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-05-16}}</ref> [[File:Coventry_Cathedral_(29788664491).jpg|alt=|center|thumb|Coventry Cathedral]] == References == {{reflist}} {{stub}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Spence, Basil}} [[Category:1907 births]] [[Category:1976 daiths]] [[Category:Academics o the Varsity o Leeds]] [[Category:Alumni o the Edinburgh College of Art]] [[Category:Airchitects o cathedrals]] [[Category:Breetish Airmy personnel o Warld War II]] [[Category:Brutalist airchitects]] [[Category:Camoufleurs]] [[Category:Scots ecclesiastical airchitects]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at George Watson's College]] [[Category:Airchitects frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Preses o the Ryal Institute o Breetish Airchitects]] [[Category:Modrenist airchitects frae Scotland]] [[Category:Scots knichts]] [[Category:20t-century Breetish airchitects]] [[Category:Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Buirials in Suffolk]] gcs0umkdeddxlw5o7nsdfqx4kdo7gqy 0 185656 928045 927640 2026-11-11T16:10:12Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 made the definition o the fowerth ref less weird, mair modern {{Reflist}} template 928045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} {{speciesbox |image = Liunum_catharticum1.jpg |genus = Linum |species = catharticum |authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] |synonyms = {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | *''Cathartolinum catharticum'' <small>(L.) Small</small> *''Cathartolinum pratense'' <small>Rchb.</small> nom. illeg. *''Nezera cathartica'' <small>(L.) Nieuwl.</small> }} |synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2348507 |title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species |accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref> }} '''''Linum catharticum''''', kent as '''purging flax'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1003854.pdf |title=Lardon Chase |publisher=Natural England |accessdate=2 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202155758/http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1003854.pdf |archivedate= 2 February 2016 }}</ref> or '''fairy flax''', an forby as '''fairy lint''' or '''laverock's lint''', is a yerbaceous flouerin plant in the faimily Linaceae. It is native tae [[Great Breetain]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Native flora recorded from postal district CO4 (Colchester area north)|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/fff-pcp/glob.pl?report=pcfllist&group=&sort=&inpostcode=co4|work=The Postcode Plant Database|publisher=Natural History Museum|accessdate=10 January 2013}}</ref> [[Iceland]],<ref Name="HH&GGE2004">Helgi Hallgrímsson & Guðríður Gyða Eyjólfsdóttir (2004). [https://rafhladan.is/bitstream/handle/10802/4090/Fjolrit_45.pdf?sequence=1 ''Íslenskt sveppatal I - smásveppir'' [Checklist of Icelandic Fungi I - Microfungi]. Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar. Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands [Icelandic Institute of Natural History]. ISSN 1027-832X</ref> central Europe an [[Wastren Aisie]]. It is an [[annual plant]] that flouers in Julie an August. It is a kent host o flax rust (''Melampsora lini''), a fungus that causes disease in plants.<ref Name="HH&GGE2004"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q157896}} [[Category:Linum|catharticum]] [[Category:Flora o Wastren Aisie]] [[Category:Flora o Europe]] [[Category:Plants describit in 1753]] {{stub/Plaunt}} 2j8nb9svjtpnp82im0713ua2ritwsw3 0 200937 928066 926940 2026-11-11T17:17:01Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Dove Cameron | image = Dove Cameron 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg | caption = Cameron in October 2019 | birth_name = Chloe Celeste Hosterman | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|1|15}} | birth_place = [[Seattle, Washington]], U.S. | occupation = {{Flatlist| * Actress * sangster }} | years_active = 2012–present | website = | television = <!-- Television programmes presented bi or closely associated wi the subject. --> | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | instrument = Vocals | label = {{flatlist| * [[Walt Disney Records|Walt Disney]] * [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] }} | associated_acts = [[The Girl and the Dreamcatcher]] }} }} '''Dove Cameron'''<ref name=Instagram>{{cite web|title=Instagram: Dove Cameron (official account)|url=http://instagram.com/p/r3IzUzpBlW|date=August 18, 2014|accessdate=August 18, 2014|quote=So. I just wanted to take this time to explain my name I all of you lovelies, because I have seen that there is quite a bit of confusion. My birth name is Chloe. But my daddy called me Dove/Dovey as a nickname since I was very small; just over a year old. As some of you know, my father passed away a few years ago, right around the time I started acting. So, I decided to change it legally in honor of him, which gives me great joy every day that I was able to do something so lasting and permanent to pay homage to his memory. But I still go by Chloe to some family members and Ryan. And some Starbucks employees. So Dove is not a stage name, it's actually a name that means a lot to me for many reasons. I Love you all!}}</ref> (born '''Chloe Celeste Hosterman'''; 15 Januar 1996)<ref name="dcmedianet">{{cite web|url=http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3155753&type=cameron|title=Dove Cameron "Liv and Maddie Rooney"|publisher=Disney Channel Medianet|year=2013|accessdate=Julie 9, 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103013840/http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3155753&type=cameron|archivedate=November 3, 2013}}</ref><ref name=twitter>{{cite tweet|first=Dove|last=Cameron|user=DoveCameron|number=416702545650655233|title=Just wanted to set this straight: I see literally everywhere that my birthday is January 14. It's January Fifteenth, my loves!|date=December 27, 2013|accessdate=Apryle 14, 2017}}</ref> is an American actress an sangster. She is kent for playin the twa title chairacters in the [[Disney Channel]] teen sitcom ''[[Liv and Maddie]]'' (2013–2017), an for playin Mal, the dochter o [[Maleficent]], in the films ''[[Descendants (2015 film)|Descendants]]'' (2015),<ref name=variety>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2013/tv/news/disney-channel-puts-spotlight-on-dove-cameron-with-series-movie-1200005222|title=Disney Channel Puts Spotlight on Dove Cameron with Series, Movie (EXCLUSIVE)|date=Mairch 7, 2013|first=Marc|last=Graser|publisher=Variety|archivedate=Mey 31, 2013|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6H25og3OU?url=http://variety.com/2013/tv/news/disney-channel-puts-spotlight-on-dove-cameron-with-series-movie-1200005222/|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> its sequel ''[[Descendants 2]]'' (2017) an the third film, ''[[Descendants 3]]'' (2019).<ref name="E!News">{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Zach|title=Descendants 3 First Look: See Carlos, Evie, Jay and Mal's Makeovers|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/940813/descendants-3-first-look-see-carlos-evie-jay-and-mal-s-makeovers|work=[[E!]]|date=Juin 1, 2018|accessdate=Juin 5, 2018}}</ref> == Early life == Cameron wis born Chloe Celeste Hosterman in Washington State, the dochter o Philip Alan Hosterman an Bonnie Wallace, that later divorced.<ref name="Seattle Times-2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/tv/the-future-is-uncertain-for-disney-star-dove-cameron-and-shes-just-fine-with-that/|title=The future is uncertain for Disney star Dove Cameron — and she's just fine with that|date=July 19, 2017|website=The Seattle Times|language=en-US|access-date=September 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906155930/https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/tv/the-future-is-uncertain-for-disney-star-dove-cameron-and-shes-just-fine-with-that/|archive-date=September 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> == Career == In 2013 Cameron got her first big role, playin baith Liv an Maddie Rooney, twin sisters, in the Disney Channel series ''Liv and Maddie''. The first episode wis shawn on 19 Julie 2013.<ref name="FutonEp1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20130627disney15|title=Episode Title: (#01) "Twin-A-Rooney"|website=The Futon Critic|access-date=July 5, 2013|archive-date=March 30, 2026|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/g7Rwv|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015 she starred as Mal in the Disney Channel film ''Descendants'', an she played the role again in ''Descendants 2'' in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/descendants-2-greenlit |title='Descendants 2' Greenlit |publisher=The Walt Disney Company |date=June 10, 2016 |access-date=October 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914195442/https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/descendants-2-greenlit/ |archive-date=September 14, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2016 she played Amber Von Tussle in ''[[Hairspray Live!]]'', a live telly muisical on [[NBC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/08/hairspray-live-dove-cameron-garrett-clayton-1201796950|title='Hairspray Live!' Adds Dove Cameron & Garrett Clayton|first=Erik|last=Pedersen|date=August 2, 2016|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=July 12, 2017|archive-date=August 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819173246/https://deadline.com/2016/08/hairspray-live-dove-cameron-garrett-clayton-1201796950/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Februar 2022 she released the single "Boyfriend", that got tae nummer 16 on the US ''Billboard'' Hot 100 an nummer 9 on the [[UK Singles Chart]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20220318/7501/|title=Official Singles Chart Top 100|publisher=[[UK Singles Chart]]|access-date=March 18, 2022|archive-date=March 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318161416/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20220318/7501/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{Official website|http://www.dovecameron.com/}} * {{IMDb name|4874651}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cameron, Dove}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American bairn actresses]] [[Category:American bairn sangsters]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American stage actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:American expatriates in Fraunce]] ni9xrvq682jbmz91rxj7skhp3n6t5k9 0 203093 928030 918105 2026-11-11T15:44:14Z Zorpo 139978 928030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox MP | name = Jenny Gilruth | honorific-suffix = [[Member o the Scots Pairlament|MSP]] | image= 2026 Jenny Gilruth (cropped).jpg | office = [[Depute First Meenister o Scotland]] | term_start = 20 May 2026 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Shona Robison]] | successor = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Scots Naitional Pairty]] | alma_mater = [[Varsity o Glesga]] | website = {{URL|http://www.jennygilruthmsp.scot}} |caption=Jenny Gilruth (2026)|office1=Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Local Government|term_start1=20 May 2026|predecessor1=Shona Robison|office2=[[Member o the Scots Pairlament]]<br>for [[Mid Fife an Glenrothes (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Mid Fife an Glenrothes]]|majority2=8,276|predecessor2=[[Tricia Marwick]]|term_start2=6 Mey 2016}} '''Jenny Gilruth''' (born 1984) is a [[Scots Naitional Pairty]] (SNP) politeecian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.scot/news/cabinet-appointments/|title=Cabinet Appointments|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217111905/https://www.gov.scot/news/cabinet-appointments/|archive-date=2020-02-17|access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> Syne the Mey 2021 election, she is Meenister fur [[Cultur]], [[Europe]] an Internaitional Development.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Minister for Culture, Europe and International Development - gov.scot|url=https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/minister-for-culture-europe-and-international-development/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-17|website=www.gov.scot|language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gilruth, Jenny}} [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Year o birth missin (livin fowk)]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Madras College]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Glesga]] [[Category:Scots schuilteachers]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2016–]] [[Category:Scots National Pairty MSPs]] [[Category:Place o birth missin (leevin fowk)]] [[Category:1980s births]] [[Category:Female members o the Scots Pairlament]] [[Category:21st-century weemen politeecians]] [[Category:LGBT politeecians frae Scotland]] [[Category:Lesbian politeecians]] jsp73unlqwbkvxc4i7no5x7y1fbw0z9 928031 928030 2026-11-11T15:46:54Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 928031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox MP | name = Jenny Gilruth | honorific-suffix = [[Member o the Scots Pairlament|MSP]] | image= 2026 Jenny Gilruth (cropped).jpg | office = [[Depute First Meenister o Scotland]] | term_start = 20 Mey 2026 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Shona Robison]] | successor = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Scots Naitional Pairty]] | alma_mater = [[Varsity o Glesga]] | website = {{URL|http://www.jennygilruthmsp.scot}} |caption=Jenny Gilruth (2026)|office1=Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Local Government|term_start1=20 May 2026|predecessor1=Shona Robison|office2=[[Member o the Scots Pairlament]]<br>for [[Mid Fife an Glenrothes (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Mid Fife an Glenrothes]]|majority2=8,276|predecessor2=[[Tricia Marwick]]|term_start2=6 Mey 2016}} '''Jenny Gilruth''' (born 1984) is a [[Scots Naitional Pairty]] (SNP) politeecian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.scot/news/cabinet-appointments/|title=Cabinet Appointments|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217111905/https://www.gov.scot/news/cabinet-appointments/|archive-date=2020-02-17|access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> Syne the Mey 2021 election, she is Meenister fur [[Cultur]], [[Europe]] an Internaitional Development.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Minister for Culture, Europe and International Development - gov.scot|url=https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/minister-for-culture-europe-and-international-development/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-17|website=www.gov.scot|language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gilruth, Jenny}} [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Year o birth missin (livin fowk)]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Madras College]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Glesga]] [[Category:Scots schuilteachers]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2016–]] [[Category:Scots National Pairty MSPs]] [[Category:Place o birth missin (leevin fowk)]] [[Category:1980s births]] [[Category:Female members o the Scots Pairlament]] [[Category:21st-century weemen politeecians]] [[Category:LGBT politeecians frae Scotland]] [[Category:Lesbian politeecians]] cbi6iie5cc0zqtgzncwg2jeco6q6ecx 0 209388 927994 905947 2026-11-11T12:25:45Z Monospaced 75295 Reguidal tae Scots leid, no eneuch text tae support it's ain page 927994 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Scots leid]] 8o7ktmldwnryy2vbadxpy13w542h6ck 927997 927994 2026-11-11T12:36:50Z Monospaced 75295 Reguide tae section 927997 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Scots leid#Hamelt leids]] 4yu3r9m43fpde08rq8qqu4dbg4n6hxb 0 211974 928013 900756 2026-11-11T14:42:56Z CiphriusKane 74958 CiphriusKane flittit page [[Auch, Scotland]] til [[Auch]]: Owerscrievin onneedit disambig 900756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place |static_image_name = File:Avoch Cottages - geograph.org.uk - 478889.jpg |country = Scotland |official_name= Auch |english_name=Avoch |gaelic_name= Abhach | population = 891 | population_ref = <ref>{{cite web|publisher=Scotland's Census Results Online |title=Comparative Population Profile: Avoch Locality |url=http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainArea=avoch&mainLevel=Locality |date=2001-04-29 |accessdate=2008-08-31 |url-status = dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519161915/http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainArea=avoch&mainLevel=Locality |archivedate=2011-05-19 |df= }}</ref> ([[Unitit Kinrick Census 2001|2001 census]])<br> est. 1,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications-and-data |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-01-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930182334/http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications-and-data |archivedate=2008-09-30 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930182334/http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications-and-data |date=2008-09-30 }}</ref> (2006) |os_grid_reference= NH699553 |map_type=Scotland |coordinates = {{coord|57.569327|-4.175335|display=inline,title}} |unitary_scotland= [[Hieland (cooncil aurie)|Hieland]] |lieutenancy_scotland= |constituency_westminster= [[Ross, Skye an Lochaber (UK Pairlament constituency)|Ross, Skye an Lochaber]] |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Skye, Lochaber an Badenoch (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Skye, Lochaber an Badenoch]] |post_town= AVOCH |postcode_district = IV9 8''xx'' |postcode_area= IV |dial_code= 01381 62 }} '''Auch''' ({{lang-en|Avoch}}; frae the {{lang-gd|Abhach}} – meanin the mooth o the burn)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesA-B.pdf|title=placenamesA-B|last=|first=|date=|website=Scottish Parliament|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218113455/https://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesA-B.pdf|archive-date=2020-12-18|access-date=13 Dec 2020}}</ref> is a herbour-veelage locatit on the sooth-east coast o the [[Black Isle]], on the [[Moray Firth]].<ref>{{Bing maps | url = https://binged.it/2mUUpdE| title=Avoch| accessdate = 23 March 2017}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Populatit places on the Black Isle]] [[Category:Ports an herbours o Scotland]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] {{Stub/Places o Scotland}} dd6u12p1t0dr9qym2b9s2ewlwnp7b8j 1 211975 928015 722766 2026-11-11T14:42:57Z CiphriusKane 74958 CiphriusKane flittit page [[Collogue:Auch, Scotland]] til [[Collogue:Auch]]: Owerscrievin onneedit disambig 722766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Avoch}} cj3a0iplo0n9za5wdxjl7kk0di2e7q7 0 216504 928051 925939 2026-11-11T16:22:04Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place |country = Scotland |official_name= Brow |gaelic_name= |scots_name= Brow<ref name=d>[http://www.dsl.ac.uk/ The Dictionary of the Scots Language] Retrieved : 2013-07-14</ref> |os_grid_reference= NY085675 |coordinates = {{coord|54.99376|-3.43147|display=inline,title}} |population= |unitary_scotland= [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Dumfriesshire|Dumfries]] |post_town= DUMFRIES |postcode_district= DG1 |postcode_area= DG |dial_code= 01387 |constituency_westminster= [[Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale (UK Parliament constituency)|Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale]] |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Dumfriesshire (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Dumfriesshire]] |static_image= Brow Well Ruthwell Parish - geograph.org.uk - 527110.jpg |static_image_width= 240px |static_image_caption= The Brow Wall }} '''Brow''' is a clachan on the [[B725 road]] lyin awmaist 2 mile fae [[Rivvel, Dumfries an Gallowa|Rivvel]] in the pairish o that name on the [[Solway Firth]] atween [[Dumfries]] an [[Annan, Dumfries an Gallowa|Annan]] in the historical coonty o [[Dumfriesshire]] in [[Dumfries an Gallowa]], [[Scotland]]. The Raffles Burn rins throu the site, merkit on maps as the Brow Burn. It flowes intil the Solway Firth at [[Lochar Bay]]. ==History== The name micht refer til the situation o the site that 'faces or fronts'<ref name=d/> the Lochar Watter an the [[Solway Firth]]. The clachan in 1747 conseestit o fower or mair biggins on a minor road atween [[Rivvel, Dumfries an Gallowa|Rivvel]] an [[Caerlaverock]].<ref name=r/> A fuird in the 1800s ran across the saunds an the Lochaer Watte fae near Brow tae Blackshaw Pynt. The Raffles/Brow Burn rins throu the site efter passin near tae [[Clarencefield]] whaur it ance pouert a saw mill an syne throu the Brow Plantation tae rin throu the saund banks at Lochar Bay whaur at law tide it jynes the Lochar Watter. [[File:Brow from the Brow Bridge.JPG|thumb|250px|left|The clachan o Brow]] Uised as a stagin post bi dravers takkin thair cattle tae England for sale, the clachan haed at Burns' time aboot a dizzen hooses. Ane o thaim was a smaw inn that, awthou rin bi the Davidsons, guidman an guidwife, was awnt bi James Morpeth, an it survived until 1863 whan it wis demolisht.<ref name=son>Mackay, Page 619</ref> Brow haed a minor reputation as a "puir man's spa" wi its [[chalybeate]] wall an sea bathin in the Solway Firth aboot 110 yairds or sae awa doun a narrae loan.<ref name=soe>Mackay, Page 618</ref> The ferm o Stanhope is locatit on the tither side o the burn wi a fuird existin in the 19t century. [[Herman Molls]] map circa 1745 daesna merk 'Brow' in this poseetion, bit locates a 'Brow' on the tither side o the Lochar Watter on Blackshaw Pynt,<ref>[http://maps.nls.uk/counties/view/?id=216 Moll's Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004164055/http://maps.nls.uk/counties/view/?id=216 |date=2012-10-04 }} Retrieved : 2013-07-14</ref> as daes Blaue's map, sted on [[Timothy Ponts]] map o circa 1600.<ref name=Blaeu>[http://maps.nls.uk/atlas/blaeu/view/?id=78 Blaeu's Map]{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved : 2013-07-14</ref> John Thomson's map o 1832 shaws a curn o three biggins an a mineral wall.<ref>[http://maps.nls.uk/atlas/thomson/view/?rsid=74400172&sid=74400175&mid=555 Thomson's Map]{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved : 2013-07-14</ref> In 1856 a curn o biggins existit wi a smaw biggin close til the wall an a paith leadin doun til a fuird across the Brow Burn that led tae Stanhope Ferm.<ref name=os/> The clachan haed a smaw cot that actit as a kind o inn, mainly uised bi dravers an thaim veesitin the wall seekin a cuir. The inn, situatit atween twa ither cots,<ref name=w/> lay on the eastren side o the Raffles/Brow Burn an wis demolisht in 1863 whan the road wis braident. [[Robert Burns]] steyed at this inn while takkin the watters fae Brow Wall an doukin himsel up til the oxters in the watters o the Solway Firth.<ref>[http://www.burnshowffclub.org/html/brow_well.html Burns Howff Club] Retrieved : 2013-07-14</ref> A local leegend records that the Roman Legions o the Emperor Agricola laundit at Brow.<ref name=st>Mackay (1988), Page 17</ref> It is said an aw that the first Scots pigs wis introduce't an reart at Brow, thair appearance causin great concern amang thaim that saw thir pigs.<ref name=st/> On a knowe close til the cot that Robert Burns ludged in, [[David, Laird Stormont o Comlongon Castle]] bade fareweel tae his younger son Willam Murray, informin him that he shoudna retour till he haed achieved the poseetion o Chief Juistice o the King's Bench. Hinderly William did reak this poseetion of the juisticiar.<ref>Wilson, Vol. 2, Page 71</ref> The Brow Merse is a pairt o the [[Caerlaverock National Naitur Reserve]]. ==The Brow Wall== [[File:Bridge over the Brow Burn - geograph.org.uk - 1176366.jpg|thumb|right|The Brow Brig ower the Raffles Burn]] [[File:Brow Well.JPG|thumb|The Brow Wall]] Biggit in tis praisent form in the 20t centoury, the Grade C leetit wall (NGR NY 308505 567509) is a rochlesome 'L'-shapit tank wi aislar reid saundstane waws entert via stane steps. The airn-rich watter wis oreeginal taen fae a pipe uisin an airn cup attacht til a cheen. A cundie taks the watter til the nearby Raffles/Brow Burn.<ref>[http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/sc-17212-brow-well-ruthwell British Listed Buildings] Retrieved : 2013-07-14</ref> This is a [[chalybeate]] or ferruginous wall that his become firm estaiblisht wi a built environment surroondin it. The watters is rich in airn an ither sauts an wis believed tae hae mony propertys benefeecial tae the halth. The map produce't circa 1747 bi [[William Roy]] appears tae shaw three walls on the wastren side o the burn abuin the road an records 'Mineral Wells' plural at the site.<ref name=r>[http://maps.nls.uk/geo/roy/ Roy's Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330022137/https://maps.nls.uk/geo/roy/ |date=2020-03-30 }} Retrieved: 2013-07-14</ref> [[John Ainslie]]'s map o 1821 shaws an aw the wall locatit abuin the road an on the wastren side o the burn,<ref>[http://maps.nls.uk/joins/view/?rsid=74400286&sid=74400287&mid=649&pdesc=Right%20side Ainslie's Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010115604/http://maps.nls.uk/joins/view/?rsid=74400286&sid=74400287&mid=649&pdesc=Right%20side |date=2012-10-10 }} Retrieved : 2013-07-14</ref> as does William Crawford's map o 1804.<ref name=c>[http://maps.nls.uk/joins/view/?rsid=74400221&sid=74400223&mid=597&pdesc=South%20West%20section Crawford's Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005005016/http://maps.nls.uk/joins/view/?rsid=74400221&sid=74400223&mid=597&pdesc=South%20West%20section |date=2012-10-05 }} Retrieved : 2013-07-14</ref> A scartin o 1846 shaws the thackit cots o the clachan an a rectangular waw on the eastren side o the Raffles/Brow Burn.<ref>[http://www.burnsscotland.com/items/b/brow-on-the-solway,-1846.aspx Burns Scotland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325005208/http://www.burnsscotland.com/items/b/brow-on-the-solway,-1846.aspx |date=2014-03-25 }} Retrieved : 2013-07-14</ref> The 1856 OS map shows the well in its present and a small building nearby with a path leading to it.<ref name=os>[http://maps.nls.uk/os/6inch/view/?sid=74426692 1856 6in OS Map]{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved : 2013-07-14</ref> The 1856 OS map shaws the wall in its praisent location an a smaw biggin nearby with a paith leadin til it. In 1898 the wall is shawn as rectangular an the smaw biggin nearby isna merkit. The wall is shawn as soukin intil the burn.<ref>[http://maps.nls.uk/os/6inch-2nd-and-later/view/?sid=75503396 1898 6in OS Map]{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved : 2013-07-14</ref> The site o twa ither mineral seeps is veesible on the tither side o the Raffles/Brow Burn at the Brow Wall site houiver thay hae no built structurs associatit wi thaim. ==Associtation wi Robert Burns== [[File:The Brow Well in 1800 001.jpg|thumb|Brow an Brow Wall circa 1800.]] Likely sufferin fae subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE),<ref name=p/> [[Robert Burns]] descrived his condeetion as 'fleein goot' an his medical freends Dr William Maxwell an Dr Alexander Brown suggestit that he shoud gang til the Brow Wall an try sea bathin, ridin, an the kintra air.<ref name=soe/> It wis suggestit houiver bi James Currie that the sea bathin treatment micht hae been Burns's ain idea, sayin "''About the latter end of June he was advised to go into the country, and impatient of medical advice, as well as of every species of control, he determined for himself to try the effects of bathing in the sea. For this purpose he took up his residence at Brow''".<ref>[http://www.rbana.com/Robert%20Burns%20and%20the%20Medical%20Profession.pdf Robert Burns and the medical Profession.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111210524/http://www.rbana.com/Robert%20Burns%20and%20the%20Medical%20Profession.pdf |date=11 January 2014 }} Retrieved : 2014-01-11</ref> Arrivin aboot 3 Julie,<ref name=p>Purdie, Page 51</ref> he steyed for three week at the inn, ludgin in the 'chaumer end' o the inn.<ref name=son/> The inn didna serve port wine an as this haed been prescrived as a pairt o his treatment Burns wis advised bi Davidson tae get some fae his guidson that rin an inn at nearby [[Clarencefield]].<ref>Mackay (1988), Page 24</ref> Locals uised tae pynt oot the aged 'thorn' near the wall that he uised tae sit unner.<ref>Dougal, Page 318</ref> [[File:Lochar Bay at Brow.JPG|left|thumb|Lochar Bay whaur Robert Burns unnerteuk sea bathin in the Solway]] While at Brow he wrate several letters, includin several on 12 Julie tae George Thomson requeestin £5 an ane tae James Burness in [[Munross, Angus|Munross]] for £10. He wrate an aw on 7 Julie til Alexander Cunningham anent his muckle-reduce't sellary an tae Frances Dunlop expressin his sorrae at her lack o forgieness an sayin fareweel. He wrate an aw on 10 Julie twa letters, his first an last letters written bi him tae his guidfaither, seeking help for his guidwife in the feenal stages o her bairn-time fae her mither Mrs Mary Armour.<ref name=p/> A letter tae his guidwife wis unsurpreesin poseetive giein Jean Armour's advanced state o bairn-time.<ref name=w/> Tae his brither Gilbert he wrate hintin at siller tribbles an wanhowpin o his ain halth.<ref>Mackay, Page 621</ref> Burns statit an aw that he ettled tae conteena takkin the treatment for the hale o the simmer while "''staying at a friend's house''", likely an offer made bi [[Maria Riddell]].<ref>[http://www.electricscotland.com/burns/TheRomanticLettersOfRabbie.pdf The Romantic Letters of Robert Burns] Retrieved : 2014-01-12</ref> Durin this stey, on 5 Julie, Maria Riddell sent her cairiage tae collect him so that he coud dine wi her at [[Lochmaben]]. She recordit that he haed the "''stamp of death''" on his face an wis "''touching the brink of eternity''" an his goamin tae her wis "''Well madam, have you any commands for the other world''".<ref name=son/> Burns veesitit an aw Ruthwell Manse an haed tea with the weedae o the meenister, Mrs Craig. The leddy's dochter, Agnes, later the guidwife o teh famous Rev. [[Henry Duncan (meenister)|Henry Duncan]], made tae close a curtain tae gie some shade tae Burns an his recordit reply wis "''thank you, my dear, for your kind attention; but oh, let him shine! he will not shine long for me!''"<ref name=w>Wilson, Vol. 2, Page 70</ref> Awtho he haed a horse wi him he wis laith tae face the rain an wrate tae his freend John Clark at nearby Locharwoods Farm requeestin the uiss o his spring-cairt, a new-fangelt cairt wi a comfortable ride.<ref>Mackay (1988), Page 126</ref> Burns at first seemt in fine fettle again, houiver by 18 Julie it wis time for him tae retour tae Dumfries as the sea bathin dependit on the state o the tieds an the ware tides haed passt. He dee'd at Dumfries on 21 Julie.<ref name=w/> A twal-year-auld prentice stanemason, Allan Cunningham, observit his retour tae his hoose an wrate that "''The poet returned on the 18th July 1796 in a small spring-cart. The ascent to his house was steep, and the cart stopped at the foot of the Mill-hole Brae; when he alighted he shook much, and stood with difficulty; he seemed unable to stand upright. He stooped as if in pain, and walked tottering towards his door: his looks were hollow and ghastly, and those who saw him then expected never to see him again''".<ref>Mackay (1988), Page 47</ref> Ilka year the Southern Scottish Counties Burns Association guides a service at the Brow Wall tae commemorate the deith o Robert Burns that dee'd fower day efter his veesit til the Brow Wall on 21 Julie 1796.<ref>[http://www.rbwf.org.uk/events/brow-well-service-and-social-17th-july-2013/ RB World Federation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084942/http://www.rbwf.org.uk/events/brow-well-service-and-social-17th-july-2013/ |date=2015-09-24 }} Retrieved : 2013-07-14</ref> ==Archaeology== In 1969 a green-glazed globular joug datin fae the 15t-16t century wis diskivert in a ditch that wis being dug near the Brow Wall. A nummer o years back a weel-made barbit an tangt arrae-heid wis diskivert near the Brow Wall and wis later muntit as a brooch. ==References== ;Notes {{reflist|2}} ;Sources # Dougall, Charles S. (1911). ''The Burns Country''. London: A & C Black. # MacKay, James A. (1988). ''Burns-Lore of Dumfries and Galloway''. Ayr : Alloway Publishing. {{ISBN|0-907526-36-5}}. # Mackay, James A. (2004). ''Burns. A Biography of Robert Burns.'' Darvel : Alloway Publishing. {{ISBN|0-907526-85-3}}. # Purdie, David; McCue Kirsteen and Carruthers, Gerrard. (2013). ''Maurice Lindsay's The Burns Encyclopaedia''. London : Robert Hale. {{ISBN|978-0-7090-9194-3}}. # Wilson, John (1840). ''The Land of Burns.'' Glasgow : Blackie & Son. {{Commons category|Brow}} {{Commons category|Brow Well, Ruthwell}} {{Commons category|Brow Burn}} {{Commons category|Ferruginous springs}} #[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVmU9Af8lHs Video footage o the Brow Wall] #[https://web.archive.org/web/20140325005208/http://www.burnsscotland.com/items/b/brow-on-the-solway,-1846.aspx Burns Scotland] #[http://www.multimap.com/map/browse.cgi?lat=54.9926&lon=-3.409&scale=100000&icon=x Map of Rivvel] #[http://www.walkscotland.plus.com/Borders/hartspa/pages/brow_well.htm Walks Scotland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730192359/http://www.walkscotland.plus.com/Borders/hartspa/pages/brow_well.htm |date=2016-07-30 }} #[http://www.futuremuseum.co.uk/collections/people/key-people/burns/robert-burns/brow-well,-near-dumfries.aspx Future Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203074534/http://futuremuseum.co.uk/collections/people/key-people/burns/robert-burns/brow-well,-near-dumfries.aspx |date=2020-12-03 }} #[https://web.archive.org/web/20251116155609/http://www.scottishreview.net/CCzerkawska099.html Scottish Review 'Fleein Goot'] #[http://www.burnshowffclub.org/html/brow_well.html Burns Howff Club] {{authority control}} [[Category:Veelages in Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] 0ba0n89cqsf8spbv8onazje54o02xu5 0 221201 928124 914710 2026-11-11T22:26:53Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Chizu Kobayashi}} '''Reiko Kobayashi''' (1939-1996, 小林禮子) is a Japanese [[female]] 7-[[dan]]<ref>She wis promotit tae 7-dan in occasion o her daith.</ref> [[perfaision]]al [[Go (gemme)|Go]] player at [[Nihon Ki-in]]<ref name="base">{{Cite web |url=https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Kobayashi+Reiko |title=Reiko Kobayashi at GoBase |access-date=2020-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710190904/https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Kobayashi+Reiko |archive-date=2020-07-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="jga">[http://www.nihonkiin.or.jp/player/htm/ki000112.html Official profile at Nihon Ki-in]</ref>. ==Achievements== {| class="wikitable" !Year || Notes<ref name="base"/><ref name="jga"/> |- |1973 and 1975 |Obtainit the female master title (女流名人) |- |1967, 1968, 1970, 1980 and 1982 |Receivit the female MVP (棋道賞女流賞) |} ==Notable faimily members== Reiko Kobayashi has several players in her [[faimily]]<ref name="base"/><ref name="jga"/>. * [[Faither]]: Minoru Kitani, 9-dan go player * [[Husband]]: Koichi Kobayashi, 9-dan go player, holder o three honorary titles<ref>[https://senseis.xmp.net/?KobayashiKoichi Koichi Kobayashi at Sensei's Library]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Kobayashi%20Koichi |title=Koichi Kobayashi at GoBase |access-date=2020-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625024015/https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Kobayashi%20Koichi |archive-date=2020-06-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Dochter: [[Izumi Kobayashi]], former female title holder<ref>[https://senseis.xmp.net/?KobayashiIzumi Izumi Kobayashi at Sensei's Library]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Kobayashi%20Izumi |title=Izumi Kobayashi at GoBase |access-date=2020-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624183113/https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Kobayashi%20Izumi |archive-date=2020-06-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Son in law: Cho U, 9-dan player frae [[Taiwan]]<ref>[https://senseis.xmp.net/?ChoU Cho U at Sensei's Library]</ref> ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kobayashi, Reiko}} [[Category:1939 births]] [[Category:1996 daiths]] [[Category:Japanese sportsfowk]] [[Category:Sportsweemen]] n27tbqeab0u10qjnozn6jpsnv8qsdym 0 221215 928130 914715 2026-11-11T22:47:53Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Sachiko Hara}} {{For|the Japanese [[company]]|Honda}} '''Sachiko Honda''' (本田幸子, 1930 - 2020) is a 8-[[dan]]<ref>She wis promotit tae 7-dan in occasion o her player retirement in 2000</ref><ref>She wis promotit tae 8-dan in occasion o her daith.</ref> Japanese [[perfaision]]al [[Go (gemme)|Go]] player at [[Nihon Ki-in]].<ref name="base">{{Cite web |url=https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Honda%20Sachiko |title=Sachiko Honda at GoBase |access-date=2020-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711064207/https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Honda%20Sachiko |archive-date=2020-07-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="gr">[https://www.goratings.org/en/players/909.html Sachiko Honda at GoRatings]</ref><ref name="sensei">[https://senseis.xmp.net/?HondaSachiko Sachiko Honda at Sensei's Library]</ref> ==Notable achievements== {| class="wikitable" !Year || Notes<ref name="base"/><ref name="gr"/><ref name="sensei"/> |- |1969 & 1972 |Receivit the female MVP (棋道賞女流賞) |- |1982 & 1984 |Obtainit the female Honinbo title (女流本因坊) |- |2004 |Receivit the Kishichiro Ohkura Award (大倉喜七郎賞, Award for individuals strongly promoting Go) |} ==Relatit players== The Mukai sisters (Kozue, [[Chiaki Mukai|Chiaki]], Kaori) are her [[pupil]]s, an all o them are perfaisional players.<ref name="base"/><ref name="gr"/><ref name="sensei"/> She also has two sisters: Kazuko Sugiuchi (Older sister, [[Tomoko Kato]] is her [[student]]) an Teruko Kusunoki (Younger sister), both o them are perfaisional players.<ref name="base"/><ref name="gr"/><ref name="sensei"/> ==External links== * [http://www.nihonkiin.or.jp/player/htm/ki000105.htm Official profile at Nihon Ki-in] ==Notes== {{reflist}} [[Category:1930 births]] [[Category:2020 daiths]] [[Category:Japanese sportsfowk]] [[Category:Sportsweemen]] fgnqtpw1tm3f25fa7i4ktkix0fut1sm 0 221233 928080 914877 2026-11-11T19:02:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Japanese Go player}} {{For|her [[mither]]|Reiko Kobayashi}} {{distinguish|Chizu Kobayashi}} '''Izumi Kobayashi''' (小林泉美) is a Japanese [[perfaision]]al [[Go (gemme)|Go]] player at [[Nihon Ki-in]] since 1995.<ref name="sen">[https://senseis.xmp.net/?KobayashiIzumi Izumi Kobayashi at Sensei's Library]</ref><ref name="base">{{Cite web |url=https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Kobayashi%20Izumi |title=Izumi Kobayashi at GoBase |access-date=2020-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624183113/https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Kobayashi%20Izumi |archive-date=2020-06-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She is known for holdin many female titles in the 2000s. ==Notable faimily members== Izumi Kobayashi has several players in her [[faimily]].<ref name="sen"/><ref name="base"/> * [[Grandfaither]]: Minoru Kitani, 9-[[dan]] go player * [[Faither]]: Koichi Kobayashi, 9-dan go player, holder o three honorary titles<ref>[https://senseis.xmp.net/?KobayashiKoichi Koichi Kobayashi at Sensei's Library]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Kobayashi%20Koichi |title=Koichi Kobayashi at GoBase |access-date=2020-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625024015/https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Kobayashi%20Koichi |archive-date=2020-06-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Husband]]: Cho U, 9-dan player frae [[Taiwan]]<ref>[https://senseis.xmp.net/?ChoU Cho U at Sensei's Library]</ref> ==Records== {| class="wikitable" !Title || Years Held |- | align="center" | '''Current''' | align="center" | '''9''' |- | {{flagicon|Japan}} Weemen's Honinbo (女流本因坊) | 2001–2003 |- | {{flagicon|Japan}} Weemen's Meijin (Weemen's Grand Master, 女流名人) | 2001, 2003, 2004 |- | {{flagicon|Japan}} Weemen's Kisei (Weemen's Board Master, 女流棋聖) | 1998, 1999 |- | {{flagicon|Japan}} Weemen's Champion (女流最強位) |2005 |} {| class="wikitable" !Year || Notes<ref name="sen"/><ref name="base"/> |- |1998, 2001-2003 |Receivit the female player MVP (棋道賞女流賞) |- |2001-2003, 2005 | 1st place in the female player prize money rankin. |- |2001 |Obtainit 200 career wins (Youngest an fastest female player tae obtain this status) |- |2003 |Qualifiit tae the main tournament o the 10 dan title (6t female player tae obtain this status) |- |2004 |Receivit the [[Jurnalist]] Club Award with her husband. She wis also qualifiit tae the main tournament o the 10 dan title. |- |2005 |She became the first player tae obtain all major female titles. She also obtainit 300 career wins in this year (Youngest an fastest female player tae obtain this status). |- |2007 |Victory at the Daiwa Securities [[Internet]] Go Ladies. |} ==Japanese beuks== She has wrote introductory Go [[beuk]]s. *「小林泉美のやさしい基礎」 *「小林泉美のやさしい19路盤の打ち方」(How to simply play in a 19<math>\times</math>19 board) ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://www.nihonkiin.or.jp/player/htm/ki000338.htm Official Profile] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kobayashi, Izumi}} [[Category:1977 births]] [[Category:Japanese sportsfowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Tokyo]] [[Category:Sportsweemen]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] sm8pp3yqce8izh2ozo2t6w8jc3dzkak 0 221362 928058 914825 2026-11-11T16:42:57Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Japanese Go Player}} '''Chiaki Mukai''' (向井千瑛)<ref>The Japanese [[astronaut]] whose name has the same spellin is 向井千秋.</ref> is a Japanese professional [[Go (gemme)|Go]] player at [[Nihon Ki-in]].<ref name="sen">[https://senseis.xmp.net/?MukaiChiaki Chiaki Mukai at Sensei's Library]</ref><ref name="base">{{Cite web |url=https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Mukai%20Chiaki |title=Chiaki Mukai at GoBase |access-date=2020-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624230055/https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Mukai%20Chiaki |archive-date=2020-06-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She is kent for challengin against [[Xie Yimin]] for mony times. Her mentor is [[Sachiko Honda]]. ==Faimily== In her [[faimily]], she haes twa aulder [[sister]]s, Kozue<ref>Currently known as Kozue Nagashima.</ref> an Kaori.<ref>Currently known as Kaori Mimura.</ref> Baith o them are professional players. The sisters an aw receivit trainin bi Sachiko Honda. ==Records== {|class="wikitable" !Financial [[Year]]||Notes<ref name="sen"/><ref name="base"/> |- |1997 |5t place at the Naitional U12 Championship (少年少女囲碁大会) |- |1998 |6t place at the Naitional U12 Championship. |- |1999 |Victory at the Naitional U12 Championship. She is the 3rd [[female]] player tae obtain this status. |- |2000 |5t place at the Junior High School Championship. |- |2003 |Obtainit professional status. |- |2006 an 2007 |Qualifiit tae the main toornament o the Weemen's Grand Master title (女流名人戦). |- |2008 |Finalist at the Weemen's Buird Master title (女流棋聖戦). |- |2010-2012 |Finalist at the Weemen's Grand Master title.<ref>The title match in 2011 wis held in a schedule includin March 11t (The 2nd game wis exactly held on this date). The match wis suspendit due tae the [[2011 Tōhoku yirdquauk an tsunami]]. In the long [[history]] o [[weemen]] title matches in Japan, this is the first game that spend two days tae finish.</ref> |- |2010 |Representit [[Japan]] at the Asian Gemmes. |- |2011 |Qualifiit tae participate the [[NHK]] Cup. 2nt place in the female player prize money rankin. |- |2010 an 2011 |Finalist at the Weemen's Honinbo title (女流本因坊戦). |- |2013 |Defeatit Xie Yimin at obtained the Weemen's Honinbo title. Due tae this record, she receivit the Weemen MVP (棋道賞女流賞). |- |2016 |Finalist at the Senou Cup (扇興杯女流囲碁最強戦) |} ==Notes== {{reflist|2}} ==Freemit Airtins== * [https://www.nihonkiin.or.jp/player/htm/ki000399.htm Official profile] * [https://blog.goo.ne.jp/mukai3shimai GO！GO！Diary, personal website o the Mukai Sisters] {{Stub/Japan}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukai, Chiaki}} [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Japanese sportsfowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Tokyo]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] rc59orvgbxq4xlokz2rqvwulrsaw7zx 0 221577 928109 914698 2026-11-11T20:46:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Japanese Go player}} {{Infobox sportsperson | name = Mika Yoshida | image = File:Yoshida_Mika20190630.jpg | occupation = Perfaisional Go player }} '''Mika Yoshida''' (吉田美香) is a Japanese [[perfaision]]al [[Go (gemme)|Go]] player at [[Kansai Ki-in]]<ref name="sen">[https://senseis.xmp.net/?YoshidaMika Mika Yoshida at Sensei's Library]</ref><ref name="base">{{Cite web |url=https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Yoshida%20Mika |title=Mika Yoshida at GoBase |access-date=2020-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629021304/https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Yoshida%20Mika |archive-date=2020-06-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref>, [[Osaka Prefectur]]. She is kent as ane o the maist strangest player frae [[Osaka]] in the [[1990s]] throu the 2000s. ==Records== {|class="wikitable" !Year||Notes<ref name="sen"/><ref name="base"/> |- |1986 |Obtainit perfaisional status |- |1993-1996 |Obtainit the Weemen's Honinbo (女流本因坊), she is the first Kansai Ki-in player tae obtain this title. |- |1994 an 1996 |Receivit the Kansai Go & [[Shogi]] Reporter Club Awaird (関西囲碁将棋記者クラブ賞) |- |1995 |[[Teacher]] at [[NHK]] Go Lessons ([[:ja:NHK囲碁講座]]) |- |2000 |Victory at the Professional Pair Go Championship. She an aw reached tae 7 dan rank in this year (In Japan, anly few female players hae reached tae this rank). |- |2001 |Finalist at the Weemen's Champion title (女流最強位) |- |2002-2005 |Victory at Kansai Ladies Go Tournament |- |2003 |Reachit tae 8 [[dan]] rank in this year (She is the first female 8-dan player at Kansai Ki-in, an the 3rd female 8-dan player in Japan) |- |2019 |She became the first female commentator at the NHK Cup Televeesion Go Tournament (she commentit aboot [[Rina Fujisawa]]'s an [[Yukari Yoshihara]]'s gemme). |} ==Awards frae Kansai Ki-in== {|class="wikitable" !Name o awaird||Notes<ref name="sen"/><ref name="base"/> |- |Rookie Awaird (新人賞) |Receivit in 1989 |- |Yamano Awaird (山野賞<ref name="award">This is an award namit after a famous player at Kansai Ki-in</ref>) |Receivit 5 times |- |Dogen Awaird (道玄賞<ref name="award"/>) |Receivit 4 times |- |Risen Awaird (利仙賞<ref name="award"/>), Nagai Awaird (永井賞<ref name="award"/>), an the Special Awaird |Receivit Ance |} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://kansaikiin.jp/kisi_prof/yoshidamika.html Official profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115184522/https://kansaikiin.jp/kisi_prof/yoshidamika.html |date=2021-01-15 }} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yoshida, Mika}} [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:Japanese sportsfowk]] [[Category:Sportsweemen]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] i3tx017ykywsuyrvti98yz50ukyxzjm 0 221579 928034 914812 2026-11-11T15:50:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Japanese Go player}} '''Ayumi Suzuki''' (鈴木歩) is a Japanese [[perfaision]]al [[Go (gemme)|Go]] player at [[Nihon Ki-in]].<ref name="base">{{Cite web |url=https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Suzuki%20Ayumi |title=Ayumi Suzuki at GoBase |access-date=2020-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622090155/https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Suzuki%20Ayumi |archive-date=2020-06-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sensei">[https://senseis.xmp.net/?SuzukiAyumi Ayumi Suzuki at Sensei's Library]</ref> ==Achievements== {| class="wikitable" !Year || Notes<ref name="base"/><ref name="sensei"/> |- |2001 |Obtainit perfaisional player license bi the female player examination. Promotit tae 2 dan in the end o this year. |- |2003 & 2007 |Obtainit the Female Champion title (女流最強位). |- |2004 |Qualifiit tae the [[NHK]] Cup Tournament.<ref name="stat">Only few female players have accomplished this status</ref> |- |2008 |Challengit tae [[Xie Yimin]] for the Female Honinbo title (女流本因坊). She an aw representit Japan at the Warld Mind Sports Gemmes in [[Beijing]]. |- |2009 |Qualifiit tae the challenger determination league for the Female Grand Master title (女流名人). |- |2010 |Representit [[Japan]] at the Asian Gemmes. Promotit tae 5 dan at the end o this year. |- |2011 |Finalist at the pair Go championship. She wis an aw qualifiit tae the championship tournament at the Dragon Star (竜星) title.<ref name="stat"/> Due tae thir records, she wis promotit tae 6 dan at the end o this year. |- |2015 |Challengit tae Xie Yimin for the Female Grand Master title (女流名人). |- |2017 |Qualifiit tae the main tournament o the Tengen (天元) title.<ref name="stat"/><ref name="stat2">She wis the 10t female player tae obtain this status.</ref> |- |2020 |Defeatit [[Asami Ueno]] an obtainit the Female Buird Master title (女流棋聖). This is her first title syne 2007. She wis an aw the finalist at the Female Tachiaoi Cup (女流立葵杯)<ref>Her opponent wis [[Rina Fujisawa]].</ref> |} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[https://www.nihonkiin.or.jp/player/htm/ki000380.htm Official profile] {{DEFAULTSORT:Suzuki, Ayumi}} [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Japanese sportsfowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Tokyo]] c1unmo4p8ze95lm7eydv27kky2ye1zw 0 221792 928059 914826 2026-11-11T16:43:17Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Japanese Go player}} {{distinguish|Izumi Kobayashi|Reiko Kobayashi}} '''Chizu Kobayashi''' is a Japanese [[perfaision]]al [[Go (gemme)|Go]] player at [[Nihon Ki-in]].<ref name="base">{{Cite web |url=https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Kobayashi%20Chizu |title=Chizu Kobayashi at GoBase |access-date=2020-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021051743/https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Kobayashi%20Chizu |archive-date=2020-10-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sensei">[https://senseis.xmp.net/?KobayashiChizu Chizu Kobayashi at Sensei's Library]</ref> She haes several perfaisional Go players in her relatives. Her brither is the CEO o Nihon Ki-in. ==Records== {| class="wikitable" !Year!!Notes<ref name="base"/><ref name="sensei"/> |- |1966 |Semi-finalist at the Aw Japan Female Amateur Go Championship ([[:ja:全日本女流アマチュア囲碁選手権大会]]) |- |1972 |Obtainit professional status |- |1976 & 1977 |Receivit female MVP (棋道賞女流賞) |- |1986 |Publishit a Go [[beuk]] wi [[Tomoko Ogawa]] (『女流プロにチャレンジ 実力アマ血涙十戦譜-プロ・アマ読み筋くらべ』) |- |1989, 1993 & 1997 |Obtainit the female Kakusei (女流鶴聖) |- |1997 |Publishit Go [[comics]] bi [[NHK]] (『コミックでおぼえる囲碁』) |- |2000 |Obtainit 300 career wins |- |2007 |Electit tae the cultural exchange ambassador bi the [[govrenment]] |- |Juin 2010 - Juin 2012 & Juin 2016 - Juin 2018 |Servit as the director o Nihon Ki-in |- |2016 |Promotit tae 6 [[dan]] |} ===Go promotion activities=== She wis sent tae [[Europe]] an the [[Unitit States]] for the promotion o Go.<ref name="base"/><ref name="sensei"/> Due tae this activity, she haes several [[student]]s frae Europe. Some o them eventually obtainit perfaisional status at Nihon Ki-in.<ref name="base"/><ref name="sensei"/> ==Faimily== Satoru Kobayashi is the strangest player in her [[faimily]]. He haes obtainit mony domestic titles/awairds an publishit mony beuks. In 2016, he obtainit 1100 career wins. He is the [[CEO]] o Nihon Ki-in syne 2019. ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[https://www.nihonkiin.or.jp/player/htm/ki000165.htm Official website] *[http://www.senjukai.org/ Personal website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913083941/http://senjukai.org/ |date=2019-09-13 }} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kobayashi, Chizu}} [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:Japanese sportsfowk]] [[Category:Sportsweemen]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] cdpnsj47skluk4ek1wi5mcps7upn95o 0 222030 928127 914714 2026-11-11T22:41:32Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928127 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rui Naiwei''' (芮迺偉) is a [[Cheenese]] [[perfaision]]al [[Go]] player active in [[Sooth Korea]]. She is ane o the strangest [[female]] Go player<ref>She wis the first female player tae be promotit tae 9 dan.</ref>, an is the anly [[weemen]] tae hae won ane o the major open Go titles<ref>Major open Go titles are titles that both male and female players can attend.</ref>. ==Achievements== {| class="wikitable" !Title || Years Held<ref>[https://senseis.xmp.net/?RuiNaiwei Rui Naiwei at Sensei's Library]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Rui%20Naiwei |title=Rui Naiwei at GoBase |access-date=2020-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925184912/https://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Rui%20Naiwei |archive-date=2020-09-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | align="center" | '''Domestic''' | align="center" | '''17''' |- | {{flagicon|South Korea}} Guksu | 1999 |- | {{flagicon|South Korea}} Maxim Cup | 2004 |- | {{flagicon|South Korea}} Weemen's Myungin | 2000–2002, 2004–2007 |- | {{flagicon|South Korea}} Weemen's Guksu | 2000–2002, 2006, 2007 |- | {{flagicon|South Korea}} Weemen's Kisung | 2006 |- | {{flagicon|China}} Naitional Weemen's Individual | 1986–1989 |- | align="center" | '''Global''' | align="center" | '''7''' |- | {{flagicon|South Korea}} {{flagicon|China}} {{flagicon|Japan}} Jeongganjang Cup | 2003 |- | {{flagicon|South Korea}} {{flagicon|China}} {{flagicon|Japan}} Hungchang Cup | 2000, 2001 |- | {{flagicon|South Korea}} {{flagicon|China}} {{flagicon|Japan}} Eastern Airlines Cup | 2000 |- | {{flagicon|South Korea}} {{flagicon|China}} {{flagicon|Japan}} Bohae Cup | 1994, 1996, 1997 |} {| class="wikitable" !Title || Runners-up |- | align="center" | '''Current''' | align="center" | '''4''' |- | {{flagicon|South Korea}} Guksu | 2000 |- | {{flagicon|South Korea}} Maxim Cup | 2003 |- | {{flagicon|South Korea}} Weemen's Guksu | 2003 |- | {{flagicon|South Korea}} Weemen's Myungin | 2003 |} ==Notes== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rui, Naiwei}} [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Cheenese sportsfowk]] [[Category:Sportsweemen]] 0svq5ua2hi0sofvfeuqzck26cava394 0 223555 928135 914176 2026-11-11T23:50:43Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Steading''' (alsae cryed steadin, stedding, steeding an stidden) is the name gien tae biggins on a [[ferm]] uised in sindry weys, gif for beast, vehicles, machinery, craps, or a fermhouse.<ref>https://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/steading</ref> Historically a steading wis kent as a fermtoun.<ref>https://scotsroots.wordpress.com/tag/ferm-touns/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sites.scran.ac.uk/kestrel3d/settlements/settlements.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-09-14 |archive-date=2021-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117192550/https://sites.scran.ac.uk/kestrel3d/settlements/settlements.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Teep o Biggin Uise== Steadings tak sindry form—aither a wheen o separate biggins, yin biggin divied tae different uises (aften set on a close in Scotland),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tenements and other flatted buildings|url=https://kb.ros.gov.uk/land-and-property-registration/mapping-requirements/tenements-and-other-flatted-buildings|access-date=2023-03-20|website=RoS Knowledge Base|language=en}}</ref> or a mix o baith. ===Bern=== A '''bern''' is a [[biggin]] uised tae stowe hings an as a kivered wirkplace. Aften tae fordel bales o straw, machinery or vehicles gin no in uise.<ref>https://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/bern_n_1</ref> ===Stable=== A '''stable''' is a biggin whaur [[fermstockin]], maistly [[horse|horses]], ar reared.<ref>https://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/stable</ref> ===Byre=== A '''byre''' is a [[biggin]] whaur [[kye]] an ither beast ar reared.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rampantscotland.com/parliamo/blparliamo_farm.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412011021/http://www.rampantscotland.com/parliamo/blparliamo_farm.htm |archive-date=2021-04-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Aften wi staws uised tae feed or shed beast.<ref>https://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/sta</ref> ===Granzie=== A '''granzie''' (granary in Inglis) is a [[biggin]] uised tae fordel craps ([[baurley]], [[aits]], [[corn]] and siclik).<ref>https://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/granzie</ref> ==={{en}} Parlour=== A '''parlour''' [[biggin]] haes specific machinery for milking beast, maist commonly [[kye]], but alsae [[sheep]] an [[gait|gaits]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Adair|first=Hunter|title=A GUIDE TO THE COUNTRYSIDE: FARM BUILDINGS AND MILKING PARLOURS|url=https://www.scottishfield.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/101/2019/08/farm_buildings_and_parlours.pdf|journal=Scottish Field|volume=Part 1|access-date=2023-03-20|archive-date=2023-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320194826/https://www.scottishfield.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/101/2019/08/farm_buildings_and_parlours.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Fermhoose=== The name gien tae a [[hoose]] that is pairt o a steading itsel.<ref>https://www.scottishcorpus.ac.uk/document/?documentid=1496&highlight=fermhoose</ref> ==Gallery o Exemple Biggins== <gallery> File:Polish stable in Gdansk by Daniel Chodowiecki (98274837).jpg|A 1773 illustration o staws in a stable for horses. File:Häststall Elfviks gård dec 2008.jpg|Horse stable interior. Image:LightningVolt Barn.jpg|A bern in [[Wisconsin]], [[Unitit States|U.S.]]. File:Abernodwydd Farmhouse.jpg|A hauf-timmer fermhoose in [[Wales]]. </gallery> ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:Ferms]] [[Category:Stables]] [[Category:Horse management]] [[Category:Fermstockin]] [[Category:Berns]] [[Category:Agricultural biggins]] [[Category:Vernacular airchitectur]] [[Category:Land management]] rlt471zv829h68qe54y7wezhglhjgqz 0 224406 928071 922655 2026-11-11T18:02:32Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}}{{Infobox person | name = Pádruig Mac Griogair <br>Patrick McGregor | image = Jacobite broadside - Gilder Roy in his genuine Highland Garb.jpg | caption = "Gilder Roy in his [[Hieland dress|Genuine Highland Garb]]" | birth_date = | birth_place = Scotland | death_date = Executed 1636 | death_place = [[Edinburgh]] | occupation = Criminal an blackmailer }} '''Patrick McGregor'''<ref name=s/> {{lang-gd|Pádruig Mac Griogair}}, best kent as '''Gilderoy'''<ref name=ff>Spalding, Page 444</ref>{{efn|Ither spellins uist: '''Gilroy''',<ref name=s>Spalding, Page 437</ref> '''Gilder Roy''' an '''Gilleroy'''.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tcUcAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=patrick+mcgregor+gilroy&source=bl&ots=hik2r6I6se&sig=jUZm2WZ37rVdhFgKmsi7Ak2uQLg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnnIqJ7NnJAhVHDxoKHXppBZIQ6AEIJTAB#v=onepage&q=patrick%20mcgregor%20gilroy&f=false Caledonia]</ref>}} (the Englified version o his [[Scots Gaelic|Gaelic]] ok-name '''''Gille Ruadh''''', meanin ''reid-haired laddie'')<ref name="s" /> wis a Scots criminal an blackmailer wha herried the launds o [[Strathspey]] ([[:en:Strathspey, Scotland|en]]), [[Braemar]], [[Cromarty]], an ither pairts aroun o [[Aiberdeen]]<ref>Donaldson, Page 83</ref> durin the ring of [[Charles I, Keeng o Scots|Charles I]] (1600–1649) til his execution in 1636. He is muckle kenspeckled an remembered bi Scots in published stories, ballants, tuins, expressions;<ref name=fff>Spalding, Page 445</ref><ref name=fse/> [[Robert Burns|Rabbie Burns]] used a version of the melody ''Gilderoy'' far the sang ''[[From Thee Eliza]]''.<ref name="ss" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.robertburns.org/works/116.shtml |title=Burns Country |access-date=2020-09-18 |archive-date=2020-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211085648/http://www.robertburns.org/works/116.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Life an chairacter== A murtherer, [[kye|cou]]-thief an blackmailer, Gilderoy wis the heid o a menyie of limmers. He's kent bi the ok-name 'Bonnie Lad',<ref name="ftf">Spalding, Page 442</ref> an is bytimes compared an confuised wi ither siclike kenspeckled Scots criminals, fur ensample [[Rab Roy MacGregor]] (1671–1734).<ref name=p/> [[File:Vat from above.JPG|thumb|250px|right|A view wi'in the Burn o'Vat.]] The rock formation at [[Burn O'Vat|Burn o'Vat]] (nearby [[Ballater]] on Deeside) wis said tae be Gilderoy's hiddle.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wyness |first1=Fenton |title=Royal Valley: the Story of the Aberdeenshire Dee |date=1968 |publisher=Alex P. Reid & Son |isbn=978-0-900961-00-7 |page=209 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G2egAAAAMAAJ&q=burn+o%27vat+gilderoy&dq=burn+o%27vat+gilderoy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjr5bfb6fHrAhV2QEEAHSv0AVEQ6AEwAHoECAQQAg |language=en}}</ref> A shallow depression aback the main [[watterfaw]] is kent as "Gilderoy's Cave" (''Gilderoy's Gloup'') as he's ance said tae hae hid fae pursuers ahint the watterfaw.<ref name=elc>{{Cite web |url=http://essonsoflogiecoldstone.co.uk/history/ |title=The Essons of Logie Coldstone |access-date=2020-09-18 |archive-date=2016-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229031052/http://essonsoflogiecoldstone.co.uk/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Juin 1636 Sir James Grant o Freuchie an Sir Alexander Irvine of [[Drum Castle|Drum]] an his wife Magdalene Scrimgeour war censured fur hairbouring Gilderoy in thair launds.<ref>William Fraser, ''The Chiefs of Grant'', vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1883), pp. 62-3.</ref> He wis executed in 1636.<ref>[http://www.exclassics.com/newgate/ng20.htm The Newgate Calendar]</ref> ===Details o the trial an his execution=== [[Archibald Campbell, 9t Yerl o Argyll|Archibald Campbell]] (Lord Lorne), heritable justiciar o the Sooth an North Isles an the Sheriffdom of [[Argyll]], finally caucht Gilderoy an on 7 Juin 1636 in [[Edinburgh]] his trial{{efn|Alangside his associates John Forbes, Alistair Forbes, Callum Forbes, George Grant, John McColme, John McGregor McEane, Gillespie McFarlane, Alistair McInneir an Ewin McGregor (alias Accawisch)}} began.<ref name=s/> The trial records a leet o his crime:{{quote|tressonable usurpatioun of our Souerane Lordis royal power and authoritie upone him, in cuming to the dwelling-hous of Alexander Hay in Caimecowlie, and thair, with his complices, breking up the durris thairof, pat violent handes in the persones of the said Alexander and his wyfe, tuik thame captives and prissoneris, caryeid thame as captives tua myles fra thair awin hous under silence of nycht, quhair they keipit the said Alexander and his wife captives the space of twa houris, and wald nocht set thame free quhUl they pro meist thame ane sowme of money for thair ransome and libertie. Lykas, they staw, reft, and away tuik fra the said Alexander the haill guides and geir being within his houss, countit in wynter last, confessit be the said Patrik Gilroy in his depositiones.<ref name="fte">Spalding, Page 438</ref>}} Gilderoy uised muckle violence tae steal fuid an drink fae the tenants o [[Sir Robert Innes o Balvenie]]. In 1635 he an his associates robbed fower hens fae the househauder o Culquharnie. William Dougat of Auchihove an some o his men war taen prisoner an demanded a ransom o twa hunder [[Merk|merks]]. A muckle nummer o ither offences ur recorded involvin common fowk, [[Laird|lairds]] an e'en ministers. He wis involved in sindry "crewall slauchters" (murthers) forby.<ref name=fte/> Gilderoy was fun guilty an the [[dempster]] o the coort pronounced the doom (verdict); that Gilderoy on Friday 29 July wis tae be "drawin backwardis upone upone ane cairt or hurle, fra the tolbuth or wairdhous, to the mercat cross of Edinburgh''.''" He, alangside John Forbes, haed the distinction that they war tae be hanged til deid on a [[gibbet]] that was muckle heicher than that o thair associates.<ref name=ftf>Spalding, Page 442</ref> Gilderoy an Forbes war tae hae thair "... heidis be strukin af from thair bodies, with their richt handis, and the said Gilroy his heid and richt hand to be affixit on the eist or netherbow poirt of Edinburgh, and the said John Forbes his heid and richt hand to be put upone the wast poirt thairof."''<ref name="ftf" />'' His menyie ur registrated as haein herried the landwart for muckle time efter his deith.<ref name=elc/><ref name="np">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxTLSeKfzwc Gilderoy & the Burn O'Vat] Retrieved : 2018-8-18</ref> ==Popular versions o his life== Muckle kenspeckle versions o his life war published, siclike ''Lives and Exploits of English Highwayman, Pirates and Robbers''.<ref name=ftf/> The speel o his activities is aft muyt forrit an his hangin date gien as 1658, wi sindry fause an heichly exaggerated pairts eikit. Gilderoy hae been pit in the same steid as [[Robin Hood]], [[Twm Siôn Cati]] an the aforementioned [[Rab Roy MacGregor]].<ref name=p>Prichard, Preface</ref> Gilderoy wis said tae hae been o guid breed, heir tae an estat in Perthshire upon his faither's deith at twinty-ane yeir auld. Despite advice fae kith an kin, he glegly bankrupts the estat wi his deil-ma-care attitude.<ref name=ftf/> At the hinder end, his mither refuses him ony mair monie, so he cuts her creg, rapes his sister an servand, an havin robbed all her remainin valuables, brent duin her huis.<ref name=ggf>Spalding, Page 443</ref> [[File:Four Excellent Songs- The Wonderful Wig; Meg o' the Mill; The Rantin' Dog the Daddie O't; Gilderoy WDL3413.pdf|thumb|upright|left|A publication containing the sang ''Gilderoy''.]] [[File:Rob Roy - Weir Collection.jpg|thumb|upright|A placad fae the play ''Gilderoy''.]] A muckle reward is then offerit far his captur, an Gilderoy flees tae [[Fraunce]], whaur he coft braw claes an finds hissel ane day in a cathedral near [[Paris|Pairis]] whaur [[Cardinal Richelieu]] is preachin wi the king in attendance.<ref name=pr/> He then robs money fae the cardinal's purse whilk he left on his seat. The king notices this, but Gilderoy gies a sign tae say that it is a prank, the king later findin oot that wis a sittin-duck o joukerie. Fleeing Fraunce, Gilderoy enters [[Spain]], commitin a muckle amount o stouth whaure're he gang. In [[Madrid]], he robs vailuable siller plate fae the [[Duke o Medinaeceli]].<ref name=ggf/> Efter gaun intae hidin for three year, Gilderoy gaes back tae Scotland. Althou Gilderoy wis really kilt in 1636, in these mythologies he is said tae hae taen vantage o the baise o the [[Inglis Ceevil War|Inglis Civil War]] (1642–1651) an assemmled a menyie thit terrorised fowk outthrou the coonties o Athol, Lockable, Angus, Mar, Baquahan, Moray an Sutherland, demandin mony victims tae haund ower their kye tae the bridands tae be protectit. The [[Earl o Linlithgow]] ([[:en:Earl of Linlithgow|en]]) is recorded as a victim, wi Gilderoy robbin a [[diamant]] ring, a [[gowd]] watch an echty gowd coins fae him.<ref name=ggf/> [[Oliver Cromwell]] is brocht intae the story;<ref name=pr>[http://www.exclassics.com/percy/perc49.htm Percy's Reliques]</ref> Gilderoy is said tae hae discovered that Cromwell wis passin thru the Gallowa efter having landed at [[Portpaitrick]] on his return fae Ireland an tries tae commit a stouth on him. Altho Cromwell has only twa servands wi him, he opts to fecht wi Gilderoy, upon whilk Gilderoy shuits an eventually pretends tae flee. Efter a lang chase he suddenly halts, shuits an kills one of his pursuers, injures the other an shuits Cromwell's [[horse]] fae under him, resultin in him breakin his leg. Gilderoy grants Cromwell his life, mounts him on a [[cuddie]] an sends him on his way.<ref name=ggf/> Three o Gilderoy's men ur captured an hanged; in revenge, he kidnaps the judge responsible, murthers his servands, cuts up his coach, kills aw his horse an hangs him on the gey identical gibbet upon whilk his men aye dangle. Efter carrying oot mony ither atrocities, a reward o 1000 merks is shored fur his capture, deid or alive. His mistress, Margaret Cunningham, decides tae betray him as she didnae think he cuid provide fur her ony langer. She arranges fur forty sodgers tae tak him at her hame, however Gileroy murthers her wi muckle barbarity afore managing tae murther echt o the sodgers afore they eventually overwhelm him.<ref name=ff/> Gilderoy is securely chained by his haunds, waist an feet an efter three days so attired in the Edinburgh Tollbooth he is hung fae a thirty-[[Fit (unit)|fit]] heich gibbet in April 1658 huvin expressed nae remorse. His bodie, still hung in chains, is exhibited on another gibbet placed between Edinburgh an Leith as a dire warning tae others. He is said tae hae been thirty-four year auld at his deith.<ref name=ff/> ==In poetry, music an sang== Below is the foremaist stanza fae the 1783 publication o ''Select Scotish Ballads'' bi John Pinkerton<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/selectscottishb00pinkgoog#page/n16/mode/2up Select Scotish Ballads]</ref> showing that despite the harsh an brutal reality o Gilderoy's life, he hud a romantic appeal. The original is said tae hae bin composed shortly efter his execution by ''a young woman who unfortunately was attached to him.''<ref name=ff/> Miss Halket, efter Miss Wardlaw, is kent tae hae ''softened, expunged, and added, as necessity might require.''<ref name=ff/> {| cellpadding="10" border="0" style="margin:auto;" |- | style="background:#f4f4f4;"| :''Gilderoy was a bonnie boy'', :''Had roses till his shoon'', :''His stockings were of silken soy'', :''Wi' garters hanging doun''. :''It was, I ween, a comelie sight'' :''To see sae trim a boy''; :''He was my joy, and heart's delight'', :''My handsome Gilderoy.''<ref>Pinkerton, Page 62</ref> |} A black letter copy{{efn|A black letter copy wis a name uised fur the earlie form o type uised by the printers that gave the appearance o a haund-screivit manuscript.}} {{Circa}}1650 shows that it wis weel-kent in England at that time an in 1702 it appeared in Playford's ''Wit and Mirth'' forby.<ref name="fff" /> John Niven, a [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] sympathiser, transumed the tuin ''The Flowers of Scotland Gilderoy'' in the 1760s.<ref>[https://www.abdn.ac.uk/scottskinner/display.php?ID=JSS0568 Scottish Music by John Niven, "''The Flowers of Scotland''".]</ref> The tuin ''Gilderoy'' appears in Thomas D'Urfey's ''Pills to Purge Melancholy'' (1707), an in ''Tea Table Miscellany'' ({{Circa}}1726) forby. It appeared in ''Orpheus Caledonius'' of 1733 an aw.<ref name=ss>[http://www.contemplator.com/scotland/gilderoy.html The Songs of Scotland.]</ref> The [[Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable|''Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'']] o 1870 records the expression "To be hung higher than Gilderoy's kite", meaning tae receive a punishment that is mair severe than that forordinar meted oot tae even the maist despicable o criminals.<ref name=fse>Brewer, Page 478</ref> [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s ''The Lesson'', screived in 1901 anent the [[Boer War]], uises the phrase an aw: ("''Were all our most holy illusions knocked higher than Gilderoy’s kite. / We have had a jolly good lesson, and it serves us jolly well right!''").<ref>{{cite web |title=Poems - The Lesson |url=http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/poems_lesson.htm |website=Kipling Society |access-date=18 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> {| cellpadding="10" border="0" style="margin:auto;" |- | style="background:#f4f4f4;"| :''Of Gilderoy sae fraid they were'', :''They bound him mickle strong'', :''Tull Edenburrow they led him thair'', :''And on a gallows hung''; :''They hung him high aboon the rest'', :''He was sae trim a boy..''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eponym.ru/content/gilderoys-kite |title=eponym.ru |access-date=2020-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416202244/https://eponym.ru/content/gilderoys-kite |archive-date=2024-04-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Percy |first1=Thomas |title=The Project Gutenberg EBook of Reliques of Ancient English Poetry |edition=Volume 1 of 3 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/45939/45939-8.txt |access-date=18 September 2020 |format=.txt}}</ref> |} Ane o the maist recent daursayd memorials tae Gilderoy is that bi Thomas Campbell (1777–1844) wha wrate the [[ballant]] ''Roslin Gilderoy.'' However this likelie relates tae a different bodie wi the identical ok-name, wha in th 18t-century wis hanged in Edinburgh fur stealing sheep, kye, an sindry items forby.<ref>Brewer, Page 88</ref> This is the first stanza :- {| cellpadding="10" border="0" style="margin:auto;" |- | style="background:#f4f4f4;"| :''The last, the fatal hour is come,'' :''That bears my love from me'': :''I hear the dead note of the drum'', :''I mark the gallows' tree''!<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/270/3/386.html Poems of Places: An Anthology in 31 Volumes.]</ref> |} ==References== ;Notes {{Notelist|2}} ;Sources {{Reflist|2}} {{Commons category|Burn O'Vat}}{{Portal|Scotland}} {{Refbegin}} * Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1870). ''The Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase and Fable''. Wordsworth. * Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1892). ''Character Sketches of Romance, Fiction and the Drama, Volume 2''. * Donaldson, Gordon & Morpeth, Robert S. (1977). ''A Dictionary of Scottish History''. Edinburgh : John Domald. {{ISBN|0-85976-018-9}}. * Pinkerton, John (1783). ''Select Scotish Ballads''. London : J. Nichols. * Prichard, Thomas Jeffrey Llewelyn (1828). ''The Adventures and Vagaries of Twm Shon Catti, Descriptive of Life in Wales''. Aberystwyth : Prichard. * Spalding, John (1850). ''Memorialls of The Trubles in Scotland and In England. A.D. 1624 - A.D.1645''. Vol. 1. Aberdeen : Spalding Club. {{Refend}} ==Articles outwith== *[http://www.exclassics.com/newgate/ng20.htm The Newgate Calendar - ''A most barbarous Murderer of his Mother and Sister, who led a bloodthirsty Gang of Outlaws in Scotland and hanged a Judge. Executed in April, 1658.''] *[http://www.bartleby.com/270/3/386.html The Ballad of Gilderoy by Thomas Campbell.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20151222102351/http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Historical_Records_of_the_Family_of_Leslie_from_1067_to_1868-9_1000850512/593 Historical records of the trial of Patrick McGregor] *[http://52folksongs.com/2012/08/31/as40-gilderoy/ "Gilderoy" the folk song.] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxTLSeKfzwc Burn O'Vat & the Outlaw Gilderoy video] {{DEFAULTSORT:Gilderoy}} [[Category:1636 deiths]] [[Category:Scots murtherers]] [[Category:Fowk frae Argyll and Bute]] [[Category:17t-century Scots fowk]] [[Category:Scots fowklair]] 88ntjbvbkzkdl35iqb3dbp6hrshhc9m 0 228813 928140 925902 2026-11-12T00:43:27Z Atlantic306 30244 fixed reference 928140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = '''Azerbaijani fowk''' or '''Azerbaijanis''' | native_name = {{lang|az|Azərbaycanlılar}}<br />{{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}} | image = Azerigirls.JPG | image_caption = Azerbaijani girls in traditional dresses | population = {{circa}} 30–35 million (2002)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35|title=The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East|author=Sela, Avraham|publisher=Continuum|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8264-1413-7|page=197|quote=30–35 million|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225103/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35|url-status=live}}</ref> | region1 = {{flagcountry|Iran}} | pop1 = 15 million <small>(Encyclopædia Britannica)<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people|title=Azerbaijani (people)|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=18 December 2019|date=|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref></small><br />10.9–15 million <small>(CIA World Factbook,<ref name="CIA Iran">{{cite web | title=Iran | website=CIA World Factbook | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ | access-date=1 September 2012 | archive-date=2024-05-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505102855/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Knüppel,<ref name="16mil">{{cite encyclopedia | first=Michael | last=Knüppel | title=Turkic languages of Persia: an overview | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica | url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-languages-overview | quote=Altogether, one-sixth of today's Iranian population is turcophone or bilingual (Persian and Turkic; see Doerfer, 1969, p. 13) | date= | access-date=1 September 2012 | archive-date=21 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053354/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-languages-overview | url-status=live }}</ref> Ethnologue,<ref name="10.9mil">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|title=Iran|website=Ethnologue|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904065634/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|url-status=live}}</ref> Swietochowski)</small><ref name="16mil3">Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C. (1999). Historical dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|0-8108-3550-9}}. "15 million (1999)"</ref><br />12–18.5 million <small> (e.g. Elling,<ref name="18mil">Elling, Rasmus Christian. Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Excerpt: "The number of Azeris in Iran is heavily disputed. In 2005, Amanolahi estimated all Turkic-speaking communities in Iran to number no more than 9 million. CIA and Library of congress estimates range from 16 to 24 percent—that is, 12–18 million people if we employ the latest total figure for Iran's population (77.8 million). Azeri ethnicsts, on the other hand, argue that overall number is much higher, even as much as 50 percent or more of the total population. Such inflated estimates may have influenced some Western scholars who suggest that up to 30 percent (that is, some 23 million today) Iranians are Azeris." [https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405065114/http://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA |date=5 April 2015 }}</ref> Gheissari)</small><ref name="Criticism">* Ali Gheissari, "Contemporary Iran:Economy, Society, Politics: Economy, Society, Politics", Oxford University Press, 2 April 2009. pg 300Azeri ethnonationalist activist, however, claim that number to be 24 million, hence as high as 35 percent of the Iranian population"</ref><br />6–6.5 million <small>(Arakelova)</small><ref name="Arakelova">{{Cite journal|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|jstor = 43899203|last1 = Arakelova|first1 = Victoria|title = On the Number of Iranian Turkophones|journal = Iran & the Caucasus|year = 2015|volume = 19|issue = 3|pages = 279–282|doi = 10.1163/1573384X-20150306|access-date = 18 September 2020|archive-date = 4 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225107/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|url-status = live}}</ref> | region2 = {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}} | pop2 = 8,172,800<ref>[https://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/ap/?lang=en Azerbaijan Republic | Population by ethnic groups] stat.gov.az</ref> | ref2 = <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171042/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |date=27 January 2021 }} 91,6% of 9,900,000, ''World Fact Book''</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|Russia}} | pop3 = 603,070 | ref3 = <ref name="Russian Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Итоги переписи |work=2010 census |year=2012 |publisher=Russian Federation State Statistics Service |access-date=24 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424113952/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |archive-date=24 April 2012 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2013-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011922/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="Leeuw">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|title=Azerbaijan: a quest for identity : a short history|author=van der Leeuw, Charles|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-21903-1|page=19|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320173346/http://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|url-status=live}}</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}} | pop4 = 530,000–800,000 | ref4 = <ref name="Leeuw"/> | region5 = {{flagcountry|Georgia}} | pop5 = 233,178 | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|work=2014 census|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805if_/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region7 = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}} | pop7 = 85,292 | ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/DocLib1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82.%20%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%202009%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf |title=Population by national and/or ethnic group, sex and urban/rural residence (2009 census) |publisher=Agency for the Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan |access-date=15 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616182454/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/DocLib1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82.%20%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%202009%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2012}}</ref> | region8 = {{flagcountry|France}} | pop8 = 70,000 | ref8 = <ref>{{cite news |last=İlhamqızı |first=Sevda |date=2 October 2007 |title=Gələn ilin sonuna qədər dünyada yaşayan azərbaycanlıların sayı və məskunlaşma coğrafiyasına dair xəritə hazırlanacaq |url=http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html |language=az |work=Trend News Agency |location=Baku |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202205358/http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} | pop9 = 45,176 | ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001 |work=Ukraine Census 2001 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |archive-date=17 December 2011 }}</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}} | pop10 = 44,400 | ref10 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html |title=The National Structure of the Republic of Uzbekistan |year=1989 |publisher=Umid World |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223090542/http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html |archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref> | region11 = {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}} | pop11 = 33,365 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite journal|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14 |script-title=ru:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР |journal=Демоскоп Weekly |language=ru |issue=493–494 |date=1–22 January 2012 |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314043707/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14 |archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> | region12 = {{flagcountry|United States}} | pop12 = 24,377–400,000 | ref12 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.az/articles/5620 |title=Azerbaijani-American Council rpartners with U.S. Census Bureau |publisher=News.Az |date=28 December 2009 |access-date=2012-07-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407043029/http://www.news.az/articles/5620 |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref><ref>http://www.azeris.org/images/proclamations/May28_BrooklynNY_2011.JPG{{dead link|date=October 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stlamerican.com/reader_interaction/letters_to_the_editor/article_a906f9d6-4a8f-11e0-9d87-001cc4c03286.html |title=Obama, recognize us – St. Louis American: Letters To The Editor |publisher=Stlamerican.com |date=9 March 2011 |access-date=2012-07-11 |archive-date=13 September 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913202500/http://www.stlamerican.com/reader_interaction/letters_to_the_editor/article_a906f9d6-4a8f-11e0-9d87-001cc4c03286.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region13 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | pop13 = 18,000 | ref13 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf |title=The Kingdom of the Netherlands: Bilateral relations: Diaspora |publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119175140/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> | region14 = {{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}} | pop14 = 17,823 | ref14 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |title=5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения |publisher=National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic |year=2011 |language=ru |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219092904/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2012 }}</ref> | region15 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} | pop15 = 15,219 | ref15 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer,property=file.xls |title=Foreign population on 31.12.2006 by citizenship and selected characteristics |publisher=Federal Statistical Office (Destatis) |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116074931/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer%2Cproperty%3Dfile.xls |archive-date=16 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region16 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} | pop16 = 7,000 | ref16 = <ref name="BQ">{{cite web|url=http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|title=UAE´s population – by nationality|work=BQ Magazine|date=12 April 2015|access-date=13 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711160839/http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|archive-date=11 July 2015}}</ref> | region17 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | pop17 = 6,425 | ref17 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census – 25% Sample Data|year=2016|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=6 November 2017|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026161129/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|url-status=live}} In the 2016 census, 2,280 people indicated 'Azeri'/'Azerbaijani' as a single response and 4,145 as part of multiple origins.</ref> | region18 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | pop18 = 6,220 | ref18 = <ref name=ons2011>{{cite web|title=Nationality and country of birth by age, sex and qualifications Jan – Dec 2013 (Excel sheet 60Kb)|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|website=www.ons.gov.uk|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=11 June 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060723/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region19 = {{flagcountry|Belarus}} | pop19 = 5,567 | ref19 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |title=Population Census 2009 |publisher=National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus |access-date=17 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118175907/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> | region20 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}} | pop20 = 2,935 | ref20 = <ref name="Statistics Sweden">{{cite web|title=Foreign born after country of birth and immigration year|url=http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Befolkning/Befolkningens-sammansattning/Befolkningsstatistik/25788/25795/Helarsstatistik---Riket/385479/}} Statistics Sweden.</ref> | region21 = {{flagcountry|Latvia}} | pop21 = 1,657 | ref21 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|title=Accession to the European Union and National Integration in Estonia and Latvia|author=Poleshchuk, Vadim|date=March 2001|access-date=18 January 2012|quote=232 citizens|publisher=European Center for Minority Issues|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302212931/http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|archive-date=2 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region22 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} | pop22 = 1,036 | ref22 = <ref>[https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx Azerbaijan country brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618103730/https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx |date=18 June 2019 }}. NB According to the 2016 census, 1,036 people living in Australia identified themselves as of Azeri ancestry. Retrieved 18 June 2019.</ref> | region23 = {{flagcountry|Austria}} | pop23 = 1,000 | ref23 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf |publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=The Republic of Austria: Bilateral relations |access-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308180802/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region24 = {{flagcountry|Estonia}} | pop24 = 940 | ref24 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|title=Population Census of 2011|publisher=Statistics Estonia|access-date=10 November 2018|archive-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000011/http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|url-status=dead}} Select "Azerbaijani" under "Ethnic nationality".</ref> | region25 = {{flagcountry|Norway}} | pop25 = 806 | ref25 = <ref name="Statistics Canada">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|title=2020-03-09|website=ssb.no|access-date=3 January 2021|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117201818/https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|url-status=live}}</ref> | region26 = {{flagcountry|Lithuania}} | pop26 = 648 | ref26 = <ref name=litstats>{{cite web|url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|title=Population by ethnicity in 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001 and 2011|publisher=Lithuanian Department of Statistics|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-date=13 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313110843/https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|url-status=live}}</ref> | region27 = {{flagcountry|Italy}} | pop27 = 552 | ref27 = <ref>http://demo.istat.it/str2019/index.html Italian National Institute of Statistics| (ISTAT) - Foreign resident population in 2019</ref> | languages = {{hlist|[[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]]}} | religions = Predominantly [[Shia Islam]], minority [[Sunni Islam]] an [[Bahá'í Faith]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king |url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king/page/79 79]|title=Azerbaijan|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|access-date=18 March 2015|isbn=9780761420118|last1=King|first1=David C.|year=2006}}</ref> | related_groups = [[Turkis fowk]],<ref name="golden">{{cite book|author=Golden, Peter B.|year=1992|title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold|url-access=limited|publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|isbn=978-3-447-03274-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold/page/n395 385]–386}}</ref> [[Turkmen fowk]]<ref>Ismail Zardabli. ''Ethnic and political history of Azerbaijan''. Rossendale Books. 2018. p.35 "... the ancestors of Azerbaijanis and Turkmens are the tribes that lived in these territories."</ref> }} '''Azerbaijani fowk''' or '''Azerbaijanis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|z|ər|b|aɪ|ˈ|dʒ|æ|n|i|,_|-|ɑː|n|i}}; {{lang-az|Azərbaycanlılar}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}}) or ({{lang|az-Arab|آذریلر}}), forby kent as '''Azerbaijani Turks''' ({{lang-az|Azərbaycan Türkləri}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجان تۆرکلری}}),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|title=Soviet Asian ethnic frontiers|first1=William O.|last1=MacCagg|first2=Brian D.|last2=Silver|date=10 May 1979|publisher=Pergamon Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780080246376|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225104/https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|title=Iran: Political Development in a Changing Society|first=Leonard|last=Binder|date=10 May 1962|publisher=University of California Press|via=Google Books|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225124/https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|title=World Regional Geography|first=Joseph J.|last=Hobbs|date=13 March 2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0495389507|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225105/https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|url-status=live}}</ref> are a [[naition]] an [[ethnic group]] native tae the [[Caucasus]] region. They are a [[Turkic fowks|Turkic fowk]] livin mainly in [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|northwastren Iran]] an in the sovereign [[Azerbaijan|Republic o Azerbaijan]], wi a mixed cultural heritage, includin [[Turkic fowks|Turkic]], [[Caucasian fowks|Caucasian]], [[Iranian fowks|Iranian]] elements.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="Suny">{{cite journal|author=Suny, Ronald Grigor|date=July–August 1988|title=What Happened in Soviet Armenia?|journal=Middle East Report|issue=153, Islam and the State|pages=37–40|doi=10.2307/3012134|jstor=3012134}} "The Albanians in the eastern plain leading down to the Caspian Sea mixed wi the Turkish population and eventually became Muslims." "...while the eastern Transcaucasian countryside was home to a very large Turkic-speakin Muslim population. The Russians referred to them as Tartars, but we now consider them Azerbaijanis, a distinct people wi their own language and culture."</ref><ref name="Cornell_2015">{{cite book|author=Svante E. Cornell|title=Azerbaijan Since Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|date=20 May 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47621-4|pages=5–7|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517094253/https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|url-status=live}} "If native Caucasian, Iranian, and Turkic populations - amang others - dominated Azerbaijan from the fourth century CE onwards, the Turkic element would grow increasingly dominant in linguistic terms, while the Persian element retained strong cultural and religious influence." "Following the Seljuk great power period, the Turkic element in Azerbaijan was further strengthened by migrations during the Mongol onslaught of the thirteenth century and the subsequent domination by the Turkmen Qaraqoyunlu and Aq-qoyunlu dynasties."</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara A. West|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA68|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7|page=68|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624165755/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA68|url-status=live}}</ref> They are the seicont-maist numerous ethnic group amang the Turkic-speakin fowk efter [[Turkis fowk]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people|title=Azerbaijani {{!}} people|newspaper=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-11-03|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref> an are predominantly [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia & Eurasia Facts & Figures Annual|author=Robertson, Lawrence R.|year=2002|publisher=Academic International Press|isbn=978-0-87569-199-2|page=210|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320162646/http://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> They comprise the lairgest ethnic group in the Republic o Azerbaijan an the seicont-lairgest ethnic group in neighbourin [[Iran]] an [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=2014 General Population Census|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> They speak the [[Azerbaijani leid]], belongin tae the [[Oghuz leids|Oghuz]] brainch o the [[Turkic leids|Turkic]] [[leid family|leid faimily]]. Acause o wide-rangin an lang-lastin [[Azerbaijani diaspora|diaspora]], an estimatit tot o 4 million fowk o fou or pairtial Azerbaijani ancestry live ootwi Azerbaijan an Iran, maist notably in [[Azerbaijanis in Roushie|Roushie]], [[Azerbaijani American|Unitit States]], [[Azerbaijanis in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Azerbaijanis in Ukraine|Ukraine]], [[Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] an ither [[Azerbaijani diaspora in Europe|pairts o Europe]]'' ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Azerbaijani people}} [[Category:Azerbaijani fowk| ]] [[Category:Turkic fowks]] [[Category:History o the Turkic fowks]] [[Category:Fowks o the Caucasus]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Roushie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Arab League]] rk5vcsb30sgv14zbokoqclu00jzk5lr 928141 928140 2026-11-12T00:48:32Z Atlantic306 30244 fixed reference 928141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = '''Azerbaijani fowk''' or '''Azerbaijanis''' | native_name = {{lang|az|Azərbaycanlılar}}<br />{{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}} | image = Azerigirls.JPG | image_caption = Azerbaijani girls in traditional dresses | population = {{circa}} 30–35 million (2002)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35|title=The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East|author=Sela, Avraham|publisher=Continuum|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8264-1413-7|page=197|quote=30–35 million|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225103/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35|url-status=live}}</ref> | region1 = {{flagcountry|Iran}} | pop1 = 15 million <small>(Encyclopædia Britannica)<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people|title=Azerbaijani (people)|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=18 December 2019|date=|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref></small><br />10.9–15 million <small>(CIA World Factbook,<ref name="CIA Iran">{{cite web | title=Iran | website=CIA World Factbook | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ | access-date=1 September 2012 | archive-date=2024-05-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505102855/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Knüppel,<ref name="16mil">{{cite encyclopedia | first=Michael | last=Knüppel | title=Turkic languages of Persia: an overview | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica | url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-languages-overview | quote=Altogether, one-sixth of today's Iranian population is turcophone or bilingual (Persian and Turkic; see Doerfer, 1969, p. 13) | date= | access-date=1 September 2012 | archive-date=21 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053354/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-languages-overview | url-status=live }}</ref> Ethnologue,<ref name="10.9mil">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|title=Iran|website=Ethnologue|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904065634/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|url-status=live}}</ref> Swietochowski)</small><ref name="16mil3">Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C. (1999). Historical dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|0-8108-3550-9}}. "15 million (1999)"</ref><br />12–18.5 million <small> (e.g. Elling,<ref name="18mil">Elling, Rasmus Christian. Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Excerpt: "The number of Azeris in Iran is heavily disputed. In 2005, Amanolahi estimated all Turkic-speaking communities in Iran to number no more than 9 million. CIA and Library of congress estimates range from 16 to 24 percent—that is, 12–18 million people if we employ the latest total figure for Iran's population (77.8 million). Azeri ethnicsts, on the other hand, argue that overall number is much higher, even as much as 50 percent or more of the total population. Such inflated estimates may have influenced some Western scholars who suggest that up to 30 percent (that is, some 23 million today) Iranians are Azeris." [https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405065114/http://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA |date=5 April 2015 }}</ref> Gheissari)</small><ref name="Criticism">* Ali Gheissari, "Contemporary Iran:Economy, Society, Politics: Economy, Society, Politics", Oxford University Press, 2 April 2009. pg 300Azeri ethnonationalist activist, however, claim that number to be 24 million, hence as high as 35 percent of the Iranian population"</ref><br />6–6.5 million <small>(Arakelova)</small><ref name="Arakelova">{{Cite journal|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|jstor = 43899203|last1 = Arakelova|first1 = Victoria|title = On the Number of Iranian Turkophones|journal = Iran & the Caucasus|year = 2015|volume = 19|issue = 3|pages = 279–282|doi = 10.1163/1573384X-20150306|access-date = 18 September 2020|archive-date = 4 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225107/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|url-status = live}}</ref> | region2 = {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}} | pop2 = 8,172,800<ref>[https://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/ap/?lang=en Azerbaijan Republic | Population by ethnic groups] stat.gov.az</ref> | ref2 = <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171042/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |date=27 January 2021 }} 91,6% of 9,900,000, ''World Fact Book''</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|Russia}} | pop3 = 603,070 | ref3 = <ref name="Russian Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Итоги переписи |work=2010 census |year=2012 |publisher=Russian Federation State Statistics Service |access-date=24 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424113952/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |archive-date=24 April 2012 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2013-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011922/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="Leeuw">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|title=Azerbaijan: a quest for identity : a short history|author=van der Leeuw, Charles|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-21903-1|page=19|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320173346/http://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|url-status=live}}</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}} | pop4 = 530,000–800,000 | ref4 = <ref name="Leeuw"/> | region5 = {{flagcountry|Georgia}} | pop5 = 233,178 | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|work=2014 census|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805if_/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region7 = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}} | pop7 = 85,292 | ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/DocLib1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82.%20%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%202009%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf |title=Population by national and/or ethnic group, sex and urban/rural residence (2009 census) |publisher=Agency for the Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan |access-date=15 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616182454if_/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/DocLib1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82.%20%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%202009%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2012}}</ref> | region8 = {{flagcountry|France}} | pop8 = 70,000 | ref8 = <ref>{{cite news |last=İlhamqızı |first=Sevda |date=2 October 2007 |title=Gələn ilin sonuna qədər dünyada yaşayan azərbaycanlıların sayı və məskunlaşma coğrafiyasına dair xəritə hazırlanacaq |url=http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html |language=az |work=Trend News Agency |location=Baku |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202205358/http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} | pop9 = 45,176 | ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001 |work=Ukraine Census 2001 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |archive-date=17 December 2011 }}</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}} | pop10 = 44,400 | ref10 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html |title=The National Structure of the Republic of Uzbekistan |year=1989 |publisher=Umid World |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223090542/http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html |archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref> | region11 = {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}} | pop11 = 33,365 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite journal|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14 |script-title=ru:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР |journal=Демоскоп Weekly |language=ru |issue=493–494 |date=1–22 January 2012 |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314043707/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14 |archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> | region12 = {{flagcountry|United States}} | pop12 = 24,377–400,000 | ref12 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.az/articles/5620 |title=Azerbaijani-American Council rpartners with U.S. Census Bureau |publisher=News.Az |date=28 December 2009 |access-date=2012-07-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407043029/http://www.news.az/articles/5620 |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref><ref>http://www.azeris.org/images/proclamations/May28_BrooklynNY_2011.JPG{{dead link|date=October 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stlamerican.com/reader_interaction/letters_to_the_editor/article_a906f9d6-4a8f-11e0-9d87-001cc4c03286.html |title=Obama, recognize us – St. Louis American: Letters To The Editor |publisher=Stlamerican.com |date=9 March 2011 |access-date=2012-07-11 |archive-date=13 September 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913202500/http://www.stlamerican.com/reader_interaction/letters_to_the_editor/article_a906f9d6-4a8f-11e0-9d87-001cc4c03286.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region13 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | pop13 = 18,000 | ref13 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf |title=The Kingdom of the Netherlands: Bilateral relations: Diaspora |publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119175140/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> | region14 = {{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}} | pop14 = 17,823 | ref14 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |title=5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения |publisher=National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic |year=2011 |language=ru |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219092904/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2012 }}</ref> | region15 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} | pop15 = 15,219 | ref15 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer,property=file.xls |title=Foreign population on 31.12.2006 by citizenship and selected characteristics |publisher=Federal Statistical Office (Destatis) |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116074931/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer%2Cproperty%3Dfile.xls |archive-date=16 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region16 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} | pop16 = 7,000 | ref16 = <ref name="BQ">{{cite web|url=http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|title=UAE´s population – by nationality|work=BQ Magazine|date=12 April 2015|access-date=13 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711160839/http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|archive-date=11 July 2015}}</ref> | region17 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | pop17 = 6,425 | ref17 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census – 25% Sample Data|year=2016|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=6 November 2017|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026161129/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|url-status=live}} In the 2016 census, 2,280 people indicated 'Azeri'/'Azerbaijani' as a single response and 4,145 as part of multiple origins.</ref> | region18 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | pop18 = 6,220 | ref18 = <ref name=ons2011>{{cite web|title=Nationality and country of birth by age, sex and qualifications Jan – Dec 2013 (Excel sheet 60Kb)|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|website=www.ons.gov.uk|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=11 June 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060723/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region19 = {{flagcountry|Belarus}} | pop19 = 5,567 | ref19 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |title=Population Census 2009 |publisher=National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus |access-date=17 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118175907/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> | region20 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}} | pop20 = 2,935 | ref20 = <ref name="Statistics Sweden">{{cite web|title=Foreign born after country of birth and immigration year|url=http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Befolkning/Befolkningens-sammansattning/Befolkningsstatistik/25788/25795/Helarsstatistik---Riket/385479/}} Statistics Sweden.</ref> | region21 = {{flagcountry|Latvia}} | pop21 = 1,657 | ref21 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|title=Accession to the European Union and National Integration in Estonia and Latvia|author=Poleshchuk, Vadim|date=March 2001|access-date=18 January 2012|quote=232 citizens|publisher=European Center for Minority Issues|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302212931/http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|archive-date=2 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region22 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} | pop22 = 1,036 | ref22 = <ref>[https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx Azerbaijan country brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618103730/https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx |date=18 June 2019 }}. NB According to the 2016 census, 1,036 people living in Australia identified themselves as of Azeri ancestry. Retrieved 18 June 2019.</ref> | region23 = {{flagcountry|Austria}} | pop23 = 1,000 | ref23 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf |publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=The Republic of Austria: Bilateral relations |access-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308180802/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region24 = {{flagcountry|Estonia}} | pop24 = 940 | ref24 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|title=Population Census of 2011|publisher=Statistics Estonia|access-date=10 November 2018|archive-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000011/http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|url-status=dead}} Select "Azerbaijani" under "Ethnic nationality".</ref> | region25 = {{flagcountry|Norway}} | pop25 = 806 | ref25 = <ref name="Statistics Canada">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|title=2020-03-09|website=ssb.no|access-date=3 January 2021|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117201818/https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|url-status=live}}</ref> | region26 = {{flagcountry|Lithuania}} | pop26 = 648 | ref26 = <ref name=litstats>{{cite web|url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|title=Population by ethnicity in 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001 and 2011|publisher=Lithuanian Department of Statistics|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-date=13 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313110843/https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|url-status=live}}</ref> | region27 = {{flagcountry|Italy}} | pop27 = 552 | ref27 = <ref>http://demo.istat.it/str2019/index.html Italian National Institute of Statistics| (ISTAT) - Foreign resident population in 2019</ref> | languages = {{hlist|[[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]]}} | religions = Predominantly [[Shia Islam]], minority [[Sunni Islam]] an [[Bahá'í Faith]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king |url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king/page/79 79]|title=Azerbaijan|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|access-date=18 March 2015|isbn=9780761420118|last1=King|first1=David C.|year=2006}}</ref> | related_groups = [[Turkis fowk]],<ref name="golden">{{cite book|author=Golden, Peter B.|year=1992|title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold|url-access=limited|publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|isbn=978-3-447-03274-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold/page/n395 385]–386}}</ref> [[Turkmen fowk]]<ref>Ismail Zardabli. ''Ethnic and political history of Azerbaijan''. Rossendale Books. 2018. p.35 "... the ancestors of Azerbaijanis and Turkmens are the tribes that lived in these territories."</ref> }} '''Azerbaijani fowk''' or '''Azerbaijanis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|z|ər|b|aɪ|ˈ|dʒ|æ|n|i|,_|-|ɑː|n|i}}; {{lang-az|Azərbaycanlılar}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}}) or ({{lang|az-Arab|آذریلر}}), forby kent as '''Azerbaijani Turks''' ({{lang-az|Azərbaycan Türkləri}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجان تۆرکلری}}),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|title=Soviet Asian ethnic frontiers|first1=William O.|last1=MacCagg|first2=Brian D.|last2=Silver|date=10 May 1979|publisher=Pergamon Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780080246376|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225104/https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|title=Iran: Political Development in a Changing Society|first=Leonard|last=Binder|date=10 May 1962|publisher=University of California Press|via=Google Books|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225124/https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|title=World Regional Geography|first=Joseph J.|last=Hobbs|date=13 March 2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0495389507|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225105/https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|url-status=live}}</ref> are a [[naition]] an [[ethnic group]] native tae the [[Caucasus]] region. They are a [[Turkic fowks|Turkic fowk]] livin mainly in [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|northwastren Iran]] an in the sovereign [[Azerbaijan|Republic o Azerbaijan]], wi a mixed cultural heritage, includin [[Turkic fowks|Turkic]], [[Caucasian fowks|Caucasian]], [[Iranian fowks|Iranian]] elements.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="Suny">{{cite journal|author=Suny, Ronald Grigor|date=July–August 1988|title=What Happened in Soviet Armenia?|journal=Middle East Report|issue=153, Islam and the State|pages=37–40|doi=10.2307/3012134|jstor=3012134}} "The Albanians in the eastern plain leading down to the Caspian Sea mixed wi the Turkish population and eventually became Muslims." "...while the eastern Transcaucasian countryside was home to a very large Turkic-speakin Muslim population. The Russians referred to them as Tartars, but we now consider them Azerbaijanis, a distinct people wi their own language and culture."</ref><ref name="Cornell_2015">{{cite book|author=Svante E. Cornell|title=Azerbaijan Since Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|date=20 May 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47621-4|pages=5–7|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517094253/https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|url-status=live}} "If native Caucasian, Iranian, and Turkic populations - amang others - dominated Azerbaijan from the fourth century CE onwards, the Turkic element would grow increasingly dominant in linguistic terms, while the Persian element retained strong cultural and religious influence." "Following the Seljuk great power period, the Turkic element in Azerbaijan was further strengthened by migrations during the Mongol onslaught of the thirteenth century and the subsequent domination by the Turkmen Qaraqoyunlu and Aq-qoyunlu dynasties."</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara A. West|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA68|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7|page=68|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624165755/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA68|url-status=live}}</ref> They are the seicont-maist numerous ethnic group amang the Turkic-speakin fowk efter [[Turkis fowk]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people|title=Azerbaijani {{!}} people|newspaper=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-11-03|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref> an are predominantly [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia & Eurasia Facts & Figures Annual|author=Robertson, Lawrence R.|year=2002|publisher=Academic International Press|isbn=978-0-87569-199-2|page=210|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320162646/http://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> They comprise the lairgest ethnic group in the Republic o Azerbaijan an the seicont-lairgest ethnic group in neighbourin [[Iran]] an [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=2014 General Population Census|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> They speak the [[Azerbaijani leid]], belongin tae the [[Oghuz leids|Oghuz]] brainch o the [[Turkic leids|Turkic]] [[leid family|leid faimily]]. Acause o wide-rangin an lang-lastin [[Azerbaijani diaspora|diaspora]], an estimatit tot o 4 million fowk o fou or pairtial Azerbaijani ancestry live ootwi Azerbaijan an Iran, maist notably in [[Azerbaijanis in Roushie|Roushie]], [[Azerbaijani American|Unitit States]], [[Azerbaijanis in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Azerbaijanis in Ukraine|Ukraine]], [[Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] an ither [[Azerbaijani diaspora in Europe|pairts o Europe]]'' ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Azerbaijani people}} [[Category:Azerbaijani fowk| ]] [[Category:Turkic fowks]] [[Category:History o the Turkic fowks]] [[Category:Fowks o the Caucasus]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Roushie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Arab League]] 91h81js6boqa3wjz0hx9iyemh6f47ma 928142 928141 2026-11-12T00:54:13Z Atlantic306 30244 removed archive today 928142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = '''Azerbaijani fowk''' or '''Azerbaijanis''' | native_name = {{lang|az|Azərbaycanlılar}}<br />{{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}} | image = Azerigirls.JPG | image_caption = Azerbaijani girls in traditional dresses | population = {{circa}} 30–35 million (2002)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35|title=The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East|author=Sela, Avraham|publisher=Continuum|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8264-1413-7|page=197|quote=30–35 million|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225103/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35|url-status=live}}</ref> | region1 = {{flagcountry|Iran}} | pop1 = 15 million <small>(Encyclopædia Britannica)<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people|title=Azerbaijani (people)|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=18 December 2019|date=|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref></small><br />10.9–15 million <small>(CIA World Factbook,<ref name="CIA Iran">{{cite web | title=Iran | website=CIA World Factbook | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ | access-date=1 September 2012 | archive-date=2024-05-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505102855/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Knüppel,<ref name="16mil">{{cite encyclopedia | first=Michael | last=Knüppel | title=Turkic languages of Persia: an overview | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica | url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-languages-overview | quote=Altogether, one-sixth of today's Iranian population is turcophone or bilingual (Persian and Turkic; see Doerfer, 1969, p. 13) | date= | access-date=1 September 2012 | archive-date=21 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053354/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-languages-overview | url-status=live }}</ref> Ethnologue,<ref name="10.9mil">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|title=Iran|website=Ethnologue|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904065634/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|url-status=live}}</ref> Swietochowski)</small><ref name="16mil3">Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C. (1999). Historical dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|0-8108-3550-9}}. "15 million (1999)"</ref><br />12–18.5 million <small> (e.g. Elling,<ref name="18mil">Elling, Rasmus Christian. Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Excerpt: "The number of Azeris in Iran is heavily disputed. In 2005, Amanolahi estimated all Turkic-speaking communities in Iran to number no more than 9 million. CIA and Library of congress estimates range from 16 to 24 percent—that is, 12–18 million people if we employ the latest total figure for Iran's population (77.8 million). Azeri ethnicsts, on the other hand, argue that overall number is much higher, even as much as 50 percent or more of the total population. Such inflated estimates may have influenced some Western scholars who suggest that up to 30 percent (that is, some 23 million today) Iranians are Azeris." [https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405065114/http://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA |date=5 April 2015 }}</ref> Gheissari)</small><ref name="Criticism">* Ali Gheissari, "Contemporary Iran:Economy, Society, Politics: Economy, Society, Politics", Oxford University Press, 2 April 2009. pg 300Azeri ethnonationalist activist, however, claim that number to be 24 million, hence as high as 35 percent of the Iranian population"</ref><br />6–6.5 million <small>(Arakelova)</small><ref name="Arakelova">{{Cite journal|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|jstor = 43899203|last1 = Arakelova|first1 = Victoria|title = On the Number of Iranian Turkophones|journal = Iran & the Caucasus|year = 2015|volume = 19|issue = 3|pages = 279–282|doi = 10.1163/1573384X-20150306|access-date = 18 September 2020|archive-date = 4 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225107/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|url-status = live}}</ref> | region2 = {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}} | pop2 = 8,172,800<ref>[https://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/ap/?lang=en Azerbaijan Republic | Population by ethnic groups] stat.gov.az</ref> | ref2 = <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171042/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |date=27 January 2021 }} 91,6% of 9,900,000, ''World Fact Book''</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|Russia}} | pop3 = 603,070 | ref3 = <ref name="Russian Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Итоги переписи |work=2010 census |year=2012 |publisher=Russian Federation State Statistics Service |access-date=24 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424113952/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |archive-date=24 April 2012 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2013-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011922/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="Leeuw">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|title=Azerbaijan: a quest for identity : a short history|author=van der Leeuw, Charles|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-21903-1|page=19|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320173346/http://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|url-status=live}}</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}} | pop4 = 530,000–800,000 | ref4 = <ref name="Leeuw"/> | region5 = {{flagcountry|Georgia}} | pop5 = 233,178 | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|work=2014 census|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805if_/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region7 = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}} | pop7 = 85,292 | ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/DocLib1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82.%20%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%202009%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf |title=Population by national and/or ethnic group, sex and urban/rural residence (2009 census) |publisher=Agency for the Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan |access-date=15 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616182454if_/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/DocLib1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82.%20%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%202009%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2012}}</ref> | region8 = {{flagcountry|France}} | pop8 = 70,000 | ref8 = <ref>{{cite news |last=İlhamqızı |first=Sevda |date=2 October 2007 |title=Gələn ilin sonuna qədər dünyada yaşayan azərbaycanlıların sayı və məskunlaşma coğrafiyasına dair xəritə hazırlanacaq |url=http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html |language=az |work=Trend News Agency |location=Baku |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202205358/http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} | pop9 = 45,176 | ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001 |work=Ukraine Census 2001 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |archive-date=17 December 2011 }}</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}} | pop10 = 44,400 | ref10 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html |title=The National Structure of the Republic of Uzbekistan |year=1989 |publisher=Umid World |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223090542/http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html |archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref> | region11 = {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}} | pop11 = 33,365 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite journal|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14 |script-title=ru:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР |journal=Демоскоп Weekly |language=ru |issue=493–494 |date=1–22 January 2012 |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314043707/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14 |archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> | region12 = {{flagcountry|United States}} | pop12 = 24,377–400,000 | ref12 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.az/articles/5620 |title=Azerbaijani-American Council rpartners with U.S. Census Bureau |publisher=News.Az |date=28 December 2009 |access-date=2012-07-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407043029/http://www.news.az/articles/5620 |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref><ref>http://www.azeris.org/images/proclamations/May28_BrooklynNY_2011.JPG{{dead link|date=October 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | region13 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | pop13 = 18,000 | ref13 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf |title=The Kingdom of the Netherlands: Bilateral relations: Diaspora |publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119175140/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> | region14 = {{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}} | pop14 = 17,823 | ref14 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |title=5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения |publisher=National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic |year=2011 |language=ru |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219092904/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2012 }}</ref> | region15 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} | pop15 = 15,219 | ref15 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer,property=file.xls |title=Foreign population on 31.12.2006 by citizenship and selected characteristics |publisher=Federal Statistical Office (Destatis) |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116074931/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer%2Cproperty%3Dfile.xls |archive-date=16 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region16 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} | pop16 = 7,000 | ref16 = <ref name="BQ">{{cite web|url=http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|title=UAE´s population – by nationality|work=BQ Magazine|date=12 April 2015|access-date=13 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711160839/http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|archive-date=11 July 2015}}</ref> | region17 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | pop17 = 6,425 | ref17 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census – 25% Sample Data|year=2016|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=6 November 2017|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026161129/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|url-status=live}} In the 2016 census, 2,280 people indicated 'Azeri'/'Azerbaijani' as a single response and 4,145 as part of multiple origins.</ref> | region18 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | pop18 = 6,220 | ref18 = <ref name=ons2011>{{cite web|title=Nationality and country of birth by age, sex and qualifications Jan – Dec 2013 (Excel sheet 60Kb)|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|website=www.ons.gov.uk|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=11 June 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060723/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region19 = {{flagcountry|Belarus}} | pop19 = 5,567 | ref19 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |title=Population Census 2009 |publisher=National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus |access-date=17 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118175907/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> | region20 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}} | pop20 = 2,935 | ref20 = <ref name="Statistics Sweden">{{cite web|title=Foreign born after country of birth and immigration year|url=http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Befolkning/Befolkningens-sammansattning/Befolkningsstatistik/25788/25795/Helarsstatistik---Riket/385479/}} Statistics Sweden.</ref> | region21 = {{flagcountry|Latvia}} | pop21 = 1,657 | ref21 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|title=Accession to the European Union and National Integration in Estonia and Latvia|author=Poleshchuk, Vadim|date=March 2001|access-date=18 January 2012|quote=232 citizens|publisher=European Center for Minority Issues|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302212931/http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|archive-date=2 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region22 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} | pop22 = 1,036 | ref22 = <ref>[https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx Azerbaijan country brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618103730/https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx |date=18 June 2019 }}. NB According to the 2016 census, 1,036 people living in Australia identified themselves as of Azeri ancestry. Retrieved 18 June 2019.</ref> | region23 = {{flagcountry|Austria}} | pop23 = 1,000 | ref23 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf |publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=The Republic of Austria: Bilateral relations |access-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308180802/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region24 = {{flagcountry|Estonia}} | pop24 = 940 | ref24 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|title=Population Census of 2011|publisher=Statistics Estonia|access-date=10 November 2018|archive-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000011/http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|url-status=dead}} Select "Azerbaijani" under "Ethnic nationality".</ref> | region25 = {{flagcountry|Norway}} | pop25 = 806 | ref25 = <ref name="Statistics Canada">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|title=2020-03-09|website=ssb.no|access-date=3 January 2021|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117201818/https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|url-status=live}}</ref> | region26 = {{flagcountry|Lithuania}} | pop26 = 648 | ref26 = <ref name=litstats>{{cite web|url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|title=Population by ethnicity in 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001 and 2011|publisher=Lithuanian Department of Statistics|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-date=13 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313110843/https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|url-status=live}}</ref> | region27 = {{flagcountry|Italy}} | pop27 = 552 | ref27 = <ref>http://demo.istat.it/str2019/index.html Italian National Institute of Statistics| (ISTAT) - Foreign resident population in 2019</ref> | languages = {{hlist|[[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]]}} | religions = Predominantly [[Shia Islam]], minority [[Sunni Islam]] an [[Bahá'í Faith]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king |url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king/page/79 79]|title=Azerbaijan|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|access-date=18 March 2015|isbn=9780761420118|last1=King|first1=David C.|year=2006}}</ref> | related_groups = [[Turkis fowk]],<ref name="golden">{{cite book|author=Golden, Peter B.|year=1992|title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold|url-access=limited|publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|isbn=978-3-447-03274-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold/page/n395 385]–386}}</ref> [[Turkmen fowk]]<ref>Ismail Zardabli. ''Ethnic and political history of Azerbaijan''. Rossendale Books. 2018. p.35 "... the ancestors of Azerbaijanis and Turkmens are the tribes that lived in these territories."</ref> }} '''Azerbaijani fowk''' or '''Azerbaijanis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|z|ər|b|aɪ|ˈ|dʒ|æ|n|i|,_|-|ɑː|n|i}}; {{lang-az|Azərbaycanlılar}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}}) or ({{lang|az-Arab|آذریلر}}), forby kent as '''Azerbaijani Turks''' ({{lang-az|Azərbaycan Türkləri}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجان تۆرکلری}}),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|title=Soviet Asian ethnic frontiers|first1=William O.|last1=MacCagg|first2=Brian D.|last2=Silver|date=10 May 1979|publisher=Pergamon Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780080246376|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225104/https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|title=Iran: Political Development in a Changing Society|first=Leonard|last=Binder|date=10 May 1962|publisher=University of California Press|via=Google Books|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225124/https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|title=World Regional Geography|first=Joseph J.|last=Hobbs|date=13 March 2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0495389507|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225105/https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|url-status=live}}</ref> are a [[naition]] an [[ethnic group]] native tae the [[Caucasus]] region. They are a [[Turkic fowks|Turkic fowk]] livin mainly in [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|northwastren Iran]] an in the sovereign [[Azerbaijan|Republic o Azerbaijan]], wi a mixed cultural heritage, includin [[Turkic fowks|Turkic]], [[Caucasian fowks|Caucasian]], [[Iranian fowks|Iranian]] elements.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="Suny">{{cite journal|author=Suny, Ronald Grigor|date=July–August 1988|title=What Happened in Soviet Armenia?|journal=Middle East Report|issue=153, Islam and the State|pages=37–40|doi=10.2307/3012134|jstor=3012134}} "The Albanians in the eastern plain leading down to the Caspian Sea mixed wi the Turkish population and eventually became Muslims." "...while the eastern Transcaucasian countryside was home to a very large Turkic-speakin Muslim population. The Russians referred to them as Tartars, but we now consider them Azerbaijanis, a distinct people wi their own language and culture."</ref><ref name="Cornell_2015">{{cite book|author=Svante E. Cornell|title=Azerbaijan Since Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|date=20 May 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47621-4|pages=5–7|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517094253/https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|url-status=live}} "If native Caucasian, Iranian, and Turkic populations - amang others - dominated Azerbaijan from the fourth century CE onwards, the Turkic element would grow increasingly dominant in linguistic terms, while the Persian element retained strong cultural and religious influence." "Following the Seljuk great power period, the Turkic element in Azerbaijan was further strengthened by migrations during the Mongol onslaught of the thirteenth century and the subsequent domination by the Turkmen Qaraqoyunlu and Aq-qoyunlu dynasties."</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara A. West|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA68|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7|page=68|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624165755/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA68|url-status=live}}</ref> They are the seicont-maist numerous ethnic group amang the Turkic-speakin fowk efter [[Turkis fowk]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people|title=Azerbaijani {{!}} people|newspaper=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-11-03|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref> an are predominantly [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia & Eurasia Facts & Figures Annual|author=Robertson, Lawrence R.|year=2002|publisher=Academic International Press|isbn=978-0-87569-199-2|page=210|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320162646/http://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> They comprise the lairgest ethnic group in the Republic o Azerbaijan an the seicont-lairgest ethnic group in neighbourin [[Iran]] an [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=2014 General Population Census|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> They speak the [[Azerbaijani leid]], belongin tae the [[Oghuz leids|Oghuz]] brainch o the [[Turkic leids|Turkic]] [[leid family|leid faimily]]. Acause o wide-rangin an lang-lastin [[Azerbaijani diaspora|diaspora]], an estimatit tot o 4 million fowk o fou or pairtial Azerbaijani ancestry live ootwi Azerbaijan an Iran, maist notably in [[Azerbaijanis in Roushie|Roushie]], [[Azerbaijani American|Unitit States]], [[Azerbaijanis in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Azerbaijanis in Ukraine|Ukraine]], [[Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] an ither [[Azerbaijani diaspora in Europe|pairts o Europe]]'' ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Azerbaijani people}} [[Category:Azerbaijani fowk| ]] [[Category:Turkic fowks]] [[Category:History o the Turkic fowks]] [[Category:Fowks o the Caucasus]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Roushie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Arab League]] 3hi536eiatimjzw2f1hn4z7k3qy4zkq 928143 928142 2026-11-12T00:58:30Z Atlantic306 30244 removed unrecoverable dead link 928143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = '''Azerbaijani fowk''' or '''Azerbaijanis''' | native_name = {{lang|az|Azərbaycanlılar}}<br />{{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}} | image = Azerigirls.JPG | image_caption = Azerbaijani girls in traditional dresses | population = {{circa}} 30–35 million (2002)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35|title=The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East|author=Sela, Avraham|publisher=Continuum|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8264-1413-7|page=197|quote=30–35 million|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225103/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35|url-status=live}}</ref> | region1 = {{flagcountry|Iran}} | pop1 = 15 million <small>(Encyclopædia Britannica)<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people|title=Azerbaijani (people)|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=18 December 2019|date=|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref></small><br />10.9–15 million <small>(CIA World Factbook,<ref name="CIA Iran">{{cite web | title=Iran | website=CIA World Factbook | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ | access-date=1 September 2012 | archive-date=2024-05-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505102855/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Knüppel,<ref name="16mil">{{cite encyclopedia | first=Michael | last=Knüppel | title=Turkic languages of Persia: an overview | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica | url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-languages-overview | quote=Altogether, one-sixth of today's Iranian population is turcophone or bilingual (Persian and Turkic; see Doerfer, 1969, p. 13) | date= | access-date=1 September 2012 | archive-date=21 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053354/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-languages-overview | url-status=live }}</ref> Ethnologue,<ref name="10.9mil">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|title=Iran|website=Ethnologue|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904065634/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|url-status=live}}</ref> Swietochowski)</small><ref name="16mil3">Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C. (1999). Historical dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|0-8108-3550-9}}. "15 million (1999)"</ref><br />12–18.5 million <small> (e.g. Elling,<ref name="18mil">Elling, Rasmus Christian. Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Excerpt: "The number of Azeris in Iran is heavily disputed. In 2005, Amanolahi estimated all Turkic-speaking communities in Iran to number no more than 9 million. CIA and Library of congress estimates range from 16 to 24 percent—that is, 12–18 million people if we employ the latest total figure for Iran's population (77.8 million). Azeri ethnicsts, on the other hand, argue that overall number is much higher, even as much as 50 percent or more of the total population. Such inflated estimates may have influenced some Western scholars who suggest that up to 30 percent (that is, some 23 million today) Iranians are Azeris." [https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405065114/http://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA |date=5 April 2015 }}</ref> Gheissari)</small><ref name="Criticism">* Ali Gheissari, "Contemporary Iran:Economy, Society, Politics: Economy, Society, Politics", Oxford University Press, 2 April 2009. pg 300Azeri ethnonationalist activist, however, claim that number to be 24 million, hence as high as 35 percent of the Iranian population"</ref><br />6–6.5 million <small>(Arakelova)</small><ref name="Arakelova">{{Cite journal|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|jstor = 43899203|last1 = Arakelova|first1 = Victoria|title = On the Number of Iranian Turkophones|journal = Iran & the Caucasus|year = 2015|volume = 19|issue = 3|pages = 279–282|doi = 10.1163/1573384X-20150306|access-date = 18 September 2020|archive-date = 4 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225107/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|url-status = live}}</ref> | region2 = {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}} | pop2 = 8,172,800<ref>[https://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/ap/?lang=en Azerbaijan Republic | Population by ethnic groups] stat.gov.az</ref> | ref2 = <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171042/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |date=27 January 2021 }} 91,6% of 9,900,000, ''World Fact Book''</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|Russia}} | pop3 = 603,070 | ref3 = <ref name="Russian Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Итоги переписи |work=2010 census |year=2012 |publisher=Russian Federation State Statistics Service |access-date=24 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424113952/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |archive-date=24 April 2012 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2013-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011922/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="Leeuw">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|title=Azerbaijan: a quest for identity : a short history|author=van der Leeuw, Charles|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-21903-1|page=19|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320173346/http://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|url-status=live}}</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}} | pop4 = 530,000–800,000 | ref4 = <ref name="Leeuw"/> | region5 = {{flagcountry|Georgia}} | pop5 = 233,178 | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|work=2014 census|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805if_/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region7 = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}} | pop7 = 85,292 | ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/DocLib1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82.%20%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%202009%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf |title=Population by national and/or ethnic group, sex and urban/rural residence (2009 census) |publisher=Agency for the Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan |access-date=15 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616182454if_/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/DocLib1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82.%20%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%202009%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2012}}</ref> | region8 = {{flagcountry|France}} | pop8 = 70,000 | ref8 = <ref>{{cite news |last=İlhamqızı |first=Sevda |date=2 October 2007 |title=Gələn ilin sonuna qədər dünyada yaşayan azərbaycanlıların sayı və məskunlaşma coğrafiyasına dair xəritə hazırlanacaq |url=http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html |language=az |work=Trend News Agency |location=Baku |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202205358/http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} | pop9 = 45,176 | ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001 |work=Ukraine Census 2001 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |archive-date=17 December 2011 }}</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}} | pop10 = 44,400 | ref10 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html |title=The National Structure of the Republic of Uzbekistan |year=1989 |publisher=Umid World |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223090542/http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html |archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref> | region11 = {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}} | pop11 = 33,365 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite journal|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14 |script-title=ru:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР |journal=Демоскоп Weekly |language=ru |issue=493–494 |date=1–22 January 2012 |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314043707/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14 |archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> | region12 = {{flagcountry|United States}} | pop12 = 24,377–400,000 | ref12 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.az/articles/5620 |title=Azerbaijani-American Council rpartners with U.S. Census Bureau |publisher=News.Az |date=28 December 2009 |access-date=2012-07-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407043029/http://www.news.az/articles/5620 |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> | region13 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | pop13 = 18,000 | ref13 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf |title=The Kingdom of the Netherlands: Bilateral relations: Diaspora |publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119175140/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> | region14 = {{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}} | pop14 = 17,823 | ref14 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |title=5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения |publisher=National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic |year=2011 |language=ru |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219092904/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2012 }}</ref> | region15 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} | pop15 = 15,219 | ref15 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer,property=file.xls |title=Foreign population on 31.12.2006 by citizenship and selected characteristics |publisher=Federal Statistical Office (Destatis) |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116074931/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer%2Cproperty%3Dfile.xls |archive-date=16 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region16 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} | pop16 = 7,000 | ref16 = <ref name="BQ">{{cite web|url=http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|title=UAE´s population – by nationality|work=BQ Magazine|date=12 April 2015|access-date=13 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711160839/http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|archive-date=11 July 2015}}</ref> | region17 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | pop17 = 6,425 | ref17 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census – 25% Sample Data|year=2016|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=6 November 2017|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026161129/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|url-status=live}} In the 2016 census, 2,280 people indicated 'Azeri'/'Azerbaijani' as a single response and 4,145 as part of multiple origins.</ref> | region18 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | pop18 = 6,220 | ref18 = <ref name=ons2011>{{cite web|title=Nationality and country of birth by age, sex and qualifications Jan – Dec 2013 (Excel sheet 60Kb)|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|website=www.ons.gov.uk|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=11 June 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060723/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region19 = {{flagcountry|Belarus}} | pop19 = 5,567 | ref19 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |title=Population Census 2009 |publisher=National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus |access-date=17 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118175907/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> | region20 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}} | pop20 = 2,935 | ref20 = <ref name="Statistics Sweden">{{cite web|title=Foreign born after country of birth and immigration year|url=http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Befolkning/Befolkningens-sammansattning/Befolkningsstatistik/25788/25795/Helarsstatistik---Riket/385479/}} Statistics Sweden.</ref> | region21 = {{flagcountry|Latvia}} | pop21 = 1,657 | ref21 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|title=Accession to the European Union and National Integration in Estonia and Latvia|author=Poleshchuk, Vadim|date=March 2001|access-date=18 January 2012|quote=232 citizens|publisher=European Center for Minority Issues|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302212931/http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|archive-date=2 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region22 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} | pop22 = 1,036 | ref22 = <ref>[https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx Azerbaijan country brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618103730/https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx |date=18 June 2019 }}. NB According to the 2016 census, 1,036 people living in Australia identified themselves as of Azeri ancestry. Retrieved 18 June 2019.</ref> | region23 = {{flagcountry|Austria}} | pop23 = 1,000 | ref23 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf |publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=The Republic of Austria: Bilateral relations |access-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308180802/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region24 = {{flagcountry|Estonia}} | pop24 = 940 | ref24 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|title=Population Census of 2011|publisher=Statistics Estonia|access-date=10 November 2018|archive-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000011/http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|url-status=dead}} Select "Azerbaijani" under "Ethnic nationality".</ref> | region25 = {{flagcountry|Norway}} | pop25 = 806 | ref25 = <ref name="Statistics Canada">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|title=2020-03-09|website=ssb.no|access-date=3 January 2021|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117201818/https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|url-status=live}}</ref> | region26 = {{flagcountry|Lithuania}} | pop26 = 648 | ref26 = <ref name=litstats>{{cite web|url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|title=Population by ethnicity in 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001 and 2011|publisher=Lithuanian Department of Statistics|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-date=13 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313110843/https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|url-status=live}}</ref> | region27 = {{flagcountry|Italy}} | pop27 = 552 | ref27 = <ref>http://demo.istat.it/str2019/index.html Italian National Institute of Statistics| (ISTAT) - Foreign resident population in 2019</ref> | languages = {{hlist|[[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]]}} | religions = Predominantly [[Shia Islam]], minority [[Sunni Islam]] an [[Bahá'í Faith]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king |url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king/page/79 79]|title=Azerbaijan|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|access-date=18 March 2015|isbn=9780761420118|last1=King|first1=David C.|year=2006}}</ref> | related_groups = [[Turkis fowk]],<ref name="golden">{{cite book|author=Golden, Peter B.|year=1992|title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold|url-access=limited|publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|isbn=978-3-447-03274-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold/page/n395 385]–386}}</ref> [[Turkmen fowk]]<ref>Ismail Zardabli. ''Ethnic and political history of Azerbaijan''. Rossendale Books. 2018. p.35 "... the ancestors of Azerbaijanis and Turkmens are the tribes that lived in these territories."</ref> }} '''Azerbaijani fowk''' or '''Azerbaijanis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|z|ər|b|aɪ|ˈ|dʒ|æ|n|i|,_|-|ɑː|n|i}}; {{lang-az|Azərbaycanlılar}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}}) or ({{lang|az-Arab|آذریلر}}), forby kent as '''Azerbaijani Turks''' ({{lang-az|Azərbaycan Türkləri}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجان تۆرکلری}}),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|title=Soviet Asian ethnic frontiers|first1=William O.|last1=MacCagg|first2=Brian D.|last2=Silver|date=10 May 1979|publisher=Pergamon Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780080246376|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225104/https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|title=Iran: Political Development in a Changing Society|first=Leonard|last=Binder|date=10 May 1962|publisher=University of California Press|via=Google Books|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225124/https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|title=World Regional Geography|first=Joseph J.|last=Hobbs|date=13 March 2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0495389507|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225105/https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|url-status=live}}</ref> are a [[naition]] an [[ethnic group]] native tae the [[Caucasus]] region. They are a [[Turkic fowks|Turkic fowk]] livin mainly in [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|northwastren Iran]] an in the sovereign [[Azerbaijan|Republic o Azerbaijan]], wi a mixed cultural heritage, includin [[Turkic fowks|Turkic]], [[Caucasian fowks|Caucasian]], [[Iranian fowks|Iranian]] elements.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="Suny">{{cite journal|author=Suny, Ronald Grigor|date=July–August 1988|title=What Happened in Soviet Armenia?|journal=Middle East Report|issue=153, Islam and the State|pages=37–40|doi=10.2307/3012134|jstor=3012134}} "The Albanians in the eastern plain leading down to the Caspian Sea mixed wi the Turkish population and eventually became Muslims." "...while the eastern Transcaucasian countryside was home to a very large Turkic-speakin Muslim population. The Russians referred to them as Tartars, but we now consider them Azerbaijanis, a distinct people wi their own language and culture."</ref><ref name="Cornell_2015">{{cite book|author=Svante E. Cornell|title=Azerbaijan Since Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|date=20 May 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47621-4|pages=5–7|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517094253/https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|url-status=live}} "If native Caucasian, Iranian, and Turkic populations - amang others - dominated Azerbaijan from the fourth century CE onwards, the Turkic element would grow increasingly dominant in linguistic terms, while the Persian element retained strong cultural and religious influence." "Following the Seljuk great power period, the Turkic element in Azerbaijan was further strengthened by migrations during the Mongol onslaught of the thirteenth century and the subsequent domination by the Turkmen Qaraqoyunlu and Aq-qoyunlu dynasties."</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara A. West|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA68|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7|page=68|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624165755/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA68|url-status=live}}</ref> They are the seicont-maist numerous ethnic group amang the Turkic-speakin fowk efter [[Turkis fowk]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people|title=Azerbaijani {{!}} people|newspaper=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-11-03|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref> an are predominantly [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia & Eurasia Facts & Figures Annual|author=Robertson, Lawrence R.|year=2002|publisher=Academic International Press|isbn=978-0-87569-199-2|page=210|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320162646/http://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> They comprise the lairgest ethnic group in the Republic o Azerbaijan an the seicont-lairgest ethnic group in neighbourin [[Iran]] an [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=2014 General Population Census|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> They speak the [[Azerbaijani leid]], belongin tae the [[Oghuz leids|Oghuz]] brainch o the [[Turkic leids|Turkic]] [[leid family|leid faimily]]. Acause o wide-rangin an lang-lastin [[Azerbaijani diaspora|diaspora]], an estimatit tot o 4 million fowk o fou or pairtial Azerbaijani ancestry live ootwi Azerbaijan an Iran, maist notably in [[Azerbaijanis in Roushie|Roushie]], [[Azerbaijani American|Unitit States]], [[Azerbaijanis in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Azerbaijanis in Ukraine|Ukraine]], [[Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] an ither [[Azerbaijani diaspora in Europe|pairts o Europe]]'' ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Azerbaijani people}} [[Category:Azerbaijani fowk| ]] [[Category:Turkic fowks]] [[Category:History o the Turkic fowks]] [[Category:Fowks o the Caucasus]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Roushie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Arab League]] 3rlavxs7dk8w3u9knidaie9ns016pv6 928144 928143 2026-11-12T01:00:15Z Atlantic306 30244 fixed reference 928144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = '''Azerbaijani fowk''' or '''Azerbaijanis''' | native_name = {{lang|az|Azərbaycanlılar}}<br />{{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}} | image = Azerigirls.JPG | image_caption = Azerbaijani girls in traditional dresses | population = {{circa}} 30–35 million (2002)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35|title=The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East|author=Sela, Avraham|publisher=Continuum|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8264-1413-7|page=197|quote=30–35 million|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225103/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35|url-status=live}}</ref> | region1 = {{flagcountry|Iran}} | pop1 = 15 million <small>(Encyclopædia Britannica)<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people|title=Azerbaijani (people)|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=18 December 2019|date=|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref></small><br />10.9–15 million <small>(CIA World Factbook,<ref name="CIA Iran">{{cite web | title=Iran | website=CIA World Factbook | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ | access-date=1 September 2012 | archive-date=2024-05-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505102855/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Knüppel,<ref name="16mil">{{cite encyclopedia | first=Michael | last=Knüppel | title=Turkic languages of Persia: an overview | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica | url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-languages-overview | quote=Altogether, one-sixth of today's Iranian population is turcophone or bilingual (Persian and Turkic; see Doerfer, 1969, p. 13) | date= | access-date=1 September 2012 | archive-date=21 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053354/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-languages-overview | url-status=live }}</ref> Ethnologue,<ref name="10.9mil">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|title=Iran|website=Ethnologue|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904065634/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|url-status=live}}</ref> Swietochowski)</small><ref name="16mil3">Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C. (1999). Historical dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|0-8108-3550-9}}. "15 million (1999)"</ref><br />12–18.5 million <small> (e.g. Elling,<ref name="18mil">Elling, Rasmus Christian. Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Excerpt: "The number of Azeris in Iran is heavily disputed. In 2005, Amanolahi estimated all Turkic-speaking communities in Iran to number no more than 9 million. CIA and Library of congress estimates range from 16 to 24 percent—that is, 12–18 million people if we employ the latest total figure for Iran's population (77.8 million). Azeri ethnicsts, on the other hand, argue that overall number is much higher, even as much as 50 percent or more of the total population. Such inflated estimates may have influenced some Western scholars who suggest that up to 30 percent (that is, some 23 million today) Iranians are Azeris." [https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405065114/http://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA |date=5 April 2015 }}</ref> Gheissari)</small><ref name="Criticism">* Ali Gheissari, "Contemporary Iran:Economy, Society, Politics: Economy, Society, Politics", Oxford University Press, 2 April 2009. pg 300Azeri ethnonationalist activist, however, claim that number to be 24 million, hence as high as 35 percent of the Iranian population"</ref><br />6–6.5 million <small>(Arakelova)</small><ref name="Arakelova">{{Cite journal|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|jstor = 43899203|last1 = Arakelova|first1 = Victoria|title = On the Number of Iranian Turkophones|journal = Iran & the Caucasus|year = 2015|volume = 19|issue = 3|pages = 279–282|doi = 10.1163/1573384X-20150306|access-date = 18 September 2020|archive-date = 4 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225107/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|url-status = live}}</ref> | region2 = {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}} | pop2 = 8,172,800<ref>[https://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/ap/?lang=en Azerbaijan Republic | Population by ethnic groups] stat.gov.az</ref> | ref2 = <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171042/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |date=27 January 2021 }} 91,6% of 9,900,000, ''World Fact Book''</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|Russia}} | pop3 = 603,070 | ref3 = <ref name="Russian Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Итоги переписи |work=2010 census |year=2012 |publisher=Russian Federation State Statistics Service |access-date=24 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424113952/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |archive-date=24 April 2012 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2013-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011922/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="Leeuw">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|title=Azerbaijan: a quest for identity : a short history|author=van der Leeuw, Charles|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-21903-1|page=19|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320173346/http://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|url-status=live}}</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}} | pop4 = 530,000–800,000 | ref4 = <ref name="Leeuw"/> | region5 = {{flagcountry|Georgia}} | pop5 = 233,178 | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|work=2014 census|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805if_/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region7 = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}} | pop7 = 85,292 | ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/DocLib1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82.%20%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%202009%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf |title=Population by national and/or ethnic group, sex and urban/rural residence (2009 census) |publisher=Agency for the Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan |access-date=15 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616182454if_/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/DocLib1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82.%20%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%202009%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2012}}</ref> | region8 = {{flagcountry|France}} | pop8 = 70,000 | ref8 = <ref>{{cite news |last=İlhamqızı |first=Sevda |date=2 October 2007 |title=Gələn ilin sonuna qədər dünyada yaşayan azərbaycanlıların sayı və məskunlaşma coğrafiyasına dair xəritə hazırlanacaq |url=http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html |language=az |work=Trend News Agency |location=Baku |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202205358/http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} | pop9 = 45,176 | ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001 |work=Ukraine Census 2001 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |archive-date=17 December 2011 }}</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}} | pop10 = 44,400 | ref10 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html |title=The National Structure of the Republic of Uzbekistan |year=1989 |publisher=Umid World |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223090542/http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html |archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref> | region11 = {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}} | pop11 = 33,365 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite journal|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14 |script-title=ru:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР |journal=Демоскоп Weekly |language=ru |issue=493–494 |date=1–22 January 2012 |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314043707/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14 |archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> | region12 = {{flagcountry|United States}} | pop12 = 24,377–400,000 | ref12 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.az/articles/5620 |title=Azerbaijani-American Council rpartners with U.S. Census Bureau |publisher=News.Az |date=28 December 2009 |access-date=2012-07-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407043029/http://www.news.az/articles/5620 |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> | region13 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | pop13 = 18,000 | ref13 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf |title=The Kingdom of the Netherlands: Bilateral relations: Diaspora |publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119175140if_/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> | region14 = {{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}} | pop14 = 17,823 | ref14 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |title=5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения |publisher=National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic |year=2011 |language=ru |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219092904if_/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2012 }}</ref> | region15 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} | pop15 = 15,219 | ref15 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer,property=file.xls |title=Foreign population on 31.12.2006 by citizenship and selected characteristics |publisher=Federal Statistical Office (Destatis) |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116074931/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer%2Cproperty%3Dfile.xls |archive-date=16 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region16 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} | pop16 = 7,000 | ref16 = <ref name="BQ">{{cite web|url=http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|title=UAE´s population – by nationality|work=BQ Magazine|date=12 April 2015|access-date=13 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711160839/http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|archive-date=11 July 2015}}</ref> | region17 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | pop17 = 6,425 | ref17 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census – 25% Sample Data|year=2016|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=6 November 2017|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026161129/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|url-status=live}} In the 2016 census, 2,280 people indicated 'Azeri'/'Azerbaijani' as a single response and 4,145 as part of multiple origins.</ref> | region18 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | pop18 = 6,220 | ref18 = <ref name=ons2011>{{cite web|title=Nationality and country of birth by age, sex and qualifications Jan – Dec 2013 (Excel sheet 60Kb)|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|website=www.ons.gov.uk|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=11 June 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060723/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region19 = {{flagcountry|Belarus}} | pop19 = 5,567 | ref19 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |title=Population Census 2009 |publisher=National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus |access-date=17 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118175907/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> | region20 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}} | pop20 = 2,935 | ref20 = <ref name="Statistics Sweden">{{cite web|title=Foreign born after country of birth and immigration year|url=http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Befolkning/Befolkningens-sammansattning/Befolkningsstatistik/25788/25795/Helarsstatistik---Riket/385479/}} Statistics Sweden.</ref> | region21 = {{flagcountry|Latvia}} | pop21 = 1,657 | ref21 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|title=Accession to the European Union and National Integration in Estonia and Latvia|author=Poleshchuk, Vadim|date=March 2001|access-date=18 January 2012|quote=232 citizens|publisher=European Center for Minority Issues|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302212931/http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|archive-date=2 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region22 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} | pop22 = 1,036 | ref22 = <ref>[https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx Azerbaijan country brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618103730/https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx |date=18 June 2019 }}. NB According to the 2016 census, 1,036 people living in Australia identified themselves as of Azeri ancestry. Retrieved 18 June 2019.</ref> | region23 = {{flagcountry|Austria}} | pop23 = 1,000 | ref23 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf |publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=The Republic of Austria: Bilateral relations |access-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308180802/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region24 = {{flagcountry|Estonia}} | pop24 = 940 | ref24 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|title=Population Census of 2011|publisher=Statistics Estonia|access-date=10 November 2018|archive-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000011/http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|url-status=dead}} Select "Azerbaijani" under "Ethnic nationality".</ref> | region25 = {{flagcountry|Norway}} | pop25 = 806 | ref25 = <ref name="Statistics Canada">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|title=2020-03-09|website=ssb.no|access-date=3 January 2021|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117201818/https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|url-status=live}}</ref> | region26 = {{flagcountry|Lithuania}} | pop26 = 648 | ref26 = <ref name=litstats>{{cite web|url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|title=Population by ethnicity in 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001 and 2011|publisher=Lithuanian Department of Statistics|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-date=13 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313110843/https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|url-status=live}}</ref> | region27 = {{flagcountry|Italy}} | pop27 = 552 | ref27 = <ref>http://demo.istat.it/str2019/index.html Italian National Institute of Statistics| (ISTAT) - Foreign resident population in 2019</ref> | languages = {{hlist|[[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]]}} | religions = Predominantly [[Shia Islam]], minority [[Sunni Islam]] an [[Bahá'í Faith]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king |url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king/page/79 79]|title=Azerbaijan|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|access-date=18 March 2015|isbn=9780761420118|last1=King|first1=David C.|year=2006}}</ref> | related_groups = [[Turkis fowk]],<ref name="golden">{{cite book|author=Golden, Peter B.|year=1992|title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold|url-access=limited|publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|isbn=978-3-447-03274-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold/page/n395 385]–386}}</ref> [[Turkmen fowk]]<ref>Ismail Zardabli. ''Ethnic and political history of Azerbaijan''. Rossendale Books. 2018. p.35 "... the ancestors of Azerbaijanis and Turkmens are the tribes that lived in these territories."</ref> }} '''Azerbaijani fowk''' or '''Azerbaijanis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|z|ər|b|aɪ|ˈ|dʒ|æ|n|i|,_|-|ɑː|n|i}}; {{lang-az|Azərbaycanlılar}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}}) or ({{lang|az-Arab|آذریلر}}), forby kent as '''Azerbaijani Turks''' ({{lang-az|Azərbaycan Türkləri}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجان تۆرکلری}}),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|title=Soviet Asian ethnic frontiers|first1=William O.|last1=MacCagg|first2=Brian D.|last2=Silver|date=10 May 1979|publisher=Pergamon Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780080246376|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225104/https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|title=Iran: Political Development in a Changing Society|first=Leonard|last=Binder|date=10 May 1962|publisher=University of California Press|via=Google Books|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225124/https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|title=World Regional Geography|first=Joseph J.|last=Hobbs|date=13 March 2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0495389507|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225105/https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|url-status=live}}</ref> are a [[naition]] an [[ethnic group]] native tae the [[Caucasus]] region. They are a [[Turkic fowks|Turkic fowk]] livin mainly in [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|northwastren Iran]] an in the sovereign [[Azerbaijan|Republic o Azerbaijan]], wi a mixed cultural heritage, includin [[Turkic fowks|Turkic]], [[Caucasian fowks|Caucasian]], [[Iranian fowks|Iranian]] elements.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="Suny">{{cite journal|author=Suny, Ronald Grigor|date=July–August 1988|title=What Happened in Soviet Armenia?|journal=Middle East Report|issue=153, Islam and the State|pages=37–40|doi=10.2307/3012134|jstor=3012134}} "The Albanians in the eastern plain leading down to the Caspian Sea mixed wi the Turkish population and eventually became Muslims." "...while the eastern Transcaucasian countryside was home to a very large Turkic-speakin Muslim population. The Russians referred to them as Tartars, but we now consider them Azerbaijanis, a distinct people wi their own language and culture."</ref><ref name="Cornell_2015">{{cite book|author=Svante E. Cornell|title=Azerbaijan Since Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|date=20 May 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47621-4|pages=5–7|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517094253/https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|url-status=live}} "If native Caucasian, Iranian, and Turkic populations - amang others - dominated Azerbaijan from the fourth century CE onwards, the Turkic element would grow increasingly dominant in linguistic terms, while the Persian element retained strong cultural and religious influence." "Following the Seljuk great power period, the Turkic element in Azerbaijan was further strengthened by migrations during the Mongol onslaught of the thirteenth century and the subsequent domination by the Turkmen Qaraqoyunlu and Aq-qoyunlu dynasties."</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara A. West|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA68|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7|page=68|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624165755/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA68|url-status=live}}</ref> They are the seicont-maist numerous ethnic group amang the Turkic-speakin fowk efter [[Turkis fowk]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people|title=Azerbaijani {{!}} people|newspaper=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-11-03|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref> an are predominantly [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia & Eurasia Facts & Figures Annual|author=Robertson, Lawrence R.|year=2002|publisher=Academic International Press|isbn=978-0-87569-199-2|page=210|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320162646/http://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> They comprise the lairgest ethnic group in the Republic o Azerbaijan an the seicont-lairgest ethnic group in neighbourin [[Iran]] an [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=2014 General Population Census|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> They speak the [[Azerbaijani leid]], belongin tae the [[Oghuz leids|Oghuz]] brainch o the [[Turkic leids|Turkic]] [[leid family|leid faimily]]. Acause o wide-rangin an lang-lastin [[Azerbaijani diaspora|diaspora]], an estimatit tot o 4 million fowk o fou or pairtial Azerbaijani ancestry live ootwi Azerbaijan an Iran, maist notably in [[Azerbaijanis in Roushie|Roushie]], [[Azerbaijani American|Unitit States]], [[Azerbaijanis in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Azerbaijanis in Ukraine|Ukraine]], [[Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] an ither [[Azerbaijani diaspora in Europe|pairts o Europe]]'' ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Azerbaijani people}} [[Category:Azerbaijani fowk| ]] [[Category:Turkic fowks]] [[Category:History o the Turkic fowks]] [[Category:Fowks o the Caucasus]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Roushie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Arab League]] njoi7n75bak2pr9y87qwq650mt6p3r1 928145 928144 2026-11-12T01:04:23Z Atlantic306 30244 fixed reference 928145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = '''Azerbaijani fowk''' or '''Azerbaijanis''' | native_name = {{lang|az|Azərbaycanlılar}}<br />{{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}} | image = Azerigirls.JPG | image_caption = Azerbaijani girls in traditional dresses | population = {{circa}} 30–35 million (2002)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35|title=The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East|author=Sela, Avraham|publisher=Continuum|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8264-1413-7|page=197|quote=30–35 million|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225103/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35|url-status=live}}</ref> | region1 = {{flagcountry|Iran}} | pop1 = 15 million <small>(Encyclopædia Britannica)<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people|title=Azerbaijani (people)|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=18 December 2019|date=|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref></small><br />10.9–15 million <small>(CIA World Factbook,<ref name="CIA Iran">{{cite web | title=Iran | website=CIA World Factbook | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ | access-date=1 September 2012 | archive-date=2024-05-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505102855/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Knüppel,<ref name="16mil">{{cite encyclopedia | first=Michael | last=Knüppel | title=Turkic languages of Persia: an overview | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica | url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-languages-overview | quote=Altogether, one-sixth of today's Iranian population is turcophone or bilingual (Persian and Turkic; see Doerfer, 1969, p. 13) | date= | access-date=1 September 2012 | archive-date=21 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053354/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-languages-overview | url-status=live }}</ref> Ethnologue,<ref name="10.9mil">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|title=Iran|website=Ethnologue|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904065634/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|url-status=live}}</ref> Swietochowski)</small><ref name="16mil3">Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C. (1999). Historical dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|0-8108-3550-9}}. "15 million (1999)"</ref><br />12–18.5 million <small> (e.g. Elling,<ref name="18mil">Elling, Rasmus Christian. Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Excerpt: "The number of Azeris in Iran is heavily disputed. In 2005, Amanolahi estimated all Turkic-speaking communities in Iran to number no more than 9 million. CIA and Library of congress estimates range from 16 to 24 percent—that is, 12–18 million people if we employ the latest total figure for Iran's population (77.8 million). Azeri ethnicsts, on the other hand, argue that overall number is much higher, even as much as 50 percent or more of the total population. Such inflated estimates may have influenced some Western scholars who suggest that up to 30 percent (that is, some 23 million today) Iranians are Azeris." [https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405065114/http://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA |date=5 April 2015 }}</ref> Gheissari)</small><ref name="Criticism">* Ali Gheissari, "Contemporary Iran:Economy, Society, Politics: Economy, Society, Politics", Oxford University Press, 2 April 2009. pg 300Azeri ethnonationalist activist, however, claim that number to be 24 million, hence as high as 35 percent of the Iranian population"</ref><br />6–6.5 million <small>(Arakelova)</small><ref name="Arakelova">{{Cite journal|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|jstor = 43899203|last1 = Arakelova|first1 = Victoria|title = On the Number of Iranian Turkophones|journal = Iran & the Caucasus|year = 2015|volume = 19|issue = 3|pages = 279–282|doi = 10.1163/1573384X-20150306|access-date = 18 September 2020|archive-date = 4 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225107/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|url-status = live}}</ref> | region2 = {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}} | pop2 = 8,172,800<ref>[https://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/ap/?lang=en Azerbaijan Republic | Population by ethnic groups] stat.gov.az</ref> | ref2 = <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171042/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |date=27 January 2021 }} 91,6% of 9,900,000, ''World Fact Book''</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|Russia}} | pop3 = 603,070 | ref3 = <ref name="Russian Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Итоги переписи |work=2010 census |year=2012 |publisher=Russian Federation State Statistics Service |access-date=24 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424113952/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |archive-date=24 April 2012 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2013-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011922/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="Leeuw">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|title=Azerbaijan: a quest for identity : a short history|author=van der Leeuw, Charles|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-21903-1|page=19|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320173346/http://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|url-status=live}}</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}} | pop4 = 530,000–800,000 | ref4 = <ref name="Leeuw"/> | region5 = {{flagcountry|Georgia}} | pop5 = 233,178 | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|work=2014 census|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805if_/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region7 = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}} | pop7 = 85,292 | ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/DocLib1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82.%20%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%202009%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf |title=Population by national and/or ethnic group, sex and urban/rural residence (2009 census) |publisher=Agency for the Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan |access-date=15 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616182454if_/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/DocLib1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82.%20%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%202009%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2012}}</ref> | region8 = {{flagcountry|France}} | pop8 = 70,000 | ref8 = <ref>{{cite news |last=İlhamqızı |first=Sevda |date=2 October 2007 |title=Gələn ilin sonuna qədər dünyada yaşayan azərbaycanlıların sayı və məskunlaşma coğrafiyasına dair xəritə hazırlanacaq |url=http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html |language=az |work=Trend News Agency |location=Baku |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202205358/http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} | pop9 = 45,176 | ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001 |work=Ukraine Census 2001 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |archive-date=17 December 2011 }}</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}} | pop10 = 44,400 | ref10 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html |title=The National Structure of the Republic of Uzbekistan |year=1989 |publisher=Umid World |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223090542/http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html |archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref> | region11 = {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}} | pop11 = 33,365 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite journal|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14 |script-title=ru:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР |journal=Демоскоп Weekly |language=ru |issue=493–494 |date=1–22 January 2012 |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314043707/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14 |archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> | region12 = {{flagcountry|United States}} | pop12 = 24,377–400,000 | ref12 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.az/articles/5620 |title=Azerbaijani-American Council rpartners with U.S. Census Bureau |publisher=News.Az |date=28 December 2009 |access-date=2012-07-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407043029/http://www.news.az/articles/5620 |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> | region13 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | pop13 = 18,000 | ref13 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf |title=The Kingdom of the Netherlands: Bilateral relations: Diaspora |publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119175140if_/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> | region14 = {{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}} | pop14 = 17,823 | ref14 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |title=5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения |publisher=National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic |year=2011 |language=ru |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219092904if_/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2012 }}</ref> | region15 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} | pop15 = 15,219 | ref15 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer,property=file.xls |title=Foreign population on 31.12.2006 by citizenship and selected characteristics |publisher=Federal Statistical Office (Destatis) |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116074931/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer%2Cproperty%3Dfile.xls |archive-date=16 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region16 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} | pop16 = 7,000 | ref16 = <ref name="BQ">{{cite web|url=http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|title=UAE´s population – by nationality|work=BQ Magazine|date=12 April 2015|access-date=13 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711160839/http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|archive-date=11 July 2015}}</ref> | region17 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | pop17 = 6,425 | ref17 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census – 25% Sample Data|year=2016|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=6 November 2017|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026161129/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|url-status=live}} In the 2016 census, 2,280 people indicated 'Azeri'/'Azerbaijani' as a single response and 4,145 as part of multiple origins.</ref> | region18 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | pop18 = 6,220 | ref18 = <ref name=ons2011>{{cite web|title=Nationality and country of birth by age, sex and qualifications Jan – Dec 2013 (Excel sheet 60Kb)|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|website=www.ons.gov.uk|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=11 June 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060723/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region19 = {{flagcountry|Belarus}} | pop19 = 5,567 | ref19 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |title=Population Census 2009 |publisher=National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus |access-date=17 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118175907if_/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> | region20 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}} | pop20 = 2,935 | ref20 = <ref name="Statistics Sweden">{{cite web|title=Foreign born after country of birth and immigration year|url=http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Befolkning/Befolkningens-sammansattning/Befolkningsstatistik/25788/25795/Helarsstatistik---Riket/385479/}} Statistics Sweden.</ref> | region21 = {{flagcountry|Latvia}} | pop21 = 1,657 | ref21 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|title=Accession to the European Union and National Integration in Estonia and Latvia|author=Poleshchuk, Vadim|date=March 2001|access-date=18 January 2012|quote=232 citizens|publisher=European Center for Minority Issues|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302212931if_/http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|archive-date=2 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region22 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} | pop22 = 1,036 | ref22 = <ref>[https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx Azerbaijan country brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618103730/https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx |date=18 June 2019 }}. NB According to the 2016 census, 1,036 people living in Australia identified themselves as of Azeri ancestry. Retrieved 18 June 2019.</ref> | region23 = {{flagcountry|Austria}} | pop23 = 1,000 | ref23 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf |publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=The Republic of Austria: Bilateral relations |access-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308180802/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region24 = {{flagcountry|Estonia}} | pop24 = 940 | ref24 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|title=Population Census of 2011|publisher=Statistics Estonia|access-date=10 November 2018|archive-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000011/http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|url-status=dead}} Select "Azerbaijani" under "Ethnic nationality".</ref> | region25 = {{flagcountry|Norway}} | pop25 = 806 | ref25 = <ref name="Statistics Canada">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|title=2020-03-09|website=ssb.no|access-date=3 January 2021|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117201818/https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|url-status=live}}</ref> | region26 = {{flagcountry|Lithuania}} | pop26 = 648 | ref26 = <ref name=litstats>{{cite web|url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|title=Population by ethnicity in 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001 and 2011|publisher=Lithuanian Department of Statistics|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-date=13 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313110843/https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|url-status=live}}</ref> | region27 = {{flagcountry|Italy}} | pop27 = 552 | ref27 = <ref>http://demo.istat.it/str2019/index.html Italian National Institute of Statistics| (ISTAT) - Foreign resident population in 2019</ref> | languages = {{hlist|[[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]]}} | religions = Predominantly [[Shia Islam]], minority [[Sunni Islam]] an [[Bahá'í Faith]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king |url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king/page/79 79]|title=Azerbaijan|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|access-date=18 March 2015|isbn=9780761420118|last1=King|first1=David C.|year=2006}}</ref> | related_groups = [[Turkis fowk]],<ref name="golden">{{cite book|author=Golden, Peter B.|year=1992|title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold|url-access=limited|publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|isbn=978-3-447-03274-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold/page/n395 385]–386}}</ref> [[Turkmen fowk]]<ref>Ismail Zardabli. ''Ethnic and political history of Azerbaijan''. Rossendale Books. 2018. p.35 "... the ancestors of Azerbaijanis and Turkmens are the tribes that lived in these territories."</ref> }} '''Azerbaijani fowk''' or '''Azerbaijanis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|z|ər|b|aɪ|ˈ|dʒ|æ|n|i|,_|-|ɑː|n|i}}; {{lang-az|Azərbaycanlılar}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}}) or ({{lang|az-Arab|آذریلر}}), forby kent as '''Azerbaijani Turks''' ({{lang-az|Azərbaycan Türkləri}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجان تۆرکلری}}),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|title=Soviet Asian ethnic frontiers|first1=William O.|last1=MacCagg|first2=Brian D.|last2=Silver|date=10 May 1979|publisher=Pergamon Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780080246376|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225104/https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|title=Iran: Political Development in a Changing Society|first=Leonard|last=Binder|date=10 May 1962|publisher=University of California Press|via=Google Books|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225124/https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|title=World Regional Geography|first=Joseph J.|last=Hobbs|date=13 March 2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0495389507|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225105/https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|url-status=live}}</ref> are a [[naition]] an [[ethnic group]] native tae the [[Caucasus]] region. They are a [[Turkic fowks|Turkic fowk]] livin mainly in [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|northwastren Iran]] an in the sovereign [[Azerbaijan|Republic o Azerbaijan]], wi a mixed cultural heritage, includin [[Turkic fowks|Turkic]], [[Caucasian fowks|Caucasian]], [[Iranian fowks|Iranian]] elements.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="Suny">{{cite journal|author=Suny, Ronald Grigor|date=July–August 1988|title=What Happened in Soviet Armenia?|journal=Middle East Report|issue=153, Islam and the State|pages=37–40|doi=10.2307/3012134|jstor=3012134}} "The Albanians in the eastern plain leading down to the Caspian Sea mixed wi the Turkish population and eventually became Muslims." "...while the eastern Transcaucasian countryside was home to a very large Turkic-speakin Muslim population. The Russians referred to them as Tartars, but we now consider them Azerbaijanis, a distinct people wi their own language and culture."</ref><ref name="Cornell_2015">{{cite book|author=Svante E. Cornell|title=Azerbaijan Since Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|date=20 May 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47621-4|pages=5–7|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517094253/https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|url-status=live}} "If native Caucasian, Iranian, and Turkic populations - amang others - dominated Azerbaijan from the fourth century CE onwards, the Turkic element would grow increasingly dominant in linguistic terms, while the Persian element retained strong cultural and religious influence." "Following the Seljuk great power period, the Turkic element in Azerbaijan was further strengthened by migrations during the Mongol onslaught of the thirteenth century and the subsequent domination by the Turkmen Qaraqoyunlu and Aq-qoyunlu dynasties."</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara A. West|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA68|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7|page=68|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624165755/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA68|url-status=live}}</ref> They are the seicont-maist numerous ethnic group amang the Turkic-speakin fowk efter [[Turkis fowk]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people|title=Azerbaijani {{!}} people|newspaper=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-11-03|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref> an are predominantly [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia & Eurasia Facts & Figures Annual|author=Robertson, Lawrence R.|year=2002|publisher=Academic International Press|isbn=978-0-87569-199-2|page=210|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320162646/http://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> They comprise the lairgest ethnic group in the Republic o Azerbaijan an the seicont-lairgest ethnic group in neighbourin [[Iran]] an [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=2014 General Population Census|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> They speak the [[Azerbaijani leid]], belongin tae the [[Oghuz leids|Oghuz]] brainch o the [[Turkic leids|Turkic]] [[leid family|leid faimily]]. Acause o wide-rangin an lang-lastin [[Azerbaijani diaspora|diaspora]], an estimatit tot o 4 million fowk o fou or pairtial Azerbaijani ancestry live ootwi Azerbaijan an Iran, maist notably in [[Azerbaijanis in Roushie|Roushie]], [[Azerbaijani American|Unitit States]], [[Azerbaijanis in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Azerbaijanis in Ukraine|Ukraine]], [[Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] an ither [[Azerbaijani diaspora in Europe|pairts o Europe]]'' ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Azerbaijani people}} [[Category:Azerbaijani fowk| ]] [[Category:Turkic fowks]] [[Category:History o the Turkic fowks]] [[Category:Fowks o the Caucasus]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Roushie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Arab League]] f5a066wlydgi5dx7pb3oy6fds9b0j85 928146 928145 2026-11-12T01:10:30Z Atlantic306 30244 fixed reference 928146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = '''Azerbaijani fowk''' or '''Azerbaijanis''' | native_name = {{lang|az|Azərbaycanlılar}}<br />{{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}} | image = Azerigirls.JPG | image_caption = Azerbaijani girls in traditional dresses | population = {{circa}} 30–35 million (2002)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35|title=The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East|author=Sela, Avraham|publisher=Continuum|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8264-1413-7|page=197|quote=30–35 million|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225103/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35|url-status=live}}</ref> | region1 = {{flagcountry|Iran}} | pop1 = 15 million <small>(Encyclopædia Britannica)<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people|title=Azerbaijani (people)|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=18 December 2019|date=|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref></small><br />10.9–15 million <small>(CIA World Factbook,<ref name="CIA Iran">{{cite web | title=Iran | website=CIA World Factbook | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ | access-date=1 September 2012 | archive-date=2024-05-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505102855/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Knüppel,<ref name="16mil">{{cite encyclopedia | first=Michael | last=Knüppel | title=Turkic languages of Persia: an overview | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica | url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-languages-overview | quote=Altogether, one-sixth of today's Iranian population is turcophone or bilingual (Persian and Turkic; see Doerfer, 1969, p. 13) | date= | access-date=1 September 2012 | archive-date=21 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053354/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-languages-overview | url-status=live }}</ref> Ethnologue,<ref name="10.9mil">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|title=Iran|website=Ethnologue|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904065634/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|url-status=live}}</ref> Swietochowski)</small><ref name="16mil3">Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C. (1999). Historical dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|0-8108-3550-9}}. "15 million (1999)"</ref><br />12–18.5 million <small> (e.g. Elling,<ref name="18mil">Elling, Rasmus Christian. Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Excerpt: "The number of Azeris in Iran is heavily disputed. In 2005, Amanolahi estimated all Turkic-speaking communities in Iran to number no more than 9 million. CIA and Library of congress estimates range from 16 to 24 percent—that is, 12–18 million people if we employ the latest total figure for Iran's population (77.8 million). Azeri ethnicsts, on the other hand, argue that overall number is much higher, even as much as 50 percent or more of the total population. Such inflated estimates may have influenced some Western scholars who suggest that up to 30 percent (that is, some 23 million today) Iranians are Azeris." [https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405065114/http://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA |date=5 April 2015 }}</ref> Gheissari)</small><ref name="Criticism">* Ali Gheissari, "Contemporary Iran:Economy, Society, Politics: Economy, Society, Politics", Oxford University Press, 2 April 2009. pg 300Azeri ethnonationalist activist, however, claim that number to be 24 million, hence as high as 35 percent of the Iranian population"</ref><br />6–6.5 million <small>(Arakelova)</small><ref name="Arakelova">{{Cite journal|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|jstor = 43899203|last1 = Arakelova|first1 = Victoria|title = On the Number of Iranian Turkophones|journal = Iran & the Caucasus|year = 2015|volume = 19|issue = 3|pages = 279–282|doi = 10.1163/1573384X-20150306|access-date = 18 September 2020|archive-date = 4 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225107/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|url-status = live}}</ref> | region2 = {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}} | pop2 = 8,172,800<ref>[https://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/ap/?lang=en Azerbaijan Republic | Population by ethnic groups] stat.gov.az</ref> | ref2 = <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171042/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |date=27 January 2021 }} 91,6% of 9,900,000, ''World Fact Book''</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|Russia}} | pop3 = 603,070 | ref3 = <ref name="Russian Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Итоги переписи |work=2010 census |year=2012 |publisher=Russian Federation State Statistics Service |access-date=24 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424113952/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |archive-date=24 April 2012 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2013-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011922/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="Leeuw">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|title=Azerbaijan: a quest for identity : a short history|author=van der Leeuw, Charles|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-21903-1|page=19|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320173346/http://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|url-status=live}}</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}} | pop4 = 530,000–800,000 | ref4 = <ref name="Leeuw"/> | region5 = {{flagcountry|Georgia}} | pop5 = 233,178 | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|work=2014 census|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805if_/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region7 = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}} | pop7 = 85,292 | ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/DocLib1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82.%20%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%202009%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf |title=Population by national and/or ethnic group, sex and urban/rural residence (2009 census) |publisher=Agency for the Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan |access-date=15 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616182454if_/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/DocLib1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82.%20%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%202009%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2012}}</ref> | region8 = {{flagcountry|France}} | pop8 = 70,000 | ref8 = <ref>{{cite news |last=İlhamqızı |first=Sevda |date=2 October 2007 |title=Gələn ilin sonuna qədər dünyada yaşayan azərbaycanlıların sayı və məskunlaşma coğrafiyasına dair xəritə hazırlanacaq |url=http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html |language=az |work=Trend News Agency |location=Baku |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202205358/http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} | pop9 = 45,176 | ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001 |work=Ukraine Census 2001 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |archive-date=17 December 2011 }}</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}} | pop10 = 44,400 | ref10 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html |title=The National Structure of the Republic of Uzbekistan |year=1989 |publisher=Umid World |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223090542/http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html |archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref> | region11 = {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}} | pop11 = 33,365 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite journal|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14 |script-title=ru:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР |journal=Демоскоп Weekly |language=ru |issue=493–494 |date=1–22 January 2012 |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314043707/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14 |archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> | region12 = {{flagcountry|United States}} | pop12 = 24,377–400,000 | ref12 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.az/articles/5620 |title=Azerbaijani-American Council rpartners with U.S. Census Bureau |publisher=News.Az |date=28 December 2009 |access-date=2012-07-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407043029/http://www.news.az/articles/5620 |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> | region13 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | pop13 = 18,000 | ref13 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf |title=The Kingdom of the Netherlands: Bilateral relations: Diaspora |publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119175140if_/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> | region14 = {{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}} | pop14 = 17,823 | ref14 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |title=5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения |publisher=National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic |year=2011 |language=ru |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219092904if_/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2012 }}</ref> | region15 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} | pop15 = 15,219 | ref15 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer,property=file.xls |title=Foreign population on 31.12.2006 by citizenship and selected characteristics |publisher=Federal Statistical Office (Destatis) |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116074931/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer%2Cproperty%3Dfile.xls |archive-date=16 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region16 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} | pop16 = 7,000 | ref16 = <ref name="BQ">{{cite web|url=http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|title=UAE´s population – by nationality|work=BQ Magazine|date=12 April 2015|access-date=13 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711160839/http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|archive-date=11 July 2015}}</ref> | region17 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | pop17 = 6,425 | ref17 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census – 25% Sample Data|year=2016|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=6 November 2017|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026161129/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|url-status=live}} In the 2016 census, 2,280 people indicated 'Azeri'/'Azerbaijani' as a single response and 4,145 as part of multiple origins.</ref> | region18 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | pop18 = 6,220 | ref18 = <ref name=ons2011>{{cite web|title=Nationality and country of birth by age, sex and qualifications Jan – Dec 2013 (Excel sheet 60Kb)|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|website=www.ons.gov.uk|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=11 June 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060723/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region19 = {{flagcountry|Belarus}} | pop19 = 5,567 | ref19 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |title=Population Census 2009 |publisher=National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus |access-date=17 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118175907if_/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> | region20 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}} | pop20 = 2,935 | ref20 = <ref name="Statistics Sweden">{{cite web|title=Foreign born after country of birth and immigration year|url=http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Befolkning/Befolkningens-sammansattning/Befolkningsstatistik/25788/25795/Helarsstatistik---Riket/385479/|work=Statistics Sweden|archive-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512015901/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/BE/BE0101/2014A01J/BE0101-Utrikes-fodda-fland-invar.xlsx|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region21 = {{flagcountry|Latvia}} | pop21 = 1,657 | ref21 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|title=Accession to the European Union and National Integration in Estonia and Latvia|author=Poleshchuk, Vadim|date=March 2001|access-date=18 January 2012|quote=232 citizens|publisher=European Center for Minority Issues|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302212931if_/http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|archive-date=2 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region22 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} | pop22 = 1,036 | ref22 = <ref>[https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx Azerbaijan country brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618103730/https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx |date=18 June 2019 }}. NB According to the 2016 census, 1,036 people living in Australia identified themselves as of Azeri ancestry. Retrieved 18 June 2019.</ref> | region23 = {{flagcountry|Austria}} | pop23 = 1,000 | ref23 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf |publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=The Republic of Austria: Bilateral relations |access-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308180802/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region24 = {{flagcountry|Estonia}} | pop24 = 940 | ref24 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|title=Population Census of 2011|publisher=Statistics Estonia|access-date=10 November 2018|archive-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000011/http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|url-status=dead}} Select "Azerbaijani" under "Ethnic nationality".</ref> | region25 = {{flagcountry|Norway}} | pop25 = 806 | ref25 = <ref name="Statistics Canada">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|title=2020-03-09|website=ssb.no|access-date=3 January 2021|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117201818/https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|url-status=live}}</ref> | region26 = {{flagcountry|Lithuania}} | pop26 = 648 | ref26 = <ref name=litstats>{{cite web|url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|title=Population by ethnicity in 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001 and 2011|publisher=Lithuanian Department of Statistics|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-date=13 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313110843/https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|url-status=live}}</ref> | region27 = {{flagcountry|Italy}} | pop27 = 552 | ref27 = <ref>http://demo.istat.it/str2019/index.html Italian National Institute of Statistics| (ISTAT) - Foreign resident population in 2019</ref> | languages = {{hlist|[[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]]}} | religions = Predominantly [[Shia Islam]], minority [[Sunni Islam]] an [[Bahá'í Faith]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king |url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king/page/79 79]|title=Azerbaijan|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|access-date=18 March 2015|isbn=9780761420118|last1=King|first1=David C.|year=2006}}</ref> | related_groups = [[Turkis fowk]],<ref name="golden">{{cite book|author=Golden, Peter B.|year=1992|title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold|url-access=limited|publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|isbn=978-3-447-03274-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold/page/n395 385]–386}}</ref> [[Turkmen fowk]]<ref>Ismail Zardabli. ''Ethnic and political history of Azerbaijan''. Rossendale Books. 2018. p.35 "... the ancestors of Azerbaijanis and Turkmens are the tribes that lived in these territories."</ref> }} '''Azerbaijani fowk''' or '''Azerbaijanis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|z|ər|b|aɪ|ˈ|dʒ|æ|n|i|,_|-|ɑː|n|i}}; {{lang-az|Azərbaycanlılar}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}}) or ({{lang|az-Arab|آذریلر}}), forby kent as '''Azerbaijani Turks''' ({{lang-az|Azərbaycan Türkləri}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجان تۆرکلری}}),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|title=Soviet Asian ethnic frontiers|first1=William O.|last1=MacCagg|first2=Brian D.|last2=Silver|date=10 May 1979|publisher=Pergamon Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780080246376|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225104/https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|title=Iran: Political Development in a Changing Society|first=Leonard|last=Binder|date=10 May 1962|publisher=University of California Press|via=Google Books|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225124/https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|title=World Regional Geography|first=Joseph J.|last=Hobbs|date=13 March 2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0495389507|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225105/https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|url-status=live}}</ref> are a [[naition]] an [[ethnic group]] native tae the [[Caucasus]] region. They are a [[Turkic fowks|Turkic fowk]] livin mainly in [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|northwastren Iran]] an in the sovereign [[Azerbaijan|Republic o Azerbaijan]], wi a mixed cultural heritage, includin [[Turkic fowks|Turkic]], [[Caucasian fowks|Caucasian]], [[Iranian fowks|Iranian]] elements.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="Suny">{{cite journal|author=Suny, Ronald Grigor|date=July–August 1988|title=What Happened in Soviet Armenia?|journal=Middle East Report|issue=153, Islam and the State|pages=37–40|doi=10.2307/3012134|jstor=3012134}} "The Albanians in the eastern plain leading down to the Caspian Sea mixed wi the Turkish population and eventually became Muslims." "...while the eastern Transcaucasian countryside was home to a very large Turkic-speakin Muslim population. The Russians referred to them as Tartars, but we now consider them Azerbaijanis, a distinct people wi their own language and culture."</ref><ref name="Cornell_2015">{{cite book|author=Svante E. Cornell|title=Azerbaijan Since Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|date=20 May 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47621-4|pages=5–7|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517094253/https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|url-status=live}} "If native Caucasian, Iranian, and Turkic populations - amang others - dominated Azerbaijan from the fourth century CE onwards, the Turkic element would grow increasingly dominant in linguistic terms, while the Persian element retained strong cultural and religious influence." "Following the Seljuk great power period, the Turkic element in Azerbaijan was further strengthened by migrations during the Mongol onslaught of the thirteenth century and the subsequent domination by the Turkmen Qaraqoyunlu and Aq-qoyunlu dynasties."</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara A. West|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA68|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7|page=68|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624165755/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA68|url-status=live}}</ref> They are the seicont-maist numerous ethnic group amang the Turkic-speakin fowk efter [[Turkis fowk]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people|title=Azerbaijani {{!}} people|newspaper=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-11-03|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref> an are predominantly [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia & Eurasia Facts & Figures Annual|author=Robertson, Lawrence R.|year=2002|publisher=Academic International Press|isbn=978-0-87569-199-2|page=210|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320162646/http://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> They comprise the lairgest ethnic group in the Republic o Azerbaijan an the seicont-lairgest ethnic group in neighbourin [[Iran]] an [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=2014 General Population Census|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> They speak the [[Azerbaijani leid]], belongin tae the [[Oghuz leids|Oghuz]] brainch o the [[Turkic leids|Turkic]] [[leid family|leid faimily]]. Acause o wide-rangin an lang-lastin [[Azerbaijani diaspora|diaspora]], an estimatit tot o 4 million fowk o fou or pairtial Azerbaijani ancestry live ootwi Azerbaijan an Iran, maist notably in [[Azerbaijanis in Roushie|Roushie]], [[Azerbaijani American|Unitit States]], [[Azerbaijanis in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Azerbaijanis in Ukraine|Ukraine]], [[Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] an ither [[Azerbaijani diaspora in Europe|pairts o Europe]]'' ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Azerbaijani people}} [[Category:Azerbaijani fowk| ]] [[Category:Turkic fowks]] [[Category:History o the Turkic fowks]] [[Category:Fowks o the Caucasus]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Roushie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Arab League]] 5tcov66nz40eyq5jr2jqnz33hca996d 928149 928146 2026-11-12T01:17:22Z Atlantic306 30244 fixed reference 928149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = '''Azerbaijani fowk''' or '''Azerbaijanis''' | native_name = {{lang|az|Azərbaycanlılar}}<br />{{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}} | image = Azerigirls.JPG | image_caption = Azerbaijani girls in traditional dresses | population = {{circa}} 30–35 million (2002)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35|title=The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East|author=Sela, Avraham|publisher=Continuum|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8264-1413-7|page=197|quote=30–35 million|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225103/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35|url-status=live}}</ref> | region1 = {{flagcountry|Iran}} | pop1 = 15 million <small>(Encyclopædia Britannica)<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people|title=Azerbaijani (people)|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=18 December 2019|date=|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref></small><br />10.9–15 million <small>(CIA World Factbook,<ref name="CIA Iran">{{cite web | title=Iran | website=CIA World Factbook | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ | access-date=1 September 2012 | archive-date=2024-05-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505102855/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Knüppel,<ref name="16mil">{{cite encyclopedia | first=Michael | last=Knüppel | title=Turkic languages of Persia: an overview | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica | url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-languages-overview | quote=Altogether, one-sixth of today's Iranian population is turcophone or bilingual (Persian and Turkic; see Doerfer, 1969, p. 13) | date= | access-date=1 September 2012 | archive-date=21 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053354/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-languages-overview | url-status=live }}</ref> Ethnologue,<ref name="10.9mil">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|title=Iran|website=Ethnologue|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904065634/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|url-status=live}}</ref> Swietochowski)</small><ref name="16mil3">Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C. (1999). Historical dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|0-8108-3550-9}}. "15 million (1999)"</ref><br />12–18.5 million <small> (e.g. Elling,<ref name="18mil">Elling, Rasmus Christian. Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Excerpt: "The number of Azeris in Iran is heavily disputed. In 2005, Amanolahi estimated all Turkic-speaking communities in Iran to number no more than 9 million. CIA and Library of congress estimates range from 16 to 24 percent—that is, 12–18 million people if we employ the latest total figure for Iran's population (77.8 million). Azeri ethnicsts, on the other hand, argue that overall number is much higher, even as much as 50 percent or more of the total population. Such inflated estimates may have influenced some Western scholars who suggest that up to 30 percent (that is, some 23 million today) Iranians are Azeris." [https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405065114/http://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA |date=5 April 2015 }}</ref> Gheissari)</small><ref name="Criticism">* Ali Gheissari, "Contemporary Iran:Economy, Society, Politics: Economy, Society, Politics", Oxford University Press, 2 April 2009. pg 300Azeri ethnonationalist activist, however, claim that number to be 24 million, hence as high as 35 percent of the Iranian population"</ref><br />6–6.5 million <small>(Arakelova)</small><ref name="Arakelova">{{Cite journal|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|jstor = 43899203|last1 = Arakelova|first1 = Victoria|title = On the Number of Iranian Turkophones|journal = Iran & the Caucasus|year = 2015|volume = 19|issue = 3|pages = 279–282|doi = 10.1163/1573384X-20150306|access-date = 18 September 2020|archive-date = 4 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225107/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|url-status = live}}</ref> | region2 = {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}} | pop2 = 8,172,800<ref>[https://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/ap/?lang=en Azerbaijan Republic | Population by ethnic groups] stat.gov.az</ref> | ref2 = <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171042/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |date=27 January 2021 }} 91,6% of 9,900,000, ''World Fact Book''</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|Russia}} | pop3 = 603,070 | ref3 = <ref name="Russian Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Итоги переписи |work=2010 census |year=2012 |publisher=Russian Federation State Statistics Service |access-date=24 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424113952/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |archive-date=24 April 2012 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2013-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011922/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="Leeuw">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|title=Azerbaijan: a quest for identity : a short history|author=van der Leeuw, Charles|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-21903-1|page=19|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320173346/http://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|url-status=live}}</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}} | pop4 = 530,000–800,000 | ref4 = <ref name="Leeuw"/> | region5 = {{flagcountry|Georgia}} | pop5 = 233,178 | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|work=2014 census|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805if_/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region7 = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}} | pop7 = 85,292 | ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/DocLib1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82.%20%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%202009%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf |title=Population by national and/or ethnic group, sex and urban/rural residence (2009 census) |publisher=Agency for the Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan |access-date=15 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616182454if_/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/DocLib1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82.%20%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%202009%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2012}}</ref> | region8 = {{flagcountry|France}} | pop8 = 70,000 | ref8 = <ref>{{cite news |last=İlhamqızı |first=Sevda |date=2 October 2007 |title=Gələn ilin sonuna qədər dünyada yaşayan azərbaycanlıların sayı və məskunlaşma coğrafiyasına dair xəritə hazırlanacaq |url=http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html |language=az |work=Trend News Agency |location=Baku |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202205358/http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} | pop9 = 45,176 | ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001 |work=Ukraine Census 2001 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |archive-date=17 December 2011 }}</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}} | pop10 = 44,400 | ref10 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html |title=The National Structure of the Republic of Uzbekistan |year=1989 |publisher=Umid World |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223090542/http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html |archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref> | region11 = {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}} | pop11 = 33,365 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite journal|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14 |script-title=ru:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР |journal=Демоскоп Weekly |language=ru |issue=493–494 |date=1–22 January 2012 |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314043707/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14 |archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> | region12 = {{flagcountry|United States}} | pop12 = 24,377–400,000 | ref12 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.az/articles/5620 |title=Azerbaijani-American Council rpartners with U.S. Census Bureau |publisher=News.Az |date=28 December 2009 |access-date=2012-07-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407043029/http://www.news.az/articles/5620 |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> | region13 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | pop13 = 18,000 | ref13 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf |title=The Kingdom of the Netherlands: Bilateral relations: Diaspora |publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119175140if_/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> | region14 = {{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}} | pop14 = 17,823 | ref14 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |title=5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения |publisher=National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic |year=2011 |language=ru |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219092904if_/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2012 }}</ref> | region15 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} | pop15 = 15,219 | ref15 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer,property=file.xls |title=Foreign population on 31.12.2006 by citizenship and selected characteristics |publisher=Federal Statistical Office (Destatis) |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116074931/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer%2Cproperty%3Dfile.xls |archive-date=16 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region16 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} | pop16 = 7,000 | ref16 = <ref name="BQ">{{cite web|url=http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|title=UAE´s population – by nationality|work=BQ Magazine|date=12 April 2015|access-date=13 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711160839/http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|archive-date=11 July 2015}}</ref> | region17 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | pop17 = 6,425 | ref17 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census – 25% Sample Data|year=2016|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=6 November 2017|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026161129/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|url-status=live}} In the 2016 census, 2,280 people indicated 'Azeri'/'Azerbaijani' as a single response and 4,145 as part of multiple origins.</ref> | region18 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | pop18 = 6,220 | ref18 = <ref name=ons2011>{{cite web|title=Nationality and country of birth by age, sex and qualifications Jan – Dec 2013 (Excel sheet 60Kb)|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|website=www.ons.gov.uk|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=11 June 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060723/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region19 = {{flagcountry|Belarus}} | pop19 = 5,567 | ref19 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |title=Population Census 2009 |publisher=National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus |access-date=17 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118175907if_/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> | region20 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}} | pop20 = 2,935 | ref20 = <ref name="Statistics Sweden">{{cite web|title=Foreign born after country of birth and immigration year|url=http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Befolkning/Befolkningens-sammansattning/Befolkningsstatistik/25788/25795/Helarsstatistik---Riket/385479/|work=Statistics Sweden|archive-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512015901/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/BE/BE0101/2014A01J/BE0101-Utrikes-fodda-fland-invar.xlsx|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region21 = {{flagcountry|Latvia}} | pop21 = 1,657 | ref21 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|title=Accession to the European Union and National Integration in Estonia and Latvia|author=Poleshchuk, Vadim|date=March 2001|access-date=18 January 2012|quote=232 citizens|publisher=European Center for Minority Issues|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302212931if_/http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|archive-date=2 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region22 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} | pop22 = 1,036 | ref22 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx|title=Azerbaijan country brief|work=dfat.gov.au|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618103730/https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx|archive-date=18 June 2019|url-status=dead}} NB According to the 2016 census, 1,036 people living in Australia identified themselves as of Azeri ancestry</ref> | region23 = {{flagcountry|Austria}} | pop23 = 1,000 | ref23 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf |publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=The Republic of Austria: Bilateral relations |access-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308180802if_/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region24 = {{flagcountry|Estonia}} | pop24 = 940 | ref24 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|title=Population Census of 2011|publisher=Statistics Estonia|access-date=10 November 2018|archive-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000011/http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|url-status=dead}} Select "Azerbaijani" under "Ethnic nationality".</ref> | region25 = {{flagcountry|Norway}} | pop25 = 806 | ref25 = <ref name="Statistics Canada">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|title=2020-03-09|website=ssb.no|access-date=3 January 2021|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117201818/https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|url-status=live}}</ref> | region26 = {{flagcountry|Lithuania}} | pop26 = 648 | ref26 = <ref name=litstats>{{cite web|url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|title=Population by ethnicity in 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001 and 2011|publisher=Lithuanian Department of Statistics|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-date=13 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313110843/https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|url-status=live}}</ref> | region27 = {{flagcountry|Italy}} | pop27 = 552 | ref27 = <ref>http://demo.istat.it/str2019/index.html Italian National Institute of Statistics| (ISTAT) - Foreign resident population in 2019</ref> | languages = {{hlist|[[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]]}} | religions = Predominantly [[Shia Islam]], minority [[Sunni Islam]] an [[Bahá'í Faith]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king |url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king/page/79 79]|title=Azerbaijan|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|access-date=18 March 2015|isbn=9780761420118|last1=King|first1=David C.|year=2006}}</ref> | related_groups = [[Turkis fowk]],<ref name="golden">{{cite book|author=Golden, Peter B.|year=1992|title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold|url-access=limited|publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|isbn=978-3-447-03274-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold/page/n395 385]–386}}</ref> [[Turkmen fowk]]<ref>Ismail Zardabli. ''Ethnic and political history of Azerbaijan''. Rossendale Books. 2018. p.35 "... the ancestors of Azerbaijanis and Turkmens are the tribes that lived in these territories."</ref> }} '''Azerbaijani fowk''' or '''Azerbaijanis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|z|ər|b|aɪ|ˈ|dʒ|æ|n|i|,_|-|ɑː|n|i}}; {{lang-az|Azərbaycanlılar}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}}) or ({{lang|az-Arab|آذریلر}}), forby kent as '''Azerbaijani Turks''' ({{lang-az|Azərbaycan Türkləri}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجان تۆرکلری}}),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|title=Soviet Asian ethnic frontiers|first1=William O.|last1=MacCagg|first2=Brian D.|last2=Silver|date=10 May 1979|publisher=Pergamon Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780080246376|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225104/https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|title=Iran: Political Development in a Changing Society|first=Leonard|last=Binder|date=10 May 1962|publisher=University of California Press|via=Google Books|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225124/https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|title=World Regional Geography|first=Joseph J.|last=Hobbs|date=13 March 2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0495389507|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225105/https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|url-status=live}}</ref> are a [[naition]] an [[ethnic group]] native tae the [[Caucasus]] region. They are a [[Turkic fowks|Turkic fowk]] livin mainly in [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|northwastren Iran]] an in the sovereign [[Azerbaijan|Republic o Azerbaijan]], wi a mixed cultural heritage, includin [[Turkic fowks|Turkic]], [[Caucasian fowks|Caucasian]], [[Iranian fowks|Iranian]] elements.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="Suny">{{cite journal|author=Suny, Ronald Grigor|date=July–August 1988|title=What Happened in Soviet Armenia?|journal=Middle East Report|issue=153, Islam and the State|pages=37–40|doi=10.2307/3012134|jstor=3012134}} "The Albanians in the eastern plain leading down to the Caspian Sea mixed wi the Turkish population and eventually became Muslims." "...while the eastern Transcaucasian countryside was home to a very large Turkic-speakin Muslim population. The Russians referred to them as Tartars, but we now consider them Azerbaijanis, a distinct people wi their own language and culture."</ref><ref name="Cornell_2015">{{cite book|author=Svante E. Cornell|title=Azerbaijan Since Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|date=20 May 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47621-4|pages=5–7|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517094253/https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|url-status=live}} "If native Caucasian, Iranian, and Turkic populations - amang others - dominated Azerbaijan from the fourth century CE onwards, the Turkic element would grow increasingly dominant in linguistic terms, while the Persian element retained strong cultural and religious influence." "Following the Seljuk great power period, the Turkic element in Azerbaijan was further strengthened by migrations during the Mongol onslaught of the thirteenth century and the subsequent domination by the Turkmen Qaraqoyunlu and Aq-qoyunlu dynasties."</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara A. West|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA68|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7|page=68|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624165755/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA68|url-status=live}}</ref> They are the seicont-maist numerous ethnic group amang the Turkic-speakin fowk efter [[Turkis fowk]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people|title=Azerbaijani {{!}} people|newspaper=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-11-03|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref> an are predominantly [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia & Eurasia Facts & Figures Annual|author=Robertson, Lawrence R.|year=2002|publisher=Academic International Press|isbn=978-0-87569-199-2|page=210|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320162646/http://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> They comprise the lairgest ethnic group in the Republic o Azerbaijan an the seicont-lairgest ethnic group in neighbourin [[Iran]] an [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=2014 General Population Census|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> They speak the [[Azerbaijani leid]], belongin tae the [[Oghuz leids|Oghuz]] brainch o the [[Turkic leids|Turkic]] [[leid family|leid faimily]]. Acause o wide-rangin an lang-lastin [[Azerbaijani diaspora|diaspora]], an estimatit tot o 4 million fowk o fou or pairtial Azerbaijani ancestry live ootwi Azerbaijan an Iran, maist notably in [[Azerbaijanis in Roushie|Roushie]], [[Azerbaijani American|Unitit States]], [[Azerbaijanis in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Azerbaijanis in Ukraine|Ukraine]], [[Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] an ither [[Azerbaijani diaspora in Europe|pairts o Europe]]'' ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Azerbaijani people}} [[Category:Azerbaijani fowk| ]] [[Category:Turkic fowks]] [[Category:History o the Turkic fowks]] [[Category:Fowks o the Caucasus]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Roushie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Arab League]] m3cjgezrfta60jh4v5w1pvhqymjs6ic 928150 928149 2026-11-12T01:24:32Z Atlantic306 30244 removed unrecoverable dead link 928150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = '''Azerbaijani fowk''' or '''Azerbaijanis''' | native_name = {{lang|az|Azərbaycanlılar}}<br />{{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}} | image = Azerigirls.JPG | image_caption = Azerbaijani girls in traditional dresses | population = {{circa}} 30–35 million (2002)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35|title=The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East|author=Sela, Avraham|publisher=Continuum|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8264-1413-7|page=197|quote=30–35 million|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225103/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35|url-status=live}}</ref> | region1 = {{flagcountry|Iran}} | pop1 = 15 million <small>(Encyclopædia Britannica)<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people|title=Azerbaijani (people)|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=18 December 2019|date=|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref></small><br />10.9–15 million <small>(CIA World Factbook,<ref name="CIA Iran">{{cite web | title=Iran | website=CIA World Factbook | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ | access-date=1 September 2012 | archive-date=2024-05-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505102855/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Knüppel,<ref name="16mil">{{cite encyclopedia | first=Michael | last=Knüppel | title=Turkic languages of Persia: an overview | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica | url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-languages-overview | quote=Altogether, one-sixth of today's Iranian population is turcophone or bilingual (Persian and Turkic; see Doerfer, 1969, p. 13) | date= | access-date=1 September 2012 | archive-date=21 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053354/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-languages-overview | url-status=live }}</ref> Ethnologue,<ref name="10.9mil">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|title=Iran|website=Ethnologue|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904065634/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|url-status=live}}</ref> Swietochowski)</small><ref name="16mil3">Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C. (1999). Historical dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|0-8108-3550-9}}. "15 million (1999)"</ref><br />12–18.5 million <small> (e.g. Elling,<ref name="18mil">Elling, Rasmus Christian. Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Excerpt: "The number of Azeris in Iran is heavily disputed. In 2005, Amanolahi estimated all Turkic-speaking communities in Iran to number no more than 9 million. CIA and Library of congress estimates range from 16 to 24 percent—that is, 12–18 million people if we employ the latest total figure for Iran's population (77.8 million). Azeri ethnicsts, on the other hand, argue that overall number is much higher, even as much as 50 percent or more of the total population. Such inflated estimates may have influenced some Western scholars who suggest that up to 30 percent (that is, some 23 million today) Iranians are Azeris." [https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405065114/http://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA |date=5 April 2015 }}</ref> Gheissari)</small><ref name="Criticism">* Ali Gheissari, "Contemporary Iran:Economy, Society, Politics: Economy, Society, Politics", Oxford University Press, 2 April 2009. pg 300Azeri ethnonationalist activist, however, claim that number to be 24 million, hence as high as 35 percent of the Iranian population"</ref><br />6–6.5 million <small>(Arakelova)</small><ref name="Arakelova">{{Cite journal|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|jstor = 43899203|last1 = Arakelova|first1 = Victoria|title = On the Number of Iranian Turkophones|journal = Iran & the Caucasus|year = 2015|volume = 19|issue = 3|pages = 279–282|doi = 10.1163/1573384X-20150306|access-date = 18 September 2020|archive-date = 4 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225107/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|url-status = live}}</ref> | region2 = {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}} | pop2 = 8,172,800<ref>[https://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/ap/?lang=en Azerbaijan Republic | Population by ethnic groups] stat.gov.az</ref> | ref2 = <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171042/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |date=27 January 2021 }} 91,6% of 9,900,000, ''World Fact Book''</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|Russia}} | pop3 = 603,070 | ref3 = <ref name="Russian Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Итоги переписи |work=2010 census |year=2012 |publisher=Russian Federation State Statistics Service |access-date=24 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424113952/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |archive-date=24 April 2012 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2013-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011922/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="Leeuw">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|title=Azerbaijan: a quest for identity : a short history|author=van der Leeuw, Charles|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-21903-1|page=19|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320173346/http://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|url-status=live}}</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}} | pop4 = 530,000–800,000 | ref4 = <ref name="Leeuw"/> | region5 = {{flagcountry|Georgia}} | pop5 = 233,178 | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|work=2014 census|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805if_/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region7 = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}} | pop7 = 85,292 | ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/DocLib1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82.%20%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%202009%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf |title=Population by national and/or ethnic group, sex and urban/rural residence (2009 census) |publisher=Agency for the Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan |access-date=15 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616182454if_/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/DocLib1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82.%20%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%202009%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2012}}</ref> | region8 = {{flagcountry|France}} | pop8 = 70,000 | ref8 = <ref>{{cite news |last=İlhamqızı |first=Sevda |date=2 October 2007 |title=Gələn ilin sonuna qədər dünyada yaşayan azərbaycanlıların sayı və məskunlaşma coğrafiyasına dair xəritə hazırlanacaq |url=http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html |language=az |work=Trend News Agency |location=Baku |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202205358/http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} | pop9 = 45,176 | ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001 |work=Ukraine Census 2001 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |archive-date=17 December 2011 }}</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}} | pop10 = 44,400 | ref10 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html |title=The National Structure of the Republic of Uzbekistan |year=1989 |publisher=Umid World |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223090542/http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html |archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref> | region11 = {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}} | pop11 = 33,365 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite journal|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14 |script-title=ru:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР |journal=Демоскоп Weekly |language=ru |issue=493–494 |date=1–22 January 2012 |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314043707/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14 |archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> | region12 = {{flagcountry|United States}} | pop12 = 24,377–400,000 | ref12 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.az/articles/5620 |title=Azerbaijani-American Council rpartners with U.S. Census Bureau |publisher=News.Az |date=28 December 2009 |access-date=2012-07-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407043029/http://www.news.az/articles/5620 |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> | region13 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | pop13 = 18,000 | ref13 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf |title=The Kingdom of the Netherlands: Bilateral relations: Diaspora |publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119175140if_/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> | region14 = {{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}} | pop14 = 17,823 | ref14 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |title=5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения |publisher=National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic |year=2011 |language=ru |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219092904if_/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2012 }}</ref> | region15 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} | pop15 = 15,219 | ref15 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer,property=file.xls |title=Foreign population on 31.12.2006 by citizenship and selected characteristics |publisher=Federal Statistical Office (Destatis) |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116074931/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer%2Cproperty%3Dfile.xls |archive-date=16 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region16 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} | pop16 = 7,000 | ref16 = <ref name="BQ">{{cite web|url=http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|title=UAE´s population – by nationality|work=BQ Magazine|date=12 April 2015|access-date=13 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711160839/http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|archive-date=11 July 2015}}</ref> | region17 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | pop17 = 6,425 | ref17 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census – 25% Sample Data|year=2016|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=6 November 2017|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026161129/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|url-status=live}} In the 2016 census, 2,280 people indicated 'Azeri'/'Azerbaijani' as a single response and 4,145 as part of multiple origins.</ref> | region18 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | pop18 = 6,220 | ref18 = <ref name=ons2011>{{cite web|title=Nationality and country of birth by age, sex and qualifications Jan – Dec 2013 (Excel sheet 60Kb)|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|website=www.ons.gov.uk|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=11 June 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060723/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region19 = {{flagcountry|Belarus}} | pop19 = 5,567 | ref19 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |title=Population Census 2009 |publisher=National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus |access-date=17 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118175907if_/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> | region20 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}} | pop20 = 2,935 | ref20 = <ref name="Statistics Sweden">{{cite web|title=Foreign born after country of birth and immigration year|url=http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Befolkning/Befolkningens-sammansattning/Befolkningsstatistik/25788/25795/Helarsstatistik---Riket/385479/|work=Statistics Sweden|archive-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512015901/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/BE/BE0101/2014A01J/BE0101-Utrikes-fodda-fland-invar.xlsx|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region21 = {{flagcountry|Latvia}} | pop21 = 1,657 | ref21 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|title=Accession to the European Union and National Integration in Estonia and Latvia|author=Poleshchuk, Vadim|date=March 2001|access-date=18 January 2012|quote=232 citizens|publisher=European Center for Minority Issues|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302212931if_/http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|archive-date=2 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region22 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} | pop22 = 1,036 | ref22 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx|title=Azerbaijan country brief|work=dfat.gov.au|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618103730/https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx|archive-date=18 June 2019|url-status=dead}} NB According to the 2016 census, 1,036 people living in Australia identified themselves as of Azeri ancestry</ref> | region23 = {{flagcountry|Austria}} | pop23 = 1,000 | ref23 = {{citation needed|date=November 2026}} | region24 = {{flagcountry|Estonia}} | pop24 = 940 | ref24 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|title=Population Census of 2011|publisher=Statistics Estonia|access-date=10 November 2018|archive-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000011/http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|url-status=dead}} Select "Azerbaijani" under "Ethnic nationality".</ref> | region25 = {{flagcountry|Norway}} | pop25 = 806 | ref25 = <ref name="Statistics Canada">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|title=2020-03-09|website=ssb.no|access-date=3 January 2021|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117201818/https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|url-status=live}}</ref> | region26 = {{flagcountry|Lithuania}} | pop26 = 648 | ref26 = <ref name=litstats>{{cite web|url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|title=Population by ethnicity in 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001 and 2011|publisher=Lithuanian Department of Statistics|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-date=13 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313110843/https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|url-status=live}}</ref> | region27 = {{flagcountry|Italy}} | pop27 = 552 | ref27 = <ref>http://demo.istat.it/str2019/index.html Italian National Institute of Statistics| (ISTAT) - Foreign resident population in 2019</ref> | languages = {{hlist|[[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]]}} | religions = Predominantly [[Shia Islam]], minority [[Sunni Islam]] an [[Bahá'í Faith]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king |url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king/page/79 79]|title=Azerbaijan|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|access-date=18 March 2015|isbn=9780761420118|last1=King|first1=David C.|year=2006}}</ref> | related_groups = [[Turkis fowk]],<ref name="golden">{{cite book|author=Golden, Peter B.|year=1992|title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold|url-access=limited|publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|isbn=978-3-447-03274-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold/page/n395 385]–386}}</ref> [[Turkmen fowk]]<ref>Ismail Zardabli. ''Ethnic and political history of Azerbaijan''. Rossendale Books. 2018. p.35 "... the ancestors of Azerbaijanis and Turkmens are the tribes that lived in these territories."</ref> }} '''Azerbaijani fowk''' or '''Azerbaijanis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|z|ər|b|aɪ|ˈ|dʒ|æ|n|i|,_|-|ɑː|n|i}}; {{lang-az|Azərbaycanlılar}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}}) or ({{lang|az-Arab|آذریلر}}), forby kent as '''Azerbaijani Turks''' ({{lang-az|Azərbaycan Türkləri}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجان تۆرکلری}}),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|title=Soviet Asian ethnic frontiers|first1=William O.|last1=MacCagg|first2=Brian D.|last2=Silver|date=10 May 1979|publisher=Pergamon Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780080246376|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225104/https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|title=Iran: Political Development in a Changing Society|first=Leonard|last=Binder|date=10 May 1962|publisher=University of California Press|via=Google Books|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225124/https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|title=World Regional Geography|first=Joseph J.|last=Hobbs|date=13 March 2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0495389507|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225105/https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|url-status=live}}</ref> are a [[naition]] an [[ethnic group]] native tae the [[Caucasus]] region. They are a [[Turkic fowks|Turkic fowk]] livin mainly in [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|northwastren Iran]] an in the sovereign [[Azerbaijan|Republic o Azerbaijan]], wi a mixed cultural heritage, includin [[Turkic fowks|Turkic]], [[Caucasian fowks|Caucasian]], [[Iranian fowks|Iranian]] elements.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="Suny">{{cite journal|author=Suny, Ronald Grigor|date=July–August 1988|title=What Happened in Soviet Armenia?|journal=Middle East Report|issue=153, Islam and the State|pages=37–40|doi=10.2307/3012134|jstor=3012134}} "The Albanians in the eastern plain leading down to the Caspian Sea mixed wi the Turkish population and eventually became Muslims." "...while the eastern Transcaucasian countryside was home to a very large Turkic-speakin Muslim population. The Russians referred to them as Tartars, but we now consider them Azerbaijanis, a distinct people wi their own language and culture."</ref><ref name="Cornell_2015">{{cite book|author=Svante E. Cornell|title=Azerbaijan Since Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|date=20 May 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47621-4|pages=5–7|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517094253/https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|url-status=live}} "If native Caucasian, Iranian, and Turkic populations - amang others - dominated Azerbaijan from the fourth century CE onwards, the Turkic element would grow increasingly dominant in linguistic terms, while the Persian element retained strong cultural and religious influence." "Following the Seljuk great power period, the Turkic element in Azerbaijan was further strengthened by migrations during the Mongol onslaught of the thirteenth century and the subsequent domination by the Turkmen Qaraqoyunlu and Aq-qoyunlu dynasties."</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara A. West|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA68|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7|page=68|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624165755/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA68|url-status=live}}</ref> They are the seicont-maist numerous ethnic group amang the Turkic-speakin fowk efter [[Turkis fowk]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people|title=Azerbaijani {{!}} people|newspaper=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-11-03|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref> an are predominantly [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia & Eurasia Facts & Figures Annual|author=Robertson, Lawrence R.|year=2002|publisher=Academic International Press|isbn=978-0-87569-199-2|page=210|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320162646/http://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> They comprise the lairgest ethnic group in the Republic o Azerbaijan an the seicont-lairgest ethnic group in neighbourin [[Iran]] an [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=2014 General Population Census|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> They speak the [[Azerbaijani leid]], belongin tae the [[Oghuz leids|Oghuz]] brainch o the [[Turkic leids|Turkic]] [[leid family|leid faimily]]. Acause o wide-rangin an lang-lastin [[Azerbaijani diaspora|diaspora]], an estimatit tot o 4 million fowk o fou or pairtial Azerbaijani ancestry live ootwi Azerbaijan an Iran, maist notably in [[Azerbaijanis in Roushie|Roushie]], [[Azerbaijani American|Unitit States]], [[Azerbaijanis in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Azerbaijanis in Ukraine|Ukraine]], [[Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] an ither [[Azerbaijani diaspora in Europe|pairts o Europe]]'' ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Azerbaijani people}} [[Category:Azerbaijani fowk| ]] [[Category:Turkic fowks]] [[Category:History o the Turkic fowks]] [[Category:Fowks o the Caucasus]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Roushie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Arab League]] b5sfst8i47kxcgkt30yef27by1h5ltq 928154 928150 2026-11-12T01:34:53Z Atlantic306 30244 fixed reference 928154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = '''Azerbaijani fowk''' or '''Azerbaijanis''' | native_name = {{lang|az|Azərbaycanlılar}}<br />{{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}} | image = Azerigirls.JPG | image_caption = Azerbaijani girls in traditional dresses | population = {{circa}} 30–35 million (2002)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35|title=The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East|author=Sela, Avraham|publisher=Continuum|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8264-1413-7|page=197|quote=30–35 million|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225103/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35|url-status=live}}</ref> | region1 = {{flagcountry|Iran}} | pop1 = 15 million <small>(Encyclopædia Britannica)<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people|title=Azerbaijani (people)|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=18 December 2019|date=|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref></small><br />10.9–15 million <small>(CIA World Factbook,<ref name="CIA Iran">{{cite web | title=Iran | website=CIA World Factbook | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ | access-date=1 September 2012 | archive-date=2024-05-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505102855/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Knüppel,<ref name="16mil">{{cite encyclopedia | first=Michael | last=Knüppel | title=Turkic languages of Persia: an overview | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica | url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-languages-overview | quote=Altogether, one-sixth of today's Iranian population is turcophone or bilingual (Persian and Turkic; see Doerfer, 1969, p. 13) | date= | access-date=1 September 2012 | archive-date=21 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053354/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-languages-overview | url-status=live }}</ref> Ethnologue,<ref name="10.9mil">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|title=Iran|website=Ethnologue|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904065634/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|url-status=live}}</ref> Swietochowski)</small><ref name="16mil3">Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C. (1999). Historical dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|0-8108-3550-9}}. "15 million (1999)"</ref><br />12–18.5 million <small> (e.g. Elling,<ref name="18mil">Elling, Rasmus Christian. Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Excerpt: "The number of Azeris in Iran is heavily disputed. In 2005, Amanolahi estimated all Turkic-speaking communities in Iran to number no more than 9 million. CIA and Library of congress estimates range from 16 to 24 percent—that is, 12–18 million people if we employ the latest total figure for Iran's population (77.8 million). Azeri ethnicsts, on the other hand, argue that overall number is much higher, even as much as 50 percent or more of the total population. Such inflated estimates may have influenced some Western scholars who suggest that up to 30 percent (that is, some 23 million today) Iranians are Azeris." [https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405065114/http://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA |date=5 April 2015 }}</ref> Gheissari)</small><ref name="Criticism">* Ali Gheissari, "Contemporary Iran:Economy, Society, Politics: Economy, Society, Politics", Oxford University Press, 2 April 2009. pg 300Azeri ethnonationalist activist, however, claim that number to be 24 million, hence as high as 35 percent of the Iranian population"</ref><br />6–6.5 million <small>(Arakelova)</small><ref name="Arakelova">{{Cite journal|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|jstor = 43899203|last1 = Arakelova|first1 = Victoria|title = On the Number of Iranian Turkophones|journal = Iran & the Caucasus|year = 2015|volume = 19|issue = 3|pages = 279–282|doi = 10.1163/1573384X-20150306|access-date = 18 September 2020|archive-date = 4 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225107/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|url-status = live}}</ref> | region2 = {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}} | pop2 = 8,172,800<ref>[https://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/ap/?lang=en Azerbaijan Republic | Population by ethnic groups] stat.gov.az</ref> | ref2 = <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171042/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |date=27 January 2021 }} 91,6% of 9,900,000, ''World Fact Book''</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|Russia}} | pop3 = 603,070 | ref3 = <ref name="Russian Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Итоги переписи |work=2010 census |year=2012 |publisher=Russian Federation State Statistics Service |access-date=24 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424113952/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |archive-date=24 April 2012 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2013-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011922/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="Leeuw">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|title=Azerbaijan: a quest for identity : a short history|author=van der Leeuw, Charles|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-21903-1|page=19|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320173346/http://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|url-status=live}}</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}} | pop4 = 530,000–800,000 | ref4 = <ref name="Leeuw"/> | region5 = {{flagcountry|Georgia}} | pop5 = 233,178 | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|work=2014 census|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805if_/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region7 = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}} | pop7 = 85,292 | ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/DocLib1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82.%20%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%202009%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf |title=Population by national and/or ethnic group, sex and urban/rural residence (2009 census) |publisher=Agency for the Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan |access-date=15 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616182454if_/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/DocLib1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82.%20%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%202009%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2012}}</ref> | region8 = {{flagcountry|France}} | pop8 = 70,000 | ref8 = <ref>{{cite news |last=İlhamqızı |first=Sevda |date=2 October 2007 |title=Gələn ilin sonuna qədər dünyada yaşayan azərbaycanlıların sayı və məskunlaşma coğrafiyasına dair xəritə hazırlanacaq |url=http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html |language=az |work=Trend News Agency |location=Baku |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202205358/http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} | pop9 = 45,176 | ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001 |work=Ukraine Census 2001 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |archive-date=17 December 2011 }}</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}} | pop10 = 44,400 | ref10 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html |title=The National Structure of the Republic of Uzbekistan |year=1989 |publisher=Umid World |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223090542/http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html |archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref> | region11 = {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}} | pop11 = 33,365 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite journal|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14 |script-title=ru:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР |journal=Демоскоп Weekly |language=ru |issue=493–494 |date=1–22 January 2012 |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314043707/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14 |archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> | region12 = {{flagcountry|United States}} | pop12 = 24,377–400,000 | ref12 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.az/articles/5620 |title=Azerbaijani-American Council rpartners with U.S. Census Bureau |publisher=News.Az |date=28 December 2009 |access-date=2012-07-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407043029/http://www.news.az/articles/5620 |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> | region13 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | pop13 = 18,000 | ref13 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf |title=The Kingdom of the Netherlands: Bilateral relations: Diaspora |publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119175140if_/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> | region14 = {{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}} | pop14 = 17,823 | ref14 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |title=5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения |publisher=National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic |year=2011 |language=ru |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219092904if_/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2012 }}</ref> | region15 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} | pop15 = 15,219 | ref15 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer,property=file.xls |title=Foreign population on 31.12.2006 by citizenship and selected characteristics |publisher=Federal Statistical Office (Destatis) |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116074931/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer%2Cproperty%3Dfile.xls |archive-date=16 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region16 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} | pop16 = 7,000 | ref16 = <ref name="BQ">{{cite web|url=http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|title=UAE´s population – by nationality|work=BQ Magazine|date=12 April 2015|access-date=13 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711160839/http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|archive-date=11 July 2015}}</ref> | region17 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | pop17 = 6,425 | ref17 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census – 25% Sample Data|year=2016|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=6 November 2017|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026161129/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|url-status=live}} In the 2016 census, 2,280 people indicated 'Azeri'/'Azerbaijani' as a single response and 4,145 as part of multiple origins.</ref> | region18 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | pop18 = 6,220 | ref18 = <ref name=ons2011>{{cite web|title=Nationality and country of birth by age, sex and qualifications Jan – Dec 2013 (Excel sheet 60Kb)|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|website=www.ons.gov.uk|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=11 June 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060723/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region19 = {{flagcountry|Belarus}} | pop19 = 5,567 | ref19 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |title=Population Census 2009 |publisher=National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus |access-date=17 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118175907if_/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> | region20 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}} | pop20 = 2,935 | ref20 = <ref name="Statistics Sweden">{{cite web|title=Foreign born after country of birth and immigration year|url=http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Befolkning/Befolkningens-sammansattning/Befolkningsstatistik/25788/25795/Helarsstatistik---Riket/385479/|work=Statistics Sweden|archive-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512015901/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/BE/BE0101/2014A01J/BE0101-Utrikes-fodda-fland-invar.xlsx|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region21 = {{flagcountry|Latvia}} | pop21 = 1,657 | ref21 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|title=Accession to the European Union and National Integration in Estonia and Latvia|author=Poleshchuk, Vadim|date=March 2001|access-date=18 January 2012|quote=232 citizens|publisher=European Center for Minority Issues|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302212931if_/http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|archive-date=2 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region22 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} | pop22 = 1,036 | ref22 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx|title=Azerbaijan country brief|work=dfat.gov.au|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618103730/https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx|archive-date=18 June 2019|url-status=dead}} NB According to the 2016 census, 1,036 people living in Australia identified themselves as of Azeri ancestry</ref> | region23 = {{flagcountry|Austria}} | pop23 = 1,000 | ref23 = {{citation needed|date=November 2026}} | region24 = {{flagcountry|Estonia}} | pop24 = 940 | ref24 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|title=Population Census of 2011|publisher=Statistics Estonia|access-date=10 November 2018|archive-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000011/http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|url-status=dead}} Select "Azerbaijani" under "Ethnic nationality".</ref> | region25 = {{flagcountry|Norway}} | pop25 = 806 | ref25 = <ref name="Statistics Canada">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|title=2020-03-09|website=ssb.no|access-date=3 January 2021|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117201818/https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|url-status=live}}</ref> | region26 = {{flagcountry|Lithuania}} | pop26 = 648 | ref26 = <ref name=litstats>{{cite web|url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|title=Population by ethnicity in 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001 and 2011|publisher=Lithuanian Department of Statistics|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-date=13 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313110843/https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|url-status=live}}</ref> | region27 = {{flagcountry|Italy}} | pop27 = 552 | ref27 = <ref>http://demo.istat.it/str2019/index.html Italian National Institute of Statistics| (ISTAT) - Foreign resident population in 2019</ref> | languages = {{hlist|[[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]]}} | religions = Predominantly [[Shia Islam]], minority [[Sunni Islam]] an [[Bahá'í Faith]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king |url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king/page/79 79]|title=Azerbaijan|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|access-date=18 March 2015|isbn=9780761420118|last1=King|first1=David C.|year=2006}}</ref> | related_groups = [[Turkis fowk]],<ref name="golden">{{cite book|author=Golden, Peter B.|year=1992|title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold|url-access=limited|publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|isbn=978-3-447-03274-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold/page/n395 385]–386}}</ref> [[Turkmen fowk]]<ref>Ismail Zardabli. ''Ethnic and political history of Azerbaijan''. Rossendale Books. 2018. p.35 "... the ancestors of Azerbaijanis and Turkmens are the tribes that lived in these territories."</ref> }} '''Azerbaijani fowk''' or '''Azerbaijanis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|z|ər|b|aɪ|ˈ|dʒ|æ|n|i|,_|-|ɑː|n|i}}; {{lang-az|Azərbaycanlılar}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}}) or ({{lang|az-Arab|آذریلر}}), forby kent as '''Azerbaijani Turks''' ({{lang-az|Azərbaycan Türkləri}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجان تۆرکلری}}),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|title=Soviet Asian ethnic frontiers|first1=William O.|last1=MacCagg|first2=Brian D.|last2=Silver|date=10 May 1979|publisher=Pergamon Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780080246376|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225104/https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|title=Iran: Political Development in a Changing Society|first=Leonard|last=Binder|date=10 May 1962|publisher=University of California Press|via=Google Books|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225124/https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|title=World Regional Geography|first=Joseph J.|last=Hobbs|date=13 March 2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0495389507|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225105/https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|url-status=live}}</ref> are a [[naition]] an [[ethnic group]] native tae the [[Caucasus]] region. They are a [[Turkic fowks|Turkic fowk]] livin mainly in [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|northwastren Iran]] an in the sovereign [[Azerbaijan|Republic o Azerbaijan]], wi a mixed cultural heritage, includin [[Turkic fowks|Turkic]], [[Caucasian fowks|Caucasian]], [[Iranian fowks|Iranian]] elements.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="Suny">{{cite journal|author=Suny, Ronald Grigor|date=July–August 1988|title=What Happened in Soviet Armenia?|journal=Middle East Report|issue=153, Islam and the State|pages=37–40|doi=10.2307/3012134|jstor=3012134}} "The Albanians in the eastern plain leading down to the Caspian Sea mixed wi the Turkish population and eventually became Muslims." "...while the eastern Transcaucasian countryside was home to a very large Turkic-speakin Muslim population. The Russians referred to them as Tartars, but we now consider them Azerbaijanis, a distinct people wi their own language and culture."</ref><ref name="Cornell_2015">{{cite book|author=Svante E. Cornell|title=Azerbaijan Since Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|date=20 May 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47621-4|pages=5–7|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517094253/https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|url-status=live}} "If native Caucasian, Iranian, and Turkic populations - amang others - dominated Azerbaijan from the fourth century CE onwards, the Turkic element would grow increasingly dominant in linguistic terms, while the Persian element retained strong cultural and religious influence." "Following the Seljuk great power period, the Turkic element in Azerbaijan was further strengthened by migrations during the Mongol onslaught of the thirteenth century and the subsequent domination by the Turkmen Qaraqoyunlu and Aq-qoyunlu dynasties."</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara A. West|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA68|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7|page=68|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624165755/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA68|url-status=live}}</ref> They are the seicont-maist numerous ethnic group amang the Turkic-speakin fowk efter [[Turkis fowk]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people|title=Azerbaijani {{!}} people|newspaper=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-11-03|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref> an are predominantly [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia & Eurasia Facts & Figures Annual|author=Robertson, Lawrence R.|year=2002|publisher=Academic International Press|isbn=978-0-87569-199-2|page=210|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320162646/http://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> They comprise the lairgest ethnic group in the Republic o Azerbaijan an the seicont-lairgest ethnic group in neighbourin [[Iran]] an [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=2014 General Population Census|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805if_/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> They speak the [[Azerbaijani leid]], belongin tae the [[Oghuz leids|Oghuz]] brainch o the [[Turkic leids|Turkic]] [[leid family|leid faimily]]. Acause o wide-rangin an lang-lastin [[Azerbaijani diaspora|diaspora]], an estimatit tot o 4 million fowk o fou or pairtial Azerbaijani ancestry live ootwi Azerbaijan an Iran, maist notably in [[Azerbaijanis in Roushie|Roushie]], [[Azerbaijani American|Unitit States]], [[Azerbaijanis in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Azerbaijanis in Ukraine|Ukraine]], [[Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] an ither [[Azerbaijani diaspora in Europe|pairts o Europe]]'' ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Azerbaijani people}} [[Category:Azerbaijani fowk| ]] [[Category:Turkic fowks]] [[Category:History o the Turkic fowks]] [[Category:Fowks o the Caucasus]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Roushie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Arab League]] j8886976abfq1po0a5utaot3oo765x4 0 234297 928068 926900 2026-11-11T17:26:16Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 928068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Elizabeth Strout | image = Elizabeth Strout 2015.jpg | caption = Strout in 2015 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|1|6}} | birth_place = [[Portland, Maine]], [[Unitit States]] | occupation = Novelist an short-story writer | genre = Literary fiction | notable_works = ''Olive Kitteridge'' (2008)<br>''My Name Is Lucy Barton'' (2016) | awards = [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]] (2009) }} '''Elizabeth Strout''' (born 6 Januar 1956) is an American novelist. She wis born an brocht up in [[Portland, Maine|Portland]], [[Maine]], an the makkit-up toun o Shirley Falls, Maine, is the settin o fower o her ten novels.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/13/the-burgess-boys-elizabeth-strout-review|title=The Burgess Boys by Elizabeth Strout – review|last=Mackay|first=Shena|date=July 13, 2013|work=The Guardian|access-date=June 7, 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Her novel ''[[Olive Kitteridge]]'' (2008) selt mair nor a million copies<ref name="Elizabeth Strout’s Long Homecoming">{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/05/01/elizabeth-strouts-long-homecoming|title=Elizabeth Strout's Long Homecoming|first=Ariel|last=Levy|author-link=Ariel Levy (writer)|magazine=The New Yorker|date=April 24, 2017|access-date=June 7, 2017}}</ref> an wan the [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]] in 2009.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/winners/elizabeth-strout|title=The 2009 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Fiction|website=www.pulitzer.org|language=en|access-date=June 7, 2017}}</ref> Her novel ''The Things We Never Say'' wis on the short leet for the 2026 [[Booker Prize]].<ref name="lithub">{{Cite web |title=Here's the shortlist for the 2026 Booker Prize |url=https://lithub.com/heres-the-shortlist-for-the-2026-booker-prize/ |website=Literary Hub |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == Early life an eddication == Strout wis born in Portland, Maine, an brocht up in sma touns in Maine an in Durham, New Hampshire. Her faither wis a professor o science, an her mither wis a professor o Inglis that taucht writin in a heich schuil nearhaund.<ref name="npr.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/01/13/462912164/my-ears-are-open-novelist-elizabeth-strout-finds-inspiration-in-every-day-life|title='My Ears Are Open': Novelist Elizabeth Strout Finds Inspiration In Everyday Life|publisher=NPR|first=Terry|last=Gross|work=Fresh Air|date= January 13, 2016|access-date= October 1, 2018}}</ref><ref name="MorningNews">{{Cite web|last=Birnbaum|first=Robert|title=Elizabeth Strout|url=https://themorningnews.org/article/elizabeth-strout|access-date=February 20, 2022|website=The Morning News}}</ref> Efter Bates College, she studied law, an got her law degree frae [[Syracuse University]] in 1982. That year her first story wis published, in the magazine ''New Letters''.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Write Stuff: Syracuse University College of Law |url=http://law.syr.edu/publication/magazine/the-write-stuff |access-date=August 4, 2021 |work=law.syr.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128084755/http://law.syr.edu/publication/magazine/the-write-stuff |archive-date=2022-11-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="MorningNews" /> == Career == Her first novel, ''Amy and Isabelle'' (1998), wis on the short leet for the 2000 [[Women's Prize for Fiction|Orange Prize]], an wis makkit intae a television film.<ref name="MorningNews" /> ''Olive Kitteridge'' wis follit bi ''The Burgess Boys'' (2013) an ''My Name Is Lucy Barton'' (2016), the first o a series o novels aboot Lucy Barton.<ref name="Elizabeth Strout’s Long Homecoming"/> ''Olive Kitteridge'' wis makkit intae a television series that wan several [[Emmy Award]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/20/entertainment/emmy-awards-2015-feat/|title='Olive Kitteridge,' 'Game of Thrones' big Emmy winners |first=Brandon |last=Griggs|publisher=CNN|date=September 21, 2015 |access-date= October 1, 2018}}</ref> == Warks == * ''Amy and Isabelle'' (1998) * ''Abide with Me'' (2006) * ''Olive Kitteridge'' (2008) * ''The Burgess Boys'' (2013) * ''My Name Is Lucy Barton'' (2016) * ''The Things We Never Say'' (2026) == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:1956 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:American novelists]] [[Category:American weemen novelists]] 4gfw2qpr7vd2psxlldt42gn7vygywc7 10 234420 927998 2026-11-11T12:42:57Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Made page wi "{{asbox | image = Flag of Cuba.svg | pix = 32 | subject = Cuba-relatit | qualifier = | category = Cuba stubs | tempsort = * | name = Template:Stub/Cuba }}" 927998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{asbox | image = Flag of Cuba.svg | pix = 32 | subject = Cuba-relatit | qualifier = | category = Cuba stubs | tempsort = * | name = Template:Stub/Cuba }} 3d78je50emf8laqrosur4acqbnuuol0 14 234421 927999 2026-11-11T12:44:45Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Made page wi "{{maintenance category}} Pages that need impruivin cause they'r tae smaw." 927999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{maintenance category}} Pages that need impruivin cause they'r tae smaw. bkitiiymh2d1oacvsbxeusmnfgdvxp1 928002 927999 2026-11-11T12:48:15Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 928002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{maintenance category}} Pages that need impruivin acause they'r tae smaw. t3wmpvkdhnzusr4zuiifsga6hm128jr 928070 928002 2026-11-11T17:44:05Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 928070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{maintenance category}} Pages that need impruivin acause they'r cutty. 1b7lwrbv666rg8frc6qyprr079c6r0z 2 234423 928006 2026-11-11T13:57:37Z Monospaced 75295 Leet o articles A believe were missed in fixscots taggin. 928006 wikitext text/x-wiki The data ablo is a list o articles creatit bi AmaryllisGardener that hae niver cairied <nowiki>{{Fix Scots}}</nowiki> an haenae been editit bi onie ither body (binna bots or the ither admin MJL). Baith o them self-reportit that they didnae hae the confidence in the leid tae verify their edits, efter the attention the puir quality o the wiki got. The Fix Scots tag wis creatit tae mark puir quality articles caused bi issues lik this. A believe these were missed acause the bot edits werenae tellt apairt frae later edits bi humans. There micht be mair if we discoont peerie wee edits frae human editors an aw. ''Please note: This leet is pit thegither tae help the discussion on whether tae expand the tag or tak ither action on the articles. A've anely nemmed the users A searched on acause they were the anes that stood up, self-reportit these issues whan they unnerstuid them, an stayed aroon tae help wi reddin up. A respect them for that, an expect abody else tae treat ithers wae respect.'' 509 pages, generatit on 11 November 2026. Size is in bytes. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Article !! 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[[Gymnocheta viridis]] || 2,196 |- | [[Przewalski's horse]] || 2,205 |- | [[Strepsirrhini]] || 2,206 |- | [[Giraffidae]] || 2,226 |- | [[Oud]] || 2,232 |- | [[Shetland Sheepdug]] || 2,233 |- | [[Olive]] || 2,238 |- | [[Salvia]] || 2,238 |- | [[Tarbosaurus]] || 2,242 |- | [[Helena]] || 2,272 |- | [[Robert Mitchum]] || 2,279 |- | [[Norman]] || 2,287 |- | [[Otto Skorzeny]] || 2,288 |- | [[Persicaria maculosa]] || 2,290 |- | [[Plane]] || 2,292 |- | [[Pterygota]] || 2,300 |- | [[Ficaria verna]] || 2,301 |- | [[Gary Miller (fitbawer)]] || 2,307 |- | [[Wimbledon]] || 2,315 |- | [[Zingiberales]] || 2,325 |- | [[Lissotriton vulgaris]] || 2,340 |- | [[Cemal Gürsel]] || 2,379 |- | [[YU]] || 2,390 |- | [[Platyhelminthes]] || 2,394 |- | [[Galium odoratum]] || 2,412 |- | [[Procellariiformes]] || 2,418 |- | [[Eskilstuna]] || 2,424 |- | [[Eriophorum angustifolium]] || 2,460 |- | [[Trilobite]] || 2,498 |- | [[Walter Brennan]] || 2,534 |- | [[Mario Puzo]] || 2,551 |- | [[Raymond Carver]] || 2,564 |- | [[1896 Simmer Olympics]] || 2,570 |- | [[Lychnis]] || 2,576 |- | [[1960 Valdivia yirdquauk]] || 2,626 |- | [[Gloria Stuart]] || 2,639 |- | [[Life]] || 2,653 |- | [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]] || 2,665 |- | [[Nilgai]] || 2,687 |- | [[Helicobacter pylori]] || 2,693 |- | [[NC]] || 2,707 |- | [[Solanaceae]] || 2,743 |- | [[2006 Winter Olympics]] || 2,775 |- | [[Oribi]] || 2,785 |- | [[Jacques Cousteau]] || 2,794 |- | [[Rhesus macaque]] || 2,797 |- | [[Spur]] || 2,818 |- | [[Least wheasel]] || 2,846 |- | [[William Douglas, 1st Duke o Queensberry]] || 2,846 |- | [[Sooth Tyrol]] || 2,865 |- | [[Iridaceae]] || 2,888 |- | [[Turtle]] || 2,926 |- | [[Laothoe populi]] || 2,931 |- | [[Hartebeest]] || 2,952 |- | [[Richard Wright (muisicker)]] || 2,972 |- | [[2002 Winter Olympics]] || 2,998 |- | [[Shilfie]] || 3,031 |- | [[Free Kirk o Scotland (syne 1900)]] || 3,042 |- | [[Durham]] || 3,075 |- | [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] || 3,086 |- | [[Rumex]] || 3,088 |- | [[Ericales]] || 3,096 |- | [[William Cullen, Baron Cullen o Whitekirk]] || 3,134 |- | [[Vaccinium vitis-idaea]] || 3,141 |- | [[Platichthys flesus]] || 3,162 |- | [[Edinburgh Zoo]] || 3,218 |- | [[Oreochromis niloticus]] || 3,250 |- | [[Typha]] || 3,270 |- | [[Eumetazoa]] || 3,282 |- | [[Prunus avium]] || 3,415 |- | [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium]] || 3,418 |- | [[Nils Olav]] || 3,436 |- | [[Opisthokont]] || 3,439 |- | [[Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast]] || 3,472 |- | [[Nenad Zimonjić]] || 3,491 |- | [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscoont Nelson]] || 3,508 |- | [[Joseph Joffre]] || 3,519 |- | [[Jean Simmons]] || 3,532 |- | [[Paedophryne amauensis]] || 3,600 |- | [[Christian Karembeu]] || 3,702 |- | [[Saiga antelope]] || 3,706 |- | [[Papilio machaon]] || 3,716 |- | [[Joe DiMaggio]] || 3,808 |- | [[2010 Haiti yirdquauk]] || 3,882 |- | [[Ranunculales]] || 3,908 |- | [[Imperata cylindrica]] || 3,964 |- | [[Orchidaceae]] || 3,993 |- | [[Sikkim]] || 4,025 |- | [[Tuatara]] || 4,049 |- | [[Kliment Voroshilov]] || 4,075 |- | [[Epipactis helleborine]] || 4,079 |- | [[Doris Lessing]] || 4,115 |- | [[Jujube]] || 4,220 |- | [[Sequoiadendron giganteum]] || 4,237 |- | [[Burlington]] || 4,272 |- | [[Roc]] || 4,284 |- | [[Sooth Sumatra]] || 4,304 |- | [[Pieridae]] || 4,312 |- | [[Sangbird]] || 4,335 |- | [[Delhi Sultanate]] || 4,336 |- | [[James Ogilvy, 4t Yerl o Findlater]] || 4,431 |- | [[Joannie Rochette]] || 4,520 |- | [[Labrador Retriever]] || 4,542 |- | [[Chester W. Nimitz]] || 4,566 |- | [[Lawrence of Arabia (film)]] || 4,598 |- | [[Moa]] || 4,606 |- | [[Boris Becker]] || 4,842 |- | [[Stendhal]] || 4,844 |- | [[Moraceae]] || 4,949 |- | [[Wembley Stadium]] || 4,949 |- | [[Leeberation Teegers o Tamil Eelam]] || 5,003 |- | [[Archibald Primrose, 5t Yerl o Rosebery]] || 5,142 |- | [[Myrtaceae]] || 5,172 |- | [[Proteobacteria]] || 5,177 |- | [[CA]] || 5,268 |- | [[Urticaceae]] || 5,286 |- | [[Franjo Tuđman]] || 5,294 |- | [[Tver]] || 5,511 |- | [[George Marshall]] || 5,527 |- | [[Zinc]] || 5,992 |- | [[Boko Haram]] || 6,017 |- | [[Haile Selassie]] || 6,042 |- | [[John Hay, 1st Marquess o Tweeddale]] || 6,170 |- | [[Amartya Sen]] || 6,178 |- | [[Saunt Barthélemy]] || 6,229 |- | [[Virus]] || 6,708 |- | [[Embryophyte]] || 6,728 |- | [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]] || 6,876 |- | [[Sisimiut]] || 8,079 |- | [[2011 Norawa attacks]] || 8,754 |- | [[Phoenix]] || 9,561 |- | [[Lepidoptera]] || 9,943 |- | [[Andre Geim]] || 14,758 |- | [[Edmonton]] || 18,519 |- | [[Janko Tipsarević]] || 22,500 |- | [[88t Academy Awairds]] || 24,510 |- | [[The Open Championship]] || 43,925 |- | [[Epsom Derby]] || 58,155 |} jjjkexqq3uihi4fbxl4q0pz7kng9a1r 928008 928006 2026-11-11T14:04:33Z Monospaced 75295 Add discussion link 928008 wikitext text/x-wiki The data ablo is a list o articles creatit bi AmaryllisGardener that hae niver cairied <nowiki>{{Fix Scots}}</nowiki> an haenae been editit bi onie ither body (binna bots or the ither admin MJL). Baith o them self-reportit that they didnae hae the confidence in the leid tae verify their edits, efter the attention the puir quality o the wiki got. The Fix Scots tag wis creatit tae mark puir quality articles caused bi issues lik this. A believe these were missed acause the bot edits werenae tellt apairt frae later edits bi humans. There micht be mair if we discoont peerie wee edits frae human editors an aw. ''Please note: This leet is pit thegither tae help the discussion on whether tae expand the tag or tak ither action on the articles. A've anely nemmed the users A searched on acause they were the anes that stood up, self-reportit these issues whan they unnerstuid them, an stayed aroon tae help wi reddin up. A respect them for that, an expect abody else tae treat ithers wae respect.'' Discussion: [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross#c-Monospaced-20261111140200-Untagged 'Scotched' articles]] 509 pages, generatit on 11 November 2026. Size is in bytes. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Article !! Size |- | [[Auch]] || 105 |- | [[Slae]] || 171 |- | [[Shizuoka]] || 178 |- | [[Brumple]] || 185 |- | [[Blawirt]] || 192 |- | [[Funabashi]] || 212 |- | [[Scart]] || 213 |- | [[Sagarmatha]] || 232 |- | [[St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh]] || 235 |- | [[Manchester by the Sea]] || 245 |- | [[Juncus articulatus]] || 314 |- | [[Knautia arvensis]] || 333 |- | [[Iapetus]] || 347 |- | [[Polwarth]] || 347 |- | [[Mary I]] || 358 |- | [[Symphytum tuberosum]] || 368 |- | [[Eratigena duellica]] || 373 |- | [[Fucus serratus]] || 373 |- | [[Emiliano Zapata (disambiguation)]] || 377 |- | [[Korba]] || 390 |- | [[Free Kirk o Scotland]] || 396 |- | [[Geopark Shetland]] || 406 |- | [[Papaver dubium]] || 423 |- | [[Zhdanov]] || 426 |- | [[Hypericum androsaemum]] || 437 |- | [[Polypodium vulgare]] || 443 |- | [[Laverock]] || 449 |- | [[Irkutsk (disambiguation)]] || 450 |- | [[Mertensia maritima]] || 456 |- | [[Tofieldia pusilla]] || 460 |- | [[Loch-livers]] || 485 |- | [[Skills Development Scotland]] || 487 |- | [[Rumex obtusifolius]] || 489 |- | [[Thebe]] || 491 |- | [[Stellaria holostea]] || 492 |- | [[Narthecium ossifragum]] || 516 |- | [[Paeonia officinalis]] || 519 |- | [[Sedum spurium]] || 526 |- | [[Skink]] || 530 |- | [[Phlogophora meticulosa]] || 544 |- | [[Erica cinerea]] || 545 |- | [[Soay]] || 546 |- | [[Ranunculus flammula]] || 549 |- | [[Lunaria annua]] || 554 |- | [[Pholcus phalangioides]] || 558 |- | [[Gouda]] || 563 |- | [[Tanacetum parthenium]] || 563 |- | [[Bantu]] || 569 |- | [[Philip II]] || 570 |- | [[Tortoise]] || 578 |- | [[Veronica hederifolia]] || 581 |- | [[Biogeografie]] || 582 |- | [[Myrica gale]] || 582 |- | [[Malacostraca]] || 616 |- | [[Lind]] || 617 |- | [[Pholis gunnellus]] || 621 |- | [[Hieland pownie]] || 631 |- | [[Marchantia polymorpha]] || 632 |- | [[Osmia bicornis]] || 637 |- | [[Plantago lanceolata]] || 639 |- | [[Suidae]] || 639 |- | [[Polyommatus icarus]] || 641 |- | [[Blantyre]] || 646 |- | [[Pteridium aquilinum]] || 647 |- | [[Saturnia pavonia]] || 655 |- | [[Ophioglossum vulgatum]] || 660 |- | [[Sea wouf]] || 666 |- | [[Veronica beccabunga]] || 669 |- | [[Humulus lupulus]] || 672 |- | [[Sedum anglicum]] || 680 |- | [[Deimos]] || 705 |- | [[Whin]] || 709 |- | [[Nashua]] || 711 |- | [[Erythroxylum coca]] || 720 |- | [[Tiantian]] || 724 |- | [[Xanthorhoe montanata]] || 724 |- | [[Finch]] || 733 |- | [[Edinburg]] || 743 |- | [[Sinapis arvensis]] || 743 |- | [[Angora]] || 753 |- | [[Motacillidae]] || 757 |- | [[Rumex acetosella]] || 774 |- | [[Lasiocampa quercus]] || 777 |- | [[Scottishathletics]] || 781 |- | [[Silene dioica]] || 788 |- | [[Opisthograptis luteolata]] || 789 |- | [[Fucus vesiculosus]] || 792 |- | [[Jamesiella scotica]] || 793 |- | [[Teucrium scorodonia]] || 794 |- | [[Potentilla erecta]] || 795 |- | [[Rosa pimpinellifolia]] || 796 |- | [[Speyeria aglaja]] || 797 |- | [[Center]] || 798 |- | [[Orchis mascula]] || 804 |- | [[Gastrotrich]] || 805 |- | [[Trifolium arvense]] || 808 |- | [[Oregano]] || 809 |- | [[Silene maritima]] || 811 |- | [[Urtica dioica]] || 816 |- | [[Leymus arenarius]] || 817 |- | [[Rotifer]] || 821 |- | [[Nuphar lutea]] || 831 |- | [[Juncus conglomeratus]] || 833 |- | [[Rhagium bifasciatum]] || 833 |- | [[Scorpaeniformes]] || 833 |- | [[Stercorarius parasiticus]] || 838 |- | [[Fluid]] || 839 |- | [[Galium saxatile]] || 839 |- | [[Xanthoria parietina]] || 840 |- | [[Hemichordate]] || 847 |- | [[Luzula campestris]] || 855 |- | [[Salmonidae]] || 859 |- | [[Eriophorum vaginatum]] || 874 |- | [[Piperales]] || 874 |- | [[Myriapoda]] || 892 |- | [[Holcus lanatus]] || 893 |- | [[Salix caprea]] || 893 |- | [[Tuithed whaul]] || 893 |- | [[Hylidae]] || 895 |- | [[Mimas]] || 895 |- | [[Meggie-mony-feet]] || 900 |- | [[Myosotis scorpioides]] || 902 |- | [[Lymnocryptes minimus]] || 903 |- | [[Papaver rhoeas]] || 903 |- | [[Pavo (genus)]] || 908 |- | [[Flexile leddy-fern]] || 910 |- | [[Gnathostomata]] || 912 |- | [[Loose]] || 912 |- | [[Macrothylacia rubi]] || 917 |- | [[Polygonia c-album]] || 917 |- | [[Pagurus pollicaris]] || 920 |- | [[Primula auricula]] || 932 |- | [[Pieris rapae]] || 933 |- | [[Genista anglica]] || 934 |- | [[Ferret]] || 935 |- | [[Hippophae rhamnoides]] || 936 |- | [[Ixodes ricinus]] || 937 |- | [[Glechoma hederacea]] || 940 |- | [[Morgan horse]] || 941 |- | [[Lathyrus]] || 945 |- | [[Māori]] || 946 |- | [[Papaver orientale]] || 960 |- | [[Solifugae]] || 968 |- | [[Gowden pheisant]] || 973 |- | [[Icelandic horse]] || 984 |- | [[Noctua pronuba]] || 986 |- | [[Paris quadrifolia]] || 986 |- | [[Skarfskerry]] || 986 |- | [[Grund ratton]] || 995 |- | [[River dowphin]] || 997 |- | [[Ranunculus acris]] || 999 |- | [[Hydrozoa]] || 1,002 |- | [[Phoebe]] || 1,007 |- | [[Ranunculus aquatilis]] || 1,008 |- | [[Rosa rubiginosa]] || 1,014 |- | [[Lilium]] || 1,018 |- | [[Psittacidae]] || 1,027 |- | [[Saund fleuk]] || 1,034 |- | [[Siege o Roxburgh Castle]] || 1,039 |- | [[Spectacled dunter]] || 1,042 |- | [[Catalan Republic]] || 1,043 |- | [[Superconductivity]] || 1,043 |- | [[Metasequoia glyptostroboides]] || 1,062 |- | [[Matricaria chamomilla]] || 1,063 |- | [[Pithovirus]] || 1,067 |- | [[Macaque]] || 1,070 |- | [[Empetrum nigrum]] || 1,072 |- | [[Laburnum anagyroides]] || 1,077 |- | [[New Warld vultur]] || 1,078 |- | [[Elapidae]] || 1,079 |- | [[Gray pliver]] || 1,079 |- | [[Filipendula ulmaria]] || 1,080 |- | [[Eristalis pertinax]] || 1,081 |- | [[Solanum melongena]] || 1,084 |- | [[Pantherinae]] || 1,086 |- | [[Mangifera indica]] || 1,101 |- | [[1912 Simmer Olympics]] || 1,108 |- | [[Euphorbia helioscopia]] || 1,109 |- | [[Marine Scotland]] || 1,117 |- | [[Norwalk]] || 1,118 |- | [[Hyas araneus]] || 1,130 |- | [[Xiphosura]] || 1,130 |- | [[Cable]] || 1,133 |- | [[Populus tremula]] || 1,138 |- | [[Emberiza calandra]] || 1,144 |- | [[Wollemia]] || 1,150 |- | [[Phelsuma grandis]] || 1,152 |- | [[Glomeris marginata]] || 1,155 |- | [[Salix purpurea]] || 1,155 |- | [[Gruiformes]] || 1,157 |- | [[Epipactis helleborine var. youngiana]] || 1,167 |- | [[Malva moschata]] || 1,174 |- | [[Lissotriton helveticus]] || 1,182 |- | [[Merlangius]] || 1,185 |- | [[Raja clavata]] || 1,185 |- | [[Mesembrina meridiana]] || 1,190 |- | [[Salix cinerea]] || 1,190 |- | [[Pilosella aurantiaca]] || 1,194 |- | [[Otter pike]] || 1,207 |- | [[Skye Tarrie]] || 1,209 |- | [[Salix viminalis]] || 1,213 |- | [[Oceanodroma leucorhoa]] || 1,214 |- | [[Euthrix potatoria]] || 1,223 |- | [[Sedan]] || 1,225 |- | [[1976 Winter Olympics]] || 1,226 |- | [[Sericomyia silentis]] || 1,230 |- | [[Threskiornithidae]] || 1,230 |- | [[Maya ceevilisation]] || 1,232 |- | [[Primula farinosa]] || 1,234 |- | [[Shetland pownie]] || 1,235 |- | [[Rumex crispus]] || 1,236 |- | [[Scathophaga stercoraria]] || 1,237 |- | [[Ebola virus]] || 1,239 |- | [[Eristalis tenax]] || 1,254 |- | [[Midge]] || 1,265 |- | [[Sir Thomas Hope, 1st Baronet]] || 1,268 |- | [[Laminaria hyperborea]] || 1,273 |- | [[Myodes glareolus]] || 1,283 |- | [[Stane powter]] || 1,283 |- | [[Phasianidae]] || 1,286 |- | [[Grebe]] || 1,306 |- | [[Thomas Gainsborough]] || 1,310 |- | [[Puffinus puffinus]] || 1,311 |- | [[Callisto]] || 1,312 |- | [[Saccharina latissima]] || 1,312 |- | [[Halichoerus grypus]] || 1,314 |- | [[Dane]] || 1,315 |- | [[Mercurialis perennis]] || 1,320 |- | [[Scotland weemen's naitional rugby union team]] || 1,320 |- | [[Volucella pellucens]] || 1,324 |- | [[Taurulus bubalis]] || 1,325 |- | [[Uber]] || 1,328 |- | [[Jawa]] || 1,330 |- | [[Silene nutans]] || 1,336 |- | [[Geranium sylvaticum]] || 1,339 |- | [[Retrovirus]] || 1,343 |- | [[Muridae]] || 1,355 |- | [[Demosthenes]] || 1,357 |- | [[Pelagornis sandersi]] || 1,357 |- | [[Feline immunodeficiency virus]] || 1,362 |- | [[Mexican Hairless Dug]] || 1,369 |- | [[Mena Suvari]] || 1,370 |- | [[Vespula vulgaris]] || 1,370 |- | [[Musa (genus)]] || 1,372 |- | [[Lotus corniculatus]] || 1,373 |- | [[Piciformes]] || 1,375 |- | [[Fir]] || 1,378 |- | [[Luzula sylvatica]] || 1,378 |- | [[Vanessa cardui]] || 1,380 |- | [[Taxus baccata]] || 1,381 |- | [[Veronica officinalis]] || 1,382 |- | [[Dryopteris expansa]] || 1,383 |- | [[Sirenia]] || 1,389 |- | [[Saurischia]] || 1,391 |- | [[Scorpaenidae]] || 1,392 |- | [[Pythonidae]] || 1,400 |- | [[Lepus europaeus]] || 1,403 |- | [[Giorgio Vasari]] || 1,418 |- | [[Ganymede]] || 1,424 |- | [[Primula veris]] || 1,425 |- | [[Sardina pilchardus]] || 1,426 |- | [[Vitaceae]] || 1,430 |- | [[Pentatoma rufipes]] || 1,434 |- | [[Helophilus pendulus]] || 1,435 |- | [[Riparia riparia]] || 1,443 |- | [[Sanderling]] || 1,449 |- | [[Shire horse]] || 1,453 |- | [[Juncus effusus]] || 1,459 |- | [[Spilosoma lubricipeda]] || 1,471 |- | [[Silene vulgaris]] || 1,475 |- | [[Eohippus]] || 1,478 |- | [[Dryas octopetala]] || 1,486 |- | [[Parnassia palustris]] || 1,486 |- | [[Rhingia campestris]] || 1,486 |- | [[Rhodiola rosea]] || 1,501 |- | [[Centaur]] || 1,512 |- | [[Phalaris arundinacea]] || 1,513 |- | [[Tokushima, Tokushima]] || 1,525 |- | [[Rhagonycha fulva]] || 1,527 |- | [[Lonicera periclymenum]] || 1,535 |- | [[John Galsworthy]] || 1,538 |- | [[1980s]] || 1,548 |- | [[Yes Scotland]] || 1,551 |- | [[William Cochrane, 1st Yerl o Dundonal]] || 1,553 |- | [[Eutheria]] || 1,559 |- | [[Pinales]] || 1,567 |- | [[Echinoderm]] || 1,577 |- | [[Mate]] || 1,578 |- | [[Sciurus carolinensis]] || 1,582 |- | [[1924 Winter Olympics]] || 1,584 |- | [[Greater kudu]] || 1,587 |- | [[Magnolia]] || 1,591 |- | [[Peter fish]] || 1,595 |- | [[Halibut]] || 1,604 |- | [[1988 Winter Olympics]] || 1,616 |- | [[Athens (disambiguation)]] || 1,622 |- | [[Tussilago farfara]] || 1,635 |- | [[Eristalis intricaria]] || 1,638 |- | [[Equus (genus)]] || 1,643 |- | [[1980 Winter Olympics]] || 1,663 |- | [[Episyrphus balteatus]] || 1,665 |- | [[Sauropoda]] || 1,672 |- | [[Yak]] || 1,672 |- | [[Drosera]] || 1,673 |- | [[Velociraptor]] || 1,680 |- | [[Daily Record (disambiguation)]] || 1,681 |- | [[Hazelraw]] || 1,684 |- | [[1st Dalai Lama]] || 1,685 |- | [[Staneraw]] || 1,688 |- | [[1908 Simmer Olympics]] || 1,692 |- | [[Grewhoond]] || 1,702 |- | [[Primate]] || 1,709 |- | [[Origanum]] || 1,712 |- | [[Phragmatobia fuliginosa]] || 1,712 |- | [[Tardigrade]] || 1,717 |- | [[Odonata]] || 1,722 |- | [[Plumbaginaceae]] || 1,728 |- | [[Deodoro, Rio de Janeiro]] || 1,729 |- | [[Neon tetra]] || 1,735 |- | [[Sea urchin]] || 1,750 |- | [[Shallot]] || 1,762 |- | [[Vitis vinifera]] || 1,777 |- | [[Python (genus)]] || 1,778 |- | [[Wild boar]] || 1,790 |- | [[George Buchanan]] || 1,792 |- | [[Tanacetum balsamita]] || 1,794 |- | [[Piranha]] || 1,797 |- | [[1900 Simmer Olympics]] || 1,805 |- | [[1904 Simmer Olympics]] || 1,811 |- | [[Iguanodon]] || 1,815 |- | [[Ranunculus fluitans]] || 1,816 |- | [[2000 Simmer Olympics]] || 1,837 |- | [[Vanilla (genus)]] || 1,838 |- | [[Unikont]] || 1,844 |- | [[Grundsel]] || 1,866 |- | [[Kethie]] || 1,906 |- | [[Primula vulgaris]] || 1,906 |- | [[Myrtales]] || 1,921 |- | [[Scaeva pyrastri]] || 1,926 |- | [[Pen (disambiguation)]] || 1,942 |- | [[La Plata dowphin]] || 1,951 |- | [[Malva sylvestris]] || 1,951 |- | [[Opiliones]] || 1,954 |- | [[Theobroma cacao]] || 1,970 |- | [[Equisetum arvense]] || 1,972 |- | [[Scots Fire an Rescue Service]] || 1,979 |- | [[Leucanthemum vulgare]] || 1,982 |- | [[Even-taed ungulate]] || 1,992 |- | [[Rhamnaceae]] || 2,008 |- | [[Jerusalem haddie]] || 2,020 |- | [[Pterosaur]] || 2,020 |- | [[MLP]] || 2,021 |- | [[Octopus]] || 2,034 |- | [[Juniperus communis]] || 2,037 |- | [[North Ronaldsay sheep]] || 2,048 |- | [[Nephrops norvegicus]] || 2,062 |- | [[Ranunculus glacialis]] || 2,064 |- | [[Jacobaea vulgaris]] || 2,066 |- | [[Quagga]] || 2,068 |- | [[Tropicbird]] || 2,073 |- | [[Pete Postlethwaite]] || 2,076 |- | [[Scottish Water]] || 2,077 |- | [[Toxoplasma gondii]] || 2,077 |- | [[Marsh frog]] || 2,081 |- | [[Hemiptera]] || 2,083 |- | [[Siberie Husky]] || 2,088 |- | [[Helianthus annuus]] || 2,089 |- | [[Triceratops]] || 2,093 |- | [[Neanderthal]] || 2,130 |- | [[Primula scotica]] || 2,137 |- | [[Ligustrum vulgare]] || 2,181 |- | [[Gymnocheta viridis]] || 2,196 |- | [[Przewalski's horse]] || 2,205 |- | [[Strepsirrhini]] || 2,206 |- | [[Giraffidae]] || 2,226 |- | [[Oud]] || 2,232 |- | [[Shetland Sheepdug]] || 2,233 |- | [[Olive]] || 2,238 |- | [[Salvia]] || 2,238 |- | [[Tarbosaurus]] || 2,242 |- | [[Helena]] || 2,272 |- | [[Robert Mitchum]] || 2,279 |- | [[Norman]] || 2,287 |- | [[Otto Skorzeny]] || 2,288 |- | [[Persicaria maculosa]] || 2,290 |- | [[Plane]] || 2,292 |- | [[Pterygota]] || 2,300 |- | [[Ficaria verna]] || 2,301 |- | [[Gary Miller (fitbawer)]] || 2,307 |- | [[Wimbledon]] || 2,315 |- | [[Zingiberales]] || 2,325 |- | [[Lissotriton vulgaris]] || 2,340 |- | [[Cemal Gürsel]] || 2,379 |- | [[YU]] || 2,390 |- | [[Platyhelminthes]] || 2,394 |- | [[Galium odoratum]] || 2,412 |- | [[Procellariiformes]] || 2,418 |- | [[Eskilstuna]] || 2,424 |- | [[Eriophorum angustifolium]] || 2,460 |- | [[Trilobite]] || 2,498 |- | [[Walter Brennan]] || 2,534 |- | [[Mario Puzo]] || 2,551 |- | [[Raymond Carver]] || 2,564 |- | [[1896 Simmer Olympics]] || 2,570 |- | [[Lychnis]] || 2,576 |- | [[1960 Valdivia yirdquauk]] || 2,626 |- | [[Gloria Stuart]] || 2,639 |- | [[Life]] || 2,653 |- | [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]] || 2,665 |- | [[Nilgai]] || 2,687 |- | [[Helicobacter pylori]] || 2,693 |- | [[NC]] || 2,707 |- | [[Solanaceae]] || 2,743 |- | [[2006 Winter Olympics]] || 2,775 |- | [[Oribi]] || 2,785 |- | [[Jacques Cousteau]] || 2,794 |- | [[Rhesus macaque]] || 2,797 |- | [[Spur]] || 2,818 |- | [[Least wheasel]] || 2,846 |- | [[William Douglas, 1st Duke o Queensberry]] || 2,846 |- | [[Sooth Tyrol]] || 2,865 |- | [[Iridaceae]] || 2,888 |- | [[Turtle]] || 2,926 |- | [[Laothoe populi]] || 2,931 |- | [[Hartebeest]] || 2,952 |- | [[Richard Wright (muisicker)]] || 2,972 |- | [[2002 Winter Olympics]] || 2,998 |- | [[Shilfie]] || 3,031 |- | [[Free Kirk o Scotland (syne 1900)]] || 3,042 |- | [[Durham]] || 3,075 |- | [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] || 3,086 |- | [[Rumex]] || 3,088 |- | [[Ericales]] || 3,096 |- | [[William Cullen, Baron Cullen o Whitekirk]] || 3,134 |- | [[Vaccinium vitis-idaea]] || 3,141 |- | [[Platichthys flesus]] || 3,162 |- | [[Edinburgh Zoo]] || 3,218 |- | [[Oreochromis niloticus]] || 3,250 |- | [[Typha]] || 3,270 |- | [[Eumetazoa]] || 3,282 |- | [[Prunus avium]] || 3,415 |- | [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium]] || 3,418 |- | [[Nils Olav]] || 3,436 |- | [[Opisthokont]] || 3,439 |- | [[Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast]] || 3,472 |- | [[Nenad Zimonjić]] || 3,491 |- | [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscoont Nelson]] || 3,508 |- | [[Joseph Joffre]] || 3,519 |- | [[Jean Simmons]] || 3,532 |- | [[Paedophryne amauensis]] || 3,600 |- | [[Christian Karembeu]] || 3,702 |- | [[Saiga antelope]] || 3,706 |- | [[Papilio machaon]] || 3,716 |- | [[Joe DiMaggio]] || 3,808 |- | [[2010 Haiti yirdquauk]] || 3,882 |- | [[Ranunculales]] || 3,908 |- | [[Imperata cylindrica]] || 3,964 |- | [[Orchidaceae]] || 3,993 |- | [[Sikkim]] || 4,025 |- | [[Tuatara]] || 4,049 |- | [[Kliment Voroshilov]] || 4,075 |- | [[Epipactis helleborine]] || 4,079 |- | [[Doris Lessing]] || 4,115 |- | [[Jujube]] || 4,220 |- | [[Sequoiadendron giganteum]] || 4,237 |- | [[Burlington]] || 4,272 |- | [[Roc]] || 4,284 |- | [[Sooth Sumatra]] || 4,304 |- | [[Pieridae]] || 4,312 |- | [[Sangbird]] || 4,335 |- | [[Delhi Sultanate]] || 4,336 |- | [[James Ogilvy, 4t Yerl o Findlater]] || 4,431 |- | [[Joannie Rochette]] || 4,520 |- | [[Labrador Retriever]] || 4,542 |- | [[Chester W. Nimitz]] || 4,566 |- | [[Lawrence of Arabia (film)]] || 4,598 |- | [[Moa]] || 4,606 |- | [[Boris Becker]] || 4,842 |- | [[Stendhal]] || 4,844 |- | [[Moraceae]] || 4,949 |- | [[Wembley Stadium]] || 4,949 |- | [[Leeberation Teegers o Tamil Eelam]] || 5,003 |- | [[Archibald Primrose, 5t Yerl o Rosebery]] || 5,142 |- | [[Myrtaceae]] || 5,172 |- | [[Proteobacteria]] || 5,177 |- | [[CA]] || 5,268 |- | [[Urticaceae]] || 5,286 |- | [[Franjo Tuđman]] || 5,294 |- | [[Tver]] || 5,511 |- | [[George Marshall]] || 5,527 |- | [[Zinc]] || 5,992 |- | [[Boko Haram]] || 6,017 |- | [[Haile Selassie]] || 6,042 |- | [[John Hay, 1st Marquess o Tweeddale]] || 6,170 |- | [[Amartya Sen]] || 6,178 |- | [[Saunt Barthélemy]] || 6,229 |- | [[Virus]] || 6,708 |- | [[Embryophyte]] || 6,728 |- | [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]] || 6,876 |- | [[Sisimiut]] || 8,079 |- | [[2011 Norawa attacks]] || 8,754 |- | [[Phoenix]] || 9,561 |- | [[Lepidoptera]] || 9,943 |- | [[Andre Geim]] || 14,758 |- | [[Edmonton]] || 18,519 |- | [[Janko Tipsarević]] || 22,500 |- | [[88t Academy Awairds]] || 24,510 |- | [[The Open Championship]] || 43,925 |- | [[Epsom Derby]] || 58,155 |} 5pzs7l51yl5rwlms4q8h4jyivadleo8 0 234424 928014 2026-11-11T14:42:57Z CiphriusKane 74958 CiphriusKane flittit page [[Auch, Scotland]] til [[Auch]]: Owerscrievin onneedit disambig 928014 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Auch]] 1nj4t7q0rw5u2sjjaslabhi501f3t4b 1 234425 928016 2026-11-11T14:42:57Z CiphriusKane 74958 CiphriusKane flittit page [[Collogue:Auch, Scotland]] til [[Collogue:Auch]]: Owerscrievin onneedit disambig 928016 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Collogue:Auch]] fkmdn3whw1d6r66j450iipr19t9rmzd