وڪيپيڊيا sdwiki https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%DA%A9_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%88 MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.26 first-letter ذريعات خاص بحث واپرائيندڙ واپرائيندڙ بحث وڪيپيڊيا وڪيپيڊيا بحث فائل فائل بحث ذريعات وڪي ذريعات وڪي بحث سانچو سانچو بحث مدد مدد بحث زمرو زمرو بحث باب باب بحث TimedText TimedText talk ماڊيول ماڊيول بحث Event Event talk 10 3431 376078 30659 2026-05-05T20:45:39Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 376078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{1|}}}|&nbsp;{{{1}}}^h|}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}|&nbsp;{{{2}}}^m|}}{{#if:{{{3|}}}|&nbsp;{{{3|}}}^s|}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 0a8jy1mtb5gxs077ca5gmnb2s9h2y0j 10 3432 376080 30653 2026-05-05T20:48:33Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 376080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Str rep|{{{1}}}|-|−}}&deg;{{#ifeq: {{{2|+}}}|{{{2|-}}}|&nbsp;{{{2|}}}&prime;|}}{{#ifeq: {{{3|+}}}|{{{3|-}}}|&nbsp;{{{3|}}}&Prime;|}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> ca7a9juvcbyfr10chaus86lqwz0ed6y 0 4920 376031 337344 2026-05-05T16:07:41Z Siddhu Talreja 18634 سور تختي ٺيڪ ڪئي. 376031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{صندوق معلومات شخص |image=Image:Gautam Buddha and five followers,Yempi Mahabihar ,I-bahi,Lalitpur 08.jpg }} '''گوتم ٻڌ''' ([[انگريزي]]:Gautam Buddha)، [[هندستان]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو، هو هڪ شاهي خاندان مان هو سندس نالو اصل نالو ”سڌارٿ“ هو.<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://www.encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=ٻڌ|title=ٻڌ : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا)|website=www.encyclopediasindhiana.org|language=sd|access-date=2021-11-08}}</ref> هن جي ماءَ مهاراڻي مايا لاءِ قديم ڪٿائن ۾ لکيل آهي ته ”مايا، چوڏهينءَ جي چنڊ جيان مقدس، قابل احترام ۽ پوڄا لائق هئي. هوءَ پنهنجي ارادي ۾ ڌرتيءَ جيان اٽل ۽ خاموش هئي. هن جي دل ڪنول جيان پاڪ هئي.“ ==سوانح== گوتم ٻڌ جو جنم 563 ق.م ۾ ٿيو ۽ وفات 483 ق. م ۾ ٿي. مها آتما ٻُڌ، جنهن کي عام طرح گوتم ٻُڌ چيو ويندو آهي. سندس جنم هندستان ۾ ”ڪپل وستوءَ“ جي مقام تي، جيڪو [[واراناسي|بنارس]] کان هڪ سؤ ميل اتر اوڀر ۾ ”روهني“ درياھ جي ڪپ تي واقع آهي انهيءَ علائقي ۾ لمبني شهر ۾ ساڪيا قبيلي ۾ ٿيو. گوتم جي پيدائش شاهي خاندان ۾ ٿيڻ سبب کيس نازن سان پاليو ويو ۽ ڪوشش ڪئي وئي ته گوتم کي ڪابه تڪليف نه پهچي ۽ نه هو دنيا جون تڪليفون ۽ عذاب ڏسي سگهي. هڪ قصي مطابق گوتم تڏهن دنيا جي تڪليفن کان واقف ٿيو جڏهن هن هڪ غريب، هڪ اپاهج ۽ هڪ جنازي کي ڏٺو. اهي منظر ڏسي هن جي طبيعت تي گهرو اثر پيو. نتيجو اهو نڪتو ته کيس راج محل ۾ هاڻي کيس سڪون ڪون ٿي آيو. راج محل ۾ وٽس عيش عشرت جو هر سامان موجود هو، هڪ خوبصورت ۽ نوجوان زال هئي. تنهن هوندي به هن جي طبيعت ۾ ٿورو به ڦيرو نه آيو. هو ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ بي چين ٿيندو ويو. هن وٽ اهي خيال اڀرڻ لڳا ته دنيا جي تڪليفن کان نجات جي راه ڪهڙي آهي. ان ئي جستجو ۽ تسڪين جي حاصلات لاءِ هڪ ڏينهن خاموشيءَ هو راج محل ۽ سمورن واسطيدارن کي ڇڏي جهنگ ڏانهن نڪري پيو. گهڻن ئي سالن پڄاڻان هندستان جي هڪ شهر ”گيا“ ۾ هڪ وڻ هيٺيان ويٺي ويٺي کيس سموري گيان جي اها روشني ملي وئي، جنهن کي ”ٻڌتا“ چيو وڃي ٿو. اهڙي طرح هو ”ٻڌ“ ٿي ويو. جنهن وٽ هيٺان پاڻ ويٺو هو اهو وڻ ”ٻوڌيور ڪڇ“ جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. پوءِ جڏهن گوتم کي جيئن ئي نرواڻ (روشني) ملي، جنهن جي هن کي ڳولا هئي، ته هو اٿي کڙو ٿيو. هاڻ هو نه فقط گوتم يا سڌارٿا هو پر هو ”ٻڌ“ پڻ هو. گوتم ٻڌ پنهنجي بزرگ '''آستا''' (Asita) سان پڻ ملڻ چاهيو ٿي. آستا ان زماني جو هڪ پوڙهو رشي هو، جنهن دنيا جي ڳالهين کي تياڳي هماليا جبلن ۾ اڪيلائپ وڃي اختيار ڪئي هئي. هن شهزادي سڌارٿا (گوتم) لاءِ اڳڪٿي ڪئي هئي ته هي يا ته وڏو بادشاهه يعني چڪرا وارتي ٿيندو يا ڪنهن وڏي ڌرم جو اڳواڻ (ٻُڌ). گوتم ٻُڌ هن درويش صفت انسان آستا ۽ پنهنجن ٻن استادن '''الارا ڪلاما''' ۽ '''راما پِتا''' سان ملي کين پنهنجي حاصلات کان آگاهه ڪرڻ لاءِ نڪتو، پر کيس خبر پيئي ته اهي ٽي ئي گذاري ويا آهن. ٻڌ (مرشد) بنجڻ کان پوءِ، گوتم ٻن سوداگرن تپوسا ۽ ڀالڪا سان مليو، جيڪي هن جا پهريان ٻالڪا/مريد (Disciples) ٿيا. گوتم ٻڌ پنهنجي ٺوڙهه ڪرائي، پنهنجي وارن جي سوغات پنهنجن هنن ٻن مريدن کي ڏني. گوتم جا اهي وار برما (ميانمار) جي ٻڌ مندر ”شويداگون پگوڊا“ (جنهن کي انگريزي ۾ گريٽ داگون ۽ گولڊن پگوڊا سڏجي ٿو) ۾ تبرڪ طور رکيل آهن. هي پگودا (ٻڌن جو مندر) برما جي ٻڌن لاءِ سڀ کان اتم ۽ پوتر سمجھيو وڃي ٿو جنهن ۾ گوتم ٻڌ جي وارن جي اٺ لڙين سان گڏ گوتم جون ٽي ٻيون نشانيون به آهن جن جي زيارت لاءِ برما ۽ ٻاهر جي دنيا جا ٻُڌَ ياتري اچن ٿا. سون جو پاڻي چڙهيل هي اتاهون پگوڊا 100 کن ميٽر (330 فٽ) بلند برما جي گادي واري شهر ينگون (پراڻو نالو رنگون) ۾ ڪانڊاگي نالي مشهور ڍنڍ جي اولهه ۾ سنگو تارا پهاڙيءَ تي آهي.<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://www.encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=ڀڳوان%20ٻڌ|title=ڀڳوان ٻڌ : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا)|website=www.encyclopediasindhiana.org|language=sd|access-date=2020-09-27}}</ref> ==سرناٿ== '''سرناٿ''' (Sarnath) شهر هڪ قسم جو زيارت گاهه آهي، جِتي ٻارهوئي ٿائلينڊ، جپان، تبت، برما، سريلنڪا جا ٻُڌ ياتري ايندا رهن ٿا. انهيءَ ڪري انهن جي سرڪار هِتي انهن لاءِ مندر به ٺهرائي ڇڏيا آهن. ٻڌ ڌرم بابت اها حيرت جي ڳالهه آهي ته ان جو باني انڊيا ۾ ڄائو ۽ هن مذهب جي پرچار انڊيا کان شروع ٿي پوءِ برما، [[سري لنڪا]]، چين، تبت، سيام (ٿائلنڊ) ويندي جپان ۽ ڪوريا تائين هي ڌرم مشهور ٿيو. هر ملڪ ۾ هن ڌرم ۾ ٿوري گهڻي تبديلي ضرور آئي آهي، پر سڀ گوتم جا پوئلڳ آهن. ڪُشي نگر جنهن جي آدم شماري 20 هزار مس ٿيندي، ٻُڌن لاءِ وڏي اهميت رکي ٿو جو ٻُڌن جو اهو عقيدو آهي ته مري وڃڻ کان پوءِ گوتم ٻڌ کي هن شهر ۾ نرواڻ حاصل ٿيو هو. ڪُشي نگر جنهن کي ڪُسي نگر ۽ ڪُسي نارا جي نالن سان پڻ سڏيو وڃي ٿو. اتر پرديس رياست جي ڪُشي نگر ضلعي جو شهر آهي. ڪشي نگر انڊيا جي مشهور شهر گورک پور کان 52 ڪلوميٽر اوڀر ۾ آهي. هَتا، ديوريا ۽ فضل نگر ٽائون سندس ڀر ۾ آهن. گوتم ٻڌ ”ٻڌ گيا“ شهر ۾ پپر جي وڻ هيٺان تپسيا ۽ ماٺ جو روزو رکڻ ۽ اندر جي روشني حاصل ڪرڻ کانپوءِ پنهنجن شروعاتي ڪجهه مريدن سان گڏ هن شهر ”سرناٿ“ پهتو ۽ هِتي جي هرڻن واري پارڪ (Deer Park) ۾ پهريون واعظ ڏنو. ان ڪري هي شهر سرناٿ پڻ ٻڌ گويا ۽ ڪشي نگر وانگر ٻڌن لاءِ متبرڪ شهر سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. سرناٿ شهر ۾ گوتم ٻڌ ۽ ان سان واسطو رکندڙ شين جون ڪيتريون تصويرون ۽ مورتيون آهن. هن شهر سرناٿ بابت هِڪُ ڪِتابُ جنهن جو نالو آهي: “Guide to Buddhist Ruins of Sarnath” هن ڪِتابَ جو ليکڪ آهي راءِ بهادر ديارام ساهي. ٻڌن جو چوٿون پوتر شهر لمبني (Lumbini) آهي، جيڪو نيپال جي روپان دَهي ضلعي ۾ آهي. هِتي راڻي مايا ديويءَ گوتم (سڌارٿا) کي جنم ڏنو. گوتم جي ڄمڻ کان پوءِ، سگهوئي، هفتي اندر مايا گذاري وئي ۽ گوتم کي سندس ماسيءَ (مايا جي ڀيڻَ) ”مهاپاجا پَتي“ نپايو. ”مايا ۽ سڌوڌانا کي ويهن سالن تائين ڪو به ٻار نه ٿيو.“ ”روايتن موجب، چوڏهينءَ جي هڪ چانڊوڪي رات جو راڻي عطر عنبير هڻي، چوٽا کولي ستي پئي هئي ته هن خواب ۾ محسوس ڪيو ته هن وٽ چار ديوَ (روحَ) آيا، جيڪي هن کي هماليا جبلن ڏي انوٽتا ڍنڍ تي وٺي آيا. ان ڍنڍَ ۾ سِنان ڪرائڻ کان پوءِ ديون هن کي سهڻا ڪپڙا پارائي خوشبوئن سان معطر ڪيو. ان کان پوءِ هن ڏٺو ته هڪ اڇو هاٿي ڪنول (Lotus) جو گل پنهنجي سونڍ ۾ جھلي هن اڳيان ظاهر ٿيو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري ٽي ڦيرا ڪري، هن جي ساڄي پاسي کان سندس پيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي ويو ۽ راڻيءَ جي اک کلي وئي. هوءَ سمجھي وئي ته هن کي ٻار ڄمڻ جو نياپو ڏنو ويو آهي.“ گوتم لمبني شهر ۾ ڄمڻ کان پوءِ 29 ورهين جي عمر تائين اتي ئي رهيو. ان بعد هو تپسيا لاءِ ٻُڌ گايا ۾ رهيو، جِتان هو هن شهر سرناٿ پهتو. گوتم ٻڌ جي سرناٿ شهر ۾ اچڻ کان پورن 300 سالن کان پوءِ هندستان جو شهنشاهه اشوڪ هن شهر سرناٿ ۾ آيو، جنهن هِتي هڪ اسٽوپا (ٿنڀو) ٺهرايو جيڪو اڄ ڏينهن تائين قائم آهي ۽ ”چوکنڊي اسٽوپا“ سڏجي ٿو. <ref>{{Citation |title=بنارس کان برمودا (الطاف شيخ) {{!}} سنڌ سلامت ڪتاب گهر<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://books.sindhsalamat.com/book.php?book_id=296#14896 |accessdate=2016-09-09 |archive-date=2017-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912094424/http://books.sindhsalamat.com/book.php?book_id=296#14896 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> <ref>ڪتاب: بنارس کان برمودا, الطاف شيخ</ref> ==ٻڌ تعليمات جي شروعات== هندستان جي شهر ڪاشي ”بنارس“ جي ويجهو سارناٿ جي شڪارگاه ۾ ٻڌ پنهنجي تبليغ شروع ڪئي. سارناٿ ان دور ۾ رشي پتن سڏبو هو. گوتم ٻڌ پنهنجي تعليم ۾ ديوتائن جي نالي تي ٿيندڙ جانورن جي قربانين جي مذمت ڪئي. هن وڌيڪ زور ان ڳاله تي ڏنو ته جيڪڏهن قرباني ڏيڻي آهي ته انسان کي گهرجي ته پنهنجي ڪاوڙ، حسد ۽ خواهشن کي قربان ڪري نڪي معصوم جانورن جو خون وهائي. ==ان وقت هندستان جا حالات== گوتم ٻڌ جي پيدائش وقت هندستان ۾ ”ويدڪ ڌرم“ ڦهليل هو، پر ان ۾ به وقت سان گڏ ڪافي تبديليون اچي چڪيون هيون. برهمڻ يا مذهبي اڳواڻن پوڄا پاٺ ۽ ظاهري رسمن تي گهڻو زور ڏنو ٿي. انهن ذاتين جون بندشون وڌيڪ سخت ڪري ڇڏيون. مذهبي پيشوائن عام انسان جي زندگي کي وڌيڪ ڏکارو بنائي ڇڏيو هو. تنهنڪري گوتم ٻڌ، مذهبي پيشوائن کان تنگ ٿيل طبقي جو پسنديده سڌارڪ ٿي پيو. گوتم، انهن مذهبي پيشوائن جي خرابين کي وڌيڪ چٽو ڪيو ۽ ان ڳاله تي زور ڏنو ته عبادت جي ڏيکاءَ وارين رسمن ۾ ڪابه صداقت ناهي. اهڙي طرح هن ٻڌ ڌرم جي پوئيلڳن ۽ ڀڪشوئن جي هڪ تنظيم ”ٻڌ سنگه“ جو بنياد وڌو. ==ٻڌ ڌرم جو اثرڻ== هڪ مذهب جي حيثيت ۾ ٻڌ ڌرم يا [[ٻڌمت]] گهڻي وقت تايئن مشهور نه ٿي سگهيو، پر وقت گذرڻ سان گڏ ان جي مشهوريءَ ۾ واڌارو ايندو ويو. هندستان ۾ الڳ مذهب طور ٻڌ ڌرم گهڻي ڀاڱي نه اچي سگهيو. هندستان کان ٻاهر ٻڌ ڌرم هڪ جدا مذهب واري حيثيت اختيار ڪئي. ڏورانهن علائقن مثال طور سريلنڪا کان وٺي چين تائين ان نظريي جو جدا مذهب طور ڦهلاءُ ٿيو پر پنهنجي ئي وطن هندستان ۾ اهو برهمڻ ازم يا [[هندوڌرم|هندو ڌرم]] ۾ ضم ٿي ويو. البته هندو ڌرم تي ان جو گهرو اثر ٿيو ۽ هندو مذهب مان ڪافي برايون ۽ وهم نڪري ويا. * يادگار شخصيتون ـ ليکڪ: جواهر لال نهرو، ترجمو: ظفر == بيروني لنڪس == * [http://www.aboutbuddha.org گوتم ٻڌ جي سوانح] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ٻڌمت]] [[زمرو:شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:مذهبي پيشوا]] pvsot1an582q1bzmhyo1mgg6m3xl6vd 828 9838 376074 276814 2026-05-05T20:29:40Z Intisar Ali 8681 376074 Scribunto text/plain --[[ This module is intended to replace the functionality of {{Coord}} and related templates. It provides several methods, including {{#invoke:Coordinates | coord }} : General function formatting and displaying coordinate values. {{#invoke:Coordinates | dec2dms }} : Simple function for converting decimal degree values to DMS format. {{#invoke:Coordinates | dms2dec }} : Simple function for converting DMS format to decimal degree format. {{#invoke:Coordinates | link }} : Export the link used to reach the tools ]] require('strict') local math_mod = require("Module:Math") local coordinates = {}; local isSandbox = mw.getCurrentFrame():getTitle():find('sandbox', 1, true); local current_page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local page_name = mw.uri.encode( current_page.prefixedText, 'WIKI' ); local coord_link = 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=' .. page_name .. '&params=' --[[ Helper function, replacement for {{coord/display/title}} ]] local function displaytitle(coords) return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag{ name = 'indicator', args = { name = 'coordinates' }, content = '<span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: ' .. coords .. '</span>' } end --[[ Helper function, used in detecting DMS formatting ]] local function dmsTest(first, second) if type(first) ~= 'string' or type(second) ~= 'string' then return nil end local s = (first .. second):upper() return s:find('^[NS][EW]$') or s:find('^[EW][NS]$') end --[[ Wrapper function to grab args, see Module:Arguments for this function's documentation. ]] local function makeInvokeFunc(funcName) return function (frame) local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, { wrappers = 'Template:Coord' }) return coordinates[funcName](args, frame) end end --[[ Helper function, handle optional args. ]] local function optionalArg(arg, supplement) return arg and arg .. supplement or '' end --[[ Formats any error messages generated for display ]] local function errorPrinter(errors) local result = "" for i,v in ipairs(errors) do result = result .. '<strong class="error">Coordinates: ' .. v[2] .. '</strong><br />' end return result end --[[ Determine the required CSS class to display coordinates Usually geo-nondefault is hidden by CSS, unless a user has overridden this for himself default is the mode as specificied by the user when calling the {{coord}} template mode is the display mode (dec or dms) that we will need to determine the css class for ]] local function displayDefault(default, mode) if default == "" then default = "dec" end if default == mode then return "geo-default" else return "geo-nondefault" end end --[[ specPrinter Output formatter. Takes the structure generated by either parseDec or parseDMS and formats it for inclusion on Wikipedia. ]] local function specPrinter(args, coordinateSpec) local uriComponents = coordinateSpec["param"] if uriComponents == "" then -- RETURN error, should never be empty or nil return "ERROR param was empty" end if args["name"] then uriComponents = uriComponents .. "&title=" .. mw.uri.encode(coordinateSpec["name"]) end local geodmshtml = '<span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">' .. '<span class="latitude">' .. coordinateSpec["dms-lat"] .. '</span> ' .. '<span class="longitude">' ..coordinateSpec["dms-long"] .. '</span>' .. '</span>' local lat = tonumber( coordinateSpec["dec-lat"] ) or 0 local geodeclat if lat < 0 then -- FIXME this breaks the pre-existing precision geodeclat = tostring(coordinateSpec["dec-lat"]):sub(2) .. "°S" else geodeclat = (coordinateSpec["dec-lat"] or 0) .. "°N" end local long = tonumber( coordinateSpec["dec-long"] ) or 0 local geodeclong if long < 0 then -- FIXME does not handle unicode minus geodeclong = tostring(coordinateSpec["dec-long"]):sub(2) .. "°W" else geodeclong = (coordinateSpec["dec-long"] or 0) .. "°E" end local geodechtml = '<span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">' .. geodeclat .. ' ' .. geodeclong .. '</span>' local geonumhtml = '<span class="geo">' .. coordinateSpec["dec-lat"] .. '; ' .. coordinateSpec["dec-long"] .. '</span>' local inner = '<span class="' .. displayDefault(coordinateSpec["default"], "dms" ) .. '">' .. geodmshtml .. '</span>' .. '<span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span>' .. '<span class="' .. displayDefault(coordinateSpec["default"], "dec" ) .. '">'; if not args["name"] then inner = inner .. geodechtml .. '<span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / ' .. geonumhtml .. '</span></span>' else inner = inner .. '<span class="vcard">' .. geodechtml .. '<span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / ' .. geonumhtml .. '</span>' .. '<span style="display:none">&#xfeff; (<span class="fn org">' .. args["name"] .. '</span>)</span></span></span>' end local stylesheetLink = 'Module:Coordinates' .. ( isSandbox and '/sandbox' or '' ) .. '/styles.css' return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag{ name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = stylesheetLink } } .. '<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[' .. coord_link .. uriComponents .. ' ' .. inner .. ']</span>' .. '[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]' end --[[ Helper function, convert decimal to degrees ]] local function convert_dec2dms_d(coordinate) local d = math_mod._round( coordinate, 0 ) .. "°" return d .. "" end --[[ Helper function, convert decimal to degrees and minutes ]] local function convert_dec2dms_dm(coordinate) coordinate = math_mod._round( coordinate * 60, 0 ); local m = coordinate % 60; coordinate = math.floor( (coordinate - m) / 60 ); local d = coordinate % 360 .."°" return d .. string.format( "%02d′", m ) end --[[ Helper function, convert decimal to degrees, minutes, and seconds ]] local function convert_dec2dms_dms(coordinate) coordinate = math_mod._round( coordinate * 60 * 60, 0 ); local s = coordinate % 60 coordinate = math.floor( (coordinate - s) / 60 ); local m = coordinate % 60 coordinate = math.floor( (coordinate - m) / 60 ); local d = coordinate % 360 .."°" return d .. string.format( "%02d′", m ) .. string.format( "%02d″", s ) end --[[ Helper function, convert decimal latitude or longitude to degrees, minutes, and seconds format based on the specified precision. ]] local function convert_dec2dms(coordinate, firstPostfix, secondPostfix, precision) local coord = tonumber(coordinate) local postfix if coord >= 0 then postfix = firstPostfix else postfix = secondPostfix end precision = precision:lower(); if precision == "dms" then return convert_dec2dms_dms( math.abs( coord ) ) .. postfix; elseif precision == "dm" then return convert_dec2dms_dm( math.abs( coord ) ) .. postfix; elseif precision == "d" then return convert_dec2dms_d( math.abs( coord ) ) .. postfix; end end --[[ Convert DMS format into a N or E decimal coordinate ]] local function convert_dms2dec(direction, degrees_str, minutes_str, seconds_str) local degrees = tonumber(degrees_str) local minutes = tonumber(minutes_str) or 0 local seconds = tonumber(seconds_str) or 0 local factor = 1 if direction == "S" or direction == "W" then factor = -1 end local precision = 0 if seconds_str then precision = 5 + math.max( math_mod._precision(seconds_str), 0 ); elseif minutes_str and minutes_str ~= '' then precision = 3 + math.max( math_mod._precision(minutes_str), 0 ); else precision = math.max( math_mod._precision(degrees_str), 0 ); end local decimal = factor * (degrees+(minutes+seconds/60)/60) return string.format( "%." .. precision .. "f", decimal ) -- not tonumber since this whole thing is string based. end --[[ Checks input values to for out of range errors. ]] local function validate( lat_d, lat_m, lat_s, long_d, long_m, long_s, source, strong ) local errors = {}; lat_d = tonumber( lat_d ) or 0; lat_m = tonumber( lat_m ) or 0; lat_s = tonumber( lat_s ) or 0; long_d = tonumber( long_d ) or 0; long_m = tonumber( long_m ) or 0; long_s = tonumber( long_s ) or 0; if strong then if lat_d < 0 then table.insert(errors, {source, "latitude degrees < 0 with hemisphere flag"}) end if long_d < 0 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude degrees < 0 with hemisphere flag"}) end --[[ #coordinates is inconsistent about whether this is an error. If globe: is specified, it won't error on this condition, but otherwise it will. For not simply disable this check. if long_d > 180 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude degrees > 180 with hemisphere flag"}) end ]] end if lat_d > 90 then table.insert(errors, {source, "latitude degrees > 90"}) end if lat_d < -90 then table.insert(errors, {source, "latitude degrees < -90"}) end if lat_m >= 60 then table.insert(errors, {source, "latitude minutes >= 60"}) end if lat_m < 0 then table.insert(errors, {source, "latitude minutes < 0"}) end if lat_s >= 60 then table.insert(errors, {source, "latitude seconds >= 60"}) end if lat_s < 0 then table.insert(errors, {source, "latitude seconds < 0"}) end if long_d >= 360 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude degrees >= 360"}) end if long_d <= -360 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude degrees <= -360"}) end if long_m >= 60 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude minutes >= 60"}) end if long_m < 0 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude minutes < 0"}) end if long_s >= 60 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude seconds >= 60"}) end if long_s < 0 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude seconds < 0"}) end return errors; end --[[ parseDec Transforms decimal format latitude and longitude into the structure to be used in displaying coordinates ]] local function parseDec( lat, long, format ) local coordinateSpec = {} local errors = {} if not long then return nil, {{"parseDec", "Missing longitude"}} elseif not tonumber(long) then return nil, {{"parseDec", "Longitude could not be parsed as a number: " .. long}} end errors = validate( lat, nil, nil, long, nil, nil, 'parseDec', false ); coordinateSpec["dec-lat"] = lat; coordinateSpec["dec-long"] = long; local mode = coordinates.determineMode( lat, long ); coordinateSpec["dms-lat"] = convert_dec2dms( lat, "N", "S", mode) -- {{coord/dec2dms|{{{1}}}|N|S|{{coord/prec dec|{{{1}}}|{{{2}}}}}}} coordinateSpec["dms-long"] = convert_dec2dms( long, "E", "W", mode) -- {{coord/dec2dms|{{{2}}}|E|W|{{coord/prec dec|{{{1}}}|{{{2}}}}}}} if format then coordinateSpec.default = format else coordinateSpec.default = "dec" end return coordinateSpec, errors end --[[ parseDMS Transforms degrees, minutes, seconds format latitude and longitude into the a structure to be used in displaying coordinates ]] local function parseDMS( lat_d, lat_m, lat_s, lat_f, long_d, long_m, long_s, long_f, format ) local coordinateSpec, errors, backward = {}, {} lat_f = lat_f:upper(); long_f = long_f:upper(); -- Check if specified backward if lat_f == 'E' or lat_f == 'W' then lat_d, long_d, lat_m, long_m, lat_s, long_s, lat_f, long_f, backward = long_d, lat_d, long_m, lat_m, long_s, lat_s, long_f, lat_f, true; end errors = validate( lat_d, lat_m, lat_s, long_d, long_m, long_s, 'parseDMS', true ); if not long_d then return nil, {{"parseDMS", "Missing longitude" }} elseif not tonumber(long_d) then return nil, {{"parseDMS", "Longitude could not be parsed as a number:" .. long_d }} end if not lat_m and not lat_s and not long_m and not long_s and #errors == 0 then if math_mod._precision( lat_d ) > 0 or math_mod._precision( long_d ) > 0 then if lat_f:upper() == 'S' then lat_d = '-' .. lat_d; end if long_f:upper() == 'W' then long_d = '-' .. long_d; end return parseDec( lat_d, long_d, format ); end end coordinateSpec["dms-lat"] = lat_d.."°"..optionalArg(lat_m,"′") .. optionalArg(lat_s,"″") .. lat_f coordinateSpec["dms-long"] = long_d.."°"..optionalArg(long_m,"′") .. optionalArg(long_s,"″") .. long_f coordinateSpec["dec-lat"] = convert_dms2dec(lat_f, lat_d, lat_m, lat_s) -- {{coord/dms2dec|{{{4}}}|{{{1}}}|0{{{2}}}|0{{{3}}}}} coordinateSpec["dec-long"] = convert_dms2dec(long_f, long_d, long_m, long_s) -- {{coord/dms2dec|{{{8}}}|{{{5}}}|0{{{6}}}|0{{{7}}}}} if format then coordinateSpec.default = format else coordinateSpec.default = "dms" end return coordinateSpec, errors, backward end --[[ Check the input arguments for coord to determine the kind of data being provided and then make the necessary processing. ]] local function formatTest(args) local result, errors local backward, primary = false, false local function getParam(args, lim) local ret = {} for i = 1, lim do ret[i] = args[i] or '' end return table.concat(ret, '_') end if not args[1] then -- no lat logic return errorPrinter( {{"formatTest", "Missing latitude"}} ) elseif not tonumber(args[1]) then -- bad lat logic return errorPrinter( {{"formatTest", "Unable to parse latitude as a number:" .. args[1]}} ) elseif not args[4] and not args[5] and not args[6] then -- dec logic result, errors = parseDec(args[1], args[2], args.format) if not result then return errorPrinter(errors); end -- formatting for geohack: geohack expects D_N_D_E notation or D;D notation -- wikiminiatlas doesn't support D;D notation -- #coordinates parserfunction doesn't support negative decimals with NSWE result.param = table.concat({ math.abs(tonumber(args[1])), ((tonumber(args[1]) or 0) < 0) and 'S' or 'N', math.abs(tonumber(args[2])), ((tonumber(args[2]) or 0) < 0) and 'W' or 'E', args[3] or ''}, '_') elseif dmsTest(args[4], args[8]) then -- dms logic result, errors, backward = parseDMS(args[1], args[2], args[3], args[4], args[5], args[6], args[7], args[8], args.format) if args[10] then table.insert(errors, {'formatTest', 'Extra unexpected parameters'}) end if not result then return errorPrinter(errors) end result.param = getParam(args, 9) elseif dmsTest(args[3], args[6]) then -- dm logic result, errors, backward = parseDMS(args[1], args[2], nil, args[3], args[4], args[5], nil, args[6], args['format']) if args[8] then table.insert(errors, {'formatTest', 'Extra unexpected parameters'}) end if not result then return errorPrinter(errors) end result.param = getParam(args, 7) elseif dmsTest(args[2], args[4]) then -- d logic result, errors, backward = parseDMS(args[1], nil, nil, args[2], args[3], nil, nil, args[4], args.format) if args[6] then table.insert(errors, {'formatTest', 'Extra unexpected parameters'}) end if not result then return errorPrinter(errors) end result.param = getParam(args, 5) else -- Error return errorPrinter({{"formatTest", "Unknown argument format"}}) .. '[[Category:Pages with malformed coordinate tags]]' end result.name = args.name local extra_param = {'dim', 'globe', 'scale', 'region', 'source', 'type'} for _, v in ipairs(extra_param) do if args[v] then table.insert(errors, {'formatTest', 'Parameter: "' .. v .. '=" should be "' .. v .. ':"' }) end end local ret = specPrinter(args, result) if #errors > 0 then ret = ret .. ' ' .. errorPrinter(errors) .. '[[Category:Pages with malformed coordinate tags]]' end return ret, backward end --[[ Generate Wikidata tracking categories. ]] local function makeWikidataCategories(qid) local ret local qid = qid or mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() if mw.wikibase and current_page.namespace == 0 then if qid and mw.wikibase.entityExists(qid) and mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, "P625") and mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, "P625")[1] then local snaktype = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, "P625")[1].mainsnak.snaktype if snaktype == 'value' then -- coordinates exist both here and on Wikidata, and can be compared. ret = 'Coordinates on Wikidata' elseif snaktype == 'somevalue' then ret = 'Coordinates on Wikidata set to unknown value' elseif snaktype == 'novalue' then ret = 'Coordinates on Wikidata set to no value' end else -- We have to either import the coordinates to Wikidata or remove them here. ret = 'Coordinates not on Wikidata' end end if ret then return string.format('[[Category:%s]]', ret) else return '' end end --[[ link Simple function to export the coordinates link for other uses. Usage: {{#invoke:Coordinates | link }} ]] function coordinates.link(frame) return coord_link; end --[[ dec2dms Wrapper to allow templates to call dec2dms directly. Usage: {{#invoke:Coordinates | dec2dms | decimal_coordinate | positive_suffix | negative_suffix | precision }} decimal_coordinate is converted to DMS format. If positive, the positive_suffix is appended (typical N or E), if negative, the negative suffix is appended. The specified precision is one of 'D', 'DM', or 'DMS' to specify the level of detail to use. ]] coordinates.dec2dms = makeInvokeFunc('_dec2dms') function coordinates._dec2dms(args) local coordinate = args[1] local firstPostfix = args[2] or '' local secondPostfix = args[3] or '' local precision = args[4] or '' return convert_dec2dms(coordinate, firstPostfix, secondPostfix, precision) end --[[ Helper function to determine whether to use D, DM, or DMS format depending on the precision of the decimal input. ]] function coordinates.determineMode( value1, value2 ) local precision = math.max( math_mod._precision( value1 ), math_mod._precision( value2 ) ); if precision <= 0 then return 'd' elseif precision <= 2 then return 'dm'; else return 'dms'; end end --[[ dms2dec Wrapper to allow templates to call dms2dec directly. Usage: {{#invoke:Coordinates | dms2dec | direction_flag | degrees | minutes | seconds }} Converts DMS values specified as degrees, minutes, seconds too decimal format. direction_flag is one of N, S, E, W, and determines whether the output is positive (i.e. N and E) or negative (i.e. S and W). ]] coordinates.dms2dec = makeInvokeFunc('_dms2dec') function coordinates._dms2dec(args) local direction = args[1] local degrees = args[2] local minutes = args[3] local seconds = args[4] return convert_dms2dec(direction, degrees, minutes, seconds) end --[[ coord Main entry point for Lua function to replace {{coord}} Usage: {{#invoke:Coordinates | coord }} {{#invoke:Coordinates | coord | lat | long }} {{#invoke:Coordinates | coord | lat | lat_flag | long | long_flag }} ... Refer to {{coord}} documentation page for many additional parameters and configuration options. Note: This function provides the visual display elements of {{coord}}. In order to load coordinates into the database, the {{#coordinates:}} parser function must also be called, this is done automatically in the Lua version of {{coord}}. ]] coordinates.coord = makeInvokeFunc('_coord') function coordinates._coord(args) if not tonumber(args[1]) and not args[2] then args[3] = args[1]; args[1] = nil local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntityObject(args.qid) if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims.P625 and entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then local precision = entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.precision args[1] = entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude args[2] = entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude if precision then precision = -math_mod._round(math.log(precision)/math.log(10),0) args[1] = math_mod._round(args[1],precision) args[2] = math_mod._round(args[2],precision) end end end local contents, backward = formatTest(args) local Notes = args.notes or '' local Display = args.display and args.display:lower() or 'inline' -- it and ti are short for inline,title and title,inline local function isInline(s) -- Finds whether coordinates are displayed inline. return s:find('inline') ~= nil or s == 'i' or s == 'it' or s == 'ti' end local function isInTitle(s) -- Finds whether coordinates are displayed in the title. return s:find('title') ~= nil or s == 't' or s == 'it' or s == 'ti' end local function coord_wrapper(in_args) -- Calls the parser function {{#coordinates:}}. return mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction('#coordinates', in_args) or '' end local text = '' if isInline(Display) then text = text .. '<span class="geo-inline">' .. contents .. Notes .. '</span>' end if isInTitle(Display) then -- Add to output since indicator content is invisible to Lua later on if not isInline(Display) then text = text .. '<span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt">' .. contents .. Notes .. '</span>' end text = text .. displaytitle(contents .. Notes) .. makeWikidataCategories(args.qid) end if not args.nosave then local page_title, count = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(), 1 if backward then local tmp = {} while not string.find((args[count-1] or ''), '[EW]') do tmp[count] = (args[count] or ''); count = count+1 end tmp.count = count; count = 2*(count-1) while count >= tmp.count do table.insert(tmp, 1, (args[count] or '')); count = count-1 end for i, v in ipairs(tmp) do args[i] = v end else while count <= 9 do args[count] = (args[count] or ''); count = count+1 end end if isInTitle(Display) and not page_title.isTalkPage and page_title.subpageText ~= 'doc' and page_title.subpageText ~= 'testcases' then args[10] = 'primary' end args.notes, args.format, args.display = nil text = text .. coord_wrapper(args) end return text end --[[ coord2text Extracts a single value from a transclusion of {{Coord}}. IF THE GEOHACK LINK SYNTAX CHANGES THIS FUNCTION MUST BE MODIFIED. Usage: {{#invoke:Coordinates | coord2text | {{Coord}} | parameter }} Valid values for the second parameter are: lat (signed integer), long (signed integer), type, scale, dim, region, globe, source ]] function coordinates._coord2text(coord,type) if coord == '' or type == '' or not type then return nil end type = mw.text.trim(type) if type == 'lat' or type == 'long' then local coordString = mw.ustring.match(coord,'[%.%d]+°[NS] [%.%d]+°[EW]') if not coordString then return nil end local result = mw.text.split(coordString, ' ') local negative if type == 'lat' then result, negative = result[1], 'S' else result, negative = result[2], 'W' end if not result then return nil end result = mw.text.split(result, '°') if not result[1] then return nil end if result[2] == negative then result[1] = '-'..result[1] end return result[1] else return mw.ustring.match(coord, 'params=.-_' .. type .. ':(.-)[ _]') end end function coordinates.coord2text(frame) return coordinates._coord2text(frame.args[1],frame.args[2]) or '' end --[[ coordinsert Injects some text into the Geohack link of a transclusion of {{Coord}} (if that text isn't already in the transclusion). Outputs the modified transclusion of {{Coord}}. IF THE GEOHACK LINK SYNTAX CHANGES THIS FUNCTION MUST BE MODIFIED. Usage: {{#invoke:Coordinates | coordinsert | {{Coord}} | parameter:value | parameter:value | … }} Do not make Geohack unhappy by inserting something which isn't mentioned in the {{Coord}} documentation. ]] function coordinates.coordinsert(frame) -- for the 2nd or later integer parameter (the first is the coord template, as above) for i, v in ipairs(frame.args) do if i ~= 1 then -- if we cannot find in the coord_template the i_th coordinsert parameter e.g. region if not mw.ustring.find(frame.args[1], (mw.ustring.match(frame.args[i], '^(.-:)') or '')) then -- find from the params= up to the first possibly-present underscore -- and append the i_th coordinsert parameter and a space -- IDK why we're adding a space but it does seem somewhat convenient frame.args[1] = mw.ustring.gsub(frame.args[1], '(params=.-)_? ', '%1_'..frame.args[i]..' ') end end end if frame.args.name then -- if we can't find the vcard class if not mw.ustring.find(frame.args[1], '<span class="vcard">') then -- take something that looks like a coord template and add the vcard span with class and fn org class local namestr = frame.args.name frame.args[1] = mw.ustring.gsub( frame.args[1], '(<span class="geo%-default">)(<span[^<>]*>[^<>]*</span><span[^<>]*>[^<>]*<span[^<>]*>[^<>]*</span></span>)(</span>)', '%1<span class="vcard">%2<span style="display:none">&#xfeff; (<span class="fn org">' .. namestr .. '</span>)</span></span>%3' ) -- then find anything from coordinates parameters to the 'end' and attach the title parameter frame.args[1] = mw.ustring.gsub( frame.args[1], '(&params=[^&"<>%[%] ]*) ', '%1&title=' .. mw.uri.encode(namestr) .. ' ' ) end end -- replace the existing indicator with a new indicator using the modified content frame.args[1] = mw.ustring.gsub( frame.args[1], '(<span class="geo%-inline[^"]*">(.+)</span>)\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-indicator%-%x+%-%-?QINU[^\127]*\127', function (inline, coord) return inline .. displaytitle(coord) end ) return frame.args[1] end return coordinates 4j0gstvbrnunfsl9d87kcwlvt5s11ed 0 15389 376103 373248 2026-05-06T06:05:53Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 376103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Association or collection of individuals}} [[File:Nokia office building in Hervanta Tampere 1.jpg|thumb|An office building of [[Nokia Corporation]] in [[Hervanta]], Tampere, Finland]] [[File:Carlos_Luis_Michel_Fumero_-_Equipo_de_Aducarga.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right |ھڪ ڪمپنيءَ جا ملازم]] '''ڪمپني''' (Company) [[ڪمپني قانون|ڪاروباري تنظيم]] جي هڪ شڪل آهي. A '''company''' is a [[Legal personality|legal entity]] representing an association of [[legal person]]s with a shared objective, such as generating profit or benefiting society. Depending on the [[jurisdiction]], companies can take on various forms, including [[voluntary association]]s, [[nonprofit organization]]s, [[List of legal entity types by country|business entities]], financial entities, [[bank]]s, and [[educational institution]]s. Companies have evolved to share common legal features, such as a [[Corporate personhood|separate legal personality]], [[limited liability]], [[Share (finance)|transferable shares]], [[Equity (finance)|investor ownership]], and a [[Management|managerial hierarchy]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=John D. |date=2024-01-30 |title=Three centuries of corporate governance in the United Kingdom |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=78 |pages=3–29 |doi=10.1111/ehr.13326 |issn=0013-0117|doi-access=free }}</ref> The term "company" may or may not be synonymous with [[corporation]], [[partnership]], firm, or [[society]]. Companies are governed by [[Corporate law|company law]], also referred to as corporate law in many regions. Incorporated companies are created through [[State (polity)|state]] registration,<ref name=":0" /> whereas [[Unincorporated association|unincorporated companies]] are not. When a company closes, it may undergo [[liquidation]] to settle its affairs and terminate its legal obligations. Additionally, companies may associate to form [[corporate group]]s, which are collections of parent and subsidiary corporations. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] [[زمرو:تنظيمون]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي تنظيمون]] == وڌيڪ ڏسو == * [[ڪارپوريشن|وڏي ڪمپني]] <small>(corporation)</small> * [[ڀائيواري|حصيداري]] <small>(partnership)</small> * [[تجارت]]<small>(Trade)</small> * [[ڪاروبار]]<small>(business)</small> {{متضاد بين الوڪي}} [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري ادارا]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري تنظيمون]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري وجود جا قسم]] fmre7jycroowugwo63fwred0fhz8go0 376104 376103 2026-05-06T06:07:28Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 376104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Association or collection of individuals}} [[File:Nokia office building in Hervanta Tampere 1.jpg|thumb|An office building of [[Nokia Corporation]] in [[Hervanta]], Tampere, Finland]] '''ڪمپني''' (Company) [[ڪمپني قانون|ڪاروباري تنظيم]] جي هڪ شڪل آهي. A '''company''' is a [[Legal personality|legal entity]] representing an association of [[legal person]]s with a shared objective, such as generating profit or benefiting society. Depending on the [[jurisdiction]], companies can take on various forms, including [[voluntary association]]s, [[nonprofit organization]]s, [[List of legal entity types by country|business entities]], financial entities, [[bank]]s, and [[educational institution]]s. Companies have evolved to share common legal features, such as a [[Corporate personhood|separate legal personality]], [[limited liability]], [[Share (finance)|transferable shares]], [[Equity (finance)|investor ownership]], and a [[Management|managerial hierarchy]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=John D. |date=2024-01-30 |title=Three centuries of corporate governance in the United Kingdom |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=78 |pages=3–29 |doi=10.1111/ehr.13326 |issn=0013-0117|doi-access=free }}</ref> The term "company" may or may not be synonymous with [[corporation]], [[partnership]], firm, or [[society]]. Companies are governed by [[Corporate law|company law]], also referred to as corporate law in many regions. Incorporated companies are created through [[State (polity)|state]] registration,<ref name=":0" /> whereas [[Unincorporated association|unincorporated companies]] are not. When a company closes, it may undergo [[liquidation]] to settle its affairs and terminate its legal obligations. Additionally, companies may associate to form [[corporate group]]s, which are collections of parent and subsidiary corporations. [[File:Carlos_Luis_Michel_Fumero_-_Equipo_de_Aducarga.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right |ھڪ ڪمپنيءَ جا ملازم]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] [[زمرو:تنظيمون]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي تنظيمون]] == وڌيڪ ڏسو == * [[ڪارپوريشن|وڏي ڪمپني]] <small>(corporation)</small> * [[ڀائيواري|حصيداري]] <small>(partnership)</small> * [[تجارت]]<small>(Trade)</small> * [[ڪاروبار]]<small>(business)</small> {{متضاد بين الوڪي}} [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري ادارا]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري تنظيمون]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري وجود جا قسم]] 7det16d2sfppyazv79vqgspl2pppplq 376105 376104 2026-05-06T06:27:50Z Ibne maryam 17680 376105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Association or collection of individuals}} [[File:Nokia office building in Hervanta Tampere 1.jpg|thumb|ٽيمپير، [[فنلينڊ]] جي شهر هروانتا ۾ [[نوڪيا ڪارپوريشن]] جي آفيس بلڊنگ]] '''ڪمپني''' (Company) هڪ قانوني [[وجود]] يا ادارو آهي، جيڪا قانوني فردن جي هڪ [[تنظيم]] جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿي جنهن جو مقصد هڪ گڏيل مقصد، جهڙوڪ منافعو پيدا ڪرڻ يا [[سماج]] کي فائدو ڏيڻ آهي. ڪمپنيون مختلف صورتون اختيار ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن ۾ رضاکارانه تنظيمون، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ڪاروباري ادارا، مالي ادارا، [[بئنڪ|بينڪ]] ۽ تعليمي ادارا شامل آهن ۽ دائري اختيار تي منحصر آهي. ڪمپنيون عام قانوني خاصيتن، جهڙوڪ هڪ الڳ قانوني وجود، محدود ذميواري، منتقلي لائق شيئرز، سيڙپڪار جي ملڪيت ۽ هڪ انتظامي درجي بندي شيئر ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو وينديون آهن.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=John D. |date=2024-01-30 |title=Three centuries of corporate governance in the United Kingdom |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=78 |pages=3–29 |doi=10.1111/ehr.13326 |issn=0013-0117|doi-access=free }}</ref> "ڪمپني" جو اصطلاح ڪارپوريشن سان مترادف ٿي سگهي ٿو يا نه به ٿي سگهي. پارٽنرشپ، فرم يا سوسائٽي ڪمپنيون "ڪمپني قانون" جي ذريعي سنڀاليون وينديون آهن، جنهن کي ڪيترن ئي علائقن ۾ "ڪارپوريٽ قانون" (Corporate Law) جي طور تي پڻ حوالو ڏنو ويندو آهي. شامل ٿيل ڪمپنيون (incorporated companies) رياستي رجسٽريشن ذريعي ٺاهيون وينديون آهن،<ref name=":0" /> جڏهن ته غير شامل ٿيل ڪمپنين لاء اها ضروري ناهي. جڏهن ڪا ڪمپني بند ٿي ويندي آهي. اهو پنهنجي معاملن کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ ليڪويڊيشن مان گذري سگهي ٿو. ۽ پنهنجي قانوني ذميدارين کي ختم ڪري سگهي ٿو. اضافي طور تي. ڪمپنيون ڪارپوريٽ گروپ ٺاهڻ لاءِ شريڪ ٿي سگهن ٿيون. جيڪي والدين ۽ ماتحت ڪارپوريشنن جا مجموعا آهن. [[File:Carlos_Luis_Michel_Fumero_-_Equipo_de_Aducarga.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right |ھڪ ڪمپنيءَ جا ملازم]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] [[زمرو:تنظيمون]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي تنظيمون]] == وڌيڪ ڏسو == * [[ڪارپوريشن|وڏي ڪمپني]] <small>(corporation)</small> * [[ڀائيواري|حصيداري]] <small>(partnership)</small> * [[تجارت]]<small>(Trade)</small> * [[ڪاروبار]]<small>(business)</small> {{متضاد بين الوڪي}} [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري ادارا]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري تنظيمون]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري وجود جا قسم]] 8zle0e768baplqdz9jnw4a9xkxj5e11 376106 376105 2026-05-06T06:30:13Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 376106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Association or collection of individuals}} [[File:Nokia office building in Hervanta Tampere 1.jpg|thumb|ٽيمپير، [[فنلينڊ]] جي شهر هروانتا ۾ [[نوڪيا ڪارپوريشن]] جي آفيس بلڊنگ]] '''ڪمپني''' (Company) هڪ قانوني [[وجود]] يا ادارو آهي، جيڪا قانوني فردن جي هڪ [[تنظيم]] جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿي جنهن جو مقصد هڪ گڏيل مقصد، جهڙوڪ منافعو پيدا ڪرڻ يا [[سماج]] کي فائدو ڏيڻ آهي. ڪمپنيون مختلف صورتون اختيار ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن ۾ رضاکارانه تنظيمون، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ڪاروباري ادارا، مالي ادارا، [[بئنڪ|بينڪ]] ۽ تعليمي ادارا شامل آهن ۽ دائري اختيار تي منحصر آهي. ڪمپنيون عام قانوني خاصيتن، جهڙوڪ هڪ الڳ قانوني وجود، محدود ذميواري، منتقلي لائق شيئرز، سيڙپڪار جي ملڪيت ۽ هڪ انتظامي درجي بندي شيئر ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو وينديون آهن.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=John D. |date=2024-01-30 |title=Three centuries of corporate governance in the United Kingdom |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=78 |pages=3–29 |doi=10.1111/ehr.13326 |issn=0013-0117|doi-access=free }}</ref> "ڪمپني" جو اصطلاح ڪارپوريشن سان مترادف ٿي سگهي ٿو يا نه به ٿي سگهي. پارٽنرشپ، فرم يا سوسائٽي ڪمپنيون "ڪمپني قانون" جي ذريعي سنڀاليون وينديون آهن، جنهن کي ڪيترن ئي علائقن ۾ "ڪارپوريٽ قانون" (Corporate Law) جي طور تي پڻ حوالو ڏنو ويندو آهي. شامل ٿيل ڪمپنيون (incorporated companies) رياستي رجسٽريشن ذريعي ٺاهيون وينديون آهن،<ref name=":0" /> جڏهن ته غير شامل ٿيل ڪمپنين لاء اها ضروري ناهي. جڏهن ڪا ڪمپني بند ٿي ويندي آهي. اهو پنهنجي معاملن کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ ليڪويڊيشن مان گذري سگهي ٿو. ۽ پنهنجي قانوني ذميدارين کي ختم ڪري سگهي ٿو. اضافي طور تي. ڪمپنيون ڪارپوريٽ گروپ ٺاهڻ لاءِ شريڪ ٿي سگهن ٿيون. جيڪي والدين ۽ ماتحت ڪارپوريشنن جا مجموعا آهن. [[File:Carlos_Luis_Michel_Fumero_-_Equipo_de_Aducarga.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right |ھڪ ڪمپنيءَ جا ملازم]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] [[زمرو:تنظيمون]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي تنظيمون]] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري ادارا]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري تنظيمون]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري وجود جا قسم]] cc625n5rmeat38oumldm1v2khoh4nil 376107 376106 2026-05-06T06:31:26Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 376107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Association or collection of individuals}} [[File:Nokia office building in Hervanta Tampere 1.jpg|thumb|ٽيمپير، [[فنلينڊ]] جي شهر هروانتا ۾ [[نوڪيا ڪارپوريشن]] جي آفيس بلڊنگ]] '''ڪمپني''' (Company) هڪ قانوني [[وجود]] يا ادارو آهي، جيڪا قانوني فردن جي هڪ [[تنظيم]] جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿي جنهن جو مقصد هڪ گڏيل مقصد، جهڙوڪ منافعو پيدا ڪرڻ يا [[سماج]] کي فائدو ڏيڻ آهي. ڪمپنيون مختلف صورتون اختيار ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن ۾ رضاکارانه تنظيمون، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ڪاروباري ادارا، مالي ادارا، [[بئنڪ|بينڪ]] ۽ تعليمي ادارا شامل آهن ۽ دائري اختيار تي منحصر آهي. ڪمپنيون عام قانوني خاصيتن، جهڙوڪ هڪ الڳ قانوني وجود، محدود ذميواري، منتقلي لائق شيئرز، سيڙپڪار جي ملڪيت ۽ هڪ انتظامي درجي بندي شيئر ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو وينديون آهن.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=John D. |date=2024-01-30 |title=Three centuries of corporate governance in the United Kingdom |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=78 |pages=3–29 |doi=10.1111/ehr.13326 |issn=0013-0117|doi-access=free }}</ref> "ڪمپني" جو اصطلاح ڪارپوريشن سان مترادف ٿي سگهي ٿو يا نه به ٿي سگهي. پارٽنرشپ، فرم يا سوسائٽي ڪمپنيون "ڪمپني قانون" جي ذريعي سنڀاليون وينديون آهن، جنهن کي ڪيترن ئي علائقن ۾ "ڪارپوريٽ قانون" (Corporate Law) جي طور تي پڻ حوالو ڏنو ويندو آهي. شامل ٿيل ڪمپنيون (incorporated companies) رياستي رجسٽريشن ذريعي ٺاهيون وينديون آهن،<ref name=":0" /> جڏهن ته غير شامل ٿيل ڪمپنين لاء اها ضروري ناهي. جڏهن ڪا ڪمپني بند ٿي ويندي آهي. اهو پنهنجي معاملن کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ ليڪويڊيشن مان گذري سگهي ٿو. ۽ پنهنجي قانوني ذميدارين کي ختم ڪري سگهي ٿو. اضافي طور تي. ڪمپنيون ڪارپوريٽ گروپ ٺاهڻ لاءِ شريڪ ٿي سگهن ٿيون. جيڪي والدين ۽ ماتحت ڪارپوريشنن جا مجموعا آهن. [[File:Carlos_Luis_Michel_Fumero_-_Equipo_de_Aducarga.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right |ھڪ ڪمپنيءَ جا ملازم]] ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ڪارپوريشن|وڏي ڪمپني]] <small>(corporation)</small> * [[ڀائيواري|حصيداري]] <small>(partnership)</small> * [[تجارت]] <small>(Trade)</small> * [[ڪاروبار]] <small>(business)</small> {{متضاد بين الوڪي}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] [[زمرو:تنظيمون]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي تنظيمون]] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري ادارا]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري تنظيمون]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري وجود جا قسم]] 3n8d8ufg5vns568rk2ebfr8yxcjtrrg 376108 376107 2026-05-06T06:31:53Z Ibne maryam 17680 376108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Association or collection of individuals}} [[File:Nokia office building in Hervanta Tampere 1.jpg|thumb|ٽيمپير، [[فنلينڊ]] جي شهر هروانتا ۾ [[نوڪيا ڪارپوريشن]] جي آفيس بلڊنگ]] '''ڪمپني''' (Company) هڪ قانوني [[وجود]] يا ادارو آهي، جيڪا قانوني فردن جي هڪ [[تنظيم]] جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿي جنهن جو مقصد هڪ گڏيل مقصد، جهڙوڪ منافعو پيدا ڪرڻ يا [[سماج]] کي فائدو ڏيڻ آهي. ڪمپنيون مختلف صورتون اختيار ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن ۾ رضاکارانه تنظيمون، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ڪاروباري ادارا، مالي ادارا، [[بئنڪ|بينڪ]] ۽ تعليمي ادارا شامل آهن ۽ دائري اختيار تي منحصر آهي. ڪمپنيون عام قانوني خاصيتن، جهڙوڪ هڪ الڳ قانوني وجود، محدود ذميواري، منتقلي لائق شيئرز، سيڙپڪار جي ملڪيت ۽ هڪ انتظامي درجي بندي شيئر ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو وينديون آهن.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=John D. |date=2024-01-30 |title=Three centuries of corporate governance in the United Kingdom |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=78 |pages=3–29 |doi=10.1111/ehr.13326 |issn=0013-0117|doi-access=free }}</ref> "ڪمپني" جو اصطلاح ڪارپوريشن سان مترادف ٿي سگهي ٿو يا نه به ٿي سگهي. پارٽنرشپ، فرم يا سوسائٽي ڪمپنيون "ڪمپني قانون" جي ذريعي سنڀاليون وينديون آهن، جنهن کي ڪيترن ئي علائقن ۾ "ڪارپوريٽ قانون" (Corporate Law) جي طور تي پڻ حوالو ڏنو ويندو آهي. شامل ٿيل ڪمپنيون (incorporated companies) رياستي رجسٽريشن ذريعي ٺاهيون وينديون آهن،<ref name=":0" /> جڏهن ته غير شامل ٿيل ڪمپنين لاء اها ضروري ناهي. جڏهن ڪا ڪمپني بند ٿي ويندي آهي. اهو پنهنجي معاملن کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ ليڪويڊيشن مان گذري سگهي ٿو. ۽ پنهنجي قانوني ذميدارين کي ختم ڪري سگهي ٿو. اضافي طور تي. ڪمپنيون ڪارپوريٽ گروپ ٺاهڻ لاءِ شريڪ ٿي سگهن ٿيون. جيڪي والدين ۽ ماتحت ڪارپوريشنن جا مجموعا آهن. [[File:Carlos_Luis_Michel_Fumero_-_Equipo_de_Aducarga.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right |ھڪ ڪمپنيءَ جا ملازم]] ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ڪارپوريشن|وڏي ڪمپني]] <small>(corporation)</small> * [[ڀائيواري|حصيداري]] <small>(partnership)</small> * [[تجارت]] <small>(Trade)</small> * [[ڪاروبار]] <small>(business)</small> {{متضاد بين الوڪي}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] [[زمرو:تنظيمون]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي تنظيمون]] cs6cjym3v18gjvkllo796v6hicvsw7t 376109 376108 2026-05-06T06:33:14Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 376109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Association or collection of individuals}} [[File:Nokia office building in Hervanta Tampere 1.jpg|thumb|ٽيمپير، [[فنلينڊ]] جي شهر هروانتا ۾ [[نوڪيا ڪارپوريشن]] جي آفيس بلڊنگ]] '''ڪمپني''' (Company) هڪ قانوني [[وجود]] يا ادارو آهي، جيڪا قانوني فردن جي هڪ [[تنظيم]] جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿي جنهن جو مقصد هڪ گڏيل مقصد، جهڙوڪ منافعو پيدا ڪرڻ يا [[سماج]] کي فائدو ڏيڻ آهي. ڪمپنيون مختلف صورتون اختيار ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن ۾ رضاکارانه تنظيمون، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ڪاروباري ادارا، مالي ادارا، [[بئنڪ|بينڪ]] ۽ تعليمي ادارا شامل آهن ۽ دائري اختيار تي منحصر آهي. ڪمپنيون عام قانوني خاصيتن، جهڙوڪ هڪ الڳ قانوني وجود، محدود ذميواري، منتقلي لائق شيئرز، سيڙپڪار جي ملڪيت ۽ هڪ انتظامي درجي بندي شيئر ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو وينديون آهن.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=John D. |date=2024-01-30 |title=Three centuries of corporate governance in the United Kingdom |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=78 |pages=3–29 |doi=10.1111/ehr.13326 |issn=0013-0117|doi-access=free }}</ref> "ڪمپني" جو اصطلاح ڪارپوريشن سان مترادف ٿي سگهي ٿو يا نه به ٿي سگهي. پارٽنرشپ، فرم يا سوسائٽي ڪمپنيون "ڪمپني قانون" جي ذريعي سنڀاليون وينديون آهن، جنهن کي ڪيترن ئي علائقن ۾ "ڪارپوريٽ قانون" (Corporate Law) جي طور تي پڻ حوالو ڏنو ويندو آهي. شامل ٿيل ڪمپنيون (incorporated companies) رياستي رجسٽريشن ذريعي ٺاهيون وينديون آهن،<ref name=":0" /> جڏهن ته غير شامل ٿيل ڪمپنين لاء اها ضروري ناهي. جڏهن ڪا ڪمپني بند ٿي ويندي آهي. اهو پنهنجي معاملن کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ ليڪويڊيشن مان گذري سگهي ٿو. ۽ پنهنجي قانوني ذميدارين کي ختم ڪري سگهي ٿو. اضافي طور تي. ڪمپنيون ڪارپوريٽ گروپ ٺاهڻ لاءِ شريڪ ٿي سگهن ٿيون. جيڪي والدين ۽ ماتحت ڪارپوريشنن جا مجموعا آهن. [[File:Carlos_Luis_Michel_Fumero_-_Equipo_de_Aducarga.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right |ھڪ ڪمپنيءَ جا ملازم]] ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ڪارپوريشن|وڏي ڪمپني]] <small>(corporation)</small> * [[ڀائيواري|حصيداري]] <small>(partnership)</small> * [[تجارت]] <small>(Trade)</small> * [[ڪاروبار]] <small>(business)</small> {{متضاد بين الوڪي}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري ادارا]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري تنظيمون]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري وجود جا قسم]] j92i6s2xdy6bst5j7blx2ghnr6fyylf 376110 376109 2026-05-06T06:34:02Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 376110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Association or collection of individuals}} [[File:Nokia office building in Hervanta Tampere 1.jpg|thumb|ٽيمپير، [[فنلينڊ]] جي شهر هروانتا ۾ [[نوڪيا ڪارپوريشن]] جي آفيس بلڊنگ]] '''ڪمپني''' (Company) هڪ قانوني [[وجود]] يا ادارو آهي، جيڪا قانوني فردن جي هڪ [[تنظيم]] جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿي جنهن جو مقصد هڪ گڏيل مقصد، جهڙوڪ منافعو پيدا ڪرڻ يا [[سماج]] کي فائدو ڏيڻ آهي. ڪمپنيون مختلف صورتون اختيار ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن ۾ رضاکارانه تنظيمون، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ڪاروباري ادارا، مالي ادارا، [[بئنڪ|بينڪ]] ۽ تعليمي ادارا شامل آهن ۽ دائري اختيار تي منحصر آهي. ڪمپنيون عام قانوني خاصيتن، جهڙوڪ هڪ الڳ قانوني وجود، محدود ذميواري، منتقلي لائق شيئرز، سيڙپڪار جي ملڪيت ۽ هڪ انتظامي درجي بندي شيئر ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو وينديون آهن.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=John D. |date=2024-01-30 |title=Three centuries of corporate governance in the United Kingdom |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=78 |pages=3–29 |doi=10.1111/ehr.13326 |issn=0013-0117|doi-access=free }}</ref> "ڪمپني" جو اصطلاح ڪارپوريشن سان مترادف ٿي سگهي ٿو يا نه به ٿي سگهي. پارٽنرشپ، فرم يا سوسائٽي ڪمپنيون "ڪمپني قانون" جي ذريعي سنڀاليون وينديون آهن، جنهن کي ڪيترن ئي علائقن ۾ "ڪارپوريٽ قانون" (Corporate Law) جي طور تي پڻ حوالو ڏنو ويندو آهي. شامل ٿيل ڪمپنيون (incorporated companies) رياستي رجسٽريشن ذريعي ٺاهيون وينديون آهن،<ref name=":0" /> جڏهن ته غير شامل ٿيل ڪمپنين لاء اها ضروري ناهي. جڏهن ڪا ڪمپني بند ٿي ويندي آهي. اهو پنهنجي معاملن کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ ليڪويڊيشن مان گذري سگهي ٿو. ۽ پنهنجي قانوني ذميدارين کي ختم ڪري سگهي ٿو. اضافي طور تي. ڪمپنيون ڪارپوريٽ گروپ ٺاهڻ لاءِ شريڪ ٿي سگهن ٿيون. جيڪي والدين ۽ ماتحت ڪارپوريشنن جا مجموعا آهن. [[File:Carlos_Luis_Michel_Fumero_-_Equipo_de_Aducarga.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right |ھڪ ڪمپنيءَ جا ملازم]] ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ڪارپوريشن|وڏي ڪمپني]] <small>(corporation)</small> * [[ڀائيواري|حصيداري]] <small>(partnership)</small> * [[تجارت]] <small>(Trade)</small> * [[ڪاروبار]] <small>(business)</small> {{متضاد بين الوڪي}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:وجود]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري ادارا]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري تنظيمون]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري وجود جا قسم]] l2wu7maec5fssrwef1ts9bowv41zo2s 14 16093 376072 177256 2026-05-05T20:10:29Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 376072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{template category|help=no}} ھي زمرو اُنھن سانچن تي مشتمل آھي جيڪي '''[[وڪيپيڊيا:سانچو نالو-فضا|سانچو نالو-فضا]]''' ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آھن۔ يعني اھي سانچا جيڪي مثال طور سانچن جي دستاويزڪاري ۽ جاچ لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويندا آھن۔ اھي سانچا جيڪي ٻين سانچن جي اندر بنيادي جزن طور استعمال ٿين ٿا، انھن لاءِ ڏسو [[:زمرو:وڪيپيڊيا ميٽا سانچا]] ۽ ان جا ذيلي زمرا۔ <!--Categories--> [[زمرو:وڪيپيڊيا ميٽا سانچا]] [[زمرو:وڪيپيڊيا سانچا بلحاظ نالو-فضا]] <!--Other languages--> <!-- [[en:Category:Template namespace templates]] --> 6ns4egwmwt3yhk8c3iycdntsapxbtct 0 16822 376094 315974 2026-05-06T05:04:38Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 376094 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ڪاروبار''' '' ڌنڌو'': ''بزنس'': ''Business'' انسان جي زندگي ۽ معاشري جو سفر جنهن دور کان شروع ٿيو آهي، اهو محدود ضرورتن جو دور هيو، جنهن ۾ شايد غذا جي ضرورت ئي هڪ وڏي ضرورت هئي، ڇو ته ماڻهن جي رهڻ لاء جبل ۽ ميداني علائقا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪپڙي جي تي جانورن جو کلون ڪم ۾ اينديون هيون. غذا جي لاءِ ماڻهو زمينن تي پوکيل فصل مان اناج ۽ ميوو حاصل ڪري پنهنجي زندگي گذاريندا هئا.<br> ڪاروبار ھڪ وسيع اصطلاح آهي جنھن م جملي سموريون پيداواري سرگرميون شامل ٿين ٿيون. ھر اھا سرگرمي جيڪا پيداوار، شين جي ھڪ جاء کان ٻي جاءِ تي منتقلي، ويمو، يا شين جي مارڪيٽ ۾ وڪري يا واپار جي متعلق ھر سرگرمي يا ڪامرس سڀ ڪاروبار جو حصو آهن. ان ۾ کاڻيون کوٽڻ جو ڪم، تعميرات، ماھيگيري به ڪاروبار جو حصو آھن. {{Short description|Organization engaged in commerce or industry}} [[File:Norwich Market - geograph.org.uk - 2224675.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.5|Small business vendors at a public market]] '''Business''' is the practice of making one's living or making money by producing or [[Trade|buying and selling]] [[Product (business)|product]]s (such as [[goods]] and [[Service (economics)|services]]).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=business|title=American Heritage Dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131149/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=business|archive-date=March 31, 2019|quote=business [:] 1. The activity of buying and selling [[commodity|commodities]], products, or services.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=antLdkMwxMwC|title=Longman Business English Dictionary|oclc=954137383|year=2007|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=9781405852593|edition=2nd }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/business|title=Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709032528/https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/business|archive-date=July 9, 2019|quote=business [:] 1 [...] the activity of making money by producing or buying and selling goods, or providing services.}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/business|title=Oxford Living Dictionaries|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501064740/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/business|archive-date=May 1, 2019|quote=business [:] 2 The practice of making one's living by engaging in [[commerce]].}}</ref> It is also "any activity or enterprise entered into for profit."<ref>{{cite book|last=Burton|first=William|title=Burton's Legal Thesaurus|oclc=70864526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9OGU6qOu_3YC|date=2007|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]|isbn=9780071472623|page=68|edition=4th }}</ref> A business entity is not necessarily separate from the owner and the creditors can hold the owner liable for debts the business has acquired except for limited liability company.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Choose a business structure {{!}} U.S. Small Business Administration |url=https://www.sba.gov/business-guide/launch-your-business/choose-business-structure |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.sba.gov |language=en}}</ref> The [[taxation system]] for businesses is different from that of the corporates. A business structure does not allow for corporate tax rates. The proprietor is personally taxed on all income from the business. A distinction is made in law and public offices between the term business and a [[company]] (such as a [[corporation]] or [[cooperative]]). Colloquially, the terms are used interchangeably. Corporations are distinct from [[Sole proprietorship|sole proprietors]] and [[partnership]]s. Corporations are separate and unique [[Legal person|legal entities]] from their shareholders; as such they provide [[limited liability]] for their owners and members. Corporations are subject to [[corporate tax]] rates. Corporations are also more complicated, expensive to set up, along with the mandatory reporting of quarterly or annual financial information to the national (or state) [[securities commission]]s or [[company register]]s, but offer more protection and benefits for the owners and shareholders.<ref name=":3" /> Individuals who are not working for a government agency ([[public sector]]) or for a mission-driven [[Charity (practice)|charity]] ([[Voluntary sector|nonprofit sector]]), are almost always working in the [[private sector]], meaning they are employed by a business ([[Business sector|formal]] or [[Informal economy|informal]]), whose primary goal is to generate [[Profit (economics)|profit]], through the creation and capture of [[Value (economics)|economic value]] above [[cost]]. In almost all countries, most individuals are employed by businesses (based on the minority [[List of countries by public sector size|percentage of public sector employees, relative to the total workforce]]). == ڪاروبار جي تعريف == ڪاروبار ان سڀني سرگرمين ۽ فعلن جو نالو آهي، جنهن جو لاڳاپو شين جي پيداوار، انهن جي وٺڻ، وڪڻڻ ۽ ان جي اهڙي [[تقسيم|ورهاست]] جنهن سان نه صرف فائدو ٿي بلڪي معاشري جو [[فلاح ۽ بهبود|فائدو]] بہ ٿئي. == ڪاروبار جي اهميت == ڪاروبار نه [[صرف|رڳو]] روزگار جا موقعا پيدا ڪري ٿو پر اهو انسان جي معاشري جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي ۾ هڪ وڏو ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو. ڪاروبار معاشري ۾ تعليم ۽ ترغيب جو سبب پڻ بڻجي ٿو، جنهن سان ملڪ جون معاشي ۽ دفاعي حالتون به سڌرن ٿيون. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] [[زمرو:مکيه موضوع جا مضمون]] eg9lpxlinq0gpba5xz4it5q1xxq26re 376095 376094 2026-05-06T05:30:44Z Ibne maryam 17680 376095 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ڪاروبار''' ''(Business) ڪنهن جي گذر بسر جو عمل يا شيون، جهڙوڪ سامان (Goods) ۽ خدمتون (Services) پيدا ڪرڻ يا خريد ڪرڻ ۽ وڪڻڻ سان پئسا ڪمائڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو پڻ "ڪا به سرگرمي يا ادارو آهي جيڪو منافعي لاءِ آيو آهي."'' ''هڪ ڪاروباري ادارو ضروري طور تي مالڪ کان ڳنڍيل ناهي ۽ سرمائي ڪار مالڪ کي انهن قرضن لاءِ ذميوار رکي سگهن ٿا جيڪو هو ڪاروبار لاء هنن کان حاصل ڪيو آهي (سواءِ محدود ذميواري ڪمپني جي). عام ڪاروبار لاءِ ٽيڪس جو نظام ڪارپوريٽ ڪاروبار کان مختلف آهي. هڪ عام ڪاروباري ڍانچي تي ڪارپوريٽ ٽيڪس جي شرح لاڳو نٿو ٿئي ۽ مالڪ تي ذاتي طور تي ڪاروبار مان سڀني آمدني تي ٽيڪس لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.'' ''ڪاروبار ۽ ڪمپني (جهڙوڪ ڪارپوريشن يا ڪوآپريٽو) جي اصطلاح جي وچ ۾، قانوني ۽ سرڪاري آفيسن ۾، هڪ فرق ڪيو ويو آهي. عام طور تي، اصطلاح هڪ ٻئي سان مٽائي استعمال ڪئي وينديون آهن.'' ''ڪارپوريشنون واحد مالڪن ۽ ڀائيوارين (partnerships) کان الڳ آهن. ڪارپوريشنون انهن جي حصيدارن کان الڳ ۽ منفرد قانوني ادارا آهن، جيئن ته اهي پنهنجن مالڪن ۽ ميمبرن لاءِ محدود ذميواري فراهم ڪن ٿيون. ڪارپوريشنون ڪارپوريٽ ٽيڪس جي شرحن جي تابع آهن. ڪارپوريشنون وڌيڪ پيچيده ۽ قائم ڪرڻ لاءِ مهانگي، قومي يا رياستي سيڪيورٽيز ڪميشن يا ڪمپني رجسٽرن کي ٽه ماهي يا سالياني مالي معلومات جي لازمي رپورٽنگ سان گڏ آهن. پر مالڪن ۽ شيئر هولڊرز لاءِ وڌيڪ تحفظ ۽ فائدا پيش ڪن ٿيون.'' ''اها فرد جيڪا سرڪاري ايجنسي (عوامي شعبي) لاءِ يا مشن تي هلندڙ خيراتي اداري (غير منافع بخش شعبي) لاءِ ڪم نه ڪري رهيا آهن، تقريبن هميشه خانگي شعبي ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا آهن. مطلب ته اهي هڪ ڪاروبار (رسمي يا غير رسمي) پاران ملازم آهن، جن جو بنيادي مقصد، لاگت کان مٿي اقتصادي قدر جي تخليق ۽ قبضي جي ذريعي، منافعو پيدا ڪرڻ آهي. تقريبن سڀني ملڪن ۾، گهڻا فرد، عوامي شعبي جي ملازمن جي اقليتي سيڪڙو جي بنياد تي، ڪل افرادي قوت جي نسبت، ڪاروبار طرفان ملازم آهن.'' ''ڌنڌو يا'' ''بزنس'' انسان جي زندگي ۽ معاشري جو سفر جنهن دور کان شروع ٿيو آهي، اهو محدود ضرورتن جو دور هيو، جنهن ۾ شايد غذا جي ضرورت ئي هڪ وڏي ضرورت هئي، ڇو ته ماڻهن جي رهڻ لاء جبل ۽ ميداني علائقا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪپڙي جي تي جانورن جو کلون ڪم ۾ اينديون هيون. غذا جي لاءِ ماڻهو زمينن تي پوکيل فصل مان اناج ۽ ميوو حاصل ڪري پنهنجي زندگي گذاريندا هئا.<br> ڪاروبار ھڪ وسيع اصطلاح آهي جنھن م جملي سموريون پيداواري سرگرميون شامل ٿين ٿيون. ھر اھا سرگرمي جيڪا پيداوار، شين جي ھڪ جاء کان ٻي جاءِ تي منتقلي، ويمو، يا شين جي مارڪيٽ ۾ وڪري يا واپار جي متعلق ھر سرگرمي يا ڪامرس سڀ ڪاروبار جو حصو آهن. ان ۾ کاڻيون کوٽڻ جو ڪم، تعميرات، ماھيگيري به ڪاروبار جو حصو آھن. {{Short description|Organization engaged in commerce or industry}} [[File:Norwich Market - geograph.org.uk - 2224675.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.5|Small business vendors at a public market]] '''Business''' is the practice of making one's living or making money by producing or [[Trade|buying and selling]] [[Product (business)|product]]s (such as [[goods]] and [[Service (economics)|services]]).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=business|title=American Heritage Dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131149/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=business|archive-date=March 31, 2019|quote=business [:] 1. The activity of buying and selling [[commodity|commodities]], products, or services.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=antLdkMwxMwC|title=Longman Business English Dictionary|oclc=954137383|year=2007|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=9781405852593|edition=2nd }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/business|title=Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709032528/https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/business|archive-date=July 9, 2019|quote=business [:] 1 [...] the activity of making money by producing or buying and selling goods, or providing services.}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/business|title=Oxford Living Dictionaries|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501064740/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/business|archive-date=May 1, 2019|quote=business [:] 2 The practice of making one's living by engaging in [[commerce]].}}</ref> It is also "any activity or enterprise entered into for profit."<ref>{{cite book|last=Burton|first=William|title=Burton's Legal Thesaurus|oclc=70864526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9OGU6qOu_3YC|date=2007|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]|isbn=9780071472623|page=68|edition=4th }}</ref> A business entity is not necessarily separate from the owner and the creditors can hold the owner liable for debts the business has acquired except for limited liability company.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Choose a business structure {{!}} U.S. Small Business Administration |url=https://www.sba.gov/business-guide/launch-your-business/choose-business-structure |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.sba.gov |language=en}}</ref> The [[taxation system]] for businesses is different from that of the corporates. A business structure does not allow for corporate tax rates. The proprietor is personally taxed on all income from the business. A distinction is made in law and public offices between the term business and a [[company]] (such as a [[corporation]] or [[cooperative]]). Colloquially, the terms are used interchangeably. Corporations are distinct from [[Sole proprietorship|sole proprietors]] and [[partnership]]s. Corporations are separate and unique [[Legal person|legal entities]] from their shareholders; as such they provide [[limited liability]] for their owners and members. Corporations are subject to [[corporate tax]] rates. Corporations are also more complicated, expensive to set up, along with the mandatory reporting of quarterly or annual financial information to the national (or state) [[securities commission]]s or [[company register]]s, but offer more protection and benefits for the owners and shareholders.<ref name=":3" /> Individuals who are not working for a government agency ([[public sector]]) or for a mission-driven [[Charity (practice)|charity]] ([[Voluntary sector|nonprofit sector]]), are almost always working in the [[private sector]], meaning they are employed by a business ([[Business sector|formal]] or [[Informal economy|informal]]), whose primary goal is to generate [[Profit (economics)|profit]], through the creation and capture of [[Value (economics)|economic value]] above [[cost]]. In almost all countries, most individuals are employed by businesses (based on the minority [[List of countries by public sector size|percentage of public sector employees, relative to the total workforce]]). == ڪاروبار جي تعريف == ڪاروبار ان سڀني سرگرمين ۽ فعلن جو نالو آهي، جنهن جو لاڳاپو شين جي پيداوار، انهن جي وٺڻ، وڪڻڻ ۽ ان جي اهڙي [[تقسيم|ورهاست]] جنهن سان نه صرف فائدو ٿي بلڪي معاشري جو [[فلاح ۽ بهبود|فائدو]] بہ ٿئي. == ڪاروبار جي اهميت == ڪاروبار نه [[صرف|رڳو]] روزگار جا موقعا پيدا ڪري ٿو پر اهو انسان جي معاشري جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي ۾ هڪ وڏو ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو. ڪاروبار معاشري ۾ تعليم ۽ ترغيب جو سبب پڻ بڻجي ٿو، جنهن سان ملڪ جون معاشي ۽ دفاعي حالتون به سڌرن ٿيون. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] [[زمرو:مکيه موضوع جا مضمون]] 4n0gd8a6ovhvl66sximozbpk3v6k4pv 376096 376095 2026-05-06T05:36:30Z Ibne maryam 17680 376096 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ڪاروبار''' ''(Business) ڪنهن جي گذر بسر جو عمل يا شيون، جهڙوڪ سامان (Goods) ۽ خدمتون (Services) پيدا ڪرڻ يا خريد ڪرڻ ۽ وڪڻڻ سان پئسا ڪمائڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو پڻ "ڪا به سرگرمي يا ادارو آهي جيڪو منافعي لاءِ آيو آهي."'' ''هڪ ڪاروباري ادارو، سواءِ محدود ذميواري ڪمپني جي، ضروري طور تي مالڪ کان ڳنڍيل ناهي ۽ سرمائي ڪار مالڪ کي انهن قرضن لاءِ ذميوار رکي سگهن ٿا جيڪو هو ڪاروبار لاء هنن کان حاصل ڪيو آهي. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Choose a business structure {{!}} U.S. Small Business Administration |url=https://www.sba.gov/business-guide/launch-your-business/choose-business-structure |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.sba.gov |language=en}}</ref> عام ڪاروبار لاءِ ٽيڪس جو نظام ڪارپوريٽ ڪاروبار (corporations) کان مختلف آهي. هڪ عام ڪاروباري ڍانچي تي ڪارپوريٽ ٽيڪس جي شرح لاڳو نٿو ٿئي ۽ مالڪ تي ذاتي طور تي ڪاروبار مان سڀني آمدني تي ٽيڪس لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.'' ''ڪاروبار ۽ ڪمپني (جهڙوڪ ڪارپوريشن يا ڪوآپريٽو) جي اصطلاح جي وچ ۾، قانوني ۽ سرڪاري آفيسن ۾، هڪ فرق ڪيو ويو آهي. عام طور تي، اصطلاح هڪ ٻئي سان مٽائي استعمال ڪئي وينديون آهن.'' {{Short description|Organization engaged in commerce or industry}} [[File:Norwich Market - geograph.org.uk - 2224675.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.5|Small business vendors at a public market]] '''Business''' is the practice of making one's living or making money by producing or [[Trade|buying and selling]] [[Product (business)|product]]s (such as [[goods]] and [[Service (economics)|services]]).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=business|title=American Heritage Dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131149/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=business|archive-date=March 31, 2019|quote=business [:] 1. The activity of buying and selling [[commodity|commodities]], products, or services.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=antLdkMwxMwC|title=Longman Business English Dictionary|oclc=954137383|year=2007|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=9781405852593|edition=2nd }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/business|title=Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709032528/https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/business|archive-date=July 9, 2019|quote=business [:] 1 [...] the activity of making money by producing or buying and selling goods, or providing services.}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/business|title=Oxford Living Dictionaries|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501064740/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/business|archive-date=May 1, 2019|quote=business [:] 2 The practice of making one's living by engaging in [[commerce]].}}</ref> It is also "any activity or enterprise entered into for profit."<ref>{{cite book|last=Burton|first=William|title=Burton's Legal Thesaurus|oclc=70864526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9OGU6qOu_3YC|date=2007|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]|isbn=9780071472623|page=68|edition=4th }}</ref> ''ڪارپوريشنون واحد مالڪن ۽ ڀائيوارين (partnerships) کان الڳ آهن. ڪارپوريشنون انهن جي حصيدارن کان الڳ ۽ منفرد قانوني ادارا آهن، جيئن ته اهي پنهنجن مالڪن ۽ ميمبرن لاءِ محدود ذميواري فراهم ڪن ٿيون. ڪارپوريشنون ڪارپوريٽ ٽيڪس جي شرحن جي تابع آهن. ڪارپوريشنون وڌيڪ پيچيده ۽ قائم ڪرڻ لاءِ مهانگي، قومي يا رياستي سيڪيورٽيز ڪميشن يا ڪمپني رجسٽرن کي ٽه ماهي يا سالياني مالي معلومات جي لازمي رپورٽنگ سان گڏ آهن. پر مالڪن ۽ شيئر هولڊرز لاءِ وڌيڪ تحفظ ۽ فائدا پيش ڪن ٿيون.'' Corporations are distinct from [[Sole proprietorship|sole proprietors]] and [[partnership]]s. Corporations are separate and unique [[Legal person|legal entities]] from their shareholders; as such they provide [[limited liability]] for their owners and members. Corporations are subject to [[corporate tax]] rates. Corporations are also more complicated, expensive to set up, along with the mandatory reporting of quarterly or annual financial information to the national (or state) [[securities commission]]s or [[company register]]s, but offer more protection and benefits for the owners and shareholders.<ref name=":3" /> ''اها فرد جيڪا سرڪاري ايجنسي (عوامي شعبي) لاءِ يا مشن تي هلندڙ خيراتي اداري (غير منافع بخش شعبي) لاءِ ڪم نه ڪري رهيا آهن، تقريبن هميشه خانگي شعبي ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا آهن. مطلب ته اهي هڪ ڪاروبار (رسمي يا غير رسمي) پاران ملازم آهن، جن جو بنيادي مقصد، لاگت کان مٿي اقتصادي قدر جي تخليق ۽ قبضي جي ذريعي، منافعو پيدا ڪرڻ آهي. تقريبن سڀني ملڪن ۾، گهڻا فرد، عوامي شعبي جي ملازمن جي اقليتي سيڪڙو جي بنياد تي، ڪل افرادي قوت جي نسبت، ڪاروبار طرفان ملازم آهن.'' Individuals who are not working for a government agency ([[public sector]]) or for a mission-driven [[Charity (practice)|charity]] ([[Voluntary sector|nonprofit sector]]), are almost always working in the [[private sector]], meaning they are employed by a business ([[Business sector|formal]] or [[Informal economy|informal]]), whose primary goal is to generate [[Profit (economics)|profit]], through the creation and capture of [[Value (economics)|economic value]] above [[cost]]. In almost all countries, most individuals are employed by businesses (based on the minority [[List of countries by public sector size|percentage of public sector employees, relative to the total workforce]]). ''ڌنڌو يا'' ''بزنس'' انسان جي زندگي ۽ معاشري جو سفر جنهن دور کان شروع ٿيو آهي، اهو محدود ضرورتن جو دور هيو، جنهن ۾ شايد غذا جي ضرورت ئي هڪ وڏي ضرورت هئي، ڇو ته ماڻهن جي رهڻ لاء جبل ۽ ميداني علائقا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪپڙي جي تي جانورن جو کلون ڪم ۾ اينديون هيون. غذا جي لاءِ ماڻهو زمينن تي پوکيل فصل مان اناج ۽ ميوو حاصل ڪري پنهنجي زندگي گذاريندا هئا.<br> ڪاروبار ھڪ وسيع اصطلاح آهي جنھن م جملي سموريون پيداواري سرگرميون شامل ٿين ٿيون. ھر اھا سرگرمي جيڪا پيداوار، شين جي ھڪ جاء کان ٻي جاءِ تي منتقلي، ويمو، يا شين جي مارڪيٽ ۾ وڪري يا واپار جي متعلق ھر سرگرمي يا ڪامرس سڀ ڪاروبار جو حصو آهن. ان ۾ کاڻيون کوٽڻ جو ڪم، تعميرات، ماھيگيري به ڪاروبار جو حصو آھن. == ڪاروبار جي تعريف == ڪاروبار ان سڀني سرگرمين ۽ فعلن جو نالو آهي، جنهن جو لاڳاپو شين جي پيداوار، انهن جي وٺڻ، وڪڻڻ ۽ ان جي اهڙي [[تقسيم|ورهاست]] جنهن سان نه صرف فائدو ٿي بلڪي معاشري جو [[فلاح ۽ بهبود|فائدو]] بہ ٿئي. == ڪاروبار جي اهميت == ڪاروبار نه [[صرف|رڳو]] روزگار جا موقعا پيدا ڪري ٿو پر اهو انسان جي معاشري جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي ۾ هڪ وڏو ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو. ڪاروبار معاشري ۾ تعليم ۽ ترغيب جو سبب پڻ بڻجي ٿو، جنهن سان ملڪ جون معاشي ۽ دفاعي حالتون به سڌرن ٿيون. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] [[زمرو:مکيه موضوع جا مضمون]] atntk4n1kh92b3rmtftrc3jocrjnjg8 376097 376096 2026-05-06T05:39:32Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 376097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Organization engaged in commerce or industry}} [[File:Norwich Market - geograph.org.uk - 2224675.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.5|Small business vendors at a public market]] '''ڪاروبار''' (Business) ڪنهن جي گذر بسر جو عمل يا شيون، جهڙوڪ سامان (Goods) ۽ خدمتون (Services) پيدا ڪرڻ يا خريد ڪرڻ ۽ وڪڻڻ سان پئسا ڪمائڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو پڻ "ڪا به سرگرمي يا ادارو آهي جيڪو منافعي لاءِ آيو آهي." '''Business''' is the practice of making one's living or making money by producing or [[Trade|buying and selling]] [[Product (business)|product]]s (such as [[goods]] and [[Service (economics)|services]]).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=business|title=American Heritage Dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131149/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=business|archive-date=March 31, 2019|quote=business [:] 1. The activity of buying and selling [[commodity|commodities]], products, or services.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=antLdkMwxMwC|title=Longman Business English Dictionary|oclc=954137383|year=2007|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=9781405852593|edition=2nd }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/business|title=Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709032528/https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/business|archive-date=July 9, 2019|quote=business [:] 1 [...] the activity of making money by producing or buying and selling goods, or providing services.}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/business|title=Oxford Living Dictionaries|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501064740/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/business|archive-date=May 1, 2019|quote=business [:] 2 The practice of making one's living by engaging in [[commerce]].}}</ref> It is also "any activity or enterprise entered into for profit."<ref>{{cite book|last=Burton|first=William|title=Burton's Legal Thesaurus|oclc=70864526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9OGU6qOu_3YC|date=2007|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]|isbn=9780071472623|page=68|edition=4th }}</ref> ''هڪ ڪاروباري ادارو، سواءِ محدود ذميواري ڪمپني جي، ضروري طور تي مالڪ کان ڳنڍيل ناهي ۽ سرمائي ڪار مالڪ کي انهن قرضن لاءِ ذميوار رکي سگهن ٿا جيڪو هو ڪاروبار لاء هنن کان حاصل ڪيو آهي.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Choose a business structure {{!}} U.S. Small Business Administration |url=https://www.sba.gov/business-guide/launch-your-business/choose-business-structure |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.sba.gov |language=en}}</ref> عام ڪاروبار لاءِ ٽيڪس جو نظام ڪارپوريٽ ڪاروبار (corporations) کان مختلف آهي. هڪ عام ڪاروباري ڍانچي تي ڪارپوريٽ ٽيڪس جي شرح لاڳو نٿو ٿئي ۽ مالڪ تي ذاتي طور تي ڪاروبار مان سڀني آمدني تي ٽيڪس لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.'' ''ڪاروبار ۽ ڪمپني (جهڙوڪ ڪارپوريشن يا ڪوآپريٽو) جي اصطلاح جي وچ ۾، قانوني ۽ سرڪاري آفيسن ۾، هڪ فرق ڪيو ويو آهي. عام طور تي، اصطلاح هڪ ٻئي سان مٽائي استعمال ڪئي وينديون آهن.'' ''ڪارپوريشنون واحد مالڪن ۽ ڀائيوارين (partnerships) کان الڳ آهن. ڪارپوريشنون انهن جي حصيدارن کان الڳ ۽ منفرد قانوني ادارا آهن، جيئن ته اهي پنهنجن مالڪن ۽ ميمبرن لاءِ محدود ذميواري فراهم ڪن ٿيون. ڪارپوريشنون ڪارپوريٽ ٽيڪس جي شرحن جي تابع آهن. ڪارپوريشنون وڌيڪ پيچيده ۽ قائم ڪرڻ لاءِ مهانگي، قومي يا رياستي سيڪيورٽيز ڪميشن يا ڪمپني رجسٽرن کي ٽه ماهي يا سالياني مالي معلومات جي لازمي رپورٽنگ سان گڏ آهن. پر مالڪن ۽ شيئر هولڊرز لاءِ وڌيڪ تحفظ ۽ فائدا پيش ڪن ٿيون.'' Corporations are distinct from [[Sole proprietorship|sole proprietors]] and [[partnership]]s. Corporations are separate and unique [[Legal person|legal entities]] from their shareholders; as such they provide [[limited liability]] for their owners and members. Corporations are subject to [[corporate tax]] rates. Corporations are also more complicated, expensive to set up, along with the mandatory reporting of quarterly or annual financial information to the national (or state) [[securities commission]]s or [[company register]]s, but offer more protection and benefits for the owners and shareholders.<ref name=":3" /> ''اها فرد جيڪا سرڪاري ايجنسي (عوامي شعبي) لاءِ يا مشن تي هلندڙ خيراتي اداري (غير منافع بخش شعبي) لاءِ ڪم نه ڪري رهيا آهن، تقريبن هميشه خانگي شعبي ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا آهن. مطلب ته اهي هڪ ڪاروبار (رسمي يا غير رسمي) پاران ملازم آهن، جن جو بنيادي مقصد، لاگت کان مٿي اقتصادي قدر جي تخليق ۽ قبضي جي ذريعي، منافعو پيدا ڪرڻ آهي. تقريبن سڀني ملڪن ۾، گهڻا فرد، عوامي شعبي جي ملازمن جي اقليتي سيڪڙو جي بنياد تي، ڪل افرادي قوت جي نسبت، ڪاروبار طرفان ملازم آهن.'' Individuals who are not working for a government agency ([[public sector]]) or for a mission-driven [[Charity (practice)|charity]] ([[Voluntary sector|nonprofit sector]]), are almost always working in the [[private sector]], meaning they are employed by a business ([[Business sector|formal]] or [[Informal economy|informal]]), whose primary goal is to generate [[Profit (economics)|profit]], through the creation and capture of [[Value (economics)|economic value]] above [[cost]]. In almost all countries, most individuals are employed by businesses (based on the minority [[List of countries by public sector size|percentage of public sector employees, relative to the total workforce]]). ''ڌنڌو يا'' ''بزنس'' انسان جي زندگي ۽ معاشري جو سفر جنهن دور کان شروع ٿيو آهي، اهو محدود ضرورتن جو دور هيو، جنهن ۾ شايد غذا جي ضرورت ئي هڪ وڏي ضرورت هئي، ڇو ته ماڻهن جي رهڻ لاء جبل ۽ ميداني علائقا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪپڙي جي تي جانورن جو کلون ڪم ۾ اينديون هيون. غذا جي لاءِ ماڻهو زمينن تي پوکيل فصل مان اناج ۽ ميوو حاصل ڪري پنهنجي زندگي گذاريندا هئا.<br> ڪاروبار ھڪ وسيع اصطلاح آهي جنھن م جملي سموريون پيداواري سرگرميون شامل ٿين ٿيون. ھر اھا سرگرمي جيڪا پيداوار، شين جي ھڪ جاء کان ٻي جاءِ تي منتقلي، ويمو، يا شين جي مارڪيٽ ۾ وڪري يا واپار جي متعلق ھر سرگرمي يا ڪامرس سڀ ڪاروبار جو حصو آهن. ان ۾ کاڻيون کوٽڻ جو ڪم، تعميرات، ماھيگيري به ڪاروبار جو حصو آھن. == ڪاروبار جي تعريف == ڪاروبار ان سڀني سرگرمين ۽ فعلن جو نالو آهي، جنهن جو لاڳاپو شين جي پيداوار، انهن جي وٺڻ، وڪڻڻ ۽ ان جي اهڙي [[تقسيم|ورهاست]] جنهن سان نه صرف فائدو ٿي بلڪي معاشري جو [[فلاح ۽ بهبود|فائدو]] بہ ٿئي. == ڪاروبار جي اهميت == ڪاروبار نه [[صرف|رڳو]] روزگار جا موقعا پيدا ڪري ٿو پر اهو انسان جي معاشري جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي ۾ هڪ وڏو ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو. ڪاروبار معاشري ۾ تعليم ۽ ترغيب جو سبب پڻ بڻجي ٿو، جنهن سان ملڪ جون معاشي ۽ دفاعي حالتون به سڌرن ٿيون. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] [[زمرو:مکيه موضوع جا مضمون]] c9hfutm4kandf3vwvuhnog2hcdb7oee 376098 376097 2026-05-06T05:44:54Z Ibne maryam 17680 376098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Organization engaged in commerce or industry}} [[File:Norwich Market - geograph.org.uk - 2224675.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.5|عوامي منڊي ۾ ننڍو ڪاروبار هلائيندڙ ]] '''ڪاروبار''' (Business) ڪنهن جي گذر بسر جو عمل يا شيون، جهڙوڪ سامان (Goods) ۽ خدمتون (Services) پيدا ڪرڻ يا خريد ڪرڻ ۽ وڪڻڻ سان پئسا ڪمائڻ جو عمل آهي.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=business|title=American Heritage Dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131149/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=business|archive-date=March 31, 2019|quote=business [:] 1. The activity of buying and selling [[commodity|commodities]], products, or services.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=antLdkMwxMwC|title=Longman Business English Dictionary|oclc=954137383|year=2007|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=9781405852593|edition=2nd }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/business|title=Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709032528/https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/business|archive-date=July 9, 2019|quote=business [:] 1 [...] the activity of making money by producing or buying and selling goods, or providing services.}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/business|title=Oxford Living Dictionaries|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501064740/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/business|archive-date=May 1, 2019|quote=business [:] 2 The practice of making one's living by engaging in [[commerce]].}}</ref> اهو پڻ "ڪا به سرگرمي يا ادارو آهي جيڪو منافعي لاءِ آيو آهي."''<ref>{{cite book|last=Burton|first=William|title=Burton's Legal Thesaurus|oclc=70864526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9OGU6qOu_3YC|date=2007|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]|isbn=9780071472623|page=68|edition=4th }}</ref>'' ''هڪ ڪاروباري ادارو، سواءِ محدود ذميواري ڪمپني جي، ضروري طور تي مالڪ کان ڳنڍيل ناهي ۽ سرمائي ڪار مالڪ کي انهن قرضن لاءِ ذميوار رکي سگهن ٿا جيڪو هو ڪاروبار لاء هنن کان حاصل ڪيو آهي.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Choose a business structure {{!}} U.S. Small Business Administration |url=https://www.sba.gov/business-guide/launch-your-business/choose-business-structure |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.sba.gov |language=en}}</ref> عام ڪاروبار لاءِ ٽيڪس جو نظام ڪارپوريٽ ڪاروبار (corporations) کان مختلف آهي. هڪ عام ڪاروباري ڍانچي تي ڪارپوريٽ ٽيڪس جي شرح لاڳو نٿو ٿئي ۽ مالڪ تي ذاتي طور تي ڪاروبار مان سڀني آمدني تي ٽيڪس لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.'' ''ڪاروبار ۽ ڪمپني (جهڙوڪ ڪارپوريشن يا ڪوآپريٽو) جي اصطلاح جي وچ ۾، قانوني ۽ سرڪاري آفيسن ۾، هڪ فرق ڪيو ويو آهي. عام طور تي، اصطلاح هڪ ٻئي سان مٽائي استعمال ڪئي وينديون آهن.'' ''ڪارپوريشنون واحد مالڪن ۽ ڀائيوارين (partnerships) کان الڳ آهن. ڪارپوريشنون انهن جي حصيدارن کان الڳ ۽ منفرد قانوني ادارا آهن، جيئن ته اهي پنهنجن مالڪن ۽ ميمبرن لاءِ محدود ذميواري فراهم ڪن ٿيون. ڪارپوريشنون ڪارپوريٽ ٽيڪس جي شرحن جي تابع آهن. ڪارپوريشنون وڌيڪ پيچيده ۽ قائم ڪرڻ لاءِ مهانگي، قومي يا رياستي سيڪيورٽيز ڪميشن يا ڪمپني رجسٽرن کي ٽه ماهي يا سالياني مالي معلومات جي لازمي رپورٽنگ سان گڏ آهن. پر مالڪن ۽ شيئر هولڊرز لاءِ وڌيڪ تحفظ ۽ فائدا پيش ڪن ٿيون.<ref name=":3" />'' ''اها فرد جيڪا سرڪاري ايجنسي (عوامي شعبي) لاءِ يا مشن تي هلندڙ خيراتي اداري (غير منافع بخش شعبي) لاءِ ڪم نه ڪري رهيا آهن، تقريبن هميشه خانگي شعبي ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا آهن. مطلب ته اهي هڪ ڪاروبار (رسمي يا غير رسمي) پاران ملازم آهن، جن جو بنيادي مقصد، لاگت کان مٿي اقتصادي قدر جي تخليق ۽ قبضي جي ذريعي، منافعو پيدا ڪرڻ آهي. تقريبن سڀني ملڪن ۾، گهڻا فرد، عوامي شعبي جي ملازمن جي اقليتي سيڪڙو جي بنياد تي، ڪل افرادي قوت جي نسبت، ڪاروبار طرفان ملازم آهن.'' ''ڌنڌو يا'' ''بزنس'' انسان جي زندگي ۽ معاشري جو سفر جنهن دور کان شروع ٿيو آهي، اهو محدود ضرورتن جو دور هيو، جنهن ۾ شايد غذا جي ضرورت ئي هڪ وڏي ضرورت هئي، ڇو ته ماڻهن جي رهڻ لاء جبل ۽ ميداني علائقا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪپڙي جي تي جانورن جو کلون ڪم ۾ اينديون هيون. غذا جي لاءِ ماڻهو زمينن تي پوکيل فصل مان اناج ۽ ميوو حاصل ڪري پنهنجي زندگي گذاريندا هئا.<br> ڪاروبار ھڪ وسيع اصطلاح آهي جنھن م جملي سموريون پيداواري سرگرميون شامل ٿين ٿيون. ھر اھا سرگرمي جيڪا پيداوار، شين جي ھڪ جاء کان ٻي جاءِ تي منتقلي، ويمو، يا شين جي مارڪيٽ ۾ وڪري يا واپار جي متعلق ھر سرگرمي يا ڪامرس سڀ ڪاروبار جو حصو آهن. ان ۾ کاڻيون کوٽڻ جو ڪم، تعميرات، ماھيگيري به ڪاروبار جو حصو آھن. == ڪاروبار جي تعريف == ڪاروبار ان سڀني سرگرمين ۽ فعلن جو نالو آهي، جنهن جو لاڳاپو شين جي پيداوار، انهن جي وٺڻ، وڪڻڻ ۽ ان جي اهڙي [[تقسيم|ورهاست]] جنهن سان نه صرف فائدو ٿي بلڪي معاشري جو [[فلاح ۽ بهبود|فائدو]] بہ ٿئي. == ڪاروبار جي اهميت == ڪاروبار نه [[صرف|رڳو]] روزگار جا موقعا پيدا ڪري ٿو پر اهو انسان جي معاشري جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي ۾ هڪ وڏو ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو. ڪاروبار معاشري ۾ تعليم ۽ ترغيب جو سبب پڻ بڻجي ٿو، جنهن سان ملڪ جون معاشي ۽ دفاعي حالتون به سڌرن ٿيون. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] [[زمرو:مکيه موضوع جا مضمون]] 0ngutko4aza81cdnhqrn4wu6gowyhun 376099 376098 2026-05-06T05:51:13Z Ibne maryam 17680 376099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Organization engaged in commerce or industry}} [[File:Norwich Market - geograph.org.uk - 2224675.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.5|عوامي منڊي ۾ ننڍو ڪاروبار هلائيندڙ ]] '''ڪاروبار''' (<small>Business</small>) ڪنهن جي گذر بسر جو عمل يا شيون، جهڙوڪ سامان (<small>Goods</small>) ۽ [[خدمتون]] (<small>Services</small>) پيدا ڪرڻ يا خريد ڪرڻ ۽ وڪڻڻ سان پئسا ڪمائڻ جو عمل آهي.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=business|title=American Heritage Dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131149/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=business|archive-date=March 31, 2019|quote=business [:] 1. The activity of buying and selling [[commodity|commodities]], products, or services.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=antLdkMwxMwC|title=Longman Business English Dictionary|oclc=954137383|year=2007|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=9781405852593|edition=2nd }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/business|title=Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709032528/https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/business|archive-date=July 9, 2019|quote=business [:] 1 [...] the activity of making money by producing or buying and selling goods, or providing services.}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/business|title=Oxford Living Dictionaries|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501064740/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/business|archive-date=May 1, 2019|quote=business [:] 2 The practice of making one's living by engaging in [[commerce]].}}</ref> اهو پڻ "ڪا به سرگرمي يا ادارو آهي جيڪو منافعي لاءِ آيو آهي."''<ref>{{cite book|last=Burton|first=William|title=Burton's Legal Thesaurus|oclc=70864526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9OGU6qOu_3YC|date=2007|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]|isbn=9780071472623|page=68|edition=4th }}</ref>'' ''هڪ ڪاروباري ادارو، سواءِ محدود ذميواري ڪمپني (<small>Limited</small> <small>Company</small>) جي، ضروري طور تي مالڪ کان ڳنڍيل ناهي ۽ سرمائي ڪار مالڪ کي انهن قرضن لاءِ ذميوار رکي سگهن ٿا جيڪو هو ڪاروبار لاء هنن کان حاصل ڪيو آهي.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Choose a business structure {{!}} U.S. Small Business Administration |url=https://www.sba.gov/business-guide/launch-your-business/choose-business-structure |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.sba.gov |language=en}}</ref> عام ڪاروبار لاءِ ٽيڪس جو نظام ڪارپوريٽ ڪاروبار (<small>corporate</small> <small>Business</small>) کان مختلف آهي. هڪ عام ڪاروباري ڍانچي تي [[ڪارپوريٽ ٽيڪس]] جي شرح لاڳو نٿي ٿئي ۽ مالڪ تي ذاتي طور تي ڪاروبار مان سڀني آمدني تي ٽيڪس لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.'' ''ڪاروبار ۽ [[ڪمپني]] (جهڙوڪ [[ڪارپوريشن]] يا ڪوآپريٽو) جي اصطلاح جي وچ ۾، قانوني ۽ سرڪاري آفيسن ۾، هڪ فرق ڪيو ويو آهي. عام طور تي، اصطلاح هڪ ٻئي سان مٽائي استعمال ڪئي وينديون آهن.'' ''ڪارپوريشنون واحد مالڪن ۽ ڀائيوارين (partnerships) کان الڳ آهن. ڪارپوريشنون انهن جي حصيدارن کان الڳ ۽ منفرد قانوني ادارا آهن، جيئن ته اهي پنهنجن مالڪن ۽ ميمبرن لاءِ محدود ذميواري فراهم ڪن ٿيون. ڪارپوريشنون ڪارپوريٽ ٽيڪس جي شرحن جي تابع آهن. ڪارپوريشنون وڌيڪ پيچيده ۽ قائم ڪرڻ لاءِ مهانگي، قومي يا رياستي سيڪيورٽيز ڪميشن يا ڪمپني رجسٽرن کي ٽه ماهي يا سالياني مالي معلومات جي لازمي رپورٽنگ سان گڏ آهن. پر مالڪن ۽ شيئر هولڊرز لاءِ وڌيڪ تحفظ ۽ فائدا پيش ڪن ٿيون.<ref name=":3" />'' ''اها فرد جيڪا سرڪاري ايجنسي (عوامي شعبي) لاءِ يا مشن تي هلندڙ خيراتي اداري (غير منافع بخش شعبي) لاءِ ڪم نه ڪري رهيا آهن، تقريبن هميشه خانگي شعبي ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا آهن. مطلب ته اهي هڪ ڪاروبار (رسمي يا غير رسمي) پاران ملازم آهن، جن جو بنيادي مقصد، لاگت کان مٿي اقتصادي قدر جي تخليق ۽ قبضي جي ذريعي، منافعو پيدا ڪرڻ آهي. تقريبن سڀني ملڪن ۾، گهڻا فرد، عوامي شعبي جي ملازمن جي اقليتي سيڪڙو جي بنياد تي، ڪل افرادي قوت جي نسبت، ڪاروبار طرفان ملازم آهن.'' ''ڌنڌو يا'' ''بزنس'' انسان جي زندگي ۽ معاشري جو سفر جنهن دور کان شروع ٿيو آهي، اهو محدود ضرورتن جو دور هيو، جنهن ۾ شايد غذا جي ضرورت ئي هڪ وڏي ضرورت هئي، ڇو ته ماڻهن جي رهڻ لاء جبل ۽ ميداني علائقا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪپڙي جي تي جانورن جو کلون ڪم ۾ اينديون هيون. غذا جي لاءِ ماڻهو زمينن تي پوکيل فصل مان اناج ۽ ميوو حاصل ڪري پنهنجي زندگي گذاريندا هئا. <br> ڪاروبار ھڪ وسيع اصطلاح آهي جنھن م جملي سموريون پيداواري سرگرميون شامل ٿين ٿيون. ھر اھا سرگرمي جيڪا پيداوار، شين جي ھڪ جاء کان ٻي جاءِ تي منتقلي، ويمو، يا شين جي مارڪيٽ ۾ وڪري يا واپار جي متعلق ھر سرگرمي يا ڪامرس سڀ ڪاروبار جو حصو آهن. ان ۾ کاڻيون کوٽڻ جو ڪم، تعميرات، ماھيگيري به ڪاروبار جو حصو آھن. == ڪاروبار جي تعريف == ڪاروبار ان سڀني سرگرمين ۽ فعلن جو نالو آهي، جنهن جو لاڳاپو شين جي پيداوار، انهن جي وٺڻ، وڪڻڻ ۽ ان جي اهڙي [[تقسيم|ورهاست]] جنهن سان نه صرف فائدو ٿي بلڪي معاشري جو [[فلاح ۽ بهبود|فائدو]] بہ ٿئي. == ڪاروبار جي اهميت == ڪاروبار نه [[صرف|رڳو]] روزگار جا موقعا پيدا ڪري ٿو پر اهو انسان جي معاشري جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي ۾ هڪ وڏو ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو. ڪاروبار معاشري ۾ تعليم ۽ ترغيب جو سبب پڻ بڻجي ٿو، جنهن سان ملڪ جون معاشي ۽ دفاعي حالتون به سڌرن ٿيون. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] [[زمرو:مکيه موضوع جا مضمون]] slm2haivdb528zr6x2gt0co54j42k85 376100 376099 2026-05-06T05:56:09Z Ibne maryam 17680 376100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Organization engaged in commerce or industry}} [[File:Norwich Market - geograph.org.uk - 2224675.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.5|عوامي منڊي ۾ ننڍو ڪاروبار هلائيندڙ ]] '''ڪاروبار''' (<small>Business</small>) ڪنهن جي گذر بسر جو عمل يا شيون، جهڙوڪ سامان (<small>Goods</small>) ۽ [[خدمتون]] (<small>Services</small>) پيدا ڪرڻ يا خريد ڪرڻ ۽ وڪڻڻ سان پئسا ڪمائڻ جو عمل آهي.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=business|title=American Heritage Dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131149/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=business|archive-date=March 31, 2019|quote=business [:] 1. The activity of buying and selling [[commodity|commodities]], products, or services.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=antLdkMwxMwC|title=Longman Business English Dictionary|oclc=954137383|year=2007|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=9781405852593|edition=2nd }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/business|title=Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709032528/https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/business|archive-date=July 9, 2019|quote=business [:] 1 [...] the activity of making money by producing or buying and selling goods, or providing services.}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/business|title=Oxford Living Dictionaries|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501064740/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/business|archive-date=May 1, 2019|quote=business [:] 2 The practice of making one's living by engaging in [[commerce]].}}</ref> اهو پڻ "ڪا به سرگرمي يا ادارو آهي جيڪو منافعي لاءِ آيو آهي."''<ref>{{cite book|last=Burton|first=William|title=Burton's Legal Thesaurus|oclc=70864526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9OGU6qOu_3YC|date=2007|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]|isbn=9780071472623|page=68|edition=4th }}</ref>'' ''هڪ ڪاروباري ادارو، سواءِ محدود ذميواري ڪمپني (<small>Limited</small> <small>Company</small>) جي، ضروري طور تي مالڪ کان ڳنڍيل ناهي ۽ سرمائي ڪار مالڪ کي انهن قرضن لاءِ ذميوار رکي سگهن ٿا جيڪو هو ڪاروبار لاء هنن کان حاصل ڪيو آهي.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Choose a business structure {{!}} U.S. Small Business Administration |url=https://www.sba.gov/business-guide/launch-your-business/choose-business-structure |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.sba.gov |language=en}}</ref> عام ڪاروبار لاءِ ٽيڪس جو نظام ڪارپوريٽ ڪاروبار (<small>corporate</small> <small>Business</small>) کان مختلف آهي. هڪ عام ڪاروباري ڍانچي تي [[ڪارپوريٽ ٽيڪس]] جي شرح لاڳو نٿي ٿئي ۽ مالڪ تي ذاتي طور تي ڪاروبار مان سڀني آمدني تي ٽيڪس لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.'' ''ڪاروبار ۽ [[ڪمپني]] (جهڙوڪ [[ڪارپوريشن]] يا ڪوآپريٽو) جي اصطلاح جي وچ ۾، قانوني ۽ سرڪاري آفيسن ۾، هڪ فرق ڪيو ويو آهي. عام طور تي، اصطلاح هڪ ٻئي سان مٽائي استعمال ڪئي وينديون آهن.'' ''ڪارپوريشنون واحد مالڪن ۽ ڀائيوارين (partnerships) کان الڳ آهن. ڪارپوريشنون انهن جي حصيدارن کان الڳ ۽ منفرد قانوني ادارا آهن، جيئن ته اهي پنهنجن مالڪن ۽ ميمبرن لاءِ محدود ذميواري فراهم ڪن ٿيون. ڪارپوريشنون ڪارپوريٽ ٽيڪس جي شرحن جي تابع آهن. ڪارپوريشنون وڌيڪ پيچيده ۽ قائم ڪرڻ لاءِ مهانگي، قومي يا رياستي سيڪيورٽيز ڪميشن يا ڪمپني رجسٽرن کي ٽه ماهي يا سالياني مالي معلومات جي لازمي رپورٽنگ سان گڏ آهن. پر مالڪن ۽ شيئر هولڊرز لاءِ وڌيڪ تحفظ ۽ فائدا پيش ڪن ٿيون.<ref name=":3" />'' ''اها فرد جيڪا سرڪاري ايجنسي (عوامي شعبي) لاءِ يا مشن تي هلندڙ خيراتي اداري (غير منافع بخش شعبي) لاءِ ڪم نه ڪري رهيا آهن، تقريبن هميشه خانگي شعبي ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا آهن. مطلب ته اهي هڪ ڪاروبار (رسمي يا غير رسمي) پاران ملازم آهن، جن جو بنيادي مقصد، لاگت کان مٿي اقتصادي قدر جي تخليق ۽ قبضي جي ذريعي، منافعو پيدا ڪرڻ آهي. تقريبن سڀني ملڪن ۾، گهڻا فرد، عوامي شعبي جي ملازمن جي اقليتي سيڪڙو جي بنياد تي، ڪل افرادي قوت جي نسبت، ڪاروبار طرفان ملازم آهن.'' ''ڌنڌو يا'' ''بزنس'' انسان جي زندگي ۽ معاشري جو سفر جنهن دور کان شروع ٿيو آهي، اهو محدود ضرورتن جو دور هيو، جنهن ۾ شايد غذا جي ضرورت ئي هڪ وڏي ضرورت هئي، ڇو ته ماڻهن جي رهڻ لاء جبل ۽ ميداني علائقا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪپڙي جي تي جانورن جو کلون ڪم ۾ اينديون هيون. غذا جي لاءِ ماڻهو زمينن تي پوکيل فصل مان اناج ۽ ميوو حاصل ڪري پنهنجي زندگي گذاريندا هئا. <br> ڪاروبار ھڪ وسيع اصطلاح آهي جنھن م جملي سموريون پيداواري سرگرميون شامل ٿين ٿيون. ھر اھا سرگرمي جيڪا پيداوار، شين جي ھڪ جاء کان ٻي جاءِ تي منتقلي، ويمو، يا شين جي مارڪيٽ ۾ وڪري يا واپار جي متعلق ھر سرگرمي يا ڪامرس سڀ ڪاروبار جو حصو آهن. ان ۾ کاڻيون کوٽڻ جو ڪم، تعميرات، ماھيگيري به ڪاروبار جو حصو آھن. == ڪاروبار جي تعريف == ڪاروبار ان سڀني سرگرمين ۽ فعلن جو نالو آهي، جنهن جو لاڳاپو شين جي پيداوار، انهن جي وٺڻ، وڪڻڻ ۽ ان جي اهڙي [[تقسيم|ورهاست]] جنهن سان نه صرف فائدو ٿي بلڪي معاشري جو [[فلاح ۽ بهبود|فائدو]] بہ ٿئي. == ڪاروبار جي اهميت == ڪاروبار نه [[صرف|رڳو]] روزگار جا موقعا پيدا ڪري ٿو پر اهو انسان جي معاشري جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي ۾ هڪ وڏو ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو. ڪاروبار معاشري ۾ تعليم ۽ ترغيب جو سبب پڻ بڻجي ٿو، جنهن سان ملڪ جون معاشي ۽ دفاعي حالتون به سڌرن ٿيون. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=Business}} {{Portal|Business}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] [[زمرو:ادارا]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري تنظيمون]] [[زمرو:مکيه موضوع جا مضمون]] adqweclls17aa5km2jipw3xhn6mr5dp 376101 376100 2026-05-06T05:59:34Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 376101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Organization engaged in commerce or industry}} [[File:Norwich Market - geograph.org.uk - 2224675.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.5|عوامي منڊي ۾ ننڍو ڪاروبار هلائيندڙ ]] '''ڪاروبار''' (<small>Business</small>) ڪنهن جي گذر بسر جو عمل يا شيون، جهڙوڪ سامان (<small>Goods</small>) ۽ [[خدمتون]] (<small>Services</small>) پيدا ڪرڻ يا خريد ڪرڻ ۽ وڪڻڻ سان پئسا ڪمائڻ جو عمل آهي.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=business|title=American Heritage Dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131149/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=business|archive-date=March 31, 2019|quote=business [:] 1. The activity of buying and selling [[commodity|commodities]], products, or services.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=antLdkMwxMwC|title=Longman Business English Dictionary|oclc=954137383|year=2007|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=9781405852593|edition=2nd }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/business|title=Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709032528/https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/business|archive-date=July 9, 2019|quote=business [:] 1 [...] the activity of making money by producing or buying and selling goods, or providing services.}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/business|title=Oxford Living Dictionaries|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501064740/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/business|archive-date=May 1, 2019|quote=business [:] 2 The practice of making one's living by engaging in [[commerce]].}}</ref> اهو پڻ "ڪا به سرگرمي يا ادارو آهي جيڪو منافعي لاءِ آيو آهي."''<ref>{{cite book|last=Burton|first=William|title=Burton's Legal Thesaurus|oclc=70864526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9OGU6qOu_3YC|date=2007|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]|isbn=9780071472623|page=68|edition=4th }}</ref>'' ''هڪ ڪاروباري ادارو، سواءِ محدود ذميواري ڪمپني (<small>Limited</small> <small>Company</small>) جي، ضروري طور تي مالڪ کان ڳنڍيل ناهي ۽ سرمائي ڪار مالڪ کي انهن قرضن لاءِ ذميوار رکي سگهن ٿا جيڪو هو ڪاروبار لاء هنن کان حاصل ڪيو آهي.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Choose a business structure {{!}} U.S. Small Business Administration |url=https://www.sba.gov/business-guide/launch-your-business/choose-business-structure |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.sba.gov |language=en}}</ref> عام ڪاروبار لاءِ ٽيڪس جو نظام ڪارپوريٽ ڪاروبار (<small>corporate</small> <small>Business</small>) کان مختلف آهي. هڪ عام ڪاروباري ڍانچي تي [[ڪارپوريٽ ٽيڪس]] جي شرح لاڳو نٿي ٿئي ۽ مالڪ تي ذاتي طور تي ڪاروبار مان سڀني آمدني تي ٽيڪس لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.'' ''ڪاروبار ۽ [[ڪمپني]] (جهڙوڪ [[ڪارپوريشن]] يا ڪوآپريٽو) جي اصطلاح جي وچ ۾، قانوني ۽ سرڪاري آفيسن ۾، هڪ فرق ڪيو ويو آهي. عام طور تي، اصطلاح هڪ ٻئي سان مٽائي استعمال ڪئي وينديون آهن.'' ''ڪارپوريشنون واحد مالڪن ۽ ڀائيوارين (partnerships) کان الڳ آهن. ڪارپوريشنون انهن جي حصيدارن کان الڳ ۽ منفرد قانوني ادارا آهن، جيئن ته اهي پنهنجن مالڪن ۽ ميمبرن لاءِ محدود ذميواري فراهم ڪن ٿيون. ڪارپوريشنون ڪارپوريٽ ٽيڪس جي شرحن جي تابع آهن. ڪارپوريشنون وڌيڪ پيچيده ۽ قائم ڪرڻ لاءِ مهانگي، قومي يا رياستي سيڪيورٽيز ڪميشن يا ڪمپني رجسٽرن کي ٽه ماهي يا سالياني مالي معلومات جي لازمي رپورٽنگ سان گڏ آهن. پر مالڪن ۽ شيئر هولڊرز لاءِ وڌيڪ تحفظ ۽ فائدا پيش ڪن ٿيون.<ref name=":3" />'' ''اها فرد جيڪا سرڪاري ايجنسي (عوامي شعبي) لاءِ يا مشن تي هلندڙ خيراتي اداري (غير منافع بخش شعبي) لاءِ ڪم نه ڪري رهيا آهن، تقريبن هميشه خانگي شعبي ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا آهن. مطلب ته اهي هڪ ڪاروبار (رسمي يا غير رسمي) پاران ملازم آهن، جن جو بنيادي مقصد، لاگت کان مٿي اقتصادي قدر جي تخليق ۽ قبضي جي ذريعي، منافعو پيدا ڪرڻ آهي. تقريبن سڀني ملڪن ۾، گهڻا فرد، عوامي شعبي جي ملازمن جي اقليتي سيڪڙو جي بنياد تي، ڪل افرادي قوت جي نسبت، ڪاروبار طرفان ملازم آهن.'' ''ڌنڌو يا'' ''بزنس'' انسان جي زندگي ۽ معاشري جو سفر جنهن دور کان شروع ٿيو آهي، اهو محدود ضرورتن جو دور هيو، جنهن ۾ شايد غذا جي ضرورت ئي هڪ وڏي ضرورت هئي، ڇو ته ماڻهن جي رهڻ لاء جبل ۽ ميداني علائقا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪپڙي جي تي جانورن جو کلون ڪم ۾ اينديون هيون. غذا جي لاءِ ماڻهو زمينن تي پوکيل فصل مان اناج ۽ ميوو حاصل ڪري پنهنجي زندگي گذاريندا هئا. <br> ڪاروبار ھڪ وسيع اصطلاح آهي جنھن م جملي سموريون پيداواري سرگرميون شامل ٿين ٿيون. ھر اھا سرگرمي جيڪا پيداوار، شين جي ھڪ جاء کان ٻي جاءِ تي منتقلي، ويمو، يا شين جي مارڪيٽ ۾ وڪري يا واپار جي متعلق ھر سرگرمي يا ڪامرس سڀ ڪاروبار جو حصو آهن. ان ۾ کاڻيون کوٽڻ جو ڪم، تعميرات، ماھيگيري به ڪاروبار جو حصو آھن. == ڪاروبار جي تعريف == ڪاروبار ان سڀني سرگرمين ۽ فعلن جو نالو آهي، جنهن جو لاڳاپو شين جي پيداوار، انهن جي وٺڻ، وڪڻڻ ۽ ان جي اهڙي [[تقسيم|ورهاست]] جنهن سان نه صرف فائدو ٿي بلڪي معاشري جو [[فلاح ۽ بهبود|فائدو]] بہ ٿئي. == ڪاروبار جي اهميت == ڪاروبار نه [[صرف|رڳو]] روزگار جا موقعا پيدا ڪري ٿو پر اهو انسان جي معاشري جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي ۾ هڪ وڏو ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو. ڪاروبار معاشري ۾ تعليم ۽ ترغيب جو سبب پڻ بڻجي ٿو، جنهن سان ملڪ جون معاشي ۽ دفاعي حالتون به سڌرن ٿيون. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=Business}} {{Portal|Business}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] [[زمرو:ادارا]] [[زمرو:ڪاروبار هلائڻ]] [[زمرو:ڪاروباري تنظيمون]] [[زمرو:مکيه موضوع جا مضمون]] 9ff9ys7sb4qn9yl0ktzf69qcg8asyjn 10 16958 376088 156939 2026-05-05T21:13:40Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 376088 wikitext text/x-wiki <span id="coordinates" class="metadata coord-missing"><!-- مھرباني ڪري ھتي متن شامل نه ڪريو، جيستائين ائين ڪرڻ بابت گڏيل برادريءَ جو اتفاق نه ٿئي. --></span>{{main other | demospace = {{{demospace|}}} | {{#if:{{{1|}}} | [[زمرو:{{{1|}}} مضمون جن ۾ جاگرافيائي ڪوآرڊينيٽ ڊيٽا غائب آھي]] | [[زمرو:اڻ درجابند مضمون جن ۾ جاگرافيائي ڪوآرڊينيٽ ڊيٽا غائب آھي]] }}{{#if:{{{2|}}} | [[زمرو:{{{2|}}} مضمون جن ۾ جاگرافيائي ڪوآرڊينيٽ ڊيٽا غائب آھي]] }}<includeonly>[[زمرو:سڀ مضمون جن کي ڪوآرڊينيٽس گھرجن]]</includeonly> | <!-- مک مضمون واري نالو-فضا کانسواءِ ٻين صفحن کي زمري ۾ شامل نه ڪيو وڃي. --> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- زمرا ۽ ٻوليون /doc ذيلي صفحي تي شامل ڪريو، ھتي نه! --> </noinclude> jfq6djeeh5v9ldlyhjtrko9rhkxsnew 0 31025 376111 308507 2026-05-06T06:43:53Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ڪمپنيون]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 376111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company |name =مائڪرو سافٽ ڪارپوريشن | logo = Microsoft logo and wordmark.svg | logo_alt = مائڪروسافٽ جو لوگو چئن رنگن ( ڳاڙهي، سائي، پِيلي ۽ سُرمئي) جي همچورس خانن سان گھڙيال 2012 جيان متعارف ڪرايو ويو. | image = Microsoft building 17 front door.jpg | image_caption = بلڊنگ 17 جو سامهون وارو حصو، [[مائڪروسافٽ ريڊمنڊ ڪئمپس]] [[ريڊمنڊ، واشنگٽن]] ۾ |type = [[عوامي]] |traded_as = {{NASDAQ|MSFT}}<br/>[[Dow Jones Industrial Average|Dow Jones Industrial Average Component]]<br/>[[NASDAQ-100|NASDAQ-100 Component]]<br/>[[S&P 500|S&P 500 Component]] |industry = [[سافٽويئر]] |foundation = [[آلبوڪرڪ]], [[نیو ميڪسيڪو]], متحده امريڪي رياست ({{Start date|1975|04|04}}) |founder = [[بل گیٽس]], [[پائول الين]] |location_city = [[مائڪروسافٽ ريڊمنڊ ڪئمپس]], [[ريڊمنڊ، واشنگٽن]], [[ریاست واشنگٽن|واشنگٽن]] |location_country =آمريڪا |area_served = عالمي |key_people = {{unbulleted list|[[بل گیٽس]] (چيئرمين)|[[اسٽِيوّ بالمر]] (CEO)}} |products = {{unbulleted list|[[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]]|[[مائڪروسافٽ آفيس]]|[[مائڪروسافٽ سرورز]]|[[مائڪروسافٽ ڊائنامڪ]]|[[ونڊوز فون]]|[[وڊيو گيمز]]|([[مائڪروسافٽ جي ايپليڪيشن ۽ سافٽويئرن جي لسٽ]])}} |services = [[آنلائن خدمتون]] |revenue = {{Increase}} [[آمريڪي ڊالر|US$]] 73.72&nbsp;بلين(2012)<ref name=10K>{{cite web|date=February 28, 2011|url=http://www.google.com/finance?q=NASDAQ:MSFT&fstype=ii|title=Microsoft Corporation Financial Statements|publisher=Google|accessdate=April 4, 2011}}</ref> |operating_income = {{Decrease}} US$ 21.76&nbsp;بلين(2012)<ref name=10K/> |net_income = {{Decrease}} US$ 16.97&nbsp;بلين(2012)<ref name=10K/> |assets = {{Increase}} US$ 121.2&nbsp;بلين(2012)<ref name=10K/> |equity = {{Increase}} US$ 66.36&nbsp;بلين(2012)<ref name=10K/> |num_employees = 97,000 (2013) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151396807923721&set=a.195193573720.126782.20528438720&type=1&theater |title=Timeline Photos |publisher=Facebook |date= |accessdate=2013-04-08}}</ref> |homepage = {{URL|https://www.microsoft.com/|Microsoft.com}} |footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312511200680/d10k.htm|title=2011 Form 10-K, Microsoft Corporation|date=July 28, 2011|publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission|accessdate=August 23, 2011}}</ref> }} '''مائڪروسافٽ''' ڪارپوريشن آمريڪه جِي هڪ ڪمپني آحي جيڪا ونڊوز جي عملياتي نظام (Windows Operating System) ٺاهڻ جي ڪري مشهور آهي. هِن ڪمپني وٽ دُنيا ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ انگ ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ عملياتي نظام () تي هڪ هٽي آهي. هن ڪمپني جي ملازمن جو انگ 76،000 کان به وڌيڪ آهي جيڪي 102 مختلف ملڪن ۾ ڪم ڪندا آهن (انهن ملازمن جو گھڻو انگ امريڪه جي رياست واشنگٽن جي شهر ريڊمنڊ ۾ آهي). ڪمپني جي ساليانه فروخت 44.28 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان به وڌيڪ آهي. هن جي عملياتي نظامن کي ونڊوز جو عملياتي نظام شامل آهي جنهن جو نئون ورجن () ونڊوز 10 سال 2015 ۾ رليز ڪيو ويو آهي. هاڻ ونڊوز 11 پڻ اچڻ جا آثار آهن. ==ذيلي سافٽويئرز== مائڪروسافٽ جي مشهور ترين سافٽويئرز جيڪي مائڪروسافٽ جي مقبوليت جو سبب بڻيا. #سسٽم سافٽويئر #ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئرز Application ===سسٽم سافٽوئيرز=== مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز ونڊوز XP 2000 ونڊوز XP 2001 ===ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر=== مائڪروسافٽ آفيس ؛ ورڊ، [[مائڪروسافٽ ايڪسل|مائڪرو سافٽ ايڪسل]]، پاورپوائنٽ، ايڪسيس، پبلشر وغيره ==توسيع== ڪُجهه سال اڳ مائڪروسافٽ ڪمپنيءَ Nokia ڪمپني کي خريد ڪيو ھيو. هاڻ نوڪيا (Nokia) موبائل ڪمپني مائڪروسافٽ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت آهي. ٻين لفظن ۾ ته مائڪروسافٽ پنهنجي ڪمپنيءَ کي وڌايو آهي. مائڪروسافٽ Nokia ونڊوز فون بجاءِ Android موبائل فون مارڪيٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرائڻ جو ارادو پڻ رکي ٿِي. ==تڪرار== 2013ع ۾ بلومبرگ اِنڪشاف ڪيو ته مائڪروسافٽ ڪمپني آمريڪا جي حڪومت جي جاسوسِيءَ جي ميدان ۾ ڀرپور تعاون ڪري ٿِي.<ref> {{cite news |title=Not just telcos, THOUSANDS of companies share data with US spies |author= |url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/06/14/companies_share_data_with_spies/ |newspaper=دي رجسٽر |date=14 جون 2013ء |accessdate=}} </ref> == حوالا == == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:مائڪروسافٽ]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون]] op2kr26rmcxcjs3a5lzrju8datlla2b 376112 376111 2026-05-06T06:44:33Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:سافٽ ويئر]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 376112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company |name =مائڪرو سافٽ ڪارپوريشن | logo = Microsoft logo and wordmark.svg | logo_alt = مائڪروسافٽ جو لوگو چئن رنگن ( ڳاڙهي، سائي، پِيلي ۽ سُرمئي) جي همچورس خانن سان گھڙيال 2012 جيان متعارف ڪرايو ويو. | image = Microsoft building 17 front door.jpg | image_caption = بلڊنگ 17 جو سامهون وارو حصو، [[مائڪروسافٽ ريڊمنڊ ڪئمپس]] [[ريڊمنڊ، واشنگٽن]] ۾ |type = [[عوامي]] |traded_as = {{NASDAQ|MSFT}}<br/>[[Dow Jones Industrial Average|Dow Jones Industrial Average Component]]<br/>[[NASDAQ-100|NASDAQ-100 Component]]<br/>[[S&P 500|S&P 500 Component]] |industry = [[سافٽويئر]] |foundation = [[آلبوڪرڪ]], [[نیو ميڪسيڪو]], متحده امريڪي رياست ({{Start date|1975|04|04}}) |founder = [[بل گیٽس]], [[پائول الين]] |location_city = [[مائڪروسافٽ ريڊمنڊ ڪئمپس]], [[ريڊمنڊ، واشنگٽن]], [[ریاست واشنگٽن|واشنگٽن]] |location_country =آمريڪا |area_served = عالمي |key_people = {{unbulleted list|[[بل گیٽس]] (چيئرمين)|[[اسٽِيوّ بالمر]] (CEO)}} |products = {{unbulleted list|[[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]]|[[مائڪروسافٽ آفيس]]|[[مائڪروسافٽ سرورز]]|[[مائڪروسافٽ ڊائنامڪ]]|[[ونڊوز فون]]|[[وڊيو گيمز]]|([[مائڪروسافٽ جي ايپليڪيشن ۽ سافٽويئرن جي لسٽ]])}} |services = [[آنلائن خدمتون]] |revenue = {{Increase}} [[آمريڪي ڊالر|US$]] 73.72&nbsp;بلين(2012)<ref name=10K>{{cite web|date=February 28, 2011|url=http://www.google.com/finance?q=NASDAQ:MSFT&fstype=ii|title=Microsoft Corporation Financial Statements|publisher=Google|accessdate=April 4, 2011}}</ref> |operating_income = {{Decrease}} US$ 21.76&nbsp;بلين(2012)<ref name=10K/> |net_income = {{Decrease}} US$ 16.97&nbsp;بلين(2012)<ref name=10K/> |assets = {{Increase}} US$ 121.2&nbsp;بلين(2012)<ref name=10K/> |equity = {{Increase}} US$ 66.36&nbsp;بلين(2012)<ref name=10K/> |num_employees = 97,000 (2013) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151396807923721&set=a.195193573720.126782.20528438720&type=1&theater |title=Timeline Photos |publisher=Facebook |date= |accessdate=2013-04-08}}</ref> |homepage = {{URL|https://www.microsoft.com/|Microsoft.com}} |footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312511200680/d10k.htm|title=2011 Form 10-K, Microsoft Corporation|date=July 28, 2011|publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission|accessdate=August 23, 2011}}</ref> }} '''مائڪروسافٽ''' ڪارپوريشن آمريڪه جِي هڪ ڪمپني آحي جيڪا ونڊوز جي عملياتي نظام (Windows Operating System) ٺاهڻ جي ڪري مشهور آهي. هِن ڪمپني وٽ دُنيا ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ انگ ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ عملياتي نظام () تي هڪ هٽي آهي. هن ڪمپني جي ملازمن جو انگ 76،000 کان به وڌيڪ آهي جيڪي 102 مختلف ملڪن ۾ ڪم ڪندا آهن (انهن ملازمن جو گھڻو انگ امريڪه جي رياست واشنگٽن جي شهر ريڊمنڊ ۾ آهي). ڪمپني جي ساليانه فروخت 44.28 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان به وڌيڪ آهي. هن جي عملياتي نظامن کي ونڊوز جو عملياتي نظام شامل آهي جنهن جو نئون ورجن () ونڊوز 10 سال 2015 ۾ رليز ڪيو ويو آهي. هاڻ ونڊوز 11 پڻ اچڻ جا آثار آهن. ==ذيلي سافٽويئرز== مائڪروسافٽ جي مشهور ترين سافٽويئرز جيڪي مائڪروسافٽ جي مقبوليت جو سبب بڻيا. #سسٽم سافٽويئر #ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئرز Application ===سسٽم سافٽوئيرز=== مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز ونڊوز XP 2000 ونڊوز XP 2001 ===ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر=== مائڪروسافٽ آفيس ؛ ورڊ، [[مائڪروسافٽ ايڪسل|مائڪرو سافٽ ايڪسل]]، پاورپوائنٽ، ايڪسيس، پبلشر وغيره ==توسيع== ڪُجهه سال اڳ مائڪروسافٽ ڪمپنيءَ Nokia ڪمپني کي خريد ڪيو ھيو. هاڻ نوڪيا (Nokia) موبائل ڪمپني مائڪروسافٽ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت آهي. ٻين لفظن ۾ ته مائڪروسافٽ پنهنجي ڪمپنيءَ کي وڌايو آهي. مائڪروسافٽ Nokia ونڊوز فون بجاءِ Android موبائل فون مارڪيٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرائڻ جو ارادو پڻ رکي ٿِي. ==تڪرار== 2013ع ۾ بلومبرگ اِنڪشاف ڪيو ته مائڪروسافٽ ڪمپني آمريڪا جي حڪومت جي جاسوسِيءَ جي ميدان ۾ ڀرپور تعاون ڪري ٿِي.<ref> {{cite news |title=Not just telcos, THOUSANDS of companies share data with US spies |author= |url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/06/14/companies_share_data_with_spies/ |newspaper=دي رجسٽر |date=14 جون 2013ء |accessdate=}} </ref> == حوالا == == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:مائڪروسافٽ]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:سافٽ ويئر]] 6o3qqta8iwum8ikv32mrwur4kkdgozl 376113 376112 2026-05-06T06:44:53Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ڪارپوريشن]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 376113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company |name =مائڪرو سافٽ ڪارپوريشن | logo = Microsoft logo and wordmark.svg | logo_alt = مائڪروسافٽ جو لوگو چئن رنگن ( ڳاڙهي، سائي، پِيلي ۽ سُرمئي) جي همچورس خانن سان گھڙيال 2012 جيان متعارف ڪرايو ويو. | image = Microsoft building 17 front door.jpg | image_caption = بلڊنگ 17 جو سامهون وارو حصو، [[مائڪروسافٽ ريڊمنڊ ڪئمپس]] [[ريڊمنڊ، واشنگٽن]] ۾ |type = [[عوامي]] |traded_as = {{NASDAQ|MSFT}}<br/>[[Dow Jones Industrial Average|Dow Jones Industrial Average Component]]<br/>[[NASDAQ-100|NASDAQ-100 Component]]<br/>[[S&P 500|S&P 500 Component]] |industry = [[سافٽويئر]] |foundation = [[آلبوڪرڪ]], [[نیو ميڪسيڪو]], متحده امريڪي رياست ({{Start date|1975|04|04}}) |founder = [[بل گیٽس]], [[پائول الين]] |location_city = [[مائڪروسافٽ ريڊمنڊ ڪئمپس]], [[ريڊمنڊ، واشنگٽن]], [[ریاست واشنگٽن|واشنگٽن]] |location_country =آمريڪا |area_served = عالمي |key_people = {{unbulleted list|[[بل گیٽس]] (چيئرمين)|[[اسٽِيوّ بالمر]] (CEO)}} |products = {{unbulleted list|[[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]]|[[مائڪروسافٽ آفيس]]|[[مائڪروسافٽ سرورز]]|[[مائڪروسافٽ ڊائنامڪ]]|[[ونڊوز فون]]|[[وڊيو گيمز]]|([[مائڪروسافٽ جي ايپليڪيشن ۽ سافٽويئرن جي لسٽ]])}} |services = [[آنلائن خدمتون]] |revenue = {{Increase}} [[آمريڪي ڊالر|US$]] 73.72&nbsp;بلين(2012)<ref name=10K>{{cite web|date=February 28, 2011|url=http://www.google.com/finance?q=NASDAQ:MSFT&fstype=ii|title=Microsoft Corporation Financial Statements|publisher=Google|accessdate=April 4, 2011}}</ref> |operating_income = {{Decrease}} US$ 21.76&nbsp;بلين(2012)<ref name=10K/> |net_income = {{Decrease}} US$ 16.97&nbsp;بلين(2012)<ref name=10K/> |assets = {{Increase}} US$ 121.2&nbsp;بلين(2012)<ref name=10K/> |equity = {{Increase}} US$ 66.36&nbsp;بلين(2012)<ref name=10K/> |num_employees = 97,000 (2013) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151396807923721&set=a.195193573720.126782.20528438720&type=1&theater |title=Timeline Photos |publisher=Facebook |date= |accessdate=2013-04-08}}</ref> |homepage = {{URL|https://www.microsoft.com/|Microsoft.com}} |footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312511200680/d10k.htm|title=2011 Form 10-K, Microsoft Corporation|date=July 28, 2011|publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission|accessdate=August 23, 2011}}</ref> }} '''مائڪروسافٽ''' ڪارپوريشن آمريڪه جِي هڪ ڪمپني آحي جيڪا ونڊوز جي عملياتي نظام (Windows Operating System) ٺاهڻ جي ڪري مشهور آهي. هِن ڪمپني وٽ دُنيا ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ انگ ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ عملياتي نظام () تي هڪ هٽي آهي. هن ڪمپني جي ملازمن جو انگ 76،000 کان به وڌيڪ آهي جيڪي 102 مختلف ملڪن ۾ ڪم ڪندا آهن (انهن ملازمن جو گھڻو انگ امريڪه جي رياست واشنگٽن جي شهر ريڊمنڊ ۾ آهي). ڪمپني جي ساليانه فروخت 44.28 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان به وڌيڪ آهي. هن جي عملياتي نظامن کي ونڊوز جو عملياتي نظام شامل آهي جنهن جو نئون ورجن () ونڊوز 10 سال 2015 ۾ رليز ڪيو ويو آهي. هاڻ ونڊوز 11 پڻ اچڻ جا آثار آهن. ==ذيلي سافٽويئرز== مائڪروسافٽ جي مشهور ترين سافٽويئرز جيڪي مائڪروسافٽ جي مقبوليت جو سبب بڻيا. #سسٽم سافٽويئر #ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئرز Application ===سسٽم سافٽوئيرز=== مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز ونڊوز XP 2000 ونڊوز XP 2001 ===ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر=== مائڪروسافٽ آفيس ؛ ورڊ، [[مائڪروسافٽ ايڪسل|مائڪرو سافٽ ايڪسل]]، پاورپوائنٽ، ايڪسيس، پبلشر وغيره ==توسيع== ڪُجهه سال اڳ مائڪروسافٽ ڪمپنيءَ Nokia ڪمپني کي خريد ڪيو ھيو. هاڻ نوڪيا (Nokia) موبائل ڪمپني مائڪروسافٽ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت آهي. ٻين لفظن ۾ ته مائڪروسافٽ پنهنجي ڪمپنيءَ کي وڌايو آهي. مائڪروسافٽ Nokia ونڊوز فون بجاءِ Android موبائل فون مارڪيٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرائڻ جو ارادو پڻ رکي ٿِي. ==تڪرار== 2013ع ۾ بلومبرگ اِنڪشاف ڪيو ته مائڪروسافٽ ڪمپني آمريڪا جي حڪومت جي جاسوسِيءَ جي ميدان ۾ ڀرپور تعاون ڪري ٿِي.<ref> {{cite news |title=Not just telcos, THOUSANDS of companies share data with US spies |author= |url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/06/14/companies_share_data_with_spies/ |newspaper=دي رجسٽر |date=14 جون 2013ء |accessdate=}} </ref> == حوالا == == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:مائڪروسافٽ]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:سافٽ ويئر]] [[زمرو:ڪارپوريشن]] n1kdbip7x2zotupz8lzxsozthb7li8a 14 33251 376042 292585 2026-05-05T16:36:32Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 376042 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ادبي صنفون]] [[زمرو:پرفارمنگ آرٽس]] 455mmhxdmci4tlivwqx90sg4ew5wphq 14 37446 376050 371119 2026-05-05T16:43:24Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 376050 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:تفريح]] [[زمرو:ثقافت]] [[زمرو:پرفارمنگ آرٽس]] [[زمرو:اصل مقالو جماعت بندي]] oz1o2wiwlqkkegnrmg6ini1padfsn4j 14 37746 376055 371126 2026-05-05T16:50:19Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 376055 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:شوبز]] [[زمرو:تفريح]] [[زمرو:بصري فنون]] [[زمرو:مشهور ثقافت]] [[زمرو:ميڊيا جا قسم]] [[زمرو:پرفارمنگ آرٽس]] [[زمرو:صنف جي لحاظ کان ابلاغ عامه]] 9jd10y8lzey1mdt9fokhmbj2o4sei93 14 44270 376040 340543 2026-05-05T16:32:37Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 376040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox library classification |DDC=700 |LCC=NX |UDC=7}} {{اصل مضمون}} {{زمرو ڪامنز}} {{portal|Arts|Visual arts}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Arts, The}} [[زمرو:ثقافت]] [[زمرو:انساني سرگرميون]] [[زمرو:اصل مقالو جماعت بندي]] [[زمرو:بشريات]] [[زمرو:انساني رويا]] drx8no1pq37q067pn3yqvpaozkspdmu 376041 376040 2026-05-05T16:34:35Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 376041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox library classification |DDC=700 |LCC=NX |UDC=7}} {{اصل مضمون}} {{زمرو ڪامنز}} {{portal|Arts|Visual arts}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Arts, The}} [[زمرو:ثقافت]] [[زمرو:بشريات]] [[زمرو:جماليات]] [[زمرو:انساني سرگرميون]] [[زمرو:اصل مقالو جماعت بندي]] 52ctdme84mioxwacxv6m82w8zif4rti 14 50091 376053 371120 2026-05-05T16:47:21Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 376053 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:پٿر]] [[زمرو:بصري فنون]] 2cknh8ne7zvb54kdtewlbzo0em79sc0 0 57446 376056 371122 2026-05-05T16:58:32Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 376056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface}} [[File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|''[[Mona Lisa]]'' (1503–1517) by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] is one of the world's most recognizable paintings.]] '''چٽسالي''' نقاشي، مصوري، رنگ سازي، ڪمانگري يا رنگڪاري (painting)، رڱڻ،<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://dic.sindhila.edu.pk/index.php?txtsrch=Painting|title=Painting {{!}} Online Sindhi Dictionaries {{!}} آن لائين سنڌي ڊڪشنريون|website=dic.sindhila.edu.pk|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://sindhyat.com/database/SindhiDictionary/Painting|title=Painting word Sindhi Meaning, devanagari & Roman translation - Sindhi Dictionary|website=sindhyat.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref> رنگي، رنگ يا ٻين وسلين جي ڪنهن سطح تي لاڳاپو آهي. فنيات ۾ اِن اِصطلاح کان عمل (act) ۽ نتيجو، جنهن کي چٽ، يا نقش (a painting) سڏيو ويندو آهي، ٻنهين مان مراد آهي. '''نقاشي''' [[ڪاٺ]]، ٺڪر، يا [[مٽي]]ءَ جي شين تي نقش چٽڻ ۽ سونهن خاطر تصويرون يا لکتون ٺاهڻ جو فن نقاشي سڏبو آهي.<ref>ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.</ref> '''Painting''' is a [[Visual arts|visual art]], characterized by the practice of applying [[paint]], [[pigment]], [[color]] or other medium to a solid surface.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |title=Paint – Definition |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=2012 |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172354/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |url-status=live }}</ref> The medium is commonly applied to the base with a [[brush]]. Other implements, such as palette knives, sponges, [[airbrush]]es, the artist's fingers, or even a dripping technique that uses gravity may be used. One who produces paintings is called a '''painter'''. In [[art]], the term "painting" describes both the act and the result of the action (the final work is called "a painting"). The support for paintings includes such surfaces as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, [[lacquer]], pottery, [[leaf]], copper and [[concrete]]; the painting may incorporate other materials, in single or multiple form, including sand, [[clay]], paper, cardboard, newspaper, [[plaster]], [[gold leaf]], and even entire objects. Painting is an important form of [[visual arts|visual art]], bringing in elements such as [[drawing]], [[Composition (visual arts)|composition]], [[gestural painting|gesture]], [[narrative art|narration]], and [[abstract art|abstraction]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Perry|first1=Lincoln|title=The Music of Painting|journal=The American Scholar|date=Summer 2014|volume=83|issue=3|page=85}}</ref> Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in [[Portrait|portraits]], [[still life]] and [[landscape art|landscape painting]]--though these genres can also be abstract), [[Photorealism|photographic]], abstract, narrative, [[symbol|symbolist]] (as in [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolist art]]), [[emotion|emotive]] (as in [[Expressionism]]) or [[Politics|political]] in nature (as in [[Artivism]]). A significant share of the [[history of painting]] in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by [[religious art]]. Examples of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting [[Mythology|mythological]] figures on [[pottery]], to [[Bible|Biblical]] scenes on the [[Sistine Chapel ceiling]], to scenes from the life of [[Chinese painting|Buddha]] (or other images of [[Eastern art history|Eastern religious origin]]). == History == {{Main|History of painting}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = left/right/center | footer = | footer_align = left | image2 = Maros_hunting_scene.png | width2 = 180 | caption2 = Redrawing of hunting scene from the Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst | image1 = Pig-deer print paintings in Pettakere Cave, Maros.jpg | width1 = 200 | caption1 = Cave paintings depicting a wild boar hunt in the [[Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst|Maros-Pangkep karst]] of Sulawesi are estimated to be at least 43,900 years old (2014). This finding was recognized as "the oldest known depiction of [[storytelling]] and the earliest instance of figurative art in human history." }} [[File:Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave painting of Bull.jpg|thumb|The depiction of a bull found in the [[Lubang Jeriji Saleh]], [[Indonesia]], in 2018, is the world's oldest known figurative painting. The painting is estimated to have been created around 40,000 to 52,000 years ago, or even earlier.]] The oldest known paintings are more than 40,000-60,000 years old ([[art of the Upper Paleolithic]]) and found in the [[caves in the district of Maros]] ([[Sulawesi]], [[Indonesia]]). The oldest are often constructed from hand stencils and simple geometric shapes.<ref name="Aubert2014">M. Aubert et al., "Pleistocene cave art from Sulawesi, Indonesia", ''Nature'' vol. 514, pp. 223–227 (9 October 2014). "using uranium-series dating of coralloid speleothems directly associated with 12 human hand stencils and two figurative animal depictions from seven cave sites in the Maros karsts of Sulawesi, we show that rock art traditions on this Indonesian island are at least compatible in age with the oldest European art. The earliest dated image from Maros, with a minimum age of 39.9 kyr, is now the oldest known hand stencil in the world. In addition, a painting of a [[Babirusa|babirusa ('pig-deer')]] made at least 35.4 kyr ago is among the earliest dated figurative depictions worldwide, if not the earliest one. Among the implications, it can now be demonstrated that humans were producing rock art by ~40 kyr ago at opposite ends of the Pleistocene Eurasian world."</ref>{{efn|Some hand prints have been found in Tibet and dated about 200,000 years-old.<ref>{{cite web |author= Bob McDonald |date= September 24, 2021 |title= 200,000-year-old handprints may be the world's oldest artwork, scientists say |website= cbc.ca |publisher= CBC Radio |url= https://www.cbc.ca/radio/quirks/200-000-year-old-handprints-may-be-the-world-s-oldest-artwork-scientists-say-1.6188120 |access-date= 2024-05-09 }}</ref> }} [[File:Leang Tedongnge rock art panel credit AA Oktaviana-01.jpg|thumb|In 2021, researchers discovered ancient cave art in Leang Tedongnge, Sulawesi, Indonesia, estimated to be at least 45,500 years old. Depicting a warty pig, this artwork is recognized as the world's oldest known example of figurative or representational art.]] In November 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of [[Lubang Jeriji Saléh]] on the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Borneo]].<ref name="NYT-20181107-cz">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=In Cave in Borneo Jungle, Scientists Find Oldest Figurative Painting in the World – A cave drawing in Borneo is at least 40,000 years old, raising intriguing questions about creativity in ancient societies. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/science/oldest-cave-art-borneo.html |date=7 November 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20181107">{{cite journal |author=Aubert, M.|display-authors=et al |title=Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo |date=7 November 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9 |pmid=30405242 |volume=564 |issue=7735 |pages=254–257 |bibcode=2018Natur.564..254A |s2cid=53208538 }}</ref> In December 2019, cave paintings portraying pig hunting within the [[Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst|Maros-Pangkep karst]] region in [[Sulawesi]] were discovered to be even older, with an estimated age of at least 43,900 years. This finding was recognized as "the oldest known depiction of [[storytelling]] and the earliest instance of figurative art in human history."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubert |first=M. |display-authors=et al. |date=11 December 2019 |title=Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art. |journal=Nature |volume=576 |issue=7787 |pages=442–445 |bibcode=2019Natur.576..442A |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y |pmid=31827284 |s2cid=209311825|hdl=10072/397337 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20191211">{{cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Becky |date=11 December 2019 |title=Mythical Beings May Be Earliest Imaginative Cave Art by Humans – The paintings on an Indonesian island are at least 43,900 years old and depict humanoid figures with animal-like features in a hunting scene. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/11/science/cave-art-indonesia.html |access-date=12 December 2019}}</ref> In 2021, cave art of a pig found in [[Sulawesi]], Indonesia, and dated to over 45,500 years ago, has been reported.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1-link=Adam Brumm|last1=Brumm|first1=Adam|last2=Oktaviana|first2=Adhi Agus|last3=Burhan|first3=Basran|last4=Hakim|first4=Budianto|last5=Lebe|first5=Rustan|last6=Zhao|first6=Jian-xin|last7=Sulistyarto|first7=Priyatno Hadi|last8=Ririmasse|first8=Marlon|last9=Adhityatama|first9=Shinatria|last10=Sumantri|first10=Iwan|last11=Aubert|first11=Maxime|date=2021-01-01|title=Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|article-number=eabd4648|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd4648|issn=2375-2548|pmid=33523879|pmc=7806210|bibcode=2021SciA....7.4648B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20210113">{{cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Becky |title=Pig Painting May Be World's Oldest Cave Art Yet, Archaeologists Say – The depiction of the animal on an Indonesian island is at least 45,500 years old, the researchers say. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/science/cave-painting-indonesia.html |date=January 13, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 14, 2021 }}</ref> On July 3, 2024, the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' published research findings indicating that the cave paintings which depict [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] figures interacting with a pig and measure {{convert|36|by|15|in|cm}} in [[Karampuang cave|Leang Karampuang]] are approximately 51,200 years old, establishing them as the oldest known paintings in the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Oktaviana |first1=Adhi Agus |last2=Joannes-Boyau |first2=Renaud |last3=Hakim |first3=Budianto |last4=Burhan |first4=Basran |last5=Sardi |first5=Ratno |last6=Adhityatama |first6=Shinatria |last7=Hamrullah |last8=Sumantri |first8=Iwan |last9=Tang |first9=M. |last10=Lebe |first10=Rustan |last11=Ilyas |first11=Imran |last12=Abbas |first12=Abdullah |last13=Jusdi |first13=Andi |last14=Mahardian |first14=Dewangga Eka |last15=Noerwidi |first15=Sofwan |date=2024-07-03 |title=Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago |journal=Nature |volume=631 |issue=8022 |pages=814–818 |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07541-7 |issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free |pmid=38961284 |pmc=11269172 |bibcode=2024Natur.631..814O }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Garreth |date=2024-07-04 |title=Oldest example of figurative art found in Indonesian cave |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/07/04/oldest-example-of-figurative-art-found-in-indonesian-cave |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=The Art Newspaper}}</ref> There are examples of [[cave painting]]s all over the world—in [[Indonesia]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Italy]], [[China]], [[Bhimbetka rock shelters|India]], [[Australia]], [[Mexico]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2013/05/130523_pinturas_caverna_mexico_an|title = Milhares de pinturas rupestres são descobertas em cavernas no México|work = BBC News Brasil|language = pt|date = 23 May 2013|access-date = 2 March 2015|archive-date = 12 April 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150412001151/http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/noticias/2013/05/130523_pinturas_caverna_mexico_an|url-status = live}}</ref> etc. In Western cultures, [[oil painting]] and [[watercolor]] painting have rich and complex traditions in style and subject matter. In the East, [[ink]] and color ink historically predominated the choice of media, with equally rich and complex traditions. The invention of photography had a major impact on painting. In the decades after the first [[photograph]] was produced in 1829, [[photography|photographic]] processes improved and became more widely practiced, depriving painting of much of its historic purpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world. A series of art movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries—notably [[Impressionism]], [[Post-Impressionism]], [[Fauvism]], [[Expressionism]], [[Cubism]], and [[Dada]]ism—challenged the [[Renaissance art|Renaissance]] view of the world. Eastern and African painting, however, continued a long history of [[stylization]] and did not undergo an equivalent transformation at the same time.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} [[Modern art|Modern]] and [[Contemporary art]] has moved away from the historic value of craft and documentation in favour of [[concept]]. This has not deterred the majority of living painters from continuing to practice painting either as a whole or part of their work. The vitality and versatility of painting in the 21st century defy the previous "declarations" of its demise. In an epoch characterized by the idea of [[Cultural pluralism|pluralism]], there is no consensus as to a representative style of the age. Artists continue to make important works of art in a wide variety of styles and aesthetic [[temperament]]s—their merits are left to the public and the marketplace to judge. [[Feminist art movement|The Feminist art movement]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guide to the Feminist Art Movement's History & Contemporary Impact |url=https://www.riseart.com/guide/2418/guide-to-the-feminist-art-movement#:~:text=The%20Feminist%20Art%20movement%20emerged,gender%20stereotypes%20in%20the%20arts. |url-status=live |website=Rise Art|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426170755/https://www.riseart.com/guide/2418/guide-to-the-feminist-art-movement|archive-date=Apr 26, 2023}}</ref> began in the 1960s during the second wave of [[feminism]]. The movement sought to gain equal rights and equal opportunities for female artists internationally. == Elements of painting == [[File:Chen Hongshou, leaf album painting.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chen Hongshou]] (1598–1652), ''Leaf album painting'' ([[Ming dynasty]])]] [[File:Georges Seurat 066.jpg|thumb|[[Georges Seurat]], ''[[Parade de cirque|Circus Sideshow]] ({{Langx|fr|Parade de cirque}})'' (1887–88)|alt=Shows a pointillist painting of a trombone soloist.]] === Color and tone === [[Color]], made up of [[hue]], [[Saturation color|saturation]], and [[Value (color)|value]], dispersed over a surface is the essence of painting, just as [[pitch (music)|pitch]] and [[rhythm]] are the essence of [[music]]. Color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, white is. Some painters, theoreticians, writers, and scientists, including [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe|Goethe]],<ref>[https://archive.org/details/goethestheoryco01goetgoog Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Goethe's theory of colours], John Murray, London 1840</ref> [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]],<ref>Wassily Kandinsky Concerning The Spiritual in Art, [Translated By Michael T. H. Sadler, [http://www.semantikon.com/art/kandinskyspiritualinart.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210194701/http://www.semantikon.com/art/kandinskyspiritualinart.pdf |date=10 February 2016 }}.</ref> and [[Isaac Newton|Newton]],<ref>A letter to the Royal Society presenting A new theory of light and colours Isaac Newton, 1671 [http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020073107/http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf |date=20 October 2015 }}</ref> have written their own [[color theory]]. Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction of color equivalent. The word "[[red]]", for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the [[visible spectrum]] of light. There is not a formalized register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music, such as [[F (musical note)|F]] or [[C♯ (musical note)|C♯]]. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic (primary) and derived (complementary or mixed) colors (like red, blue, green, brown, etc.). Painters deal practically with [[pigments]],<ref>[http://colourlex.com/pigments/pigments-colour/ Pigments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133914/http://colourlex.com/pigments/pigments-colour/ |date=6 January 2016 }} at ColourLex</ref> so "[[blue]]" for a painter can be any of the blues: [[phthalocyanine blue]], [[Prussian blue]], [[indigo]], [[Cobalt blue]], [[ultramarine]], and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, means of painting. Colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music (like a C note) is analogous to "light" in painting, "shades" to [[Dynamics (music)|dynamics]], and "coloration" is to painting as the specific [[Tone color|timbre]] of musical instruments is to music. These elements do not necessarily form a melody (in music) of themselves; rather, they can add different contexts to it. === Non-traditional elements === Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, [[collage]], which began with [[Cubism]] and is not painting in the strict sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as metal, plastic, [[sand]], [[cement]], [[straw]], [[Leaf painting|leaves]] or [[wood]] for the texture. Examples of this are the works of [[Jean Dubuffet]] and [[Anselm Kiefer]]. There is a growing community of artists who use computers to "paint" color onto a digital "canvas" using programs such as [[Adobe Photoshop]], [[Corel Painter]], and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required. === Rhythm === [[File:Jean Metzinger, 1906, La dance (Bacchante), oil on canvas, 73 x 54 cm DSC05359...jpg|thumb|[[Jean Metzinger]], ''[[La danse, Bacchante|La danse (Bacchante)]]'' ({{circa|1906}}), oil on canvas, 73 x 54&nbsp;cm, [[Kröller-Müller Museum]]]] [[Jean Metzinger]]'s mosaic-like [[Divisionist]] technique had its parallel in literature; a characteristic of the alliance between [[Symbolism (movement)|Symbolist]] writers and Neo-Impressionist artists: <blockquote>I ask of divided brushwork not the objective rendering of light, but iridescences and certain aspects of color still foreign to painting. I make a kind of chromatic versification and for syllables, I use strokes which, variable in quantity, cannot differ in dimension without modifying the rhythm of a pictorial phraseology destined to translate the diverse emotions aroused by nature. (Jean Metzinger, {{Circa|1907}})<ref>Jean Metzinger, circa 1907, quoted by Georges Desvallières in La Grande Revue, vol. 124, 1907</ref></blockquote> [[File:Piet Mondriaan, 1921 - Composition en rouge, jaune, bleu et noir.jpg|thumb|[[Piet Mondrian]], ''Composition en rouge, jaune, bleu et noir'' (1921), [[Gemeentemuseum Den Haag]]]] [[Rhythm]], for artists such as [[Piet Mondrian]],<ref name="Tosaki">[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mondrian_s_Philosophy_of_Visual_Rhythm/tvM-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 Eiichi Tosaki, ''Mondrian's Philosophy of Visual Rhythm: Phenomenology, Wittgenstein, and Eastern thought''], Vol. 23 of Sophia ''Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures'', Springer, 2017, pp. 108–109, 130, 139, 158, {{ISBN|9402411984}}</ref><ref>Piet Mondrian, ''Neo-Plasticism: Its Realization in Music and in Future Theater'', 1922</ref> is important in painting as it is in music. If one defines rhythm as "a pause incorporated into a sequence", then there can be rhythm in paintings. These pauses allow creative force to intervene and add new creations—form, melody, coloration. The distribution of form or any kind of information is of crucial importance in the given work of art, and it directly affects the aesthetic value of that work. This is because the aesthetic value is functionality dependent, i.e. the freedom (of movement) of perception is perceived as beauty. Free flow of energy, in art as well as in other forms of "[[techne]]", directly contributes to the aesthetic value.<ref name="Tosaki" /> Music was important to the birth of [[abstract art]] since music is abstract by nature—it does not try to represent the exterior world, but expresses in an immediate way the inner feelings of the soul. [[Wassily Kandinsky]] often used musical terms to identify his works; he called his most spontaneous paintings "improvisations" and described more elaborate works as "compositions". Kandinsky theorized that "music is the ultimate teacher",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wassilykandinsky.net/quotes.php|title=Wassily Kandinsky – Quotes|website=www.wassilykandinsky.net|access-date=17 September 2016|archive-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204065812/https://www.wassilykandinsky.net/quotes.php|url-status=live}}</ref> and subsequently embarked upon the first seven of his ten ''Compositions''. Hearing tones and chords as he painted, Kandinsky theorized that (for example), yellow is the color of middle [[C (musical note)|C]] on a brassy trumpet; black is the color of closure, and the end of things; and that combinations of colors produce vibrational frequencies, akin to chords played on a piano. In 1871 the young Kandinsky learned to play the piano and cello.<ref>, François Le Targat, ''Kandinsky'', Twentieth Century masters series, Random House Incorporated, 1987, p. 7, {{ISBN|0847808106}}</ref><ref>Susan B. Hirschfeld, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Hilla von Rebay Foundation, ''Watercolours by Kandinsky at the Guggenheim Museum: a selection from the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and the Hilla von Rebay Foundation'', 1991</ref> Kandinsky's stage design for a performance of [[Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky]]'s ''[[Pictures at an Exhibition]]'' illustrates his "synaesthetic" concept of a universal correspondence of forms, colors and musical sounds.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bauhaus|last=Fiedler|first=Jeannine|publisher=h.f. ullmann publishing GmbH|year=2013|isbn=978-3-8480-0275-7|location=Germany|pages=262}}</ref> Music defines much of modernist abstract painting. [[Jackson Pollock]] underscores that interest with his 1950 painting ''[[Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.interlude.hk/front/intersections-art-music-rothko-pollock/ |title=Intersections with art and music, Rothko and Pollock |date=16 April 2016 |access-date=3 February 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204020105/http://www.interlude.hk/front/intersections-art-music-rothko-pollock/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Aesthetics and theory == {{Main|Theory of painting}} [[File:Pompeii Painter.jpg|thumb|left|Female painter sitting on a campstool and painting a statue of [[Dionysus]] or [[Priapus]] onto a panel which is held by a boy. Fresco from [[Pompeii]], 1st century]] [[Aesthetics]] is the study of [[art]] and [[beauty]]; it was an important issue for 18th- and 19th-century [[Philosophy|philosophers]] such as [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] and [[Hegel]]. Classical philosophers like [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] also theorized about art and painting in particular. Plato disregarded painters (as well as sculptors) in his philosophical system; he maintained that painting cannot depict the [[truth]]—it is a copy of reality (a shadow of the world of ideas) and is nothing but a [[craft]], similar to shoemaking or iron casting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plato's Aesthetics|url=http://www.rowan.edu/open/philosop/clowney/aesthetics/philos_artists_onart/plato.htm|website=www.rowan.edu|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001041449/http://www.rowan.edu/open/philosop/clowney/Aesthetics/philos_artists_onart/plato.htm|archive-date=1 October 2017}}</ref> By the time of Leonardo, painting had become a closer representation of the truth than painting was in [[Ancient Greece]]. [[Leonardo da Vinci]], on the contrary, said that "{{Langx|it|La Pittura è cosa mentale}}" ("{{Langx|en|painting is a thing of the mind}}").<ref>Rollason, C., & Mittapalli, R. (2002). ''Modern criticism''. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 196. {{ISBN|812690187X}}</ref> Kant distinguished between [[Beauty]] and the [[Sublime (philosophy)|Sublime]], in terms that clearly gave priority to the former.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} Although he did not refer to painting in particular, this concept was taken up by painters such as [[Joseph Mallord William Turner|J.M.W. Turner]] and [[Caspar David Friedrich]]. [[File:Formella 18, apelle o la pittura, nino pisano, 1334-1336 dettaglio 01.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Nino Pisano]], ''Apelles or the Art of painting'' in detail (1334–1336); relief of the [[Giotto's Bell Tower]] in [[Florence]], Italy|alt=A relief against a wall shows a bearded man reaching up with his hands as his clothes are draped over his body.]] Hegel recognized the failure of attaining a universal concept of beauty and, in his aesthetic essay, wrote that painting is one of the three "romantic" arts, along with [[Poetry]] and [[Music]], for its [[symbol]]ic, highly intellectual purpose.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC&pg=PA276|title=Craig, Edward. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Genealogy to Iqbal|page=278|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-18709-1|year=1998|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422165916/https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC&pg=PA276|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich |volume= 13 |first=William|last=Wallace|author-link=William Wallace | pages = 200&ndash;207; see page 207 |quote=Painting and music are the specially romantic arts. Lastly, as a union of painting and music comes poetry, where the sensuous element is more than ever subordinate to the spirit}}</ref> Painters who have written theoretical works on painting include [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]] and [[Paul Klee]].<ref name="Franciscono">Franciscono, Marcel, ''Paul Klee: His Work and Thought'', part 6 'The Bauhaus and Düsseldorf', chap. 'Klee's theory courses', p. 246 and under 'notes to pp. 245–54' p. 365</ref><ref name="Barasch">Barasch, Moshe (2000) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=R_2wIujisH4C Theories of art – from impressionism to Kandinsky] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401050825/https://books.google.com/books?id=R_2wIujisH4C |date=1 April 2016 }}'', part IV 'Abstract art', chap. 'Color' pp. 332–33</ref> In his essay, Kandinsky maintains that painting has a spiritual value, and he attaches [[primary colors]] to essential feelings or concepts, something that [[Goethe]] and other writers had already tried to do. [[Iconography]] is the study of the content of paintings, rather than their style. [[Erwin Panofsky]] and other [[art historian]]s first seek to understand the things depicted, before looking at their meaning for the viewer at the time, and finally analyzing their wider cultural, religious, and social meaning.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Howard|title=The Varieties of Aesthetic Experience|journal=Journal for Spiritual & Consciousness Studies|date=October 2014|volume=37|issue=4|pages=541–252}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref> In 1890, the Parisian painter [[Maurice Denis]] famously asserted: "Remember that a painting—before being a warhorse, a naked woman or some story or other—is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in a certain order."<ref>[http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563353/abstract_art.html Encyclopedia Encarta] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704155609/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563353/Abstract_Art.html |date=4 July 2008 }}</ref> Thus, many 20th-century developments in painting, such as [[Cubism]], were reflections on the ''means'' of painting rather than on the external world—[[nature]]—which had previously been its core subject. Recent contributions to thinking about painting have been offered by the painter and writer Julian Bell. In his book ''What is Painting?'', Bell discusses the development, through history, of the notion that paintings can express feelings and ideas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/index/cohen/cohen8-16-99.asp |title=Review by art historian David Cohen |publisher=Artnet.com |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-date=26 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126181932/http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/index/cohen/cohen8-16-99.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''Mirror of The World,'' Bell writes: <blockquote>A ''work'' of art seeks to hold your attention and keep it fixed: a ''history'' of art urges it onwards, bulldozing a highway through the homes of the imagination.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mirror of the World: A New History of Art |first=Julian |last=Bell |publisher=Thames and Hudson |page=496 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-500-23837-0}}</ref></blockquote> == Painting media == Different types of paint are usually identified by the medium that the pigment is suspended or embedded in, which determines the general working characteristics of the paint, such as [[viscosity]], [[miscibility]], [[solubility]], drying time, etc. === Hot wax or encaustic === [[File:Petersinai.jpg|thumb|upright|Encaustic icon from [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], [[Egypt]] (6th-century)]] [[Encaustic painting]], also known as hot wax painting, involves using heated [[beeswax]] to which colored pigments are added. The liquid/paste is then applied to a surface—usually prepared wood, though [[canvas]] and other materials are often used. The simplest encaustic mixture can be made from adding pigments to beeswax, but there are several other recipes that can be used—some containing other types of [[wax]]es, [[damar resin]], [[linseed oil]], or other ingredients. Pure, powdered pigments can be purchased and used, though some mixtures use oil paints or other forms of pigment. Metal tools and special brushes can be used to shape the paint before it cools, or heated metal tools can be used to manipulate the wax once it has cooled onto the surface. Other materials can be encased or [[collage]]d into the surface, or layered, using the encaustic medium to adhere it to the surface. The technique was the normal one for ancient Greek and Roman panel paintings, and remained in use in the Eastern Orthodox [[icon]] tradition. === Watercolor === [[File:John Martin - Manfred on the Jungfrau (1837).jpg|thumb|left|[[John Martin (painter)|John Martin]], ''[[Manfred on the Jungfrau (Martin)|Manfred on the Jungfrau]]'' (1837), watercolor]] [[Watercolor]] is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-soluble vehicle. The traditional and most common support for watercolor paintings is paper; other supports include [[papyrus]], bark papers, plastics, [[vellum]] or [[leather]], [[textile|fabric]], wood and [[canvas]]. In East Asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to as [[brush painting]] or scroll painting. In [[Chinese painting|Chinese]], [[Korean painting|Korean]], and [[Japanese painting]] it has been the dominant medium, often in monochrome black or browns. India, [[Ethiopia]] and other countries also have long traditions. [[Finger-painting]] with watercolor paints originated in [[China]]. There are various types of watercolors used by artists. Some examples are pan watercolors, liquid watercolors, watercolor brush pens, and [[Pencil|watercolor pencils]]. Watercolor pencils (water-soluble color pencils) may be used either wet or dry. === Gouache === [[File:Rudolf Reschreiter Blick von der Höllentalangerhütte zum Höllentalgletscher und den Riffelwandspitzen 1921.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rudolf Reschreiter]], ''Blick von der Höllentalangerhütte zum Höllentalgletscher und den Riffelwandspitzen'', Gouache (1921)]] [[Gouache]] is a water-based paint consisting of pigment and other materials designed to be used in an opaque painting method. Gouache differs from [[watercolor painting|watercolor]] in that the particles are larger, the ratio of pigment to water is much higher, and an additional, inert, white pigment such as [[chalk]] is also present. This makes gouache heavier and more opaque, with greater reflective qualities. Like all water media, it is diluted with water.<ref name="wash_gou">Cohn, Marjorie B., ''Wash and Gouache'', Fogg Museum, 1977.</ref> Gouache was a popular paint utilized by Egyptians,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gouache {{!}} Watercolor, Acrylics, Tempera |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/gouache |website=www.britannica.com |publisher=Britannica |access-date=March 18, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Painters such as [[François Boucher|Francois Boucher]] used this medium. This paint is best applied with sable brushes. === Ceramic Glaze === Glazing is commonly known as a premelted liquid glass. This glaze can be dipped or brushed on. This glaze appears chalky and there is a vast difference between the beginning and finished result. To be activated glazed pottery must be placed in a kiln to be fired. This melts the Silica glass in the glaze and transforms it into a vibrant glossy version of itself.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Grey Fox Pottery |title=The History of Ceramic Glaze |date=4 August 2023 |url=https://greyfoxpottery.com/coffee-mugs/the-history-of-ceramic-glaze}}</ref><ref>"Ceramic glaze." Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ceramic%20glaze. Accessed 19 Mar. 2024.</ref> === Ink === [[File:Landscapes of the Four Seasons.jpg|thumb|[[Sesshū Tōyō]], ''Landscapes of the Four Seasons'' (1486), ink and light color on paper ]] Ink paintings are done with a liquid that contains pigments or [[dye]]s and is used to color a surface to produce an image, [[writing|text]], or [[design]]. Ink is used for drawing with a [[pen]], [[brush]], or [[quill]]. Ink can be a complex medium, composed of [[solvent]]s, pigments, dyes, [[resin]]s, [[lubricant]]s, solubilizers, [[surfactant]]s, [[suspended solids|particulate matter]], [[fluorescent|fluorescers]], and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives control flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry. === Enamel === [[File:Waddesdon bequest British Museum DSCF9814 05.JPG|thumb|[[Jean de Court]] (attributed), painted [[Limoges enamel]] dish in detail (mid-16th century), [[Waddesdon Bequest]], [[British Museum]]]] [[Vitreous enamel|Enamels]] are made by painting a substrate, typically metal, with powdered glass; minerals called color oxides provide coloration. After firing at a temperature of 750–850 degrees Celsius (1380–1560 degrees Fahrenheit), the result is a fused lamination of glass and metal. Unlike most painted techniques, the surface can be handled and wetted. Enamels have traditionally been used for decoration of precious objects,<ref>Mayer, Ralph,''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking, 1970, p. 375.</ref> but have also been used for other purposes. [[Limoges enamel]] was the leading centre of Renaissance enamel painting, with small religious and mythological scenes in decorated surrounds, on plaques or objects such as [[Salt cellar|salts]] or caskets. In the 18th century, enamel painting enjoyed a vogue in Europe, especially as a medium for [[portrait miniature]]s.<ref>McNally, Rika Smith, "Enamel", ''Oxford Art Online''</ref> In the late 20th century, the technique of porcelain enamel on metal has been used as a durable medium for outdoor murals.<ref>Mayer, Ralph, ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking, 1970, p. 371.</ref> === Tempera === [[File:Sandro Botticelli - La nascita di Venere - Google Art Project - edited.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sandro Botticelli]], ''[[The Birth of Venus]]'', Tempera (1485–1486)]] [[File:The Three Graces, by Peter Paul Rubens, from Prado in Google Earth.jpg|thumb|The Three Graces (1636–1638). Museo del Prado, Madrid]] [[Tempera]], also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble [[Binder (material)|binder]] medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other [[Sizing|size]]). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium. Tempera paintings are very long-lasting, and examples from the first centuries CE still exist. Egg tempera was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of [[oil painting]]. A paint commonly called tempera (though it is not) consisting of pigment and glue size is commonly used and referred to by some manufacturers in America as [[poster paint]]. === Fresco === [[File:Meister von Mileseva 001.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''[[White Angel]]'' (fresco, c. 1235), Mileševa monastery, Serbia]] [[Fresco]] is any of several related [[mural]] painting types, done on [[plaster]] on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes from the [[Italian language|Italian]] word ''affresco'' {{IPA|[afˈfresːko]}}, which derives from the Latin word for ''fresh''. Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods. ''[[Buon fresco]]'' technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh [[Mortar (masonry)#Lime mortar|lime mortar]] or [[plaster]], for which the Italian word for plaster, [[intonaco]], is used. ''[[A secco]]'' painting, in contrast, is done on dry plaster (''secco'' is "dry" in Italian). The pigments require a binding medium, such as [[egg (food)|egg]] ([[tempera]]), glue or [[oil painting|oil]] to attach the pigment to the wall. === Oil === [[File:Honoré Daumier 008.jpg|thumb|[[Honoré Daumier]], ''The Painter'' (1808–1879), oil on panel with visible brushstrokes]] [[Oil painting]] is the process of painting with [[pigments]] that are bound with a medium of [[drying oil]], such as [[linseed oil]], [[poppyseed oil]] which was widely used in early modern Europe. Often the oil was boiled with a resin such as pine resin or even [[frankincense]]; these were called 'varnishes' and were prized for their body and gloss. Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. The transition began with [[Early Netherlandish painting]] in northern Europe, and by the height of the [[Renaissance]] oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced [[tempera]] paints in the majority of Europe. === Pastel === [[File:Louis15-1.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Maurice Quentin de La Tour]], ''Portrait of Louis XV of France'' (1748), pastel]] [[Pastel]] is a painting medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment and a binder.<ref>Mayer, Ralph (1970), ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking. p. 312.</ref> The pigments used in pastels are the same as those used to produce all colored art media, including [[oil paint]]s; the binder is of a neutral hue and low [[Colorfulness#Saturation|saturation]]. The color effect of pastels is closer to the natural dry pigments than that of any other process.<ref>Mayer, Ralph (1971). ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques''. Viking Adult; 5th ed. {{ISBN|0670837016}}</ref> Because the surface of a pastel painting is fragile and easily smudged, its preservation requires protective measures such as framing under glass; it may also be sprayed with a [[fixative (drawing)|fixative]]. Nonetheless, when made with permanent pigments and properly cared for, a pastel painting may endure unchanged for centuries. Pastels are not susceptible, as are paintings made with a fluid medium, to the cracking and discoloration that result from changes in the color, opacity, or dimensions of the medium as it dries. === Acrylic === [[File:Jungle Arc.jpg|thumb|[[Ray Burggraf]], ''Jungle Arc'' (1998), acrylic paint on wood]] [[Acrylic paint]] is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in [[acrylic resin|acrylic]] polymer [[emulsion]]. Acrylic paints can be diluted with water but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted (with water) or modified with acrylic gels, media, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a [[watercolor painting|watercolor]] or an [[oil painting]], or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media. The main practical difference between most acrylics and oil paints is the inherent drying time.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=artincontext |date=2021-08-22 |title=Watercolor vs. Acrylic - The Difference Between Watercolor and Acrylic |url=https://artincontext.org/watercolor-vs-acrylic/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=artincontext.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Oils allow for more time to blend colors and apply even glazes over under-paintings. This slow drying aspect of oil can be seen as an advantage for certain techniques but may also impede the artist's ability to work quickly. Another difference is that watercolors must be painted onto a porous surface, primarily watercolor paper. Acrylic paints can be used on many different surfaces.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Understanding drying times for acrylic paints |url=https://www.winsornewton.com/row/education/guides/understanding-the-drying-times-for-acrylic-paints/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Winsor & Newton - ROW |language=en-GB}}</ref> Both acrylic and watercolor are easy to clean up with water. Acrylic paint should be cleaned with soap and water immediately following use. Watercolor paint can be cleaned with just water.<ref>Watercolor vs Acrylic [https://www.rayeoflightstudio.com/watercolor-vs-acrylic/] accessed August 21, 2020</ref><ref name="Appellof92">{{cite book |author=Appellof, M.E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2HeUJFqfzsC |title=Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Watercolor |publisher=Watson-Guptill Publications |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-823-05649-1 |pages=399–}}</ref><ref>Why WaterColor [https://www.theartistsroad.net/articles/whywatercolor] accessed August 21, 2020</ref> Between 1946 and 1949, [[Leonard Bocour]] and [[Sam Golden]] invented a solution acrylic paint under the brand [[Magna paint]]. These were [[Mineral spirits|mineral spirit]]-based paints. Water-based acrylic paints were subsequently sold as [[latex]] house paints.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sickler |first=Dean |date=Spring 2002 |title=Water-based Alchemy by Dean Sickler |url=http://dundean.com/tips_what_is_latex_paint.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829153753/http://dundean.com/tips_what_is_latex_paint.shtml |archive-date=August 29, 2012 |access-date=August 11, 2012 |website=Dundean.com}}</ref> In 1963, George Rowney (part of [[Daler-Rowney]] since 1983) was the first manufacturer to introduce artists' acrylic paints in Europe, under the brand name "Cryla".<ref name="Art Materials">{{cite web |date=2012-02-15 |title=Art Materials |url=http://www.daler-rowney.com/ |access-date=2013-02-05 |publisher=Daler Rowney}}</ref> Acrylics are the most common paints used in [[grattage]], a surrealist technique that began to be used with the advent of this type of paint. Acrylics are used for this purpose because they easily scrape or peel from a surface.<ref>Grattage [http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Grattage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904065444/http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Grattage|date=2010-09-04}} Art Techniques accessed December 08, 2010</ref> === Spray paint === [[Aerosol paint]] (also called spray paint)<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/aerosol-dispenser |title=Aerosol Dispenser |date=2018}}{{failed verification|date=August 2025}}</ref> is a type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized container and is released in a fine spray mist when depressing a [[valve]] button. A form of [[spray painting]], [[aerosol]] paint leaves a smooth, evenly coated surface. Standard sized cans are portable, inexpensive and easy to store<!--, unlike _industrial painters_ or artist [[airbrush]]es-->. Aerosol [[Primer (paint)|primer]] can be applied directly to bare metal and many plastics. Speed, portability and permanence also make aerosol paint a common [[graffiti]] medium. In the late 1970s, street graffiti writers' signatures and murals became more elaborate, and a unique style developed as a factor of the aerosol medium and the speed required for illicit work. Many now recognize graffiti and street art as a unique art form and specifically manufactured aerosol paints are made for the graffiti artist. A [[stencil]] protects a surface, except the specific shape to be painted. Stencils can be purchased as movable letters, ordered as professionally cut [[logo]]s or hand-cut by artists. === Water miscible oil paint === [[Water miscible oil paint]]s (also called "water soluble" or "water-mixable") is a modern variety of [[oil paint]] engineered to be thinned and cleaned up with water,<ref>{{Cite web |title=RX Series Alkyd Emulsifiers |url=https://ethox.com/rx-series-alkyd-emulsifiers/ |access-date=2021-04-26 |website=Ethox |language=en-US |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426140405/https://ethox.com/rx-series-alkyd-emulsifiers/ }}</ref><ref name="Dye2001">{{cite book |author=Sean Dye |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPa8JyQkmgMC |title=Painting with Water-Soluble Oils |date=15 June 2001 |publisher=North Light Books |isbn=1-58180-033-9 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> rather than having to use chemicals such as [[turpentine]]. It can be mixed and applied using the same techniques as traditional oil-based paint, but while still wet it can be effectively removed from brushes, palettes, and rags with ordinary soap and water. Its water solubility comes from the use of an [[oil]] medium in which one end of the [[molecule]] has been altered to bind loosely to water molecules, as in a [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]].<ref name="cold_oil">H. Gluck, "The Impermanences of Painting in Relation to Artists' Materials", ''Journal of the Royal Society of Arts'', Volume CXII 1964</ref> === Sand === {{Main|Sandpainting}} Sandpainting is the art of pouring coloured sands, and powdered pigments from minerals or crystals, or pigments from other natural or synthetic sources onto a surface to make a fixed or unfixed sand painting. === Digital painting === {{Main|Digital painting}} Digital painting is a method of creating an art object (painting) digitally or a technique for making digital art on the computer. As a method of creating an art object, it adapts traditional painting medium such as [[acrylic paint]], [[Oil paint|oils]], [[ink]], [[watercolor]], etc. and applies the pigment to traditional carriers, such as woven canvas cloth, paper, polyester, etc. by means of [[software]] driving [[industrial robot]]ic or office machinery (printers). As a technique, it refers to a [[computer graphics]] software program that uses a [[virtuality|virtual]] canvas and virtual painting box of brushes, colors, and other supplies. The virtual box contains many instruments that do not exist outside the computer, and which give a [[digital art]]work a different look and feel from an artwork that is made the traditional way. Furthermore, digital painting is not 'computer-generated' art as the computer does not automatically create images on the screen using some mathematical calculations. On the other hand, the artist uses his own painting technique to create a particular piece of work on the computer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.turningpointarts.com/what-is-digital-painting/|title=What is digital painting?|date=1 November 2008|work=Turning Point Arts|access-date=17 May 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505040853/http://www.turningpointarts.com/what-is-digital-painting|url-status=live}}</ref> === Other media === Bodily fluids have been used as painting media. [[Andy Warhol]] produced his ''Oxidization'' series by covering canvases with metallic paint and having his assistants and friends urinate on the still-wet paint.<ref>[https://www.warhol.org/conservation/oxidation-paintings/ Oxidation Paintings], The Andy Warhol Museum. Retrieved 18 March 2024.</ref> Blood from menstrual periods has been used to paint images.<ref>Green-Cole, Ruth. "Painting Blood: Visualizing Menstrual Blood in Art." The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies [Internet], U.S. National Library of Medicine, 25 July 2020, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565646/. </ref> Sarah Maple, a contemporary artist, has used her menstrual blood to create portraits to help erase the taboo covering the topic of periods.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} == Painting styles == {{Main|Style (visual arts)}} ''Style'' is used in two senses: It can refer to the distinctive visual elements, techniques, and methods that typify an ''individual'' artist's work. It can also refer to the [[Art movement|movement]] or school that an artist is associated with. This can stem from an actual group that the artist was consciously involved with or it can be a category in which art historians have placed the painter. The word 'style' in the latter sense has fallen out of favor in academic discussions about contemporary painting, though it continues to be used in popular contexts. Such movements or classifications include the following: <!--When the section below is fully fleshed out, we might end up duplicating the History of painting article...this might be OK if this section is substantially shorter than the History of painting article! --> === Western === ==== Modernism ==== [[Modernism]] describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated [[cultural movement]]s, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to [[Western culture|Western society]] in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of [[Realism (arts)|realism]].<ref name="Barth79Replenishment">[[John Barth|Barth, John]] (1979) ''[[The Literature of Replenishment]]'', later republished in ''[[The Friday Book]]'' (1984).</ref><ref name="Graff75">[[Gerald Graff|Graff, Gerald]] (1975) ''Babbitt at the Abyss: The Social Context of Postmodern. American Fiction'', [[TriQuarterly]], No. 33 (Spring 1975), pp. 307–37; reprinted in Putz and Freese, eds., Postmodernism and American Literature.</ref> The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization, and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social, and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized world. A salient characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness. This often led to experiments with form, and work that draws attention to the processes and materials used (and to the further tendency of abstraction).<ref>Gardner, Helen, Horst De la Croix, Richard G. Tansey, and Diane Kirkpatrick. ''Gardner's Art Through the Ages'' (San Diego: [[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]], 1991). {{ISBN|0155037706}}. p. 953.</ref> ==== Impressionism ==== [[File:Monet - Impression, Sunrise.jpg|thumb|[[Claude Monet]]'s 1872 ''[[Impression, Sunrise]]'' inspired the name of [[Impressionism|the movement]]]] The first example of modernism in painting was [[impressionism]], a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors (''[[en plein air]]''). Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, but instead see light itself. The school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners and became increasingly influential. Initially rejected from the most important commercial show of the time, the government-sponsored [[Paris Salon]], the [[Impressionists]] organized yearly group exhibitions in commercial venues during the 1870s and 1880s, timing them to coincide with the official Salon. A significant event of 1863 was the [[Salon des Refusés]], created by [[Napoleon III of France|Emperor Napoleon III]] to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon. ==== Abstract styles ==== [[Abstract art|Abstract painting]] uses a [[visual language]] of form, colour and line to create a composition that may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Rudolph Arnheim|last=Arnheim|first= Rudolf|date= 1969|title=Visual Thinking|publisher = University of California Press|isbn = 0-520-24226-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Key|first1=Joan|title=Future Use: Abstract Painting|journal=Third Text|date=September 2009|volume=23|issue=5|pages=557–63|doi=10.1080/09528820903184666|s2cid=144061791}}</ref> [[Abstract expressionism]] was an American post-[[World War II]] [[art movement]] that combined the emotional intensity and self-denial of the German [[expressionism|Expressionists]] with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools—such as [[Futurism (art)|Futurism]], [[Bauhaus]] and [[Cubism]], and the image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, nihilistic.<ref>Shapiro, David/Cecile (2000): Abstract Expressionism. The politics of apolitical painting. p. 189-90 In: Frascina, Francis (2000): Pollock and After. The critical debate. 2nd ed. London: Routledge</ref> [[Action painting]], sometimes called ''gestural abstraction'', is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://painting.about.com/od/artglossarya/g/defactionpaint.htm | title = ''Art Glossary: Action Painting'' | access-date = 20 August 2006 | last = Boddy-Evans | first = Marion | publisher = About.com | archive-date = 12 March 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070312224234/http://painting.about.com/od/artglossarya/g/defactionpaint.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> The resulting work often emphasizes the physical act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist. The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early 1960s and is closely associated with [[abstract expressionism]] (some critics have used the terms "action painting" and "abstract expressionism" interchangeably). Other modernist styles include: * [[Color Field]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[Hard-edge painting]] * [[Pop art]] ==== Outsider art ==== The term [[outsider art]] was coined by [[art critic]] Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for art brut ({{IPA|fr|aʁ bʁyt|lang}}, "raw art" or "rough art"), a label created by [[France|French]] [[artist]] [[Jean Dubuffet]] to describe [[art]] created outside the boundaries of official culture; Dubuffet focused particularly on art by [[Psychiatric hospital|insane-asylum]] inmates.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cardinal|first= Roger|title=Outsider Art|location= London|date= 1972|publisher = Studio Vista |isbn = 978-0-289-70168-3 }}</ref> Outsider art has emerged as a successful art marketing category (an annual Outsider Art Fair has taken place in New York since 1992). The term is sometimes misapplied as a catch-all marketing label for art created by people outside the mainstream "art world", regardless of their circumstances or the content of their work. ==== Photorealism ==== [[Photorealism]] is the genre of painting based on using the camera and photographs to gather information and then from this information, creating a painting that appears to be very realistic like a [[photograph]]. The term is primarily applied to paintings from the United States [[art movement]] that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As a full-fledged art movement, Photorealism evolved from [[Pop Art]]<ref name="Supperrealist Pop Art">Lindey, Christine ''Superrealist Painting and Sculpture,'' William Morrow and Company, New York, 1980, pp. 27–33.</ref><ref name="Chase, Linda 2002. pp 14-15">Chase, Linda, Photorealism at the Millennium, ''The Not-So-Innocent Eye: Photorealism in Context.'' Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York, 2002. pp. 14–15.</ref><ref>[[Nochlin, Linda]], The Realist Criminal and the Abstract Law II, ''Art in America''. 61 (November – December 1973), P. 98.</ref> and as a counter to [[Abstract Expressionism]]. [[Hyperrealism (painting)|Hyperrealism]] is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high-resolution [[photograph]]. [[Hyperrealism (painting)|Hyperrealism]] is a fully-fledged school of [[art]] and can be considered an advancement of Photorealism by the methods used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures. The term is primarily applied to an independent art movement and art style in the United States and Europe that has developed since the early 2000s.<ref>Bredekamp, Horst, Hyperrealism – One Step Beyond. Tate Museum, Publishers, UK. 2006. p. 1</ref> ==== Surrealism ==== [[Surrealism]] is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s and is best known for the artistic and literary production of those affiliated with the [[Surrealist Movement]]. Surrealist artworks feature the element of surprise, the uncanny, the unconscious, unexpected juxtapositions and [[Non sequitur (literary device)|non-sequitur]]; however, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader [[André Breton]] was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the [[Dada]] activities of [[World War I]] and the most important center of the movement was [[Paris]]. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the [[visual art]]s, [[literature]], [[film]] and [[music]] of many countries, as well as [[politics|political]] thought and practice, [[philosophy]] and [[social theory]]. {{See also|Outline of painting#Styles of painting}} === East Asian === * [[File:Immortal in Splashed Ink.jpg|thumb|[[Liang Kai]]'', Drunken Celestial'' (12th century), ink on [[Xuan paper]]]] [[File:MET DP153920.jpg|thumb|[[Yun Bing]], ''Album Leaf'' (17th century), ink and color on paper]]'''[[Chinese painting|Chinese]]''' ** [[Tang Dynasty painting|Tang Dynasty]] ** [[Ming Dynasty painting|Ming Dynasty]] ** [[Shan shui]] ** [[Ink and wash painting]] ** [[Bird-and-flower painting|Hua niao]] ** [[Southern School]] *** [[Zhe school (painting)|Zhe School]] *** [[Wu School]] ** [[History of Chinese art#Contemporary Art|Contemporary]] * '''[[Japanese painting|Japanese]]''' ** [[Yamato-e]] ** [[Rimpa school]] ** [[Emakimono]] ** [[Kanō school]] ** [[Shijō school]] ** [[Superflat]] * '''[[Korean painting|Korean]]''' === Southeast Asia === * '''[[Indonesian painting|Indonesian]]''' === Islamic === * [[Arabic miniature]] * [[Ottoman miniature]] * [[Persian miniature]] * [[Calligraphy]] === Indian === ==== Miniature painting ==== Miniature paintings were the primary form of painting in pre-colonial India. These were done on a special paper (known as wasli) using mineral and natural colours. Miniature painting is not one style but a group of several styles of schools of painting such as Mughal, Pahari, Rajasthani, Company style etc. '''[[Mughal painting|Mughal miniature painting]]''' is a particular style of [[South Asia]]n, particularly North Indian (more specifically, modern day India and Pakistan), painting confined to [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniatures]] either as book illustrations or as single works to be kept in albums ([[muraqqa]]). It emerged<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughal Painting – Evolution & History, Features & Prominent Artists |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/mughal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102715/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/mughal.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net |language=en}}</ref> from [[Persian miniature]] painting (itself partly of [[Chinese painting|Chinese origin]]) and developed in the court of the [[Mughal Empire]] of the 16th to 18th centuries. Mughal painting immediately took a much greater interest in realistic portraiture than was typical of Persian miniatures. Animals and plants were the main subject of many miniatures for albums, and were more realistically depicted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2016 |title=Mughal Painting |url=https://selfstudyhistory.com/2016/08/22/mughal-painting-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102703/https://selfstudyhistory.com/2016/08/22/mughal-painting-2/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Self Study History |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Religions – Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110065723/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml |archive-date=10 November 2010 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website= BBC |date=2009 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughal painting |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Mughal-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.britannica.com/art/Mughal-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Maker unknown, India - Krishna and Radha - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''Krishna and Radha'', might be the work of [[Nihâl Chand]], master of Kishangarh school of Rajput Painting]] '''[[Rajasthani painting]]''' evolved and flourished in the royal courts of [[Rajputana]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rājput painting {{!}} Indian art |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Rajput-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.britannica.com/art/Rajput-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> in northern India, mainly during the 17th century. Artists trained in the tradition of the [[Mughal miniature]] were dispersed from the imperial Mughal court, and developed styles also drawing from local traditions of painting, especially those illustrating the Sanskrit Epics, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]''. Subjects varied, but portraits of the ruling family, often engaged in hunting or their daily activities, were generally popular, as were narrative scenes from the epics or [[Hindu mythology]], as well as some [[Genre painting|genre scenes]] of landscapes, and humans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajput Paintings, Rajput Paintings India, Rajput Painting History |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/rajput.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/rajput.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2012 |title=Rajput painting |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/rajput-painting-1345188164-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122104201/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/rajput-painting-1345188164-1 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Jagran Josh}}</ref> '''Punjab Hills or [[Pahari painting]]''' of which Kangra, Guller, Basholi were major sub-styles. Kangra painting is the pictorial art of [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], named after [[Kangra State|Kangra]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], a former [[princely state]], which patronized the art. It became prevalent with the fading of [[Basohli Painting|Basohli school of painting]] in mid-18th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kāngra painting |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Kangra-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102656/https://www.britannica.com/art/Kangra-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bradnock |first1=Robert W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=pligrim+Dharamshala%22&pg=PA512 |title=Footprint India |last2=Bradnock |first2=Roma |date=2004 |publisher=Footprint |isbn=978-1-904777-00-7 |page=512 |language=en |access-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219034009/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=pligrim+Dharamshala%22&pg=PA512 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The focal theme of Kangra painting is Shringar (the erotic sentiment). The subjects are seen in Kangra painting exhibit the taste and the traits of the lifestyle of the society of that period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2021 |title=Kangra Painting – The Delicate Art of the Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/kangra-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/kangra-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Caleidoscope {{!}} Indian Culture, Heritage |language=en-US}}</ref> The artists adopted themes from the love poetry of [[Jayadeva]] and [[Keshavdas|Keshav Das]] who wrote ecstatically of the love of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] with [[Bhakti]] being the driving force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangra Paintings {{!}} District Kangra, Government of Himachal Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://hpkangra.nic.in/gallery/kangra-paintings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://hpkangra.nic.in/gallery/kangra-paintings/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vijay |date=1 November 2020 |title=How love, war and Mughal fine art inspired Kangra painting |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-love-war-and-mughal-fine-art-inspired-kangra-painting/533500/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-love-war-and-mughal-fine-art-inspired-kangra-painting/533500/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Khan Bahadur Khan with men of his clan (6125079998) cropped.jpg|left|thumb|Khan Bahadur Khan with Men of his Clan, c. 1815, from the Fraser Album, Company Style]]'''Company style''' is a term for a hybrid Indo-European style of paintings made in India by Indian artists, many of whom worked for European patrons in the [[British East India Company]] or other foreign Companies in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company Painting in Nineteenth-Century India &#124; Essay &#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History &#124; the Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220030814/https://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm |archive-date=20 December 2017 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.metmuseum.org|date=October 2004 }}</ref> Three distinct styles of Company Painting emerged in three British Power Centres – [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and [[Madras]]. The subject matter of company paintings made for western patrons was often documentary rather than imaginative, and as a consequence, the Indian artists were required to adopt a more naturalistic approach to painting than had traditionally been usual.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company Paintings – Capturing an Era |url=https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/9__Tavern_Scene-scaled.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/9__Tavern_Scene-scaled.jpg |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Live History India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Victoria and Albert Museum |first=Digital Media |date=16 November 2012 |title=Indian company paintings |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/indian-company-paintings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102700/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/indian-company-paintings/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.vam.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> The '''Sikh style''' and [[Deccan painting|'''Deccan style''']] are other prominent Miniature painting styles of India. ==== Pichwai painting ==== [[Pichhwai|Pichwai paintings]] are paintings on textile and usually depicting stories from the life of Lord Krishna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=The colourful tradition of Indian Pichwai Painting |url=https://indianartspalace.in/the-colorful-tradition-of-indian-pichwai-paintings/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> These were made in large format and often used as a backdrop to the main idol in temples or homes. Pichwai paintings were made and are still made mainly in Rajasthan, India. However very few were made in the Deccan region, but these are extremely rare. The purpose of pichhwais, other than artistic appeal, is to narrate tales of Krishna to the illiterate. Temples have sets with different images, which are changed according to the [[Shrinathji#Festivals and rituals at the temple|calendar of festivals celebrating the deity]].<ref>Blurton, 142-143</ref> ==== Folk and tribal art ==== Pattachitra is a general term for traditional, cloth-based [[scroll]] painting, based in the eastern Indian [[States and territories of India|states]] of [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parampara Project {{!}} Pata Chitra|url=https://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|access-date=22 November 2021|website=www.paramparaproject.org|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219040030/https://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Pattachitra painting tradition is closely linked with the worship of Lord [[Jagannath]] in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daricha Foundation|url=http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|access-date=22 November 2021|website=www.daricha.org|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|url-status=live}}</ref> The subject matter of Pattachitra is limited to religious themes. Patachitra artform is known for its intricate details as well as mythological narratives and folktales inscribed in it. All colours used in the Paintings are natural and paintings are made fully old traditional way by Chitrakaras that is Odiya Painter. Pattachitra style of painting is one of the oldest and most popular art forms of [[Odisha]]. Patachitras are a component of an ancient [[Bengalis|Bengali]] narrative art, originally serving as a visual device during the performance of a song.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2015|title=Myths and Folktales in the Patachitra Art of Bengal: Tradition and Modernity|url=https://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|access-date=22 November 2021|website=The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design|language=en-US|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102700/https://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=15 June 2016|title=Orissa Pattachitra –|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece|access-date=22 November 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=says|first=Conrad Comrie|date=26 April 2017|title=Patachitra: Ancient scroll painting of Bengal|url=https://mediaindia.eu/culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Media India Group|language=en|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122154252/https://mediaindia.eu/culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|url-status=live}}</ref> Madhubani Art is a style of [[Indian painting]], practiced in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of India and Nepal. The style is characterized by complex geometrical patterns, these paintings are famous for representing ritual content used for particular occasions like festivals, religious rituals etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhubani (Mithila) Painting – History, Designs & Artists |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/madhubani.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/madhubani.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net |language=en}}</ref> [[Warli painting|Warli]] is another folk tribal art form from India. ==== Bengal School ==== The Bengal School<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi|url=http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp|access-date=22 November 2021|website=ngmaindia.gov.in|archive-date=22 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022113236/http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> was an [[art movement]] and a style of [[Indian painting]] that originated in [[Bengal]], primarily [[Kolkata]] and [[Shantiniketan]], and flourished throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]], during the [[British Raj]] in the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2022 |title=Bengal School Painting – The transition to Modernism |url=https://indianartspalace.in/bengal-school-painting/ |access-date=10 August 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> The Bengal school arose as an [[avant garde]] and nationalist movement reacting against the [[academic art]] styles previously promoted in India, both by Indian artists such as [[Raja Ravi Varma]] and in British art schools. The school wanted to establish a distinct Indian style which celebrated the indigenous cultural heritage. In an attempt to reject colonial aesthetics, [[Abanindranath Tagore]] also turned to China and Japan with the intent of promoting a pan-Asian aesthetic and incorporated elements from Far Eastern art, such as the [[Ink wash painting|Japanese wash technique]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengal School of Art|url=https://www.artsy.net/gene/bengal-school-of-art|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artsy|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.artsy.net/gene/bengal-school-of-art|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How the Bengal School of Art Changed Colonial India's Art Landscape|url=https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/how-the-bengal-school-of-art-changed-colonial-indias-art-landscape |date=February 27, 2017 |access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artisera|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/how-the-bengal-school-of-art-changed-colonial-indias-art-landscape|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 August 2012|title=Bengal School of Art|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/bengal-school-of-art-1345270637-1|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Jagran Josh|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/bengal-school-of-art-1345270637-1|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Others ==== [[File:Mysore Painting.jpg|left|thumb|upright|19th Century Mysore Painting of Goddess [[Saraswathi]] ]] * Mysore painting is an important form of classical [[South India]]n painting that originated in and around the town of [[Mysore]] in [[Karnataka]] encouraged and nurtured by the Mysore rulers. Mysore paintings are known for their elegance, muted colours, and attention to detail. The themes for most of these paintings are [[Hindu]] gods and goddesses and scenes from [[Hindu mythology]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mysore Paintings {{!}} Buy Mysore School Paintings {{!}} Shop Online at Artisera|url=https://www.artisera.com/collections/mysore-paintings|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artisera|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.artisera.com/collections/mysore-paintings|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Samikshavad]] * [[Tanjore painting|Tanjore]] * [[Kerala mural painting]] === African === * [[Egyptian painting]] * [[Ethiopian painting]] * [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]] === Contemporary art === <!-- It seems that some of the art forms listed here are not painting forms--for example video art --> {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin:auto; width:100%; border:0 solid #e5ffec; background:#=#e5ffec;" |- | style="vertical-align:top; width:17%;"| === 1950s === * [[Abstract Expressionism]] * [[American Figurative Expressionism]] * [[Bay Area Figurative Movement]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[New York Figurative Expressionism]] * [[New York School (art)|New York School]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1960s === * [[Abstract expressionism]] * [[American Figurative Expressionism]] * [[Abstract Imagists]] * [[Bay Area Figurative Movement]] * [[Color field]] * [[Computer art]] * [[Conceptual art]] * [[Fluxus]] * [[Happening]]s * [[Hard-edge painting]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[Minimalism]] * [[Neo-figurative]] * [[Neo-Dada]] * [[New York School (art)|New York School]] * [[Nouveau Réalisme]] * [[Op Art]] * [[Performance art]] * [[Pop Art]] * [[Postminimalism]] * [[Washington Color School]] * [[Kinetic art]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1970s === * [[Arte Povera]] * [[Ascii Art]] * [[Bad Painting]] * [[Body art]] * [[Artist's book]] * [[Feminist art]] * [[Installation art]] * [[Land Art]] * [[Lowbrow (art movement)]] * [[Photorealism]] * [[Postminimalism]] * [[Process Art]] * [[Video art]] * [[Funk art]] * [[Pattern and Decoration]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1980s === * [[Appropriation art]] * [[Culture jamming]] * [[Demoscene]] * [[Electronic art]] * [[Figuration Libre]] * [[Graffiti Art]] * [[Live Art (art form)|Live art]] * [[Mail art]] * [[Postmodern art]] * [[Neo-conceptual art]] * [[Neo-expressionism]] * [[Neo-pop]] * [[Sound art]] * [[Transgressive art]] * [[Video installation]] * [[Institutional Critique]] * [[Neogeo (art)|NeoGeo]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1990s === * [[Bio art]] * [[Cyberarts]] * [[Cynical Realism]] * [[Digital Art]] * [[Information art]] * [[Internet art]] * [[Massurrealism]] * [[Maximalism]] * [[Transpressionism]] * [[New media art]] * [[Software art]] * [[New European Painting]] * [[Young British Artists]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 2000s === * [[Digital painting|Digital Painting]] * [[Hyperrealism (visual arts)|Hyperrealism]] * [[Classical Realism]] * [[Relational art]] * [[Street art]] * [[Stuckism]] * [[Superflat]] * [[Pseudorealism]] * [[Videogame art]] * [[Superstroke]] * [[VJ (video performance artist)|VJ art]] * [[Virtual art]] |} == Types of painting == [[File:Bodegón de recipientes (Zurbarán).jpg|thumb|[[Francisco de Zurbarán]], ''Still Life with Pottery Jars'' ({{langx|es|Bodegón de recipientes}}) (1636), oil on canvas, 46 x 84&nbsp;cm, [[Museo del Prado]], [[Madrid]]]] === Allegory === [[Allegory]] is a [[Figurative art|figurative]] [[Mode (literature)|mode]] of representation conveying meaning other than the literal. Allegory communicates its message by means of [[symbol]]ic figures, actions, or symbolic representation. Allegory is generally treated as a figure of [[rhetoric]], but an allegory does not have to be expressed in [[language]]: it may be addressed to the eye and is often found in realistic painting. An example of a simple visual allegory is the image of the [[Personifications of death|grim reaper]]. Viewers understand that the image of the grim reaper is a symbolic representation of death. === Bodegón === [[File:Reza Abbasi - Two Lovers (1630).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Reza Abbasi]], ''Two Lovers'' (1630)]] In [[Spanish art]], a [[bodegón]] is a [[still life]] painting depicting pantry items, such as victuals, game, and drink, often arranged on a simple stone slab, and also a painting with one or more figures, but significant still life elements, typically set in a kitchen or tavern. Starting in the [[Baroque]] period, such paintings became popular in Spain in the second quarter of the 17th century. The tradition of still life painting appears to have started and was far more popular in the contemporary [[Low Countries]], today Belgium and [[Netherlands]] (then Flemish and Dutch artists), than it ever was in [[southern Europe]]. [[Dutch Golden Age painting#Still lifes|Northern still lifes]] had many subgenres: the ''breakfast piece'' was augmented by the ''[[trompe-l'œil]]'', the ''flower bouquet'', and the ''[[vanitas]]''. In Spain, there were much fewer patrons for this sort of thing, but a type of ''breakfast piece'' did become popular, featuring a few objects of food and tableware laid on a table. === Figure painting === A [[figure painting]] is a [[work of art]] in any of the painting media with the primary subject being the human figure, whether clothed or [[Nude (art)|nude]]. Figure painting may also refer to the activity of creating such a work. The human figure has been one of the contrast subjects of art since the first Stone Age cave paintings and has been reinterpreted in various styles throughout history.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Droste|first1=Flip|title=Cave Paintings of the Early Stone Age|journal=Semiotica|date=October 2014|volume=2014|issue=202|pages=155–165|doi=10.1515/sem-2014-0035|s2cid=170631343}}</ref> Some artists well known for figure painting are [[Peter Paul Rubens]], [[Edgar Degas]], and [[Édouard Manet]]. === Illustration painting === [[Illustration]] paintings are those used as illustrations in books, magazines, and theater or movie [[posters]] and comic books. Today, there is a growing interest in collecting and admiring the original artwork. Various museum exhibitions, magazines, and art galleries have devoted space to the illustrators of the past. In the visual art world, illustrators have sometimes been considered less important in comparison with fine artists and [[graphic designer]]s. But as the result of [[computer game]] and comic industry growth, illustrations are becoming valued as popular and profitable artworks that can acquire a wider market than the other two, especially in [[Korea]], Japan, [[Hong Kong]] and the United States. The illustrations of medieval [[codices]] were known as [[Illuminated manuscript|illuminations]], and were individually hand-drawn and painted. With the invention of the [[printing press]] during the 15th century, [[books]] became more widely distributed, and often illustrated with [[woodcuts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What Is an Illuminated Manuscript? |url=https://www.nga.gov/conservation/paper/manuscript-project.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004050635/https://www.nga.gov/conservation/paper/manuscript-project.html |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=National Gallery of Art}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2010 |title=Heavenly Craft: The Woodcut in Early Printed Books |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/heavenlycraft/heavenly-15th.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020234750/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/heavenlycraft/heavenly-15th.html |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> In [[America]], this led to a "golden age of illustration" from before the 1880s until the early 20th century. A small group of illustrators became highly successful, with the imagery they created considered a portrait of American aspirations of the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The R. Atkinson Fox Society: What Was the Golden Age of Illustration? |url=http://www.rafoxsociety.com/what-was-the-golden-age-of-illustration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414063829/http://www.rafoxsociety.com/what-was-the-golden-age-of-illustration/ |archive-date=2015-04-14 |access-date=2015-04-08}}</ref> Among the best-known illustrators of that period were [[N. C. Wyeth|N.C. Wyeth]] and [[Howard Pyle]] of the [[Brandywine School]], [[James Montgomery Flagg]], [[Elizabeth Shippen Green]], [[J. C. Leyendecker]], [[Violet Oakley]], [[Maxfield Parrish]], [[Jessie Willcox Smith]], and [[John Rea Neill]]. In [[France]], on 1905, the Contemporary Book Society commissioned [[Paul Jouve]] to illustrate [[Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book|Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book]]. Paul Jouve will devote ten years to the 130 illustrations of this book which will remain as one of the masterpieces of bibliophilia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Jouve |url=https://www.pauljouve.com/resultats/2021-06-25-sotheby-s-france-128.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215154738/https://www.pauljouve.com/resultats/2021-06-25-sotheby-s-france-128.html |archive-date=2021-12-15 |access-date=2021-12-15}}</ref> === Landscape painting === {{main|Landscape art}} [[File:Andreas Achenbach - Clearing Up—Coast of Sicily - Walters 37116.jpg|left|thumb|[[Andreas Achenbach]], ''Clearing Up, Coast of Sicily'' (1847), [[The Walters Art Museum]]<ref>Achenbach specialized in the "sublime" mode of landscape painting in which man is dwarfed by nature's might and fury.</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]] |url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/19760 |title= Clearing Up—Coast of Sicily |access-date= 18 September 2012 |archive-date= 9 May 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130509233109/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/19760 |url-status= live }}</ref>]] [[Landscape art|Landscape painting]] is a term that covers the depiction of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, lakes, and forests, and especially art where the main subject is a wide view, with its elements arranged into a coherent composition. In other works, landscape backgrounds for figures can still form an important part of the work. The sky is almost always included in the view, and [[weather]] is often an element of the composition. Detailed landscapes as a distinct subject are not found in all artistic traditions and develop when there is already a sophisticated tradition of representing other subjects. The two main traditions spring from [[Western painting]] and [[Chinese art]], going back well over a thousand years in both cases. === Portrait painting === [[File:Abraham Lincoln in the United States Congress by.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ned Bittinger]], ''[[Abraham Lincoln (Bittinger)|Portrait of Abraham Lincoln]] in Congress'' (2004), [[United States Capitol|US Capitol]]]] [[Portrait painting]]s are representations of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, [[Personality type|personality]], and even the mood of the person. The art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially [[Roman sculpture]], where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. One of the best-known portraits in the Western world is [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s painting titled ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', which is thought to be a portrait of [[Lisa del Giocondo|Lisa Gherardini]], the wife of Francesco del Giocondo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |title=Mona Lisa – Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo |publisher=Louvre Museum |date=1503–1519|access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730003620/http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |archive-date=30 July 2014 }}</ref> Warhol was one of the most prolific portrait painters of the 20th century. Warhol's painting ''[[Shot Marilyns|Orange Shot Marilyn]]'' of [[Marilyn Monroe]] is an iconic early example of his work from the 1960s, and [[Prince (painting)|Orange Prince (1984)]] of the pop singer [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] is later example, both exhibiting Warhol's unique graphic style of portraiture.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Andy Warhol Portraits That Changed The World Forever |work=Widewalls |url=https://www.widewalls.ch/10-faces-by-andy-warhol-february-2015/mao-tse-tung-8/ |access-date=2018-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212218/https://www.widewalls.ch/10-faces-by-andy-warhol-february-2015/mao-tse-tung-8/ |archive-date=2018-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Warhol. Marilyn Monroe. 1967 {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/61240 |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts – Andy Warhol Biography |url=http://warholfoundation.org/legacy/biography.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724192941/http://www.warholfoundation.org/legacy/biography.html |archive-date=2010-07-24 |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=warholfoundation.org}}</ref> === Still life === [[File:Otto Marseus van Schrieck - A Forest Floor Still-Life - WGA21061.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Marseus van Schrieck]], ''A Forest Floor Still-Life'' (1666)]] A [[still life]] is a work of [[art]] depicting mostly [[wikt:inanimate|inanimate]] subject matter, typically commonplace objects—which may be either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or human-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so on). With origins in the Middle Ages and Ancient Greek/Roman art, still life paintings give the artist more leeway in the arrangement of design elements within a composition than do paintings of other types of subjects such as [[Landscape art|landscape]] or [[portrait]]ure. Still life paintings, particularly before 1700, often contained religious and allegorical symbolism relating to the objects depicted. Some modern still life breaks the two-dimensional barrier and employs three-dimensional mixed media, and uses found objects, photography, computer graphics, as well as video and sound. === Veduta === A [[veduta]] is a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting of a [[cityscape]] or some other vista. This [[genre]] of [[landscape art|landscape]] originated in [[Flanders]], where artists such as [[Paul Bril]] painted ''vedute'' as early as the 16th century. As the itinerary of the [[Grand Tour]] became somewhat standardized, ''vedute'' of familiar scenes like the Roman Forum or the Grand Canal recalled early ventures to the Continent for aristocratic Englishmen. In the later 19th century, more personal impressions of cityscapes replaced the desire for topographical accuracy, which was satisfied instead by painted [[panorama]]s. == See also == {{Portal|Visual arts|Painting}} * [[20th-century Western painting]] * [[Cobweb painting]] * [[Drawing]] * [[Fine art]] * [[Graphic arts]] * [[Index of painting-related articles]] * [[List of most expensive paintings]] * [[Outline of painting]] * [[Performance art]] * [[Business process outsourcing in China#Painting|Painting outsourcing in China]] * [[Visual arts]] * [[Image]] == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == {{Commons category|Painting}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|painting}} {{Wikisource|Portal:Painting}} * Howard Daniel (1971). ''Encyclopedia of Themes and Subjects in Painting: Mythological, Biblical, Historical, Literary, Allegorical, and Topical''. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc. * W. Stanley Taft Jr. and James W. Mayer (2000). ''The Science of Paintings''. Springer-Verlag. {{Art world}} {{Branches of the visual arts}} {{Humanities}} {{Aesthetics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Painting| ]] [[Category:Painting techniques|*]] [[Category:Works of art]] [[Category:The arts]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:مصوري]] [[زمرو:فن بلحاظ قسم]] rcu3h1n7dx10dqzkvonlo174vu3knsg 376057 376056 2026-05-05T17:17:21Z Ibne maryam 17680 376057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface}} [[File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|''[[Mona Lisa]]'' (1503–1517) by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] is one of the world's most recognizable paintings.]] '''چٽسالي''' نقاشي، مصوري، رنگ سازي، ڪمانگري يا رنگڪاري (painting)، رڱڻ،<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://dic.sindhila.edu.pk/index.php?txtsrch=Painting|title=Painting {{!}} Online Sindhi Dictionaries {{!}} آن لائين سنڌي ڊڪشنريون|website=dic.sindhila.edu.pk|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://sindhyat.com/database/SindhiDictionary/Painting|title=Painting word Sindhi Meaning, devanagari & Roman translation - Sindhi Dictionary|website=sindhyat.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref> رنگي، رنگ يا ٻين وسلين جي ڪنهن سطح تي لاڳاپو آهي. فنيات ۾ اِن اِصطلاح کان عمل (act) ۽ نتيجو، جنهن کي چٽ، يا نقش (a painting) سڏيو ويندو آهي، ٻنهين مان مراد آهي. '''نقاشي''' [[ڪاٺ]]، ٺڪر، يا [[مٽي]]ءَ جي شين تي نقش چٽڻ ۽ سونهن خاطر تصويرون يا لکتون ٺاهڻ جو فن نقاشي سڏبو آهي.<ref>ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.</ref> مصوري هڪ بصري فن آهي، جيڪا رنگ، پينٽ يا ٻيو وچولي مواد کي هڪ مضبوط مٿاڇري تي لاڳو ڪرڻ جي مشق سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |title=Paint – Definition |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=2012 |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172354/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |url-status=live }}</ref> وچولو مواد عام طور تي برش سان بنياد تي لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي. ٻيا اوزار، جهڙوڪ خراد، اسپنج، ايئر برش، فنڪار جون آڱريون، يا هڪ ٽِپڻ واري ٽيڪنڪ جيڪا ڪشش ثقل استعمال ڪري ٿي استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا. فنڪار جيڪو پينٽنگ ٺاهيندو آهي ان کي پينٽر چيو ويندو آهي. فن جي اصطلاح ۾ "پينٽنگ" عمل ۽ عمل جي نتيجي ٻنهي کي بيان ڪري ٿي. پينٽنگ جي سپورٽ ۾ ڀتيون، ڪاغذ، ڪينوس، ڪاٺ، شيشي، لاک، برتن، پتي، ٽامي ۽ ڪنڪريٽ جهڙيون سطحون شامل آهن. پينٽنگ ۾ ريتي، مٽي، ڪاغذ، ڪارڊ بورڊ، اخبار، پلاسٽر، سون جي پتي ۽ حتي پوريون شيون شامل ٿي سگهن ٿيون. پينٽنگ ڊرائنگ، ساخت، اشارو، بيان ۽ تجريد جهڙا عنصر شامل ڪرڻ سان بصري فن جي هڪ اهم شڪل آهي. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Perry|first1=Lincoln|title=The Music of Painting|journal=The American Scholar|date=Summer 2014|volume=83|issue=3|page=85}}</ref> پينٽنگ قدرتي ۽ نمائندگي ڪندڙ، جيئن پورٽريٽ، اسٽل لائف ۽ لينڊ اسڪيپ پينٽنگ ۾ (جيتوڻيڪ اهي صنفون تجريدي پڻ ٿي سگهن ٿيون)، فوٽوگرافي، تجريد، داستان نگاري، علامت نگاري (جيئن علامت نگار آرٽ ۾)، جذباتي (جيئن اظهار پسندي ۾) يا پنهنجي فطرت ۾ سياسي (جيئن آرٽيوزم ۾) ٿي سگهن ٿيون. پينٽنگ جي تاريخ جو هڪ اهم حصو، مشرقي ۽ مغربي آرٽ ٻنهي ۾، مذهبي آرٽ جو غلبو آهي. هن قسم جي پينٽنگ جون مثالون مٽيءَ جي ٿانون تي افسانوي شخصيتن کي ظاهر ڪرڻ واري آرٽ ورڪ کان وٺي، گرجا گهرن جي ڇتن تي بائبل جي منظرن ۽ گوتم ٻڌ جي زندگي جي منظرن يا مشرقي مذهبي اصل جي ٻئي تصويرن ۾ ملي سگهن. == History == {{Main|History of painting}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = left/right/center | footer = | footer_align = left | image2 = Maros_hunting_scene.png | width2 = 180 | caption2 = Redrawing of hunting scene from the Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst | image1 = Pig-deer print paintings in Pettakere Cave, Maros.jpg | width1 = 200 | caption1 = Cave paintings depicting a wild boar hunt in the [[Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst|Maros-Pangkep karst]] of Sulawesi are estimated to be at least 43,900 years old (2014). This finding was recognized as "the oldest known depiction of [[storytelling]] and the earliest instance of figurative art in human history." }} [[File:Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave painting of Bull.jpg|thumb|The depiction of a bull found in the [[Lubang Jeriji Saleh]], [[Indonesia]], in 2018, is the world's oldest known figurative painting. The painting is estimated to have been created around 40,000 to 52,000 years ago, or even earlier.]] The oldest known paintings are more than 40,000-60,000 years old ([[art of the Upper Paleolithic]]) and found in the [[caves in the district of Maros]] ([[Sulawesi]], [[Indonesia]]). The oldest are often constructed from hand stencils and simple geometric shapes.<ref name="Aubert2014">M. Aubert et al., "Pleistocene cave art from Sulawesi, Indonesia", ''Nature'' vol. 514, pp. 223–227 (9 October 2014). "using uranium-series dating of coralloid speleothems directly associated with 12 human hand stencils and two figurative animal depictions from seven cave sites in the Maros karsts of Sulawesi, we show that rock art traditions on this Indonesian island are at least compatible in age with the oldest European art. The earliest dated image from Maros, with a minimum age of 39.9 kyr, is now the oldest known hand stencil in the world. In addition, a painting of a [[Babirusa|babirusa ('pig-deer')]] made at least 35.4 kyr ago is among the earliest dated figurative depictions worldwide, if not the earliest one. Among the implications, it can now be demonstrated that humans were producing rock art by ~40 kyr ago at opposite ends of the Pleistocene Eurasian world."</ref>{{efn|Some hand prints have been found in Tibet and dated about 200,000 years-old.<ref>{{cite web |author= Bob McDonald |date= September 24, 2021 |title= 200,000-year-old handprints may be the world's oldest artwork, scientists say |website= cbc.ca |publisher= CBC Radio |url= https://www.cbc.ca/radio/quirks/200-000-year-old-handprints-may-be-the-world-s-oldest-artwork-scientists-say-1.6188120 |access-date= 2024-05-09 }}</ref> }} [[File:Leang Tedongnge rock art panel credit AA Oktaviana-01.jpg|thumb|In 2021, researchers discovered ancient cave art in Leang Tedongnge, Sulawesi, Indonesia, estimated to be at least 45,500 years old. Depicting a warty pig, this artwork is recognized as the world's oldest known example of figurative or representational art.]] In November 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of [[Lubang Jeriji Saléh]] on the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Borneo]].<ref name="NYT-20181107-cz">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=In Cave in Borneo Jungle, Scientists Find Oldest Figurative Painting in the World – A cave drawing in Borneo is at least 40,000 years old, raising intriguing questions about creativity in ancient societies. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/science/oldest-cave-art-borneo.html |date=7 November 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20181107">{{cite journal |author=Aubert, M.|display-authors=et al |title=Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo |date=7 November 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9 |pmid=30405242 |volume=564 |issue=7735 |pages=254–257 |bibcode=2018Natur.564..254A |s2cid=53208538 }}</ref> In December 2019, cave paintings portraying pig hunting within the [[Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst|Maros-Pangkep karst]] region in [[Sulawesi]] were discovered to be even older, with an estimated age of at least 43,900 years. This finding was recognized as "the oldest known depiction of [[storytelling]] and the earliest instance of figurative art in human history."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubert |first=M. |display-authors=et al. |date=11 December 2019 |title=Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art. |journal=Nature |volume=576 |issue=7787 |pages=442–445 |bibcode=2019Natur.576..442A |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y |pmid=31827284 |s2cid=209311825|hdl=10072/397337 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20191211">{{cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Becky |date=11 December 2019 |title=Mythical Beings May Be Earliest Imaginative Cave Art by Humans – The paintings on an Indonesian island are at least 43,900 years old and depict humanoid figures with animal-like features in a hunting scene. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/11/science/cave-art-indonesia.html |access-date=12 December 2019}}</ref> In 2021, cave art of a pig found in [[Sulawesi]], Indonesia, and dated to over 45,500 years ago, has been reported.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1-link=Adam Brumm|last1=Brumm|first1=Adam|last2=Oktaviana|first2=Adhi Agus|last3=Burhan|first3=Basran|last4=Hakim|first4=Budianto|last5=Lebe|first5=Rustan|last6=Zhao|first6=Jian-xin|last7=Sulistyarto|first7=Priyatno Hadi|last8=Ririmasse|first8=Marlon|last9=Adhityatama|first9=Shinatria|last10=Sumantri|first10=Iwan|last11=Aubert|first11=Maxime|date=2021-01-01|title=Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|article-number=eabd4648|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd4648|issn=2375-2548|pmid=33523879|pmc=7806210|bibcode=2021SciA....7.4648B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20210113">{{cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Becky |title=Pig Painting May Be World's Oldest Cave Art Yet, Archaeologists Say – The depiction of the animal on an Indonesian island is at least 45,500 years old, the researchers say. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/science/cave-painting-indonesia.html |date=January 13, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 14, 2021 }}</ref> On July 3, 2024, the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' published research findings indicating that the cave paintings which depict [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] figures interacting with a pig and measure {{convert|36|by|15|in|cm}} in [[Karampuang cave|Leang Karampuang]] are approximately 51,200 years old, establishing them as the oldest known paintings in the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Oktaviana |first1=Adhi Agus |last2=Joannes-Boyau |first2=Renaud |last3=Hakim |first3=Budianto |last4=Burhan |first4=Basran |last5=Sardi |first5=Ratno |last6=Adhityatama |first6=Shinatria |last7=Hamrullah |last8=Sumantri |first8=Iwan |last9=Tang |first9=M. |last10=Lebe |first10=Rustan |last11=Ilyas |first11=Imran |last12=Abbas |first12=Abdullah |last13=Jusdi |first13=Andi |last14=Mahardian |first14=Dewangga Eka |last15=Noerwidi |first15=Sofwan |date=2024-07-03 |title=Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago |journal=Nature |volume=631 |issue=8022 |pages=814–818 |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07541-7 |issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free |pmid=38961284 |pmc=11269172 |bibcode=2024Natur.631..814O }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Garreth |date=2024-07-04 |title=Oldest example of figurative art found in Indonesian cave |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/07/04/oldest-example-of-figurative-art-found-in-indonesian-cave |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=The Art Newspaper}}</ref> There are examples of [[cave painting]]s all over the world—in [[Indonesia]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Italy]], [[China]], [[Bhimbetka rock shelters|India]], [[Australia]], [[Mexico]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2013/05/130523_pinturas_caverna_mexico_an|title = Milhares de pinturas rupestres são descobertas em cavernas no México|work = BBC News Brasil|language = pt|date = 23 May 2013|access-date = 2 March 2015|archive-date = 12 April 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150412001151/http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/noticias/2013/05/130523_pinturas_caverna_mexico_an|url-status = live}}</ref> etc. In Western cultures, [[oil painting]] and [[watercolor]] painting have rich and complex traditions in style and subject matter. In the East, [[ink]] and color ink historically predominated the choice of media, with equally rich and complex traditions. The invention of photography had a major impact on painting. In the decades after the first [[photograph]] was produced in 1829, [[photography|photographic]] processes improved and became more widely practiced, depriving painting of much of its historic purpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world. A series of art movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries—notably [[Impressionism]], [[Post-Impressionism]], [[Fauvism]], [[Expressionism]], [[Cubism]], and [[Dada]]ism—challenged the [[Renaissance art|Renaissance]] view of the world. Eastern and African painting, however, continued a long history of [[stylization]] and did not undergo an equivalent transformation at the same time.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} [[Modern art|Modern]] and [[Contemporary art]] has moved away from the historic value of craft and documentation in favour of [[concept]]. This has not deterred the majority of living painters from continuing to practice painting either as a whole or part of their work. The vitality and versatility of painting in the 21st century defy the previous "declarations" of its demise. In an epoch characterized by the idea of [[Cultural pluralism|pluralism]], there is no consensus as to a representative style of the age. Artists continue to make important works of art in a wide variety of styles and aesthetic [[temperament]]s—their merits are left to the public and the marketplace to judge. [[Feminist art movement|The Feminist art movement]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guide to the Feminist Art Movement's History & Contemporary Impact |url=https://www.riseart.com/guide/2418/guide-to-the-feminist-art-movement#:~:text=The%20Feminist%20Art%20movement%20emerged,gender%20stereotypes%20in%20the%20arts. |url-status=live |website=Rise Art|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426170755/https://www.riseart.com/guide/2418/guide-to-the-feminist-art-movement|archive-date=Apr 26, 2023}}</ref> began in the 1960s during the second wave of [[feminism]]. The movement sought to gain equal rights and equal opportunities for female artists internationally. == Elements of painting == [[File:Chen Hongshou, leaf album painting.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chen Hongshou]] (1598–1652), ''Leaf album painting'' ([[Ming dynasty]])]] [[File:Georges Seurat 066.jpg|thumb|[[Georges Seurat]], ''[[Parade de cirque|Circus Sideshow]] ({{Langx|fr|Parade de cirque}})'' (1887–88)|alt=Shows a pointillist painting of a trombone soloist.]] === Color and tone === [[Color]], made up of [[hue]], [[Saturation color|saturation]], and [[Value (color)|value]], dispersed over a surface is the essence of painting, just as [[pitch (music)|pitch]] and [[rhythm]] are the essence of [[music]]. Color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, white is. Some painters, theoreticians, writers, and scientists, including [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe|Goethe]],<ref>[https://archive.org/details/goethestheoryco01goetgoog Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Goethe's theory of colours], John Murray, London 1840</ref> [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]],<ref>Wassily Kandinsky Concerning The Spiritual in Art, [Translated By Michael T. H. Sadler, [http://www.semantikon.com/art/kandinskyspiritualinart.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210194701/http://www.semantikon.com/art/kandinskyspiritualinart.pdf |date=10 February 2016 }}.</ref> and [[Isaac Newton|Newton]],<ref>A letter to the Royal Society presenting A new theory of light and colours Isaac Newton, 1671 [http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020073107/http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf |date=20 October 2015 }}</ref> have written their own [[color theory]]. Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction of color equivalent. The word "[[red]]", for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the [[visible spectrum]] of light. There is not a formalized register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music, such as [[F (musical note)|F]] or [[C♯ (musical note)|C♯]]. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic (primary) and derived (complementary or mixed) colors (like red, blue, green, brown, etc.). Painters deal practically with [[pigments]],<ref>[http://colourlex.com/pigments/pigments-colour/ Pigments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133914/http://colourlex.com/pigments/pigments-colour/ |date=6 January 2016 }} at ColourLex</ref> so "[[blue]]" for a painter can be any of the blues: [[phthalocyanine blue]], [[Prussian blue]], [[indigo]], [[Cobalt blue]], [[ultramarine]], and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, means of painting. Colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music (like a C note) is analogous to "light" in painting, "shades" to [[Dynamics (music)|dynamics]], and "coloration" is to painting as the specific [[Tone color|timbre]] of musical instruments is to music. These elements do not necessarily form a melody (in music) of themselves; rather, they can add different contexts to it. === Non-traditional elements === Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, [[collage]], which began with [[Cubism]] and is not painting in the strict sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as metal, plastic, [[sand]], [[cement]], [[straw]], [[Leaf painting|leaves]] or [[wood]] for the texture. Examples of this are the works of [[Jean Dubuffet]] and [[Anselm Kiefer]]. There is a growing community of artists who use computers to "paint" color onto a digital "canvas" using programs such as [[Adobe Photoshop]], [[Corel Painter]], and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required. === Rhythm === [[File:Jean Metzinger, 1906, La dance (Bacchante), oil on canvas, 73 x 54 cm DSC05359...jpg|thumb|[[Jean Metzinger]], ''[[La danse, Bacchante|La danse (Bacchante)]]'' ({{circa|1906}}), oil on canvas, 73 x 54&nbsp;cm, [[Kröller-Müller Museum]]]] [[Jean Metzinger]]'s mosaic-like [[Divisionist]] technique had its parallel in literature; a characteristic of the alliance between [[Symbolism (movement)|Symbolist]] writers and Neo-Impressionist artists: <blockquote>I ask of divided brushwork not the objective rendering of light, but iridescences and certain aspects of color still foreign to painting. I make a kind of chromatic versification and for syllables, I use strokes which, variable in quantity, cannot differ in dimension without modifying the rhythm of a pictorial phraseology destined to translate the diverse emotions aroused by nature. (Jean Metzinger, {{Circa|1907}})<ref>Jean Metzinger, circa 1907, quoted by Georges Desvallières in La Grande Revue, vol. 124, 1907</ref></blockquote> [[File:Piet Mondriaan, 1921 - Composition en rouge, jaune, bleu et noir.jpg|thumb|[[Piet Mondrian]], ''Composition en rouge, jaune, bleu et noir'' (1921), [[Gemeentemuseum Den Haag]]]] [[Rhythm]], for artists such as [[Piet Mondrian]],<ref name="Tosaki">[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mondrian_s_Philosophy_of_Visual_Rhythm/tvM-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 Eiichi Tosaki, ''Mondrian's Philosophy of Visual Rhythm: Phenomenology, Wittgenstein, and Eastern thought''], Vol. 23 of Sophia ''Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures'', Springer, 2017, pp. 108–109, 130, 139, 158, {{ISBN|9402411984}}</ref><ref>Piet Mondrian, ''Neo-Plasticism: Its Realization in Music and in Future Theater'', 1922</ref> is important in painting as it is in music. If one defines rhythm as "a pause incorporated into a sequence", then there can be rhythm in paintings. These pauses allow creative force to intervene and add new creations—form, melody, coloration. The distribution of form or any kind of information is of crucial importance in the given work of art, and it directly affects the aesthetic value of that work. This is because the aesthetic value is functionality dependent, i.e. the freedom (of movement) of perception is perceived as beauty. Free flow of energy, in art as well as in other forms of "[[techne]]", directly contributes to the aesthetic value.<ref name="Tosaki" /> Music was important to the birth of [[abstract art]] since music is abstract by nature—it does not try to represent the exterior world, but expresses in an immediate way the inner feelings of the soul. [[Wassily Kandinsky]] often used musical terms to identify his works; he called his most spontaneous paintings "improvisations" and described more elaborate works as "compositions". Kandinsky theorized that "music is the ultimate teacher",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wassilykandinsky.net/quotes.php|title=Wassily Kandinsky – Quotes|website=www.wassilykandinsky.net|access-date=17 September 2016|archive-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204065812/https://www.wassilykandinsky.net/quotes.php|url-status=live}}</ref> and subsequently embarked upon the first seven of his ten ''Compositions''. Hearing tones and chords as he painted, Kandinsky theorized that (for example), yellow is the color of middle [[C (musical note)|C]] on a brassy trumpet; black is the color of closure, and the end of things; and that combinations of colors produce vibrational frequencies, akin to chords played on a piano. In 1871 the young Kandinsky learned to play the piano and cello.<ref>, François Le Targat, ''Kandinsky'', Twentieth Century masters series, Random House Incorporated, 1987, p. 7, {{ISBN|0847808106}}</ref><ref>Susan B. Hirschfeld, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Hilla von Rebay Foundation, ''Watercolours by Kandinsky at the Guggenheim Museum: a selection from the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and the Hilla von Rebay Foundation'', 1991</ref> Kandinsky's stage design for a performance of [[Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky]]'s ''[[Pictures at an Exhibition]]'' illustrates his "synaesthetic" concept of a universal correspondence of forms, colors and musical sounds.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bauhaus|last=Fiedler|first=Jeannine|publisher=h.f. ullmann publishing GmbH|year=2013|isbn=978-3-8480-0275-7|location=Germany|pages=262}}</ref> Music defines much of modernist abstract painting. [[Jackson Pollock]] underscores that interest with his 1950 painting ''[[Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.interlude.hk/front/intersections-art-music-rothko-pollock/ |title=Intersections with art and music, Rothko and Pollock |date=16 April 2016 |access-date=3 February 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204020105/http://www.interlude.hk/front/intersections-art-music-rothko-pollock/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Aesthetics and theory == {{Main|Theory of painting}} [[File:Pompeii Painter.jpg|thumb|left|Female painter sitting on a campstool and painting a statue of [[Dionysus]] or [[Priapus]] onto a panel which is held by a boy. Fresco from [[Pompeii]], 1st century]] [[Aesthetics]] is the study of [[art]] and [[beauty]]; it was an important issue for 18th- and 19th-century [[Philosophy|philosophers]] such as [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] and [[Hegel]]. Classical philosophers like [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] also theorized about art and painting in particular. Plato disregarded painters (as well as sculptors) in his philosophical system; he maintained that painting cannot depict the [[truth]]—it is a copy of reality (a shadow of the world of ideas) and is nothing but a [[craft]], similar to shoemaking or iron casting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plato's Aesthetics|url=http://www.rowan.edu/open/philosop/clowney/aesthetics/philos_artists_onart/plato.htm|website=www.rowan.edu|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001041449/http://www.rowan.edu/open/philosop/clowney/Aesthetics/philos_artists_onart/plato.htm|archive-date=1 October 2017}}</ref> By the time of Leonardo, painting had become a closer representation of the truth than painting was in [[Ancient Greece]]. [[Leonardo da Vinci]], on the contrary, said that "{{Langx|it|La Pittura è cosa mentale}}" ("{{Langx|en|painting is a thing of the mind}}").<ref>Rollason, C., & Mittapalli, R. (2002). ''Modern criticism''. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 196. {{ISBN|812690187X}}</ref> Kant distinguished between [[Beauty]] and the [[Sublime (philosophy)|Sublime]], in terms that clearly gave priority to the former.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} Although he did not refer to painting in particular, this concept was taken up by painters such as [[Joseph Mallord William Turner|J.M.W. Turner]] and [[Caspar David Friedrich]]. [[File:Formella 18, apelle o la pittura, nino pisano, 1334-1336 dettaglio 01.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Nino Pisano]], ''Apelles or the Art of painting'' in detail (1334–1336); relief of the [[Giotto's Bell Tower]] in [[Florence]], Italy|alt=A relief against a wall shows a bearded man reaching up with his hands as his clothes are draped over his body.]] Hegel recognized the failure of attaining a universal concept of beauty and, in his aesthetic essay, wrote that painting is one of the three "romantic" arts, along with [[Poetry]] and [[Music]], for its [[symbol]]ic, highly intellectual purpose.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC&pg=PA276|title=Craig, Edward. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Genealogy to Iqbal|page=278|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-18709-1|year=1998|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422165916/https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC&pg=PA276|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich |volume= 13 |first=William|last=Wallace|author-link=William Wallace | pages = 200&ndash;207; see page 207 |quote=Painting and music are the specially romantic arts. Lastly, as a union of painting and music comes poetry, where the sensuous element is more than ever subordinate to the spirit}}</ref> Painters who have written theoretical works on painting include [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]] and [[Paul Klee]].<ref name="Franciscono">Franciscono, Marcel, ''Paul Klee: His Work and Thought'', part 6 'The Bauhaus and Düsseldorf', chap. 'Klee's theory courses', p. 246 and under 'notes to pp. 245–54' p. 365</ref><ref name="Barasch">Barasch, Moshe (2000) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=R_2wIujisH4C Theories of art – from impressionism to Kandinsky] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401050825/https://books.google.com/books?id=R_2wIujisH4C |date=1 April 2016 }}'', part IV 'Abstract art', chap. 'Color' pp. 332–33</ref> In his essay, Kandinsky maintains that painting has a spiritual value, and he attaches [[primary colors]] to essential feelings or concepts, something that [[Goethe]] and other writers had already tried to do. [[Iconography]] is the study of the content of paintings, rather than their style. [[Erwin Panofsky]] and other [[art historian]]s first seek to understand the things depicted, before looking at their meaning for the viewer at the time, and finally analyzing their wider cultural, religious, and social meaning.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Howard|title=The Varieties of Aesthetic Experience|journal=Journal for Spiritual & Consciousness Studies|date=October 2014|volume=37|issue=4|pages=541–252}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref> In 1890, the Parisian painter [[Maurice Denis]] famously asserted: "Remember that a painting—before being a warhorse, a naked woman or some story or other—is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in a certain order."<ref>[http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563353/abstract_art.html Encyclopedia Encarta] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704155609/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563353/Abstract_Art.html |date=4 July 2008 }}</ref> Thus, many 20th-century developments in painting, such as [[Cubism]], were reflections on the ''means'' of painting rather than on the external world—[[nature]]—which had previously been its core subject. Recent contributions to thinking about painting have been offered by the painter and writer Julian Bell. In his book ''What is Painting?'', Bell discusses the development, through history, of the notion that paintings can express feelings and ideas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/index/cohen/cohen8-16-99.asp |title=Review by art historian David Cohen |publisher=Artnet.com |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-date=26 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126181932/http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/index/cohen/cohen8-16-99.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''Mirror of The World,'' Bell writes: <blockquote>A ''work'' of art seeks to hold your attention and keep it fixed: a ''history'' of art urges it onwards, bulldozing a highway through the homes of the imagination.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mirror of the World: A New History of Art |first=Julian |last=Bell |publisher=Thames and Hudson |page=496 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-500-23837-0}}</ref></blockquote> == Painting media == Different types of paint are usually identified by the medium that the pigment is suspended or embedded in, which determines the general working characteristics of the paint, such as [[viscosity]], [[miscibility]], [[solubility]], drying time, etc. === Hot wax or encaustic === [[File:Petersinai.jpg|thumb|upright|Encaustic icon from [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], [[Egypt]] (6th-century)]] [[Encaustic painting]], also known as hot wax painting, involves using heated [[beeswax]] to which colored pigments are added. The liquid/paste is then applied to a surface—usually prepared wood, though [[canvas]] and other materials are often used. The simplest encaustic mixture can be made from adding pigments to beeswax, but there are several other recipes that can be used—some containing other types of [[wax]]es, [[damar resin]], [[linseed oil]], or other ingredients. Pure, powdered pigments can be purchased and used, though some mixtures use oil paints or other forms of pigment. Metal tools and special brushes can be used to shape the paint before it cools, or heated metal tools can be used to manipulate the wax once it has cooled onto the surface. Other materials can be encased or [[collage]]d into the surface, or layered, using the encaustic medium to adhere it to the surface. The technique was the normal one for ancient Greek and Roman panel paintings, and remained in use in the Eastern Orthodox [[icon]] tradition. === Watercolor === [[File:John Martin - Manfred on the Jungfrau (1837).jpg|thumb|left|[[John Martin (painter)|John Martin]], ''[[Manfred on the Jungfrau (Martin)|Manfred on the Jungfrau]]'' (1837), watercolor]] [[Watercolor]] is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-soluble vehicle. The traditional and most common support for watercolor paintings is paper; other supports include [[papyrus]], bark papers, plastics, [[vellum]] or [[leather]], [[textile|fabric]], wood and [[canvas]]. In East Asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to as [[brush painting]] or scroll painting. In [[Chinese painting|Chinese]], [[Korean painting|Korean]], and [[Japanese painting]] it has been the dominant medium, often in monochrome black or browns. India, [[Ethiopia]] and other countries also have long traditions. [[Finger-painting]] with watercolor paints originated in [[China]]. There are various types of watercolors used by artists. Some examples are pan watercolors, liquid watercolors, watercolor brush pens, and [[Pencil|watercolor pencils]]. Watercolor pencils (water-soluble color pencils) may be used either wet or dry. === Gouache === [[File:Rudolf Reschreiter Blick von der Höllentalangerhütte zum Höllentalgletscher und den Riffelwandspitzen 1921.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rudolf Reschreiter]], ''Blick von der Höllentalangerhütte zum Höllentalgletscher und den Riffelwandspitzen'', Gouache (1921)]] [[Gouache]] is a water-based paint consisting of pigment and other materials designed to be used in an opaque painting method. Gouache differs from [[watercolor painting|watercolor]] in that the particles are larger, the ratio of pigment to water is much higher, and an additional, inert, white pigment such as [[chalk]] is also present. This makes gouache heavier and more opaque, with greater reflective qualities. Like all water media, it is diluted with water.<ref name="wash_gou">Cohn, Marjorie B., ''Wash and Gouache'', Fogg Museum, 1977.</ref> Gouache was a popular paint utilized by Egyptians,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gouache {{!}} Watercolor, Acrylics, Tempera |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/gouache |website=www.britannica.com |publisher=Britannica |access-date=March 18, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Painters such as [[François Boucher|Francois Boucher]] used this medium. This paint is best applied with sable brushes. === Ceramic Glaze === Glazing is commonly known as a premelted liquid glass. This glaze can be dipped or brushed on. This glaze appears chalky and there is a vast difference between the beginning and finished result. To be activated glazed pottery must be placed in a kiln to be fired. This melts the Silica glass in the glaze and transforms it into a vibrant glossy version of itself.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Grey Fox Pottery |title=The History of Ceramic Glaze |date=4 August 2023 |url=https://greyfoxpottery.com/coffee-mugs/the-history-of-ceramic-glaze}}</ref><ref>"Ceramic glaze." Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ceramic%20glaze. Accessed 19 Mar. 2024.</ref> === Ink === [[File:Landscapes of the Four Seasons.jpg|thumb|[[Sesshū Tōyō]], ''Landscapes of the Four Seasons'' (1486), ink and light color on paper ]] Ink paintings are done with a liquid that contains pigments or [[dye]]s and is used to color a surface to produce an image, [[writing|text]], or [[design]]. Ink is used for drawing with a [[pen]], [[brush]], or [[quill]]. Ink can be a complex medium, composed of [[solvent]]s, pigments, dyes, [[resin]]s, [[lubricant]]s, solubilizers, [[surfactant]]s, [[suspended solids|particulate matter]], [[fluorescent|fluorescers]], and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives control flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry. === Enamel === [[File:Waddesdon bequest British Museum DSCF9814 05.JPG|thumb|[[Jean de Court]] (attributed), painted [[Limoges enamel]] dish in detail (mid-16th century), [[Waddesdon Bequest]], [[British Museum]]]] [[Vitreous enamel|Enamels]] are made by painting a substrate, typically metal, with powdered glass; minerals called color oxides provide coloration. After firing at a temperature of 750–850 degrees Celsius (1380–1560 degrees Fahrenheit), the result is a fused lamination of glass and metal. Unlike most painted techniques, the surface can be handled and wetted. Enamels have traditionally been used for decoration of precious objects,<ref>Mayer, Ralph,''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking, 1970, p. 375.</ref> but have also been used for other purposes. [[Limoges enamel]] was the leading centre of Renaissance enamel painting, with small religious and mythological scenes in decorated surrounds, on plaques or objects such as [[Salt cellar|salts]] or caskets. In the 18th century, enamel painting enjoyed a vogue in Europe, especially as a medium for [[portrait miniature]]s.<ref>McNally, Rika Smith, "Enamel", ''Oxford Art Online''</ref> In the late 20th century, the technique of porcelain enamel on metal has been used as a durable medium for outdoor murals.<ref>Mayer, Ralph, ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking, 1970, p. 371.</ref> === Tempera === [[File:Sandro Botticelli - La nascita di Venere - Google Art Project - edited.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sandro Botticelli]], ''[[The Birth of Venus]]'', Tempera (1485–1486)]] [[File:The Three Graces, by Peter Paul Rubens, from Prado in Google Earth.jpg|thumb|The Three Graces (1636–1638). Museo del Prado, Madrid]] [[Tempera]], also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble [[Binder (material)|binder]] medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other [[Sizing|size]]). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium. Tempera paintings are very long-lasting, and examples from the first centuries CE still exist. Egg tempera was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of [[oil painting]]. A paint commonly called tempera (though it is not) consisting of pigment and glue size is commonly used and referred to by some manufacturers in America as [[poster paint]]. === Fresco === [[File:Meister von Mileseva 001.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''[[White Angel]]'' (fresco, c. 1235), Mileševa monastery, Serbia]] [[Fresco]] is any of several related [[mural]] painting types, done on [[plaster]] on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes from the [[Italian language|Italian]] word ''affresco'' {{IPA|[afˈfresːko]}}, which derives from the Latin word for ''fresh''. Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods. ''[[Buon fresco]]'' technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh [[Mortar (masonry)#Lime mortar|lime mortar]] or [[plaster]], for which the Italian word for plaster, [[intonaco]], is used. ''[[A secco]]'' painting, in contrast, is done on dry plaster (''secco'' is "dry" in Italian). The pigments require a binding medium, such as [[egg (food)|egg]] ([[tempera]]), glue or [[oil painting|oil]] to attach the pigment to the wall. === Oil === [[File:Honoré Daumier 008.jpg|thumb|[[Honoré Daumier]], ''The Painter'' (1808–1879), oil on panel with visible brushstrokes]] [[Oil painting]] is the process of painting with [[pigments]] that are bound with a medium of [[drying oil]], such as [[linseed oil]], [[poppyseed oil]] which was widely used in early modern Europe. Often the oil was boiled with a resin such as pine resin or even [[frankincense]]; these were called 'varnishes' and were prized for their body and gloss. Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. The transition began with [[Early Netherlandish painting]] in northern Europe, and by the height of the [[Renaissance]] oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced [[tempera]] paints in the majority of Europe. === Pastel === [[File:Louis15-1.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Maurice Quentin de La Tour]], ''Portrait of Louis XV of France'' (1748), pastel]] [[Pastel]] is a painting medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment and a binder.<ref>Mayer, Ralph (1970), ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking. p. 312.</ref> The pigments used in pastels are the same as those used to produce all colored art media, including [[oil paint]]s; the binder is of a neutral hue and low [[Colorfulness#Saturation|saturation]]. The color effect of pastels is closer to the natural dry pigments than that of any other process.<ref>Mayer, Ralph (1971). ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques''. Viking Adult; 5th ed. {{ISBN|0670837016}}</ref> Because the surface of a pastel painting is fragile and easily smudged, its preservation requires protective measures such as framing under glass; it may also be sprayed with a [[fixative (drawing)|fixative]]. Nonetheless, when made with permanent pigments and properly cared for, a pastel painting may endure unchanged for centuries. Pastels are not susceptible, as are paintings made with a fluid medium, to the cracking and discoloration that result from changes in the color, opacity, or dimensions of the medium as it dries. === Acrylic === [[File:Jungle Arc.jpg|thumb|[[Ray Burggraf]], ''Jungle Arc'' (1998), acrylic paint on wood]] [[Acrylic paint]] is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in [[acrylic resin|acrylic]] polymer [[emulsion]]. Acrylic paints can be diluted with water but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted (with water) or modified with acrylic gels, media, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a [[watercolor painting|watercolor]] or an [[oil painting]], or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media. The main practical difference between most acrylics and oil paints is the inherent drying time.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=artincontext |date=2021-08-22 |title=Watercolor vs. Acrylic - The Difference Between Watercolor and Acrylic |url=https://artincontext.org/watercolor-vs-acrylic/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=artincontext.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Oils allow for more time to blend colors and apply even glazes over under-paintings. This slow drying aspect of oil can be seen as an advantage for certain techniques but may also impede the artist's ability to work quickly. Another difference is that watercolors must be painted onto a porous surface, primarily watercolor paper. Acrylic paints can be used on many different surfaces.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Understanding drying times for acrylic paints |url=https://www.winsornewton.com/row/education/guides/understanding-the-drying-times-for-acrylic-paints/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Winsor & Newton - ROW |language=en-GB}}</ref> Both acrylic and watercolor are easy to clean up with water. Acrylic paint should be cleaned with soap and water immediately following use. Watercolor paint can be cleaned with just water.<ref>Watercolor vs Acrylic [https://www.rayeoflightstudio.com/watercolor-vs-acrylic/] accessed August 21, 2020</ref><ref name="Appellof92">{{cite book |author=Appellof, M.E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2HeUJFqfzsC |title=Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Watercolor |publisher=Watson-Guptill Publications |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-823-05649-1 |pages=399–}}</ref><ref>Why WaterColor [https://www.theartistsroad.net/articles/whywatercolor] accessed August 21, 2020</ref> Between 1946 and 1949, [[Leonard Bocour]] and [[Sam Golden]] invented a solution acrylic paint under the brand [[Magna paint]]. These were [[Mineral spirits|mineral spirit]]-based paints. Water-based acrylic paints were subsequently sold as [[latex]] house paints.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sickler |first=Dean |date=Spring 2002 |title=Water-based Alchemy by Dean Sickler |url=http://dundean.com/tips_what_is_latex_paint.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829153753/http://dundean.com/tips_what_is_latex_paint.shtml |archive-date=August 29, 2012 |access-date=August 11, 2012 |website=Dundean.com}}</ref> In 1963, George Rowney (part of [[Daler-Rowney]] since 1983) was the first manufacturer to introduce artists' acrylic paints in Europe, under the brand name "Cryla".<ref name="Art Materials">{{cite web |date=2012-02-15 |title=Art Materials |url=http://www.daler-rowney.com/ |access-date=2013-02-05 |publisher=Daler Rowney}}</ref> Acrylics are the most common paints used in [[grattage]], a surrealist technique that began to be used with the advent of this type of paint. Acrylics are used for this purpose because they easily scrape or peel from a surface.<ref>Grattage [http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Grattage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904065444/http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Grattage|date=2010-09-04}} Art Techniques accessed December 08, 2010</ref> === Spray paint === [[Aerosol paint]] (also called spray paint)<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/aerosol-dispenser |title=Aerosol Dispenser |date=2018}}{{failed verification|date=August 2025}}</ref> is a type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized container and is released in a fine spray mist when depressing a [[valve]] button. A form of [[spray painting]], [[aerosol]] paint leaves a smooth, evenly coated surface. Standard sized cans are portable, inexpensive and easy to store<!--, unlike _industrial painters_ or artist [[airbrush]]es-->. Aerosol [[Primer (paint)|primer]] can be applied directly to bare metal and many plastics. Speed, portability and permanence also make aerosol paint a common [[graffiti]] medium. In the late 1970s, street graffiti writers' signatures and murals became more elaborate, and a unique style developed as a factor of the aerosol medium and the speed required for illicit work. Many now recognize graffiti and street art as a unique art form and specifically manufactured aerosol paints are made for the graffiti artist. A [[stencil]] protects a surface, except the specific shape to be painted. Stencils can be purchased as movable letters, ordered as professionally cut [[logo]]s or hand-cut by artists. === Water miscible oil paint === [[Water miscible oil paint]]s (also called "water soluble" or "water-mixable") is a modern variety of [[oil paint]] engineered to be thinned and cleaned up with water,<ref>{{Cite web |title=RX Series Alkyd Emulsifiers |url=https://ethox.com/rx-series-alkyd-emulsifiers/ |access-date=2021-04-26 |website=Ethox |language=en-US |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426140405/https://ethox.com/rx-series-alkyd-emulsifiers/ }}</ref><ref name="Dye2001">{{cite book |author=Sean Dye |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPa8JyQkmgMC |title=Painting with Water-Soluble Oils |date=15 June 2001 |publisher=North Light Books |isbn=1-58180-033-9 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> rather than having to use chemicals such as [[turpentine]]. It can be mixed and applied using the same techniques as traditional oil-based paint, but while still wet it can be effectively removed from brushes, palettes, and rags with ordinary soap and water. Its water solubility comes from the use of an [[oil]] medium in which one end of the [[molecule]] has been altered to bind loosely to water molecules, as in a [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]].<ref name="cold_oil">H. Gluck, "The Impermanences of Painting in Relation to Artists' Materials", ''Journal of the Royal Society of Arts'', Volume CXII 1964</ref> === Sand === {{Main|Sandpainting}} Sandpainting is the art of pouring coloured sands, and powdered pigments from minerals or crystals, or pigments from other natural or synthetic sources onto a surface to make a fixed or unfixed sand painting. === Digital painting === {{Main|Digital painting}} Digital painting is a method of creating an art object (painting) digitally or a technique for making digital art on the computer. As a method of creating an art object, it adapts traditional painting medium such as [[acrylic paint]], [[Oil paint|oils]], [[ink]], [[watercolor]], etc. and applies the pigment to traditional carriers, such as woven canvas cloth, paper, polyester, etc. by means of [[software]] driving [[industrial robot]]ic or office machinery (printers). As a technique, it refers to a [[computer graphics]] software program that uses a [[virtuality|virtual]] canvas and virtual painting box of brushes, colors, and other supplies. The virtual box contains many instruments that do not exist outside the computer, and which give a [[digital art]]work a different look and feel from an artwork that is made the traditional way. Furthermore, digital painting is not 'computer-generated' art as the computer does not automatically create images on the screen using some mathematical calculations. On the other hand, the artist uses his own painting technique to create a particular piece of work on the computer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.turningpointarts.com/what-is-digital-painting/|title=What is digital painting?|date=1 November 2008|work=Turning Point Arts|access-date=17 May 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505040853/http://www.turningpointarts.com/what-is-digital-painting|url-status=live}}</ref> === Other media === Bodily fluids have been used as painting media. [[Andy Warhol]] produced his ''Oxidization'' series by covering canvases with metallic paint and having his assistants and friends urinate on the still-wet paint.<ref>[https://www.warhol.org/conservation/oxidation-paintings/ Oxidation Paintings], The Andy Warhol Museum. Retrieved 18 March 2024.</ref> Blood from menstrual periods has been used to paint images.<ref>Green-Cole, Ruth. "Painting Blood: Visualizing Menstrual Blood in Art." The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies [Internet], U.S. National Library of Medicine, 25 July 2020, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565646/. </ref> Sarah Maple, a contemporary artist, has used her menstrual blood to create portraits to help erase the taboo covering the topic of periods.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} == Painting styles == {{Main|Style (visual arts)}} ''Style'' is used in two senses: It can refer to the distinctive visual elements, techniques, and methods that typify an ''individual'' artist's work. It can also refer to the [[Art movement|movement]] or school that an artist is associated with. This can stem from an actual group that the artist was consciously involved with or it can be a category in which art historians have placed the painter. The word 'style' in the latter sense has fallen out of favor in academic discussions about contemporary painting, though it continues to be used in popular contexts. Such movements or classifications include the following: <!--When the section below is fully fleshed out, we might end up duplicating the History of painting article...this might be OK if this section is substantially shorter than the History of painting article! --> === Western === ==== Modernism ==== [[Modernism]] describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated [[cultural movement]]s, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to [[Western culture|Western society]] in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of [[Realism (arts)|realism]].<ref name="Barth79Replenishment">[[John Barth|Barth, John]] (1979) ''[[The Literature of Replenishment]]'', later republished in ''[[The Friday Book]]'' (1984).</ref><ref name="Graff75">[[Gerald Graff|Graff, Gerald]] (1975) ''Babbitt at the Abyss: The Social Context of Postmodern. American Fiction'', [[TriQuarterly]], No. 33 (Spring 1975), pp. 307–37; reprinted in Putz and Freese, eds., Postmodernism and American Literature.</ref> The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization, and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social, and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized world. A salient characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness. This often led to experiments with form, and work that draws attention to the processes and materials used (and to the further tendency of abstraction).<ref>Gardner, Helen, Horst De la Croix, Richard G. Tansey, and Diane Kirkpatrick. ''Gardner's Art Through the Ages'' (San Diego: [[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]], 1991). {{ISBN|0155037706}}. p. 953.</ref> ==== Impressionism ==== [[File:Monet - Impression, Sunrise.jpg|thumb|[[Claude Monet]]'s 1872 ''[[Impression, Sunrise]]'' inspired the name of [[Impressionism|the movement]]]] The first example of modernism in painting was [[impressionism]], a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors (''[[en plein air]]''). Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, but instead see light itself. The school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners and became increasingly influential. Initially rejected from the most important commercial show of the time, the government-sponsored [[Paris Salon]], the [[Impressionists]] organized yearly group exhibitions in commercial venues during the 1870s and 1880s, timing them to coincide with the official Salon. A significant event of 1863 was the [[Salon des Refusés]], created by [[Napoleon III of France|Emperor Napoleon III]] to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon. ==== Abstract styles ==== [[Abstract art|Abstract painting]] uses a [[visual language]] of form, colour and line to create a composition that may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Rudolph Arnheim|last=Arnheim|first= Rudolf|date= 1969|title=Visual Thinking|publisher = University of California Press|isbn = 0-520-24226-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Key|first1=Joan|title=Future Use: Abstract Painting|journal=Third Text|date=September 2009|volume=23|issue=5|pages=557–63|doi=10.1080/09528820903184666|s2cid=144061791}}</ref> [[Abstract expressionism]] was an American post-[[World War II]] [[art movement]] that combined the emotional intensity and self-denial of the German [[expressionism|Expressionists]] with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools—such as [[Futurism (art)|Futurism]], [[Bauhaus]] and [[Cubism]], and the image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, nihilistic.<ref>Shapiro, David/Cecile (2000): Abstract Expressionism. The politics of apolitical painting. p. 189-90 In: Frascina, Francis (2000): Pollock and After. The critical debate. 2nd ed. London: Routledge</ref> [[Action painting]], sometimes called ''gestural abstraction'', is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://painting.about.com/od/artglossarya/g/defactionpaint.htm | title = ''Art Glossary: Action Painting'' | access-date = 20 August 2006 | last = Boddy-Evans | first = Marion | publisher = About.com | archive-date = 12 March 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070312224234/http://painting.about.com/od/artglossarya/g/defactionpaint.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> The resulting work often emphasizes the physical act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist. The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early 1960s and is closely associated with [[abstract expressionism]] (some critics have used the terms "action painting" and "abstract expressionism" interchangeably). Other modernist styles include: * [[Color Field]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[Hard-edge painting]] * [[Pop art]] ==== Outsider art ==== The term [[outsider art]] was coined by [[art critic]] Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for art brut ({{IPA|fr|aʁ bʁyt|lang}}, "raw art" or "rough art"), a label created by [[France|French]] [[artist]] [[Jean Dubuffet]] to describe [[art]] created outside the boundaries of official culture; Dubuffet focused particularly on art by [[Psychiatric hospital|insane-asylum]] inmates.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cardinal|first= Roger|title=Outsider Art|location= London|date= 1972|publisher = Studio Vista |isbn = 978-0-289-70168-3 }}</ref> Outsider art has emerged as a successful art marketing category (an annual Outsider Art Fair has taken place in New York since 1992). The term is sometimes misapplied as a catch-all marketing label for art created by people outside the mainstream "art world", regardless of their circumstances or the content of their work. ==== Photorealism ==== [[Photorealism]] is the genre of painting based on using the camera and photographs to gather information and then from this information, creating a painting that appears to be very realistic like a [[photograph]]. The term is primarily applied to paintings from the United States [[art movement]] that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As a full-fledged art movement, Photorealism evolved from [[Pop Art]]<ref name="Supperrealist Pop Art">Lindey, Christine ''Superrealist Painting and Sculpture,'' William Morrow and Company, New York, 1980, pp. 27–33.</ref><ref name="Chase, Linda 2002. pp 14-15">Chase, Linda, Photorealism at the Millennium, ''The Not-So-Innocent Eye: Photorealism in Context.'' Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York, 2002. pp. 14–15.</ref><ref>[[Nochlin, Linda]], The Realist Criminal and the Abstract Law II, ''Art in America''. 61 (November – December 1973), P. 98.</ref> and as a counter to [[Abstract Expressionism]]. [[Hyperrealism (painting)|Hyperrealism]] is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high-resolution [[photograph]]. [[Hyperrealism (painting)|Hyperrealism]] is a fully-fledged school of [[art]] and can be considered an advancement of Photorealism by the methods used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures. The term is primarily applied to an independent art movement and art style in the United States and Europe that has developed since the early 2000s.<ref>Bredekamp, Horst, Hyperrealism – One Step Beyond. Tate Museum, Publishers, UK. 2006. p. 1</ref> ==== Surrealism ==== [[Surrealism]] is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s and is best known for the artistic and literary production of those affiliated with the [[Surrealist Movement]]. Surrealist artworks feature the element of surprise, the uncanny, the unconscious, unexpected juxtapositions and [[Non sequitur (literary device)|non-sequitur]]; however, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader [[André Breton]] was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the [[Dada]] activities of [[World War I]] and the most important center of the movement was [[Paris]]. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the [[visual art]]s, [[literature]], [[film]] and [[music]] of many countries, as well as [[politics|political]] thought and practice, [[philosophy]] and [[social theory]]. {{See also|Outline of painting#Styles of painting}} === East Asian === * [[File:Immortal in Splashed Ink.jpg|thumb|[[Liang Kai]]'', Drunken Celestial'' (12th century), ink on [[Xuan paper]]]] [[File:MET DP153920.jpg|thumb|[[Yun Bing]], ''Album Leaf'' (17th century), ink and color on paper]]'''[[Chinese painting|Chinese]]''' ** [[Tang Dynasty painting|Tang Dynasty]] ** [[Ming Dynasty painting|Ming Dynasty]] ** [[Shan shui]] ** [[Ink and wash painting]] ** [[Bird-and-flower painting|Hua niao]] ** [[Southern School]] *** [[Zhe school (painting)|Zhe School]] *** [[Wu School]] ** [[History of Chinese art#Contemporary Art|Contemporary]] * '''[[Japanese painting|Japanese]]''' ** [[Yamato-e]] ** [[Rimpa school]] ** [[Emakimono]] ** [[Kanō school]] ** [[Shijō school]] ** [[Superflat]] * '''[[Korean painting|Korean]]''' === Southeast Asia === * '''[[Indonesian painting|Indonesian]]''' === Islamic === * [[Arabic miniature]] * [[Ottoman miniature]] * [[Persian miniature]] * [[Calligraphy]] === Indian === ==== Miniature painting ==== Miniature paintings were the primary form of painting in pre-colonial India. These were done on a special paper (known as wasli) using mineral and natural colours. Miniature painting is not one style but a group of several styles of schools of painting such as Mughal, Pahari, Rajasthani, Company style etc. '''[[Mughal painting|Mughal miniature painting]]''' is a particular style of [[South Asia]]n, particularly North Indian (more specifically, modern day India and Pakistan), painting confined to [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniatures]] either as book illustrations or as single works to be kept in albums ([[muraqqa]]). It emerged<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughal Painting – Evolution & History, Features & Prominent Artists |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/mughal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102715/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/mughal.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net |language=en}}</ref> from [[Persian miniature]] painting (itself partly of [[Chinese painting|Chinese origin]]) and developed in the court of the [[Mughal Empire]] of the 16th to 18th centuries. Mughal painting immediately took a much greater interest in realistic portraiture than was typical of Persian miniatures. Animals and plants were the main subject of many miniatures for albums, and were more realistically depicted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2016 |title=Mughal Painting |url=https://selfstudyhistory.com/2016/08/22/mughal-painting-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102703/https://selfstudyhistory.com/2016/08/22/mughal-painting-2/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Self Study History |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Religions – Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110065723/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml |archive-date=10 November 2010 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website= BBC |date=2009 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughal painting |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Mughal-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.britannica.com/art/Mughal-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Maker unknown, India - Krishna and Radha - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''Krishna and Radha'', might be the work of [[Nihâl Chand]], master of Kishangarh school of Rajput Painting]] '''[[Rajasthani painting]]''' evolved and flourished in the royal courts of [[Rajputana]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rājput painting {{!}} Indian art |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Rajput-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.britannica.com/art/Rajput-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> in northern India, mainly during the 17th century. Artists trained in the tradition of the [[Mughal miniature]] were dispersed from the imperial Mughal court, and developed styles also drawing from local traditions of painting, especially those illustrating the Sanskrit Epics, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]''. Subjects varied, but portraits of the ruling family, often engaged in hunting or their daily activities, were generally popular, as were narrative scenes from the epics or [[Hindu mythology]], as well as some [[Genre painting|genre scenes]] of landscapes, and humans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajput Paintings, Rajput Paintings India, Rajput Painting History |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/rajput.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/rajput.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2012 |title=Rajput painting |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/rajput-painting-1345188164-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122104201/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/rajput-painting-1345188164-1 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Jagran Josh}}</ref> '''Punjab Hills or [[Pahari painting]]''' of which Kangra, Guller, Basholi were major sub-styles. Kangra painting is the pictorial art of [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], named after [[Kangra State|Kangra]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], a former [[princely state]], which patronized the art. It became prevalent with the fading of [[Basohli Painting|Basohli school of painting]] in mid-18th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kāngra painting |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Kangra-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102656/https://www.britannica.com/art/Kangra-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bradnock |first1=Robert W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=pligrim+Dharamshala%22&pg=PA512 |title=Footprint India |last2=Bradnock |first2=Roma |date=2004 |publisher=Footprint |isbn=978-1-904777-00-7 |page=512 |language=en |access-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219034009/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=pligrim+Dharamshala%22&pg=PA512 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The focal theme of Kangra painting is Shringar (the erotic sentiment). The subjects are seen in Kangra painting exhibit the taste and the traits of the lifestyle of the society of that period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2021 |title=Kangra Painting – The Delicate Art of the Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/kangra-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/kangra-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Caleidoscope {{!}} Indian Culture, Heritage |language=en-US}}</ref> The artists adopted themes from the love poetry of [[Jayadeva]] and [[Keshavdas|Keshav Das]] who wrote ecstatically of the love of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] with [[Bhakti]] being the driving force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangra Paintings {{!}} District Kangra, Government of Himachal Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://hpkangra.nic.in/gallery/kangra-paintings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://hpkangra.nic.in/gallery/kangra-paintings/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vijay |date=1 November 2020 |title=How love, war and Mughal fine art inspired Kangra painting |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-love-war-and-mughal-fine-art-inspired-kangra-painting/533500/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-love-war-and-mughal-fine-art-inspired-kangra-painting/533500/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Khan Bahadur Khan with men of his clan (6125079998) cropped.jpg|left|thumb|Khan Bahadur Khan with Men of his Clan, c. 1815, from the Fraser Album, Company Style]]'''Company style''' is a term for a hybrid Indo-European style of paintings made in India by Indian artists, many of whom worked for European patrons in the [[British East India Company]] or other foreign Companies in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company Painting in Nineteenth-Century India &#124; Essay &#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History &#124; the Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220030814/https://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm |archive-date=20 December 2017 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.metmuseum.org|date=October 2004 }}</ref> Three distinct styles of Company Painting emerged in three British Power Centres – [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and [[Madras]]. The subject matter of company paintings made for western patrons was often documentary rather than imaginative, and as a consequence, the Indian artists were required to adopt a more naturalistic approach to painting than had traditionally been usual.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company Paintings – Capturing an Era |url=https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/9__Tavern_Scene-scaled.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/9__Tavern_Scene-scaled.jpg |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Live History India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Victoria and Albert Museum |first=Digital Media |date=16 November 2012 |title=Indian company paintings |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/indian-company-paintings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102700/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/indian-company-paintings/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.vam.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> The '''Sikh style''' and [[Deccan painting|'''Deccan style''']] are other prominent Miniature painting styles of India. ==== Pichwai painting ==== [[Pichhwai|Pichwai paintings]] are paintings on textile and usually depicting stories from the life of Lord Krishna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=The colourful tradition of Indian Pichwai Painting |url=https://indianartspalace.in/the-colorful-tradition-of-indian-pichwai-paintings/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> These were made in large format and often used as a backdrop to the main idol in temples or homes. Pichwai paintings were made and are still made mainly in Rajasthan, India. However very few were made in the Deccan region, but these are extremely rare. The purpose of pichhwais, other than artistic appeal, is to narrate tales of Krishna to the illiterate. Temples have sets with different images, which are changed according to the [[Shrinathji#Festivals and rituals at the temple|calendar of festivals celebrating the deity]].<ref>Blurton, 142-143</ref> ==== Folk and tribal art ==== Pattachitra is a general term for traditional, cloth-based [[scroll]] painting, based in the eastern Indian [[States and territories of India|states]] of [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parampara Project {{!}} Pata Chitra|url=https://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|access-date=22 November 2021|website=www.paramparaproject.org|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219040030/https://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Pattachitra painting tradition is closely linked with the worship of Lord [[Jagannath]] in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daricha Foundation|url=http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|access-date=22 November 2021|website=www.daricha.org|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|url-status=live}}</ref> The subject matter of Pattachitra is limited to religious themes. Patachitra artform is known for its intricate details as well as mythological narratives and folktales inscribed in it. All colours used in the Paintings are natural and paintings are made fully old traditional way by Chitrakaras that is Odiya Painter. Pattachitra style of painting is one of the oldest and most popular art forms of [[Odisha]]. Patachitras are a component of an ancient [[Bengalis|Bengali]] narrative art, originally serving as a visual device during the performance of a song.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2015|title=Myths and Folktales in the Patachitra Art of Bengal: Tradition and Modernity|url=https://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|access-date=22 November 2021|website=The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design|language=en-US|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102700/https://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=15 June 2016|title=Orissa Pattachitra –|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece|access-date=22 November 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=says|first=Conrad Comrie|date=26 April 2017|title=Patachitra: Ancient scroll painting of Bengal|url=https://mediaindia.eu/culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Media India Group|language=en|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122154252/https://mediaindia.eu/culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|url-status=live}}</ref> Madhubani Art is a style of [[Indian painting]], practiced in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of India and Nepal. The style is characterized by complex geometrical patterns, these paintings are famous for representing ritual content used for particular occasions like festivals, religious rituals etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhubani (Mithila) Painting – History, Designs & Artists |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/madhubani.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/madhubani.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net |language=en}}</ref> [[Warli painting|Warli]] is another folk tribal art form from India. ==== Bengal School ==== The Bengal School<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi|url=http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp|access-date=22 November 2021|website=ngmaindia.gov.in|archive-date=22 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022113236/http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> was an [[art movement]] and a style of [[Indian painting]] that originated in [[Bengal]], primarily [[Kolkata]] and [[Shantiniketan]], and flourished throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]], during the [[British Raj]] in the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2022 |title=Bengal School Painting – The transition to Modernism |url=https://indianartspalace.in/bengal-school-painting/ |access-date=10 August 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> The Bengal school arose as an [[avant garde]] and nationalist movement reacting against the [[academic art]] styles previously promoted in India, both by Indian artists such as [[Raja Ravi Varma]] and in British art schools. The school wanted to establish a distinct Indian style which celebrated the indigenous cultural heritage. In an attempt to reject colonial aesthetics, [[Abanindranath Tagore]] also turned to China and Japan with the intent of promoting a pan-Asian aesthetic and incorporated elements from Far Eastern art, such as the [[Ink wash painting|Japanese wash technique]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengal School of Art|url=https://www.artsy.net/gene/bengal-school-of-art|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artsy|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.artsy.net/gene/bengal-school-of-art|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How the Bengal School of Art Changed Colonial India's Art Landscape|url=https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/how-the-bengal-school-of-art-changed-colonial-indias-art-landscape |date=February 27, 2017 |access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artisera|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/how-the-bengal-school-of-art-changed-colonial-indias-art-landscape|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 August 2012|title=Bengal School of Art|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/bengal-school-of-art-1345270637-1|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Jagran Josh|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/bengal-school-of-art-1345270637-1|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Others ==== [[File:Mysore Painting.jpg|left|thumb|upright|19th Century Mysore Painting of Goddess [[Saraswathi]] ]] * Mysore painting is an important form of classical [[South India]]n painting that originated in and around the town of [[Mysore]] in [[Karnataka]] encouraged and nurtured by the Mysore rulers. Mysore paintings are known for their elegance, muted colours, and attention to detail. The themes for most of these paintings are [[Hindu]] gods and goddesses and scenes from [[Hindu mythology]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mysore Paintings {{!}} Buy Mysore School Paintings {{!}} Shop Online at Artisera|url=https://www.artisera.com/collections/mysore-paintings|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artisera|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.artisera.com/collections/mysore-paintings|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Samikshavad]] * [[Tanjore painting|Tanjore]] * [[Kerala mural painting]] === African === * [[Egyptian painting]] * [[Ethiopian painting]] * [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]] === Contemporary art === <!-- It seems that some of the art forms listed here are not painting forms--for example video art --> {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin:auto; width:100%; border:0 solid #e5ffec; background:#=#e5ffec;" |- | style="vertical-align:top; width:17%;"| === 1950s === * [[Abstract Expressionism]] * [[American Figurative Expressionism]] * [[Bay Area Figurative Movement]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[New York Figurative Expressionism]] * [[New York School (art)|New York School]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1960s === * [[Abstract expressionism]] * [[American Figurative Expressionism]] * [[Abstract Imagists]] * [[Bay Area Figurative Movement]] * [[Color field]] * [[Computer art]] * [[Conceptual art]] * [[Fluxus]] * [[Happening]]s * [[Hard-edge painting]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[Minimalism]] * [[Neo-figurative]] * [[Neo-Dada]] * [[New York School (art)|New York School]] * [[Nouveau Réalisme]] * [[Op Art]] * [[Performance art]] * [[Pop Art]] * [[Postminimalism]] * [[Washington Color School]] * [[Kinetic art]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1970s === * [[Arte Povera]] * [[Ascii Art]] * [[Bad Painting]] * [[Body art]] * [[Artist's book]] * [[Feminist art]] * [[Installation art]] * [[Land Art]] * [[Lowbrow (art movement)]] * [[Photorealism]] * [[Postminimalism]] * [[Process Art]] * [[Video art]] * [[Funk art]] * [[Pattern and Decoration]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1980s === * [[Appropriation art]] * [[Culture jamming]] * [[Demoscene]] * [[Electronic art]] * [[Figuration Libre]] * [[Graffiti Art]] * [[Live Art (art form)|Live art]] * [[Mail art]] * [[Postmodern art]] * [[Neo-conceptual art]] * [[Neo-expressionism]] * [[Neo-pop]] * [[Sound art]] * [[Transgressive art]] * [[Video installation]] * [[Institutional Critique]] * [[Neogeo (art)|NeoGeo]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1990s === * [[Bio art]] * [[Cyberarts]] * [[Cynical Realism]] * [[Digital Art]] * [[Information art]] * [[Internet art]] * [[Massurrealism]] * [[Maximalism]] * [[Transpressionism]] * [[New media art]] * [[Software art]] * [[New European Painting]] * [[Young British Artists]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 2000s === * [[Digital painting|Digital Painting]] * [[Hyperrealism (visual arts)|Hyperrealism]] * [[Classical Realism]] * [[Relational art]] * [[Street art]] * [[Stuckism]] * [[Superflat]] * [[Pseudorealism]] * [[Videogame art]] * [[Superstroke]] * [[VJ (video performance artist)|VJ art]] * [[Virtual art]] |} == Types of painting == [[File:Bodegón de recipientes (Zurbarán).jpg|thumb|[[Francisco de Zurbarán]], ''Still Life with Pottery Jars'' ({{langx|es|Bodegón de recipientes}}) (1636), oil on canvas, 46 x 84&nbsp;cm, [[Museo del Prado]], [[Madrid]]]] === Allegory === [[Allegory]] is a [[Figurative art|figurative]] [[Mode (literature)|mode]] of representation conveying meaning other than the literal. Allegory communicates its message by means of [[symbol]]ic figures, actions, or symbolic representation. Allegory is generally treated as a figure of [[rhetoric]], but an allegory does not have to be expressed in [[language]]: it may be addressed to the eye and is often found in realistic painting. An example of a simple visual allegory is the image of the [[Personifications of death|grim reaper]]. Viewers understand that the image of the grim reaper is a symbolic representation of death. === Bodegón === [[File:Reza Abbasi - Two Lovers (1630).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Reza Abbasi]], ''Two Lovers'' (1630)]] In [[Spanish art]], a [[bodegón]] is a [[still life]] painting depicting pantry items, such as victuals, game, and drink, often arranged on a simple stone slab, and also a painting with one or more figures, but significant still life elements, typically set in a kitchen or tavern. Starting in the [[Baroque]] period, such paintings became popular in Spain in the second quarter of the 17th century. The tradition of still life painting appears to have started and was far more popular in the contemporary [[Low Countries]], today Belgium and [[Netherlands]] (then Flemish and Dutch artists), than it ever was in [[southern Europe]]. [[Dutch Golden Age painting#Still lifes|Northern still lifes]] had many subgenres: the ''breakfast piece'' was augmented by the ''[[trompe-l'œil]]'', the ''flower bouquet'', and the ''[[vanitas]]''. In Spain, there were much fewer patrons for this sort of thing, but a type of ''breakfast piece'' did become popular, featuring a few objects of food and tableware laid on a table. === Figure painting === A [[figure painting]] is a [[work of art]] in any of the painting media with the primary subject being the human figure, whether clothed or [[Nude (art)|nude]]. Figure painting may also refer to the activity of creating such a work. The human figure has been one of the contrast subjects of art since the first Stone Age cave paintings and has been reinterpreted in various styles throughout history.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Droste|first1=Flip|title=Cave Paintings of the Early Stone Age|journal=Semiotica|date=October 2014|volume=2014|issue=202|pages=155–165|doi=10.1515/sem-2014-0035|s2cid=170631343}}</ref> Some artists well known for figure painting are [[Peter Paul Rubens]], [[Edgar Degas]], and [[Édouard Manet]]. === Illustration painting === [[Illustration]] paintings are those used as illustrations in books, magazines, and theater or movie [[posters]] and comic books. Today, there is a growing interest in collecting and admiring the original artwork. Various museum exhibitions, magazines, and art galleries have devoted space to the illustrators of the past. In the visual art world, illustrators have sometimes been considered less important in comparison with fine artists and [[graphic designer]]s. But as the result of [[computer game]] and comic industry growth, illustrations are becoming valued as popular and profitable artworks that can acquire a wider market than the other two, especially in [[Korea]], Japan, [[Hong Kong]] and the United States. The illustrations of medieval [[codices]] were known as [[Illuminated manuscript|illuminations]], and were individually hand-drawn and painted. With the invention of the [[printing press]] during the 15th century, [[books]] became more widely distributed, and often illustrated with [[woodcuts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What Is an Illuminated Manuscript? |url=https://www.nga.gov/conservation/paper/manuscript-project.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004050635/https://www.nga.gov/conservation/paper/manuscript-project.html |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=National Gallery of Art}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2010 |title=Heavenly Craft: The Woodcut in Early Printed Books |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/heavenlycraft/heavenly-15th.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020234750/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/heavenlycraft/heavenly-15th.html |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> In [[America]], this led to a "golden age of illustration" from before the 1880s until the early 20th century. A small group of illustrators became highly successful, with the imagery they created considered a portrait of American aspirations of the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The R. Atkinson Fox Society: What Was the Golden Age of Illustration? |url=http://www.rafoxsociety.com/what-was-the-golden-age-of-illustration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414063829/http://www.rafoxsociety.com/what-was-the-golden-age-of-illustration/ |archive-date=2015-04-14 |access-date=2015-04-08}}</ref> Among the best-known illustrators of that period were [[N. C. Wyeth|N.C. Wyeth]] and [[Howard Pyle]] of the [[Brandywine School]], [[James Montgomery Flagg]], [[Elizabeth Shippen Green]], [[J. C. Leyendecker]], [[Violet Oakley]], [[Maxfield Parrish]], [[Jessie Willcox Smith]], and [[John Rea Neill]]. In [[France]], on 1905, the Contemporary Book Society commissioned [[Paul Jouve]] to illustrate [[Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book|Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book]]. Paul Jouve will devote ten years to the 130 illustrations of this book which will remain as one of the masterpieces of bibliophilia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Jouve |url=https://www.pauljouve.com/resultats/2021-06-25-sotheby-s-france-128.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215154738/https://www.pauljouve.com/resultats/2021-06-25-sotheby-s-france-128.html |archive-date=2021-12-15 |access-date=2021-12-15}}</ref> === Landscape painting === {{main|Landscape art}} [[File:Andreas Achenbach - Clearing Up—Coast of Sicily - Walters 37116.jpg|left|thumb|[[Andreas Achenbach]], ''Clearing Up, Coast of Sicily'' (1847), [[The Walters Art Museum]]<ref>Achenbach specialized in the "sublime" mode of landscape painting in which man is dwarfed by nature's might and fury.</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]] |url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/19760 |title= Clearing Up—Coast of Sicily |access-date= 18 September 2012 |archive-date= 9 May 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130509233109/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/19760 |url-status= live }}</ref>]] [[Landscape art|Landscape painting]] is a term that covers the depiction of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, lakes, and forests, and especially art where the main subject is a wide view, with its elements arranged into a coherent composition. In other works, landscape backgrounds for figures can still form an important part of the work. The sky is almost always included in the view, and [[weather]] is often an element of the composition. Detailed landscapes as a distinct subject are not found in all artistic traditions and develop when there is already a sophisticated tradition of representing other subjects. The two main traditions spring from [[Western painting]] and [[Chinese art]], going back well over a thousand years in both cases. === Portrait painting === [[File:Abraham Lincoln in the United States Congress by.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ned Bittinger]], ''[[Abraham Lincoln (Bittinger)|Portrait of Abraham Lincoln]] in Congress'' (2004), [[United States Capitol|US Capitol]]]] [[Portrait painting]]s are representations of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, [[Personality type|personality]], and even the mood of the person. The art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially [[Roman sculpture]], where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. One of the best-known portraits in the Western world is [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s painting titled ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', which is thought to be a portrait of [[Lisa del Giocondo|Lisa Gherardini]], the wife of Francesco del Giocondo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |title=Mona Lisa – Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo |publisher=Louvre Museum |date=1503–1519|access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730003620/http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |archive-date=30 July 2014 }}</ref> Warhol was one of the most prolific portrait painters of the 20th century. Warhol's painting ''[[Shot Marilyns|Orange Shot Marilyn]]'' of [[Marilyn Monroe]] is an iconic early example of his work from the 1960s, and [[Prince (painting)|Orange Prince (1984)]] of the pop singer [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] is later example, both exhibiting Warhol's unique graphic style of portraiture.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Andy Warhol Portraits That Changed The World Forever |work=Widewalls |url=https://www.widewalls.ch/10-faces-by-andy-warhol-february-2015/mao-tse-tung-8/ |access-date=2018-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212218/https://www.widewalls.ch/10-faces-by-andy-warhol-february-2015/mao-tse-tung-8/ |archive-date=2018-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Warhol. Marilyn Monroe. 1967 {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/61240 |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts – Andy Warhol Biography |url=http://warholfoundation.org/legacy/biography.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724192941/http://www.warholfoundation.org/legacy/biography.html |archive-date=2010-07-24 |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=warholfoundation.org}}</ref> === Still life === [[File:Otto Marseus van Schrieck - A Forest Floor Still-Life - WGA21061.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Marseus van Schrieck]], ''A Forest Floor Still-Life'' (1666)]] A [[still life]] is a work of [[art]] depicting mostly [[wikt:inanimate|inanimate]] subject matter, typically commonplace objects—which may be either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or human-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so on). With origins in the Middle Ages and Ancient Greek/Roman art, still life paintings give the artist more leeway in the arrangement of design elements within a composition than do paintings of other types of subjects such as [[Landscape art|landscape]] or [[portrait]]ure. Still life paintings, particularly before 1700, often contained religious and allegorical symbolism relating to the objects depicted. Some modern still life breaks the two-dimensional barrier and employs three-dimensional mixed media, and uses found objects, photography, computer graphics, as well as video and sound. === Veduta === A [[veduta]] is a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting of a [[cityscape]] or some other vista. This [[genre]] of [[landscape art|landscape]] originated in [[Flanders]], where artists such as [[Paul Bril]] painted ''vedute'' as early as the 16th century. As the itinerary of the [[Grand Tour]] became somewhat standardized, ''vedute'' of familiar scenes like the Roman Forum or the Grand Canal recalled early ventures to the Continent for aristocratic Englishmen. In the later 19th century, more personal impressions of cityscapes replaced the desire for topographical accuracy, which was satisfied instead by painted [[panorama]]s. == See also == {{Portal|Visual arts|Painting}} * [[20th-century Western painting]] * [[Cobweb painting]] * [[Drawing]] * [[Fine art]] * [[Graphic arts]] * [[Index of painting-related articles]] * [[List of most expensive paintings]] * [[Outline of painting]] * [[Performance art]] * [[Business process outsourcing in China#Painting|Painting outsourcing in China]] * [[Visual arts]] * [[Image]] == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == {{Commons category|Painting}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|painting}} {{Wikisource|Portal:Painting}} * Howard Daniel (1971). ''Encyclopedia of Themes and Subjects in Painting: Mythological, Biblical, Historical, Literary, Allegorical, and Topical''. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc. * W. Stanley Taft Jr. and James W. Mayer (2000). ''The Science of Paintings''. Springer-Verlag. {{Art world}} {{Branches of the visual arts}} {{Humanities}} {{Aesthetics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Painting| ]] [[Category:Painting techniques|*]] [[Category:Works of art]] [[Category:The arts]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:مصوري]] [[زمرو:فن بلحاظ قسم]] rzp9pb9u2qj9nu3lgp1a5thh55f7r3c 376058 376057 2026-05-05T17:21:52Z Ibne maryam 17680 376058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface}} [[File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|''[[Mona Lisa]]'' (1503–1517) by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] is one of the world's most recognizable paintings.]] '''چٽسالي''' نقاشي، مصوري، رنگ سازي، ڪمانگري يا رنگڪاري (painting)، رڱڻ،<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://dic.sindhila.edu.pk/index.php?txtsrch=Painting|title=Painting {{!}} Online Sindhi Dictionaries {{!}} آن لائين سنڌي ڊڪشنريون|website=dic.sindhila.edu.pk|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://sindhyat.com/database/SindhiDictionary/Painting|title=Painting word Sindhi Meaning, devanagari & Roman translation - Sindhi Dictionary|website=sindhyat.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref> رنگي، رنگ يا ٻين وسلين جي ڪنهن سطح تي لاڳاپو آهي. فنيات ۾ اِن اِصطلاح کان عمل (act) ۽ نتيجو، جنهن کي چٽ، يا نقش (a painting) سڏيو ويندو آهي، ٻنهين مان مراد آهي. '''نقاشي''' [[ڪاٺ]]، ٺڪر، يا [[مٽي]]ءَ جي شين تي نقش چٽڻ ۽ سونهن خاطر تصويرون يا لکتون ٺاهڻ جو فن نقاشي سڏبو آهي.<ref>ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.</ref> مصوري هڪ بصري فن آهي، جيڪا رنگ، پينٽ يا ٻيو وچولي مواد کي هڪ مضبوط مٿاڇري تي لاڳو ڪرڻ جي مشق سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |title=Paint – Definition |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=2012 |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172354/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |url-status=live }}</ref> وچولو مواد عام طور تي برش سان بنياد تي لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي. ٻيا اوزار، جهڙوڪ خراد، اسپنج، ايئر برش، فنڪار جون آڱريون، يا هڪ ٽِپڻ واري ٽيڪنڪ جيڪا ڪشش ثقل استعمال ڪري ٿي استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا. فنڪار جيڪو پينٽنگ ٺاهيندو آهي ان کي پينٽر چيو ويندو آهي. فن جي اصطلاح ۾ "پينٽنگ" عمل ۽ عمل جي نتيجي ٻنهي کي بيان ڪري ٿي. پينٽنگ جي سپورٽ ۾ ڀتيون، ڪاغذ، ڪينوس، ڪاٺ، شيشي، لاک، برتن، پتي، ٽامي ۽ ڪنڪريٽ جهڙيون سطحون شامل آهن. پينٽنگ ۾ ريتي، مٽي، ڪاغذ، ڪارڊ بورڊ، اخبار، پلاسٽر، سون جي پتي ۽ حتي پوريون شيون شامل ٿي سگهن ٿيون. پينٽنگ ڊرائنگ، ساخت، اشارو، بيان ۽ تجريد جهڙا عنصر شامل ڪرڻ سان بصري فن جي هڪ اهم شڪل آهي. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Perry|first1=Lincoln|title=The Music of Painting|journal=The American Scholar|date=Summer 2014|volume=83|issue=3|page=85}}</ref> پينٽنگ قدرتي ۽ نمائندگي ڪندڙ، جيئن پورٽريٽ، اسٽل لائف ۽ لينڊ اسڪيپ پينٽنگ ۾ (جيتوڻيڪ اهي صنفون تجريدي پڻ ٿي سگهن ٿيون)، فوٽوگرافي، تجريد، داستان نگاري، علامت نگاري (جيئن علامت نگار آرٽ ۾)، جذباتي (جيئن اظهار پسندي ۾) يا پنهنجي فطرت ۾ سياسي (جيئن آرٽيوزم ۾) ٿي سگهن ٿيون. پينٽنگ جي تاريخ جو هڪ اهم حصو، مشرقي ۽ مغربي آرٽ ٻنهي ۾، مذهبي آرٽ جو غلبو آهي. هن قسم جي پينٽنگ جون مثالون مٽيءَ جي ٿانون تي افسانوي شخصيتن کي ظاهر ڪرڻ واري آرٽ ورڪ کان وٺي، گرجا گهرن جي ڇتن تي بائبل جي منظرن ۽ گوتم ٻڌ جي زندگي جي منظرن يا مشرقي مذهبي اصل جي ٻئي تصويرن ۾ ملي سگهن. == History == {{Main|History of painting}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = left/right/center | footer = | footer_align = left | image2 = Maros_hunting_scene.png | width2 = 180 | caption2 = Redrawing of hunting scene from the Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst | image1 = Pig-deer print paintings in Pettakere Cave, Maros.jpg | width1 = 200 | caption1 = Cave paintings depicting a wild boar hunt in the [[Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst|Maros-Pangkep karst]] of Sulawesi are estimated to be at least 43,900 years old (2014). This finding was recognized as "the oldest known depiction of [[storytelling]] and the earliest instance of figurative art in human history." }} [[File:Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave painting of Bull.jpg|thumb|The depiction of a bull found in the [[Lubang Jeriji Saleh]], [[Indonesia]], in 2018, is the world's oldest known figurative painting. The painting is estimated to have been created around 40,000 to 52,000 years ago, or even earlier.]] The oldest known paintings are more than 40,000-60,000 years old ([[art of the Upper Paleolithic]]) and found in the [[caves in the district of Maros]] ([[Sulawesi]], [[Indonesia]]). The oldest are often constructed from hand stencils and simple geometric shapes.<ref name="Aubert2014">M. Aubert et al., "Pleistocene cave art from Sulawesi, Indonesia", ''Nature'' vol. 514, pp. 223–227 (9 October 2014). "using uranium-series dating of coralloid speleothems directly associated with 12 human hand stencils and two figurative animal depictions from seven cave sites in the Maros karsts of Sulawesi, we show that rock art traditions on this Indonesian island are at least compatible in age with the oldest European art. The earliest dated image from Maros, with a minimum age of 39.9 kyr, is now the oldest known hand stencil in the world. In addition, a painting of a [[Babirusa|babirusa ('pig-deer')]] made at least 35.4 kyr ago is among the earliest dated figurative depictions worldwide, if not the earliest one. Among the implications, it can now be demonstrated that humans were producing rock art by ~40 kyr ago at opposite ends of the Pleistocene Eurasian world."</ref>{{efn|Some hand prints have been found in Tibet and dated about 200,000 years-old.<ref>{{cite web |author= Bob McDonald |date= September 24, 2021 |title= 200,000-year-old handprints may be the world's oldest artwork, scientists say |website= cbc.ca |publisher= CBC Radio |url= https://www.cbc.ca/radio/quirks/200-000-year-old-handprints-may-be-the-world-s-oldest-artwork-scientists-say-1.6188120 |access-date= 2024-05-09 }}</ref> }} [[File:Leang Tedongnge rock art panel credit AA Oktaviana-01.jpg|thumb|In 2021, researchers discovered ancient cave art in Leang Tedongnge, Sulawesi, Indonesia, estimated to be at least 45,500 years old. Depicting a warty pig, this artwork is recognized as the world's oldest known example of figurative or representational art.]] In November 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of [[Lubang Jeriji Saléh]] on the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Borneo]].<ref name="NYT-20181107-cz">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=In Cave in Borneo Jungle, Scientists Find Oldest Figurative Painting in the World – A cave drawing in Borneo is at least 40,000 years old, raising intriguing questions about creativity in ancient societies. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/science/oldest-cave-art-borneo.html |date=7 November 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20181107">{{cite journal |author=Aubert, M.|display-authors=et al |title=Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo |date=7 November 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9 |pmid=30405242 |volume=564 |issue=7735 |pages=254–257 |bibcode=2018Natur.564..254A |s2cid=53208538 }}</ref> In December 2019, cave paintings portraying pig hunting within the [[Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst|Maros-Pangkep karst]] region in [[Sulawesi]] were discovered to be even older, with an estimated age of at least 43,900 years. This finding was recognized as "the oldest known depiction of [[storytelling]] and the earliest instance of figurative art in human history."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubert |first=M. |display-authors=et al. |date=11 December 2019 |title=Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art. |journal=Nature |volume=576 |issue=7787 |pages=442–445 |bibcode=2019Natur.576..442A |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y |pmid=31827284 |s2cid=209311825|hdl=10072/397337 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20191211">{{cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Becky |date=11 December 2019 |title=Mythical Beings May Be Earliest Imaginative Cave Art by Humans – The paintings on an Indonesian island are at least 43,900 years old and depict humanoid figures with animal-like features in a hunting scene. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/11/science/cave-art-indonesia.html |access-date=12 December 2019}}</ref> In 2021, cave art of a pig found in [[Sulawesi]], Indonesia, and dated to over 45,500 years ago, has been reported.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1-link=Adam Brumm|last1=Brumm|first1=Adam|last2=Oktaviana|first2=Adhi Agus|last3=Burhan|first3=Basran|last4=Hakim|first4=Budianto|last5=Lebe|first5=Rustan|last6=Zhao|first6=Jian-xin|last7=Sulistyarto|first7=Priyatno Hadi|last8=Ririmasse|first8=Marlon|last9=Adhityatama|first9=Shinatria|last10=Sumantri|first10=Iwan|last11=Aubert|first11=Maxime|date=2021-01-01|title=Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|article-number=eabd4648|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd4648|issn=2375-2548|pmid=33523879|pmc=7806210|bibcode=2021SciA....7.4648B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20210113">{{cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Becky |title=Pig Painting May Be World's Oldest Cave Art Yet, Archaeologists Say – The depiction of the animal on an Indonesian island is at least 45,500 years old, the researchers say. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/science/cave-painting-indonesia.html |date=January 13, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 14, 2021 }}</ref> On July 3, 2024, the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' published research findings indicating that the cave paintings which depict [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] figures interacting with a pig and measure {{convert|36|by|15|in|cm}} in [[Karampuang cave|Leang Karampuang]] are approximately 51,200 years old, establishing them as the oldest known paintings in the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Oktaviana |first1=Adhi Agus |last2=Joannes-Boyau |first2=Renaud |last3=Hakim |first3=Budianto |last4=Burhan |first4=Basran |last5=Sardi |first5=Ratno |last6=Adhityatama |first6=Shinatria |last7=Hamrullah |last8=Sumantri |first8=Iwan |last9=Tang |first9=M. |last10=Lebe |first10=Rustan |last11=Ilyas |first11=Imran |last12=Abbas |first12=Abdullah |last13=Jusdi |first13=Andi |last14=Mahardian |first14=Dewangga Eka |last15=Noerwidi |first15=Sofwan |date=2024-07-03 |title=Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago |journal=Nature |volume=631 |issue=8022 |pages=814–818 |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07541-7 |issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free |pmid=38961284 |pmc=11269172 |bibcode=2024Natur.631..814O }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Garreth |date=2024-07-04 |title=Oldest example of figurative art found in Indonesian cave |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/07/04/oldest-example-of-figurative-art-found-in-indonesian-cave |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=The Art Newspaper}}</ref> There are examples of [[cave painting]]s all over the world—in [[Indonesia]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Italy]], [[China]], [[Bhimbetka rock shelters|India]], [[Australia]], [[Mexico]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2013/05/130523_pinturas_caverna_mexico_an|title = Milhares de pinturas rupestres são descobertas em cavernas no México|work = BBC News Brasil|language = pt|date = 23 May 2013|access-date = 2 March 2015|archive-date = 12 April 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150412001151/http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/noticias/2013/05/130523_pinturas_caverna_mexico_an|url-status = live}}</ref> etc. In Western cultures, [[oil painting]] and [[watercolor]] painting have rich and complex traditions in style and subject matter. In the East, [[ink]] and color ink historically predominated the choice of media, with equally rich and complex traditions. The invention of photography had a major impact on painting. In the decades after the first [[photograph]] was produced in 1829, [[photography|photographic]] processes improved and became more widely practiced, depriving painting of much of its historic purpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world. A series of art movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries—notably [[Impressionism]], [[Post-Impressionism]], [[Fauvism]], [[Expressionism]], [[Cubism]], and [[Dada]]ism—challenged the [[Renaissance art|Renaissance]] view of the world. Eastern and African painting, however, continued a long history of [[stylization]] and did not undergo an equivalent transformation at the same time.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} [[Modern art|Modern]] and [[Contemporary art]] has moved away from the historic value of craft and documentation in favour of [[concept]]. This has not deterred the majority of living painters from continuing to practice painting either as a whole or part of their work. The vitality and versatility of painting in the 21st century defy the previous "declarations" of its demise. In an epoch characterized by the idea of [[Cultural pluralism|pluralism]], there is no consensus as to a representative style of the age. Artists continue to make important works of art in a wide variety of styles and aesthetic [[temperament]]s—their merits are left to the public and the marketplace to judge. [[Feminist art movement|The Feminist art movement]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guide to the Feminist Art Movement's History & Contemporary Impact |url=https://www.riseart.com/guide/2418/guide-to-the-feminist-art-movement#:~:text=The%20Feminist%20Art%20movement%20emerged,gender%20stereotypes%20in%20the%20arts. |url-status=live |website=Rise Art|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426170755/https://www.riseart.com/guide/2418/guide-to-the-feminist-art-movement|archive-date=Apr 26, 2023}}</ref> began in the 1960s during the second wave of [[feminism]]. The movement sought to gain equal rights and equal opportunities for female artists internationally. == Elements of painting == [[File:Chen Hongshou, leaf album painting.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chen Hongshou]] (1598–1652), ''Leaf album painting'' ([[Ming dynasty]])]] [[File:Georges Seurat 066.jpg|thumb|[[Georges Seurat]], ''[[Parade de cirque|Circus Sideshow]] ({{Langx|fr|Parade de cirque}})'' (1887–88)|alt=Shows a pointillist painting of a trombone soloist.]] === Color and tone === [[Color]], made up of [[hue]], [[Saturation color|saturation]], and [[Value (color)|value]], dispersed over a surface is the essence of painting, just as [[pitch (music)|pitch]] and [[rhythm]] are the essence of [[music]]. Color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, white is. Some painters, theoreticians, writers, and scientists, including [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe|Goethe]],<ref>[https://archive.org/details/goethestheoryco01goetgoog Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Goethe's theory of colours], John Murray, London 1840</ref> [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]],<ref>Wassily Kandinsky Concerning The Spiritual in Art, [Translated By Michael T. H. Sadler, [http://www.semantikon.com/art/kandinskyspiritualinart.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210194701/http://www.semantikon.com/art/kandinskyspiritualinart.pdf |date=10 February 2016 }}.</ref> and [[Isaac Newton|Newton]],<ref>A letter to the Royal Society presenting A new theory of light and colours Isaac Newton, 1671 [http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020073107/http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf |date=20 October 2015 }}</ref> have written their own [[color theory]]. Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction of color equivalent. The word "[[red]]", for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the [[visible spectrum]] of light. There is not a formalized register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music, such as [[F (musical note)|F]] or [[C♯ (musical note)|C♯]]. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic (primary) and derived (complementary or mixed) colors (like red, blue, green, brown, etc.). Painters deal practically with [[pigments]],<ref>[http://colourlex.com/pigments/pigments-colour/ Pigments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133914/http://colourlex.com/pigments/pigments-colour/ |date=6 January 2016 }} at ColourLex</ref> so "[[blue]]" for a painter can be any of the blues: [[phthalocyanine blue]], [[Prussian blue]], [[indigo]], [[Cobalt blue]], [[ultramarine]], and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, means of painting. Colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music (like a C note) is analogous to "light" in painting, "shades" to [[Dynamics (music)|dynamics]], and "coloration" is to painting as the specific [[Tone color|timbre]] of musical instruments is to music. These elements do not necessarily form a melody (in music) of themselves; rather, they can add different contexts to it. === Non-traditional elements === Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, [[collage]], which began with [[Cubism]] and is not painting in the strict sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as metal, plastic, [[sand]], [[cement]], [[straw]], [[Leaf painting|leaves]] or [[wood]] for the texture. Examples of this are the works of [[Jean Dubuffet]] and [[Anselm Kiefer]]. There is a growing community of artists who use computers to "paint" color onto a digital "canvas" using programs such as [[Adobe Photoshop]], [[Corel Painter]], and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required. === Rhythm === [[File:Jean Metzinger, 1906, La dance (Bacchante), oil on canvas, 73 x 54 cm DSC05359...jpg|thumb|[[Jean Metzinger]], ''[[La danse, Bacchante|La danse (Bacchante)]]'' ({{circa|1906}}), oil on canvas, 73 x 54&nbsp;cm, [[Kröller-Müller Museum]]]] [[Jean Metzinger]]'s mosaic-like [[Divisionist]] technique had its parallel in literature; a characteristic of the alliance between [[Symbolism (movement)|Symbolist]] writers and Neo-Impressionist artists: <blockquote>I ask of divided brushwork not the objective rendering of light, but iridescences and certain aspects of color still foreign to painting. I make a kind of chromatic versification and for syllables, I use strokes which, variable in quantity, cannot differ in dimension without modifying the rhythm of a pictorial phraseology destined to translate the diverse emotions aroused by nature. (Jean Metzinger, {{Circa|1907}})<ref>Jean Metzinger, circa 1907, quoted by Georges Desvallières in La Grande Revue, vol. 124, 1907</ref></blockquote> [[File:Piet Mondriaan, 1921 - Composition en rouge, jaune, bleu et noir.jpg|thumb|[[Piet Mondrian]], ''Composition en rouge, jaune, bleu et noir'' (1921), [[Gemeentemuseum Den Haag]]]] [[Rhythm]], for artists such as [[Piet Mondrian]],<ref name="Tosaki">[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mondrian_s_Philosophy_of_Visual_Rhythm/tvM-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 Eiichi Tosaki, ''Mondrian's Philosophy of Visual Rhythm: Phenomenology, Wittgenstein, and Eastern thought''], Vol. 23 of Sophia ''Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures'', Springer, 2017, pp. 108–109, 130, 139, 158, {{ISBN|9402411984}}</ref><ref>Piet Mondrian, ''Neo-Plasticism: Its Realization in Music and in Future Theater'', 1922</ref> is important in painting as it is in music. If one defines rhythm as "a pause incorporated into a sequence", then there can be rhythm in paintings. These pauses allow creative force to intervene and add new creations—form, melody, coloration. The distribution of form or any kind of information is of crucial importance in the given work of art, and it directly affects the aesthetic value of that work. This is because the aesthetic value is functionality dependent, i.e. the freedom (of movement) of perception is perceived as beauty. Free flow of energy, in art as well as in other forms of "[[techne]]", directly contributes to the aesthetic value.<ref name="Tosaki" /> Music was important to the birth of [[abstract art]] since music is abstract by nature—it does not try to represent the exterior world, but expresses in an immediate way the inner feelings of the soul. [[Wassily Kandinsky]] often used musical terms to identify his works; he called his most spontaneous paintings "improvisations" and described more elaborate works as "compositions". Kandinsky theorized that "music is the ultimate teacher",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wassilykandinsky.net/quotes.php|title=Wassily Kandinsky – Quotes|website=www.wassilykandinsky.net|access-date=17 September 2016|archive-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204065812/https://www.wassilykandinsky.net/quotes.php|url-status=live}}</ref> and subsequently embarked upon the first seven of his ten ''Compositions''. Hearing tones and chords as he painted, Kandinsky theorized that (for example), yellow is the color of middle [[C (musical note)|C]] on a brassy trumpet; black is the color of closure, and the end of things; and that combinations of colors produce vibrational frequencies, akin to chords played on a piano. In 1871 the young Kandinsky learned to play the piano and cello.<ref>, François Le Targat, ''Kandinsky'', Twentieth Century masters series, Random House Incorporated, 1987, p. 7, {{ISBN|0847808106}}</ref><ref>Susan B. Hirschfeld, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Hilla von Rebay Foundation, ''Watercolours by Kandinsky at the Guggenheim Museum: a selection from the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and the Hilla von Rebay Foundation'', 1991</ref> Kandinsky's stage design for a performance of [[Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky]]'s ''[[Pictures at an Exhibition]]'' illustrates his "synaesthetic" concept of a universal correspondence of forms, colors and musical sounds.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bauhaus|last=Fiedler|first=Jeannine|publisher=h.f. ullmann publishing GmbH|year=2013|isbn=978-3-8480-0275-7|location=Germany|pages=262}}</ref> Music defines much of modernist abstract painting. [[Jackson Pollock]] underscores that interest with his 1950 painting ''[[Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.interlude.hk/front/intersections-art-music-rothko-pollock/ |title=Intersections with art and music, Rothko and Pollock |date=16 April 2016 |access-date=3 February 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204020105/http://www.interlude.hk/front/intersections-art-music-rothko-pollock/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Aesthetics and theory == {{Main|Theory of painting}} [[File:Pompeii Painter.jpg|thumb|left|Female painter sitting on a campstool and painting a statue of [[Dionysus]] or [[Priapus]] onto a panel which is held by a boy. Fresco from [[Pompeii]], 1st century]] [[Aesthetics]] is the study of [[art]] and [[beauty]]; it was an important issue for 18th- and 19th-century [[Philosophy|philosophers]] such as [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] and [[Hegel]]. Classical philosophers like [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] also theorized about art and painting in particular. Plato disregarded painters (as well as sculptors) in his philosophical system; he maintained that painting cannot depict the [[truth]]—it is a copy of reality (a shadow of the world of ideas) and is nothing but a [[craft]], similar to shoemaking or iron casting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plato's Aesthetics|url=http://www.rowan.edu/open/philosop/clowney/aesthetics/philos_artists_onart/plato.htm|website=www.rowan.edu|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001041449/http://www.rowan.edu/open/philosop/clowney/Aesthetics/philos_artists_onart/plato.htm|archive-date=1 October 2017}}</ref> By the time of Leonardo, painting had become a closer representation of the truth than painting was in [[Ancient Greece]]. [[Leonardo da Vinci]], on the contrary, said that "{{Langx|it|La Pittura è cosa mentale}}" ("{{Langx|en|painting is a thing of the mind}}").<ref>Rollason, C., & Mittapalli, R. (2002). ''Modern criticism''. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 196. {{ISBN|812690187X}}</ref> Kant distinguished between [[Beauty]] and the [[Sublime (philosophy)|Sublime]], in terms that clearly gave priority to the former.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} Although he did not refer to painting in particular, this concept was taken up by painters such as [[Joseph Mallord William Turner|J.M.W. Turner]] and [[Caspar David Friedrich]]. [[File:Formella 18, apelle o la pittura, nino pisano, 1334-1336 dettaglio 01.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Nino Pisano]], ''Apelles or the Art of painting'' in detail (1334–1336); relief of the [[Giotto's Bell Tower]] in [[Florence]], Italy|alt=A relief against a wall shows a bearded man reaching up with his hands as his clothes are draped over his body.]] Hegel recognized the failure of attaining a universal concept of beauty and, in his aesthetic essay, wrote that painting is one of the three "romantic" arts, along with [[Poetry]] and [[Music]], for its [[symbol]]ic, highly intellectual purpose.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC&pg=PA276|title=Craig, Edward. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Genealogy to Iqbal|page=278|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-18709-1|year=1998|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422165916/https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC&pg=PA276|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich |volume= 13 |first=William|last=Wallace|author-link=William Wallace | pages = 200&ndash;207; see page 207 |quote=Painting and music are the specially romantic arts. Lastly, as a union of painting and music comes poetry, where the sensuous element is more than ever subordinate to the spirit}}</ref> Painters who have written theoretical works on painting include [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]] and [[Paul Klee]].<ref name="Franciscono">Franciscono, Marcel, ''Paul Klee: His Work and Thought'', part 6 'The Bauhaus and Düsseldorf', chap. 'Klee's theory courses', p. 246 and under 'notes to pp. 245–54' p. 365</ref><ref name="Barasch">Barasch, Moshe (2000) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=R_2wIujisH4C Theories of art – from impressionism to Kandinsky] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401050825/https://books.google.com/books?id=R_2wIujisH4C |date=1 April 2016 }}'', part IV 'Abstract art', chap. 'Color' pp. 332–33</ref> In his essay, Kandinsky maintains that painting has a spiritual value, and he attaches [[primary colors]] to essential feelings or concepts, something that [[Goethe]] and other writers had already tried to do. [[Iconography]] is the study of the content of paintings, rather than their style. [[Erwin Panofsky]] and other [[art historian]]s first seek to understand the things depicted, before looking at their meaning for the viewer at the time, and finally analyzing their wider cultural, religious, and social meaning.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Howard|title=The Varieties of Aesthetic Experience|journal=Journal for Spiritual & Consciousness Studies|date=October 2014|volume=37|issue=4|pages=541–252}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref> In 1890, the Parisian painter [[Maurice Denis]] famously asserted: "Remember that a painting—before being a warhorse, a naked woman or some story or other—is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in a certain order."<ref>[http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563353/abstract_art.html Encyclopedia Encarta] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704155609/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563353/Abstract_Art.html |date=4 July 2008 }}</ref> Thus, many 20th-century developments in painting, such as [[Cubism]], were reflections on the ''means'' of painting rather than on the external world—[[nature]]—which had previously been its core subject. Recent contributions to thinking about painting have been offered by the painter and writer Julian Bell. In his book ''What is Painting?'', Bell discusses the development, through history, of the notion that paintings can express feelings and ideas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/index/cohen/cohen8-16-99.asp |title=Review by art historian David Cohen |publisher=Artnet.com |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-date=26 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126181932/http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/index/cohen/cohen8-16-99.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''Mirror of The World,'' Bell writes: <blockquote>A ''work'' of art seeks to hold your attention and keep it fixed: a ''history'' of art urges it onwards, bulldozing a highway through the homes of the imagination.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mirror of the World: A New History of Art |first=Julian |last=Bell |publisher=Thames and Hudson |page=496 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-500-23837-0}}</ref></blockquote> == Painting media == Different types of paint are usually identified by the medium that the pigment is suspended or embedded in, which determines the general working characteristics of the paint, such as [[viscosity]], [[miscibility]], [[solubility]], drying time, etc. === Hot wax or encaustic === [[File:Petersinai.jpg|thumb|upright|Encaustic icon from [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], [[Egypt]] (6th-century)]] [[Encaustic painting]], also known as hot wax painting, involves using heated [[beeswax]] to which colored pigments are added. The liquid/paste is then applied to a surface—usually prepared wood, though [[canvas]] and other materials are often used. The simplest encaustic mixture can be made from adding pigments to beeswax, but there are several other recipes that can be used—some containing other types of [[wax]]es, [[damar resin]], [[linseed oil]], or other ingredients. Pure, powdered pigments can be purchased and used, though some mixtures use oil paints or other forms of pigment. Metal tools and special brushes can be used to shape the paint before it cools, or heated metal tools can be used to manipulate the wax once it has cooled onto the surface. Other materials can be encased or [[collage]]d into the surface, or layered, using the encaustic medium to adhere it to the surface. The technique was the normal one for ancient Greek and Roman panel paintings, and remained in use in the Eastern Orthodox [[icon]] tradition. === Watercolor === [[File:John Martin - Manfred on the Jungfrau (1837).jpg|thumb|left|[[John Martin (painter)|John Martin]], ''[[Manfred on the Jungfrau (Martin)|Manfred on the Jungfrau]]'' (1837), watercolor]] [[Watercolor]] is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-soluble vehicle. The traditional and most common support for watercolor paintings is paper; other supports include [[papyrus]], bark papers, plastics, [[vellum]] or [[leather]], [[textile|fabric]], wood and [[canvas]]. In East Asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to as [[brush painting]] or scroll painting. In [[Chinese painting|Chinese]], [[Korean painting|Korean]], and [[Japanese painting]] it has been the dominant medium, often in monochrome black or browns. India, [[Ethiopia]] and other countries also have long traditions. [[Finger-painting]] with watercolor paints originated in [[China]]. There are various types of watercolors used by artists. Some examples are pan watercolors, liquid watercolors, watercolor brush pens, and [[Pencil|watercolor pencils]]. Watercolor pencils (water-soluble color pencils) may be used either wet or dry. === Gouache === [[File:Rudolf Reschreiter Blick von der Höllentalangerhütte zum Höllentalgletscher und den Riffelwandspitzen 1921.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rudolf Reschreiter]], ''Blick von der Höllentalangerhütte zum Höllentalgletscher und den Riffelwandspitzen'', Gouache (1921)]] [[Gouache]] is a water-based paint consisting of pigment and other materials designed to be used in an opaque painting method. Gouache differs from [[watercolor painting|watercolor]] in that the particles are larger, the ratio of pigment to water is much higher, and an additional, inert, white pigment such as [[chalk]] is also present. This makes gouache heavier and more opaque, with greater reflective qualities. Like all water media, it is diluted with water.<ref name="wash_gou">Cohn, Marjorie B., ''Wash and Gouache'', Fogg Museum, 1977.</ref> Gouache was a popular paint utilized by Egyptians,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gouache {{!}} Watercolor, Acrylics, Tempera |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/gouache |website=www.britannica.com |publisher=Britannica |access-date=March 18, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Painters such as [[François Boucher|Francois Boucher]] used this medium. This paint is best applied with sable brushes. === Ceramic Glaze === Glazing is commonly known as a premelted liquid glass. This glaze can be dipped or brushed on. This glaze appears chalky and there is a vast difference between the beginning and finished result. To be activated glazed pottery must be placed in a kiln to be fired. This melts the Silica glass in the glaze and transforms it into a vibrant glossy version of itself.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Grey Fox Pottery |title=The History of Ceramic Glaze |date=4 August 2023 |url=https://greyfoxpottery.com/coffee-mugs/the-history-of-ceramic-glaze}}</ref><ref>"Ceramic glaze." Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ceramic%20glaze. Accessed 19 Mar. 2024.</ref> === Ink === [[File:Landscapes of the Four Seasons.jpg|thumb|[[Sesshū Tōyō]], ''Landscapes of the Four Seasons'' (1486), ink and light color on paper ]] Ink paintings are done with a liquid that contains pigments or [[dye]]s and is used to color a surface to produce an image, [[writing|text]], or [[design]]. Ink is used for drawing with a [[pen]], [[brush]], or [[quill]]. Ink can be a complex medium, composed of [[solvent]]s, pigments, dyes, [[resin]]s, [[lubricant]]s, solubilizers, [[surfactant]]s, [[suspended solids|particulate matter]], [[fluorescent|fluorescers]], and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives control flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry. === Enamel === [[File:Waddesdon bequest British Museum DSCF9814 05.JPG|thumb|[[Jean de Court]] (attributed), painted [[Limoges enamel]] dish in detail (mid-16th century), [[Waddesdon Bequest]], [[British Museum]]]] [[Vitreous enamel|Enamels]] are made by painting a substrate, typically metal, with powdered glass; minerals called color oxides provide coloration. After firing at a temperature of 750–850 degrees Celsius (1380–1560 degrees Fahrenheit), the result is a fused lamination of glass and metal. Unlike most painted techniques, the surface can be handled and wetted. Enamels have traditionally been used for decoration of precious objects,<ref>Mayer, Ralph,''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking, 1970, p. 375.</ref> but have also been used for other purposes. [[Limoges enamel]] was the leading centre of Renaissance enamel painting, with small religious and mythological scenes in decorated surrounds, on plaques or objects such as [[Salt cellar|salts]] or caskets. In the 18th century, enamel painting enjoyed a vogue in Europe, especially as a medium for [[portrait miniature]]s.<ref>McNally, Rika Smith, "Enamel", ''Oxford Art Online''</ref> In the late 20th century, the technique of porcelain enamel on metal has been used as a durable medium for outdoor murals.<ref>Mayer, Ralph, ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking, 1970, p. 371.</ref> === Tempera === [[File:Sandro Botticelli - La nascita di Venere - Google Art Project - edited.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sandro Botticelli]], ''[[The Birth of Venus]]'', Tempera (1485–1486)]] [[File:The Three Graces, by Peter Paul Rubens, from Prado in Google Earth.jpg|thumb|The Three Graces (1636–1638). Museo del Prado, Madrid]] [[Tempera]], also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble [[Binder (material)|binder]] medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other [[Sizing|size]]). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium. Tempera paintings are very long-lasting, and examples from the first centuries CE still exist. Egg tempera was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of [[oil painting]]. A paint commonly called tempera (though it is not) consisting of pigment and glue size is commonly used and referred to by some manufacturers in America as [[poster paint]]. === Fresco === [[File:Meister von Mileseva 001.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''[[White Angel]]'' (fresco, c. 1235), Mileševa monastery, Serbia]] [[Fresco]] is any of several related [[mural]] painting types, done on [[plaster]] on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes from the [[Italian language|Italian]] word ''affresco'' {{IPA|[afˈfresːko]}}, which derives from the Latin word for ''fresh''. Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods. ''[[Buon fresco]]'' technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh [[Mortar (masonry)#Lime mortar|lime mortar]] or [[plaster]], for which the Italian word for plaster, [[intonaco]], is used. ''[[A secco]]'' painting, in contrast, is done on dry plaster (''secco'' is "dry" in Italian). The pigments require a binding medium, such as [[egg (food)|egg]] ([[tempera]]), glue or [[oil painting|oil]] to attach the pigment to the wall. === Oil === [[File:Honoré Daumier 008.jpg|thumb|[[Honoré Daumier]], ''The Painter'' (1808–1879), oil on panel with visible brushstrokes]] [[Oil painting]] is the process of painting with [[pigments]] that are bound with a medium of [[drying oil]], such as [[linseed oil]], [[poppyseed oil]] which was widely used in early modern Europe. Often the oil was boiled with a resin such as pine resin or even [[frankincense]]; these were called 'varnishes' and were prized for their body and gloss. Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. The transition began with [[Early Netherlandish painting]] in northern Europe, and by the height of the [[Renaissance]] oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced [[tempera]] paints in the majority of Europe. === Pastel === [[File:Louis15-1.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Maurice Quentin de La Tour]], ''Portrait of Louis XV of France'' (1748), pastel]] [[Pastel]] is a painting medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment and a binder.<ref>Mayer, Ralph (1970), ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking. p. 312.</ref> The pigments used in pastels are the same as those used to produce all colored art media, including [[oil paint]]s; the binder is of a neutral hue and low [[Colorfulness#Saturation|saturation]]. The color effect of pastels is closer to the natural dry pigments than that of any other process.<ref>Mayer, Ralph (1971). ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques''. Viking Adult; 5th ed. {{ISBN|0670837016}}</ref> Because the surface of a pastel painting is fragile and easily smudged, its preservation requires protective measures such as framing under glass; it may also be sprayed with a [[fixative (drawing)|fixative]]. Nonetheless, when made with permanent pigments and properly cared for, a pastel painting may endure unchanged for centuries. Pastels are not susceptible, as are paintings made with a fluid medium, to the cracking and discoloration that result from changes in the color, opacity, or dimensions of the medium as it dries. === Acrylic === [[File:Jungle Arc.jpg|thumb|[[Ray Burggraf]], ''Jungle Arc'' (1998), acrylic paint on wood]] [[Acrylic paint]] is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in [[acrylic resin|acrylic]] polymer [[emulsion]]. Acrylic paints can be diluted with water but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted (with water) or modified with acrylic gels, media, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a [[watercolor painting|watercolor]] or an [[oil painting]], or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media. The main practical difference between most acrylics and oil paints is the inherent drying time.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=artincontext |date=2021-08-22 |title=Watercolor vs. Acrylic - The Difference Between Watercolor and Acrylic |url=https://artincontext.org/watercolor-vs-acrylic/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=artincontext.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Oils allow for more time to blend colors and apply even glazes over under-paintings. This slow drying aspect of oil can be seen as an advantage for certain techniques but may also impede the artist's ability to work quickly. Another difference is that watercolors must be painted onto a porous surface, primarily watercolor paper. Acrylic paints can be used on many different surfaces.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Understanding drying times for acrylic paints |url=https://www.winsornewton.com/row/education/guides/understanding-the-drying-times-for-acrylic-paints/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Winsor & Newton - ROW |language=en-GB}}</ref> Both acrylic and watercolor are easy to clean up with water. Acrylic paint should be cleaned with soap and water immediately following use. Watercolor paint can be cleaned with just water.<ref>Watercolor vs Acrylic [https://www.rayeoflightstudio.com/watercolor-vs-acrylic/] accessed August 21, 2020</ref><ref name="Appellof92">{{cite book |author=Appellof, M.E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2HeUJFqfzsC |title=Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Watercolor |publisher=Watson-Guptill Publications |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-823-05649-1 |pages=399–}}</ref><ref>Why WaterColor [https://www.theartistsroad.net/articles/whywatercolor] accessed August 21, 2020</ref> Between 1946 and 1949, [[Leonard Bocour]] and [[Sam Golden]] invented a solution acrylic paint under the brand [[Magna paint]]. These were [[Mineral spirits|mineral spirit]]-based paints. Water-based acrylic paints were subsequently sold as [[latex]] house paints.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sickler |first=Dean |date=Spring 2002 |title=Water-based Alchemy by Dean Sickler |url=http://dundean.com/tips_what_is_latex_paint.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829153753/http://dundean.com/tips_what_is_latex_paint.shtml |archive-date=August 29, 2012 |access-date=August 11, 2012 |website=Dundean.com}}</ref> In 1963, George Rowney (part of [[Daler-Rowney]] since 1983) was the first manufacturer to introduce artists' acrylic paints in Europe, under the brand name "Cryla".<ref name="Art Materials">{{cite web |date=2012-02-15 |title=Art Materials |url=http://www.daler-rowney.com/ |access-date=2013-02-05 |publisher=Daler Rowney}}</ref> Acrylics are the most common paints used in [[grattage]], a surrealist technique that began to be used with the advent of this type of paint. Acrylics are used for this purpose because they easily scrape or peel from a surface.<ref>Grattage [http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Grattage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904065444/http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Grattage|date=2010-09-04}} Art Techniques accessed December 08, 2010</ref> === Spray paint === [[Aerosol paint]] (also called spray paint)<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/aerosol-dispenser |title=Aerosol Dispenser |date=2018}}{{failed verification|date=August 2025}}</ref> is a type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized container and is released in a fine spray mist when depressing a [[valve]] button. A form of [[spray painting]], [[aerosol]] paint leaves a smooth, evenly coated surface. Standard sized cans are portable, inexpensive and easy to store<!--, unlike _industrial painters_ or artist [[airbrush]]es-->. Aerosol [[Primer (paint)|primer]] can be applied directly to bare metal and many plastics. Speed, portability and permanence also make aerosol paint a common [[graffiti]] medium. In the late 1970s, street graffiti writers' signatures and murals became more elaborate, and a unique style developed as a factor of the aerosol medium and the speed required for illicit work. Many now recognize graffiti and street art as a unique art form and specifically manufactured aerosol paints are made for the graffiti artist. A [[stencil]] protects a surface, except the specific shape to be painted. Stencils can be purchased as movable letters, ordered as professionally cut [[logo]]s or hand-cut by artists. === Water miscible oil paint === [[Water miscible oil paint]]s (also called "water soluble" or "water-mixable") is a modern variety of [[oil paint]] engineered to be thinned and cleaned up with water,<ref>{{Cite web |title=RX Series Alkyd Emulsifiers |url=https://ethox.com/rx-series-alkyd-emulsifiers/ |access-date=2021-04-26 |website=Ethox |language=en-US |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426140405/https://ethox.com/rx-series-alkyd-emulsifiers/ }}</ref><ref name="Dye2001">{{cite book |author=Sean Dye |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPa8JyQkmgMC |title=Painting with Water-Soluble Oils |date=15 June 2001 |publisher=North Light Books |isbn=1-58180-033-9 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> rather than having to use chemicals such as [[turpentine]]. It can be mixed and applied using the same techniques as traditional oil-based paint, but while still wet it can be effectively removed from brushes, palettes, and rags with ordinary soap and water. Its water solubility comes from the use of an [[oil]] medium in which one end of the [[molecule]] has been altered to bind loosely to water molecules, as in a [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]].<ref name="cold_oil">H. Gluck, "The Impermanences of Painting in Relation to Artists' Materials", ''Journal of the Royal Society of Arts'', Volume CXII 1964</ref> === Sand === {{Main|Sandpainting}} Sandpainting is the art of pouring coloured sands, and powdered pigments from minerals or crystals, or pigments from other natural or synthetic sources onto a surface to make a fixed or unfixed sand painting. === Digital painting === {{Main|Digital painting}} Digital painting is a method of creating an art object (painting) digitally or a technique for making digital art on the computer. As a method of creating an art object, it adapts traditional painting medium such as [[acrylic paint]], [[Oil paint|oils]], [[ink]], [[watercolor]], etc. and applies the pigment to traditional carriers, such as woven canvas cloth, paper, polyester, etc. by means of [[software]] driving [[industrial robot]]ic or office machinery (printers). As a technique, it refers to a [[computer graphics]] software program that uses a [[virtuality|virtual]] canvas and virtual painting box of brushes, colors, and other supplies. The virtual box contains many instruments that do not exist outside the computer, and which give a [[digital art]]work a different look and feel from an artwork that is made the traditional way. Furthermore, digital painting is not 'computer-generated' art as the computer does not automatically create images on the screen using some mathematical calculations. On the other hand, the artist uses his own painting technique to create a particular piece of work on the computer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.turningpointarts.com/what-is-digital-painting/|title=What is digital painting?|date=1 November 2008|work=Turning Point Arts|access-date=17 May 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505040853/http://www.turningpointarts.com/what-is-digital-painting|url-status=live}}</ref> === Other media === Bodily fluids have been used as painting media. [[Andy Warhol]] produced his ''Oxidization'' series by covering canvases with metallic paint and having his assistants and friends urinate on the still-wet paint.<ref>[https://www.warhol.org/conservation/oxidation-paintings/ Oxidation Paintings], The Andy Warhol Museum. Retrieved 18 March 2024.</ref> Blood from menstrual periods has been used to paint images.<ref>Green-Cole, Ruth. "Painting Blood: Visualizing Menstrual Blood in Art." The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies [Internet], U.S. National Library of Medicine, 25 July 2020, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565646/. </ref> Sarah Maple, a contemporary artist, has used her menstrual blood to create portraits to help erase the taboo covering the topic of periods.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} == Painting styles == {{Main|Style (visual arts)}} ''Style'' is used in two senses: It can refer to the distinctive visual elements, techniques, and methods that typify an ''individual'' artist's work. It can also refer to the [[Art movement|movement]] or school that an artist is associated with. This can stem from an actual group that the artist was consciously involved with or it can be a category in which art historians have placed the painter. The word 'style' in the latter sense has fallen out of favor in academic discussions about contemporary painting, though it continues to be used in popular contexts. Such movements or classifications include the following: <!--When the section below is fully fleshed out, we might end up duplicating the History of painting article...this might be OK if this section is substantially shorter than the History of painting article! --> === Western === ==== Modernism ==== [[Modernism]] describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated [[cultural movement]]s, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to [[Western culture|Western society]] in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of [[Realism (arts)|realism]].<ref name="Barth79Replenishment">[[John Barth|Barth, John]] (1979) ''[[The Literature of Replenishment]]'', later republished in ''[[The Friday Book]]'' (1984).</ref><ref name="Graff75">[[Gerald Graff|Graff, Gerald]] (1975) ''Babbitt at the Abyss: The Social Context of Postmodern. American Fiction'', [[TriQuarterly]], No. 33 (Spring 1975), pp. 307–37; reprinted in Putz and Freese, eds., Postmodernism and American Literature.</ref> The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization, and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social, and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized world. A salient characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness. This often led to experiments with form, and work that draws attention to the processes and materials used (and to the further tendency of abstraction).<ref>Gardner, Helen, Horst De la Croix, Richard G. Tansey, and Diane Kirkpatrick. ''Gardner's Art Through the Ages'' (San Diego: [[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]], 1991). {{ISBN|0155037706}}. p. 953.</ref> ==== Impressionism ==== [[File:Monet - Impression, Sunrise.jpg|thumb|[[Claude Monet]]'s 1872 ''[[Impression, Sunrise]]'' inspired the name of [[Impressionism|the movement]]]] The first example of modernism in painting was [[impressionism]], a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors (''[[en plein air]]''). Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, but instead see light itself. The school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners and became increasingly influential. Initially rejected from the most important commercial show of the time, the government-sponsored [[Paris Salon]], the [[Impressionists]] organized yearly group exhibitions in commercial venues during the 1870s and 1880s, timing them to coincide with the official Salon. A significant event of 1863 was the [[Salon des Refusés]], created by [[Napoleon III of France|Emperor Napoleon III]] to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon. ==== Abstract styles ==== [[Abstract art|Abstract painting]] uses a [[visual language]] of form, colour and line to create a composition that may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Rudolph Arnheim|last=Arnheim|first= Rudolf|date= 1969|title=Visual Thinking|publisher = University of California Press|isbn = 0-520-24226-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Key|first1=Joan|title=Future Use: Abstract Painting|journal=Third Text|date=September 2009|volume=23|issue=5|pages=557–63|doi=10.1080/09528820903184666|s2cid=144061791}}</ref> [[Abstract expressionism]] was an American post-[[World War II]] [[art movement]] that combined the emotional intensity and self-denial of the German [[expressionism|Expressionists]] with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools—such as [[Futurism (art)|Futurism]], [[Bauhaus]] and [[Cubism]], and the image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, nihilistic.<ref>Shapiro, David/Cecile (2000): Abstract Expressionism. The politics of apolitical painting. p. 189-90 In: Frascina, Francis (2000): Pollock and After. The critical debate. 2nd ed. London: Routledge</ref> [[Action painting]], sometimes called ''gestural abstraction'', is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://painting.about.com/od/artglossarya/g/defactionpaint.htm | title = ''Art Glossary: Action Painting'' | access-date = 20 August 2006 | last = Boddy-Evans | first = Marion | publisher = About.com | archive-date = 12 March 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070312224234/http://painting.about.com/od/artglossarya/g/defactionpaint.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> The resulting work often emphasizes the physical act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist. The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early 1960s and is closely associated with [[abstract expressionism]] (some critics have used the terms "action painting" and "abstract expressionism" interchangeably). Other modernist styles include: * [[Color Field]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[Hard-edge painting]] * [[Pop art]] ==== Outsider art ==== The term [[outsider art]] was coined by [[art critic]] Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for art brut ({{IPA|fr|aʁ bʁyt|lang}}, "raw art" or "rough art"), a label created by [[France|French]] [[artist]] [[Jean Dubuffet]] to describe [[art]] created outside the boundaries of official culture; Dubuffet focused particularly on art by [[Psychiatric hospital|insane-asylum]] inmates.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cardinal|first= Roger|title=Outsider Art|location= London|date= 1972|publisher = Studio Vista |isbn = 978-0-289-70168-3 }}</ref> Outsider art has emerged as a successful art marketing category (an annual Outsider Art Fair has taken place in New York since 1992). The term is sometimes misapplied as a catch-all marketing label for art created by people outside the mainstream "art world", regardless of their circumstances or the content of their work. ==== Photorealism ==== [[Photorealism]] is the genre of painting based on using the camera and photographs to gather information and then from this information, creating a painting that appears to be very realistic like a [[photograph]]. The term is primarily applied to paintings from the United States [[art movement]] that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As a full-fledged art movement, Photorealism evolved from [[Pop Art]]<ref name="Supperrealist Pop Art">Lindey, Christine ''Superrealist Painting and Sculpture,'' William Morrow and Company, New York, 1980, pp. 27–33.</ref><ref name="Chase, Linda 2002. pp 14-15">Chase, Linda, Photorealism at the Millennium, ''The Not-So-Innocent Eye: Photorealism in Context.'' Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York, 2002. pp. 14–15.</ref><ref>[[Nochlin, Linda]], The Realist Criminal and the Abstract Law II, ''Art in America''. 61 (November – December 1973), P. 98.</ref> and as a counter to [[Abstract Expressionism]]. [[Hyperrealism (painting)|Hyperrealism]] is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high-resolution [[photograph]]. [[Hyperrealism (painting)|Hyperrealism]] is a fully-fledged school of [[art]] and can be considered an advancement of Photorealism by the methods used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures. The term is primarily applied to an independent art movement and art style in the United States and Europe that has developed since the early 2000s.<ref>Bredekamp, Horst, Hyperrealism – One Step Beyond. Tate Museum, Publishers, UK. 2006. p. 1</ref> ==== Surrealism ==== [[Surrealism]] is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s and is best known for the artistic and literary production of those affiliated with the [[Surrealist Movement]]. Surrealist artworks feature the element of surprise, the uncanny, the unconscious, unexpected juxtapositions and [[Non sequitur (literary device)|non-sequitur]]; however, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader [[André Breton]] was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the [[Dada]] activities of [[World War I]] and the most important center of the movement was [[Paris]]. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the [[visual art]]s, [[literature]], [[film]] and [[music]] of many countries, as well as [[politics|political]] thought and practice, [[philosophy]] and [[social theory]]. {{See also|Outline of painting#Styles of painting}} === East Asian === * [[File:Immortal in Splashed Ink.jpg|thumb|[[Liang Kai]]'', Drunken Celestial'' (12th century), ink on [[Xuan paper]]]] [[File:MET DP153920.jpg|thumb|[[Yun Bing]], ''Album Leaf'' (17th century), ink and color on paper]]'''[[Chinese painting|Chinese]]''' ** [[Tang Dynasty painting|Tang Dynasty]] ** [[Ming Dynasty painting|Ming Dynasty]] ** [[Shan shui]] ** [[Ink and wash painting]] ** [[Bird-and-flower painting|Hua niao]] ** [[Southern School]] *** [[Zhe school (painting)|Zhe School]] *** [[Wu School]] ** [[History of Chinese art#Contemporary Art|Contemporary]] * '''[[Japanese painting|Japanese]]''' ** [[Yamato-e]] ** [[Rimpa school]] ** [[Emakimono]] ** [[Kanō school]] ** [[Shijō school]] ** [[Superflat]] * '''[[Korean painting|Korean]]''' === Southeast Asia === * '''[[Indonesian painting|Indonesian]]''' === Islamic === * [[Arabic miniature]] * [[Ottoman miniature]] * [[Persian miniature]] * [[Calligraphy]] === Indian === ==== Miniature painting ==== Miniature paintings were the primary form of painting in pre-colonial India. These were done on a special paper (known as wasli) using mineral and natural colours. Miniature painting is not one style but a group of several styles of schools of painting such as Mughal, Pahari, Rajasthani, Company style etc. '''[[Mughal painting|Mughal miniature painting]]''' is a particular style of [[South Asia]]n, particularly North Indian (more specifically, modern day India and Pakistan), painting confined to [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniatures]] either as book illustrations or as single works to be kept in albums ([[muraqqa]]). It emerged<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughal Painting – Evolution & History, Features & Prominent Artists |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/mughal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102715/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/mughal.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net |language=en}}</ref> from [[Persian miniature]] painting (itself partly of [[Chinese painting|Chinese origin]]) and developed in the court of the [[Mughal Empire]] of the 16th to 18th centuries. Mughal painting immediately took a much greater interest in realistic portraiture than was typical of Persian miniatures. Animals and plants were the main subject of many miniatures for albums, and were more realistically depicted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2016 |title=Mughal Painting |url=https://selfstudyhistory.com/2016/08/22/mughal-painting-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102703/https://selfstudyhistory.com/2016/08/22/mughal-painting-2/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Self Study History |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Religions – Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110065723/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml |archive-date=10 November 2010 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website= BBC |date=2009 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughal painting |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Mughal-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.britannica.com/art/Mughal-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Maker unknown, India - Krishna and Radha - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''Krishna and Radha'', might be the work of [[Nihâl Chand]], master of Kishangarh school of Rajput Painting]] '''[[Rajasthani painting]]''' evolved and flourished in the royal courts of [[Rajputana]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rājput painting {{!}} Indian art |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Rajput-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.britannica.com/art/Rajput-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> in northern India, mainly during the 17th century. Artists trained in the tradition of the [[Mughal miniature]] were dispersed from the imperial Mughal court, and developed styles also drawing from local traditions of painting, especially those illustrating the Sanskrit Epics, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]''. Subjects varied, but portraits of the ruling family, often engaged in hunting or their daily activities, were generally popular, as were narrative scenes from the epics or [[Hindu mythology]], as well as some [[Genre painting|genre scenes]] of landscapes, and humans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajput Paintings, Rajput Paintings India, Rajput Painting History |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/rajput.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/rajput.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2012 |title=Rajput painting |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/rajput-painting-1345188164-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122104201/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/rajput-painting-1345188164-1 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Jagran Josh}}</ref> '''Punjab Hills or [[Pahari painting]]''' of which Kangra, Guller, Basholi were major sub-styles. Kangra painting is the pictorial art of [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], named after [[Kangra State|Kangra]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], a former [[princely state]], which patronized the art. It became prevalent with the fading of [[Basohli Painting|Basohli school of painting]] in mid-18th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kāngra painting |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Kangra-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102656/https://www.britannica.com/art/Kangra-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bradnock |first1=Robert W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=pligrim+Dharamshala%22&pg=PA512 |title=Footprint India |last2=Bradnock |first2=Roma |date=2004 |publisher=Footprint |isbn=978-1-904777-00-7 |page=512 |language=en |access-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219034009/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=pligrim+Dharamshala%22&pg=PA512 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The focal theme of Kangra painting is Shringar (the erotic sentiment). The subjects are seen in Kangra painting exhibit the taste and the traits of the lifestyle of the society of that period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2021 |title=Kangra Painting – The Delicate Art of the Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/kangra-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/kangra-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Caleidoscope {{!}} Indian Culture, Heritage |language=en-US}}</ref> The artists adopted themes from the love poetry of [[Jayadeva]] and [[Keshavdas|Keshav Das]] who wrote ecstatically of the love of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] with [[Bhakti]] being the driving force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangra Paintings {{!}} District Kangra, Government of Himachal Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://hpkangra.nic.in/gallery/kangra-paintings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://hpkangra.nic.in/gallery/kangra-paintings/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vijay |date=1 November 2020 |title=How love, war and Mughal fine art inspired Kangra painting |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-love-war-and-mughal-fine-art-inspired-kangra-painting/533500/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-love-war-and-mughal-fine-art-inspired-kangra-painting/533500/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Khan Bahadur Khan with men of his clan (6125079998) cropped.jpg|left|thumb|Khan Bahadur Khan with Men of his Clan, c. 1815, from the Fraser Album, Company Style]]'''Company style''' is a term for a hybrid Indo-European style of paintings made in India by Indian artists, many of whom worked for European patrons in the [[British East India Company]] or other foreign Companies in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company Painting in Nineteenth-Century India &#124; Essay &#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History &#124; the Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220030814/https://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm |archive-date=20 December 2017 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.metmuseum.org|date=October 2004 }}</ref> Three distinct styles of Company Painting emerged in three British Power Centres – [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and [[Madras]]. The subject matter of company paintings made for western patrons was often documentary rather than imaginative, and as a consequence, the Indian artists were required to adopt a more naturalistic approach to painting than had traditionally been usual.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company Paintings – Capturing an Era |url=https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/9__Tavern_Scene-scaled.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/9__Tavern_Scene-scaled.jpg |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Live History India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Victoria and Albert Museum |first=Digital Media |date=16 November 2012 |title=Indian company paintings |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/indian-company-paintings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102700/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/indian-company-paintings/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.vam.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> The '''Sikh style''' and [[Deccan painting|'''Deccan style''']] are other prominent Miniature painting styles of India. ==== Pichwai painting ==== [[Pichhwai|Pichwai paintings]] are paintings on textile and usually depicting stories from the life of Lord Krishna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=The colourful tradition of Indian Pichwai Painting |url=https://indianartspalace.in/the-colorful-tradition-of-indian-pichwai-paintings/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> These were made in large format and often used as a backdrop to the main idol in temples or homes. Pichwai paintings were made and are still made mainly in Rajasthan, India. However very few were made in the Deccan region, but these are extremely rare. The purpose of pichhwais, other than artistic appeal, is to narrate tales of Krishna to the illiterate. Temples have sets with different images, which are changed according to the [[Shrinathji#Festivals and rituals at the temple|calendar of festivals celebrating the deity]].<ref>Blurton, 142-143</ref> ==== Folk and tribal art ==== Pattachitra is a general term for traditional, cloth-based [[scroll]] painting, based in the eastern Indian [[States and territories of India|states]] of [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parampara Project {{!}} Pata Chitra|url=https://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|access-date=22 November 2021|website=www.paramparaproject.org|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219040030/https://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Pattachitra painting tradition is closely linked with the worship of Lord [[Jagannath]] in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daricha Foundation|url=http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|access-date=22 November 2021|website=www.daricha.org|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|url-status=live}}</ref> The subject matter of Pattachitra is limited to religious themes. Patachitra artform is known for its intricate details as well as mythological narratives and folktales inscribed in it. All colours used in the Paintings are natural and paintings are made fully old traditional way by Chitrakaras that is Odiya Painter. Pattachitra style of painting is one of the oldest and most popular art forms of [[Odisha]]. Patachitras are a component of an ancient [[Bengalis|Bengali]] narrative art, originally serving as a visual device during the performance of a song.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2015|title=Myths and Folktales in the Patachitra Art of Bengal: Tradition and Modernity|url=https://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|access-date=22 November 2021|website=The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design|language=en-US|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102700/https://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=15 June 2016|title=Orissa Pattachitra –|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece|access-date=22 November 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=says|first=Conrad Comrie|date=26 April 2017|title=Patachitra: Ancient scroll painting of Bengal|url=https://mediaindia.eu/culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Media India Group|language=en|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122154252/https://mediaindia.eu/culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|url-status=live}}</ref> Madhubani Art is a style of [[Indian painting]], practiced in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of India and Nepal. The style is characterized by complex geometrical patterns, these paintings are famous for representing ritual content used for particular occasions like festivals, religious rituals etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhubani (Mithila) Painting – History, Designs & Artists |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/madhubani.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/madhubani.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net |language=en}}</ref> [[Warli painting|Warli]] is another folk tribal art form from India. ==== Bengal School ==== The Bengal School<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi|url=http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp|access-date=22 November 2021|website=ngmaindia.gov.in|archive-date=22 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022113236/http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> was an [[art movement]] and a style of [[Indian painting]] that originated in [[Bengal]], primarily [[Kolkata]] and [[Shantiniketan]], and flourished throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]], during the [[British Raj]] in the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2022 |title=Bengal School Painting – The transition to Modernism |url=https://indianartspalace.in/bengal-school-painting/ |access-date=10 August 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> The Bengal school arose as an [[avant garde]] and nationalist movement reacting against the [[academic art]] styles previously promoted in India, both by Indian artists such as [[Raja Ravi Varma]] and in British art schools. The school wanted to establish a distinct Indian style which celebrated the indigenous cultural heritage. In an attempt to reject colonial aesthetics, [[Abanindranath Tagore]] also turned to China and Japan with the intent of promoting a pan-Asian aesthetic and incorporated elements from Far Eastern art, such as the [[Ink wash painting|Japanese wash technique]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengal School of Art|url=https://www.artsy.net/gene/bengal-school-of-art|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artsy|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.artsy.net/gene/bengal-school-of-art|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How the Bengal School of Art Changed Colonial India's Art Landscape|url=https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/how-the-bengal-school-of-art-changed-colonial-indias-art-landscape |date=February 27, 2017 |access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artisera|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/how-the-bengal-school-of-art-changed-colonial-indias-art-landscape|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 August 2012|title=Bengal School of Art|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/bengal-school-of-art-1345270637-1|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Jagran Josh|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/bengal-school-of-art-1345270637-1|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Others ==== [[File:Mysore Painting.jpg|left|thumb|upright|19th Century Mysore Painting of Goddess [[Saraswathi]] ]] * Mysore painting is an important form of classical [[South India]]n painting that originated in and around the town of [[Mysore]] in [[Karnataka]] encouraged and nurtured by the Mysore rulers. Mysore paintings are known for their elegance, muted colours, and attention to detail. The themes for most of these paintings are [[Hindu]] gods and goddesses and scenes from [[Hindu mythology]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mysore Paintings {{!}} Buy Mysore School Paintings {{!}} Shop Online at Artisera|url=https://www.artisera.com/collections/mysore-paintings|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artisera|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.artisera.com/collections/mysore-paintings|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Samikshavad]] * [[Tanjore painting|Tanjore]] * [[Kerala mural painting]] === African === * [[Egyptian painting]] * [[Ethiopian painting]] * [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]] === Contemporary art === <!-- It seems that some of the art forms listed here are not painting forms--for example video art --> {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin:auto; width:100%; border:0 solid #e5ffec; background:#=#e5ffec;" |- | style="vertical-align:top; width:17%;"| === 1950s === * [[Abstract Expressionism]] * [[American Figurative Expressionism]] * [[Bay Area Figurative Movement]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[New York Figurative Expressionism]] * [[New York School (art)|New York School]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1960s === * [[Abstract expressionism]] * [[American Figurative Expressionism]] * [[Abstract Imagists]] * [[Bay Area Figurative Movement]] * [[Color field]] * [[Computer art]] * [[Conceptual art]] * [[Fluxus]] * [[Happening]]s * [[Hard-edge painting]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[Minimalism]] * [[Neo-figurative]] * [[Neo-Dada]] * [[New York School (art)|New York School]] * [[Nouveau Réalisme]] * [[Op Art]] * [[Performance art]] * [[Pop Art]] * [[Postminimalism]] * [[Washington Color School]] * [[Kinetic art]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1970s === * [[Arte Povera]] * [[Ascii Art]] * [[Bad Painting]] * [[Body art]] * [[Artist's book]] * [[Feminist art]] * [[Installation art]] * [[Land Art]] * [[Lowbrow (art movement)]] * [[Photorealism]] * [[Postminimalism]] * [[Process Art]] * [[Video art]] * [[Funk art]] * [[Pattern and Decoration]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1980s === * [[Appropriation art]] * [[Culture jamming]] * [[Demoscene]] * [[Electronic art]] * [[Figuration Libre]] * [[Graffiti Art]] * [[Live Art (art form)|Live art]] * [[Mail art]] * [[Postmodern art]] * [[Neo-conceptual art]] * [[Neo-expressionism]] * [[Neo-pop]] * [[Sound art]] * [[Transgressive art]] * [[Video installation]] * [[Institutional Critique]] * [[Neogeo (art)|NeoGeo]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1990s === * [[Bio art]] * [[Cyberarts]] * [[Cynical Realism]] * [[Digital Art]] * [[Information art]] * [[Internet art]] * [[Massurrealism]] * [[Maximalism]] * [[Transpressionism]] * [[New media art]] * [[Software art]] * [[New European Painting]] * [[Young British Artists]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 2000s === * [[Digital painting|Digital Painting]] * [[Hyperrealism (visual arts)|Hyperrealism]] * [[Classical Realism]] * [[Relational art]] * [[Street art]] * [[Stuckism]] * [[Superflat]] * [[Pseudorealism]] * [[Videogame art]] * [[Superstroke]] * [[VJ (video performance artist)|VJ art]] * [[Virtual art]] |} == Types of painting == [[File:Bodegón de recipientes (Zurbarán).jpg|thumb|[[Francisco de Zurbarán]], ''Still Life with Pottery Jars'' ({{langx|es|Bodegón de recipientes}}) (1636), oil on canvas, 46 x 84&nbsp;cm, [[Museo del Prado]], [[Madrid]]]] === Allegory === [[Allegory]] is a [[Figurative art|figurative]] [[Mode (literature)|mode]] of representation conveying meaning other than the literal. Allegory communicates its message by means of [[symbol]]ic figures, actions, or symbolic representation. Allegory is generally treated as a figure of [[rhetoric]], but an allegory does not have to be expressed in [[language]]: it may be addressed to the eye and is often found in realistic painting. An example of a simple visual allegory is the image of the [[Personifications of death|grim reaper]]. Viewers understand that the image of the grim reaper is a symbolic representation of death. === Bodegón === [[File:Reza Abbasi - Two Lovers (1630).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Reza Abbasi]], ''Two Lovers'' (1630)]] In [[Spanish art]], a [[bodegón]] is a [[still life]] painting depicting pantry items, such as victuals, game, and drink, often arranged on a simple stone slab, and also a painting with one or more figures, but significant still life elements, typically set in a kitchen or tavern. Starting in the [[Baroque]] period, such paintings became popular in Spain in the second quarter of the 17th century. The tradition of still life painting appears to have started and was far more popular in the contemporary [[Low Countries]], today Belgium and [[Netherlands]] (then Flemish and Dutch artists), than it ever was in [[southern Europe]]. [[Dutch Golden Age painting#Still lifes|Northern still lifes]] had many subgenres: the ''breakfast piece'' was augmented by the ''[[trompe-l'œil]]'', the ''flower bouquet'', and the ''[[vanitas]]''. In Spain, there were much fewer patrons for this sort of thing, but a type of ''breakfast piece'' did become popular, featuring a few objects of food and tableware laid on a table. === Figure painting === A [[figure painting]] is a [[work of art]] in any of the painting media with the primary subject being the human figure, whether clothed or [[Nude (art)|nude]]. Figure painting may also refer to the activity of creating such a work. The human figure has been one of the contrast subjects of art since the first Stone Age cave paintings and has been reinterpreted in various styles throughout history.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Droste|first1=Flip|title=Cave Paintings of the Early Stone Age|journal=Semiotica|date=October 2014|volume=2014|issue=202|pages=155–165|doi=10.1515/sem-2014-0035|s2cid=170631343}}</ref> Some artists well known for figure painting are [[Peter Paul Rubens]], [[Edgar Degas]], and [[Édouard Manet]]. === Illustration painting === [[Illustration]] paintings are those used as illustrations in books, magazines, and theater or movie [[posters]] and comic books. Today, there is a growing interest in collecting and admiring the original artwork. Various museum exhibitions, magazines, and art galleries have devoted space to the illustrators of the past. In the visual art world, illustrators have sometimes been considered less important in comparison with fine artists and [[graphic designer]]s. But as the result of [[computer game]] and comic industry growth, illustrations are becoming valued as popular and profitable artworks that can acquire a wider market than the other two, especially in [[Korea]], Japan, [[Hong Kong]] and the United States. The illustrations of medieval [[codices]] were known as [[Illuminated manuscript|illuminations]], and were individually hand-drawn and painted. With the invention of the [[printing press]] during the 15th century, [[books]] became more widely distributed, and often illustrated with [[woodcuts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What Is an Illuminated Manuscript? |url=https://www.nga.gov/conservation/paper/manuscript-project.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004050635/https://www.nga.gov/conservation/paper/manuscript-project.html |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=National Gallery of Art}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2010 |title=Heavenly Craft: The Woodcut in Early Printed Books |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/heavenlycraft/heavenly-15th.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020234750/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/heavenlycraft/heavenly-15th.html |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> In [[America]], this led to a "golden age of illustration" from before the 1880s until the early 20th century. A small group of illustrators became highly successful, with the imagery they created considered a portrait of American aspirations of the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The R. Atkinson Fox Society: What Was the Golden Age of Illustration? |url=http://www.rafoxsociety.com/what-was-the-golden-age-of-illustration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414063829/http://www.rafoxsociety.com/what-was-the-golden-age-of-illustration/ |archive-date=2015-04-14 |access-date=2015-04-08}}</ref> Among the best-known illustrators of that period were [[N. C. Wyeth|N.C. Wyeth]] and [[Howard Pyle]] of the [[Brandywine School]], [[James Montgomery Flagg]], [[Elizabeth Shippen Green]], [[J. C. Leyendecker]], [[Violet Oakley]], [[Maxfield Parrish]], [[Jessie Willcox Smith]], and [[John Rea Neill]]. In [[France]], on 1905, the Contemporary Book Society commissioned [[Paul Jouve]] to illustrate [[Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book|Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book]]. Paul Jouve will devote ten years to the 130 illustrations of this book which will remain as one of the masterpieces of bibliophilia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Jouve |url=https://www.pauljouve.com/resultats/2021-06-25-sotheby-s-france-128.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215154738/https://www.pauljouve.com/resultats/2021-06-25-sotheby-s-france-128.html |archive-date=2021-12-15 |access-date=2021-12-15}}</ref> === Landscape painting === {{main|Landscape art}} [[File:Andreas Achenbach - Clearing Up—Coast of Sicily - Walters 37116.jpg|left|thumb|[[Andreas Achenbach]], ''Clearing Up, Coast of Sicily'' (1847), [[The Walters Art Museum]]<ref>Achenbach specialized in the "sublime" mode of landscape painting in which man is dwarfed by nature's might and fury.</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]] |url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/19760 |title= Clearing Up—Coast of Sicily |access-date= 18 September 2012 |archive-date= 9 May 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130509233109/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/19760 |url-status= live }}</ref>]] [[Landscape art|Landscape painting]] is a term that covers the depiction of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, lakes, and forests, and especially art where the main subject is a wide view, with its elements arranged into a coherent composition. In other works, landscape backgrounds for figures can still form an important part of the work. The sky is almost always included in the view, and [[weather]] is often an element of the composition. Detailed landscapes as a distinct subject are not found in all artistic traditions and develop when there is already a sophisticated tradition of representing other subjects. The two main traditions spring from [[Western painting]] and [[Chinese art]], going back well over a thousand years in both cases. === Portrait painting === [[File:Abraham Lincoln in the United States Congress by.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ned Bittinger]], ''[[Abraham Lincoln (Bittinger)|Portrait of Abraham Lincoln]] in Congress'' (2004), [[United States Capitol|US Capitol]]]] [[Portrait painting]]s are representations of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, [[Personality type|personality]], and even the mood of the person. The art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially [[Roman sculpture]], where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. One of the best-known portraits in the Western world is [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s painting titled ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', which is thought to be a portrait of [[Lisa del Giocondo|Lisa Gherardini]], the wife of Francesco del Giocondo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |title=Mona Lisa – Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo |publisher=Louvre Museum |date=1503–1519|access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730003620/http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |archive-date=30 July 2014 }}</ref> Warhol was one of the most prolific portrait painters of the 20th century. Warhol's painting ''[[Shot Marilyns|Orange Shot Marilyn]]'' of [[Marilyn Monroe]] is an iconic early example of his work from the 1960s, and [[Prince (painting)|Orange Prince (1984)]] of the pop singer [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] is later example, both exhibiting Warhol's unique graphic style of portraiture.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Andy Warhol Portraits That Changed The World Forever |work=Widewalls |url=https://www.widewalls.ch/10-faces-by-andy-warhol-february-2015/mao-tse-tung-8/ |access-date=2018-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212218/https://www.widewalls.ch/10-faces-by-andy-warhol-february-2015/mao-tse-tung-8/ |archive-date=2018-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Warhol. Marilyn Monroe. 1967 {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/61240 |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts – Andy Warhol Biography |url=http://warholfoundation.org/legacy/biography.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724192941/http://www.warholfoundation.org/legacy/biography.html |archive-date=2010-07-24 |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=warholfoundation.org}}</ref> === Still life === [[File:Otto Marseus van Schrieck - A Forest Floor Still-Life - WGA21061.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Marseus van Schrieck]], ''A Forest Floor Still-Life'' (1666)]] A [[still life]] is a work of [[art]] depicting mostly [[wikt:inanimate|inanimate]] subject matter, typically commonplace objects—which may be either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or human-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so on). With origins in the Middle Ages and Ancient Greek/Roman art, still life paintings give the artist more leeway in the arrangement of design elements within a composition than do paintings of other types of subjects such as [[Landscape art|landscape]] or [[portrait]]ure. Still life paintings, particularly before 1700, often contained religious and allegorical symbolism relating to the objects depicted. Some modern still life breaks the two-dimensional barrier and employs three-dimensional mixed media, and uses found objects, photography, computer graphics, as well as video and sound. === Veduta === A [[veduta]] is a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting of a [[cityscape]] or some other vista. This [[genre]] of [[landscape art|landscape]] originated in [[Flanders]], where artists such as [[Paul Bril]] painted ''vedute'' as early as the 16th century. As the itinerary of the [[Grand Tour]] became somewhat standardized, ''vedute'' of familiar scenes like the Roman Forum or the Grand Canal recalled early ventures to the Continent for aristocratic Englishmen. In the later 19th century, more personal impressions of cityscapes replaced the desire for topographical accuracy, which was satisfied instead by painted [[panorama]]s. == See also == {{Portal|Visual arts|Painting}} * [[20th-century Western painting]] * [[Cobweb painting]] * [[Drawing]] * [[Fine art]] * [[Graphic arts]] * [[Index of painting-related articles]] * [[List of most expensive paintings]] * [[Outline of painting]] * [[Performance art]] * [[Business process outsourcing in China#Painting|Painting outsourcing in China]] * [[Visual arts]] * [[Image]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == {{Commons category|Painting}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|painting}} {{Wikisource|Portal:Painting}} * Howard Daniel (1971). ''Encyclopedia of Themes and Subjects in Painting: Mythological, Biblical, Historical, Literary, Allegorical, and Topical''. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc. * W. Stanley Taft Jr. and James W. Mayer (2000). ''The Science of Paintings''. Springer-Verlag. {{Art world}} {{Branches of the visual arts}} {{Humanities}} {{Aesthetics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Painting| ]] [[Category:Painting techniques|*]] [[Category:Works of art]] [[Category:The arts]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:مصوري]] [[زمرو:فن بلحاظ قسم]] f12zd69a2tysqwj2cii1c53y4f44o0o 376059 376058 2026-05-05T17:22:29Z Ibne maryam 17680 376059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface}} [[File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|''[[Mona Lisa]]'' (1503–1517) by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] is one of the world's most recognizable paintings.]] '''چٽسالي''' نقاشي، مصوري، رنگ سازي، ڪمانگري يا رنگڪاري (painting)، رڱڻ،<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://dic.sindhila.edu.pk/index.php?txtsrch=Painting|title=Painting {{!}} Online Sindhi Dictionaries {{!}} آن لائين سنڌي ڊڪشنريون|website=dic.sindhila.edu.pk|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://sindhyat.com/database/SindhiDictionary/Painting|title=Painting word Sindhi Meaning, devanagari & Roman translation - Sindhi Dictionary|website=sindhyat.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref> رنگي، رنگ يا ٻين وسلين جي ڪنهن سطح تي لاڳاپو آهي. فنيات ۾ اِن اِصطلاح کان عمل (act) ۽ نتيجو، جنهن کي چٽ، يا نقش (a painting) سڏيو ويندو آهي، ٻنهين مان مراد آهي. '''نقاشي''' [[ڪاٺ]]، ٺڪر، يا [[مٽي]]ءَ جي شين تي نقش چٽڻ ۽ سونهن خاطر تصويرون يا لکتون ٺاهڻ جو فن نقاشي سڏبو آهي.<ref>ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.</ref> مصوري هڪ بصري فن آهي، جيڪا رنگ، پينٽ يا ٻيو وچولي مواد کي هڪ مضبوط مٿاڇري تي لاڳو ڪرڻ جي مشق سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |title=Paint – Definition |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=2012 |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172354/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |url-status=live }}</ref> وچولو مواد عام طور تي برش سان بنياد تي لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي. ٻيا اوزار، جهڙوڪ خراد، اسپنج، ايئر برش، فنڪار جون آڱريون، يا هڪ ٽِپڻ واري ٽيڪنڪ جيڪا ڪشش ثقل استعمال ڪري ٿي استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا. فنڪار جيڪو پينٽنگ ٺاهيندو آهي ان کي پينٽر چيو ويندو آهي. فن جي اصطلاح ۾ "پينٽنگ" عمل ۽ عمل جي نتيجي ٻنهي کي بيان ڪري ٿي. پينٽنگ جي سپورٽ ۾ ڀتيون، ڪاغذ، ڪينوس، ڪاٺ، شيشي، لاک، برتن، پتي، ٽامي ۽ ڪنڪريٽ جهڙيون سطحون شامل آهن. پينٽنگ ۾ ريتي، مٽي، ڪاغذ، ڪارڊ بورڊ، اخبار، پلاسٽر، سون جي پتي ۽ حتي پوريون شيون شامل ٿي سگهن ٿيون. پينٽنگ ڊرائنگ، ساخت، اشارو، بيان ۽ تجريد جهڙا عنصر شامل ڪرڻ سان بصري فن جي هڪ اهم شڪل آهي. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Perry|first1=Lincoln|title=The Music of Painting|journal=The American Scholar|date=Summer 2014|volume=83|issue=3|page=85}}</ref> پينٽنگ قدرتي ۽ نمائندگي ڪندڙ، جيئن پورٽريٽ، اسٽل لائف ۽ لينڊ اسڪيپ پينٽنگ ۾ (جيتوڻيڪ اهي صنفون تجريدي پڻ ٿي سگهن ٿيون)، فوٽوگرافي، تجريد، داستان نگاري، علامت نگاري (جيئن علامت نگار آرٽ ۾)، جذباتي (جيئن اظهار پسندي ۾) يا پنهنجي فطرت ۾ سياسي (جيئن آرٽيوزم ۾) ٿي سگهن ٿيون. پينٽنگ جي تاريخ جو هڪ اهم حصو، مشرقي ۽ مغربي آرٽ ٻنهي ۾، مذهبي آرٽ جو غلبو آهي. هن قسم جي پينٽنگ جون مثالون مٽيءَ جي ٿانون تي افسانوي شخصيتن کي ظاهر ڪرڻ واري آرٽ ورڪ کان وٺي، گرجا گهرن جي ڇتن تي بائبل جي منظرن ۽ گوتم ٻڌ جي زندگي جي منظرن يا مشرقي مذهبي اصل جي ٻئي تصويرن ۾ ملي سگهن. == History == {{Main|History of painting}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = left/right/center | footer = | footer_align = left | image2 = Maros_hunting_scene.png | width2 = 180 | caption2 = Redrawing of hunting scene from the Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst | image1 = Pig-deer print paintings in Pettakere Cave, Maros.jpg | width1 = 200 | caption1 = Cave paintings depicting a wild boar hunt in the [[Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst|Maros-Pangkep karst]] of Sulawesi are estimated to be at least 43,900 years old (2014). This finding was recognized as "the oldest known depiction of [[storytelling]] and the earliest instance of figurative art in human history." }} [[File:Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave painting of Bull.jpg|thumb|The depiction of a bull found in the [[Lubang Jeriji Saleh]], [[Indonesia]], in 2018, is the world's oldest known figurative painting. The painting is estimated to have been created around 40,000 to 52,000 years ago, or even earlier.]] The oldest known paintings are more than 40,000-60,000 years old ([[art of the Upper Paleolithic]]) and found in the [[caves in the district of Maros]] ([[Sulawesi]], [[Indonesia]]). The oldest are often constructed from hand stencils and simple geometric shapes.<ref name="Aubert2014">M. Aubert et al., "Pleistocene cave art from Sulawesi, Indonesia", ''Nature'' vol. 514, pp. 223–227 (9 October 2014). "using uranium-series dating of coralloid speleothems directly associated with 12 human hand stencils and two figurative animal depictions from seven cave sites in the Maros karsts of Sulawesi, we show that rock art traditions on this Indonesian island are at least compatible in age with the oldest European art. The earliest dated image from Maros, with a minimum age of 39.9 kyr, is now the oldest known hand stencil in the world. In addition, a painting of a [[Babirusa|babirusa ('pig-deer')]] made at least 35.4 kyr ago is among the earliest dated figurative depictions worldwide, if not the earliest one. Among the implications, it can now be demonstrated that humans were producing rock art by ~40 kyr ago at opposite ends of the Pleistocene Eurasian world."</ref>{{efn|Some hand prints have been found in Tibet and dated about 200,000 years-old.<ref>{{cite web |author= Bob McDonald |date= September 24, 2021 |title= 200,000-year-old handprints may be the world's oldest artwork, scientists say |website= cbc.ca |publisher= CBC Radio |url= https://www.cbc.ca/radio/quirks/200-000-year-old-handprints-may-be-the-world-s-oldest-artwork-scientists-say-1.6188120 |access-date= 2024-05-09 }}</ref> }} [[File:Leang Tedongnge rock art panel credit AA Oktaviana-01.jpg|thumb|In 2021, researchers discovered ancient cave art in Leang Tedongnge, Sulawesi, Indonesia, estimated to be at least 45,500 years old. Depicting a warty pig, this artwork is recognized as the world's oldest known example of figurative or representational art.]] In November 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of [[Lubang Jeriji Saléh]] on the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Borneo]].<ref name="NYT-20181107-cz">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=In Cave in Borneo Jungle, Scientists Find Oldest Figurative Painting in the World – A cave drawing in Borneo is at least 40,000 years old, raising intriguing questions about creativity in ancient societies. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/science/oldest-cave-art-borneo.html |date=7 November 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20181107">{{cite journal |author=Aubert, M.|display-authors=et al |title=Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo |date=7 November 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9 |pmid=30405242 |volume=564 |issue=7735 |pages=254–257 |bibcode=2018Natur.564..254A |s2cid=53208538 }}</ref> In December 2019, cave paintings portraying pig hunting within the [[Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst|Maros-Pangkep karst]] region in [[Sulawesi]] were discovered to be even older, with an estimated age of at least 43,900 years. This finding was recognized as "the oldest known depiction of [[storytelling]] and the earliest instance of figurative art in human history."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubert |first=M. |display-authors=et al. |date=11 December 2019 |title=Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art. |journal=Nature |volume=576 |issue=7787 |pages=442–445 |bibcode=2019Natur.576..442A |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y |pmid=31827284 |s2cid=209311825|hdl=10072/397337 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20191211">{{cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Becky |date=11 December 2019 |title=Mythical Beings May Be Earliest Imaginative Cave Art by Humans – The paintings on an Indonesian island are at least 43,900 years old and depict humanoid figures with animal-like features in a hunting scene. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/11/science/cave-art-indonesia.html |access-date=12 December 2019}}</ref> In 2021, cave art of a pig found in [[Sulawesi]], Indonesia, and dated to over 45,500 years ago, has been reported.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1-link=Adam Brumm|last1=Brumm|first1=Adam|last2=Oktaviana|first2=Adhi Agus|last3=Burhan|first3=Basran|last4=Hakim|first4=Budianto|last5=Lebe|first5=Rustan|last6=Zhao|first6=Jian-xin|last7=Sulistyarto|first7=Priyatno Hadi|last8=Ririmasse|first8=Marlon|last9=Adhityatama|first9=Shinatria|last10=Sumantri|first10=Iwan|last11=Aubert|first11=Maxime|date=2021-01-01|title=Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|article-number=eabd4648|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd4648|issn=2375-2548|pmid=33523879|pmc=7806210|bibcode=2021SciA....7.4648B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20210113">{{cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Becky |title=Pig Painting May Be World's Oldest Cave Art Yet, Archaeologists Say – The depiction of the animal on an Indonesian island is at least 45,500 years old, the researchers say. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/science/cave-painting-indonesia.html |date=January 13, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 14, 2021 }}</ref> On July 3, 2024, the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' published research findings indicating that the cave paintings which depict [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] figures interacting with a pig and measure {{convert|36|by|15|in|cm}} in [[Karampuang cave|Leang Karampuang]] are approximately 51,200 years old, establishing them as the oldest known paintings in the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Oktaviana |first1=Adhi Agus |last2=Joannes-Boyau |first2=Renaud |last3=Hakim |first3=Budianto |last4=Burhan |first4=Basran |last5=Sardi |first5=Ratno |last6=Adhityatama |first6=Shinatria |last7=Hamrullah |last8=Sumantri |first8=Iwan |last9=Tang |first9=M. |last10=Lebe |first10=Rustan |last11=Ilyas |first11=Imran |last12=Abbas |first12=Abdullah |last13=Jusdi |first13=Andi |last14=Mahardian |first14=Dewangga Eka |last15=Noerwidi |first15=Sofwan |date=2024-07-03 |title=Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago |journal=Nature |volume=631 |issue=8022 |pages=814–818 |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07541-7 |issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free |pmid=38961284 |pmc=11269172 |bibcode=2024Natur.631..814O }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Garreth |date=2024-07-04 |title=Oldest example of figurative art found in Indonesian cave |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/07/04/oldest-example-of-figurative-art-found-in-indonesian-cave |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=The Art Newspaper}}</ref> There are examples of [[cave painting]]s all over the world—in [[Indonesia]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Italy]], [[China]], [[Bhimbetka rock shelters|India]], [[Australia]], [[Mexico]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2013/05/130523_pinturas_caverna_mexico_an|title = Milhares de pinturas rupestres são descobertas em cavernas no México|work = BBC News Brasil|language = pt|date = 23 May 2013|access-date = 2 March 2015|archive-date = 12 April 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150412001151/http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/noticias/2013/05/130523_pinturas_caverna_mexico_an|url-status = live}}</ref> etc. In Western cultures, [[oil painting]] and [[watercolor]] painting have rich and complex traditions in style and subject matter. In the East, [[ink]] and color ink historically predominated the choice of media, with equally rich and complex traditions. The invention of photography had a major impact on painting. In the decades after the first [[photograph]] was produced in 1829, [[photography|photographic]] processes improved and became more widely practiced, depriving painting of much of its historic purpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world. A series of art movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries—notably [[Impressionism]], [[Post-Impressionism]], [[Fauvism]], [[Expressionism]], [[Cubism]], and [[Dada]]ism—challenged the [[Renaissance art|Renaissance]] view of the world. Eastern and African painting, however, continued a long history of [[stylization]] and did not undergo an equivalent transformation at the same time.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} [[Modern art|Modern]] and [[Contemporary art]] has moved away from the historic value of craft and documentation in favour of [[concept]]. This has not deterred the majority of living painters from continuing to practice painting either as a whole or part of their work. The vitality and versatility of painting in the 21st century defy the previous "declarations" of its demise. In an epoch characterized by the idea of [[Cultural pluralism|pluralism]], there is no consensus as to a representative style of the age. Artists continue to make important works of art in a wide variety of styles and aesthetic [[temperament]]s—their merits are left to the public and the marketplace to judge. [[Feminist art movement|The Feminist art movement]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guide to the Feminist Art Movement's History & Contemporary Impact |url=https://www.riseart.com/guide/2418/guide-to-the-feminist-art-movement#:~:text=The%20Feminist%20Art%20movement%20emerged,gender%20stereotypes%20in%20the%20arts. |url-status=live |website=Rise Art|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426170755/https://www.riseart.com/guide/2418/guide-to-the-feminist-art-movement|archive-date=Apr 26, 2023}}</ref> began in the 1960s during the second wave of [[feminism]]. The movement sought to gain equal rights and equal opportunities for female artists internationally. == Elements of painting == [[File:Chen Hongshou, leaf album painting.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chen Hongshou]] (1598–1652), ''Leaf album painting'' ([[Ming dynasty]])]] [[File:Georges Seurat 066.jpg|thumb|[[Georges Seurat]], ''[[Parade de cirque|Circus Sideshow]] ({{Langx|fr|Parade de cirque}})'' (1887–88)|alt=Shows a pointillist painting of a trombone soloist.]] === Color and tone === [[Color]], made up of [[hue]], [[Saturation color|saturation]], and [[Value (color)|value]], dispersed over a surface is the essence of painting, just as [[pitch (music)|pitch]] and [[rhythm]] are the essence of [[music]]. Color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, white is. Some painters, theoreticians, writers, and scientists, including [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe|Goethe]],<ref>[https://archive.org/details/goethestheoryco01goetgoog Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Goethe's theory of colours], John Murray, London 1840</ref> [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]],<ref>Wassily Kandinsky Concerning The Spiritual in Art, [Translated By Michael T. H. Sadler, [http://www.semantikon.com/art/kandinskyspiritualinart.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210194701/http://www.semantikon.com/art/kandinskyspiritualinart.pdf |date=10 February 2016 }}.</ref> and [[Isaac Newton|Newton]],<ref>A letter to the Royal Society presenting A new theory of light and colours Isaac Newton, 1671 [http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020073107/http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf |date=20 October 2015 }}</ref> have written their own [[color theory]]. Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction of color equivalent. The word "[[red]]", for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the [[visible spectrum]] of light. There is not a formalized register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music, such as [[F (musical note)|F]] or [[C♯ (musical note)|C♯]]. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic (primary) and derived (complementary or mixed) colors (like red, blue, green, brown, etc.). Painters deal practically with [[pigments]],<ref>[http://colourlex.com/pigments/pigments-colour/ Pigments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133914/http://colourlex.com/pigments/pigments-colour/ |date=6 January 2016 }} at ColourLex</ref> so "[[blue]]" for a painter can be any of the blues: [[phthalocyanine blue]], [[Prussian blue]], [[indigo]], [[Cobalt blue]], [[ultramarine]], and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, means of painting. Colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music (like a C note) is analogous to "light" in painting, "shades" to [[Dynamics (music)|dynamics]], and "coloration" is to painting as the specific [[Tone color|timbre]] of musical instruments is to music. These elements do not necessarily form a melody (in music) of themselves; rather, they can add different contexts to it. === Non-traditional elements === Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, [[collage]], which began with [[Cubism]] and is not painting in the strict sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as metal, plastic, [[sand]], [[cement]], [[straw]], [[Leaf painting|leaves]] or [[wood]] for the texture. Examples of this are the works of [[Jean Dubuffet]] and [[Anselm Kiefer]]. There is a growing community of artists who use computers to "paint" color onto a digital "canvas" using programs such as [[Adobe Photoshop]], [[Corel Painter]], and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required. === Rhythm === [[File:Jean Metzinger, 1906, La dance (Bacchante), oil on canvas, 73 x 54 cm DSC05359...jpg|thumb|[[Jean Metzinger]], ''[[La danse, Bacchante|La danse (Bacchante)]]'' ({{circa|1906}}), oil on canvas, 73 x 54&nbsp;cm, [[Kröller-Müller Museum]]]] [[Jean Metzinger]]'s mosaic-like [[Divisionist]] technique had its parallel in literature; a characteristic of the alliance between [[Symbolism (movement)|Symbolist]] writers and Neo-Impressionist artists: <blockquote>I ask of divided brushwork not the objective rendering of light, but iridescences and certain aspects of color still foreign to painting. I make a kind of chromatic versification and for syllables, I use strokes which, variable in quantity, cannot differ in dimension without modifying the rhythm of a pictorial phraseology destined to translate the diverse emotions aroused by nature. (Jean Metzinger, {{Circa|1907}})<ref>Jean Metzinger, circa 1907, quoted by Georges Desvallières in La Grande Revue, vol. 124, 1907</ref></blockquote> [[File:Piet Mondriaan, 1921 - Composition en rouge, jaune, bleu et noir.jpg|thumb|[[Piet Mondrian]], ''Composition en rouge, jaune, bleu et noir'' (1921), [[Gemeentemuseum Den Haag]]]] [[Rhythm]], for artists such as [[Piet Mondrian]],<ref name="Tosaki">[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mondrian_s_Philosophy_of_Visual_Rhythm/tvM-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 Eiichi Tosaki, ''Mondrian's Philosophy of Visual Rhythm: Phenomenology, Wittgenstein, and Eastern thought''], Vol. 23 of Sophia ''Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures'', Springer, 2017, pp. 108–109, 130, 139, 158, {{ISBN|9402411984}}</ref><ref>Piet Mondrian, ''Neo-Plasticism: Its Realization in Music and in Future Theater'', 1922</ref> is important in painting as it is in music. If one defines rhythm as "a pause incorporated into a sequence", then there can be rhythm in paintings. These pauses allow creative force to intervene and add new creations—form, melody, coloration. The distribution of form or any kind of information is of crucial importance in the given work of art, and it directly affects the aesthetic value of that work. This is because the aesthetic value is functionality dependent, i.e. the freedom (of movement) of perception is perceived as beauty. Free flow of energy, in art as well as in other forms of "[[techne]]", directly contributes to the aesthetic value.<ref name="Tosaki" /> Music was important to the birth of [[abstract art]] since music is abstract by nature—it does not try to represent the exterior world, but expresses in an immediate way the inner feelings of the soul. [[Wassily Kandinsky]] often used musical terms to identify his works; he called his most spontaneous paintings "improvisations" and described more elaborate works as "compositions". Kandinsky theorized that "music is the ultimate teacher",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wassilykandinsky.net/quotes.php|title=Wassily Kandinsky – Quotes|website=www.wassilykandinsky.net|access-date=17 September 2016|archive-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204065812/https://www.wassilykandinsky.net/quotes.php|url-status=live}}</ref> and subsequently embarked upon the first seven of his ten ''Compositions''. Hearing tones and chords as he painted, Kandinsky theorized that (for example), yellow is the color of middle [[C (musical note)|C]] on a brassy trumpet; black is the color of closure, and the end of things; and that combinations of colors produce vibrational frequencies, akin to chords played on a piano. In 1871 the young Kandinsky learned to play the piano and cello.<ref>, François Le Targat, ''Kandinsky'', Twentieth Century masters series, Random House Incorporated, 1987, p. 7, {{ISBN|0847808106}}</ref><ref>Susan B. Hirschfeld, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Hilla von Rebay Foundation, ''Watercolours by Kandinsky at the Guggenheim Museum: a selection from the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and the Hilla von Rebay Foundation'', 1991</ref> Kandinsky's stage design for a performance of [[Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky]]'s ''[[Pictures at an Exhibition]]'' illustrates his "synaesthetic" concept of a universal correspondence of forms, colors and musical sounds.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bauhaus|last=Fiedler|first=Jeannine|publisher=h.f. ullmann publishing GmbH|year=2013|isbn=978-3-8480-0275-7|location=Germany|pages=262}}</ref> Music defines much of modernist abstract painting. [[Jackson Pollock]] underscores that interest with his 1950 painting ''[[Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.interlude.hk/front/intersections-art-music-rothko-pollock/ |title=Intersections with art and music, Rothko and Pollock |date=16 April 2016 |access-date=3 February 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204020105/http://www.interlude.hk/front/intersections-art-music-rothko-pollock/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Aesthetics and theory == {{Main|Theory of painting}} [[File:Pompeii Painter.jpg|thumb|left|Female painter sitting on a campstool and painting a statue of [[Dionysus]] or [[Priapus]] onto a panel which is held by a boy. Fresco from [[Pompeii]], 1st century]] [[Aesthetics]] is the study of [[art]] and [[beauty]]; it was an important issue for 18th- and 19th-century [[Philosophy|philosophers]] such as [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] and [[Hegel]]. Classical philosophers like [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] also theorized about art and painting in particular. Plato disregarded painters (as well as sculptors) in his philosophical system; he maintained that painting cannot depict the [[truth]]—it is a copy of reality (a shadow of the world of ideas) and is nothing but a [[craft]], similar to shoemaking or iron casting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plato's Aesthetics|url=http://www.rowan.edu/open/philosop/clowney/aesthetics/philos_artists_onart/plato.htm|website=www.rowan.edu|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001041449/http://www.rowan.edu/open/philosop/clowney/Aesthetics/philos_artists_onart/plato.htm|archive-date=1 October 2017}}</ref> By the time of Leonardo, painting had become a closer representation of the truth than painting was in [[Ancient Greece]]. [[Leonardo da Vinci]], on the contrary, said that "{{Langx|it|La Pittura è cosa mentale}}" ("{{Langx|en|painting is a thing of the mind}}").<ref>Rollason, C., & Mittapalli, R. (2002). ''Modern criticism''. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 196. {{ISBN|812690187X}}</ref> Kant distinguished between [[Beauty]] and the [[Sublime (philosophy)|Sublime]], in terms that clearly gave priority to the former.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} Although he did not refer to painting in particular, this concept was taken up by painters such as [[Joseph Mallord William Turner|J.M.W. Turner]] and [[Caspar David Friedrich]]. [[File:Formella 18, apelle o la pittura, nino pisano, 1334-1336 dettaglio 01.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Nino Pisano]], ''Apelles or the Art of painting'' in detail (1334–1336); relief of the [[Giotto's Bell Tower]] in [[Florence]], Italy|alt=A relief against a wall shows a bearded man reaching up with his hands as his clothes are draped over his body.]] Hegel recognized the failure of attaining a universal concept of beauty and, in his aesthetic essay, wrote that painting is one of the three "romantic" arts, along with [[Poetry]] and [[Music]], for its [[symbol]]ic, highly intellectual purpose.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC&pg=PA276|title=Craig, Edward. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Genealogy to Iqbal|page=278|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-18709-1|year=1998|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422165916/https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC&pg=PA276|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich |volume= 13 |first=William|last=Wallace|author-link=William Wallace | pages = 200&ndash;207; see page 207 |quote=Painting and music are the specially romantic arts. Lastly, as a union of painting and music comes poetry, where the sensuous element is more than ever subordinate to the spirit}}</ref> Painters who have written theoretical works on painting include [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]] and [[Paul Klee]].<ref name="Franciscono">Franciscono, Marcel, ''Paul Klee: His Work and Thought'', part 6 'The Bauhaus and Düsseldorf', chap. 'Klee's theory courses', p. 246 and under 'notes to pp. 245–54' p. 365</ref><ref name="Barasch">Barasch, Moshe (2000) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=R_2wIujisH4C Theories of art – from impressionism to Kandinsky] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401050825/https://books.google.com/books?id=R_2wIujisH4C |date=1 April 2016 }}'', part IV 'Abstract art', chap. 'Color' pp. 332–33</ref> In his essay, Kandinsky maintains that painting has a spiritual value, and he attaches [[primary colors]] to essential feelings or concepts, something that [[Goethe]] and other writers had already tried to do. [[Iconography]] is the study of the content of paintings, rather than their style. [[Erwin Panofsky]] and other [[art historian]]s first seek to understand the things depicted, before looking at their meaning for the viewer at the time, and finally analyzing their wider cultural, religious, and social meaning.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Howard|title=The Varieties of Aesthetic Experience|journal=Journal for Spiritual & Consciousness Studies|date=October 2014|volume=37|issue=4|pages=541–252}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref> In 1890, the Parisian painter [[Maurice Denis]] famously asserted: "Remember that a painting—before being a warhorse, a naked woman or some story or other—is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in a certain order."<ref>[http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563353/abstract_art.html Encyclopedia Encarta] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704155609/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563353/Abstract_Art.html |date=4 July 2008 }}</ref> Thus, many 20th-century developments in painting, such as [[Cubism]], were reflections on the ''means'' of painting rather than on the external world—[[nature]]—which had previously been its core subject. Recent contributions to thinking about painting have been offered by the painter and writer Julian Bell. In his book ''What is Painting?'', Bell discusses the development, through history, of the notion that paintings can express feelings and ideas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/index/cohen/cohen8-16-99.asp |title=Review by art historian David Cohen |publisher=Artnet.com |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-date=26 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126181932/http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/index/cohen/cohen8-16-99.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''Mirror of The World,'' Bell writes: <blockquote>A ''work'' of art seeks to hold your attention and keep it fixed: a ''history'' of art urges it onwards, bulldozing a highway through the homes of the imagination.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mirror of the World: A New History of Art |first=Julian |last=Bell |publisher=Thames and Hudson |page=496 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-500-23837-0}}</ref></blockquote> == Painting media == Different types of paint are usually identified by the medium that the pigment is suspended or embedded in, which determines the general working characteristics of the paint, such as [[viscosity]], [[miscibility]], [[solubility]], drying time, etc. === Hot wax or encaustic === [[File:Petersinai.jpg|thumb|upright|Encaustic icon from [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], [[Egypt]] (6th-century)]] [[Encaustic painting]], also known as hot wax painting, involves using heated [[beeswax]] to which colored pigments are added. The liquid/paste is then applied to a surface—usually prepared wood, though [[canvas]] and other materials are often used. The simplest encaustic mixture can be made from adding pigments to beeswax, but there are several other recipes that can be used—some containing other types of [[wax]]es, [[damar resin]], [[linseed oil]], or other ingredients. Pure, powdered pigments can be purchased and used, though some mixtures use oil paints or other forms of pigment. Metal tools and special brushes can be used to shape the paint before it cools, or heated metal tools can be used to manipulate the wax once it has cooled onto the surface. Other materials can be encased or [[collage]]d into the surface, or layered, using the encaustic medium to adhere it to the surface. The technique was the normal one for ancient Greek and Roman panel paintings, and remained in use in the Eastern Orthodox [[icon]] tradition. === Watercolor === [[File:John Martin - Manfred on the Jungfrau (1837).jpg|thumb|left|[[John Martin (painter)|John Martin]], ''[[Manfred on the Jungfrau (Martin)|Manfred on the Jungfrau]]'' (1837), watercolor]] [[Watercolor]] is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-soluble vehicle. The traditional and most common support for watercolor paintings is paper; other supports include [[papyrus]], bark papers, plastics, [[vellum]] or [[leather]], [[textile|fabric]], wood and [[canvas]]. In East Asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to as [[brush painting]] or scroll painting. In [[Chinese painting|Chinese]], [[Korean painting|Korean]], and [[Japanese painting]] it has been the dominant medium, often in monochrome black or browns. India, [[Ethiopia]] and other countries also have long traditions. [[Finger-painting]] with watercolor paints originated in [[China]]. There are various types of watercolors used by artists. Some examples are pan watercolors, liquid watercolors, watercolor brush pens, and [[Pencil|watercolor pencils]]. Watercolor pencils (water-soluble color pencils) may be used either wet or dry. === Gouache === [[File:Rudolf Reschreiter Blick von der Höllentalangerhütte zum Höllentalgletscher und den Riffelwandspitzen 1921.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rudolf Reschreiter]], ''Blick von der Höllentalangerhütte zum Höllentalgletscher und den Riffelwandspitzen'', Gouache (1921)]] [[Gouache]] is a water-based paint consisting of pigment and other materials designed to be used in an opaque painting method. Gouache differs from [[watercolor painting|watercolor]] in that the particles are larger, the ratio of pigment to water is much higher, and an additional, inert, white pigment such as [[chalk]] is also present. This makes gouache heavier and more opaque, with greater reflective qualities. Like all water media, it is diluted with water.<ref name="wash_gou">Cohn, Marjorie B., ''Wash and Gouache'', Fogg Museum, 1977.</ref> Gouache was a popular paint utilized by Egyptians,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gouache {{!}} Watercolor, Acrylics, Tempera |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/gouache |website=www.britannica.com |publisher=Britannica |access-date=March 18, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Painters such as [[François Boucher|Francois Boucher]] used this medium. This paint is best applied with sable brushes. === Ceramic Glaze === Glazing is commonly known as a premelted liquid glass. This glaze can be dipped or brushed on. This glaze appears chalky and there is a vast difference between the beginning and finished result. To be activated glazed pottery must be placed in a kiln to be fired. This melts the Silica glass in the glaze and transforms it into a vibrant glossy version of itself.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Grey Fox Pottery |title=The History of Ceramic Glaze |date=4 August 2023 |url=https://greyfoxpottery.com/coffee-mugs/the-history-of-ceramic-glaze}}</ref><ref>"Ceramic glaze." Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ceramic%20glaze. Accessed 19 Mar. 2024.</ref> === Ink === [[File:Landscapes of the Four Seasons.jpg|thumb|[[Sesshū Tōyō]], ''Landscapes of the Four Seasons'' (1486), ink and light color on paper ]] Ink paintings are done with a liquid that contains pigments or [[dye]]s and is used to color a surface to produce an image, [[writing|text]], or [[design]]. Ink is used for drawing with a [[pen]], [[brush]], or [[quill]]. Ink can be a complex medium, composed of [[solvent]]s, pigments, dyes, [[resin]]s, [[lubricant]]s, solubilizers, [[surfactant]]s, [[suspended solids|particulate matter]], [[fluorescent|fluorescers]], and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives control flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry. === Enamel === [[File:Waddesdon bequest British Museum DSCF9814 05.JPG|thumb|[[Jean de Court]] (attributed), painted [[Limoges enamel]] dish in detail (mid-16th century), [[Waddesdon Bequest]], [[British Museum]]]] [[Vitreous enamel|Enamels]] are made by painting a substrate, typically metal, with powdered glass; minerals called color oxides provide coloration. After firing at a temperature of 750–850 degrees Celsius (1380–1560 degrees Fahrenheit), the result is a fused lamination of glass and metal. Unlike most painted techniques, the surface can be handled and wetted. Enamels have traditionally been used for decoration of precious objects,<ref>Mayer, Ralph,''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking, 1970, p. 375.</ref> but have also been used for other purposes. [[Limoges enamel]] was the leading centre of Renaissance enamel painting, with small religious and mythological scenes in decorated surrounds, on plaques or objects such as [[Salt cellar|salts]] or caskets. In the 18th century, enamel painting enjoyed a vogue in Europe, especially as a medium for [[portrait miniature]]s.<ref>McNally, Rika Smith, "Enamel", ''Oxford Art Online''</ref> In the late 20th century, the technique of porcelain enamel on metal has been used as a durable medium for outdoor murals.<ref>Mayer, Ralph, ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking, 1970, p. 371.</ref> === Tempera === [[File:Sandro Botticelli - La nascita di Venere - Google Art Project - edited.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sandro Botticelli]], ''[[The Birth of Venus]]'', Tempera (1485–1486)]] [[File:The Three Graces, by Peter Paul Rubens, from Prado in Google Earth.jpg|thumb|The Three Graces (1636–1638). Museo del Prado, Madrid]] [[Tempera]], also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble [[Binder (material)|binder]] medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other [[Sizing|size]]). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium. Tempera paintings are very long-lasting, and examples from the first centuries CE still exist. Egg tempera was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of [[oil painting]]. A paint commonly called tempera (though it is not) consisting of pigment and glue size is commonly used and referred to by some manufacturers in America as [[poster paint]]. === Fresco === [[File:Meister von Mileseva 001.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''[[White Angel]]'' (fresco, c. 1235), Mileševa monastery, Serbia]] [[Fresco]] is any of several related [[mural]] painting types, done on [[plaster]] on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes from the [[Italian language|Italian]] word ''affresco'' {{IPA|[afˈfresːko]}}, which derives from the Latin word for ''fresh''. Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods. ''[[Buon fresco]]'' technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh [[Mortar (masonry)#Lime mortar|lime mortar]] or [[plaster]], for which the Italian word for plaster, [[intonaco]], is used. ''[[A secco]]'' painting, in contrast, is done on dry plaster (''secco'' is "dry" in Italian). The pigments require a binding medium, such as [[egg (food)|egg]] ([[tempera]]), glue or [[oil painting|oil]] to attach the pigment to the wall. === Oil === [[File:Honoré Daumier 008.jpg|thumb|[[Honoré Daumier]], ''The Painter'' (1808–1879), oil on panel with visible brushstrokes]] [[Oil painting]] is the process of painting with [[pigments]] that are bound with a medium of [[drying oil]], such as [[linseed oil]], [[poppyseed oil]] which was widely used in early modern Europe. Often the oil was boiled with a resin such as pine resin or even [[frankincense]]; these were called 'varnishes' and were prized for their body and gloss. Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. The transition began with [[Early Netherlandish painting]] in northern Europe, and by the height of the [[Renaissance]] oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced [[tempera]] paints in the majority of Europe. === Pastel === [[File:Louis15-1.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Maurice Quentin de La Tour]], ''Portrait of Louis XV of France'' (1748), pastel]] [[Pastel]] is a painting medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment and a binder.<ref>Mayer, Ralph (1970), ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking. p. 312.</ref> The pigments used in pastels are the same as those used to produce all colored art media, including [[oil paint]]s; the binder is of a neutral hue and low [[Colorfulness#Saturation|saturation]]. The color effect of pastels is closer to the natural dry pigments than that of any other process.<ref>Mayer, Ralph (1971). ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques''. Viking Adult; 5th ed. {{ISBN|0670837016}}</ref> Because the surface of a pastel painting is fragile and easily smudged, its preservation requires protective measures such as framing under glass; it may also be sprayed with a [[fixative (drawing)|fixative]]. Nonetheless, when made with permanent pigments and properly cared for, a pastel painting may endure unchanged for centuries. Pastels are not susceptible, as are paintings made with a fluid medium, to the cracking and discoloration that result from changes in the color, opacity, or dimensions of the medium as it dries. === Acrylic === [[File:Jungle Arc.jpg|thumb|[[Ray Burggraf]], ''Jungle Arc'' (1998), acrylic paint on wood]] [[Acrylic paint]] is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in [[acrylic resin|acrylic]] polymer [[emulsion]]. Acrylic paints can be diluted with water but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted (with water) or modified with acrylic gels, media, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a [[watercolor painting|watercolor]] or an [[oil painting]], or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media. The main practical difference between most acrylics and oil paints is the inherent drying time.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=artincontext |date=2021-08-22 |title=Watercolor vs. Acrylic - The Difference Between Watercolor and Acrylic |url=https://artincontext.org/watercolor-vs-acrylic/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=artincontext.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Oils allow for more time to blend colors and apply even glazes over under-paintings. This slow drying aspect of oil can be seen as an advantage for certain techniques but may also impede the artist's ability to work quickly. Another difference is that watercolors must be painted onto a porous surface, primarily watercolor paper. Acrylic paints can be used on many different surfaces.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Understanding drying times for acrylic paints |url=https://www.winsornewton.com/row/education/guides/understanding-the-drying-times-for-acrylic-paints/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Winsor & Newton - ROW |language=en-GB}}</ref> Both acrylic and watercolor are easy to clean up with water. Acrylic paint should be cleaned with soap and water immediately following use. Watercolor paint can be cleaned with just water.<ref>Watercolor vs Acrylic [https://www.rayeoflightstudio.com/watercolor-vs-acrylic/] accessed August 21, 2020</ref><ref name="Appellof92">{{cite book |author=Appellof, M.E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2HeUJFqfzsC |title=Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Watercolor |publisher=Watson-Guptill Publications |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-823-05649-1 |pages=399–}}</ref><ref>Why WaterColor [https://www.theartistsroad.net/articles/whywatercolor] accessed August 21, 2020</ref> Between 1946 and 1949, [[Leonard Bocour]] and [[Sam Golden]] invented a solution acrylic paint under the brand [[Magna paint]]. These were [[Mineral spirits|mineral spirit]]-based paints. Water-based acrylic paints were subsequently sold as [[latex]] house paints.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sickler |first=Dean |date=Spring 2002 |title=Water-based Alchemy by Dean Sickler |url=http://dundean.com/tips_what_is_latex_paint.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829153753/http://dundean.com/tips_what_is_latex_paint.shtml |archive-date=August 29, 2012 |access-date=August 11, 2012 |website=Dundean.com}}</ref> In 1963, George Rowney (part of [[Daler-Rowney]] since 1983) was the first manufacturer to introduce artists' acrylic paints in Europe, under the brand name "Cryla".<ref name="Art Materials">{{cite web |date=2012-02-15 |title=Art Materials |url=http://www.daler-rowney.com/ |access-date=2013-02-05 |publisher=Daler Rowney}}</ref> Acrylics are the most common paints used in [[grattage]], a surrealist technique that began to be used with the advent of this type of paint. Acrylics are used for this purpose because they easily scrape or peel from a surface.<ref>Grattage [http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Grattage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904065444/http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Grattage|date=2010-09-04}} Art Techniques accessed December 08, 2010</ref> === Spray paint === [[Aerosol paint]] (also called spray paint)<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/aerosol-dispenser |title=Aerosol Dispenser |date=2018}}{{failed verification|date=August 2025}}</ref> is a type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized container and is released in a fine spray mist when depressing a [[valve]] button. A form of [[spray painting]], [[aerosol]] paint leaves a smooth, evenly coated surface. Standard sized cans are portable, inexpensive and easy to store<!--, unlike _industrial painters_ or artist [[airbrush]]es-->. Aerosol [[Primer (paint)|primer]] can be applied directly to bare metal and many plastics. Speed, portability and permanence also make aerosol paint a common [[graffiti]] medium. In the late 1970s, street graffiti writers' signatures and murals became more elaborate, and a unique style developed as a factor of the aerosol medium and the speed required for illicit work. Many now recognize graffiti and street art as a unique art form and specifically manufactured aerosol paints are made for the graffiti artist. A [[stencil]] protects a surface, except the specific shape to be painted. Stencils can be purchased as movable letters, ordered as professionally cut [[logo]]s or hand-cut by artists. === Water miscible oil paint === [[Water miscible oil paint]]s (also called "water soluble" or "water-mixable") is a modern variety of [[oil paint]] engineered to be thinned and cleaned up with water,<ref>{{Cite web |title=RX Series Alkyd Emulsifiers |url=https://ethox.com/rx-series-alkyd-emulsifiers/ |access-date=2021-04-26 |website=Ethox |language=en-US |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426140405/https://ethox.com/rx-series-alkyd-emulsifiers/ }}</ref><ref name="Dye2001">{{cite book |author=Sean Dye |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPa8JyQkmgMC |title=Painting with Water-Soluble Oils |date=15 June 2001 |publisher=North Light Books |isbn=1-58180-033-9 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> rather than having to use chemicals such as [[turpentine]]. It can be mixed and applied using the same techniques as traditional oil-based paint, but while still wet it can be effectively removed from brushes, palettes, and rags with ordinary soap and water. Its water solubility comes from the use of an [[oil]] medium in which one end of the [[molecule]] has been altered to bind loosely to water molecules, as in a [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]].<ref name="cold_oil">H. Gluck, "The Impermanences of Painting in Relation to Artists' Materials", ''Journal of the Royal Society of Arts'', Volume CXII 1964</ref> === Sand === {{Main|Sandpainting}} Sandpainting is the art of pouring coloured sands, and powdered pigments from minerals or crystals, or pigments from other natural or synthetic sources onto a surface to make a fixed or unfixed sand painting. === Digital painting === {{Main|Digital painting}} Digital painting is a method of creating an art object (painting) digitally or a technique for making digital art on the computer. As a method of creating an art object, it adapts traditional painting medium such as [[acrylic paint]], [[Oil paint|oils]], [[ink]], [[watercolor]], etc. and applies the pigment to traditional carriers, such as woven canvas cloth, paper, polyester, etc. by means of [[software]] driving [[industrial robot]]ic or office machinery (printers). As a technique, it refers to a [[computer graphics]] software program that uses a [[virtuality|virtual]] canvas and virtual painting box of brushes, colors, and other supplies. The virtual box contains many instruments that do not exist outside the computer, and which give a [[digital art]]work a different look and feel from an artwork that is made the traditional way. Furthermore, digital painting is not 'computer-generated' art as the computer does not automatically create images on the screen using some mathematical calculations. On the other hand, the artist uses his own painting technique to create a particular piece of work on the computer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.turningpointarts.com/what-is-digital-painting/|title=What is digital painting?|date=1 November 2008|work=Turning Point Arts|access-date=17 May 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505040853/http://www.turningpointarts.com/what-is-digital-painting|url-status=live}}</ref> === Other media === Bodily fluids have been used as painting media. [[Andy Warhol]] produced his ''Oxidization'' series by covering canvases with metallic paint and having his assistants and friends urinate on the still-wet paint.<ref>[https://www.warhol.org/conservation/oxidation-paintings/ Oxidation Paintings], The Andy Warhol Museum. Retrieved 18 March 2024.</ref> Blood from menstrual periods has been used to paint images.<ref>Green-Cole, Ruth. "Painting Blood: Visualizing Menstrual Blood in Art." The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies [Internet], U.S. National Library of Medicine, 25 July 2020, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565646/. </ref> Sarah Maple, a contemporary artist, has used her menstrual blood to create portraits to help erase the taboo covering the topic of periods.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} == Painting styles == {{Main|Style (visual arts)}} ''Style'' is used in two senses: It can refer to the distinctive visual elements, techniques, and methods that typify an ''individual'' artist's work. It can also refer to the [[Art movement|movement]] or school that an artist is associated with. This can stem from an actual group that the artist was consciously involved with or it can be a category in which art historians have placed the painter. The word 'style' in the latter sense has fallen out of favor in academic discussions about contemporary painting, though it continues to be used in popular contexts. Such movements or classifications include the following: <!--When the section below is fully fleshed out, we might end up duplicating the History of painting article...this might be OK if this section is substantially shorter than the History of painting article! --> === Western === ==== Modernism ==== [[Modernism]] describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated [[cultural movement]]s, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to [[Western culture|Western society]] in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of [[Realism (arts)|realism]].<ref name="Barth79Replenishment">[[John Barth|Barth, John]] (1979) ''[[The Literature of Replenishment]]'', later republished in ''[[The Friday Book]]'' (1984).</ref><ref name="Graff75">[[Gerald Graff|Graff, Gerald]] (1975) ''Babbitt at the Abyss: The Social Context of Postmodern. American Fiction'', [[TriQuarterly]], No. 33 (Spring 1975), pp. 307–37; reprinted in Putz and Freese, eds., Postmodernism and American Literature.</ref> The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization, and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social, and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized world. A salient characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness. This often led to experiments with form, and work that draws attention to the processes and materials used (and to the further tendency of abstraction).<ref>Gardner, Helen, Horst De la Croix, Richard G. Tansey, and Diane Kirkpatrick. ''Gardner's Art Through the Ages'' (San Diego: [[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]], 1991). {{ISBN|0155037706}}. p. 953.</ref> ==== Impressionism ==== [[File:Monet - Impression, Sunrise.jpg|thumb|[[Claude Monet]]'s 1872 ''[[Impression, Sunrise]]'' inspired the name of [[Impressionism|the movement]]]] The first example of modernism in painting was [[impressionism]], a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors (''[[en plein air]]''). Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, but instead see light itself. The school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners and became increasingly influential. Initially rejected from the most important commercial show of the time, the government-sponsored [[Paris Salon]], the [[Impressionists]] organized yearly group exhibitions in commercial venues during the 1870s and 1880s, timing them to coincide with the official Salon. A significant event of 1863 was the [[Salon des Refusés]], created by [[Napoleon III of France|Emperor Napoleon III]] to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon. ==== Abstract styles ==== [[Abstract art|Abstract painting]] uses a [[visual language]] of form, colour and line to create a composition that may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Rudolph Arnheim|last=Arnheim|first= Rudolf|date= 1969|title=Visual Thinking|publisher = University of California Press|isbn = 0-520-24226-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Key|first1=Joan|title=Future Use: Abstract Painting|journal=Third Text|date=September 2009|volume=23|issue=5|pages=557–63|doi=10.1080/09528820903184666|s2cid=144061791}}</ref> [[Abstract expressionism]] was an American post-[[World War II]] [[art movement]] that combined the emotional intensity and self-denial of the German [[expressionism|Expressionists]] with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools—such as [[Futurism (art)|Futurism]], [[Bauhaus]] and [[Cubism]], and the image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, nihilistic.<ref>Shapiro, David/Cecile (2000): Abstract Expressionism. The politics of apolitical painting. p. 189-90 In: Frascina, Francis (2000): Pollock and After. The critical debate. 2nd ed. London: Routledge</ref> [[Action painting]], sometimes called ''gestural abstraction'', is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://painting.about.com/od/artglossarya/g/defactionpaint.htm | title = ''Art Glossary: Action Painting'' | access-date = 20 August 2006 | last = Boddy-Evans | first = Marion | publisher = About.com | archive-date = 12 March 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070312224234/http://painting.about.com/od/artglossarya/g/defactionpaint.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> The resulting work often emphasizes the physical act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist. The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early 1960s and is closely associated with [[abstract expressionism]] (some critics have used the terms "action painting" and "abstract expressionism" interchangeably). Other modernist styles include: * [[Color Field]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[Hard-edge painting]] * [[Pop art]] ==== Outsider art ==== The term [[outsider art]] was coined by [[art critic]] Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for art brut ({{IPA|fr|aʁ bʁyt|lang}}, "raw art" or "rough art"), a label created by [[France|French]] [[artist]] [[Jean Dubuffet]] to describe [[art]] created outside the boundaries of official culture; Dubuffet focused particularly on art by [[Psychiatric hospital|insane-asylum]] inmates.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cardinal|first= Roger|title=Outsider Art|location= London|date= 1972|publisher = Studio Vista |isbn = 978-0-289-70168-3 }}</ref> Outsider art has emerged as a successful art marketing category (an annual Outsider Art Fair has taken place in New York since 1992). The term is sometimes misapplied as a catch-all marketing label for art created by people outside the mainstream "art world", regardless of their circumstances or the content of their work. ==== Photorealism ==== [[Photorealism]] is the genre of painting based on using the camera and photographs to gather information and then from this information, creating a painting that appears to be very realistic like a [[photograph]]. The term is primarily applied to paintings from the United States [[art movement]] that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As a full-fledged art movement, Photorealism evolved from [[Pop Art]]<ref name="Supperrealist Pop Art">Lindey, Christine ''Superrealist Painting and Sculpture,'' William Morrow and Company, New York, 1980, pp. 27–33.</ref><ref name="Chase, Linda 2002. pp 14-15">Chase, Linda, Photorealism at the Millennium, ''The Not-So-Innocent Eye: Photorealism in Context.'' Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York, 2002. pp. 14–15.</ref><ref>[[Nochlin, Linda]], The Realist Criminal and the Abstract Law II, ''Art in America''. 61 (November – December 1973), P. 98.</ref> and as a counter to [[Abstract Expressionism]]. [[Hyperrealism (painting)|Hyperrealism]] is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high-resolution [[photograph]]. [[Hyperrealism (painting)|Hyperrealism]] is a fully-fledged school of [[art]] and can be considered an advancement of Photorealism by the methods used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures. The term is primarily applied to an independent art movement and art style in the United States and Europe that has developed since the early 2000s.<ref>Bredekamp, Horst, Hyperrealism – One Step Beyond. Tate Museum, Publishers, UK. 2006. p. 1</ref> ==== Surrealism ==== [[Surrealism]] is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s and is best known for the artistic and literary production of those affiliated with the [[Surrealist Movement]]. Surrealist artworks feature the element of surprise, the uncanny, the unconscious, unexpected juxtapositions and [[Non sequitur (literary device)|non-sequitur]]; however, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader [[André Breton]] was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the [[Dada]] activities of [[World War I]] and the most important center of the movement was [[Paris]]. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the [[visual art]]s, [[literature]], [[film]] and [[music]] of many countries, as well as [[politics|political]] thought and practice, [[philosophy]] and [[social theory]]. {{See also|Outline of painting#Styles of painting}} === East Asian === * [[File:Immortal in Splashed Ink.jpg|thumb|[[Liang Kai]]'', Drunken Celestial'' (12th century), ink on [[Xuan paper]]]] [[File:MET DP153920.jpg|thumb|[[Yun Bing]], ''Album Leaf'' (17th century), ink and color on paper]]'''[[Chinese painting|Chinese]]''' ** [[Tang Dynasty painting|Tang Dynasty]] ** [[Ming Dynasty painting|Ming Dynasty]] ** [[Shan shui]] ** [[Ink and wash painting]] ** [[Bird-and-flower painting|Hua niao]] ** [[Southern School]] *** [[Zhe school (painting)|Zhe School]] *** [[Wu School]] ** [[History of Chinese art#Contemporary Art|Contemporary]] * '''[[Japanese painting|Japanese]]''' ** [[Yamato-e]] ** [[Rimpa school]] ** [[Emakimono]] ** [[Kanō school]] ** [[Shijō school]] ** [[Superflat]] * '''[[Korean painting|Korean]]''' === Southeast Asia === * '''[[Indonesian painting|Indonesian]]''' === Islamic === * [[Arabic miniature]] * [[Ottoman miniature]] * [[Persian miniature]] * [[Calligraphy]] === Indian === ==== Miniature painting ==== Miniature paintings were the primary form of painting in pre-colonial India. These were done on a special paper (known as wasli) using mineral and natural colours. Miniature painting is not one style but a group of several styles of schools of painting such as Mughal, Pahari, Rajasthani, Company style etc. '''[[Mughal painting|Mughal miniature painting]]''' is a particular style of [[South Asia]]n, particularly North Indian (more specifically, modern day India and Pakistan), painting confined to [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniatures]] either as book illustrations or as single works to be kept in albums ([[muraqqa]]). It emerged<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughal Painting – Evolution & History, Features & Prominent Artists |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/mughal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102715/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/mughal.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net |language=en}}</ref> from [[Persian miniature]] painting (itself partly of [[Chinese painting|Chinese origin]]) and developed in the court of the [[Mughal Empire]] of the 16th to 18th centuries. Mughal painting immediately took a much greater interest in realistic portraiture than was typical of Persian miniatures. Animals and plants were the main subject of many miniatures for albums, and were more realistically depicted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2016 |title=Mughal Painting |url=https://selfstudyhistory.com/2016/08/22/mughal-painting-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102703/https://selfstudyhistory.com/2016/08/22/mughal-painting-2/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Self Study History |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Religions – Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110065723/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml |archive-date=10 November 2010 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website= BBC |date=2009 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughal painting |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Mughal-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.britannica.com/art/Mughal-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Maker unknown, India - Krishna and Radha - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''Krishna and Radha'', might be the work of [[Nihâl Chand]], master of Kishangarh school of Rajput Painting]] '''[[Rajasthani painting]]''' evolved and flourished in the royal courts of [[Rajputana]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rājput painting {{!}} Indian art |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Rajput-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.britannica.com/art/Rajput-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> in northern India, mainly during the 17th century. Artists trained in the tradition of the [[Mughal miniature]] were dispersed from the imperial Mughal court, and developed styles also drawing from local traditions of painting, especially those illustrating the Sanskrit Epics, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]''. Subjects varied, but portraits of the ruling family, often engaged in hunting or their daily activities, were generally popular, as were narrative scenes from the epics or [[Hindu mythology]], as well as some [[Genre painting|genre scenes]] of landscapes, and humans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajput Paintings, Rajput Paintings India, Rajput Painting History |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/rajput.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/rajput.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2012 |title=Rajput painting |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/rajput-painting-1345188164-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122104201/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/rajput-painting-1345188164-1 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Jagran Josh}}</ref> '''Punjab Hills or [[Pahari painting]]''' of which Kangra, Guller, Basholi were major sub-styles. Kangra painting is the pictorial art of [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], named after [[Kangra State|Kangra]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], a former [[princely state]], which patronized the art. It became prevalent with the fading of [[Basohli Painting|Basohli school of painting]] in mid-18th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kāngra painting |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Kangra-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102656/https://www.britannica.com/art/Kangra-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bradnock |first1=Robert W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=pligrim+Dharamshala%22&pg=PA512 |title=Footprint India |last2=Bradnock |first2=Roma |date=2004 |publisher=Footprint |isbn=978-1-904777-00-7 |page=512 |language=en |access-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219034009/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=pligrim+Dharamshala%22&pg=PA512 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The focal theme of Kangra painting is Shringar (the erotic sentiment). The subjects are seen in Kangra painting exhibit the taste and the traits of the lifestyle of the society of that period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2021 |title=Kangra Painting – The Delicate Art of the Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/kangra-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/kangra-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Caleidoscope {{!}} Indian Culture, Heritage |language=en-US}}</ref> The artists adopted themes from the love poetry of [[Jayadeva]] and [[Keshavdas|Keshav Das]] who wrote ecstatically of the love of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] with [[Bhakti]] being the driving force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangra Paintings {{!}} District Kangra, Government of Himachal Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://hpkangra.nic.in/gallery/kangra-paintings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://hpkangra.nic.in/gallery/kangra-paintings/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vijay |date=1 November 2020 |title=How love, war and Mughal fine art inspired Kangra painting |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-love-war-and-mughal-fine-art-inspired-kangra-painting/533500/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-love-war-and-mughal-fine-art-inspired-kangra-painting/533500/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Khan Bahadur Khan with men of his clan (6125079998) cropped.jpg|left|thumb|Khan Bahadur Khan with Men of his Clan, c. 1815, from the Fraser Album, Company Style]]'''Company style''' is a term for a hybrid Indo-European style of paintings made in India by Indian artists, many of whom worked for European patrons in the [[British East India Company]] or other foreign Companies in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company Painting in Nineteenth-Century India &#124; Essay &#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History &#124; the Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220030814/https://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm |archive-date=20 December 2017 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.metmuseum.org|date=October 2004 }}</ref> Three distinct styles of Company Painting emerged in three British Power Centres – [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and [[Madras]]. The subject matter of company paintings made for western patrons was often documentary rather than imaginative, and as a consequence, the Indian artists were required to adopt a more naturalistic approach to painting than had traditionally been usual.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company Paintings – Capturing an Era |url=https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/9__Tavern_Scene-scaled.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/9__Tavern_Scene-scaled.jpg |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Live History India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Victoria and Albert Museum |first=Digital Media |date=16 November 2012 |title=Indian company paintings |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/indian-company-paintings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102700/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/indian-company-paintings/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.vam.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> The '''Sikh style''' and [[Deccan painting|'''Deccan style''']] are other prominent Miniature painting styles of India. ==== Pichwai painting ==== [[Pichhwai|Pichwai paintings]] are paintings on textile and usually depicting stories from the life of Lord Krishna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=The colourful tradition of Indian Pichwai Painting |url=https://indianartspalace.in/the-colorful-tradition-of-indian-pichwai-paintings/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> These were made in large format and often used as a backdrop to the main idol in temples or homes. Pichwai paintings were made and are still made mainly in Rajasthan, India. However very few were made in the Deccan region, but these are extremely rare. The purpose of pichhwais, other than artistic appeal, is to narrate tales of Krishna to the illiterate. Temples have sets with different images, which are changed according to the [[Shrinathji#Festivals and rituals at the temple|calendar of festivals celebrating the deity]].<ref>Blurton, 142-143</ref> ==== Folk and tribal art ==== Pattachitra is a general term for traditional, cloth-based [[scroll]] painting, based in the eastern Indian [[States and territories of India|states]] of [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parampara Project {{!}} Pata Chitra|url=https://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|access-date=22 November 2021|website=www.paramparaproject.org|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219040030/https://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Pattachitra painting tradition is closely linked with the worship of Lord [[Jagannath]] in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daricha Foundation|url=http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|access-date=22 November 2021|website=www.daricha.org|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|url-status=live}}</ref> The subject matter of Pattachitra is limited to religious themes. Patachitra artform is known for its intricate details as well as mythological narratives and folktales inscribed in it. All colours used in the Paintings are natural and paintings are made fully old traditional way by Chitrakaras that is Odiya Painter. Pattachitra style of painting is one of the oldest and most popular art forms of [[Odisha]]. Patachitras are a component of an ancient [[Bengalis|Bengali]] narrative art, originally serving as a visual device during the performance of a song.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2015|title=Myths and Folktales in the Patachitra Art of Bengal: Tradition and Modernity|url=https://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|access-date=22 November 2021|website=The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design|language=en-US|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102700/https://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=15 June 2016|title=Orissa Pattachitra –|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece|access-date=22 November 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=says|first=Conrad Comrie|date=26 April 2017|title=Patachitra: Ancient scroll painting of Bengal|url=https://mediaindia.eu/culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Media India Group|language=en|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122154252/https://mediaindia.eu/culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|url-status=live}}</ref> Madhubani Art is a style of [[Indian painting]], practiced in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of India and Nepal. The style is characterized by complex geometrical patterns, these paintings are famous for representing ritual content used for particular occasions like festivals, religious rituals etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhubani (Mithila) Painting – History, Designs & Artists |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/madhubani.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/madhubani.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net |language=en}}</ref> [[Warli painting|Warli]] is another folk tribal art form from India. ==== Bengal School ==== The Bengal School<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi|url=http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp|access-date=22 November 2021|website=ngmaindia.gov.in|archive-date=22 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022113236/http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> was an [[art movement]] and a style of [[Indian painting]] that originated in [[Bengal]], primarily [[Kolkata]] and [[Shantiniketan]], and flourished throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]], during the [[British Raj]] in the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2022 |title=Bengal School Painting – The transition to Modernism |url=https://indianartspalace.in/bengal-school-painting/ |access-date=10 August 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> The Bengal school arose as an [[avant garde]] and nationalist movement reacting against the [[academic art]] styles previously promoted in India, both by Indian artists such as [[Raja Ravi Varma]] and in British art schools. The school wanted to establish a distinct Indian style which celebrated the indigenous cultural heritage. In an attempt to reject colonial aesthetics, [[Abanindranath Tagore]] also turned to China and Japan with the intent of promoting a pan-Asian aesthetic and incorporated elements from Far Eastern art, such as the [[Ink wash painting|Japanese wash technique]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengal School of Art|url=https://www.artsy.net/gene/bengal-school-of-art|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artsy|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.artsy.net/gene/bengal-school-of-art|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How the Bengal School of Art Changed Colonial India's Art Landscape|url=https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/how-the-bengal-school-of-art-changed-colonial-indias-art-landscape |date=February 27, 2017 |access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artisera|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/how-the-bengal-school-of-art-changed-colonial-indias-art-landscape|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 August 2012|title=Bengal School of Art|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/bengal-school-of-art-1345270637-1|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Jagran Josh|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/bengal-school-of-art-1345270637-1|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Others ==== [[File:Mysore Painting.jpg|left|thumb|upright|19th Century Mysore Painting of Goddess [[Saraswathi]] ]] * Mysore painting is an important form of classical [[South India]]n painting that originated in and around the town of [[Mysore]] in [[Karnataka]] encouraged and nurtured by the Mysore rulers. Mysore paintings are known for their elegance, muted colours, and attention to detail. The themes for most of these paintings are [[Hindu]] gods and goddesses and scenes from [[Hindu mythology]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mysore Paintings {{!}} Buy Mysore School Paintings {{!}} Shop Online at Artisera|url=https://www.artisera.com/collections/mysore-paintings|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artisera|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.artisera.com/collections/mysore-paintings|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Samikshavad]] * [[Tanjore painting|Tanjore]] * [[Kerala mural painting]] === African === * [[Egyptian painting]] * [[Ethiopian painting]] * [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]] === Contemporary art === <!-- It seems that some of the art forms listed here are not painting forms--for example video art --> {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin:auto; width:100%; border:0 solid #e5ffec; background:#=#e5ffec;" |- | style="vertical-align:top; width:17%;"| === 1950s === * [[Abstract Expressionism]] * [[American Figurative Expressionism]] * [[Bay Area Figurative Movement]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[New York Figurative Expressionism]] * [[New York School (art)|New York School]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1960s === * [[Abstract expressionism]] * [[American Figurative Expressionism]] * [[Abstract Imagists]] * [[Bay Area Figurative Movement]] * [[Color field]] * [[Computer art]] * [[Conceptual art]] * [[Fluxus]] * [[Happening]]s * [[Hard-edge painting]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[Minimalism]] * [[Neo-figurative]] * [[Neo-Dada]] * [[New York School (art)|New York School]] * [[Nouveau Réalisme]] * [[Op Art]] * [[Performance art]] * [[Pop Art]] * [[Postminimalism]] * [[Washington Color School]] * [[Kinetic art]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1970s === * [[Arte Povera]] * [[Ascii Art]] * [[Bad Painting]] * [[Body art]] * [[Artist's book]] * [[Feminist art]] * [[Installation art]] * [[Land Art]] * [[Lowbrow (art movement)]] * [[Photorealism]] * [[Postminimalism]] * [[Process Art]] * [[Video art]] * [[Funk art]] * [[Pattern and Decoration]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1980s === * [[Appropriation art]] * [[Culture jamming]] * [[Demoscene]] * [[Electronic art]] * [[Figuration Libre]] * [[Graffiti Art]] * [[Live Art (art form)|Live art]] * [[Mail art]] * [[Postmodern art]] * [[Neo-conceptual art]] * [[Neo-expressionism]] * [[Neo-pop]] * [[Sound art]] * [[Transgressive art]] * [[Video installation]] * [[Institutional Critique]] * [[Neogeo (art)|NeoGeo]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1990s === * [[Bio art]] * [[Cyberarts]] * [[Cynical Realism]] * [[Digital Art]] * [[Information art]] * [[Internet art]] * [[Massurrealism]] * [[Maximalism]] * [[Transpressionism]] * [[New media art]] * [[Software art]] * [[New European Painting]] * [[Young British Artists]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 2000s === * [[Digital painting|Digital Painting]] * [[Hyperrealism (visual arts)|Hyperrealism]] * [[Classical Realism]] * [[Relational art]] * [[Street art]] * [[Stuckism]] * [[Superflat]] * [[Pseudorealism]] * [[Videogame art]] * [[Superstroke]] * [[VJ (video performance artist)|VJ art]] * [[Virtual art]] |} == Types of painting == [[File:Bodegón de recipientes (Zurbarán).jpg|thumb|[[Francisco de Zurbarán]], ''Still Life with Pottery Jars'' ({{langx|es|Bodegón de recipientes}}) (1636), oil on canvas, 46 x 84&nbsp;cm, [[Museo del Prado]], [[Madrid]]]] === Allegory === [[Allegory]] is a [[Figurative art|figurative]] [[Mode (literature)|mode]] of representation conveying meaning other than the literal. Allegory communicates its message by means of [[symbol]]ic figures, actions, or symbolic representation. Allegory is generally treated as a figure of [[rhetoric]], but an allegory does not have to be expressed in [[language]]: it may be addressed to the eye and is often found in realistic painting. An example of a simple visual allegory is the image of the [[Personifications of death|grim reaper]]. Viewers understand that the image of the grim reaper is a symbolic representation of death. === Bodegón === [[File:Reza Abbasi - Two Lovers (1630).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Reza Abbasi]], ''Two Lovers'' (1630)]] In [[Spanish art]], a [[bodegón]] is a [[still life]] painting depicting pantry items, such as victuals, game, and drink, often arranged on a simple stone slab, and also a painting with one or more figures, but significant still life elements, typically set in a kitchen or tavern. Starting in the [[Baroque]] period, such paintings became popular in Spain in the second quarter of the 17th century. The tradition of still life painting appears to have started and was far more popular in the contemporary [[Low Countries]], today Belgium and [[Netherlands]] (then Flemish and Dutch artists), than it ever was in [[southern Europe]]. [[Dutch Golden Age painting#Still lifes|Northern still lifes]] had many subgenres: the ''breakfast piece'' was augmented by the ''[[trompe-l'œil]]'', the ''flower bouquet'', and the ''[[vanitas]]''. In Spain, there were much fewer patrons for this sort of thing, but a type of ''breakfast piece'' did become popular, featuring a few objects of food and tableware laid on a table. === Figure painting === A [[figure painting]] is a [[work of art]] in any of the painting media with the primary subject being the human figure, whether clothed or [[Nude (art)|nude]]. Figure painting may also refer to the activity of creating such a work. The human figure has been one of the contrast subjects of art since the first Stone Age cave paintings and has been reinterpreted in various styles throughout history.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Droste|first1=Flip|title=Cave Paintings of the Early Stone Age|journal=Semiotica|date=October 2014|volume=2014|issue=202|pages=155–165|doi=10.1515/sem-2014-0035|s2cid=170631343}}</ref> Some artists well known for figure painting are [[Peter Paul Rubens]], [[Edgar Degas]], and [[Édouard Manet]]. === Illustration painting === [[Illustration]] paintings are those used as illustrations in books, magazines, and theater or movie [[posters]] and comic books. Today, there is a growing interest in collecting and admiring the original artwork. Various museum exhibitions, magazines, and art galleries have devoted space to the illustrators of the past. In the visual art world, illustrators have sometimes been considered less important in comparison with fine artists and [[graphic designer]]s. But as the result of [[computer game]] and comic industry growth, illustrations are becoming valued as popular and profitable artworks that can acquire a wider market than the other two, especially in [[Korea]], Japan, [[Hong Kong]] and the United States. The illustrations of medieval [[codices]] were known as [[Illuminated manuscript|illuminations]], and were individually hand-drawn and painted. With the invention of the [[printing press]] during the 15th century, [[books]] became more widely distributed, and often illustrated with [[woodcuts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What Is an Illuminated Manuscript? |url=https://www.nga.gov/conservation/paper/manuscript-project.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004050635/https://www.nga.gov/conservation/paper/manuscript-project.html |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=National Gallery of Art}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2010 |title=Heavenly Craft: The Woodcut in Early Printed Books |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/heavenlycraft/heavenly-15th.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020234750/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/heavenlycraft/heavenly-15th.html |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> In [[America]], this led to a "golden age of illustration" from before the 1880s until the early 20th century. A small group of illustrators became highly successful, with the imagery they created considered a portrait of American aspirations of the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The R. Atkinson Fox Society: What Was the Golden Age of Illustration? |url=http://www.rafoxsociety.com/what-was-the-golden-age-of-illustration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414063829/http://www.rafoxsociety.com/what-was-the-golden-age-of-illustration/ |archive-date=2015-04-14 |access-date=2015-04-08}}</ref> Among the best-known illustrators of that period were [[N. C. Wyeth|N.C. Wyeth]] and [[Howard Pyle]] of the [[Brandywine School]], [[James Montgomery Flagg]], [[Elizabeth Shippen Green]], [[J. C. Leyendecker]], [[Violet Oakley]], [[Maxfield Parrish]], [[Jessie Willcox Smith]], and [[John Rea Neill]]. In [[France]], on 1905, the Contemporary Book Society commissioned [[Paul Jouve]] to illustrate [[Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book|Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book]]. Paul Jouve will devote ten years to the 130 illustrations of this book which will remain as one of the masterpieces of bibliophilia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Jouve |url=https://www.pauljouve.com/resultats/2021-06-25-sotheby-s-france-128.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215154738/https://www.pauljouve.com/resultats/2021-06-25-sotheby-s-france-128.html |archive-date=2021-12-15 |access-date=2021-12-15}}</ref> === Landscape painting === {{main|Landscape art}} [[File:Andreas Achenbach - Clearing Up—Coast of Sicily - Walters 37116.jpg|left|thumb|[[Andreas Achenbach]], ''Clearing Up, Coast of Sicily'' (1847), [[The Walters Art Museum]]<ref>Achenbach specialized in the "sublime" mode of landscape painting in which man is dwarfed by nature's might and fury.</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]] |url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/19760 |title= Clearing Up—Coast of Sicily |access-date= 18 September 2012 |archive-date= 9 May 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130509233109/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/19760 |url-status= live }}</ref>]] [[Landscape art|Landscape painting]] is a term that covers the depiction of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, lakes, and forests, and especially art where the main subject is a wide view, with its elements arranged into a coherent composition. In other works, landscape backgrounds for figures can still form an important part of the work. The sky is almost always included in the view, and [[weather]] is often an element of the composition. Detailed landscapes as a distinct subject are not found in all artistic traditions and develop when there is already a sophisticated tradition of representing other subjects. The two main traditions spring from [[Western painting]] and [[Chinese art]], going back well over a thousand years in both cases. === Portrait painting === [[File:Abraham Lincoln in the United States Congress by.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ned Bittinger]], ''[[Abraham Lincoln (Bittinger)|Portrait of Abraham Lincoln]] in Congress'' (2004), [[United States Capitol|US Capitol]]]] [[Portrait painting]]s are representations of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, [[Personality type|personality]], and even the mood of the person. The art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially [[Roman sculpture]], where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. One of the best-known portraits in the Western world is [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s painting titled ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', which is thought to be a portrait of [[Lisa del Giocondo|Lisa Gherardini]], the wife of Francesco del Giocondo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |title=Mona Lisa – Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo |publisher=Louvre Museum |date=1503–1519|access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730003620/http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |archive-date=30 July 2014 }}</ref> Warhol was one of the most prolific portrait painters of the 20th century. Warhol's painting ''[[Shot Marilyns|Orange Shot Marilyn]]'' of [[Marilyn Monroe]] is an iconic early example of his work from the 1960s, and [[Prince (painting)|Orange Prince (1984)]] of the pop singer [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] is later example, both exhibiting Warhol's unique graphic style of portraiture.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Andy Warhol Portraits That Changed The World Forever |work=Widewalls |url=https://www.widewalls.ch/10-faces-by-andy-warhol-february-2015/mao-tse-tung-8/ |access-date=2018-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212218/https://www.widewalls.ch/10-faces-by-andy-warhol-february-2015/mao-tse-tung-8/ |archive-date=2018-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Warhol. Marilyn Monroe. 1967 {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/61240 |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts – Andy Warhol Biography |url=http://warholfoundation.org/legacy/biography.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724192941/http://www.warholfoundation.org/legacy/biography.html |archive-date=2010-07-24 |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=warholfoundation.org}}</ref> === Still life === [[File:Otto Marseus van Schrieck - A Forest Floor Still-Life - WGA21061.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Marseus van Schrieck]], ''A Forest Floor Still-Life'' (1666)]] A [[still life]] is a work of [[art]] depicting mostly [[wikt:inanimate|inanimate]] subject matter, typically commonplace objects—which may be either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or human-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so on). With origins in the Middle Ages and Ancient Greek/Roman art, still life paintings give the artist more leeway in the arrangement of design elements within a composition than do paintings of other types of subjects such as [[Landscape art|landscape]] or [[portrait]]ure. Still life paintings, particularly before 1700, often contained religious and allegorical symbolism relating to the objects depicted. Some modern still life breaks the two-dimensional barrier and employs three-dimensional mixed media, and uses found objects, photography, computer graphics, as well as video and sound. === Veduta === A [[veduta]] is a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting of a [[cityscape]] or some other vista. This [[genre]] of [[landscape art|landscape]] originated in [[Flanders]], where artists such as [[Paul Bril]] painted ''vedute'' as early as the 16th century. As the itinerary of the [[Grand Tour]] became somewhat standardized, ''vedute'' of familiar scenes like the Roman Forum or the Grand Canal recalled early ventures to the Continent for aristocratic Englishmen. In the later 19th century, more personal impressions of cityscapes replaced the desire for topographical accuracy, which was satisfied instead by painted [[panorama]]s. == See also == {{Portal|Visual arts|Painting}} * [[20th-century Western painting]] * [[Cobweb painting]] * [[Drawing]] * [[Fine art]] * [[Graphic arts]] * [[Index of painting-related articles]] * [[List of most expensive paintings]] * [[Outline of painting]] * [[Performance art]] * [[Business process outsourcing in China#Painting|Painting outsourcing in China]] * [[Visual arts]] * [[Image]] == Further reading == {{Commons category|Painting}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|painting}} {{Wikisource|Portal:Painting}} * Howard Daniel (1971). ''Encyclopedia of Themes and Subjects in Painting: Mythological, Biblical, Historical, Literary, Allegorical, and Topical''. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc. * W. Stanley Taft Jr. and James W. Mayer (2000). ''The Science of Paintings''. Springer-Verlag. {{Art world}} {{Branches of the visual arts}} {{Humanities}} {{Aesthetics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Painting| ]] [[Category:Painting techniques|*]] [[Category:Works of art]] [[Category:The arts]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:مصوري]] [[زمرو:فن بلحاظ قسم]] bzc9jci7tgq1y46nf2v6ikj8ibwy5np 376060 376059 2026-05-05T17:24:06Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 376060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface}} [[File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|''[[Mona Lisa]]'' (1503–1517) by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] is one of the world's most recognizable paintings.]] '''چٽسالي''' نقاشي، مصوري، رنگ سازي، ڪمانگري يا رنگڪاري (painting)، رڱڻ،<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://dic.sindhila.edu.pk/index.php?txtsrch=Painting|title=Painting {{!}} Online Sindhi Dictionaries {{!}} آن لائين سنڌي ڊڪشنريون|website=dic.sindhila.edu.pk|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://sindhyat.com/database/SindhiDictionary/Painting|title=Painting word Sindhi Meaning, devanagari & Roman translation - Sindhi Dictionary|website=sindhyat.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref> رنگي، رنگ يا ٻين وسلين جي ڪنهن سطح تي لاڳاپو آهي. فنيات ۾ اِن اِصطلاح کان عمل (act) ۽ نتيجو، جنهن کي چٽ، يا نقش (a painting) سڏيو ويندو آهي، ٻنهين مان مراد آهي. '''نقاشي''' [[ڪاٺ]]، ٺڪر، يا [[مٽي]]ءَ جي شين تي نقش چٽڻ ۽ سونهن خاطر تصويرون يا لکتون ٺاهڻ جو فن نقاشي سڏبو آهي.<ref>ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.</ref> مصوري هڪ بصري فن آهي، جيڪا رنگ، پينٽ يا ٻيو وچولي مواد کي هڪ مضبوط مٿاڇري تي لاڳو ڪرڻ جي مشق سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |title=Paint – Definition |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=2012 |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172354/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |url-status=live }}</ref> وچولو مواد عام طور تي برش سان بنياد تي لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي. ٻيا اوزار، جهڙوڪ خراد، اسپنج، ايئر برش، فنڪار جون آڱريون، يا هڪ ٽِپڻ واري ٽيڪنڪ جيڪا ڪشش ثقل استعمال ڪري ٿي استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا. فنڪار جيڪو پينٽنگ ٺاهيندو آهي ان کي پينٽر چيو ويندو آهي. فن جي اصطلاح ۾ "پينٽنگ" عمل ۽ عمل جي نتيجي ٻنهي کي بيان ڪري ٿي. پينٽنگ جي سپورٽ ۾ ڀتيون، ڪاغذ، ڪينوس، ڪاٺ، شيشي، لاک، برتن، پتي، ٽامي ۽ ڪنڪريٽ جهڙيون سطحون شامل آهن. پينٽنگ ۾ ريتي، مٽي، ڪاغذ، ڪارڊ بورڊ، اخبار، پلاسٽر، سون جي پتي ۽ حتي پوريون شيون شامل ٿي سگهن ٿيون. پينٽنگ ڊرائنگ، ساخت، اشارو، بيان ۽ تجريد جهڙا عنصر شامل ڪرڻ سان بصري فن جي هڪ اهم شڪل آهي. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Perry|first1=Lincoln|title=The Music of Painting|journal=The American Scholar|date=Summer 2014|volume=83|issue=3|page=85}}</ref> پينٽنگ قدرتي ۽ نمائندگي ڪندڙ، جيئن پورٽريٽ، اسٽل لائف ۽ لينڊ اسڪيپ پينٽنگ ۾ (جيتوڻيڪ اهي صنفون تجريدي پڻ ٿي سگهن ٿيون)، فوٽوگرافي، تجريد، داستان نگاري، علامت نگاري (جيئن علامت نگار آرٽ ۾)، جذباتي (جيئن اظهار پسندي ۾) يا پنهنجي فطرت ۾ سياسي (جيئن آرٽيوزم ۾) ٿي سگهن ٿيون. پينٽنگ جي تاريخ جو هڪ اهم حصو، مشرقي ۽ مغربي آرٽ ٻنهي ۾، مذهبي آرٽ جو غلبو آهي. هن قسم جي پينٽنگ جون مثالون مٽيءَ جي ٿانون تي افسانوي شخصيتن کي ظاهر ڪرڻ واري آرٽ ورڪ کان وٺي، گرجا گهرن جي ڇتن تي بائبل جي منظرن ۽ گوتم ٻڌ جي زندگي جي منظرن يا مشرقي مذهبي اصل جي ٻئي تصويرن ۾ ملي سگهن. == History == {{Main|History of painting}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = left/right/center | footer = | footer_align = left | image2 = Maros_hunting_scene.png | width2 = 180 | caption2 = Redrawing of hunting scene from the Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst | image1 = Pig-deer print paintings in Pettakere Cave, Maros.jpg | width1 = 200 | caption1 = Cave paintings depicting a wild boar hunt in the [[Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst|Maros-Pangkep karst]] of Sulawesi are estimated to be at least 43,900 years old (2014). This finding was recognized as "the oldest known depiction of [[storytelling]] and the earliest instance of figurative art in human history." }} [[File:Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave painting of Bull.jpg|thumb|The depiction of a bull found in the [[Lubang Jeriji Saleh]], [[Indonesia]], in 2018, is the world's oldest known figurative painting. The painting is estimated to have been created around 40,000 to 52,000 years ago, or even earlier.]] The oldest known paintings are more than 40,000-60,000 years old ([[art of the Upper Paleolithic]]) and found in the [[caves in the district of Maros]] ([[Sulawesi]], [[Indonesia]]). The oldest are often constructed from hand stencils and simple geometric shapes.<ref name="Aubert2014">M. Aubert et al., "Pleistocene cave art from Sulawesi, Indonesia", ''Nature'' vol. 514, pp. 223–227 (9 October 2014). "using uranium-series dating of coralloid speleothems directly associated with 12 human hand stencils and two figurative animal depictions from seven cave sites in the Maros karsts of Sulawesi, we show that rock art traditions on this Indonesian island are at least compatible in age with the oldest European art. The earliest dated image from Maros, with a minimum age of 39.9 kyr, is now the oldest known hand stencil in the world. In addition, a painting of a [[Babirusa|babirusa ('pig-deer')]] made at least 35.4 kyr ago is among the earliest dated figurative depictions worldwide, if not the earliest one. Among the implications, it can now be demonstrated that humans were producing rock art by ~40 kyr ago at opposite ends of the Pleistocene Eurasian world."</ref>{{efn|Some hand prints have been found in Tibet and dated about 200,000 years-old.<ref>{{cite web |author= Bob McDonald |date= September 24, 2021 |title= 200,000-year-old handprints may be the world's oldest artwork, scientists say |website= cbc.ca |publisher= CBC Radio |url= https://www.cbc.ca/radio/quirks/200-000-year-old-handprints-may-be-the-world-s-oldest-artwork-scientists-say-1.6188120 |access-date= 2024-05-09 }}</ref> }} [[File:Leang Tedongnge rock art panel credit AA Oktaviana-01.jpg|thumb|In 2021, researchers discovered ancient cave art in Leang Tedongnge, Sulawesi, Indonesia, estimated to be at least 45,500 years old. Depicting a warty pig, this artwork is recognized as the world's oldest known example of figurative or representational art.]] In November 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of [[Lubang Jeriji Saléh]] on the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Borneo]].<ref name="NYT-20181107-cz">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=In Cave in Borneo Jungle, Scientists Find Oldest Figurative Painting in the World – A cave drawing in Borneo is at least 40,000 years old, raising intriguing questions about creativity in ancient societies. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/science/oldest-cave-art-borneo.html |date=7 November 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20181107">{{cite journal |author=Aubert, M.|display-authors=et al |title=Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo |date=7 November 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9 |pmid=30405242 |volume=564 |issue=7735 |pages=254–257 |bibcode=2018Natur.564..254A |s2cid=53208538 }}</ref> In December 2019, cave paintings portraying pig hunting within the [[Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst|Maros-Pangkep karst]] region in [[Sulawesi]] were discovered to be even older, with an estimated age of at least 43,900 years. This finding was recognized as "the oldest known depiction of [[storytelling]] and the earliest instance of figurative art in human history."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubert |first=M. |display-authors=et al. |date=11 December 2019 |title=Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art. |journal=Nature |volume=576 |issue=7787 |pages=442–445 |bibcode=2019Natur.576..442A |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y |pmid=31827284 |s2cid=209311825|hdl=10072/397337 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20191211">{{cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Becky |date=11 December 2019 |title=Mythical Beings May Be Earliest Imaginative Cave Art by Humans – The paintings on an Indonesian island are at least 43,900 years old and depict humanoid figures with animal-like features in a hunting scene. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/11/science/cave-art-indonesia.html |access-date=12 December 2019}}</ref> In 2021, cave art of a pig found in [[Sulawesi]], Indonesia, and dated to over 45,500 years ago, has been reported.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1-link=Adam Brumm|last1=Brumm|first1=Adam|last2=Oktaviana|first2=Adhi Agus|last3=Burhan|first3=Basran|last4=Hakim|first4=Budianto|last5=Lebe|first5=Rustan|last6=Zhao|first6=Jian-xin|last7=Sulistyarto|first7=Priyatno Hadi|last8=Ririmasse|first8=Marlon|last9=Adhityatama|first9=Shinatria|last10=Sumantri|first10=Iwan|last11=Aubert|first11=Maxime|date=2021-01-01|title=Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|article-number=eabd4648|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd4648|issn=2375-2548|pmid=33523879|pmc=7806210|bibcode=2021SciA....7.4648B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20210113">{{cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Becky |title=Pig Painting May Be World's Oldest Cave Art Yet, Archaeologists Say – The depiction of the animal on an Indonesian island is at least 45,500 years old, the researchers say. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/science/cave-painting-indonesia.html |date=January 13, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 14, 2021 }}</ref> On July 3, 2024, the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' published research findings indicating that the cave paintings which depict [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] figures interacting with a pig and measure {{convert|36|by|15|in|cm}} in [[Karampuang cave|Leang Karampuang]] are approximately 51,200 years old, establishing them as the oldest known paintings in the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Oktaviana |first1=Adhi Agus |last2=Joannes-Boyau |first2=Renaud |last3=Hakim |first3=Budianto |last4=Burhan |first4=Basran |last5=Sardi |first5=Ratno |last6=Adhityatama |first6=Shinatria |last7=Hamrullah |last8=Sumantri |first8=Iwan |last9=Tang |first9=M. |last10=Lebe |first10=Rustan |last11=Ilyas |first11=Imran |last12=Abbas |first12=Abdullah |last13=Jusdi |first13=Andi |last14=Mahardian |first14=Dewangga Eka |last15=Noerwidi |first15=Sofwan |date=2024-07-03 |title=Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago |journal=Nature |volume=631 |issue=8022 |pages=814–818 |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07541-7 |issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free |pmid=38961284 |pmc=11269172 |bibcode=2024Natur.631..814O }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Garreth |date=2024-07-04 |title=Oldest example of figurative art found in Indonesian cave |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/07/04/oldest-example-of-figurative-art-found-in-indonesian-cave |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=The Art Newspaper}}</ref> There are examples of [[cave painting]]s all over the world—in [[Indonesia]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Italy]], [[China]], [[Bhimbetka rock shelters|India]], [[Australia]], [[Mexico]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2013/05/130523_pinturas_caverna_mexico_an|title = Milhares de pinturas rupestres são descobertas em cavernas no México|work = BBC News Brasil|language = pt|date = 23 May 2013|access-date = 2 March 2015|archive-date = 12 April 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150412001151/http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/noticias/2013/05/130523_pinturas_caverna_mexico_an|url-status = live}}</ref> etc. In Western cultures, [[oil painting]] and [[watercolor]] painting have rich and complex traditions in style and subject matter. In the East, [[ink]] and color ink historically predominated the choice of media, with equally rich and complex traditions. The invention of photography had a major impact on painting. In the decades after the first [[photograph]] was produced in 1829, [[photography|photographic]] processes improved and became more widely practiced, depriving painting of much of its historic purpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world. A series of art movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries—notably [[Impressionism]], [[Post-Impressionism]], [[Fauvism]], [[Expressionism]], [[Cubism]], and [[Dada]]ism—challenged the [[Renaissance art|Renaissance]] view of the world. Eastern and African painting, however, continued a long history of [[stylization]] and did not undergo an equivalent transformation at the same time.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} [[Modern art|Modern]] and [[Contemporary art]] has moved away from the historic value of craft and documentation in favour of [[concept]]. This has not deterred the majority of living painters from continuing to practice painting either as a whole or part of their work. The vitality and versatility of painting in the 21st century defy the previous "declarations" of its demise. In an epoch characterized by the idea of [[Cultural pluralism|pluralism]], there is no consensus as to a representative style of the age. Artists continue to make important works of art in a wide variety of styles and aesthetic [[temperament]]s—their merits are left to the public and the marketplace to judge. [[Feminist art movement|The Feminist art movement]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guide to the Feminist Art Movement's History & Contemporary Impact |url=https://www.riseart.com/guide/2418/guide-to-the-feminist-art-movement#:~:text=The%20Feminist%20Art%20movement%20emerged,gender%20stereotypes%20in%20the%20arts. |url-status=live |website=Rise Art|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426170755/https://www.riseart.com/guide/2418/guide-to-the-feminist-art-movement|archive-date=Apr 26, 2023}}</ref> began in the 1960s during the second wave of [[feminism]]. The movement sought to gain equal rights and equal opportunities for female artists internationally. == Elements of painting == [[File:Chen Hongshou, leaf album painting.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chen Hongshou]] (1598–1652), ''Leaf album painting'' ([[Ming dynasty]])]] [[File:Georges Seurat 066.jpg|thumb|[[Georges Seurat]], ''[[Parade de cirque|Circus Sideshow]] ({{Langx|fr|Parade de cirque}})'' (1887–88)|alt=Shows a pointillist painting of a trombone soloist.]] === Color and tone === [[Color]], made up of [[hue]], [[Saturation color|saturation]], and [[Value (color)|value]], dispersed over a surface is the essence of painting, just as [[pitch (music)|pitch]] and [[rhythm]] are the essence of [[music]]. Color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, white is. Some painters, theoreticians, writers, and scientists, including [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe|Goethe]],<ref>[https://archive.org/details/goethestheoryco01goetgoog Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Goethe's theory of colours], John Murray, London 1840</ref> [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]],<ref>Wassily Kandinsky Concerning The Spiritual in Art, [Translated By Michael T. H. Sadler, [http://www.semantikon.com/art/kandinskyspiritualinart.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210194701/http://www.semantikon.com/art/kandinskyspiritualinart.pdf |date=10 February 2016 }}.</ref> and [[Isaac Newton|Newton]],<ref>A letter to the Royal Society presenting A new theory of light and colours Isaac Newton, 1671 [http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020073107/http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf |date=20 October 2015 }}</ref> have written their own [[color theory]]. Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction of color equivalent. The word "[[red]]", for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the [[visible spectrum]] of light. There is not a formalized register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music, such as [[F (musical note)|F]] or [[C♯ (musical note)|C♯]]. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic (primary) and derived (complementary or mixed) colors (like red, blue, green, brown, etc.). Painters deal practically with [[pigments]],<ref>[http://colourlex.com/pigments/pigments-colour/ Pigments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133914/http://colourlex.com/pigments/pigments-colour/ |date=6 January 2016 }} at ColourLex</ref> so "[[blue]]" for a painter can be any of the blues: [[phthalocyanine blue]], [[Prussian blue]], [[indigo]], [[Cobalt blue]], [[ultramarine]], and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, means of painting. Colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music (like a C note) is analogous to "light" in painting, "shades" to [[Dynamics (music)|dynamics]], and "coloration" is to painting as the specific [[Tone color|timbre]] of musical instruments is to music. These elements do not necessarily form a melody (in music) of themselves; rather, they can add different contexts to it. === Non-traditional elements === Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, [[collage]], which began with [[Cubism]] and is not painting in the strict sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as metal, plastic, [[sand]], [[cement]], [[straw]], [[Leaf painting|leaves]] or [[wood]] for the texture. Examples of this are the works of [[Jean Dubuffet]] and [[Anselm Kiefer]]. There is a growing community of artists who use computers to "paint" color onto a digital "canvas" using programs such as [[Adobe Photoshop]], [[Corel Painter]], and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required. === Rhythm === [[File:Jean Metzinger, 1906, La dance (Bacchante), oil on canvas, 73 x 54 cm DSC05359...jpg|thumb|[[Jean Metzinger]], ''[[La danse, Bacchante|La danse (Bacchante)]]'' ({{circa|1906}}), oil on canvas, 73 x 54&nbsp;cm, [[Kröller-Müller Museum]]]] [[Jean Metzinger]]'s mosaic-like [[Divisionist]] technique had its parallel in literature; a characteristic of the alliance between [[Symbolism (movement)|Symbolist]] writers and Neo-Impressionist artists: <blockquote>I ask of divided brushwork not the objective rendering of light, but iridescences and certain aspects of color still foreign to painting. I make a kind of chromatic versification and for syllables, I use strokes which, variable in quantity, cannot differ in dimension without modifying the rhythm of a pictorial phraseology destined to translate the diverse emotions aroused by nature. (Jean Metzinger, {{Circa|1907}})<ref>Jean Metzinger, circa 1907, quoted by Georges Desvallières in La Grande Revue, vol. 124, 1907</ref></blockquote> [[File:Piet Mondriaan, 1921 - Composition en rouge, jaune, bleu et noir.jpg|thumb|[[Piet Mondrian]], ''Composition en rouge, jaune, bleu et noir'' (1921), [[Gemeentemuseum Den Haag]]]] [[Rhythm]], for artists such as [[Piet Mondrian]],<ref name="Tosaki">[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mondrian_s_Philosophy_of_Visual_Rhythm/tvM-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 Eiichi Tosaki, ''Mondrian's Philosophy of Visual Rhythm: Phenomenology, Wittgenstein, and Eastern thought''], Vol. 23 of Sophia ''Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures'', Springer, 2017, pp. 108–109, 130, 139, 158, {{ISBN|9402411984}}</ref><ref>Piet Mondrian, ''Neo-Plasticism: Its Realization in Music and in Future Theater'', 1922</ref> is important in painting as it is in music. If one defines rhythm as "a pause incorporated into a sequence", then there can be rhythm in paintings. These pauses allow creative force to intervene and add new creations—form, melody, coloration. The distribution of form or any kind of information is of crucial importance in the given work of art, and it directly affects the aesthetic value of that work. This is because the aesthetic value is functionality dependent, i.e. the freedom (of movement) of perception is perceived as beauty. Free flow of energy, in art as well as in other forms of "[[techne]]", directly contributes to the aesthetic value.<ref name="Tosaki" /> Music was important to the birth of [[abstract art]] since music is abstract by nature—it does not try to represent the exterior world, but expresses in an immediate way the inner feelings of the soul. [[Wassily Kandinsky]] often used musical terms to identify his works; he called his most spontaneous paintings "improvisations" and described more elaborate works as "compositions". Kandinsky theorized that "music is the ultimate teacher",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wassilykandinsky.net/quotes.php|title=Wassily Kandinsky – Quotes|website=www.wassilykandinsky.net|access-date=17 September 2016|archive-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204065812/https://www.wassilykandinsky.net/quotes.php|url-status=live}}</ref> and subsequently embarked upon the first seven of his ten ''Compositions''. Hearing tones and chords as he painted, Kandinsky theorized that (for example), yellow is the color of middle [[C (musical note)|C]] on a brassy trumpet; black is the color of closure, and the end of things; and that combinations of colors produce vibrational frequencies, akin to chords played on a piano. In 1871 the young Kandinsky learned to play the piano and cello.<ref>, François Le Targat, ''Kandinsky'', Twentieth Century masters series, Random House Incorporated, 1987, p. 7, {{ISBN|0847808106}}</ref><ref>Susan B. Hirschfeld, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Hilla von Rebay Foundation, ''Watercolours by Kandinsky at the Guggenheim Museum: a selection from the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and the Hilla von Rebay Foundation'', 1991</ref> Kandinsky's stage design for a performance of [[Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky]]'s ''[[Pictures at an Exhibition]]'' illustrates his "synaesthetic" concept of a universal correspondence of forms, colors and musical sounds.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bauhaus|last=Fiedler|first=Jeannine|publisher=h.f. ullmann publishing GmbH|year=2013|isbn=978-3-8480-0275-7|location=Germany|pages=262}}</ref> Music defines much of modernist abstract painting. [[Jackson Pollock]] underscores that interest with his 1950 painting ''[[Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.interlude.hk/front/intersections-art-music-rothko-pollock/ |title=Intersections with art and music, Rothko and Pollock |date=16 April 2016 |access-date=3 February 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204020105/http://www.interlude.hk/front/intersections-art-music-rothko-pollock/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Aesthetics and theory == {{Main|Theory of painting}} [[File:Pompeii Painter.jpg|thumb|left|Female painter sitting on a campstool and painting a statue of [[Dionysus]] or [[Priapus]] onto a panel which is held by a boy. Fresco from [[Pompeii]], 1st century]] [[Aesthetics]] is the study of [[art]] and [[beauty]]; it was an important issue for 18th- and 19th-century [[Philosophy|philosophers]] such as [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] and [[Hegel]]. Classical philosophers like [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] also theorized about art and painting in particular. Plato disregarded painters (as well as sculptors) in his philosophical system; he maintained that painting cannot depict the [[truth]]—it is a copy of reality (a shadow of the world of ideas) and is nothing but a [[craft]], similar to shoemaking or iron casting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plato's Aesthetics|url=http://www.rowan.edu/open/philosop/clowney/aesthetics/philos_artists_onart/plato.htm|website=www.rowan.edu|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001041449/http://www.rowan.edu/open/philosop/clowney/Aesthetics/philos_artists_onart/plato.htm|archive-date=1 October 2017}}</ref> By the time of Leonardo, painting had become a closer representation of the truth than painting was in [[Ancient Greece]]. [[Leonardo da Vinci]], on the contrary, said that "{{Langx|it|La Pittura è cosa mentale}}" ("{{Langx|en|painting is a thing of the mind}}").<ref>Rollason, C., & Mittapalli, R. (2002). ''Modern criticism''. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 196. {{ISBN|812690187X}}</ref> Kant distinguished between [[Beauty]] and the [[Sublime (philosophy)|Sublime]], in terms that clearly gave priority to the former.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} Although he did not refer to painting in particular, this concept was taken up by painters such as [[Joseph Mallord William Turner|J.M.W. Turner]] and [[Caspar David Friedrich]]. [[File:Formella 18, apelle o la pittura, nino pisano, 1334-1336 dettaglio 01.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Nino Pisano]], ''Apelles or the Art of painting'' in detail (1334–1336); relief of the [[Giotto's Bell Tower]] in [[Florence]], Italy|alt=A relief against a wall shows a bearded man reaching up with his hands as his clothes are draped over his body.]] Hegel recognized the failure of attaining a universal concept of beauty and, in his aesthetic essay, wrote that painting is one of the three "romantic" arts, along with [[Poetry]] and [[Music]], for its [[symbol]]ic, highly intellectual purpose.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC&pg=PA276|title=Craig, Edward. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Genealogy to Iqbal|page=278|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-18709-1|year=1998|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422165916/https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC&pg=PA276|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich |volume= 13 |first=William|last=Wallace|author-link=William Wallace | pages = 200&ndash;207; see page 207 |quote=Painting and music are the specially romantic arts. Lastly, as a union of painting and music comes poetry, where the sensuous element is more than ever subordinate to the spirit}}</ref> Painters who have written theoretical works on painting include [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]] and [[Paul Klee]].<ref name="Franciscono">Franciscono, Marcel, ''Paul Klee: His Work and Thought'', part 6 'The Bauhaus and Düsseldorf', chap. 'Klee's theory courses', p. 246 and under 'notes to pp. 245–54' p. 365</ref><ref name="Barasch">Barasch, Moshe (2000) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=R_2wIujisH4C Theories of art – from impressionism to Kandinsky] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401050825/https://books.google.com/books?id=R_2wIujisH4C |date=1 April 2016 }}'', part IV 'Abstract art', chap. 'Color' pp. 332–33</ref> In his essay, Kandinsky maintains that painting has a spiritual value, and he attaches [[primary colors]] to essential feelings or concepts, something that [[Goethe]] and other writers had already tried to do. [[Iconography]] is the study of the content of paintings, rather than their style. [[Erwin Panofsky]] and other [[art historian]]s first seek to understand the things depicted, before looking at their meaning for the viewer at the time, and finally analyzing their wider cultural, religious, and social meaning.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Howard|title=The Varieties of Aesthetic Experience|journal=Journal for Spiritual & Consciousness Studies|date=October 2014|volume=37|issue=4|pages=541–252}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref> In 1890, the Parisian painter [[Maurice Denis]] famously asserted: "Remember that a painting—before being a warhorse, a naked woman or some story or other—is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in a certain order."<ref>[http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563353/abstract_art.html Encyclopedia Encarta] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704155609/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563353/Abstract_Art.html |date=4 July 2008 }}</ref> Thus, many 20th-century developments in painting, such as [[Cubism]], were reflections on the ''means'' of painting rather than on the external world—[[nature]]—which had previously been its core subject. Recent contributions to thinking about painting have been offered by the painter and writer Julian Bell. In his book ''What is Painting?'', Bell discusses the development, through history, of the notion that paintings can express feelings and ideas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/index/cohen/cohen8-16-99.asp |title=Review by art historian David Cohen |publisher=Artnet.com |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-date=26 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126181932/http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/index/cohen/cohen8-16-99.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''Mirror of The World,'' Bell writes: <blockquote>A ''work'' of art seeks to hold your attention and keep it fixed: a ''history'' of art urges it onwards, bulldozing a highway through the homes of the imagination.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mirror of the World: A New History of Art |first=Julian |last=Bell |publisher=Thames and Hudson |page=496 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-500-23837-0}}</ref></blockquote> == Painting media == Different types of paint are usually identified by the medium that the pigment is suspended or embedded in, which determines the general working characteristics of the paint, such as [[viscosity]], [[miscibility]], [[solubility]], drying time, etc. === Hot wax or encaustic === [[File:Petersinai.jpg|thumb|upright|Encaustic icon from [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], [[Egypt]] (6th-century)]] [[Encaustic painting]], also known as hot wax painting, involves using heated [[beeswax]] to which colored pigments are added. The liquid/paste is then applied to a surface—usually prepared wood, though [[canvas]] and other materials are often used. The simplest encaustic mixture can be made from adding pigments to beeswax, but there are several other recipes that can be used—some containing other types of [[wax]]es, [[damar resin]], [[linseed oil]], or other ingredients. Pure, powdered pigments can be purchased and used, though some mixtures use oil paints or other forms of pigment. Metal tools and special brushes can be used to shape the paint before it cools, or heated metal tools can be used to manipulate the wax once it has cooled onto the surface. Other materials can be encased or [[collage]]d into the surface, or layered, using the encaustic medium to adhere it to the surface. The technique was the normal one for ancient Greek and Roman panel paintings, and remained in use in the Eastern Orthodox [[icon]] tradition. === Watercolor === [[File:John Martin - Manfred on the Jungfrau (1837).jpg|thumb|left|[[John Martin (painter)|John Martin]], ''[[Manfred on the Jungfrau (Martin)|Manfred on the Jungfrau]]'' (1837), watercolor]] [[Watercolor]] is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-soluble vehicle. The traditional and most common support for watercolor paintings is paper; other supports include [[papyrus]], bark papers, plastics, [[vellum]] or [[leather]], [[textile|fabric]], wood and [[canvas]]. In East Asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to as [[brush painting]] or scroll painting. In [[Chinese painting|Chinese]], [[Korean painting|Korean]], and [[Japanese painting]] it has been the dominant medium, often in monochrome black or browns. India, [[Ethiopia]] and other countries also have long traditions. [[Finger-painting]] with watercolor paints originated in [[China]]. There are various types of watercolors used by artists. Some examples are pan watercolors, liquid watercolors, watercolor brush pens, and [[Pencil|watercolor pencils]]. Watercolor pencils (water-soluble color pencils) may be used either wet or dry. === Gouache === [[File:Rudolf Reschreiter Blick von der Höllentalangerhütte zum Höllentalgletscher und den Riffelwandspitzen 1921.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rudolf Reschreiter]], ''Blick von der Höllentalangerhütte zum Höllentalgletscher und den Riffelwandspitzen'', Gouache (1921)]] [[Gouache]] is a water-based paint consisting of pigment and other materials designed to be used in an opaque painting method. Gouache differs from [[watercolor painting|watercolor]] in that the particles are larger, the ratio of pigment to water is much higher, and an additional, inert, white pigment such as [[chalk]] is also present. This makes gouache heavier and more opaque, with greater reflective qualities. Like all water media, it is diluted with water.<ref name="wash_gou">Cohn, Marjorie B., ''Wash and Gouache'', Fogg Museum, 1977.</ref> Gouache was a popular paint utilized by Egyptians,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gouache {{!}} Watercolor, Acrylics, Tempera |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/gouache |website=www.britannica.com |publisher=Britannica |access-date=March 18, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Painters such as [[François Boucher|Francois Boucher]] used this medium. This paint is best applied with sable brushes. === Ceramic Glaze === Glazing is commonly known as a premelted liquid glass. This glaze can be dipped or brushed on. This glaze appears chalky and there is a vast difference between the beginning and finished result. To be activated glazed pottery must be placed in a kiln to be fired. This melts the Silica glass in the glaze and transforms it into a vibrant glossy version of itself.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Grey Fox Pottery |title=The History of Ceramic Glaze |date=4 August 2023 |url=https://greyfoxpottery.com/coffee-mugs/the-history-of-ceramic-glaze}}</ref><ref>"Ceramic glaze." Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ceramic%20glaze. Accessed 19 Mar. 2024.</ref> === Ink === [[File:Landscapes of the Four Seasons.jpg|thumb|[[Sesshū Tōyō]], ''Landscapes of the Four Seasons'' (1486), ink and light color on paper ]] Ink paintings are done with a liquid that contains pigments or [[dye]]s and is used to color a surface to produce an image, [[writing|text]], or [[design]]. Ink is used for drawing with a [[pen]], [[brush]], or [[quill]]. Ink can be a complex medium, composed of [[solvent]]s, pigments, dyes, [[resin]]s, [[lubricant]]s, solubilizers, [[surfactant]]s, [[suspended solids|particulate matter]], [[fluorescent|fluorescers]], and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives control flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry. === Enamel === [[File:Waddesdon bequest British Museum DSCF9814 05.JPG|thumb|[[Jean de Court]] (attributed), painted [[Limoges enamel]] dish in detail (mid-16th century), [[Waddesdon Bequest]], [[British Museum]]]] [[Vitreous enamel|Enamels]] are made by painting a substrate, typically metal, with powdered glass; minerals called color oxides provide coloration. After firing at a temperature of 750–850 degrees Celsius (1380–1560 degrees Fahrenheit), the result is a fused lamination of glass and metal. Unlike most painted techniques, the surface can be handled and wetted. Enamels have traditionally been used for decoration of precious objects,<ref>Mayer, Ralph,''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking, 1970, p. 375.</ref> but have also been used for other purposes. [[Limoges enamel]] was the leading centre of Renaissance enamel painting, with small religious and mythological scenes in decorated surrounds, on plaques or objects such as [[Salt cellar|salts]] or caskets. In the 18th century, enamel painting enjoyed a vogue in Europe, especially as a medium for [[portrait miniature]]s.<ref>McNally, Rika Smith, "Enamel", ''Oxford Art Online''</ref> In the late 20th century, the technique of porcelain enamel on metal has been used as a durable medium for outdoor murals.<ref>Mayer, Ralph, ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking, 1970, p. 371.</ref> === Tempera === [[File:Sandro Botticelli - La nascita di Venere - Google Art Project - edited.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sandro Botticelli]], ''[[The Birth of Venus]]'', Tempera (1485–1486)]] [[File:The Three Graces, by Peter Paul Rubens, from Prado in Google Earth.jpg|thumb|The Three Graces (1636–1638). Museo del Prado, Madrid]] [[Tempera]], also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble [[Binder (material)|binder]] medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other [[Sizing|size]]). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium. Tempera paintings are very long-lasting, and examples from the first centuries CE still exist. Egg tempera was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of [[oil painting]]. A paint commonly called tempera (though it is not) consisting of pigment and glue size is commonly used and referred to by some manufacturers in America as [[poster paint]]. === Fresco === [[File:Meister von Mileseva 001.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''[[White Angel]]'' (fresco, c. 1235), Mileševa monastery, Serbia]] [[Fresco]] is any of several related [[mural]] painting types, done on [[plaster]] on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes from the [[Italian language|Italian]] word ''affresco'' {{IPA|[afˈfresːko]}}, which derives from the Latin word for ''fresh''. Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods. ''[[Buon fresco]]'' technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh [[Mortar (masonry)#Lime mortar|lime mortar]] or [[plaster]], for which the Italian word for plaster, [[intonaco]], is used. ''[[A secco]]'' painting, in contrast, is done on dry plaster (''secco'' is "dry" in Italian). The pigments require a binding medium, such as [[egg (food)|egg]] ([[tempera]]), glue or [[oil painting|oil]] to attach the pigment to the wall. === Oil === [[File:Honoré Daumier 008.jpg|thumb|[[Honoré Daumier]], ''The Painter'' (1808–1879), oil on panel with visible brushstrokes]] [[Oil painting]] is the process of painting with [[pigments]] that are bound with a medium of [[drying oil]], such as [[linseed oil]], [[poppyseed oil]] which was widely used in early modern Europe. Often the oil was boiled with a resin such as pine resin or even [[frankincense]]; these were called 'varnishes' and were prized for their body and gloss. Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. The transition began with [[Early Netherlandish painting]] in northern Europe, and by the height of the [[Renaissance]] oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced [[tempera]] paints in the majority of Europe. === Pastel === [[File:Louis15-1.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Maurice Quentin de La Tour]], ''Portrait of Louis XV of France'' (1748), pastel]] [[Pastel]] is a painting medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment and a binder.<ref>Mayer, Ralph (1970), ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking. p. 312.</ref> The pigments used in pastels are the same as those used to produce all colored art media, including [[oil paint]]s; the binder is of a neutral hue and low [[Colorfulness#Saturation|saturation]]. The color effect of pastels is closer to the natural dry pigments than that of any other process.<ref>Mayer, Ralph (1971). ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques''. Viking Adult; 5th ed. {{ISBN|0670837016}}</ref> Because the surface of a pastel painting is fragile and easily smudged, its preservation requires protective measures such as framing under glass; it may also be sprayed with a [[fixative (drawing)|fixative]]. Nonetheless, when made with permanent pigments and properly cared for, a pastel painting may endure unchanged for centuries. Pastels are not susceptible, as are paintings made with a fluid medium, to the cracking and discoloration that result from changes in the color, opacity, or dimensions of the medium as it dries. === Acrylic === [[File:Jungle Arc.jpg|thumb|[[Ray Burggraf]], ''Jungle Arc'' (1998), acrylic paint on wood]] [[Acrylic paint]] is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in [[acrylic resin|acrylic]] polymer [[emulsion]]. Acrylic paints can be diluted with water but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted (with water) or modified with acrylic gels, media, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a [[watercolor painting|watercolor]] or an [[oil painting]], or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media. The main practical difference between most acrylics and oil paints is the inherent drying time.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=artincontext |date=2021-08-22 |title=Watercolor vs. Acrylic - The Difference Between Watercolor and Acrylic |url=https://artincontext.org/watercolor-vs-acrylic/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=artincontext.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Oils allow for more time to blend colors and apply even glazes over under-paintings. This slow drying aspect of oil can be seen as an advantage for certain techniques but may also impede the artist's ability to work quickly. Another difference is that watercolors must be painted onto a porous surface, primarily watercolor paper. Acrylic paints can be used on many different surfaces.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Understanding drying times for acrylic paints |url=https://www.winsornewton.com/row/education/guides/understanding-the-drying-times-for-acrylic-paints/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Winsor & Newton - ROW |language=en-GB}}</ref> Both acrylic and watercolor are easy to clean up with water. Acrylic paint should be cleaned with soap and water immediately following use. Watercolor paint can be cleaned with just water.<ref>Watercolor vs Acrylic [https://www.rayeoflightstudio.com/watercolor-vs-acrylic/] accessed August 21, 2020</ref><ref name="Appellof92">{{cite book |author=Appellof, M.E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2HeUJFqfzsC |title=Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Watercolor |publisher=Watson-Guptill Publications |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-823-05649-1 |pages=399–}}</ref><ref>Why WaterColor [https://www.theartistsroad.net/articles/whywatercolor] accessed August 21, 2020</ref> Between 1946 and 1949, [[Leonard Bocour]] and [[Sam Golden]] invented a solution acrylic paint under the brand [[Magna paint]]. These were [[Mineral spirits|mineral spirit]]-based paints. Water-based acrylic paints were subsequently sold as [[latex]] house paints.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sickler |first=Dean |date=Spring 2002 |title=Water-based Alchemy by Dean Sickler |url=http://dundean.com/tips_what_is_latex_paint.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829153753/http://dundean.com/tips_what_is_latex_paint.shtml |archive-date=August 29, 2012 |access-date=August 11, 2012 |website=Dundean.com}}</ref> In 1963, George Rowney (part of [[Daler-Rowney]] since 1983) was the first manufacturer to introduce artists' acrylic paints in Europe, under the brand name "Cryla".<ref name="Art Materials">{{cite web |date=2012-02-15 |title=Art Materials |url=http://www.daler-rowney.com/ |access-date=2013-02-05 |publisher=Daler Rowney}}</ref> Acrylics are the most common paints used in [[grattage]], a surrealist technique that began to be used with the advent of this type of paint. Acrylics are used for this purpose because they easily scrape or peel from a surface.<ref>Grattage [http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Grattage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904065444/http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Grattage|date=2010-09-04}} Art Techniques accessed December 08, 2010</ref> === Spray paint === [[Aerosol paint]] (also called spray paint)<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/aerosol-dispenser |title=Aerosol Dispenser |date=2018}}{{failed verification|date=August 2025}}</ref> is a type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized container and is released in a fine spray mist when depressing a [[valve]] button. A form of [[spray painting]], [[aerosol]] paint leaves a smooth, evenly coated surface. Standard sized cans are portable, inexpensive and easy to store<!--, unlike _industrial painters_ or artist [[airbrush]]es-->. Aerosol [[Primer (paint)|primer]] can be applied directly to bare metal and many plastics. Speed, portability and permanence also make aerosol paint a common [[graffiti]] medium. In the late 1970s, street graffiti writers' signatures and murals became more elaborate, and a unique style developed as a factor of the aerosol medium and the speed required for illicit work. Many now recognize graffiti and street art as a unique art form and specifically manufactured aerosol paints are made for the graffiti artist. A [[stencil]] protects a surface, except the specific shape to be painted. Stencils can be purchased as movable letters, ordered as professionally cut [[logo]]s or hand-cut by artists. === Water miscible oil paint === [[Water miscible oil paint]]s (also called "water soluble" or "water-mixable") is a modern variety of [[oil paint]] engineered to be thinned and cleaned up with water,<ref>{{Cite web |title=RX Series Alkyd Emulsifiers |url=https://ethox.com/rx-series-alkyd-emulsifiers/ |access-date=2021-04-26 |website=Ethox |language=en-US |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426140405/https://ethox.com/rx-series-alkyd-emulsifiers/ }}</ref><ref name="Dye2001">{{cite book |author=Sean Dye |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPa8JyQkmgMC |title=Painting with Water-Soluble Oils |date=15 June 2001 |publisher=North Light Books |isbn=1-58180-033-9 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> rather than having to use chemicals such as [[turpentine]]. It can be mixed and applied using the same techniques as traditional oil-based paint, but while still wet it can be effectively removed from brushes, palettes, and rags with ordinary soap and water. Its water solubility comes from the use of an [[oil]] medium in which one end of the [[molecule]] has been altered to bind loosely to water molecules, as in a [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]].<ref name="cold_oil">H. Gluck, "The Impermanences of Painting in Relation to Artists' Materials", ''Journal of the Royal Society of Arts'', Volume CXII 1964</ref> === Sand === {{Main|Sandpainting}} Sandpainting is the art of pouring coloured sands, and powdered pigments from minerals or crystals, or pigments from other natural or synthetic sources onto a surface to make a fixed or unfixed sand painting. === Digital painting === {{Main|Digital painting}} Digital painting is a method of creating an art object (painting) digitally or a technique for making digital art on the computer. As a method of creating an art object, it adapts traditional painting medium such as [[acrylic paint]], [[Oil paint|oils]], [[ink]], [[watercolor]], etc. and applies the pigment to traditional carriers, such as woven canvas cloth, paper, polyester, etc. by means of [[software]] driving [[industrial robot]]ic or office machinery (printers). As a technique, it refers to a [[computer graphics]] software program that uses a [[virtuality|virtual]] canvas and virtual painting box of brushes, colors, and other supplies. The virtual box contains many instruments that do not exist outside the computer, and which give a [[digital art]]work a different look and feel from an artwork that is made the traditional way. Furthermore, digital painting is not 'computer-generated' art as the computer does not automatically create images on the screen using some mathematical calculations. On the other hand, the artist uses his own painting technique to create a particular piece of work on the computer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.turningpointarts.com/what-is-digital-painting/|title=What is digital painting?|date=1 November 2008|work=Turning Point Arts|access-date=17 May 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505040853/http://www.turningpointarts.com/what-is-digital-painting|url-status=live}}</ref> === Other media === Bodily fluids have been used as painting media. [[Andy Warhol]] produced his ''Oxidization'' series by covering canvases with metallic paint and having his assistants and friends urinate on the still-wet paint.<ref>[https://www.warhol.org/conservation/oxidation-paintings/ Oxidation Paintings], The Andy Warhol Museum. Retrieved 18 March 2024.</ref> Blood from menstrual periods has been used to paint images.<ref>Green-Cole, Ruth. "Painting Blood: Visualizing Menstrual Blood in Art." The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies [Internet], U.S. National Library of Medicine, 25 July 2020, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565646/. </ref> Sarah Maple, a contemporary artist, has used her menstrual blood to create portraits to help erase the taboo covering the topic of periods.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} == Painting styles == {{Main|Style (visual arts)}} ''Style'' is used in two senses: It can refer to the distinctive visual elements, techniques, and methods that typify an ''individual'' artist's work. It can also refer to the [[Art movement|movement]] or school that an artist is associated with. This can stem from an actual group that the artist was consciously involved with or it can be a category in which art historians have placed the painter. The word 'style' in the latter sense has fallen out of favor in academic discussions about contemporary painting, though it continues to be used in popular contexts. Such movements or classifications include the following: <!--When the section below is fully fleshed out, we might end up duplicating the History of painting article...this might be OK if this section is substantially shorter than the History of painting article! --> === Western === ==== Modernism ==== [[Modernism]] describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated [[cultural movement]]s, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to [[Western culture|Western society]] in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of [[Realism (arts)|realism]].<ref name="Barth79Replenishment">[[John Barth|Barth, John]] (1979) ''[[The Literature of Replenishment]]'', later republished in ''[[The Friday Book]]'' (1984).</ref><ref name="Graff75">[[Gerald Graff|Graff, Gerald]] (1975) ''Babbitt at the Abyss: The Social Context of Postmodern. American Fiction'', [[TriQuarterly]], No. 33 (Spring 1975), pp. 307–37; reprinted in Putz and Freese, eds., Postmodernism and American Literature.</ref> The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization, and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social, and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized world. A salient characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness. This often led to experiments with form, and work that draws attention to the processes and materials used (and to the further tendency of abstraction).<ref>Gardner, Helen, Horst De la Croix, Richard G. Tansey, and Diane Kirkpatrick. ''Gardner's Art Through the Ages'' (San Diego: [[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]], 1991). {{ISBN|0155037706}}. p. 953.</ref> ==== Impressionism ==== [[File:Monet - Impression, Sunrise.jpg|thumb|[[Claude Monet]]'s 1872 ''[[Impression, Sunrise]]'' inspired the name of [[Impressionism|the movement]]]] The first example of modernism in painting was [[impressionism]], a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors (''[[en plein air]]''). Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, but instead see light itself. The school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners and became increasingly influential. Initially rejected from the most important commercial show of the time, the government-sponsored [[Paris Salon]], the [[Impressionists]] organized yearly group exhibitions in commercial venues during the 1870s and 1880s, timing them to coincide with the official Salon. A significant event of 1863 was the [[Salon des Refusés]], created by [[Napoleon III of France|Emperor Napoleon III]] to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon. ==== Abstract styles ==== [[Abstract art|Abstract painting]] uses a [[visual language]] of form, colour and line to create a composition that may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Rudolph Arnheim|last=Arnheim|first= Rudolf|date= 1969|title=Visual Thinking|publisher = University of California Press|isbn = 0-520-24226-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Key|first1=Joan|title=Future Use: Abstract Painting|journal=Third Text|date=September 2009|volume=23|issue=5|pages=557–63|doi=10.1080/09528820903184666|s2cid=144061791}}</ref> [[Abstract expressionism]] was an American post-[[World War II]] [[art movement]] that combined the emotional intensity and self-denial of the German [[expressionism|Expressionists]] with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools—such as [[Futurism (art)|Futurism]], [[Bauhaus]] and [[Cubism]], and the image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, nihilistic.<ref>Shapiro, David/Cecile (2000): Abstract Expressionism. The politics of apolitical painting. p. 189-90 In: Frascina, Francis (2000): Pollock and After. The critical debate. 2nd ed. London: Routledge</ref> [[Action painting]], sometimes called ''gestural abstraction'', is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://painting.about.com/od/artglossarya/g/defactionpaint.htm | title = ''Art Glossary: Action Painting'' | access-date = 20 August 2006 | last = Boddy-Evans | first = Marion | publisher = About.com | archive-date = 12 March 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070312224234/http://painting.about.com/od/artglossarya/g/defactionpaint.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> The resulting work often emphasizes the physical act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist. The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early 1960s and is closely associated with [[abstract expressionism]] (some critics have used the terms "action painting" and "abstract expressionism" interchangeably). Other modernist styles include: * [[Color Field]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[Hard-edge painting]] * [[Pop art]] ==== Outsider art ==== The term [[outsider art]] was coined by [[art critic]] Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for art brut ({{IPA|fr|aʁ bʁyt|lang}}, "raw art" or "rough art"), a label created by [[France|French]] [[artist]] [[Jean Dubuffet]] to describe [[art]] created outside the boundaries of official culture; Dubuffet focused particularly on art by [[Psychiatric hospital|insane-asylum]] inmates.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cardinal|first= Roger|title=Outsider Art|location= London|date= 1972|publisher = Studio Vista |isbn = 978-0-289-70168-3 }}</ref> Outsider art has emerged as a successful art marketing category (an annual Outsider Art Fair has taken place in New York since 1992). The term is sometimes misapplied as a catch-all marketing label for art created by people outside the mainstream "art world", regardless of their circumstances or the content of their work. ==== Photorealism ==== [[Photorealism]] is the genre of painting based on using the camera and photographs to gather information and then from this information, creating a painting that appears to be very realistic like a [[photograph]]. The term is primarily applied to paintings from the United States [[art movement]] that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As a full-fledged art movement, Photorealism evolved from [[Pop Art]]<ref name="Supperrealist Pop Art">Lindey, Christine ''Superrealist Painting and Sculpture,'' William Morrow and Company, New York, 1980, pp. 27–33.</ref><ref name="Chase, Linda 2002. pp 14-15">Chase, Linda, Photorealism at the Millennium, ''The Not-So-Innocent Eye: Photorealism in Context.'' Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York, 2002. pp. 14–15.</ref><ref>[[Nochlin, Linda]], The Realist Criminal and the Abstract Law II, ''Art in America''. 61 (November – December 1973), P. 98.</ref> and as a counter to [[Abstract Expressionism]]. [[Hyperrealism (painting)|Hyperrealism]] is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high-resolution [[photograph]]. [[Hyperrealism (painting)|Hyperrealism]] is a fully-fledged school of [[art]] and can be considered an advancement of Photorealism by the methods used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures. The term is primarily applied to an independent art movement and art style in the United States and Europe that has developed since the early 2000s.<ref>Bredekamp, Horst, Hyperrealism – One Step Beyond. Tate Museum, Publishers, UK. 2006. p. 1</ref> ==== Surrealism ==== [[Surrealism]] is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s and is best known for the artistic and literary production of those affiliated with the [[Surrealist Movement]]. Surrealist artworks feature the element of surprise, the uncanny, the unconscious, unexpected juxtapositions and [[Non sequitur (literary device)|non-sequitur]]; however, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader [[André Breton]] was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the [[Dada]] activities of [[World War I]] and the most important center of the movement was [[Paris]]. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the [[visual art]]s, [[literature]], [[film]] and [[music]] of many countries, as well as [[politics|political]] thought and practice, [[philosophy]] and [[social theory]]. {{See also|Outline of painting#Styles of painting}} === East Asian === * [[File:Immortal in Splashed Ink.jpg|thumb|[[Liang Kai]]'', Drunken Celestial'' (12th century), ink on [[Xuan paper]]]] [[File:MET DP153920.jpg|thumb|[[Yun Bing]], ''Album Leaf'' (17th century), ink and color on paper]]'''[[Chinese painting|Chinese]]''' ** [[Tang Dynasty painting|Tang Dynasty]] ** [[Ming Dynasty painting|Ming Dynasty]] ** [[Shan shui]] ** [[Ink and wash painting]] ** [[Bird-and-flower painting|Hua niao]] ** [[Southern School]] *** [[Zhe school (painting)|Zhe School]] *** [[Wu School]] ** [[History of Chinese art#Contemporary Art|Contemporary]] * '''[[Japanese painting|Japanese]]''' ** [[Yamato-e]] ** [[Rimpa school]] ** [[Emakimono]] ** [[Kanō school]] ** [[Shijō school]] ** [[Superflat]] * '''[[Korean painting|Korean]]''' === Southeast Asia === * '''[[Indonesian painting|Indonesian]]''' === Islamic === * [[Arabic miniature]] * [[Ottoman miniature]] * [[Persian miniature]] * [[Calligraphy]] === Indian === ==== Miniature painting ==== Miniature paintings were the primary form of painting in pre-colonial India. These were done on a special paper (known as wasli) using mineral and natural colours. Miniature painting is not one style but a group of several styles of schools of painting such as Mughal, Pahari, Rajasthani, Company style etc. '''[[Mughal painting|Mughal miniature painting]]''' is a particular style of [[South Asia]]n, particularly North Indian (more specifically, modern day India and Pakistan), painting confined to [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniatures]] either as book illustrations or as single works to be kept in albums ([[muraqqa]]). It emerged<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughal Painting – Evolution & History, Features & Prominent Artists |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/mughal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102715/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/mughal.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net |language=en}}</ref> from [[Persian miniature]] painting (itself partly of [[Chinese painting|Chinese origin]]) and developed in the court of the [[Mughal Empire]] of the 16th to 18th centuries. Mughal painting immediately took a much greater interest in realistic portraiture than was typical of Persian miniatures. Animals and plants were the main subject of many miniatures for albums, and were more realistically depicted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2016 |title=Mughal Painting |url=https://selfstudyhistory.com/2016/08/22/mughal-painting-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102703/https://selfstudyhistory.com/2016/08/22/mughal-painting-2/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Self Study History |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Religions – Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110065723/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml |archive-date=10 November 2010 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website= BBC |date=2009 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughal painting |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Mughal-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.britannica.com/art/Mughal-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Maker unknown, India - Krishna and Radha - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''Krishna and Radha'', might be the work of [[Nihâl Chand]], master of Kishangarh school of Rajput Painting]] '''[[Rajasthani painting]]''' evolved and flourished in the royal courts of [[Rajputana]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rājput painting {{!}} Indian art |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Rajput-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.britannica.com/art/Rajput-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> in northern India, mainly during the 17th century. Artists trained in the tradition of the [[Mughal miniature]] were dispersed from the imperial Mughal court, and developed styles also drawing from local traditions of painting, especially those illustrating the Sanskrit Epics, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]''. Subjects varied, but portraits of the ruling family, often engaged in hunting or their daily activities, were generally popular, as were narrative scenes from the epics or [[Hindu mythology]], as well as some [[Genre painting|genre scenes]] of landscapes, and humans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajput Paintings, Rajput Paintings India, Rajput Painting History |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/rajput.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/rajput.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2012 |title=Rajput painting |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/rajput-painting-1345188164-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122104201/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/rajput-painting-1345188164-1 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Jagran Josh}}</ref> '''Punjab Hills or [[Pahari painting]]''' of which Kangra, Guller, Basholi were major sub-styles. Kangra painting is the pictorial art of [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], named after [[Kangra State|Kangra]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], a former [[princely state]], which patronized the art. It became prevalent with the fading of [[Basohli Painting|Basohli school of painting]] in mid-18th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kāngra painting |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Kangra-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102656/https://www.britannica.com/art/Kangra-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bradnock |first1=Robert W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=pligrim+Dharamshala%22&pg=PA512 |title=Footprint India |last2=Bradnock |first2=Roma |date=2004 |publisher=Footprint |isbn=978-1-904777-00-7 |page=512 |language=en |access-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219034009/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=pligrim+Dharamshala%22&pg=PA512 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The focal theme of Kangra painting is Shringar (the erotic sentiment). The subjects are seen in Kangra painting exhibit the taste and the traits of the lifestyle of the society of that period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2021 |title=Kangra Painting – The Delicate Art of the Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/kangra-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/kangra-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Caleidoscope {{!}} Indian Culture, Heritage |language=en-US}}</ref> The artists adopted themes from the love poetry of [[Jayadeva]] and [[Keshavdas|Keshav Das]] who wrote ecstatically of the love of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] with [[Bhakti]] being the driving force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangra Paintings {{!}} District Kangra, Government of Himachal Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://hpkangra.nic.in/gallery/kangra-paintings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://hpkangra.nic.in/gallery/kangra-paintings/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vijay |date=1 November 2020 |title=How love, war and Mughal fine art inspired Kangra painting |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-love-war-and-mughal-fine-art-inspired-kangra-painting/533500/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-love-war-and-mughal-fine-art-inspired-kangra-painting/533500/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Khan Bahadur Khan with men of his clan (6125079998) cropped.jpg|left|thumb|Khan Bahadur Khan with Men of his Clan, c. 1815, from the Fraser Album, Company Style]]'''Company style''' is a term for a hybrid Indo-European style of paintings made in India by Indian artists, many of whom worked for European patrons in the [[British East India Company]] or other foreign Companies in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company Painting in Nineteenth-Century India &#124; Essay &#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History &#124; the Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220030814/https://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm |archive-date=20 December 2017 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.metmuseum.org|date=October 2004 }}</ref> Three distinct styles of Company Painting emerged in three British Power Centres – [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and [[Madras]]. The subject matter of company paintings made for western patrons was often documentary rather than imaginative, and as a consequence, the Indian artists were required to adopt a more naturalistic approach to painting than had traditionally been usual.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company Paintings – Capturing an Era |url=https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/9__Tavern_Scene-scaled.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/9__Tavern_Scene-scaled.jpg |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Live History India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Victoria and Albert Museum |first=Digital Media |date=16 November 2012 |title=Indian company paintings |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/indian-company-paintings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102700/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/indian-company-paintings/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.vam.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> The '''Sikh style''' and [[Deccan painting|'''Deccan style''']] are other prominent Miniature painting styles of India. ==== Pichwai painting ==== [[Pichhwai|Pichwai paintings]] are paintings on textile and usually depicting stories from the life of Lord Krishna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=The colourful tradition of Indian Pichwai Painting |url=https://indianartspalace.in/the-colorful-tradition-of-indian-pichwai-paintings/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> These were made in large format and often used as a backdrop to the main idol in temples or homes. Pichwai paintings were made and are still made mainly in Rajasthan, India. However very few were made in the Deccan region, but these are extremely rare. The purpose of pichhwais, other than artistic appeal, is to narrate tales of Krishna to the illiterate. Temples have sets with different images, which are changed according to the [[Shrinathji#Festivals and rituals at the temple|calendar of festivals celebrating the deity]].<ref>Blurton, 142-143</ref> ==== Folk and tribal art ==== Pattachitra is a general term for traditional, cloth-based [[scroll]] painting, based in the eastern Indian [[States and territories of India|states]] of [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parampara Project {{!}} Pata Chitra|url=https://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|access-date=22 November 2021|website=www.paramparaproject.org|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219040030/https://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Pattachitra painting tradition is closely linked with the worship of Lord [[Jagannath]] in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daricha Foundation|url=http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|access-date=22 November 2021|website=www.daricha.org|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|url-status=live}}</ref> The subject matter of Pattachitra is limited to religious themes. Patachitra artform is known for its intricate details as well as mythological narratives and folktales inscribed in it. All colours used in the Paintings are natural and paintings are made fully old traditional way by Chitrakaras that is Odiya Painter. Pattachitra style of painting is one of the oldest and most popular art forms of [[Odisha]]. Patachitras are a component of an ancient [[Bengalis|Bengali]] narrative art, originally serving as a visual device during the performance of a song.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2015|title=Myths and Folktales in the Patachitra Art of Bengal: Tradition and Modernity|url=https://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|access-date=22 November 2021|website=The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design|language=en-US|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102700/https://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=15 June 2016|title=Orissa Pattachitra –|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece|access-date=22 November 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=says|first=Conrad Comrie|date=26 April 2017|title=Patachitra: Ancient scroll painting of Bengal|url=https://mediaindia.eu/culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Media India Group|language=en|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122154252/https://mediaindia.eu/culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|url-status=live}}</ref> Madhubani Art is a style of [[Indian painting]], practiced in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of India and Nepal. The style is characterized by complex geometrical patterns, these paintings are famous for representing ritual content used for particular occasions like festivals, religious rituals etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhubani (Mithila) Painting – History, Designs & Artists |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/madhubani.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/madhubani.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net |language=en}}</ref> [[Warli painting|Warli]] is another folk tribal art form from India. ==== Bengal School ==== The Bengal School<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi|url=http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp|access-date=22 November 2021|website=ngmaindia.gov.in|archive-date=22 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022113236/http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> was an [[art movement]] and a style of [[Indian painting]] that originated in [[Bengal]], primarily [[Kolkata]] and [[Shantiniketan]], and flourished throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]], during the [[British Raj]] in the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2022 |title=Bengal School Painting – The transition to Modernism |url=https://indianartspalace.in/bengal-school-painting/ |access-date=10 August 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> The Bengal school arose as an [[avant garde]] and nationalist movement reacting against the [[academic art]] styles previously promoted in India, both by Indian artists such as [[Raja Ravi Varma]] and in British art schools. The school wanted to establish a distinct Indian style which celebrated the indigenous cultural heritage. In an attempt to reject colonial aesthetics, [[Abanindranath Tagore]] also turned to China and Japan with the intent of promoting a pan-Asian aesthetic and incorporated elements from Far Eastern art, such as the [[Ink wash painting|Japanese wash technique]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengal School of Art|url=https://www.artsy.net/gene/bengal-school-of-art|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artsy|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.artsy.net/gene/bengal-school-of-art|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How the Bengal School of Art Changed Colonial India's Art Landscape|url=https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/how-the-bengal-school-of-art-changed-colonial-indias-art-landscape |date=February 27, 2017 |access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artisera|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/how-the-bengal-school-of-art-changed-colonial-indias-art-landscape|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 August 2012|title=Bengal School of Art|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/bengal-school-of-art-1345270637-1|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Jagran Josh|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/bengal-school-of-art-1345270637-1|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Others ==== [[File:Mysore Painting.jpg|left|thumb|upright|19th Century Mysore Painting of Goddess [[Saraswathi]] ]] * Mysore painting is an important form of classical [[South India]]n painting that originated in and around the town of [[Mysore]] in [[Karnataka]] encouraged and nurtured by the Mysore rulers. Mysore paintings are known for their elegance, muted colours, and attention to detail. The themes for most of these paintings are [[Hindu]] gods and goddesses and scenes from [[Hindu mythology]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mysore Paintings {{!}} Buy Mysore School Paintings {{!}} Shop Online at Artisera|url=https://www.artisera.com/collections/mysore-paintings|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artisera|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.artisera.com/collections/mysore-paintings|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Samikshavad]] * [[Tanjore painting|Tanjore]] * [[Kerala mural painting]] === African === * [[Egyptian painting]] * [[Ethiopian painting]] * [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]] === Contemporary art === <!-- It seems that some of the art forms listed here are not painting forms--for example video art --> {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin:auto; width:100%; border:0 solid #e5ffec; background:#=#e5ffec;" |- | style="vertical-align:top; width:17%;"| === 1950s === * [[Abstract Expressionism]] * [[American Figurative Expressionism]] * [[Bay Area Figurative Movement]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[New York Figurative Expressionism]] * [[New York School (art)|New York School]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1960s === * [[Abstract expressionism]] * [[American Figurative Expressionism]] * [[Abstract Imagists]] * [[Bay Area Figurative Movement]] * [[Color field]] * [[Computer art]] * [[Conceptual art]] * [[Fluxus]] * [[Happening]]s * [[Hard-edge painting]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[Minimalism]] * [[Neo-figurative]] * [[Neo-Dada]] * [[New York School (art)|New York School]] * [[Nouveau Réalisme]] * [[Op Art]] * [[Performance art]] * [[Pop Art]] * [[Postminimalism]] * [[Washington Color School]] * [[Kinetic art]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1970s === * [[Arte Povera]] * [[Ascii Art]] * [[Bad Painting]] * [[Body art]] * [[Artist's book]] * [[Feminist art]] * [[Installation art]] * [[Land Art]] * [[Lowbrow (art movement)]] * [[Photorealism]] * [[Postminimalism]] * [[Process Art]] * [[Video art]] * [[Funk art]] * [[Pattern and Decoration]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1980s === * [[Appropriation art]] * [[Culture jamming]] * [[Demoscene]] * [[Electronic art]] * [[Figuration Libre]] * [[Graffiti Art]] * [[Live Art (art form)|Live art]] * [[Mail art]] * [[Postmodern art]] * [[Neo-conceptual art]] * [[Neo-expressionism]] * [[Neo-pop]] * [[Sound art]] * [[Transgressive art]] * [[Video installation]] * [[Institutional Critique]] * [[Neogeo (art)|NeoGeo]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1990s === * [[Bio art]] * [[Cyberarts]] * [[Cynical Realism]] * [[Digital Art]] * [[Information art]] * [[Internet art]] * [[Massurrealism]] * [[Maximalism]] * [[Transpressionism]] * [[New media art]] * [[Software art]] * [[New European Painting]] * [[Young British Artists]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 2000s === * [[Digital painting|Digital Painting]] * [[Hyperrealism (visual arts)|Hyperrealism]] * [[Classical Realism]] * [[Relational art]] * [[Street art]] * [[Stuckism]] * [[Superflat]] * [[Pseudorealism]] * [[Videogame art]] * [[Superstroke]] * [[VJ (video performance artist)|VJ art]] * [[Virtual art]] |} == Types of painting == [[File:Bodegón de recipientes (Zurbarán).jpg|thumb|[[Francisco de Zurbarán]], ''Still Life with Pottery Jars'' ({{langx|es|Bodegón de recipientes}}) (1636), oil on canvas, 46 x 84&nbsp;cm, [[Museo del Prado]], [[Madrid]]]] === Allegory === [[Allegory]] is a [[Figurative art|figurative]] [[Mode (literature)|mode]] of representation conveying meaning other than the literal. Allegory communicates its message by means of [[symbol]]ic figures, actions, or symbolic representation. Allegory is generally treated as a figure of [[rhetoric]], but an allegory does not have to be expressed in [[language]]: it may be addressed to the eye and is often found in realistic painting. An example of a simple visual allegory is the image of the [[Personifications of death|grim reaper]]. Viewers understand that the image of the grim reaper is a symbolic representation of death. === Bodegón === [[File:Reza Abbasi - Two Lovers (1630).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Reza Abbasi]], ''Two Lovers'' (1630)]] In [[Spanish art]], a [[bodegón]] is a [[still life]] painting depicting pantry items, such as victuals, game, and drink, often arranged on a simple stone slab, and also a painting with one or more figures, but significant still life elements, typically set in a kitchen or tavern. Starting in the [[Baroque]] period, such paintings became popular in Spain in the second quarter of the 17th century. The tradition of still life painting appears to have started and was far more popular in the contemporary [[Low Countries]], today Belgium and [[Netherlands]] (then Flemish and Dutch artists), than it ever was in [[southern Europe]]. [[Dutch Golden Age painting#Still lifes|Northern still lifes]] had many subgenres: the ''breakfast piece'' was augmented by the ''[[trompe-l'œil]]'', the ''flower bouquet'', and the ''[[vanitas]]''. In Spain, there were much fewer patrons for this sort of thing, but a type of ''breakfast piece'' did become popular, featuring a few objects of food and tableware laid on a table. === Figure painting === A [[figure painting]] is a [[work of art]] in any of the painting media with the primary subject being the human figure, whether clothed or [[Nude (art)|nude]]. Figure painting may also refer to the activity of creating such a work. The human figure has been one of the contrast subjects of art since the first Stone Age cave paintings and has been reinterpreted in various styles throughout history.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Droste|first1=Flip|title=Cave Paintings of the Early Stone Age|journal=Semiotica|date=October 2014|volume=2014|issue=202|pages=155–165|doi=10.1515/sem-2014-0035|s2cid=170631343}}</ref> Some artists well known for figure painting are [[Peter Paul Rubens]], [[Edgar Degas]], and [[Édouard Manet]]. === Illustration painting === [[Illustration]] paintings are those used as illustrations in books, magazines, and theater or movie [[posters]] and comic books. Today, there is a growing interest in collecting and admiring the original artwork. Various museum exhibitions, magazines, and art galleries have devoted space to the illustrators of the past. In the visual art world, illustrators have sometimes been considered less important in comparison with fine artists and [[graphic designer]]s. But as the result of [[computer game]] and comic industry growth, illustrations are becoming valued as popular and profitable artworks that can acquire a wider market than the other two, especially in [[Korea]], Japan, [[Hong Kong]] and the United States. The illustrations of medieval [[codices]] were known as [[Illuminated manuscript|illuminations]], and were individually hand-drawn and painted. With the invention of the [[printing press]] during the 15th century, [[books]] became more widely distributed, and often illustrated with [[woodcuts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What Is an Illuminated Manuscript? |url=https://www.nga.gov/conservation/paper/manuscript-project.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004050635/https://www.nga.gov/conservation/paper/manuscript-project.html |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=National Gallery of Art}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2010 |title=Heavenly Craft: The Woodcut in Early Printed Books |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/heavenlycraft/heavenly-15th.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020234750/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/heavenlycraft/heavenly-15th.html |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> In [[America]], this led to a "golden age of illustration" from before the 1880s until the early 20th century. A small group of illustrators became highly successful, with the imagery they created considered a portrait of American aspirations of the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The R. Atkinson Fox Society: What Was the Golden Age of Illustration? |url=http://www.rafoxsociety.com/what-was-the-golden-age-of-illustration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414063829/http://www.rafoxsociety.com/what-was-the-golden-age-of-illustration/ |archive-date=2015-04-14 |access-date=2015-04-08}}</ref> Among the best-known illustrators of that period were [[N. C. Wyeth|N.C. Wyeth]] and [[Howard Pyle]] of the [[Brandywine School]], [[James Montgomery Flagg]], [[Elizabeth Shippen Green]], [[J. C. Leyendecker]], [[Violet Oakley]], [[Maxfield Parrish]], [[Jessie Willcox Smith]], and [[John Rea Neill]]. In [[France]], on 1905, the Contemporary Book Society commissioned [[Paul Jouve]] to illustrate [[Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book|Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book]]. Paul Jouve will devote ten years to the 130 illustrations of this book which will remain as one of the masterpieces of bibliophilia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Jouve |url=https://www.pauljouve.com/resultats/2021-06-25-sotheby-s-france-128.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215154738/https://www.pauljouve.com/resultats/2021-06-25-sotheby-s-france-128.html |archive-date=2021-12-15 |access-date=2021-12-15}}</ref> === Landscape painting === {{main|Landscape art}} [[File:Andreas Achenbach - Clearing Up—Coast of Sicily - Walters 37116.jpg|left|thumb|[[Andreas Achenbach]], ''Clearing Up, Coast of Sicily'' (1847), [[The Walters Art Museum]]<ref>Achenbach specialized in the "sublime" mode of landscape painting in which man is dwarfed by nature's might and fury.</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]] |url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/19760 |title= Clearing Up—Coast of Sicily |access-date= 18 September 2012 |archive-date= 9 May 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130509233109/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/19760 |url-status= live }}</ref>]] [[Landscape art|Landscape painting]] is a term that covers the depiction of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, lakes, and forests, and especially art where the main subject is a wide view, with its elements arranged into a coherent composition. In other works, landscape backgrounds for figures can still form an important part of the work. The sky is almost always included in the view, and [[weather]] is often an element of the composition. Detailed landscapes as a distinct subject are not found in all artistic traditions and develop when there is already a sophisticated tradition of representing other subjects. The two main traditions spring from [[Western painting]] and [[Chinese art]], going back well over a thousand years in both cases. === Portrait painting === [[File:Abraham Lincoln in the United States Congress by.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ned Bittinger]], ''[[Abraham Lincoln (Bittinger)|Portrait of Abraham Lincoln]] in Congress'' (2004), [[United States Capitol|US Capitol]]]] [[Portrait painting]]s are representations of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, [[Personality type|personality]], and even the mood of the person. The art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially [[Roman sculpture]], where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. One of the best-known portraits in the Western world is [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s painting titled ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', which is thought to be a portrait of [[Lisa del Giocondo|Lisa Gherardini]], the wife of Francesco del Giocondo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |title=Mona Lisa – Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo |publisher=Louvre Museum |date=1503–1519|access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730003620/http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |archive-date=30 July 2014 }}</ref> Warhol was one of the most prolific portrait painters of the 20th century. Warhol's painting ''[[Shot Marilyns|Orange Shot Marilyn]]'' of [[Marilyn Monroe]] is an iconic early example of his work from the 1960s, and [[Prince (painting)|Orange Prince (1984)]] of the pop singer [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] is later example, both exhibiting Warhol's unique graphic style of portraiture.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Andy Warhol Portraits That Changed The World Forever |work=Widewalls |url=https://www.widewalls.ch/10-faces-by-andy-warhol-february-2015/mao-tse-tung-8/ |access-date=2018-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212218/https://www.widewalls.ch/10-faces-by-andy-warhol-february-2015/mao-tse-tung-8/ |archive-date=2018-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Warhol. Marilyn Monroe. 1967 {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/61240 |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts – Andy Warhol Biography |url=http://warholfoundation.org/legacy/biography.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724192941/http://www.warholfoundation.org/legacy/biography.html |archive-date=2010-07-24 |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=warholfoundation.org}}</ref> === Still life === [[File:Otto Marseus van Schrieck - A Forest Floor Still-Life - WGA21061.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Marseus van Schrieck]], ''A Forest Floor Still-Life'' (1666)]] A [[still life]] is a work of [[art]] depicting mostly [[wikt:inanimate|inanimate]] subject matter, typically commonplace objects—which may be either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or human-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so on). With origins in the Middle Ages and Ancient Greek/Roman art, still life paintings give the artist more leeway in the arrangement of design elements within a composition than do paintings of other types of subjects such as [[Landscape art|landscape]] or [[portrait]]ure. Still life paintings, particularly before 1700, often contained religious and allegorical symbolism relating to the objects depicted. Some modern still life breaks the two-dimensional barrier and employs three-dimensional mixed media, and uses found objects, photography, computer graphics, as well as video and sound. === Veduta === A [[veduta]] is a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting of a [[cityscape]] or some other vista. This [[genre]] of [[landscape art|landscape]] originated in [[Flanders]], where artists such as [[Paul Bril]] painted ''vedute'' as early as the 16th century. As the itinerary of the [[Grand Tour]] became somewhat standardized, ''vedute'' of familiar scenes like the Roman Forum or the Grand Canal recalled early ventures to the Continent for aristocratic Englishmen. In the later 19th century, more personal impressions of cityscapes replaced the desire for topographical accuracy, which was satisfied instead by painted [[panorama]]s. == See also == {{Portal|Visual arts|Painting}} * [[20th-century Western painting]] * [[Cobweb painting]] * [[Drawing]] * [[Fine art]] * [[Graphic arts]] * [[Index of painting-related articles]] * [[List of most expensive paintings]] * [[Outline of painting]] * [[Performance art]] * [[Business process outsourcing in China#Painting|Painting outsourcing in China]] * [[Visual arts]] * [[Image]] == Further reading == {{Commons category|Painting}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|painting}} {{Wikisource|Portal:Painting}} * Howard Daniel (1971). ''Encyclopedia of Themes and Subjects in Painting: Mythological, Biblical, Historical, Literary, Allegorical, and Topical''. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc. * W. Stanley Taft Jr. and James W. Mayer (2000). ''The Science of Paintings''. Springer-Verlag. {{Art world}} {{Branches of the visual arts}} {{Humanities}} {{Aesthetics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Painting| ]] [[Category:Painting techniques|*]] [[Category:Works of art]] [[Category:The arts]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:مصوري]] [[زمرو:فن بلحاظ قسم]] 4uenmu7zre6ru8vc970ppdo10830d1s 376061 376060 2026-05-05T17:25:05Z Ibne maryam 17680 376061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface}} [[File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|''[[Mona Lisa]]'' (1503–1517) by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] is one of the world's most recognizable paintings.]] '''چٽسالي''' نقاشي، مصوري، رنگ سازي، ڪمانگري يا رنگڪاري (painting)، رڱڻ،<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://dic.sindhila.edu.pk/index.php?txtsrch=Painting|title=Painting {{!}} Online Sindhi Dictionaries {{!}} آن لائين سنڌي ڊڪشنريون|website=dic.sindhila.edu.pk|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://sindhyat.com/database/SindhiDictionary/Painting|title=Painting word Sindhi Meaning, devanagari & Roman translation - Sindhi Dictionary|website=sindhyat.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref> رنگي، رنگ يا ٻين وسلين جي ڪنهن سطح تي لاڳاپو آهي. فنيات ۾ اِن اِصطلاح کان عمل (act) ۽ نتيجو، جنهن کي چٽ، يا نقش (a painting) سڏيو ويندو آهي، ٻنهين مان مراد آهي. '''نقاشي''' [[ڪاٺ]]، ٺڪر، يا [[مٽي]]ءَ جي شين تي نقش چٽڻ ۽ سونهن خاطر تصويرون يا لکتون ٺاهڻ جو فن نقاشي سڏبو آهي.<ref>ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.</ref> مصوري هڪ بصري فن آهي، جيڪا رنگ، پينٽ يا ٻيو وچولي مواد کي هڪ مضبوط مٿاڇري تي لاڳو ڪرڻ جي مشق سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |title=Paint – Definition |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=2012 |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172354/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |url-status=live }}</ref> وچولو مواد عام طور تي برش سان بنياد تي لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي. ٻيا اوزار، جهڙوڪ خراد، اسپنج، ايئر برش، فنڪار جون آڱريون، يا هڪ ٽِپڻ واري ٽيڪنڪ جيڪا ڪشش ثقل استعمال ڪري ٿي استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا. فنڪار جيڪو پينٽنگ ٺاهيندو آهي ان کي پينٽر چيو ويندو آهي. فن جي اصطلاح ۾ "پينٽنگ" عمل ۽ عمل جي نتيجي ٻنهي کي بيان ڪري ٿي. پينٽنگ جي سپورٽ ۾ ڀتيون، ڪاغذ، ڪينوس، ڪاٺ، شيشي، لاک، برتن، پتي، ٽامي ۽ ڪنڪريٽ جهڙيون سطحون شامل آهن. پينٽنگ ۾ ريتي، مٽي، ڪاغذ، ڪارڊ بورڊ، اخبار، پلاسٽر، سون جي پتي ۽ حتي پوريون شيون شامل ٿي سگهن ٿيون. پينٽنگ ڊرائنگ، ساخت، اشارو، بيان ۽ تجريد جهڙا عنصر شامل ڪرڻ سان بصري فن جي هڪ اهم شڪل آهي. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Perry|first1=Lincoln|title=The Music of Painting|journal=The American Scholar|date=Summer 2014|volume=83|issue=3|page=85}}</ref> پينٽنگ قدرتي ۽ نمائندگي ڪندڙ، جيئن پورٽريٽ، اسٽل لائف ۽ لينڊ اسڪيپ پينٽنگ ۾ (جيتوڻيڪ اهي صنفون تجريدي پڻ ٿي سگهن ٿيون)، فوٽوگرافي، تجريد، داستان نگاري، علامت نگاري (جيئن علامت نگار آرٽ ۾)، جذباتي (جيئن اظهار پسندي ۾) يا پنهنجي فطرت ۾ سياسي (جيئن آرٽيوزم ۾) ٿي سگهن ٿيون. پينٽنگ جي تاريخ جو هڪ اهم حصو، مشرقي ۽ مغربي آرٽ ٻنهي ۾، مذهبي آرٽ جو غلبو آهي. هن قسم جي پينٽنگ جون مثالون مٽيءَ جي ٿانون تي افسانوي شخصيتن کي ظاهر ڪرڻ واري آرٽ ورڪ کان وٺي، گرجا گهرن جي ڇتن تي بائبل جي منظرن ۽ گوتم ٻڌ جي زندگي جي منظرن يا مشرقي مذهبي اصل جي ٻئي تصويرن ۾ ملي سگهن. == History == {{Main|History of painting}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = left/right/center | footer = | footer_align = left | image2 = Maros_hunting_scene.png | width2 = 180 | caption2 = Redrawing of hunting scene from the Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst | image1 = Pig-deer print paintings in Pettakere Cave, Maros.jpg | width1 = 200 | caption1 = Cave paintings depicting a wild boar hunt in the [[Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst|Maros-Pangkep karst]] of Sulawesi are estimated to be at least 43,900 years old (2014). This finding was recognized as "the oldest known depiction of [[storytelling]] and the earliest instance of figurative art in human history." }} [[File:Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave painting of Bull.jpg|thumb|The depiction of a bull found in the [[Lubang Jeriji Saleh]], [[Indonesia]], in 2018, is the world's oldest known figurative painting. The painting is estimated to have been created around 40,000 to 52,000 years ago, or even earlier.]] The oldest known paintings are more than 40,000-60,000 years old ([[art of the Upper Paleolithic]]) and found in the [[caves in the district of Maros]] ([[Sulawesi]], [[Indonesia]]). The oldest are often constructed from hand stencils and simple geometric shapes.<ref name="Aubert2014">M. Aubert et al., "Pleistocene cave art from Sulawesi, Indonesia", ''Nature'' vol. 514, pp. 223–227 (9 October 2014). "using uranium-series dating of coralloid speleothems directly associated with 12 human hand stencils and two figurative animal depictions from seven cave sites in the Maros karsts of Sulawesi, we show that rock art traditions on this Indonesian island are at least compatible in age with the oldest European art. The earliest dated image from Maros, with a minimum age of 39.9 kyr, is now the oldest known hand stencil in the world. In addition, a painting of a [[Babirusa|babirusa ('pig-deer')]] made at least 35.4 kyr ago is among the earliest dated figurative depictions worldwide, if not the earliest one. Among the implications, it can now be demonstrated that humans were producing rock art by ~40 kyr ago at opposite ends of the Pleistocene Eurasian world."</ref>{{efn|Some hand prints have been found in Tibet and dated about 200,000 years-old.<ref>{{cite web |author= Bob McDonald |date= September 24, 2021 |title= 200,000-year-old handprints may be the world's oldest artwork, scientists say |website= cbc.ca |publisher= CBC Radio |url= https://www.cbc.ca/radio/quirks/200-000-year-old-handprints-may-be-the-world-s-oldest-artwork-scientists-say-1.6188120 |access-date= 2024-05-09 }}</ref> }} [[File:Leang Tedongnge rock art panel credit AA Oktaviana-01.jpg|thumb|In 2021, researchers discovered ancient cave art in Leang Tedongnge, Sulawesi, Indonesia, estimated to be at least 45,500 years old. Depicting a warty pig, this artwork is recognized as the world's oldest known example of figurative or representational art.]] In November 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of [[Lubang Jeriji Saléh]] on the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Borneo]].<ref name="NYT-20181107-cz">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=In Cave in Borneo Jungle, Scientists Find Oldest Figurative Painting in the World – A cave drawing in Borneo is at least 40,000 years old, raising intriguing questions about creativity in ancient societies. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/science/oldest-cave-art-borneo.html |date=7 November 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20181107">{{cite journal |author=Aubert, M.|display-authors=et al |title=Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo |date=7 November 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9 |pmid=30405242 |volume=564 |issue=7735 |pages=254–257 |bibcode=2018Natur.564..254A |s2cid=53208538 }}</ref> In December 2019, cave paintings portraying pig hunting within the [[Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst|Maros-Pangkep karst]] region in [[Sulawesi]] were discovered to be even older, with an estimated age of at least 43,900 years. This finding was recognized as "the oldest known depiction of [[storytelling]] and the earliest instance of figurative art in human history."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubert |first=M. |display-authors=et al. |date=11 December 2019 |title=Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art. |journal=Nature |volume=576 |issue=7787 |pages=442–445 |bibcode=2019Natur.576..442A |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y |pmid=31827284 |s2cid=209311825|hdl=10072/397337 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20191211">{{cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Becky |date=11 December 2019 |title=Mythical Beings May Be Earliest Imaginative Cave Art by Humans – The paintings on an Indonesian island are at least 43,900 years old and depict humanoid figures with animal-like features in a hunting scene. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/11/science/cave-art-indonesia.html |access-date=12 December 2019}}</ref> In 2021, cave art of a pig found in [[Sulawesi]], Indonesia, and dated to over 45,500 years ago, has been reported.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1-link=Adam Brumm|last1=Brumm|first1=Adam|last2=Oktaviana|first2=Adhi Agus|last3=Burhan|first3=Basran|last4=Hakim|first4=Budianto|last5=Lebe|first5=Rustan|last6=Zhao|first6=Jian-xin|last7=Sulistyarto|first7=Priyatno Hadi|last8=Ririmasse|first8=Marlon|last9=Adhityatama|first9=Shinatria|last10=Sumantri|first10=Iwan|last11=Aubert|first11=Maxime|date=2021-01-01|title=Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|article-number=eabd4648|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd4648|issn=2375-2548|pmid=33523879|pmc=7806210|bibcode=2021SciA....7.4648B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20210113">{{cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Becky |title=Pig Painting May Be World's Oldest Cave Art Yet, Archaeologists Say – The depiction of the animal on an Indonesian island is at least 45,500 years old, the researchers say. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/science/cave-painting-indonesia.html |date=January 13, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 14, 2021 }}</ref> On July 3, 2024, the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' published research findings indicating that the cave paintings which depict [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] figures interacting with a pig and measure {{convert|36|by|15|in|cm}} in [[Karampuang cave|Leang Karampuang]] are approximately 51,200 years old, establishing them as the oldest known paintings in the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Oktaviana |first1=Adhi Agus |last2=Joannes-Boyau |first2=Renaud |last3=Hakim |first3=Budianto |last4=Burhan |first4=Basran |last5=Sardi |first5=Ratno |last6=Adhityatama |first6=Shinatria |last7=Hamrullah |last8=Sumantri |first8=Iwan |last9=Tang |first9=M. |last10=Lebe |first10=Rustan |last11=Ilyas |first11=Imran |last12=Abbas |first12=Abdullah |last13=Jusdi |first13=Andi |last14=Mahardian |first14=Dewangga Eka |last15=Noerwidi |first15=Sofwan |date=2024-07-03 |title=Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago |journal=Nature |volume=631 |issue=8022 |pages=814–818 |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07541-7 |issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free |pmid=38961284 |pmc=11269172 |bibcode=2024Natur.631..814O }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Garreth |date=2024-07-04 |title=Oldest example of figurative art found in Indonesian cave |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/07/04/oldest-example-of-figurative-art-found-in-indonesian-cave |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=The Art Newspaper}}</ref> There are examples of [[cave painting]]s all over the world—in [[Indonesia]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Italy]], [[China]], [[Bhimbetka rock shelters|India]], [[Australia]], [[Mexico]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2013/05/130523_pinturas_caverna_mexico_an|title = Milhares de pinturas rupestres são descobertas em cavernas no México|work = BBC News Brasil|language = pt|date = 23 May 2013|access-date = 2 March 2015|archive-date = 12 April 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150412001151/http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/noticias/2013/05/130523_pinturas_caverna_mexico_an|url-status = live}}</ref> etc. In Western cultures, [[oil painting]] and [[watercolor]] painting have rich and complex traditions in style and subject matter. In the East, [[ink]] and color ink historically predominated the choice of media, with equally rich and complex traditions. The invention of photography had a major impact on painting. In the decades after the first [[photograph]] was produced in 1829, [[photography|photographic]] processes improved and became more widely practiced, depriving painting of much of its historic purpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world. A series of art movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries—notably [[Impressionism]], [[Post-Impressionism]], [[Fauvism]], [[Expressionism]], [[Cubism]], and [[Dada]]ism—challenged the [[Renaissance art|Renaissance]] view of the world. Eastern and African painting, however, continued a long history of [[stylization]] and did not undergo an equivalent transformation at the same time.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} [[Modern art|Modern]] and [[Contemporary art]] has moved away from the historic value of craft and documentation in favour of [[concept]]. This has not deterred the majority of living painters from continuing to practice painting either as a whole or part of their work. The vitality and versatility of painting in the 21st century defy the previous "declarations" of its demise. In an epoch characterized by the idea of [[Cultural pluralism|pluralism]], there is no consensus as to a representative style of the age. Artists continue to make important works of art in a wide variety of styles and aesthetic [[temperament]]s—their merits are left to the public and the marketplace to judge. [[Feminist art movement|The Feminist art movement]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guide to the Feminist Art Movement's History & Contemporary Impact |url=https://www.riseart.com/guide/2418/guide-to-the-feminist-art-movement#:~:text=The%20Feminist%20Art%20movement%20emerged,gender%20stereotypes%20in%20the%20arts. |url-status=live |website=Rise Art|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426170755/https://www.riseart.com/guide/2418/guide-to-the-feminist-art-movement|archive-date=Apr 26, 2023}}</ref> began in the 1960s during the second wave of [[feminism]]. The movement sought to gain equal rights and equal opportunities for female artists internationally. == Elements of painting == [[File:Chen Hongshou, leaf album painting.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chen Hongshou]] (1598–1652), ''Leaf album painting'' ([[Ming dynasty]])]] [[File:Georges Seurat 066.jpg|thumb|[[Georges Seurat]], ''[[Parade de cirque|Circus Sideshow]] ({{Langx|fr|Parade de cirque}})'' (1887–88)|alt=Shows a pointillist painting of a trombone soloist.]] === Color and tone === [[Color]], made up of [[hue]], [[Saturation color|saturation]], and [[Value (color)|value]], dispersed over a surface is the essence of painting, just as [[pitch (music)|pitch]] and [[rhythm]] are the essence of [[music]]. Color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, white is. Some painters, theoreticians, writers, and scientists, including [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe|Goethe]],<ref>[https://archive.org/details/goethestheoryco01goetgoog Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Goethe's theory of colours], John Murray, London 1840</ref> [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]],<ref>Wassily Kandinsky Concerning The Spiritual in Art, [Translated By Michael T. H. Sadler, [http://www.semantikon.com/art/kandinskyspiritualinart.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210194701/http://www.semantikon.com/art/kandinskyspiritualinart.pdf |date=10 February 2016 }}.</ref> and [[Isaac Newton|Newton]],<ref>A letter to the Royal Society presenting A new theory of light and colours Isaac Newton, 1671 [http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020073107/http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf |date=20 October 2015 }}</ref> have written their own [[color theory]]. Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction of color equivalent. The word "[[red]]", for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the [[visible spectrum]] of light. There is not a formalized register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music, such as [[F (musical note)|F]] or [[C♯ (musical note)|C♯]]. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic (primary) and derived (complementary or mixed) colors (like red, blue, green, brown, etc.). Painters deal practically with [[pigments]],<ref>[http://colourlex.com/pigments/pigments-colour/ Pigments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133914/http://colourlex.com/pigments/pigments-colour/ |date=6 January 2016 }} at ColourLex</ref> so "[[blue]]" for a painter can be any of the blues: [[phthalocyanine blue]], [[Prussian blue]], [[indigo]], [[Cobalt blue]], [[ultramarine]], and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, means of painting. Colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music (like a C note) is analogous to "light" in painting, "shades" to [[Dynamics (music)|dynamics]], and "coloration" is to painting as the specific [[Tone color|timbre]] of musical instruments is to music. These elements do not necessarily form a melody (in music) of themselves; rather, they can add different contexts to it. === Non-traditional elements === Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, [[collage]], which began with [[Cubism]] and is not painting in the strict sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as metal, plastic, [[sand]], [[cement]], [[straw]], [[Leaf painting|leaves]] or [[wood]] for the texture. Examples of this are the works of [[Jean Dubuffet]] and [[Anselm Kiefer]]. There is a growing community of artists who use computers to "paint" color onto a digital "canvas" using programs such as [[Adobe Photoshop]], [[Corel Painter]], and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required. === Rhythm === [[File:Jean Metzinger, 1906, La dance (Bacchante), oil on canvas, 73 x 54 cm DSC05359...jpg|thumb|[[Jean Metzinger]], ''[[La danse, Bacchante|La danse (Bacchante)]]'' ({{circa|1906}}), oil on canvas, 73 x 54&nbsp;cm, [[Kröller-Müller Museum]]]] [[Jean Metzinger]]'s mosaic-like [[Divisionist]] technique had its parallel in literature; a characteristic of the alliance between [[Symbolism (movement)|Symbolist]] writers and Neo-Impressionist artists: <blockquote>I ask of divided brushwork not the objective rendering of light, but iridescences and certain aspects of color still foreign to painting. I make a kind of chromatic versification and for syllables, I use strokes which, variable in quantity, cannot differ in dimension without modifying the rhythm of a pictorial phraseology destined to translate the diverse emotions aroused by nature. (Jean Metzinger, {{Circa|1907}})<ref>Jean Metzinger, circa 1907, quoted by Georges Desvallières in La Grande Revue, vol. 124, 1907</ref></blockquote> [[File:Piet Mondriaan, 1921 - Composition en rouge, jaune, bleu et noir.jpg|thumb|[[Piet Mondrian]], ''Composition en rouge, jaune, bleu et noir'' (1921), [[Gemeentemuseum Den Haag]]]] [[Rhythm]], for artists such as [[Piet Mondrian]],<ref name="Tosaki">[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mondrian_s_Philosophy_of_Visual_Rhythm/tvM-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 Eiichi Tosaki, ''Mondrian's Philosophy of Visual Rhythm: Phenomenology, Wittgenstein, and Eastern thought''], Vol. 23 of Sophia ''Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures'', Springer, 2017, pp. 108–109, 130, 139, 158, {{ISBN|9402411984}}</ref><ref>Piet Mondrian, ''Neo-Plasticism: Its Realization in Music and in Future Theater'', 1922</ref> is important in painting as it is in music. If one defines rhythm as "a pause incorporated into a sequence", then there can be rhythm in paintings. These pauses allow creative force to intervene and add new creations—form, melody, coloration. The distribution of form or any kind of information is of crucial importance in the given work of art, and it directly affects the aesthetic value of that work. This is because the aesthetic value is functionality dependent, i.e. the freedom (of movement) of perception is perceived as beauty. Free flow of energy, in art as well as in other forms of "[[techne]]", directly contributes to the aesthetic value.<ref name="Tosaki" /> Music was important to the birth of [[abstract art]] since music is abstract by nature—it does not try to represent the exterior world, but expresses in an immediate way the inner feelings of the soul. [[Wassily Kandinsky]] often used musical terms to identify his works; he called his most spontaneous paintings "improvisations" and described more elaborate works as "compositions". Kandinsky theorized that "music is the ultimate teacher",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wassilykandinsky.net/quotes.php|title=Wassily Kandinsky – Quotes|website=www.wassilykandinsky.net|access-date=17 September 2016|archive-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204065812/https://www.wassilykandinsky.net/quotes.php|url-status=live}}</ref> and subsequently embarked upon the first seven of his ten ''Compositions''. Hearing tones and chords as he painted, Kandinsky theorized that (for example), yellow is the color of middle [[C (musical note)|C]] on a brassy trumpet; black is the color of closure, and the end of things; and that combinations of colors produce vibrational frequencies, akin to chords played on a piano. In 1871 the young Kandinsky learned to play the piano and cello.<ref>, François Le Targat, ''Kandinsky'', Twentieth Century masters series, Random House Incorporated, 1987, p. 7, {{ISBN|0847808106}}</ref><ref>Susan B. Hirschfeld, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Hilla von Rebay Foundation, ''Watercolours by Kandinsky at the Guggenheim Museum: a selection from the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and the Hilla von Rebay Foundation'', 1991</ref> Kandinsky's stage design for a performance of [[Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky]]'s ''[[Pictures at an Exhibition]]'' illustrates his "synaesthetic" concept of a universal correspondence of forms, colors and musical sounds.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bauhaus|last=Fiedler|first=Jeannine|publisher=h.f. ullmann publishing GmbH|year=2013|isbn=978-3-8480-0275-7|location=Germany|pages=262}}</ref> Music defines much of modernist abstract painting. [[Jackson Pollock]] underscores that interest with his 1950 painting ''[[Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.interlude.hk/front/intersections-art-music-rothko-pollock/ |title=Intersections with art and music, Rothko and Pollock |date=16 April 2016 |access-date=3 February 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204020105/http://www.interlude.hk/front/intersections-art-music-rothko-pollock/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Aesthetics and theory == {{Main|Theory of painting}} [[File:Pompeii Painter.jpg|thumb|left|Female painter sitting on a campstool and painting a statue of [[Dionysus]] or [[Priapus]] onto a panel which is held by a boy. Fresco from [[Pompeii]], 1st century]] [[Aesthetics]] is the study of [[art]] and [[beauty]]; it was an important issue for 18th- and 19th-century [[Philosophy|philosophers]] such as [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] and [[Hegel]]. Classical philosophers like [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] also theorized about art and painting in particular. Plato disregarded painters (as well as sculptors) in his philosophical system; he maintained that painting cannot depict the [[truth]]—it is a copy of reality (a shadow of the world of ideas) and is nothing but a [[craft]], similar to shoemaking or iron casting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plato's Aesthetics|url=http://www.rowan.edu/open/philosop/clowney/aesthetics/philos_artists_onart/plato.htm|website=www.rowan.edu|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001041449/http://www.rowan.edu/open/philosop/clowney/Aesthetics/philos_artists_onart/plato.htm|archive-date=1 October 2017}}</ref> By the time of Leonardo, painting had become a closer representation of the truth than painting was in [[Ancient Greece]]. [[Leonardo da Vinci]], on the contrary, said that "{{Langx|it|La Pittura è cosa mentale}}" ("{{Langx|en|painting is a thing of the mind}}").<ref>Rollason, C., & Mittapalli, R. (2002). ''Modern criticism''. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 196. {{ISBN|812690187X}}</ref> Kant distinguished between [[Beauty]] and the [[Sublime (philosophy)|Sublime]], in terms that clearly gave priority to the former.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} Although he did not refer to painting in particular, this concept was taken up by painters such as [[Joseph Mallord William Turner|J.M.W. Turner]] and [[Caspar David Friedrich]]. [[File:Formella 18, apelle o la pittura, nino pisano, 1334-1336 dettaglio 01.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Nino Pisano]], ''Apelles or the Art of painting'' in detail (1334–1336); relief of the [[Giotto's Bell Tower]] in [[Florence]], Italy|alt=A relief against a wall shows a bearded man reaching up with his hands as his clothes are draped over his body.]] Hegel recognized the failure of attaining a universal concept of beauty and, in his aesthetic essay, wrote that painting is one of the three "romantic" arts, along with [[Poetry]] and [[Music]], for its [[symbol]]ic, highly intellectual purpose.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC&pg=PA276|title=Craig, Edward. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Genealogy to Iqbal|page=278|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-18709-1|year=1998|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422165916/https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC&pg=PA276|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich |volume= 13 |first=William|last=Wallace|author-link=William Wallace | pages = 200&ndash;207; see page 207 |quote=Painting and music are the specially romantic arts. Lastly, as a union of painting and music comes poetry, where the sensuous element is more than ever subordinate to the spirit}}</ref> Painters who have written theoretical works on painting include [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]] and [[Paul Klee]].<ref name="Franciscono">Franciscono, Marcel, ''Paul Klee: His Work and Thought'', part 6 'The Bauhaus and Düsseldorf', chap. 'Klee's theory courses', p. 246 and under 'notes to pp. 245–54' p. 365</ref><ref name="Barasch">Barasch, Moshe (2000) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=R_2wIujisH4C Theories of art – from impressionism to Kandinsky] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401050825/https://books.google.com/books?id=R_2wIujisH4C |date=1 April 2016 }}'', part IV 'Abstract art', chap. 'Color' pp. 332–33</ref> In his essay, Kandinsky maintains that painting has a spiritual value, and he attaches [[primary colors]] to essential feelings or concepts, something that [[Goethe]] and other writers had already tried to do. [[Iconography]] is the study of the content of paintings, rather than their style. [[Erwin Panofsky]] and other [[art historian]]s first seek to understand the things depicted, before looking at their meaning for the viewer at the time, and finally analyzing their wider cultural, religious, and social meaning.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Howard|title=The Varieties of Aesthetic Experience|journal=Journal for Spiritual & Consciousness Studies|date=October 2014|volume=37|issue=4|pages=541–252}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref> In 1890, the Parisian painter [[Maurice Denis]] famously asserted: "Remember that a painting—before being a warhorse, a naked woman or some story or other—is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in a certain order."<ref>[http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563353/abstract_art.html Encyclopedia Encarta] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704155609/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563353/Abstract_Art.html |date=4 July 2008 }}</ref> Thus, many 20th-century developments in painting, such as [[Cubism]], were reflections on the ''means'' of painting rather than on the external world—[[nature]]—which had previously been its core subject. Recent contributions to thinking about painting have been offered by the painter and writer Julian Bell. In his book ''What is Painting?'', Bell discusses the development, through history, of the notion that paintings can express feelings and ideas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/index/cohen/cohen8-16-99.asp |title=Review by art historian David Cohen |publisher=Artnet.com |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-date=26 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126181932/http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/index/cohen/cohen8-16-99.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''Mirror of The World,'' Bell writes: <blockquote>A ''work'' of art seeks to hold your attention and keep it fixed: a ''history'' of art urges it onwards, bulldozing a highway through the homes of the imagination.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mirror of the World: A New History of Art |first=Julian |last=Bell |publisher=Thames and Hudson |page=496 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-500-23837-0}}</ref></blockquote> == Painting media == Different types of paint are usually identified by the medium that the pigment is suspended or embedded in, which determines the general working characteristics of the paint, such as [[viscosity]], [[miscibility]], [[solubility]], drying time, etc. === Hot wax or encaustic === [[File:Petersinai.jpg|thumb|upright|Encaustic icon from [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], [[Egypt]] (6th-century)]] [[Encaustic painting]], also known as hot wax painting, involves using heated [[beeswax]] to which colored pigments are added. The liquid/paste is then applied to a surface—usually prepared wood, though [[canvas]] and other materials are often used. The simplest encaustic mixture can be made from adding pigments to beeswax, but there are several other recipes that can be used—some containing other types of [[wax]]es, [[damar resin]], [[linseed oil]], or other ingredients. Pure, powdered pigments can be purchased and used, though some mixtures use oil paints or other forms of pigment. Metal tools and special brushes can be used to shape the paint before it cools, or heated metal tools can be used to manipulate the wax once it has cooled onto the surface. Other materials can be encased or [[collage]]d into the surface, or layered, using the encaustic medium to adhere it to the surface. The technique was the normal one for ancient Greek and Roman panel paintings, and remained in use in the Eastern Orthodox [[icon]] tradition. === Watercolor === [[File:John Martin - Manfred on the Jungfrau (1837).jpg|thumb|left|[[John Martin (painter)|John Martin]], ''[[Manfred on the Jungfrau (Martin)|Manfred on the Jungfrau]]'' (1837), watercolor]] [[Watercolor]] is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-soluble vehicle. The traditional and most common support for watercolor paintings is paper; other supports include [[papyrus]], bark papers, plastics, [[vellum]] or [[leather]], [[textile|fabric]], wood and [[canvas]]. In East Asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to as [[brush painting]] or scroll painting. In [[Chinese painting|Chinese]], [[Korean painting|Korean]], and [[Japanese painting]] it has been the dominant medium, often in monochrome black or browns. India, [[Ethiopia]] and other countries also have long traditions. [[Finger-painting]] with watercolor paints originated in [[China]]. There are various types of watercolors used by artists. Some examples are pan watercolors, liquid watercolors, watercolor brush pens, and [[Pencil|watercolor pencils]]. Watercolor pencils (water-soluble color pencils) may be used either wet or dry. === Gouache === [[File:Rudolf Reschreiter Blick von der Höllentalangerhütte zum Höllentalgletscher und den Riffelwandspitzen 1921.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rudolf Reschreiter]], ''Blick von der Höllentalangerhütte zum Höllentalgletscher und den Riffelwandspitzen'', Gouache (1921)]] [[Gouache]] is a water-based paint consisting of pigment and other materials designed to be used in an opaque painting method. Gouache differs from [[watercolor painting|watercolor]] in that the particles are larger, the ratio of pigment to water is much higher, and an additional, inert, white pigment such as [[chalk]] is also present. This makes gouache heavier and more opaque, with greater reflective qualities. Like all water media, it is diluted with water.<ref name="wash_gou">Cohn, Marjorie B., ''Wash and Gouache'', Fogg Museum, 1977.</ref> Gouache was a popular paint utilized by Egyptians,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gouache {{!}} Watercolor, Acrylics, Tempera |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/gouache |website=www.britannica.com |publisher=Britannica |access-date=March 18, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Painters such as [[François Boucher|Francois Boucher]] used this medium. This paint is best applied with sable brushes. === Ceramic Glaze === Glazing is commonly known as a premelted liquid glass. This glaze can be dipped or brushed on. This glaze appears chalky and there is a vast difference between the beginning and finished result. To be activated glazed pottery must be placed in a kiln to be fired. This melts the Silica glass in the glaze and transforms it into a vibrant glossy version of itself.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Grey Fox Pottery |title=The History of Ceramic Glaze |date=4 August 2023 |url=https://greyfoxpottery.com/coffee-mugs/the-history-of-ceramic-glaze}}</ref><ref>"Ceramic glaze." Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ceramic%20glaze. Accessed 19 Mar. 2024.</ref> === Ink === [[File:Landscapes of the Four Seasons.jpg|thumb|[[Sesshū Tōyō]], ''Landscapes of the Four Seasons'' (1486), ink and light color on paper ]] Ink paintings are done with a liquid that contains pigments or [[dye]]s and is used to color a surface to produce an image, [[writing|text]], or [[design]]. Ink is used for drawing with a [[pen]], [[brush]], or [[quill]]. Ink can be a complex medium, composed of [[solvent]]s, pigments, dyes, [[resin]]s, [[lubricant]]s, solubilizers, [[surfactant]]s, [[suspended solids|particulate matter]], [[fluorescent|fluorescers]], and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives control flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry. === Enamel === [[File:Waddesdon bequest British Museum DSCF9814 05.JPG|thumb|[[Jean de Court]] (attributed), painted [[Limoges enamel]] dish in detail (mid-16th century), [[Waddesdon Bequest]], [[British Museum]]]] [[Vitreous enamel|Enamels]] are made by painting a substrate, typically metal, with powdered glass; minerals called color oxides provide coloration. After firing at a temperature of 750–850 degrees Celsius (1380–1560 degrees Fahrenheit), the result is a fused lamination of glass and metal. Unlike most painted techniques, the surface can be handled and wetted. Enamels have traditionally been used for decoration of precious objects,<ref>Mayer, Ralph,''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking, 1970, p. 375.</ref> but have also been used for other purposes. [[Limoges enamel]] was the leading centre of Renaissance enamel painting, with small religious and mythological scenes in decorated surrounds, on plaques or objects such as [[Salt cellar|salts]] or caskets. In the 18th century, enamel painting enjoyed a vogue in Europe, especially as a medium for [[portrait miniature]]s.<ref>McNally, Rika Smith, "Enamel", ''Oxford Art Online''</ref> In the late 20th century, the technique of porcelain enamel on metal has been used as a durable medium for outdoor murals.<ref>Mayer, Ralph, ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking, 1970, p. 371.</ref> === Tempera === [[File:Sandro Botticelli - La nascita di Venere - Google Art Project - edited.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sandro Botticelli]], ''[[The Birth of Venus]]'', Tempera (1485–1486)]] [[File:The Three Graces, by Peter Paul Rubens, from Prado in Google Earth.jpg|thumb|The Three Graces (1636–1638). Museo del Prado, Madrid]] [[Tempera]], also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble [[Binder (material)|binder]] medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other [[Sizing|size]]). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium. Tempera paintings are very long-lasting, and examples from the first centuries CE still exist. Egg tempera was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of [[oil painting]]. A paint commonly called tempera (though it is not) consisting of pigment and glue size is commonly used and referred to by some manufacturers in America as [[poster paint]]. === Fresco === [[File:Meister von Mileseva 001.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''[[White Angel]]'' (fresco, c. 1235), Mileševa monastery, Serbia]] [[Fresco]] is any of several related [[mural]] painting types, done on [[plaster]] on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes from the [[Italian language|Italian]] word ''affresco'' {{IPA|[afˈfresːko]}}, which derives from the Latin word for ''fresh''. Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods. ''[[Buon fresco]]'' technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh [[Mortar (masonry)#Lime mortar|lime mortar]] or [[plaster]], for which the Italian word for plaster, [[intonaco]], is used. ''[[A secco]]'' painting, in contrast, is done on dry plaster (''secco'' is "dry" in Italian). The pigments require a binding medium, such as [[egg (food)|egg]] ([[tempera]]), glue or [[oil painting|oil]] to attach the pigment to the wall. === Oil === [[File:Honoré Daumier 008.jpg|thumb|[[Honoré Daumier]], ''The Painter'' (1808–1879), oil on panel with visible brushstrokes]] [[Oil painting]] is the process of painting with [[pigments]] that are bound with a medium of [[drying oil]], such as [[linseed oil]], [[poppyseed oil]] which was widely used in early modern Europe. Often the oil was boiled with a resin such as pine resin or even [[frankincense]]; these were called 'varnishes' and were prized for their body and gloss. Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. The transition began with [[Early Netherlandish painting]] in northern Europe, and by the height of the [[Renaissance]] oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced [[tempera]] paints in the majority of Europe. === Pastel === [[File:Louis15-1.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Maurice Quentin de La Tour]], ''Portrait of Louis XV of France'' (1748), pastel]] [[Pastel]] is a painting medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment and a binder.<ref>Mayer, Ralph (1970), ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking. p. 312.</ref> The pigments used in pastels are the same as those used to produce all colored art media, including [[oil paint]]s; the binder is of a neutral hue and low [[Colorfulness#Saturation|saturation]]. The color effect of pastels is closer to the natural dry pigments than that of any other process.<ref>Mayer, Ralph (1971). ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques''. Viking Adult; 5th ed. {{ISBN|0670837016}}</ref> Because the surface of a pastel painting is fragile and easily smudged, its preservation requires protective measures such as framing under glass; it may also be sprayed with a [[fixative (drawing)|fixative]]. Nonetheless, when made with permanent pigments and properly cared for, a pastel painting may endure unchanged for centuries. Pastels are not susceptible, as are paintings made with a fluid medium, to the cracking and discoloration that result from changes in the color, opacity, or dimensions of the medium as it dries. === Acrylic === [[File:Jungle Arc.jpg|thumb|[[Ray Burggraf]], ''Jungle Arc'' (1998), acrylic paint on wood]] [[Acrylic paint]] is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in [[acrylic resin|acrylic]] polymer [[emulsion]]. Acrylic paints can be diluted with water but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted (with water) or modified with acrylic gels, media, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a [[watercolor painting|watercolor]] or an [[oil painting]], or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media. The main practical difference between most acrylics and oil paints is the inherent drying time.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=artincontext |date=2021-08-22 |title=Watercolor vs. Acrylic - The Difference Between Watercolor and Acrylic |url=https://artincontext.org/watercolor-vs-acrylic/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=artincontext.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Oils allow for more time to blend colors and apply even glazes over under-paintings. This slow drying aspect of oil can be seen as an advantage for certain techniques but may also impede the artist's ability to work quickly. Another difference is that watercolors must be painted onto a porous surface, primarily watercolor paper. Acrylic paints can be used on many different surfaces.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Understanding drying times for acrylic paints |url=https://www.winsornewton.com/row/education/guides/understanding-the-drying-times-for-acrylic-paints/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Winsor & Newton - ROW |language=en-GB}}</ref> Both acrylic and watercolor are easy to clean up with water. Acrylic paint should be cleaned with soap and water immediately following use. Watercolor paint can be cleaned with just water.<ref>Watercolor vs Acrylic [https://www.rayeoflightstudio.com/watercolor-vs-acrylic/] accessed August 21, 2020</ref><ref name="Appellof92">{{cite book |author=Appellof, M.E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2HeUJFqfzsC |title=Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Watercolor |publisher=Watson-Guptill Publications |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-823-05649-1 |pages=399–}}</ref><ref>Why WaterColor [https://www.theartistsroad.net/articles/whywatercolor] accessed August 21, 2020</ref> Between 1946 and 1949, [[Leonard Bocour]] and [[Sam Golden]] invented a solution acrylic paint under the brand [[Magna paint]]. These were [[Mineral spirits|mineral spirit]]-based paints. Water-based acrylic paints were subsequently sold as [[latex]] house paints.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sickler |first=Dean |date=Spring 2002 |title=Water-based Alchemy by Dean Sickler |url=http://dundean.com/tips_what_is_latex_paint.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829153753/http://dundean.com/tips_what_is_latex_paint.shtml |archive-date=August 29, 2012 |access-date=August 11, 2012 |website=Dundean.com}}</ref> In 1963, George Rowney (part of [[Daler-Rowney]] since 1983) was the first manufacturer to introduce artists' acrylic paints in Europe, under the brand name "Cryla".<ref name="Art Materials">{{cite web |date=2012-02-15 |title=Art Materials |url=http://www.daler-rowney.com/ |access-date=2013-02-05 |publisher=Daler Rowney}}</ref> Acrylics are the most common paints used in [[grattage]], a surrealist technique that began to be used with the advent of this type of paint. Acrylics are used for this purpose because they easily scrape or peel from a surface.<ref>Grattage [http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Grattage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904065444/http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Grattage|date=2010-09-04}} Art Techniques accessed December 08, 2010</ref> === Spray paint === [[Aerosol paint]] (also called spray paint)<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/aerosol-dispenser |title=Aerosol Dispenser |date=2018}}{{failed verification|date=August 2025}}</ref> is a type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized container and is released in a fine spray mist when depressing a [[valve]] button. A form of [[spray painting]], [[aerosol]] paint leaves a smooth, evenly coated surface. Standard sized cans are portable, inexpensive and easy to store<!--, unlike _industrial painters_ or artist [[airbrush]]es-->. Aerosol [[Primer (paint)|primer]] can be applied directly to bare metal and many plastics. Speed, portability and permanence also make aerosol paint a common [[graffiti]] medium. In the late 1970s, street graffiti writers' signatures and murals became more elaborate, and a unique style developed as a factor of the aerosol medium and the speed required for illicit work. Many now recognize graffiti and street art as a unique art form and specifically manufactured aerosol paints are made for the graffiti artist. A [[stencil]] protects a surface, except the specific shape to be painted. Stencils can be purchased as movable letters, ordered as professionally cut [[logo]]s or hand-cut by artists. === Water miscible oil paint === [[Water miscible oil paint]]s (also called "water soluble" or "water-mixable") is a modern variety of [[oil paint]] engineered to be thinned and cleaned up with water,<ref>{{Cite web |title=RX Series Alkyd Emulsifiers |url=https://ethox.com/rx-series-alkyd-emulsifiers/ |access-date=2021-04-26 |website=Ethox |language=en-US |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426140405/https://ethox.com/rx-series-alkyd-emulsifiers/ }}</ref><ref name="Dye2001">{{cite book |author=Sean Dye |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPa8JyQkmgMC |title=Painting with Water-Soluble Oils |date=15 June 2001 |publisher=North Light Books |isbn=1-58180-033-9 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> rather than having to use chemicals such as [[turpentine]]. It can be mixed and applied using the same techniques as traditional oil-based paint, but while still wet it can be effectively removed from brushes, palettes, and rags with ordinary soap and water. Its water solubility comes from the use of an [[oil]] medium in which one end of the [[molecule]] has been altered to bind loosely to water molecules, as in a [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]].<ref name="cold_oil">H. Gluck, "The Impermanences of Painting in Relation to Artists' Materials", ''Journal of the Royal Society of Arts'', Volume CXII 1964</ref> === Sand === {{Main|Sandpainting}} Sandpainting is the art of pouring coloured sands, and powdered pigments from minerals or crystals, or pigments from other natural or synthetic sources onto a surface to make a fixed or unfixed sand painting. === Digital painting === {{Main|Digital painting}} Digital painting is a method of creating an art object (painting) digitally or a technique for making digital art on the computer. As a method of creating an art object, it adapts traditional painting medium such as [[acrylic paint]], [[Oil paint|oils]], [[ink]], [[watercolor]], etc. and applies the pigment to traditional carriers, such as woven canvas cloth, paper, polyester, etc. by means of [[software]] driving [[industrial robot]]ic or office machinery (printers). As a technique, it refers to a [[computer graphics]] software program that uses a [[virtuality|virtual]] canvas and virtual painting box of brushes, colors, and other supplies. The virtual box contains many instruments that do not exist outside the computer, and which give a [[digital art]]work a different look and feel from an artwork that is made the traditional way. Furthermore, digital painting is not 'computer-generated' art as the computer does not automatically create images on the screen using some mathematical calculations. On the other hand, the artist uses his own painting technique to create a particular piece of work on the computer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.turningpointarts.com/what-is-digital-painting/|title=What is digital painting?|date=1 November 2008|work=Turning Point Arts|access-date=17 May 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505040853/http://www.turningpointarts.com/what-is-digital-painting|url-status=live}}</ref> === Other media === Bodily fluids have been used as painting media. [[Andy Warhol]] produced his ''Oxidization'' series by covering canvases with metallic paint and having his assistants and friends urinate on the still-wet paint.<ref>[https://www.warhol.org/conservation/oxidation-paintings/ Oxidation Paintings], The Andy Warhol Museum. Retrieved 18 March 2024.</ref> Blood from menstrual periods has been used to paint images.<ref>Green-Cole, Ruth. "Painting Blood: Visualizing Menstrual Blood in Art." The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies [Internet], U.S. National Library of Medicine, 25 July 2020, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565646/. </ref> Sarah Maple, a contemporary artist, has used her menstrual blood to create portraits to help erase the taboo covering the topic of periods.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} == Painting styles == {{Main|Style (visual arts)}} ''Style'' is used in two senses: It can refer to the distinctive visual elements, techniques, and methods that typify an ''individual'' artist's work. It can also refer to the [[Art movement|movement]] or school that an artist is associated with. This can stem from an actual group that the artist was consciously involved with or it can be a category in which art historians have placed the painter. The word 'style' in the latter sense has fallen out of favor in academic discussions about contemporary painting, though it continues to be used in popular contexts. Such movements or classifications include the following: <!--When the section below is fully fleshed out, we might end up duplicating the History of painting article...this might be OK if this section is substantially shorter than the History of painting article! --> === Western === ==== Modernism ==== [[Modernism]] describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated [[cultural movement]]s, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to [[Western culture|Western society]] in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of [[Realism (arts)|realism]].<ref name="Barth79Replenishment">[[John Barth|Barth, John]] (1979) ''[[The Literature of Replenishment]]'', later republished in ''[[The Friday Book]]'' (1984).</ref><ref name="Graff75">[[Gerald Graff|Graff, Gerald]] (1975) ''Babbitt at the Abyss: The Social Context of Postmodern. American Fiction'', [[TriQuarterly]], No. 33 (Spring 1975), pp. 307–37; reprinted in Putz and Freese, eds., Postmodernism and American Literature.</ref> The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization, and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social, and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized world. A salient characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness. This often led to experiments with form, and work that draws attention to the processes and materials used (and to the further tendency of abstraction).<ref>Gardner, Helen, Horst De la Croix, Richard G. Tansey, and Diane Kirkpatrick. ''Gardner's Art Through the Ages'' (San Diego: [[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]], 1991). {{ISBN|0155037706}}. p. 953.</ref> ==== Impressionism ==== [[File:Monet - Impression, Sunrise.jpg|thumb|[[Claude Monet]]'s 1872 ''[[Impression, Sunrise]]'' inspired the name of [[Impressionism|the movement]]]] The first example of modernism in painting was [[impressionism]], a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors (''[[en plein air]]''). Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, but instead see light itself. The school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners and became increasingly influential. Initially rejected from the most important commercial show of the time, the government-sponsored [[Paris Salon]], the [[Impressionists]] organized yearly group exhibitions in commercial venues during the 1870s and 1880s, timing them to coincide with the official Salon. A significant event of 1863 was the [[Salon des Refusés]], created by [[Napoleon III of France|Emperor Napoleon III]] to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon. ==== Abstract styles ==== [[Abstract art|Abstract painting]] uses a [[visual language]] of form, colour and line to create a composition that may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Rudolph Arnheim|last=Arnheim|first= Rudolf|date= 1969|title=Visual Thinking|publisher = University of California Press|isbn = 0-520-24226-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Key|first1=Joan|title=Future Use: Abstract Painting|journal=Third Text|date=September 2009|volume=23|issue=5|pages=557–63|doi=10.1080/09528820903184666|s2cid=144061791}}</ref> [[Abstract expressionism]] was an American post-[[World War II]] [[art movement]] that combined the emotional intensity and self-denial of the German [[expressionism|Expressionists]] with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools—such as [[Futurism (art)|Futurism]], [[Bauhaus]] and [[Cubism]], and the image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, nihilistic.<ref>Shapiro, David/Cecile (2000): Abstract Expressionism. The politics of apolitical painting. p. 189-90 In: Frascina, Francis (2000): Pollock and After. The critical debate. 2nd ed. London: Routledge</ref> [[Action painting]], sometimes called ''gestural abstraction'', is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://painting.about.com/od/artglossarya/g/defactionpaint.htm | title = ''Art Glossary: Action Painting'' | access-date = 20 August 2006 | last = Boddy-Evans | first = Marion | publisher = About.com | archive-date = 12 March 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070312224234/http://painting.about.com/od/artglossarya/g/defactionpaint.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> The resulting work often emphasizes the physical act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist. The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early 1960s and is closely associated with [[abstract expressionism]] (some critics have used the terms "action painting" and "abstract expressionism" interchangeably). Other modernist styles include: * [[Color Field]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[Hard-edge painting]] * [[Pop art]] ==== Outsider art ==== The term [[outsider art]] was coined by [[art critic]] Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for art brut ({{IPA|fr|aʁ bʁyt|lang}}, "raw art" or "rough art"), a label created by [[France|French]] [[artist]] [[Jean Dubuffet]] to describe [[art]] created outside the boundaries of official culture; Dubuffet focused particularly on art by [[Psychiatric hospital|insane-asylum]] inmates.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cardinal|first= Roger|title=Outsider Art|location= London|date= 1972|publisher = Studio Vista |isbn = 978-0-289-70168-3 }}</ref> Outsider art has emerged as a successful art marketing category (an annual Outsider Art Fair has taken place in New York since 1992). The term is sometimes misapplied as a catch-all marketing label for art created by people outside the mainstream "art world", regardless of their circumstances or the content of their work. ==== Photorealism ==== [[Photorealism]] is the genre of painting based on using the camera and photographs to gather information and then from this information, creating a painting that appears to be very realistic like a [[photograph]]. The term is primarily applied to paintings from the United States [[art movement]] that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As a full-fledged art movement, Photorealism evolved from [[Pop Art]]<ref name="Supperrealist Pop Art">Lindey, Christine ''Superrealist Painting and Sculpture,'' William Morrow and Company, New York, 1980, pp. 27–33.</ref><ref name="Chase, Linda 2002. pp 14-15">Chase, Linda, Photorealism at the Millennium, ''The Not-So-Innocent Eye: Photorealism in Context.'' Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York, 2002. pp. 14–15.</ref><ref>[[Nochlin, Linda]], The Realist Criminal and the Abstract Law II, ''Art in America''. 61 (November – December 1973), P. 98.</ref> and as a counter to [[Abstract Expressionism]]. [[Hyperrealism (painting)|Hyperrealism]] is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high-resolution [[photograph]]. [[Hyperrealism (painting)|Hyperrealism]] is a fully-fledged school of [[art]] and can be considered an advancement of Photorealism by the methods used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures. The term is primarily applied to an independent art movement and art style in the United States and Europe that has developed since the early 2000s.<ref>Bredekamp, Horst, Hyperrealism – One Step Beyond. Tate Museum, Publishers, UK. 2006. p. 1</ref> ==== Surrealism ==== [[Surrealism]] is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s and is best known for the artistic and literary production of those affiliated with the [[Surrealist Movement]]. Surrealist artworks feature the element of surprise, the uncanny, the unconscious, unexpected juxtapositions and [[Non sequitur (literary device)|non-sequitur]]; however, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader [[André Breton]] was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the [[Dada]] activities of [[World War I]] and the most important center of the movement was [[Paris]]. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the [[visual art]]s, [[literature]], [[film]] and [[music]] of many countries, as well as [[politics|political]] thought and practice, [[philosophy]] and [[social theory]]. {{See also|Outline of painting#Styles of painting}} === East Asian === * [[File:Immortal in Splashed Ink.jpg|thumb|[[Liang Kai]]'', Drunken Celestial'' (12th century), ink on [[Xuan paper]]]] [[File:MET DP153920.jpg|thumb|[[Yun Bing]], ''Album Leaf'' (17th century), ink and color on paper]]'''[[Chinese painting|Chinese]]''' ** [[Tang Dynasty painting|Tang Dynasty]] ** [[Ming Dynasty painting|Ming Dynasty]] ** [[Shan shui]] ** [[Ink and wash painting]] ** [[Bird-and-flower painting|Hua niao]] ** [[Southern School]] *** [[Zhe school (painting)|Zhe School]] *** [[Wu School]] ** [[History of Chinese art#Contemporary Art|Contemporary]] * '''[[Japanese painting|Japanese]]''' ** [[Yamato-e]] ** [[Rimpa school]] ** [[Emakimono]] ** [[Kanō school]] ** [[Shijō school]] ** [[Superflat]] * '''[[Korean painting|Korean]]''' === Southeast Asia === * '''[[Indonesian painting|Indonesian]]''' === Islamic === * [[Arabic miniature]] * [[Ottoman miniature]] * [[Persian miniature]] * [[Calligraphy]] === Indian === ==== Miniature painting ==== Miniature paintings were the primary form of painting in pre-colonial India. These were done on a special paper (known as wasli) using mineral and natural colours. Miniature painting is not one style but a group of several styles of schools of painting such as Mughal, Pahari, Rajasthani, Company style etc. '''[[Mughal painting|Mughal miniature painting]]''' is a particular style of [[South Asia]]n, particularly North Indian (more specifically, modern day India and Pakistan), painting confined to [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniatures]] either as book illustrations or as single works to be kept in albums ([[muraqqa]]). It emerged<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughal Painting – Evolution & History, Features & Prominent Artists |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/mughal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102715/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/mughal.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net |language=en}}</ref> from [[Persian miniature]] painting (itself partly of [[Chinese painting|Chinese origin]]) and developed in the court of the [[Mughal Empire]] of the 16th to 18th centuries. Mughal painting immediately took a much greater interest in realistic portraiture than was typical of Persian miniatures. Animals and plants were the main subject of many miniatures for albums, and were more realistically depicted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2016 |title=Mughal Painting |url=https://selfstudyhistory.com/2016/08/22/mughal-painting-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102703/https://selfstudyhistory.com/2016/08/22/mughal-painting-2/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Self Study History |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Religions – Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110065723/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml |archive-date=10 November 2010 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website= BBC |date=2009 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughal painting |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Mughal-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.britannica.com/art/Mughal-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Maker unknown, India - Krishna and Radha - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''Krishna and Radha'', might be the work of [[Nihâl Chand]], master of Kishangarh school of Rajput Painting]] '''[[Rajasthani painting]]''' evolved and flourished in the royal courts of [[Rajputana]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rājput painting {{!}} Indian art |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Rajput-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.britannica.com/art/Rajput-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> in northern India, mainly during the 17th century. Artists trained in the tradition of the [[Mughal miniature]] were dispersed from the imperial Mughal court, and developed styles also drawing from local traditions of painting, especially those illustrating the Sanskrit Epics, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]''. Subjects varied, but portraits of the ruling family, often engaged in hunting or their daily activities, were generally popular, as were narrative scenes from the epics or [[Hindu mythology]], as well as some [[Genre painting|genre scenes]] of landscapes, and humans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajput Paintings, Rajput Paintings India, Rajput Painting History |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/rajput.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/rajput.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2012 |title=Rajput painting |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/rajput-painting-1345188164-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122104201/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/rajput-painting-1345188164-1 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Jagran Josh}}</ref> '''Punjab Hills or [[Pahari painting]]''' of which Kangra, Guller, Basholi were major sub-styles. Kangra painting is the pictorial art of [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], named after [[Kangra State|Kangra]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], a former [[princely state]], which patronized the art. It became prevalent with the fading of [[Basohli Painting|Basohli school of painting]] in mid-18th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kāngra painting |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Kangra-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102656/https://www.britannica.com/art/Kangra-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bradnock |first1=Robert W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=pligrim+Dharamshala%22&pg=PA512 |title=Footprint India |last2=Bradnock |first2=Roma |date=2004 |publisher=Footprint |isbn=978-1-904777-00-7 |page=512 |language=en |access-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219034009/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=pligrim+Dharamshala%22&pg=PA512 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The focal theme of Kangra painting is Shringar (the erotic sentiment). The subjects are seen in Kangra painting exhibit the taste and the traits of the lifestyle of the society of that period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2021 |title=Kangra Painting – The Delicate Art of the Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/kangra-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/kangra-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Caleidoscope {{!}} Indian Culture, Heritage |language=en-US}}</ref> The artists adopted themes from the love poetry of [[Jayadeva]] and [[Keshavdas|Keshav Das]] who wrote ecstatically of the love of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] with [[Bhakti]] being the driving force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangra Paintings {{!}} District Kangra, Government of Himachal Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://hpkangra.nic.in/gallery/kangra-paintings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://hpkangra.nic.in/gallery/kangra-paintings/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vijay |date=1 November 2020 |title=How love, war and Mughal fine art inspired Kangra painting |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-love-war-and-mughal-fine-art-inspired-kangra-painting/533500/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-love-war-and-mughal-fine-art-inspired-kangra-painting/533500/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Khan Bahadur Khan with men of his clan (6125079998) cropped.jpg|left|thumb|Khan Bahadur Khan with Men of his Clan, c. 1815, from the Fraser Album, Company Style]]'''Company style''' is a term for a hybrid Indo-European style of paintings made in India by Indian artists, many of whom worked for European patrons in the [[British East India Company]] or other foreign Companies in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company Painting in Nineteenth-Century India &#124; Essay &#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History &#124; the Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220030814/https://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm |archive-date=20 December 2017 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.metmuseum.org|date=October 2004 }}</ref> Three distinct styles of Company Painting emerged in three British Power Centres – [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and [[Madras]]. The subject matter of company paintings made for western patrons was often documentary rather than imaginative, and as a consequence, the Indian artists were required to adopt a more naturalistic approach to painting than had traditionally been usual.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company Paintings – Capturing an Era |url=https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/9__Tavern_Scene-scaled.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/9__Tavern_Scene-scaled.jpg |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Live History India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Victoria and Albert Museum |first=Digital Media |date=16 November 2012 |title=Indian company paintings |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/indian-company-paintings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102700/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/indian-company-paintings/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.vam.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> The '''Sikh style''' and [[Deccan painting|'''Deccan style''']] are other prominent Miniature painting styles of India. ==== Pichwai painting ==== [[Pichhwai|Pichwai paintings]] are paintings on textile and usually depicting stories from the life of Lord Krishna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=The colourful tradition of Indian Pichwai Painting |url=https://indianartspalace.in/the-colorful-tradition-of-indian-pichwai-paintings/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> These were made in large format and often used as a backdrop to the main idol in temples or homes. Pichwai paintings were made and are still made mainly in Rajasthan, India. However very few were made in the Deccan region, but these are extremely rare. The purpose of pichhwais, other than artistic appeal, is to narrate tales of Krishna to the illiterate. Temples have sets with different images, which are changed according to the [[Shrinathji#Festivals and rituals at the temple|calendar of festivals celebrating the deity]].<ref>Blurton, 142-143</ref> ==== Folk and tribal art ==== Pattachitra is a general term for traditional, cloth-based [[scroll]] painting, based in the eastern Indian [[States and territories of India|states]] of [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parampara Project {{!}} Pata Chitra|url=https://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|access-date=22 November 2021|website=www.paramparaproject.org|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219040030/https://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Pattachitra painting tradition is closely linked with the worship of Lord [[Jagannath]] in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daricha Foundation|url=http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|access-date=22 November 2021|website=www.daricha.org|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|url-status=live}}</ref> The subject matter of Pattachitra is limited to religious themes. Patachitra artform is known for its intricate details as well as mythological narratives and folktales inscribed in it. All colours used in the Paintings are natural and paintings are made fully old traditional way by Chitrakaras that is Odiya Painter. Pattachitra style of painting is one of the oldest and most popular art forms of [[Odisha]]. Patachitras are a component of an ancient [[Bengalis|Bengali]] narrative art, originally serving as a visual device during the performance of a song.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2015|title=Myths and Folktales in the Patachitra Art of Bengal: Tradition and Modernity|url=https://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|access-date=22 November 2021|website=The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design|language=en-US|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102700/https://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=15 June 2016|title=Orissa Pattachitra –|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece|access-date=22 November 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=says|first=Conrad Comrie|date=26 April 2017|title=Patachitra: Ancient scroll painting of Bengal|url=https://mediaindia.eu/culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Media India Group|language=en|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122154252/https://mediaindia.eu/culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|url-status=live}}</ref> Madhubani Art is a style of [[Indian painting]], practiced in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of India and Nepal. The style is characterized by complex geometrical patterns, these paintings are famous for representing ritual content used for particular occasions like festivals, religious rituals etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhubani (Mithila) Painting – History, Designs & Artists |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/madhubani.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/madhubani.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net |language=en}}</ref> [[Warli painting|Warli]] is another folk tribal art form from India. ==== Bengal School ==== The Bengal School<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi|url=http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp|access-date=22 November 2021|website=ngmaindia.gov.in|archive-date=22 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022113236/http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> was an [[art movement]] and a style of [[Indian painting]] that originated in [[Bengal]], primarily [[Kolkata]] and [[Shantiniketan]], and flourished throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]], during the [[British Raj]] in the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2022 |title=Bengal School Painting – The transition to Modernism |url=https://indianartspalace.in/bengal-school-painting/ |access-date=10 August 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> The Bengal school arose as an [[avant garde]] and nationalist movement reacting against the [[academic art]] styles previously promoted in India, both by Indian artists such as [[Raja Ravi Varma]] and in British art schools. The school wanted to establish a distinct Indian style which celebrated the indigenous cultural heritage. In an attempt to reject colonial aesthetics, [[Abanindranath Tagore]] also turned to China and Japan with the intent of promoting a pan-Asian aesthetic and incorporated elements from Far Eastern art, such as the [[Ink wash painting|Japanese wash technique]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengal School of Art|url=https://www.artsy.net/gene/bengal-school-of-art|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artsy|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.artsy.net/gene/bengal-school-of-art|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How the Bengal School of Art Changed Colonial India's Art Landscape|url=https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/how-the-bengal-school-of-art-changed-colonial-indias-art-landscape |date=February 27, 2017 |access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artisera|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/how-the-bengal-school-of-art-changed-colonial-indias-art-landscape|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 August 2012|title=Bengal School of Art|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/bengal-school-of-art-1345270637-1|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Jagran Josh|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/bengal-school-of-art-1345270637-1|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Others ==== [[File:Mysore Painting.jpg|left|thumb|upright|19th Century Mysore Painting of Goddess [[Saraswathi]] ]] * Mysore painting is an important form of classical [[South India]]n painting that originated in and around the town of [[Mysore]] in [[Karnataka]] encouraged and nurtured by the Mysore rulers. Mysore paintings are known for their elegance, muted colours, and attention to detail. The themes for most of these paintings are [[Hindu]] gods and goddesses and scenes from [[Hindu mythology]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mysore Paintings {{!}} Buy Mysore School Paintings {{!}} Shop Online at Artisera|url=https://www.artisera.com/collections/mysore-paintings|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artisera|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.artisera.com/collections/mysore-paintings|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Samikshavad]] * [[Tanjore painting|Tanjore]] * [[Kerala mural painting]] === African === * [[Egyptian painting]] * [[Ethiopian painting]] * [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]] === Contemporary art === <!-- It seems that some of the art forms listed here are not painting forms--for example video art --> {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin:auto; width:100%; border:0 solid #e5ffec; background:#=#e5ffec;" |- | style="vertical-align:top; width:17%;"| === 1950s === * [[Abstract Expressionism]] * [[American Figurative Expressionism]] * [[Bay Area Figurative Movement]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[New York Figurative Expressionism]] * [[New York School (art)|New York School]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1960s === * [[Abstract expressionism]] * [[American Figurative Expressionism]] * [[Abstract Imagists]] * [[Bay Area Figurative Movement]] * [[Color field]] * [[Computer art]] * [[Conceptual art]] * [[Fluxus]] * [[Happening]]s * [[Hard-edge painting]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[Minimalism]] * [[Neo-figurative]] * [[Neo-Dada]] * [[New York School (art)|New York School]] * [[Nouveau Réalisme]] * [[Op Art]] * [[Performance art]] * [[Pop Art]] * [[Postminimalism]] * [[Washington Color School]] * [[Kinetic art]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1970s === * [[Arte Povera]] * [[Ascii Art]] * [[Bad Painting]] * [[Body art]] * [[Artist's book]] * [[Feminist art]] * [[Installation art]] * [[Land Art]] * [[Lowbrow (art movement)]] * [[Photorealism]] * [[Postminimalism]] * [[Process Art]] * [[Video art]] * [[Funk art]] * [[Pattern and Decoration]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1980s === * [[Appropriation art]] * [[Culture jamming]] * [[Demoscene]] * [[Electronic art]] * [[Figuration Libre]] * [[Graffiti Art]] * [[Live Art (art form)|Live art]] * [[Mail art]] * [[Postmodern art]] * [[Neo-conceptual art]] * [[Neo-expressionism]] * [[Neo-pop]] * [[Sound art]] * [[Transgressive art]] * [[Video installation]] * [[Institutional Critique]] * [[Neogeo (art)|NeoGeo]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1990s === * [[Bio art]] * [[Cyberarts]] * [[Cynical Realism]] * [[Digital Art]] * [[Information art]] * [[Internet art]] * [[Massurrealism]] * [[Maximalism]] * [[Transpressionism]] * [[New media art]] * [[Software art]] * [[New European Painting]] * [[Young British Artists]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 2000s === * [[Digital painting|Digital Painting]] * [[Hyperrealism (visual arts)|Hyperrealism]] * [[Classical Realism]] * [[Relational art]] * [[Street art]] * [[Stuckism]] * [[Superflat]] * [[Pseudorealism]] * [[Videogame art]] * [[Superstroke]] * [[VJ (video performance artist)|VJ art]] * [[Virtual art]] |} == Types of painting == [[File:Bodegón de recipientes (Zurbarán).jpg|thumb|[[Francisco de Zurbarán]], ''Still Life with Pottery Jars'' ({{langx|es|Bodegón de recipientes}}) (1636), oil on canvas, 46 x 84&nbsp;cm, [[Museo del Prado]], [[Madrid]]]] === Allegory === [[Allegory]] is a [[Figurative art|figurative]] [[Mode (literature)|mode]] of representation conveying meaning other than the literal. Allegory communicates its message by means of [[symbol]]ic figures, actions, or symbolic representation. Allegory is generally treated as a figure of [[rhetoric]], but an allegory does not have to be expressed in [[language]]: it may be addressed to the eye and is often found in realistic painting. An example of a simple visual allegory is the image of the [[Personifications of death|grim reaper]]. Viewers understand that the image of the grim reaper is a symbolic representation of death. === Bodegón === [[File:Reza Abbasi - Two Lovers (1630).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Reza Abbasi]], ''Two Lovers'' (1630)]] In [[Spanish art]], a [[bodegón]] is a [[still life]] painting depicting pantry items, such as victuals, game, and drink, often arranged on a simple stone slab, and also a painting with one or more figures, but significant still life elements, typically set in a kitchen or tavern. Starting in the [[Baroque]] period, such paintings became popular in Spain in the second quarter of the 17th century. The tradition of still life painting appears to have started and was far more popular in the contemporary [[Low Countries]], today Belgium and [[Netherlands]] (then Flemish and Dutch artists), than it ever was in [[southern Europe]]. [[Dutch Golden Age painting#Still lifes|Northern still lifes]] had many subgenres: the ''breakfast piece'' was augmented by the ''[[trompe-l'œil]]'', the ''flower bouquet'', and the ''[[vanitas]]''. In Spain, there were much fewer patrons for this sort of thing, but a type of ''breakfast piece'' did become popular, featuring a few objects of food and tableware laid on a table. === Figure painting === A [[figure painting]] is a [[work of art]] in any of the painting media with the primary subject being the human figure, whether clothed or [[Nude (art)|nude]]. Figure painting may also refer to the activity of creating such a work. The human figure has been one of the contrast subjects of art since the first Stone Age cave paintings and has been reinterpreted in various styles throughout history.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Droste|first1=Flip|title=Cave Paintings of the Early Stone Age|journal=Semiotica|date=October 2014|volume=2014|issue=202|pages=155–165|doi=10.1515/sem-2014-0035|s2cid=170631343}}</ref> Some artists well known for figure painting are [[Peter Paul Rubens]], [[Edgar Degas]], and [[Édouard Manet]]. === Illustration painting === [[Illustration]] paintings are those used as illustrations in books, magazines, and theater or movie [[posters]] and comic books. Today, there is a growing interest in collecting and admiring the original artwork. Various museum exhibitions, magazines, and art galleries have devoted space to the illustrators of the past. In the visual art world, illustrators have sometimes been considered less important in comparison with fine artists and [[graphic designer]]s. But as the result of [[computer game]] and comic industry growth, illustrations are becoming valued as popular and profitable artworks that can acquire a wider market than the other two, especially in [[Korea]], Japan, [[Hong Kong]] and the United States. The illustrations of medieval [[codices]] were known as [[Illuminated manuscript|illuminations]], and were individually hand-drawn and painted. With the invention of the [[printing press]] during the 15th century, [[books]] became more widely distributed, and often illustrated with [[woodcuts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What Is an Illuminated Manuscript? |url=https://www.nga.gov/conservation/paper/manuscript-project.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004050635/https://www.nga.gov/conservation/paper/manuscript-project.html |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=National Gallery of Art}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2010 |title=Heavenly Craft: The Woodcut in Early Printed Books |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/heavenlycraft/heavenly-15th.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020234750/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/heavenlycraft/heavenly-15th.html |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> In [[America]], this led to a "golden age of illustration" from before the 1880s until the early 20th century. A small group of illustrators became highly successful, with the imagery they created considered a portrait of American aspirations of the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The R. Atkinson Fox Society: What Was the Golden Age of Illustration? |url=http://www.rafoxsociety.com/what-was-the-golden-age-of-illustration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414063829/http://www.rafoxsociety.com/what-was-the-golden-age-of-illustration/ |archive-date=2015-04-14 |access-date=2015-04-08}}</ref> Among the best-known illustrators of that period were [[N. C. Wyeth|N.C. Wyeth]] and [[Howard Pyle]] of the [[Brandywine School]], [[James Montgomery Flagg]], [[Elizabeth Shippen Green]], [[J. C. Leyendecker]], [[Violet Oakley]], [[Maxfield Parrish]], [[Jessie Willcox Smith]], and [[John Rea Neill]]. In [[France]], on 1905, the Contemporary Book Society commissioned [[Paul Jouve]] to illustrate [[Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book|Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book]]. Paul Jouve will devote ten years to the 130 illustrations of this book which will remain as one of the masterpieces of bibliophilia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Jouve |url=https://www.pauljouve.com/resultats/2021-06-25-sotheby-s-france-128.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215154738/https://www.pauljouve.com/resultats/2021-06-25-sotheby-s-france-128.html |archive-date=2021-12-15 |access-date=2021-12-15}}</ref> === Landscape painting === {{main|Landscape art}} [[File:Andreas Achenbach - Clearing Up—Coast of Sicily - Walters 37116.jpg|left|thumb|[[Andreas Achenbach]], ''Clearing Up, Coast of Sicily'' (1847), [[The Walters Art Museum]]<ref>Achenbach specialized in the "sublime" mode of landscape painting in which man is dwarfed by nature's might and fury.</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]] |url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/19760 |title= Clearing Up—Coast of Sicily |access-date= 18 September 2012 |archive-date= 9 May 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130509233109/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/19760 |url-status= live }}</ref>]] [[Landscape art|Landscape painting]] is a term that covers the depiction of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, lakes, and forests, and especially art where the main subject is a wide view, with its elements arranged into a coherent composition. In other works, landscape backgrounds for figures can still form an important part of the work. The sky is almost always included in the view, and [[weather]] is often an element of the composition. Detailed landscapes as a distinct subject are not found in all artistic traditions and develop when there is already a sophisticated tradition of representing other subjects. The two main traditions spring from [[Western painting]] and [[Chinese art]], going back well over a thousand years in both cases. === Portrait painting === [[File:Abraham Lincoln in the United States Congress by.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ned Bittinger]], ''[[Abraham Lincoln (Bittinger)|Portrait of Abraham Lincoln]] in Congress'' (2004), [[United States Capitol|US Capitol]]]] [[Portrait painting]]s are representations of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, [[Personality type|personality]], and even the mood of the person. The art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially [[Roman sculpture]], where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. One of the best-known portraits in the Western world is [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s painting titled ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', which is thought to be a portrait of [[Lisa del Giocondo|Lisa Gherardini]], the wife of Francesco del Giocondo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |title=Mona Lisa – Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo |publisher=Louvre Museum |date=1503–1519|access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730003620/http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |archive-date=30 July 2014 }}</ref> Warhol was one of the most prolific portrait painters of the 20th century. Warhol's painting ''[[Shot Marilyns|Orange Shot Marilyn]]'' of [[Marilyn Monroe]] is an iconic early example of his work from the 1960s, and [[Prince (painting)|Orange Prince (1984)]] of the pop singer [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] is later example, both exhibiting Warhol's unique graphic style of portraiture.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Andy Warhol Portraits That Changed The World Forever |work=Widewalls |url=https://www.widewalls.ch/10-faces-by-andy-warhol-february-2015/mao-tse-tung-8/ |access-date=2018-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212218/https://www.widewalls.ch/10-faces-by-andy-warhol-february-2015/mao-tse-tung-8/ |archive-date=2018-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Warhol. Marilyn Monroe. 1967 {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/61240 |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts – Andy Warhol Biography |url=http://warholfoundation.org/legacy/biography.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724192941/http://www.warholfoundation.org/legacy/biography.html |archive-date=2010-07-24 |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=warholfoundation.org}}</ref> === Still life === [[File:Otto Marseus van Schrieck - A Forest Floor Still-Life - WGA21061.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Marseus van Schrieck]], ''A Forest Floor Still-Life'' (1666)]] A [[still life]] is a work of [[art]] depicting mostly [[wikt:inanimate|inanimate]] subject matter, typically commonplace objects—which may be either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or human-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so on). With origins in the Middle Ages and Ancient Greek/Roman art, still life paintings give the artist more leeway in the arrangement of design elements within a composition than do paintings of other types of subjects such as [[Landscape art|landscape]] or [[portrait]]ure. Still life paintings, particularly before 1700, often contained religious and allegorical symbolism relating to the objects depicted. Some modern still life breaks the two-dimensional barrier and employs three-dimensional mixed media, and uses found objects, photography, computer graphics, as well as video and sound. === Veduta === A [[veduta]] is a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting of a [[cityscape]] or some other vista. This [[genre]] of [[landscape art|landscape]] originated in [[Flanders]], where artists such as [[Paul Bril]] painted ''vedute'' as early as the 16th century. As the itinerary of the [[Grand Tour]] became somewhat standardized, ''vedute'' of familiar scenes like the Roman Forum or the Grand Canal recalled early ventures to the Continent for aristocratic Englishmen. In the later 19th century, more personal impressions of cityscapes replaced the desire for topographical accuracy, which was satisfied instead by painted [[panorama]]s. == See also == {{Portal|Visual arts|Painting}} * [[20th-century Western painting]] * [[Cobweb painting]] * [[Drawing]] * [[Fine art]] * [[Graphic arts]] * [[Index of painting-related articles]] * [[List of most expensive paintings]] * [[Outline of painting]] * [[Performance art]] * [[Business process outsourcing in China#Painting|Painting outsourcing in China]] * [[Visual arts]] * [[Image]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:مصوري]] [[زمرو:فن بلحاظ قسم]] bxrbxajpfjfqto7pvt0qttrzz8ym3n3 376062 376061 2026-05-05T17:25:56Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 376062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface}} [[File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|''[[Mona Lisa]]'' (1503–1517) by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] is one of the world's most recognizable paintings.]] '''چٽسالي''' نقاشي، مصوري، رنگ سازي، ڪمانگري يا رنگڪاري (painting)، رڱڻ،<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://dic.sindhila.edu.pk/index.php?txtsrch=Painting|title=Painting {{!}} Online Sindhi Dictionaries {{!}} آن لائين سنڌي ڊڪشنريون|website=dic.sindhila.edu.pk|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://sindhyat.com/database/SindhiDictionary/Painting|title=Painting word Sindhi Meaning, devanagari & Roman translation - Sindhi Dictionary|website=sindhyat.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref> رنگي، رنگ يا ٻين وسلين جي ڪنهن سطح تي لاڳاپو آهي. فنيات ۾ اِن اِصطلاح کان عمل (act) ۽ نتيجو، جنهن کي چٽ، يا نقش (a painting) سڏيو ويندو آهي، ٻنهين مان مراد آهي. '''نقاشي''' [[ڪاٺ]]، ٺڪر، يا [[مٽي]]ءَ جي شين تي نقش چٽڻ ۽ سونهن خاطر تصويرون يا لکتون ٺاهڻ جو فن نقاشي سڏبو آهي.<ref>ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.</ref> مصوري هڪ بصري فن آهي، جيڪا رنگ، پينٽ يا ٻيو وچولي مواد کي هڪ مضبوط مٿاڇري تي لاڳو ڪرڻ جي مشق سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |title=Paint – Definition |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=2012 |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172354/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |url-status=live }}</ref> وچولو مواد عام طور تي برش سان بنياد تي لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي. ٻيا اوزار، جهڙوڪ خراد، اسپنج، ايئر برش، فنڪار جون آڱريون، يا هڪ ٽِپڻ واري ٽيڪنڪ جيڪا ڪشش ثقل استعمال ڪري ٿي استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا. فنڪار جيڪو پينٽنگ ٺاهيندو آهي ان کي پينٽر چيو ويندو آهي. فن جي اصطلاح ۾ "پينٽنگ" عمل ۽ عمل جي نتيجي ٻنهي کي بيان ڪري ٿي. پينٽنگ جي سپورٽ ۾ ڀتيون، ڪاغذ، ڪينوس، ڪاٺ، شيشي، لاک، برتن، پتي، ٽامي ۽ ڪنڪريٽ جهڙيون سطحون شامل آهن. پينٽنگ ۾ ريتي، مٽي، ڪاغذ، ڪارڊ بورڊ، اخبار، پلاسٽر، سون جي پتي ۽ حتي پوريون شيون شامل ٿي سگهن ٿيون. پينٽنگ ڊرائنگ، ساخت، اشارو، بيان ۽ تجريد جهڙا عنصر شامل ڪرڻ سان بصري فن جي هڪ اهم شڪل آهي. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Perry|first1=Lincoln|title=The Music of Painting|journal=The American Scholar|date=Summer 2014|volume=83|issue=3|page=85}}</ref> پينٽنگ قدرتي ۽ نمائندگي ڪندڙ، جيئن پورٽريٽ، اسٽل لائف ۽ لينڊ اسڪيپ پينٽنگ ۾ (جيتوڻيڪ اهي صنفون تجريدي پڻ ٿي سگهن ٿيون)، فوٽوگرافي، تجريد، داستان نگاري، علامت نگاري (جيئن علامت نگار آرٽ ۾)، جذباتي (جيئن اظهار پسندي ۾) يا پنهنجي فطرت ۾ سياسي (جيئن آرٽيوزم ۾) ٿي سگهن ٿيون. پينٽنگ جي تاريخ جو هڪ اهم حصو، مشرقي ۽ مغربي آرٽ ٻنهي ۾، مذهبي آرٽ جو غلبو آهي. هن قسم جي پينٽنگ جون مثالون مٽيءَ جي ٿانون تي افسانوي شخصيتن کي ظاهر ڪرڻ واري آرٽ ورڪ کان وٺي، گرجا گهرن جي ڇتن تي بائبل جي منظرن ۽ گوتم ٻڌ جي زندگي جي منظرن يا مشرقي مذهبي اصل جي ٻئي تصويرن ۾ ملي سگهن. == History == {{Main|History of painting}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = left/right/center | footer = | footer_align = left | image2 = Maros_hunting_scene.png | width2 = 180 | caption2 = Redrawing of hunting scene from the Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst | image1 = Pig-deer print paintings in Pettakere Cave, Maros.jpg | width1 = 200 | caption1 = Cave paintings depicting a wild boar hunt in the [[Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst|Maros-Pangkep karst]] of Sulawesi are estimated to be at least 43,900 years old (2014). This finding was recognized as "the oldest known depiction of [[storytelling]] and the earliest instance of figurative art in human history." }} [[File:Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave painting of Bull.jpg|thumb|The depiction of a bull found in the [[Lubang Jeriji Saleh]], [[Indonesia]], in 2018, is the world's oldest known figurative painting. The painting is estimated to have been created around 40,000 to 52,000 years ago, or even earlier.]] The oldest known paintings are more than 40,000-60,000 years old ([[art of the Upper Paleolithic]]) and found in the [[caves in the district of Maros]] ([[Sulawesi]], [[Indonesia]]). The oldest are often constructed from hand stencils and simple geometric shapes.<ref name="Aubert2014">M. Aubert et al., "Pleistocene cave art from Sulawesi, Indonesia", ''Nature'' vol. 514, pp. 223–227 (9 October 2014). "using uranium-series dating of coralloid speleothems directly associated with 12 human hand stencils and two figurative animal depictions from seven cave sites in the Maros karsts of Sulawesi, we show that rock art traditions on this Indonesian island are at least compatible in age with the oldest European art. The earliest dated image from Maros, with a minimum age of 39.9 kyr, is now the oldest known hand stencil in the world. In addition, a painting of a [[Babirusa|babirusa ('pig-deer')]] made at least 35.4 kyr ago is among the earliest dated figurative depictions worldwide, if not the earliest one. Among the implications, it can now be demonstrated that humans were producing rock art by ~40 kyr ago at opposite ends of the Pleistocene Eurasian world."</ref>{{efn|Some hand prints have been found in Tibet and dated about 200,000 years-old.<ref>{{cite web |author= Bob McDonald |date= September 24, 2021 |title= 200,000-year-old handprints may be the world's oldest artwork, scientists say |website= cbc.ca |publisher= CBC Radio |url= https://www.cbc.ca/radio/quirks/200-000-year-old-handprints-may-be-the-world-s-oldest-artwork-scientists-say-1.6188120 |access-date= 2024-05-09 }}</ref> }} [[File:Leang Tedongnge rock art panel credit AA Oktaviana-01.jpg|thumb|In 2021, researchers discovered ancient cave art in Leang Tedongnge, Sulawesi, Indonesia, estimated to be at least 45,500 years old. Depicting a warty pig, this artwork is recognized as the world's oldest known example of figurative or representational art.]] In November 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of [[Lubang Jeriji Saléh]] on the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Borneo]].<ref name="NYT-20181107-cz">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=In Cave in Borneo Jungle, Scientists Find Oldest Figurative Painting in the World – A cave drawing in Borneo is at least 40,000 years old, raising intriguing questions about creativity in ancient societies. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/science/oldest-cave-art-borneo.html |date=7 November 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20181107">{{cite journal |author=Aubert, M.|display-authors=et al |title=Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo |date=7 November 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9 |pmid=30405242 |volume=564 |issue=7735 |pages=254–257 |bibcode=2018Natur.564..254A |s2cid=53208538 }}</ref> In December 2019, cave paintings portraying pig hunting within the [[Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst|Maros-Pangkep karst]] region in [[Sulawesi]] were discovered to be even older, with an estimated age of at least 43,900 years. This finding was recognized as "the oldest known depiction of [[storytelling]] and the earliest instance of figurative art in human history."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubert |first=M. |display-authors=et al. |date=11 December 2019 |title=Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art. |journal=Nature |volume=576 |issue=7787 |pages=442–445 |bibcode=2019Natur.576..442A |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y |pmid=31827284 |s2cid=209311825|hdl=10072/397337 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20191211">{{cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Becky |date=11 December 2019 |title=Mythical Beings May Be Earliest Imaginative Cave Art by Humans – The paintings on an Indonesian island are at least 43,900 years old and depict humanoid figures with animal-like features in a hunting scene. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/11/science/cave-art-indonesia.html |access-date=12 December 2019}}</ref> In 2021, cave art of a pig found in [[Sulawesi]], Indonesia, and dated to over 45,500 years ago, has been reported.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1-link=Adam Brumm|last1=Brumm|first1=Adam|last2=Oktaviana|first2=Adhi Agus|last3=Burhan|first3=Basran|last4=Hakim|first4=Budianto|last5=Lebe|first5=Rustan|last6=Zhao|first6=Jian-xin|last7=Sulistyarto|first7=Priyatno Hadi|last8=Ririmasse|first8=Marlon|last9=Adhityatama|first9=Shinatria|last10=Sumantri|first10=Iwan|last11=Aubert|first11=Maxime|date=2021-01-01|title=Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|article-number=eabd4648|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd4648|issn=2375-2548|pmid=33523879|pmc=7806210|bibcode=2021SciA....7.4648B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20210113">{{cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Becky |title=Pig Painting May Be World's Oldest Cave Art Yet, Archaeologists Say – The depiction of the animal on an Indonesian island is at least 45,500 years old, the researchers say. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/science/cave-painting-indonesia.html |date=January 13, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 14, 2021 }}</ref> On July 3, 2024, the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' published research findings indicating that the cave paintings which depict [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] figures interacting with a pig and measure {{convert|36|by|15|in|cm}} in [[Karampuang cave|Leang Karampuang]] are approximately 51,200 years old, establishing them as the oldest known paintings in the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Oktaviana |first1=Adhi Agus |last2=Joannes-Boyau |first2=Renaud |last3=Hakim |first3=Budianto |last4=Burhan |first4=Basran |last5=Sardi |first5=Ratno |last6=Adhityatama |first6=Shinatria |last7=Hamrullah |last8=Sumantri |first8=Iwan |last9=Tang |first9=M. |last10=Lebe |first10=Rustan |last11=Ilyas |first11=Imran |last12=Abbas |first12=Abdullah |last13=Jusdi |first13=Andi |last14=Mahardian |first14=Dewangga Eka |last15=Noerwidi |first15=Sofwan |date=2024-07-03 |title=Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago |journal=Nature |volume=631 |issue=8022 |pages=814–818 |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07541-7 |issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free |pmid=38961284 |pmc=11269172 |bibcode=2024Natur.631..814O }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Garreth |date=2024-07-04 |title=Oldest example of figurative art found in Indonesian cave |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/07/04/oldest-example-of-figurative-art-found-in-indonesian-cave |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=The Art Newspaper}}</ref> There are examples of [[cave painting]]s all over the world—in [[Indonesia]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Italy]], [[China]], [[Bhimbetka rock shelters|India]], [[Australia]], [[Mexico]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2013/05/130523_pinturas_caverna_mexico_an|title = Milhares de pinturas rupestres são descobertas em cavernas no México|work = BBC News Brasil|language = pt|date = 23 May 2013|access-date = 2 March 2015|archive-date = 12 April 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150412001151/http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/noticias/2013/05/130523_pinturas_caverna_mexico_an|url-status = live}}</ref> etc. In Western cultures, [[oil painting]] and [[watercolor]] painting have rich and complex traditions in style and subject matter. In the East, [[ink]] and color ink historically predominated the choice of media, with equally rich and complex traditions. The invention of photography had a major impact on painting. In the decades after the first [[photograph]] was produced in 1829, [[photography|photographic]] processes improved and became more widely practiced, depriving painting of much of its historic purpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world. A series of art movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries—notably [[Impressionism]], [[Post-Impressionism]], [[Fauvism]], [[Expressionism]], [[Cubism]], and [[Dada]]ism—challenged the [[Renaissance art|Renaissance]] view of the world. Eastern and African painting, however, continued a long history of [[stylization]] and did not undergo an equivalent transformation at the same time.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} [[Modern art|Modern]] and [[Contemporary art]] has moved away from the historic value of craft and documentation in favour of [[concept]]. This has not deterred the majority of living painters from continuing to practice painting either as a whole or part of their work. The vitality and versatility of painting in the 21st century defy the previous "declarations" of its demise. In an epoch characterized by the idea of [[Cultural pluralism|pluralism]], there is no consensus as to a representative style of the age. Artists continue to make important works of art in a wide variety of styles and aesthetic [[temperament]]s—their merits are left to the public and the marketplace to judge. [[Feminist art movement|The Feminist art movement]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guide to the Feminist Art Movement's History & Contemporary Impact |url=https://www.riseart.com/guide/2418/guide-to-the-feminist-art-movement#:~:text=The%20Feminist%20Art%20movement%20emerged,gender%20stereotypes%20in%20the%20arts. |url-status=live |website=Rise Art|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426170755/https://www.riseart.com/guide/2418/guide-to-the-feminist-art-movement|archive-date=Apr 26, 2023}}</ref> began in the 1960s during the second wave of [[feminism]]. The movement sought to gain equal rights and equal opportunities for female artists internationally. == Elements of painting == [[File:Chen Hongshou, leaf album painting.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chen Hongshou]] (1598–1652), ''Leaf album painting'' ([[Ming dynasty]])]] [[File:Georges Seurat 066.jpg|thumb|[[Georges Seurat]], ''[[Parade de cirque|Circus Sideshow]] ({{Langx|fr|Parade de cirque}})'' (1887–88)|alt=Shows a pointillist painting of a trombone soloist.]] === Color and tone === [[Color]], made up of [[hue]], [[Saturation color|saturation]], and [[Value (color)|value]], dispersed over a surface is the essence of painting, just as [[pitch (music)|pitch]] and [[rhythm]] are the essence of [[music]]. Color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, white is. Some painters, theoreticians, writers, and scientists, including [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe|Goethe]],<ref>[https://archive.org/details/goethestheoryco01goetgoog Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Goethe's theory of colours], John Murray, London 1840</ref> [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]],<ref>Wassily Kandinsky Concerning The Spiritual in Art, [Translated By Michael T. H. Sadler, [http://www.semantikon.com/art/kandinskyspiritualinart.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210194701/http://www.semantikon.com/art/kandinskyspiritualinart.pdf |date=10 February 2016 }}.</ref> and [[Isaac Newton|Newton]],<ref>A letter to the Royal Society presenting A new theory of light and colours Isaac Newton, 1671 [http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020073107/http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf |date=20 October 2015 }}</ref> have written their own [[color theory]]. Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction of color equivalent. The word "[[red]]", for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the [[visible spectrum]] of light. There is not a formalized register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music, such as [[F (musical note)|F]] or [[C♯ (musical note)|C♯]]. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic (primary) and derived (complementary or mixed) colors (like red, blue, green, brown, etc.). Painters deal practically with [[pigments]],<ref>[http://colourlex.com/pigments/pigments-colour/ Pigments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133914/http://colourlex.com/pigments/pigments-colour/ |date=6 January 2016 }} at ColourLex</ref> so "[[blue]]" for a painter can be any of the blues: [[phthalocyanine blue]], [[Prussian blue]], [[indigo]], [[Cobalt blue]], [[ultramarine]], and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, means of painting. Colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music (like a C note) is analogous to "light" in painting, "shades" to [[Dynamics (music)|dynamics]], and "coloration" is to painting as the specific [[Tone color|timbre]] of musical instruments is to music. These elements do not necessarily form a melody (in music) of themselves; rather, they can add different contexts to it. === Non-traditional elements === Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, [[collage]], which began with [[Cubism]] and is not painting in the strict sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as metal, plastic, [[sand]], [[cement]], [[straw]], [[Leaf painting|leaves]] or [[wood]] for the texture. Examples of this are the works of [[Jean Dubuffet]] and [[Anselm Kiefer]]. There is a growing community of artists who use computers to "paint" color onto a digital "canvas" using programs such as [[Adobe Photoshop]], [[Corel Painter]], and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required. === Rhythm === [[File:Jean Metzinger, 1906, La dance (Bacchante), oil on canvas, 73 x 54 cm DSC05359...jpg|thumb|[[Jean Metzinger]], ''[[La danse, Bacchante|La danse (Bacchante)]]'' ({{circa|1906}}), oil on canvas, 73 x 54&nbsp;cm, [[Kröller-Müller Museum]]]] [[Jean Metzinger]]'s mosaic-like [[Divisionist]] technique had its parallel in literature; a characteristic of the alliance between [[Symbolism (movement)|Symbolist]] writers and Neo-Impressionist artists: <blockquote>I ask of divided brushwork not the objective rendering of light, but iridescences and certain aspects of color still foreign to painting. I make a kind of chromatic versification and for syllables, I use strokes which, variable in quantity, cannot differ in dimension without modifying the rhythm of a pictorial phraseology destined to translate the diverse emotions aroused by nature. (Jean Metzinger, {{Circa|1907}})<ref>Jean Metzinger, circa 1907, quoted by Georges Desvallières in La Grande Revue, vol. 124, 1907</ref></blockquote> [[File:Piet Mondriaan, 1921 - Composition en rouge, jaune, bleu et noir.jpg|thumb|[[Piet Mondrian]], ''Composition en rouge, jaune, bleu et noir'' (1921), [[Gemeentemuseum Den Haag]]]] [[Rhythm]], for artists such as [[Piet Mondrian]],<ref name="Tosaki">[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mondrian_s_Philosophy_of_Visual_Rhythm/tvM-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 Eiichi Tosaki, ''Mondrian's Philosophy of Visual Rhythm: Phenomenology, Wittgenstein, and Eastern thought''], Vol. 23 of Sophia ''Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures'', Springer, 2017, pp. 108–109, 130, 139, 158, {{ISBN|9402411984}}</ref><ref>Piet Mondrian, ''Neo-Plasticism: Its Realization in Music and in Future Theater'', 1922</ref> is important in painting as it is in music. If one defines rhythm as "a pause incorporated into a sequence", then there can be rhythm in paintings. These pauses allow creative force to intervene and add new creations—form, melody, coloration. The distribution of form or any kind of information is of crucial importance in the given work of art, and it directly affects the aesthetic value of that work. This is because the aesthetic value is functionality dependent, i.e. the freedom (of movement) of perception is perceived as beauty. Free flow of energy, in art as well as in other forms of "[[techne]]", directly contributes to the aesthetic value.<ref name="Tosaki" /> Music was important to the birth of [[abstract art]] since music is abstract by nature—it does not try to represent the exterior world, but expresses in an immediate way the inner feelings of the soul. [[Wassily Kandinsky]] often used musical terms to identify his works; he called his most spontaneous paintings "improvisations" and described more elaborate works as "compositions". Kandinsky theorized that "music is the ultimate teacher",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wassilykandinsky.net/quotes.php|title=Wassily Kandinsky – Quotes|website=www.wassilykandinsky.net|access-date=17 September 2016|archive-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204065812/https://www.wassilykandinsky.net/quotes.php|url-status=live}}</ref> and subsequently embarked upon the first seven of his ten ''Compositions''. Hearing tones and chords as he painted, Kandinsky theorized that (for example), yellow is the color of middle [[C (musical note)|C]] on a brassy trumpet; black is the color of closure, and the end of things; and that combinations of colors produce vibrational frequencies, akin to chords played on a piano. In 1871 the young Kandinsky learned to play the piano and cello.<ref>, François Le Targat, ''Kandinsky'', Twentieth Century masters series, Random House Incorporated, 1987, p. 7, {{ISBN|0847808106}}</ref><ref>Susan B. Hirschfeld, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Hilla von Rebay Foundation, ''Watercolours by Kandinsky at the Guggenheim Museum: a selection from the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and the Hilla von Rebay Foundation'', 1991</ref> Kandinsky's stage design for a performance of [[Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky]]'s ''[[Pictures at an Exhibition]]'' illustrates his "synaesthetic" concept of a universal correspondence of forms, colors and musical sounds.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bauhaus|last=Fiedler|first=Jeannine|publisher=h.f. ullmann publishing GmbH|year=2013|isbn=978-3-8480-0275-7|location=Germany|pages=262}}</ref> Music defines much of modernist abstract painting. [[Jackson Pollock]] underscores that interest with his 1950 painting ''[[Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.interlude.hk/front/intersections-art-music-rothko-pollock/ |title=Intersections with art and music, Rothko and Pollock |date=16 April 2016 |access-date=3 February 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204020105/http://www.interlude.hk/front/intersections-art-music-rothko-pollock/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Aesthetics and theory == {{Main|Theory of painting}} [[File:Pompeii Painter.jpg|thumb|left|Female painter sitting on a campstool and painting a statue of [[Dionysus]] or [[Priapus]] onto a panel which is held by a boy. Fresco from [[Pompeii]], 1st century]] [[Aesthetics]] is the study of [[art]] and [[beauty]]; it was an important issue for 18th- and 19th-century [[Philosophy|philosophers]] such as [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] and [[Hegel]]. Classical philosophers like [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] also theorized about art and painting in particular. Plato disregarded painters (as well as sculptors) in his philosophical system; he maintained that painting cannot depict the [[truth]]—it is a copy of reality (a shadow of the world of ideas) and is nothing but a [[craft]], similar to shoemaking or iron casting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plato's Aesthetics|url=http://www.rowan.edu/open/philosop/clowney/aesthetics/philos_artists_onart/plato.htm|website=www.rowan.edu|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001041449/http://www.rowan.edu/open/philosop/clowney/Aesthetics/philos_artists_onart/plato.htm|archive-date=1 October 2017}}</ref> By the time of Leonardo, painting had become a closer representation of the truth than painting was in [[Ancient Greece]]. [[Leonardo da Vinci]], on the contrary, said that "{{Langx|it|La Pittura è cosa mentale}}" ("{{Langx|en|painting is a thing of the mind}}").<ref>Rollason, C., & Mittapalli, R. (2002). ''Modern criticism''. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 196. {{ISBN|812690187X}}</ref> Kant distinguished between [[Beauty]] and the [[Sublime (philosophy)|Sublime]], in terms that clearly gave priority to the former.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} Although he did not refer to painting in particular, this concept was taken up by painters such as [[Joseph Mallord William Turner|J.M.W. Turner]] and [[Caspar David Friedrich]]. [[File:Formella 18, apelle o la pittura, nino pisano, 1334-1336 dettaglio 01.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Nino Pisano]], ''Apelles or the Art of painting'' in detail (1334–1336); relief of the [[Giotto's Bell Tower]] in [[Florence]], Italy|alt=A relief against a wall shows a bearded man reaching up with his hands as his clothes are draped over his body.]] Hegel recognized the failure of attaining a universal concept of beauty and, in his aesthetic essay, wrote that painting is one of the three "romantic" arts, along with [[Poetry]] and [[Music]], for its [[symbol]]ic, highly intellectual purpose.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC&pg=PA276|title=Craig, Edward. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Genealogy to Iqbal|page=278|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-18709-1|year=1998|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422165916/https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC&pg=PA276|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich |volume= 13 |first=William|last=Wallace|author-link=William Wallace | pages = 200&ndash;207; see page 207 |quote=Painting and music are the specially romantic arts. Lastly, as a union of painting and music comes poetry, where the sensuous element is more than ever subordinate to the spirit}}</ref> Painters who have written theoretical works on painting include [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]] and [[Paul Klee]].<ref name="Franciscono">Franciscono, Marcel, ''Paul Klee: His Work and Thought'', part 6 'The Bauhaus and Düsseldorf', chap. 'Klee's theory courses', p. 246 and under 'notes to pp. 245–54' p. 365</ref><ref name="Barasch">Barasch, Moshe (2000) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=R_2wIujisH4C Theories of art – from impressionism to Kandinsky] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401050825/https://books.google.com/books?id=R_2wIujisH4C |date=1 April 2016 }}'', part IV 'Abstract art', chap. 'Color' pp. 332–33</ref> In his essay, Kandinsky maintains that painting has a spiritual value, and he attaches [[primary colors]] to essential feelings or concepts, something that [[Goethe]] and other writers had already tried to do. [[Iconography]] is the study of the content of paintings, rather than their style. [[Erwin Panofsky]] and other [[art historian]]s first seek to understand the things depicted, before looking at their meaning for the viewer at the time, and finally analyzing their wider cultural, religious, and social meaning.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Howard|title=The Varieties of Aesthetic Experience|journal=Journal for Spiritual & Consciousness Studies|date=October 2014|volume=37|issue=4|pages=541–252}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref> In 1890, the Parisian painter [[Maurice Denis]] famously asserted: "Remember that a painting—before being a warhorse, a naked woman or some story or other—is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in a certain order."<ref>[http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563353/abstract_art.html Encyclopedia Encarta] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704155609/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563353/Abstract_Art.html |date=4 July 2008 }}</ref> Thus, many 20th-century developments in painting, such as [[Cubism]], were reflections on the ''means'' of painting rather than on the external world—[[nature]]—which had previously been its core subject. Recent contributions to thinking about painting have been offered by the painter and writer Julian Bell. In his book ''What is Painting?'', Bell discusses the development, through history, of the notion that paintings can express feelings and ideas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/index/cohen/cohen8-16-99.asp |title=Review by art historian David Cohen |publisher=Artnet.com |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-date=26 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126181932/http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/index/cohen/cohen8-16-99.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''Mirror of The World,'' Bell writes: <blockquote>A ''work'' of art seeks to hold your attention and keep it fixed: a ''history'' of art urges it onwards, bulldozing a highway through the homes of the imagination.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mirror of the World: A New History of Art |first=Julian |last=Bell |publisher=Thames and Hudson |page=496 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-500-23837-0}}</ref></blockquote> == Painting media == Different types of paint are usually identified by the medium that the pigment is suspended or embedded in, which determines the general working characteristics of the paint, such as [[viscosity]], [[miscibility]], [[solubility]], drying time, etc. === Hot wax or encaustic === [[File:Petersinai.jpg|thumb|upright|Encaustic icon from [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], [[Egypt]] (6th-century)]] [[Encaustic painting]], also known as hot wax painting, involves using heated [[beeswax]] to which colored pigments are added. The liquid/paste is then applied to a surface—usually prepared wood, though [[canvas]] and other materials are often used. The simplest encaustic mixture can be made from adding pigments to beeswax, but there are several other recipes that can be used—some containing other types of [[wax]]es, [[damar resin]], [[linseed oil]], or other ingredients. Pure, powdered pigments can be purchased and used, though some mixtures use oil paints or other forms of pigment. Metal tools and special brushes can be used to shape the paint before it cools, or heated metal tools can be used to manipulate the wax once it has cooled onto the surface. Other materials can be encased or [[collage]]d into the surface, or layered, using the encaustic medium to adhere it to the surface. The technique was the normal one for ancient Greek and Roman panel paintings, and remained in use in the Eastern Orthodox [[icon]] tradition. === Watercolor === [[File:John Martin - Manfred on the Jungfrau (1837).jpg|thumb|left|[[John Martin (painter)|John Martin]], ''[[Manfred on the Jungfrau (Martin)|Manfred on the Jungfrau]]'' (1837), watercolor]] [[Watercolor]] is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-soluble vehicle. The traditional and most common support for watercolor paintings is paper; other supports include [[papyrus]], bark papers, plastics, [[vellum]] or [[leather]], [[textile|fabric]], wood and [[canvas]]. In East Asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to as [[brush painting]] or scroll painting. In [[Chinese painting|Chinese]], [[Korean painting|Korean]], and [[Japanese painting]] it has been the dominant medium, often in monochrome black or browns. India, [[Ethiopia]] and other countries also have long traditions. [[Finger-painting]] with watercolor paints originated in [[China]]. There are various types of watercolors used by artists. Some examples are pan watercolors, liquid watercolors, watercolor brush pens, and [[Pencil|watercolor pencils]]. Watercolor pencils (water-soluble color pencils) may be used either wet or dry. === Gouache === [[File:Rudolf Reschreiter Blick von der Höllentalangerhütte zum Höllentalgletscher und den Riffelwandspitzen 1921.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rudolf Reschreiter]], ''Blick von der Höllentalangerhütte zum Höllentalgletscher und den Riffelwandspitzen'', Gouache (1921)]] [[Gouache]] is a water-based paint consisting of pigment and other materials designed to be used in an opaque painting method. Gouache differs from [[watercolor painting|watercolor]] in that the particles are larger, the ratio of pigment to water is much higher, and an additional, inert, white pigment such as [[chalk]] is also present. This makes gouache heavier and more opaque, with greater reflective qualities. Like all water media, it is diluted with water.<ref name="wash_gou">Cohn, Marjorie B., ''Wash and Gouache'', Fogg Museum, 1977.</ref> Gouache was a popular paint utilized by Egyptians,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gouache {{!}} Watercolor, Acrylics, Tempera |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/gouache |website=www.britannica.com |publisher=Britannica |access-date=March 18, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Painters such as [[François Boucher|Francois Boucher]] used this medium. This paint is best applied with sable brushes. === Ceramic Glaze === Glazing is commonly known as a premelted liquid glass. This glaze can be dipped or brushed on. This glaze appears chalky and there is a vast difference between the beginning and finished result. To be activated glazed pottery must be placed in a kiln to be fired. This melts the Silica glass in the glaze and transforms it into a vibrant glossy version of itself.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Grey Fox Pottery |title=The History of Ceramic Glaze |date=4 August 2023 |url=https://greyfoxpottery.com/coffee-mugs/the-history-of-ceramic-glaze}}</ref><ref>"Ceramic glaze." Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ceramic%20glaze. Accessed 19 Mar. 2024.</ref> === Ink === [[File:Landscapes of the Four Seasons.jpg|thumb|[[Sesshū Tōyō]], ''Landscapes of the Four Seasons'' (1486), ink and light color on paper ]] Ink paintings are done with a liquid that contains pigments or [[dye]]s and is used to color a surface to produce an image, [[writing|text]], or [[design]]. Ink is used for drawing with a [[pen]], [[brush]], or [[quill]]. Ink can be a complex medium, composed of [[solvent]]s, pigments, dyes, [[resin]]s, [[lubricant]]s, solubilizers, [[surfactant]]s, [[suspended solids|particulate matter]], [[fluorescent|fluorescers]], and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives control flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry. === Enamel === [[File:Waddesdon bequest British Museum DSCF9814 05.JPG|thumb|[[Jean de Court]] (attributed), painted [[Limoges enamel]] dish in detail (mid-16th century), [[Waddesdon Bequest]], [[British Museum]]]] [[Vitreous enamel|Enamels]] are made by painting a substrate, typically metal, with powdered glass; minerals called color oxides provide coloration. After firing at a temperature of 750–850 degrees Celsius (1380–1560 degrees Fahrenheit), the result is a fused lamination of glass and metal. Unlike most painted techniques, the surface can be handled and wetted. Enamels have traditionally been used for decoration of precious objects,<ref>Mayer, Ralph,''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking, 1970, p. 375.</ref> but have also been used for other purposes. [[Limoges enamel]] was the leading centre of Renaissance enamel painting, with small religious and mythological scenes in decorated surrounds, on plaques or objects such as [[Salt cellar|salts]] or caskets. In the 18th century, enamel painting enjoyed a vogue in Europe, especially as a medium for [[portrait miniature]]s.<ref>McNally, Rika Smith, "Enamel", ''Oxford Art Online''</ref> In the late 20th century, the technique of porcelain enamel on metal has been used as a durable medium for outdoor murals.<ref>Mayer, Ralph, ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking, 1970, p. 371.</ref> === Tempera === [[File:Sandro Botticelli - La nascita di Venere - Google Art Project - edited.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sandro Botticelli]], ''[[The Birth of Venus]]'', Tempera (1485–1486)]] [[File:The Three Graces, by Peter Paul Rubens, from Prado in Google Earth.jpg|thumb|The Three Graces (1636–1638). Museo del Prado, Madrid]] [[Tempera]], also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble [[Binder (material)|binder]] medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other [[Sizing|size]]). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium. Tempera paintings are very long-lasting, and examples from the first centuries CE still exist. Egg tempera was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of [[oil painting]]. A paint commonly called tempera (though it is not) consisting of pigment and glue size is commonly used and referred to by some manufacturers in America as [[poster paint]]. === Fresco === [[File:Meister von Mileseva 001.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''[[White Angel]]'' (fresco, c. 1235), Mileševa monastery, Serbia]] [[Fresco]] is any of several related [[mural]] painting types, done on [[plaster]] on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes from the [[Italian language|Italian]] word ''affresco'' {{IPA|[afˈfresːko]}}, which derives from the Latin word for ''fresh''. Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods. ''[[Buon fresco]]'' technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh [[Mortar (masonry)#Lime mortar|lime mortar]] or [[plaster]], for which the Italian word for plaster, [[intonaco]], is used. ''[[A secco]]'' painting, in contrast, is done on dry plaster (''secco'' is "dry" in Italian). The pigments require a binding medium, such as [[egg (food)|egg]] ([[tempera]]), glue or [[oil painting|oil]] to attach the pigment to the wall. === Oil === [[File:Honoré Daumier 008.jpg|thumb|[[Honoré Daumier]], ''The Painter'' (1808–1879), oil on panel with visible brushstrokes]] [[Oil painting]] is the process of painting with [[pigments]] that are bound with a medium of [[drying oil]], such as [[linseed oil]], [[poppyseed oil]] which was widely used in early modern Europe. Often the oil was boiled with a resin such as pine resin or even [[frankincense]]; these were called 'varnishes' and were prized for their body and gloss. Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. The transition began with [[Early Netherlandish painting]] in northern Europe, and by the height of the [[Renaissance]] oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced [[tempera]] paints in the majority of Europe. === Pastel === [[File:Louis15-1.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Maurice Quentin de La Tour]], ''Portrait of Louis XV of France'' (1748), pastel]] [[Pastel]] is a painting medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment and a binder.<ref>Mayer, Ralph (1970), ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking. p. 312.</ref> The pigments used in pastels are the same as those used to produce all colored art media, including [[oil paint]]s; the binder is of a neutral hue and low [[Colorfulness#Saturation|saturation]]. The color effect of pastels is closer to the natural dry pigments than that of any other process.<ref>Mayer, Ralph (1971). ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques''. Viking Adult; 5th ed. {{ISBN|0670837016}}</ref> Because the surface of a pastel painting is fragile and easily smudged, its preservation requires protective measures such as framing under glass; it may also be sprayed with a [[fixative (drawing)|fixative]]. Nonetheless, when made with permanent pigments and properly cared for, a pastel painting may endure unchanged for centuries. Pastels are not susceptible, as are paintings made with a fluid medium, to the cracking and discoloration that result from changes in the color, opacity, or dimensions of the medium as it dries. === Acrylic === [[File:Jungle Arc.jpg|thumb|[[Ray Burggraf]], ''Jungle Arc'' (1998), acrylic paint on wood]] [[Acrylic paint]] is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in [[acrylic resin|acrylic]] polymer [[emulsion]]. Acrylic paints can be diluted with water but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted (with water) or modified with acrylic gels, media, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a [[watercolor painting|watercolor]] or an [[oil painting]], or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media. The main practical difference between most acrylics and oil paints is the inherent drying time.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=artincontext |date=2021-08-22 |title=Watercolor vs. Acrylic - The Difference Between Watercolor and Acrylic |url=https://artincontext.org/watercolor-vs-acrylic/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=artincontext.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Oils allow for more time to blend colors and apply even glazes over under-paintings. This slow drying aspect of oil can be seen as an advantage for certain techniques but may also impede the artist's ability to work quickly. Another difference is that watercolors must be painted onto a porous surface, primarily watercolor paper. Acrylic paints can be used on many different surfaces.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Understanding drying times for acrylic paints |url=https://www.winsornewton.com/row/education/guides/understanding-the-drying-times-for-acrylic-paints/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Winsor & Newton - ROW |language=en-GB}}</ref> Both acrylic and watercolor are easy to clean up with water. Acrylic paint should be cleaned with soap and water immediately following use. Watercolor paint can be cleaned with just water.<ref>Watercolor vs Acrylic [https://www.rayeoflightstudio.com/watercolor-vs-acrylic/] accessed August 21, 2020</ref><ref name="Appellof92">{{cite book |author=Appellof, M.E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2HeUJFqfzsC |title=Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Watercolor |publisher=Watson-Guptill Publications |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-823-05649-1 |pages=399–}}</ref><ref>Why WaterColor [https://www.theartistsroad.net/articles/whywatercolor] accessed August 21, 2020</ref> Between 1946 and 1949, [[Leonard Bocour]] and [[Sam Golden]] invented a solution acrylic paint under the brand [[Magna paint]]. These were [[Mineral spirits|mineral spirit]]-based paints. Water-based acrylic paints were subsequently sold as [[latex]] house paints.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sickler |first=Dean |date=Spring 2002 |title=Water-based Alchemy by Dean Sickler |url=http://dundean.com/tips_what_is_latex_paint.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829153753/http://dundean.com/tips_what_is_latex_paint.shtml |archive-date=August 29, 2012 |access-date=August 11, 2012 |website=Dundean.com}}</ref> In 1963, George Rowney (part of [[Daler-Rowney]] since 1983) was the first manufacturer to introduce artists' acrylic paints in Europe, under the brand name "Cryla".<ref name="Art Materials">{{cite web |date=2012-02-15 |title=Art Materials |url=http://www.daler-rowney.com/ |access-date=2013-02-05 |publisher=Daler Rowney}}</ref> Acrylics are the most common paints used in [[grattage]], a surrealist technique that began to be used with the advent of this type of paint. Acrylics are used for this purpose because they easily scrape or peel from a surface.<ref>Grattage [http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Grattage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904065444/http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Grattage|date=2010-09-04}} Art Techniques accessed December 08, 2010</ref> === Spray paint === [[Aerosol paint]] (also called spray paint)<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/aerosol-dispenser |title=Aerosol Dispenser |date=2018}}{{failed verification|date=August 2025}}</ref> is a type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized container and is released in a fine spray mist when depressing a [[valve]] button. A form of [[spray painting]], [[aerosol]] paint leaves a smooth, evenly coated surface. Standard sized cans are portable, inexpensive and easy to store<!--, unlike _industrial painters_ or artist [[airbrush]]es-->. Aerosol [[Primer (paint)|primer]] can be applied directly to bare metal and many plastics. Speed, portability and permanence also make aerosol paint a common [[graffiti]] medium. In the late 1970s, street graffiti writers' signatures and murals became more elaborate, and a unique style developed as a factor of the aerosol medium and the speed required for illicit work. Many now recognize graffiti and street art as a unique art form and specifically manufactured aerosol paints are made for the graffiti artist. A [[stencil]] protects a surface, except the specific shape to be painted. Stencils can be purchased as movable letters, ordered as professionally cut [[logo]]s or hand-cut by artists. === Water miscible oil paint === [[Water miscible oil paint]]s (also called "water soluble" or "water-mixable") is a modern variety of [[oil paint]] engineered to be thinned and cleaned up with water,<ref>{{Cite web |title=RX Series Alkyd Emulsifiers |url=https://ethox.com/rx-series-alkyd-emulsifiers/ |access-date=2021-04-26 |website=Ethox |language=en-US |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426140405/https://ethox.com/rx-series-alkyd-emulsifiers/ }}</ref><ref name="Dye2001">{{cite book |author=Sean Dye |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPa8JyQkmgMC |title=Painting with Water-Soluble Oils |date=15 June 2001 |publisher=North Light Books |isbn=1-58180-033-9 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> rather than having to use chemicals such as [[turpentine]]. It can be mixed and applied using the same techniques as traditional oil-based paint, but while still wet it can be effectively removed from brushes, palettes, and rags with ordinary soap and water. Its water solubility comes from the use of an [[oil]] medium in which one end of the [[molecule]] has been altered to bind loosely to water molecules, as in a [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]].<ref name="cold_oil">H. Gluck, "The Impermanences of Painting in Relation to Artists' Materials", ''Journal of the Royal Society of Arts'', Volume CXII 1964</ref> === Sand === {{Main|Sandpainting}} Sandpainting is the art of pouring coloured sands, and powdered pigments from minerals or crystals, or pigments from other natural or synthetic sources onto a surface to make a fixed or unfixed sand painting. === Digital painting === {{Main|Digital painting}} Digital painting is a method of creating an art object (painting) digitally or a technique for making digital art on the computer. As a method of creating an art object, it adapts traditional painting medium such as [[acrylic paint]], [[Oil paint|oils]], [[ink]], [[watercolor]], etc. and applies the pigment to traditional carriers, such as woven canvas cloth, paper, polyester, etc. by means of [[software]] driving [[industrial robot]]ic or office machinery (printers). As a technique, it refers to a [[computer graphics]] software program that uses a [[virtuality|virtual]] canvas and virtual painting box of brushes, colors, and other supplies. The virtual box contains many instruments that do not exist outside the computer, and which give a [[digital art]]work a different look and feel from an artwork that is made the traditional way. Furthermore, digital painting is not 'computer-generated' art as the computer does not automatically create images on the screen using some mathematical calculations. On the other hand, the artist uses his own painting technique to create a particular piece of work on the computer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.turningpointarts.com/what-is-digital-painting/|title=What is digital painting?|date=1 November 2008|work=Turning Point Arts|access-date=17 May 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505040853/http://www.turningpointarts.com/what-is-digital-painting|url-status=live}}</ref> === Other media === Bodily fluids have been used as painting media. [[Andy Warhol]] produced his ''Oxidization'' series by covering canvases with metallic paint and having his assistants and friends urinate on the still-wet paint.<ref>[https://www.warhol.org/conservation/oxidation-paintings/ Oxidation Paintings], The Andy Warhol Museum. Retrieved 18 March 2024.</ref> Blood from menstrual periods has been used to paint images.<ref>Green-Cole, Ruth. "Painting Blood: Visualizing Menstrual Blood in Art." The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies [Internet], U.S. National Library of Medicine, 25 July 2020, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565646/. </ref> Sarah Maple, a contemporary artist, has used her menstrual blood to create portraits to help erase the taboo covering the topic of periods.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} == Painting styles == {{Main|Style (visual arts)}} ''Style'' is used in two senses: It can refer to the distinctive visual elements, techniques, and methods that typify an ''individual'' artist's work. It can also refer to the [[Art movement|movement]] or school that an artist is associated with. This can stem from an actual group that the artist was consciously involved with or it can be a category in which art historians have placed the painter. The word 'style' in the latter sense has fallen out of favor in academic discussions about contemporary painting, though it continues to be used in popular contexts. Such movements or classifications include the following: <!--When the section below is fully fleshed out, we might end up duplicating the History of painting article...this might be OK if this section is substantially shorter than the History of painting article! --> === Western === ==== Modernism ==== [[Modernism]] describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated [[cultural movement]]s, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to [[Western culture|Western society]] in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of [[Realism (arts)|realism]].<ref name="Barth79Replenishment">[[John Barth|Barth, John]] (1979) ''[[The Literature of Replenishment]]'', later republished in ''[[The Friday Book]]'' (1984).</ref><ref name="Graff75">[[Gerald Graff|Graff, Gerald]] (1975) ''Babbitt at the Abyss: The Social Context of Postmodern. American Fiction'', [[TriQuarterly]], No. 33 (Spring 1975), pp. 307–37; reprinted in Putz and Freese, eds., Postmodernism and American Literature.</ref> The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization, and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social, and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized world. A salient characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness. This often led to experiments with form, and work that draws attention to the processes and materials used (and to the further tendency of abstraction).<ref>Gardner, Helen, Horst De la Croix, Richard G. Tansey, and Diane Kirkpatrick. ''Gardner's Art Through the Ages'' (San Diego: [[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]], 1991). {{ISBN|0155037706}}. p. 953.</ref> ==== Impressionism ==== [[File:Monet - Impression, Sunrise.jpg|thumb|[[Claude Monet]]'s 1872 ''[[Impression, Sunrise]]'' inspired the name of [[Impressionism|the movement]]]] The first example of modernism in painting was [[impressionism]], a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors (''[[en plein air]]''). Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, but instead see light itself. The school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners and became increasingly influential. Initially rejected from the most important commercial show of the time, the government-sponsored [[Paris Salon]], the [[Impressionists]] organized yearly group exhibitions in commercial venues during the 1870s and 1880s, timing them to coincide with the official Salon. A significant event of 1863 was the [[Salon des Refusés]], created by [[Napoleon III of France|Emperor Napoleon III]] to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon. ==== Abstract styles ==== [[Abstract art|Abstract painting]] uses a [[visual language]] of form, colour and line to create a composition that may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Rudolph Arnheim|last=Arnheim|first= Rudolf|date= 1969|title=Visual Thinking|publisher = University of California Press|isbn = 0-520-24226-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Key|first1=Joan|title=Future Use: Abstract Painting|journal=Third Text|date=September 2009|volume=23|issue=5|pages=557–63|doi=10.1080/09528820903184666|s2cid=144061791}}</ref> [[Abstract expressionism]] was an American post-[[World War II]] [[art movement]] that combined the emotional intensity and self-denial of the German [[expressionism|Expressionists]] with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools—such as [[Futurism (art)|Futurism]], [[Bauhaus]] and [[Cubism]], and the image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, nihilistic.<ref>Shapiro, David/Cecile (2000): Abstract Expressionism. The politics of apolitical painting. p. 189-90 In: Frascina, Francis (2000): Pollock and After. The critical debate. 2nd ed. London: Routledge</ref> [[Action painting]], sometimes called ''gestural abstraction'', is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://painting.about.com/od/artglossarya/g/defactionpaint.htm | title = ''Art Glossary: Action Painting'' | access-date = 20 August 2006 | last = Boddy-Evans | first = Marion | publisher = About.com | archive-date = 12 March 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070312224234/http://painting.about.com/od/artglossarya/g/defactionpaint.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> The resulting work often emphasizes the physical act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist. The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early 1960s and is closely associated with [[abstract expressionism]] (some critics have used the terms "action painting" and "abstract expressionism" interchangeably). Other modernist styles include: * [[Color Field]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[Hard-edge painting]] * [[Pop art]] ==== Outsider art ==== The term [[outsider art]] was coined by [[art critic]] Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for art brut ({{IPA|fr|aʁ bʁyt|lang}}, "raw art" or "rough art"), a label created by [[France|French]] [[artist]] [[Jean Dubuffet]] to describe [[art]] created outside the boundaries of official culture; Dubuffet focused particularly on art by [[Psychiatric hospital|insane-asylum]] inmates.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cardinal|first= Roger|title=Outsider Art|location= London|date= 1972|publisher = Studio Vista |isbn = 978-0-289-70168-3 }}</ref> Outsider art has emerged as a successful art marketing category (an annual Outsider Art Fair has taken place in New York since 1992). The term is sometimes misapplied as a catch-all marketing label for art created by people outside the mainstream "art world", regardless of their circumstances or the content of their work. ==== Photorealism ==== [[Photorealism]] is the genre of painting based on using the camera and photographs to gather information and then from this information, creating a painting that appears to be very realistic like a [[photograph]]. The term is primarily applied to paintings from the United States [[art movement]] that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As a full-fledged art movement, Photorealism evolved from [[Pop Art]]<ref name="Supperrealist Pop Art">Lindey, Christine ''Superrealist Painting and Sculpture,'' William Morrow and Company, New York, 1980, pp. 27–33.</ref><ref name="Chase, Linda 2002. pp 14-15">Chase, Linda, Photorealism at the Millennium, ''The Not-So-Innocent Eye: Photorealism in Context.'' Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York, 2002. pp. 14–15.</ref><ref>[[Nochlin, Linda]], The Realist Criminal and the Abstract Law II, ''Art in America''. 61 (November – December 1973), P. 98.</ref> and as a counter to [[Abstract Expressionism]]. [[Hyperrealism (painting)|Hyperrealism]] is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high-resolution [[photograph]]. [[Hyperrealism (painting)|Hyperrealism]] is a fully-fledged school of [[art]] and can be considered an advancement of Photorealism by the methods used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures. The term is primarily applied to an independent art movement and art style in the United States and Europe that has developed since the early 2000s.<ref>Bredekamp, Horst, Hyperrealism – One Step Beyond. Tate Museum, Publishers, UK. 2006. p. 1</ref> ==== Surrealism ==== [[Surrealism]] is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s and is best known for the artistic and literary production of those affiliated with the [[Surrealist Movement]]. Surrealist artworks feature the element of surprise, the uncanny, the unconscious, unexpected juxtapositions and [[Non sequitur (literary device)|non-sequitur]]; however, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader [[André Breton]] was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the [[Dada]] activities of [[World War I]] and the most important center of the movement was [[Paris]]. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the [[visual art]]s, [[literature]], [[film]] and [[music]] of many countries, as well as [[politics|political]] thought and practice, [[philosophy]] and [[social theory]]. {{See also|Outline of painting#Styles of painting}} === East Asian === * [[File:Immortal in Splashed Ink.jpg|thumb|[[Liang Kai]]'', Drunken Celestial'' (12th century), ink on [[Xuan paper]]]] [[File:MET DP153920.jpg|thumb|[[Yun Bing]], ''Album Leaf'' (17th century), ink and color on paper]]'''[[Chinese painting|Chinese]]''' ** [[Tang Dynasty painting|Tang Dynasty]] ** [[Ming Dynasty painting|Ming Dynasty]] ** [[Shan shui]] ** [[Ink and wash painting]] ** [[Bird-and-flower painting|Hua niao]] ** [[Southern School]] *** [[Zhe school (painting)|Zhe School]] *** [[Wu School]] ** [[History of Chinese art#Contemporary Art|Contemporary]] * '''[[Japanese painting|Japanese]]''' ** [[Yamato-e]] ** [[Rimpa school]] ** [[Emakimono]] ** [[Kanō school]] ** [[Shijō school]] ** [[Superflat]] * '''[[Korean painting|Korean]]''' === Southeast Asia === * '''[[Indonesian painting|Indonesian]]''' === Islamic === * [[Arabic miniature]] * [[Ottoman miniature]] * [[Persian miniature]] * [[Calligraphy]] === Indian === ==== Miniature painting ==== Miniature paintings were the primary form of painting in pre-colonial India. These were done on a special paper (known as wasli) using mineral and natural colours. Miniature painting is not one style but a group of several styles of schools of painting such as Mughal, Pahari, Rajasthani, Company style etc. '''[[Mughal painting|Mughal miniature painting]]''' is a particular style of [[South Asia]]n, particularly North Indian (more specifically, modern day India and Pakistan), painting confined to [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniatures]] either as book illustrations or as single works to be kept in albums ([[muraqqa]]). It emerged<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughal Painting – Evolution & History, Features & Prominent Artists |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/mughal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102715/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/mughal.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net |language=en}}</ref> from [[Persian miniature]] painting (itself partly of [[Chinese painting|Chinese origin]]) and developed in the court of the [[Mughal Empire]] of the 16th to 18th centuries. Mughal painting immediately took a much greater interest in realistic portraiture than was typical of Persian miniatures. Animals and plants were the main subject of many miniatures for albums, and were more realistically depicted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2016 |title=Mughal Painting |url=https://selfstudyhistory.com/2016/08/22/mughal-painting-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102703/https://selfstudyhistory.com/2016/08/22/mughal-painting-2/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Self Study History |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Religions – Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110065723/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml |archive-date=10 November 2010 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website= BBC |date=2009 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughal painting |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Mughal-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.britannica.com/art/Mughal-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Maker unknown, India - Krishna and Radha - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''Krishna and Radha'', might be the work of [[Nihâl Chand]], master of Kishangarh school of Rajput Painting]] '''[[Rajasthani painting]]''' evolved and flourished in the royal courts of [[Rajputana]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rājput painting {{!}} Indian art |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Rajput-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.britannica.com/art/Rajput-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> in northern India, mainly during the 17th century. Artists trained in the tradition of the [[Mughal miniature]] were dispersed from the imperial Mughal court, and developed styles also drawing from local traditions of painting, especially those illustrating the Sanskrit Epics, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]''. Subjects varied, but portraits of the ruling family, often engaged in hunting or their daily activities, were generally popular, as were narrative scenes from the epics or [[Hindu mythology]], as well as some [[Genre painting|genre scenes]] of landscapes, and humans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajput Paintings, Rajput Paintings India, Rajput Painting History |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/rajput.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/rajput.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2012 |title=Rajput painting |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/rajput-painting-1345188164-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122104201/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/rajput-painting-1345188164-1 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Jagran Josh}}</ref> '''Punjab Hills or [[Pahari painting]]''' of which Kangra, Guller, Basholi were major sub-styles. Kangra painting is the pictorial art of [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], named after [[Kangra State|Kangra]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], a former [[princely state]], which patronized the art. It became prevalent with the fading of [[Basohli Painting|Basohli school of painting]] in mid-18th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kāngra painting |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Kangra-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102656/https://www.britannica.com/art/Kangra-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bradnock |first1=Robert W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=pligrim+Dharamshala%22&pg=PA512 |title=Footprint India |last2=Bradnock |first2=Roma |date=2004 |publisher=Footprint |isbn=978-1-904777-00-7 |page=512 |language=en |access-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219034009/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=pligrim+Dharamshala%22&pg=PA512 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The focal theme of Kangra painting is Shringar (the erotic sentiment). The subjects are seen in Kangra painting exhibit the taste and the traits of the lifestyle of the society of that period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2021 |title=Kangra Painting – The Delicate Art of the Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/kangra-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/kangra-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Caleidoscope {{!}} Indian Culture, Heritage |language=en-US}}</ref> The artists adopted themes from the love poetry of [[Jayadeva]] and [[Keshavdas|Keshav Das]] who wrote ecstatically of the love of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] with [[Bhakti]] being the driving force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangra Paintings {{!}} District Kangra, Government of Himachal Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://hpkangra.nic.in/gallery/kangra-paintings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://hpkangra.nic.in/gallery/kangra-paintings/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vijay |date=1 November 2020 |title=How love, war and Mughal fine art inspired Kangra painting |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-love-war-and-mughal-fine-art-inspired-kangra-painting/533500/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-love-war-and-mughal-fine-art-inspired-kangra-painting/533500/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Khan Bahadur Khan with men of his clan (6125079998) cropped.jpg|left|thumb|Khan Bahadur Khan with Men of his Clan, c. 1815, from the Fraser Album, Company Style]]'''Company style''' is a term for a hybrid Indo-European style of paintings made in India by Indian artists, many of whom worked for European patrons in the [[British East India Company]] or other foreign Companies in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company Painting in Nineteenth-Century India &#124; Essay &#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History &#124; the Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220030814/https://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm |archive-date=20 December 2017 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.metmuseum.org|date=October 2004 }}</ref> Three distinct styles of Company Painting emerged in three British Power Centres – [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and [[Madras]]. The subject matter of company paintings made for western patrons was often documentary rather than imaginative, and as a consequence, the Indian artists were required to adopt a more naturalistic approach to painting than had traditionally been usual.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company Paintings – Capturing an Era |url=https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/9__Tavern_Scene-scaled.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/9__Tavern_Scene-scaled.jpg |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Live History India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Victoria and Albert Museum |first=Digital Media |date=16 November 2012 |title=Indian company paintings |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/indian-company-paintings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102700/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/indian-company-paintings/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.vam.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> The '''Sikh style''' and [[Deccan painting|'''Deccan style''']] are other prominent Miniature painting styles of India. ==== Pichwai painting ==== [[Pichhwai|Pichwai paintings]] are paintings on textile and usually depicting stories from the life of Lord Krishna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=The colourful tradition of Indian Pichwai Painting |url=https://indianartspalace.in/the-colorful-tradition-of-indian-pichwai-paintings/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> These were made in large format and often used as a backdrop to the main idol in temples or homes. Pichwai paintings were made and are still made mainly in Rajasthan, India. However very few were made in the Deccan region, but these are extremely rare. The purpose of pichhwais, other than artistic appeal, is to narrate tales of Krishna to the illiterate. Temples have sets with different images, which are changed according to the [[Shrinathji#Festivals and rituals at the temple|calendar of festivals celebrating the deity]].<ref>Blurton, 142-143</ref> ==== Folk and tribal art ==== Pattachitra is a general term for traditional, cloth-based [[scroll]] painting, based in the eastern Indian [[States and territories of India|states]] of [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parampara Project {{!}} Pata Chitra|url=https://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|access-date=22 November 2021|website=www.paramparaproject.org|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219040030/https://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Pattachitra painting tradition is closely linked with the worship of Lord [[Jagannath]] in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daricha Foundation|url=http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|access-date=22 November 2021|website=www.daricha.org|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|url-status=live}}</ref> The subject matter of Pattachitra is limited to religious themes. Patachitra artform is known for its intricate details as well as mythological narratives and folktales inscribed in it. All colours used in the Paintings are natural and paintings are made fully old traditional way by Chitrakaras that is Odiya Painter. Pattachitra style of painting is one of the oldest and most popular art forms of [[Odisha]]. Patachitras are a component of an ancient [[Bengalis|Bengali]] narrative art, originally serving as a visual device during the performance of a song.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2015|title=Myths and Folktales in the Patachitra Art of Bengal: Tradition and Modernity|url=https://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|access-date=22 November 2021|website=The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design|language=en-US|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102700/https://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=15 June 2016|title=Orissa Pattachitra –|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece|access-date=22 November 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=says|first=Conrad Comrie|date=26 April 2017|title=Patachitra: Ancient scroll painting of Bengal|url=https://mediaindia.eu/culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Media India Group|language=en|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122154252/https://mediaindia.eu/culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|url-status=live}}</ref> Madhubani Art is a style of [[Indian painting]], practiced in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of India and Nepal. The style is characterized by complex geometrical patterns, these paintings are famous for representing ritual content used for particular occasions like festivals, religious rituals etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhubani (Mithila) Painting – History, Designs & Artists |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/madhubani.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/madhubani.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net |language=en}}</ref> [[Warli painting|Warli]] is another folk tribal art form from India. ==== Bengal School ==== The Bengal School<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi|url=http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp|access-date=22 November 2021|website=ngmaindia.gov.in|archive-date=22 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022113236/http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> was an [[art movement]] and a style of [[Indian painting]] that originated in [[Bengal]], primarily [[Kolkata]] and [[Shantiniketan]], and flourished throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]], during the [[British Raj]] in the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2022 |title=Bengal School Painting – The transition to Modernism |url=https://indianartspalace.in/bengal-school-painting/ |access-date=10 August 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> The Bengal school arose as an [[avant garde]] and nationalist movement reacting against the [[academic art]] styles previously promoted in India, both by Indian artists such as [[Raja Ravi Varma]] and in British art schools. The school wanted to establish a distinct Indian style which celebrated the indigenous cultural heritage. In an attempt to reject colonial aesthetics, [[Abanindranath Tagore]] also turned to China and Japan with the intent of promoting a pan-Asian aesthetic and incorporated elements from Far Eastern art, such as the [[Ink wash painting|Japanese wash technique]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengal School of Art|url=https://www.artsy.net/gene/bengal-school-of-art|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artsy|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.artsy.net/gene/bengal-school-of-art|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How the Bengal School of Art Changed Colonial India's Art Landscape|url=https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/how-the-bengal-school-of-art-changed-colonial-indias-art-landscape |date=February 27, 2017 |access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artisera|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/how-the-bengal-school-of-art-changed-colonial-indias-art-landscape|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 August 2012|title=Bengal School of Art|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/bengal-school-of-art-1345270637-1|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Jagran Josh|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/bengal-school-of-art-1345270637-1|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Others ==== [[File:Mysore Painting.jpg|left|thumb|upright|19th Century Mysore Painting of Goddess [[Saraswathi]] ]] * Mysore painting is an important form of classical [[South India]]n painting that originated in and around the town of [[Mysore]] in [[Karnataka]] encouraged and nurtured by the Mysore rulers. Mysore paintings are known for their elegance, muted colours, and attention to detail. The themes for most of these paintings are [[Hindu]] gods and goddesses and scenes from [[Hindu mythology]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mysore Paintings {{!}} Buy Mysore School Paintings {{!}} Shop Online at Artisera|url=https://www.artisera.com/collections/mysore-paintings|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artisera|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.artisera.com/collections/mysore-paintings|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Samikshavad]] * [[Tanjore painting|Tanjore]] * [[Kerala mural painting]] === African === * [[Egyptian painting]] * [[Ethiopian painting]] * [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]] === Contemporary art === <!-- It seems that some of the art forms listed here are not painting forms--for example video art --> {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin:auto; width:100%; border:0 solid #e5ffec; background:#=#e5ffec;" |- | style="vertical-align:top; width:17%;"| === 1950s === * [[Abstract Expressionism]] * [[American Figurative Expressionism]] * [[Bay Area Figurative Movement]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[New York Figurative Expressionism]] * [[New York School (art)|New York School]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1960s === * [[Abstract expressionism]] * [[American Figurative Expressionism]] * [[Abstract Imagists]] * [[Bay Area Figurative Movement]] * [[Color field]] * [[Computer art]] * [[Conceptual art]] * [[Fluxus]] * [[Happening]]s * [[Hard-edge painting]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[Minimalism]] * [[Neo-figurative]] * [[Neo-Dada]] * [[New York School (art)|New York School]] * [[Nouveau Réalisme]] * [[Op Art]] * [[Performance art]] * [[Pop Art]] * [[Postminimalism]] * [[Washington Color School]] * [[Kinetic art]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1970s === * [[Arte Povera]] * [[Ascii Art]] * [[Bad Painting]] * [[Body art]] * [[Artist's book]] * [[Feminist art]] * [[Installation art]] * [[Land Art]] * [[Lowbrow (art movement)]] * [[Photorealism]] * [[Postminimalism]] * [[Process Art]] * [[Video art]] * [[Funk art]] * [[Pattern and Decoration]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1980s === * [[Appropriation art]] * [[Culture jamming]] * [[Demoscene]] * [[Electronic art]] * [[Figuration Libre]] * [[Graffiti Art]] * [[Live Art (art form)|Live art]] * [[Mail art]] * [[Postmodern art]] * [[Neo-conceptual art]] * [[Neo-expressionism]] * [[Neo-pop]] * [[Sound art]] * [[Transgressive art]] * [[Video installation]] * [[Institutional Critique]] * [[Neogeo (art)|NeoGeo]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1990s === * [[Bio art]] * [[Cyberarts]] * [[Cynical Realism]] * [[Digital Art]] * [[Information art]] * [[Internet art]] * [[Massurrealism]] * [[Maximalism]] * [[Transpressionism]] * [[New media art]] * [[Software art]] * [[New European Painting]] * [[Young British Artists]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 2000s === * [[Digital painting|Digital Painting]] * [[Hyperrealism (visual arts)|Hyperrealism]] * [[Classical Realism]] * [[Relational art]] * [[Street art]] * [[Stuckism]] * [[Superflat]] * [[Pseudorealism]] * [[Videogame art]] * [[Superstroke]] * [[VJ (video performance artist)|VJ art]] * [[Virtual art]] |} == Types of painting == [[File:Bodegón de recipientes (Zurbarán).jpg|thumb|[[Francisco de Zurbarán]], ''Still Life with Pottery Jars'' ({{langx|es|Bodegón de recipientes}}) (1636), oil on canvas, 46 x 84&nbsp;cm, [[Museo del Prado]], [[Madrid]]]] === Allegory === [[Allegory]] is a [[Figurative art|figurative]] [[Mode (literature)|mode]] of representation conveying meaning other than the literal. Allegory communicates its message by means of [[symbol]]ic figures, actions, or symbolic representation. Allegory is generally treated as a figure of [[rhetoric]], but an allegory does not have to be expressed in [[language]]: it may be addressed to the eye and is often found in realistic painting. An example of a simple visual allegory is the image of the [[Personifications of death|grim reaper]]. Viewers understand that the image of the grim reaper is a symbolic representation of death. === Bodegón === [[File:Reza Abbasi - Two Lovers (1630).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Reza Abbasi]], ''Two Lovers'' (1630)]] In [[Spanish art]], a [[bodegón]] is a [[still life]] painting depicting pantry items, such as victuals, game, and drink, often arranged on a simple stone slab, and also a painting with one or more figures, but significant still life elements, typically set in a kitchen or tavern. Starting in the [[Baroque]] period, such paintings became popular in Spain in the second quarter of the 17th century. The tradition of still life painting appears to have started and was far more popular in the contemporary [[Low Countries]], today Belgium and [[Netherlands]] (then Flemish and Dutch artists), than it ever was in [[southern Europe]]. [[Dutch Golden Age painting#Still lifes|Northern still lifes]] had many subgenres: the ''breakfast piece'' was augmented by the ''[[trompe-l'œil]]'', the ''flower bouquet'', and the ''[[vanitas]]''. In Spain, there were much fewer patrons for this sort of thing, but a type of ''breakfast piece'' did become popular, featuring a few objects of food and tableware laid on a table. === Figure painting === A [[figure painting]] is a [[work of art]] in any of the painting media with the primary subject being the human figure, whether clothed or [[Nude (art)|nude]]. Figure painting may also refer to the activity of creating such a work. The human figure has been one of the contrast subjects of art since the first Stone Age cave paintings and has been reinterpreted in various styles throughout history.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Droste|first1=Flip|title=Cave Paintings of the Early Stone Age|journal=Semiotica|date=October 2014|volume=2014|issue=202|pages=155–165|doi=10.1515/sem-2014-0035|s2cid=170631343}}</ref> Some artists well known for figure painting are [[Peter Paul Rubens]], [[Edgar Degas]], and [[Édouard Manet]]. === Illustration painting === [[Illustration]] paintings are those used as illustrations in books, magazines, and theater or movie [[posters]] and comic books. Today, there is a growing interest in collecting and admiring the original artwork. Various museum exhibitions, magazines, and art galleries have devoted space to the illustrators of the past. In the visual art world, illustrators have sometimes been considered less important in comparison with fine artists and [[graphic designer]]s. But as the result of [[computer game]] and comic industry growth, illustrations are becoming valued as popular and profitable artworks that can acquire a wider market than the other two, especially in [[Korea]], Japan, [[Hong Kong]] and the United States. The illustrations of medieval [[codices]] were known as [[Illuminated manuscript|illuminations]], and were individually hand-drawn and painted. With the invention of the [[printing press]] during the 15th century, [[books]] became more widely distributed, and often illustrated with [[woodcuts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What Is an Illuminated Manuscript? |url=https://www.nga.gov/conservation/paper/manuscript-project.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004050635/https://www.nga.gov/conservation/paper/manuscript-project.html |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=National Gallery of Art}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2010 |title=Heavenly Craft: The Woodcut in Early Printed Books |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/heavenlycraft/heavenly-15th.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020234750/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/heavenlycraft/heavenly-15th.html |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> In [[America]], this led to a "golden age of illustration" from before the 1880s until the early 20th century. A small group of illustrators became highly successful, with the imagery they created considered a portrait of American aspirations of the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The R. Atkinson Fox Society: What Was the Golden Age of Illustration? |url=http://www.rafoxsociety.com/what-was-the-golden-age-of-illustration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414063829/http://www.rafoxsociety.com/what-was-the-golden-age-of-illustration/ |archive-date=2015-04-14 |access-date=2015-04-08}}</ref> Among the best-known illustrators of that period were [[N. C. Wyeth|N.C. Wyeth]] and [[Howard Pyle]] of the [[Brandywine School]], [[James Montgomery Flagg]], [[Elizabeth Shippen Green]], [[J. C. Leyendecker]], [[Violet Oakley]], [[Maxfield Parrish]], [[Jessie Willcox Smith]], and [[John Rea Neill]]. In [[France]], on 1905, the Contemporary Book Society commissioned [[Paul Jouve]] to illustrate [[Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book|Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book]]. Paul Jouve will devote ten years to the 130 illustrations of this book which will remain as one of the masterpieces of bibliophilia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Jouve |url=https://www.pauljouve.com/resultats/2021-06-25-sotheby-s-france-128.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215154738/https://www.pauljouve.com/resultats/2021-06-25-sotheby-s-france-128.html |archive-date=2021-12-15 |access-date=2021-12-15}}</ref> === Landscape painting === {{main|Landscape art}} [[File:Andreas Achenbach - Clearing Up—Coast of Sicily - Walters 37116.jpg|left|thumb|[[Andreas Achenbach]], ''Clearing Up, Coast of Sicily'' (1847), [[The Walters Art Museum]]<ref>Achenbach specialized in the "sublime" mode of landscape painting in which man is dwarfed by nature's might and fury.</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]] |url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/19760 |title= Clearing Up—Coast of Sicily |access-date= 18 September 2012 |archive-date= 9 May 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130509233109/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/19760 |url-status= live }}</ref>]] [[Landscape art|Landscape painting]] is a term that covers the depiction of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, lakes, and forests, and especially art where the main subject is a wide view, with its elements arranged into a coherent composition. In other works, landscape backgrounds for figures can still form an important part of the work. The sky is almost always included in the view, and [[weather]] is often an element of the composition. Detailed landscapes as a distinct subject are not found in all artistic traditions and develop when there is already a sophisticated tradition of representing other subjects. The two main traditions spring from [[Western painting]] and [[Chinese art]], going back well over a thousand years in both cases. === Portrait painting === [[File:Abraham Lincoln in the United States Congress by.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ned Bittinger]], ''[[Abraham Lincoln (Bittinger)|Portrait of Abraham Lincoln]] in Congress'' (2004), [[United States Capitol|US Capitol]]]] [[Portrait painting]]s are representations of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, [[Personality type|personality]], and even the mood of the person. The art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially [[Roman sculpture]], where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. One of the best-known portraits in the Western world is [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s painting titled ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', which is thought to be a portrait of [[Lisa del Giocondo|Lisa Gherardini]], the wife of Francesco del Giocondo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |title=Mona Lisa – Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo |publisher=Louvre Museum |date=1503–1519|access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730003620/http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |archive-date=30 July 2014 }}</ref> Warhol was one of the most prolific portrait painters of the 20th century. Warhol's painting ''[[Shot Marilyns|Orange Shot Marilyn]]'' of [[Marilyn Monroe]] is an iconic early example of his work from the 1960s, and [[Prince (painting)|Orange Prince (1984)]] of the pop singer [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] is later example, both exhibiting Warhol's unique graphic style of portraiture.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Andy Warhol Portraits That Changed The World Forever |work=Widewalls |url=https://www.widewalls.ch/10-faces-by-andy-warhol-february-2015/mao-tse-tung-8/ |access-date=2018-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212218/https://www.widewalls.ch/10-faces-by-andy-warhol-february-2015/mao-tse-tung-8/ |archive-date=2018-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Warhol. Marilyn Monroe. 1967 {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/61240 |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts – Andy Warhol Biography |url=http://warholfoundation.org/legacy/biography.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724192941/http://www.warholfoundation.org/legacy/biography.html |archive-date=2010-07-24 |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=warholfoundation.org}}</ref> === Still life === [[File:Otto Marseus van Schrieck - A Forest Floor Still-Life - WGA21061.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Marseus van Schrieck]], ''A Forest Floor Still-Life'' (1666)]] A [[still life]] is a work of [[art]] depicting mostly [[wikt:inanimate|inanimate]] subject matter, typically commonplace objects—which may be either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or human-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so on). With origins in the Middle Ages and Ancient Greek/Roman art, still life paintings give the artist more leeway in the arrangement of design elements within a composition than do paintings of other types of subjects such as [[Landscape art|landscape]] or [[portrait]]ure. Still life paintings, particularly before 1700, often contained religious and allegorical symbolism relating to the objects depicted. Some modern still life breaks the two-dimensional barrier and employs three-dimensional mixed media, and uses found objects, photography, computer graphics, as well as video and sound. === Veduta === A [[veduta]] is a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting of a [[cityscape]] or some other vista. This [[genre]] of [[landscape art|landscape]] originated in [[Flanders]], where artists such as [[Paul Bril]] painted ''vedute'' as early as the 16th century. As the itinerary of the [[Grand Tour]] became somewhat standardized, ''vedute'' of familiar scenes like the Roman Forum or the Grand Canal recalled early ventures to the Continent for aristocratic Englishmen. In the later 19th century, more personal impressions of cityscapes replaced the desire for topographical accuracy, which was satisfied instead by painted [[panorama]]s. == See also == {{Portal|Visual arts|Painting}} * [[20th-century Western painting]] * [[Cobweb painting]] * [[Drawing]] * [[Fine art]] * [[Graphic arts]] * [[Index of painting-related articles]] * [[List of most expensive paintings]] * [[Outline of painting]] * [[Performance art]] * [[Business process outsourcing in China#Painting|Painting outsourcing in China]] * [[Visual arts]] * [[Image]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Painting}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|painting}} {{Wikisource|Portal:Painting}} * Howard Daniel (1971). ''Encyclopedia of Themes and Subjects in Painting: Mythological, Biblical, Historical, Literary, Allegorical, and Topical''. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc. * W. Stanley Taft Jr. and James W. Mayer (2000). ''The Science of Paintings''. Springer-Verlag. {{Art world}} {{Branches of the visual arts}} {{Humanities}} {{Aesthetics}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:مصوري]] [[زمرو:فن بلحاظ قسم]] 4p3ghhb61gztz8o23xz84ijmyjuc90m 376063 376062 2026-05-05T17:28:59Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 376063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface}} [[File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|''[[Mona Lisa]]'' (1503–1517) by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] is one of the world's most recognizable paintings.]] '''چٽسالي''' نقاشي، مصوري، رنگ سازي، ڪمانگري يا رنگڪاري (painting)، رڱڻ،<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://dic.sindhila.edu.pk/index.php?txtsrch=Painting|title=Painting {{!}} Online Sindhi Dictionaries {{!}} آن لائين سنڌي ڊڪشنريون|website=dic.sindhila.edu.pk|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://sindhyat.com/database/SindhiDictionary/Painting|title=Painting word Sindhi Meaning, devanagari & Roman translation - Sindhi Dictionary|website=sindhyat.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref> رنگي، رنگ يا ٻين وسلين جي ڪنهن سطح تي لاڳاپو آهي. فنيات ۾ اِن اِصطلاح کان عمل (act) ۽ نتيجو، جنهن کي چٽ، يا نقش (a painting) سڏيو ويندو آهي، ٻنهين مان مراد آهي. '''نقاشي''' [[ڪاٺ]]، ٺڪر، يا [[مٽي]]ءَ جي شين تي نقش چٽڻ ۽ سونهن خاطر تصويرون يا لکتون ٺاهڻ جو فن نقاشي سڏبو آهي.<ref>ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.</ref> مصوري هڪ بصري فن آهي، جيڪا رنگ، پينٽ يا ٻيو وچولي مواد کي هڪ مضبوط مٿاڇري تي لاڳو ڪرڻ جي مشق سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |title=Paint – Definition |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=2012 |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172354/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |url-status=live }}</ref> وچولو مواد عام طور تي برش سان بنياد تي لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي. ٻيا اوزار، جهڙوڪ خراد، اسپنج، ايئر برش، فنڪار جون آڱريون، يا هڪ ٽِپڻ واري ٽيڪنڪ جيڪا ڪشش ثقل استعمال ڪري ٿي استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا. فنڪار جيڪو پينٽنگ ٺاهيندو آهي ان کي پينٽر چيو ويندو آهي. فن جي اصطلاح ۾ "پينٽنگ" عمل ۽ عمل جي نتيجي ٻنهي کي بيان ڪري ٿي. پينٽنگ جي سپورٽ ۾ ڀتيون، ڪاغذ، ڪينوس، ڪاٺ، شيشي، لاک، برتن، پتي، ٽامي ۽ ڪنڪريٽ جهڙيون سطحون شامل آهن. پينٽنگ ۾ ريتي، مٽي، ڪاغذ، ڪارڊ بورڊ، اخبار، پلاسٽر، سون جي پتي ۽ حتي پوريون شيون شامل ٿي سگهن ٿيون. پينٽنگ ڊرائنگ، ساخت، اشارو، بيان ۽ تجريد جهڙا عنصر شامل ڪرڻ سان بصري فن جي هڪ اهم شڪل آهي. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Perry|first1=Lincoln|title=The Music of Painting|journal=The American Scholar|date=Summer 2014|volume=83|issue=3|page=85}}</ref> پينٽنگ قدرتي ۽ نمائندگي ڪندڙ، جيئن پورٽريٽ، اسٽل لائف ۽ لينڊ اسڪيپ پينٽنگ ۾ (جيتوڻيڪ اهي صنفون تجريدي پڻ ٿي سگهن ٿيون)، فوٽوگرافي، تجريد، داستان نگاري، علامت نگاري (جيئن علامت نگار آرٽ ۾)، جذباتي (جيئن اظهار پسندي ۾) يا پنهنجي فطرت ۾ سياسي (جيئن آرٽيوزم ۾) ٿي سگهن ٿيون. پينٽنگ جي تاريخ جو هڪ اهم حصو، مشرقي ۽ مغربي آرٽ ٻنهي ۾، مذهبي آرٽ جو غلبو آهي. هن قسم جي پينٽنگ جون مثالون مٽيءَ جي ٿانون تي افسانوي شخصيتن کي ظاهر ڪرڻ واري آرٽ ورڪ کان وٺي، گرجا گهرن جي ڇتن تي بائبل جي منظرن ۽ گوتم ٻڌ جي زندگي جي منظرن يا مشرقي مذهبي اصل جي ٻئي تصويرن ۾ ملي سگهن. == History == {{Main|History of painting}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = left/right/center | footer = | footer_align = left | image2 = Maros_hunting_scene.png | width2 = 180 | caption2 = Redrawing of hunting scene from the Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst | image1 = Pig-deer print paintings in Pettakere Cave, Maros.jpg | width1 = 200 | caption1 = Cave paintings depicting a wild boar hunt in the [[Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst|Maros-Pangkep karst]] of Sulawesi are estimated to be at least 43,900 years old (2014). This finding was recognized as "the oldest known depiction of [[storytelling]] and the earliest instance of figurative art in human history." }} [[File:Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave painting of Bull.jpg|thumb|The depiction of a bull found in the [[Lubang Jeriji Saleh]], [[Indonesia]], in 2018, is the world's oldest known figurative painting. The painting is estimated to have been created around 40,000 to 52,000 years ago, or even earlier.]] The oldest known paintings are more than 40,000-60,000 years old ([[art of the Upper Paleolithic]]) and found in the [[caves in the district of Maros]] ([[Sulawesi]], [[Indonesia]]). The oldest are often constructed from hand stencils and simple geometric shapes.<ref name="Aubert2014">M. Aubert et al., "Pleistocene cave art from Sulawesi, Indonesia", ''Nature'' vol. 514, pp. 223–227 (9 October 2014). "using uranium-series dating of coralloid speleothems directly associated with 12 human hand stencils and two figurative animal depictions from seven cave sites in the Maros karsts of Sulawesi, we show that rock art traditions on this Indonesian island are at least compatible in age with the oldest European art. The earliest dated image from Maros, with a minimum age of 39.9 kyr, is now the oldest known hand stencil in the world. In addition, a painting of a [[Babirusa|babirusa ('pig-deer')]] made at least 35.4 kyr ago is among the earliest dated figurative depictions worldwide, if not the earliest one. Among the implications, it can now be demonstrated that humans were producing rock art by ~40 kyr ago at opposite ends of the Pleistocene Eurasian world."</ref>{{efn|Some hand prints have been found in Tibet and dated about 200,000 years-old.<ref>{{cite web |author= Bob McDonald |date= September 24, 2021 |title= 200,000-year-old handprints may be the world's oldest artwork, scientists say |website= cbc.ca |publisher= CBC Radio |url= https://www.cbc.ca/radio/quirks/200-000-year-old-handprints-may-be-the-world-s-oldest-artwork-scientists-say-1.6188120 |access-date= 2024-05-09 }}</ref> }} [[File:Leang Tedongnge rock art panel credit AA Oktaviana-01.jpg|thumb|In 2021, researchers discovered ancient cave art in Leang Tedongnge, Sulawesi, Indonesia, estimated to be at least 45,500 years old. Depicting a warty pig, this artwork is recognized as the world's oldest known example of figurative or representational art.]] In November 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of [[Lubang Jeriji Saléh]] on the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Borneo]].<ref name="NYT-20181107-cz">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=In Cave in Borneo Jungle, Scientists Find Oldest Figurative Painting in the World – A cave drawing in Borneo is at least 40,000 years old, raising intriguing questions about creativity in ancient societies. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/science/oldest-cave-art-borneo.html |date=7 November 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20181107">{{cite journal |author=Aubert, M.|display-authors=et al |title=Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo |date=7 November 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9 |pmid=30405242 |volume=564 |issue=7735 |pages=254–257 |bibcode=2018Natur.564..254A |s2cid=53208538 }}</ref> In December 2019, cave paintings portraying pig hunting within the [[Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst|Maros-Pangkep karst]] region in [[Sulawesi]] were discovered to be even older, with an estimated age of at least 43,900 years. This finding was recognized as "the oldest known depiction of [[storytelling]] and the earliest instance of figurative art in human history."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubert |first=M. |display-authors=et al. |date=11 December 2019 |title=Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art. |journal=Nature |volume=576 |issue=7787 |pages=442–445 |bibcode=2019Natur.576..442A |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y |pmid=31827284 |s2cid=209311825|hdl=10072/397337 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20191211">{{cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Becky |date=11 December 2019 |title=Mythical Beings May Be Earliest Imaginative Cave Art by Humans – The paintings on an Indonesian island are at least 43,900 years old and depict humanoid figures with animal-like features in a hunting scene. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/11/science/cave-art-indonesia.html |access-date=12 December 2019}}</ref> In 2021, cave art of a pig found in [[Sulawesi]], Indonesia, and dated to over 45,500 years ago, has been reported.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1-link=Adam Brumm|last1=Brumm|first1=Adam|last2=Oktaviana|first2=Adhi Agus|last3=Burhan|first3=Basran|last4=Hakim|first4=Budianto|last5=Lebe|first5=Rustan|last6=Zhao|first6=Jian-xin|last7=Sulistyarto|first7=Priyatno Hadi|last8=Ririmasse|first8=Marlon|last9=Adhityatama|first9=Shinatria|last10=Sumantri|first10=Iwan|last11=Aubert|first11=Maxime|date=2021-01-01|title=Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|article-number=eabd4648|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd4648|issn=2375-2548|pmid=33523879|pmc=7806210|bibcode=2021SciA....7.4648B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20210113">{{cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Becky |title=Pig Painting May Be World's Oldest Cave Art Yet, Archaeologists Say – The depiction of the animal on an Indonesian island is at least 45,500 years old, the researchers say. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/science/cave-painting-indonesia.html |date=January 13, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 14, 2021 }}</ref> On July 3, 2024, the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' published research findings indicating that the cave paintings which depict [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] figures interacting with a pig and measure {{convert|36|by|15|in|cm}} in [[Karampuang cave|Leang Karampuang]] are approximately 51,200 years old, establishing them as the oldest known paintings in the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Oktaviana |first1=Adhi Agus |last2=Joannes-Boyau |first2=Renaud |last3=Hakim |first3=Budianto |last4=Burhan |first4=Basran |last5=Sardi |first5=Ratno |last6=Adhityatama |first6=Shinatria |last7=Hamrullah |last8=Sumantri |first8=Iwan |last9=Tang |first9=M. |last10=Lebe |first10=Rustan |last11=Ilyas |first11=Imran |last12=Abbas |first12=Abdullah |last13=Jusdi |first13=Andi |last14=Mahardian |first14=Dewangga Eka |last15=Noerwidi |first15=Sofwan |date=2024-07-03 |title=Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago |journal=Nature |volume=631 |issue=8022 |pages=814–818 |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07541-7 |issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free |pmid=38961284 |pmc=11269172 |bibcode=2024Natur.631..814O }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Garreth |date=2024-07-04 |title=Oldest example of figurative art found in Indonesian cave |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/07/04/oldest-example-of-figurative-art-found-in-indonesian-cave |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=The Art Newspaper}}</ref> There are examples of [[cave painting]]s all over the world—in [[Indonesia]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Italy]], [[China]], [[Bhimbetka rock shelters|India]], [[Australia]], [[Mexico]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2013/05/130523_pinturas_caverna_mexico_an|title = Milhares de pinturas rupestres são descobertas em cavernas no México|work = BBC News Brasil|language = pt|date = 23 May 2013|access-date = 2 March 2015|archive-date = 12 April 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150412001151/http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/noticias/2013/05/130523_pinturas_caverna_mexico_an|url-status = live}}</ref> etc. In Western cultures, [[oil painting]] and [[watercolor]] painting have rich and complex traditions in style and subject matter. In the East, [[ink]] and color ink historically predominated the choice of media, with equally rich and complex traditions. The invention of photography had a major impact on painting. In the decades after the first [[photograph]] was produced in 1829, [[photography|photographic]] processes improved and became more widely practiced, depriving painting of much of its historic purpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world. A series of art movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries—notably [[Impressionism]], [[Post-Impressionism]], [[Fauvism]], [[Expressionism]], [[Cubism]], and [[Dada]]ism—challenged the [[Renaissance art|Renaissance]] view of the world. Eastern and African painting, however, continued a long history of [[stylization]] and did not undergo an equivalent transformation at the same time.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} [[Modern art|Modern]] and [[Contemporary art]] has moved away from the historic value of craft and documentation in favour of [[concept]]. This has not deterred the majority of living painters from continuing to practice painting either as a whole or part of their work. The vitality and versatility of painting in the 21st century defy the previous "declarations" of its demise. In an epoch characterized by the idea of [[Cultural pluralism|pluralism]], there is no consensus as to a representative style of the age. Artists continue to make important works of art in a wide variety of styles and aesthetic [[temperament]]s—their merits are left to the public and the marketplace to judge. [[Feminist art movement|The Feminist art movement]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guide to the Feminist Art Movement's History & Contemporary Impact |url=https://www.riseart.com/guide/2418/guide-to-the-feminist-art-movement#:~:text=The%20Feminist%20Art%20movement%20emerged,gender%20stereotypes%20in%20the%20arts. |url-status=live |website=Rise Art|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426170755/https://www.riseart.com/guide/2418/guide-to-the-feminist-art-movement|archive-date=Apr 26, 2023}}</ref> began in the 1960s during the second wave of [[feminism]]. The movement sought to gain equal rights and equal opportunities for female artists internationally. == Elements of painting == [[File:Chen Hongshou, leaf album painting.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chen Hongshou]] (1598–1652), ''Leaf album painting'' ([[Ming dynasty]])]] [[File:Georges Seurat 066.jpg|thumb|[[Georges Seurat]], ''[[Parade de cirque|Circus Sideshow]] ({{Langx|fr|Parade de cirque}})'' (1887–88)|alt=Shows a pointillist painting of a trombone soloist.]] === Color and tone === [[Color]], made up of [[hue]], [[Saturation color|saturation]], and [[Value (color)|value]], dispersed over a surface is the essence of painting, just as [[pitch (music)|pitch]] and [[rhythm]] are the essence of [[music]]. Color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, white is. Some painters, theoreticians, writers, and scientists, including [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe|Goethe]],<ref>[https://archive.org/details/goethestheoryco01goetgoog Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Goethe's theory of colours], John Murray, London 1840</ref> [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]],<ref>Wassily Kandinsky Concerning The Spiritual in Art, [Translated By Michael T. H. Sadler, [http://www.semantikon.com/art/kandinskyspiritualinart.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210194701/http://www.semantikon.com/art/kandinskyspiritualinart.pdf |date=10 February 2016 }}.</ref> and [[Isaac Newton|Newton]],<ref>A letter to the Royal Society presenting A new theory of light and colours Isaac Newton, 1671 [http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020073107/http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf |date=20 October 2015 }}</ref> have written their own [[color theory]]. Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction of color equivalent. The word "[[red]]", for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the [[visible spectrum]] of light. There is not a formalized register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music, such as [[F (musical note)|F]] or [[C♯ (musical note)|C♯]]. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic (primary) and derived (complementary or mixed) colors (like red, blue, green, brown, etc.). Painters deal practically with [[pigments]],<ref>[http://colourlex.com/pigments/pigments-colour/ Pigments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133914/http://colourlex.com/pigments/pigments-colour/ |date=6 January 2016 }} at ColourLex</ref> so "[[blue]]" for a painter can be any of the blues: [[phthalocyanine blue]], [[Prussian blue]], [[indigo]], [[Cobalt blue]], [[ultramarine]], and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, means of painting. Colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music (like a C note) is analogous to "light" in painting, "shades" to [[Dynamics (music)|dynamics]], and "coloration" is to painting as the specific [[Tone color|timbre]] of musical instruments is to music. These elements do not necessarily form a melody (in music) of themselves; rather, they can add different contexts to it. === Non-traditional elements === Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, [[collage]], which began with [[Cubism]] and is not painting in the strict sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as metal, plastic, [[sand]], [[cement]], [[straw]], [[Leaf painting|leaves]] or [[wood]] for the texture. Examples of this are the works of [[Jean Dubuffet]] and [[Anselm Kiefer]]. There is a growing community of artists who use computers to "paint" color onto a digital "canvas" using programs such as [[Adobe Photoshop]], [[Corel Painter]], and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required. === Rhythm === [[File:Jean Metzinger, 1906, La dance (Bacchante), oil on canvas, 73 x 54 cm DSC05359...jpg|thumb|[[Jean Metzinger]], ''[[La danse, Bacchante|La danse (Bacchante)]]'' ({{circa|1906}}), oil on canvas, 73 x 54&nbsp;cm, [[Kröller-Müller Museum]]]] [[Jean Metzinger]]'s mosaic-like [[Divisionist]] technique had its parallel in literature; a characteristic of the alliance between [[Symbolism (movement)|Symbolist]] writers and Neo-Impressionist artists: <blockquote>I ask of divided brushwork not the objective rendering of light, but iridescences and certain aspects of color still foreign to painting. I make a kind of chromatic versification and for syllables, I use strokes which, variable in quantity, cannot differ in dimension without modifying the rhythm of a pictorial phraseology destined to translate the diverse emotions aroused by nature. (Jean Metzinger, {{Circa|1907}})<ref>Jean Metzinger, circa 1907, quoted by Georges Desvallières in La Grande Revue, vol. 124, 1907</ref></blockquote> [[File:Piet Mondriaan, 1921 - Composition en rouge, jaune, bleu et noir.jpg|thumb|[[Piet Mondrian]], ''Composition en rouge, jaune, bleu et noir'' (1921), [[Gemeentemuseum Den Haag]]]] [[Rhythm]], for artists such as [[Piet Mondrian]],<ref name="Tosaki">[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mondrian_s_Philosophy_of_Visual_Rhythm/tvM-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 Eiichi Tosaki, ''Mondrian's Philosophy of Visual Rhythm: Phenomenology, Wittgenstein, and Eastern thought''], Vol. 23 of Sophia ''Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures'', Springer, 2017, pp. 108–109, 130, 139, 158, {{ISBN|9402411984}}</ref><ref>Piet Mondrian, ''Neo-Plasticism: Its Realization in Music and in Future Theater'', 1922</ref> is important in painting as it is in music. If one defines rhythm as "a pause incorporated into a sequence", then there can be rhythm in paintings. These pauses allow creative force to intervene and add new creations—form, melody, coloration. The distribution of form or any kind of information is of crucial importance in the given work of art, and it directly affects the aesthetic value of that work. This is because the aesthetic value is functionality dependent, i.e. the freedom (of movement) of perception is perceived as beauty. Free flow of energy, in art as well as in other forms of "[[techne]]", directly contributes to the aesthetic value.<ref name="Tosaki" /> Music was important to the birth of [[abstract art]] since music is abstract by nature—it does not try to represent the exterior world, but expresses in an immediate way the inner feelings of the soul. [[Wassily Kandinsky]] often used musical terms to identify his works; he called his most spontaneous paintings "improvisations" and described more elaborate works as "compositions". Kandinsky theorized that "music is the ultimate teacher",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wassilykandinsky.net/quotes.php|title=Wassily Kandinsky – Quotes|website=www.wassilykandinsky.net|access-date=17 September 2016|archive-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204065812/https://www.wassilykandinsky.net/quotes.php|url-status=live}}</ref> and subsequently embarked upon the first seven of his ten ''Compositions''. Hearing tones and chords as he painted, Kandinsky theorized that (for example), yellow is the color of middle [[C (musical note)|C]] on a brassy trumpet; black is the color of closure, and the end of things; and that combinations of colors produce vibrational frequencies, akin to chords played on a piano. In 1871 the young Kandinsky learned to play the piano and cello.<ref>, François Le Targat, ''Kandinsky'', Twentieth Century masters series, Random House Incorporated, 1987, p. 7, {{ISBN|0847808106}}</ref><ref>Susan B. Hirschfeld, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Hilla von Rebay Foundation, ''Watercolours by Kandinsky at the Guggenheim Museum: a selection from the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and the Hilla von Rebay Foundation'', 1991</ref> Kandinsky's stage design for a performance of [[Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky]]'s ''[[Pictures at an Exhibition]]'' illustrates his "synaesthetic" concept of a universal correspondence of forms, colors and musical sounds.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bauhaus|last=Fiedler|first=Jeannine|publisher=h.f. ullmann publishing GmbH|year=2013|isbn=978-3-8480-0275-7|location=Germany|pages=262}}</ref> Music defines much of modernist abstract painting. [[Jackson Pollock]] underscores that interest with his 1950 painting ''[[Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.interlude.hk/front/intersections-art-music-rothko-pollock/ |title=Intersections with art and music, Rothko and Pollock |date=16 April 2016 |access-date=3 February 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204020105/http://www.interlude.hk/front/intersections-art-music-rothko-pollock/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Aesthetics and theory == {{Main|Theory of painting}} [[File:Pompeii Painter.jpg|thumb|left|Female painter sitting on a campstool and painting a statue of [[Dionysus]] or [[Priapus]] onto a panel which is held by a boy. Fresco from [[Pompeii]], 1st century]] [[Aesthetics]] is the study of [[art]] and [[beauty]]; it was an important issue for 18th- and 19th-century [[Philosophy|philosophers]] such as [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] and [[Hegel]]. Classical philosophers like [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] also theorized about art and painting in particular. Plato disregarded painters (as well as sculptors) in his philosophical system; he maintained that painting cannot depict the [[truth]]—it is a copy of reality (a shadow of the world of ideas) and is nothing but a [[craft]], similar to shoemaking or iron casting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plato's Aesthetics|url=http://www.rowan.edu/open/philosop/clowney/aesthetics/philos_artists_onart/plato.htm|website=www.rowan.edu|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001041449/http://www.rowan.edu/open/philosop/clowney/Aesthetics/philos_artists_onart/plato.htm|archive-date=1 October 2017}}</ref> By the time of Leonardo, painting had become a closer representation of the truth than painting was in [[Ancient Greece]]. [[Leonardo da Vinci]], on the contrary, said that "{{Langx|it|La Pittura è cosa mentale}}" ("{{Langx|en|painting is a thing of the mind}}").<ref>Rollason, C., & Mittapalli, R. (2002). ''Modern criticism''. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 196. {{ISBN|812690187X}}</ref> Kant distinguished between [[Beauty]] and the [[Sublime (philosophy)|Sublime]], in terms that clearly gave priority to the former.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} Although he did not refer to painting in particular, this concept was taken up by painters such as [[Joseph Mallord William Turner|J.M.W. Turner]] and [[Caspar David Friedrich]]. [[File:Formella 18, apelle o la pittura, nino pisano, 1334-1336 dettaglio 01.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Nino Pisano]], ''Apelles or the Art of painting'' in detail (1334–1336); relief of the [[Giotto's Bell Tower]] in [[Florence]], Italy|alt=A relief against a wall shows a bearded man reaching up with his hands as his clothes are draped over his body.]] Hegel recognized the failure of attaining a universal concept of beauty and, in his aesthetic essay, wrote that painting is one of the three "romantic" arts, along with [[Poetry]] and [[Music]], for its [[symbol]]ic, highly intellectual purpose.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC&pg=PA276|title=Craig, Edward. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Genealogy to Iqbal|page=278|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-18709-1|year=1998|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422165916/https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC&pg=PA276|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich |volume= 13 |first=William|last=Wallace|author-link=William Wallace | pages = 200&ndash;207; see page 207 |quote=Painting and music are the specially romantic arts. Lastly, as a union of painting and music comes poetry, where the sensuous element is more than ever subordinate to the spirit}}</ref> Painters who have written theoretical works on painting include [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]] and [[Paul Klee]].<ref name="Franciscono">Franciscono, Marcel, ''Paul Klee: His Work and Thought'', part 6 'The Bauhaus and Düsseldorf', chap. 'Klee's theory courses', p. 246 and under 'notes to pp. 245–54' p. 365</ref><ref name="Barasch">Barasch, Moshe (2000) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=R_2wIujisH4C Theories of art – from impressionism to Kandinsky] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401050825/https://books.google.com/books?id=R_2wIujisH4C |date=1 April 2016 }}'', part IV 'Abstract art', chap. 'Color' pp. 332–33</ref> In his essay, Kandinsky maintains that painting has a spiritual value, and he attaches [[primary colors]] to essential feelings or concepts, something that [[Goethe]] and other writers had already tried to do. [[Iconography]] is the study of the content of paintings, rather than their style. [[Erwin Panofsky]] and other [[art historian]]s first seek to understand the things depicted, before looking at their meaning for the viewer at the time, and finally analyzing their wider cultural, religious, and social meaning.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Howard|title=The Varieties of Aesthetic Experience|journal=Journal for Spiritual & Consciousness Studies|date=October 2014|volume=37|issue=4|pages=541–252}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref> In 1890, the Parisian painter [[Maurice Denis]] famously asserted: "Remember that a painting—before being a warhorse, a naked woman or some story or other—is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in a certain order."<ref>[http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563353/abstract_art.html Encyclopedia Encarta] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704155609/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563353/Abstract_Art.html |date=4 July 2008 }}</ref> Thus, many 20th-century developments in painting, such as [[Cubism]], were reflections on the ''means'' of painting rather than on the external world—[[nature]]—which had previously been its core subject. Recent contributions to thinking about painting have been offered by the painter and writer Julian Bell. In his book ''What is Painting?'', Bell discusses the development, through history, of the notion that paintings can express feelings and ideas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/index/cohen/cohen8-16-99.asp |title=Review by art historian David Cohen |publisher=Artnet.com |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-date=26 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126181932/http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/index/cohen/cohen8-16-99.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''Mirror of The World,'' Bell writes: <blockquote>A ''work'' of art seeks to hold your attention and keep it fixed: a ''history'' of art urges it onwards, bulldozing a highway through the homes of the imagination.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mirror of the World: A New History of Art |first=Julian |last=Bell |publisher=Thames and Hudson |page=496 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-500-23837-0}}</ref></blockquote> == Painting media == Different types of paint are usually identified by the medium that the pigment is suspended or embedded in, which determines the general working characteristics of the paint, such as [[viscosity]], [[miscibility]], [[solubility]], drying time, etc. === Hot wax or encaustic === [[File:Petersinai.jpg|thumb|upright|Encaustic icon from [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], [[Egypt]] (6th-century)]] [[Encaustic painting]], also known as hot wax painting, involves using heated [[beeswax]] to which colored pigments are added. The liquid/paste is then applied to a surface—usually prepared wood, though [[canvas]] and other materials are often used. The simplest encaustic mixture can be made from adding pigments to beeswax, but there are several other recipes that can be used—some containing other types of [[wax]]es, [[damar resin]], [[linseed oil]], or other ingredients. Pure, powdered pigments can be purchased and used, though some mixtures use oil paints or other forms of pigment. Metal tools and special brushes can be used to shape the paint before it cools, or heated metal tools can be used to manipulate the wax once it has cooled onto the surface. Other materials can be encased or [[collage]]d into the surface, or layered, using the encaustic medium to adhere it to the surface. The technique was the normal one for ancient Greek and Roman panel paintings, and remained in use in the Eastern Orthodox [[icon]] tradition. === Watercolor === [[File:John Martin - Manfred on the Jungfrau (1837).jpg|thumb|left|[[John Martin (painter)|John Martin]], ''[[Manfred on the Jungfrau (Martin)|Manfred on the Jungfrau]]'' (1837), watercolor]] [[Watercolor]] is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-soluble vehicle. The traditional and most common support for watercolor paintings is paper; other supports include [[papyrus]], bark papers, plastics, [[vellum]] or [[leather]], [[textile|fabric]], wood and [[canvas]]. In East Asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to as [[brush painting]] or scroll painting. In [[Chinese painting|Chinese]], [[Korean painting|Korean]], and [[Japanese painting]] it has been the dominant medium, often in monochrome black or browns. India, [[Ethiopia]] and other countries also have long traditions. [[Finger-painting]] with watercolor paints originated in [[China]]. There are various types of watercolors used by artists. Some examples are pan watercolors, liquid watercolors, watercolor brush pens, and [[Pencil|watercolor pencils]]. Watercolor pencils (water-soluble color pencils) may be used either wet or dry. === Gouache === [[File:Rudolf Reschreiter Blick von der Höllentalangerhütte zum Höllentalgletscher und den Riffelwandspitzen 1921.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rudolf Reschreiter]], ''Blick von der Höllentalangerhütte zum Höllentalgletscher und den Riffelwandspitzen'', Gouache (1921)]] [[Gouache]] is a water-based paint consisting of pigment and other materials designed to be used in an opaque painting method. Gouache differs from [[watercolor painting|watercolor]] in that the particles are larger, the ratio of pigment to water is much higher, and an additional, inert, white pigment such as [[chalk]] is also present. This makes gouache heavier and more opaque, with greater reflective qualities. Like all water media, it is diluted with water.<ref name="wash_gou">Cohn, Marjorie B., ''Wash and Gouache'', Fogg Museum, 1977.</ref> Gouache was a popular paint utilized by Egyptians,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gouache {{!}} Watercolor, Acrylics, Tempera |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/gouache |website=www.britannica.com |publisher=Britannica |access-date=March 18, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Painters such as [[François Boucher|Francois Boucher]] used this medium. This paint is best applied with sable brushes. === Ceramic Glaze === Glazing is commonly known as a premelted liquid glass. This glaze can be dipped or brushed on. This glaze appears chalky and there is a vast difference between the beginning and finished result. To be activated glazed pottery must be placed in a kiln to be fired. This melts the Silica glass in the glaze and transforms it into a vibrant glossy version of itself.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Grey Fox Pottery |title=The History of Ceramic Glaze |date=4 August 2023 |url=https://greyfoxpottery.com/coffee-mugs/the-history-of-ceramic-glaze}}</ref><ref>"Ceramic glaze." Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ceramic%20glaze. Accessed 19 Mar. 2024.</ref> === Ink === [[File:Landscapes of the Four Seasons.jpg|thumb|[[Sesshū Tōyō]], ''Landscapes of the Four Seasons'' (1486), ink and light color on paper ]] Ink paintings are done with a liquid that contains pigments or [[dye]]s and is used to color a surface to produce an image, [[writing|text]], or [[design]]. Ink is used for drawing with a [[pen]], [[brush]], or [[quill]]. Ink can be a complex medium, composed of [[solvent]]s, pigments, dyes, [[resin]]s, [[lubricant]]s, solubilizers, [[surfactant]]s, [[suspended solids|particulate matter]], [[fluorescent|fluorescers]], and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives control flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry. === Enamel === [[File:Waddesdon bequest British Museum DSCF9814 05.JPG|thumb|[[Jean de Court]] (attributed), painted [[Limoges enamel]] dish in detail (mid-16th century), [[Waddesdon Bequest]], [[British Museum]]]] [[Vitreous enamel|Enamels]] are made by painting a substrate, typically metal, with powdered glass; minerals called color oxides provide coloration. After firing at a temperature of 750–850 degrees Celsius (1380–1560 degrees Fahrenheit), the result is a fused lamination of glass and metal. Unlike most painted techniques, the surface can be handled and wetted. Enamels have traditionally been used for decoration of precious objects,<ref>Mayer, Ralph,''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking, 1970, p. 375.</ref> but have also been used for other purposes. [[Limoges enamel]] was the leading centre of Renaissance enamel painting, with small religious and mythological scenes in decorated surrounds, on plaques or objects such as [[Salt cellar|salts]] or caskets. In the 18th century, enamel painting enjoyed a vogue in Europe, especially as a medium for [[portrait miniature]]s.<ref>McNally, Rika Smith, "Enamel", ''Oxford Art Online''</ref> In the late 20th century, the technique of porcelain enamel on metal has been used as a durable medium for outdoor murals.<ref>Mayer, Ralph, ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking, 1970, p. 371.</ref> === Tempera === [[File:Sandro Botticelli - La nascita di Venere - Google Art Project - edited.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sandro Botticelli]], ''[[The Birth of Venus]]'', Tempera (1485–1486)]] [[File:The Three Graces, by Peter Paul Rubens, from Prado in Google Earth.jpg|thumb|The Three Graces (1636–1638). Museo del Prado, Madrid]] [[Tempera]], also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble [[Binder (material)|binder]] medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other [[Sizing|size]]). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium. Tempera paintings are very long-lasting, and examples from the first centuries CE still exist. Egg tempera was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of [[oil painting]]. A paint commonly called tempera (though it is not) consisting of pigment and glue size is commonly used and referred to by some manufacturers in America as [[poster paint]]. === Fresco === [[File:Meister von Mileseva 001.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''[[White Angel]]'' (fresco, c. 1235), Mileševa monastery, Serbia]] [[Fresco]] is any of several related [[mural]] painting types, done on [[plaster]] on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes from the [[Italian language|Italian]] word ''affresco'' {{IPA|[afˈfresːko]}}, which derives from the Latin word for ''fresh''. Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods. ''[[Buon fresco]]'' technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh [[Mortar (masonry)#Lime mortar|lime mortar]] or [[plaster]], for which the Italian word for plaster, [[intonaco]], is used. ''[[A secco]]'' painting, in contrast, is done on dry plaster (''secco'' is "dry" in Italian). The pigments require a binding medium, such as [[egg (food)|egg]] ([[tempera]]), glue or [[oil painting|oil]] to attach the pigment to the wall. === Oil === [[File:Honoré Daumier 008.jpg|thumb|[[Honoré Daumier]], ''The Painter'' (1808–1879), oil on panel with visible brushstrokes]] [[Oil painting]] is the process of painting with [[pigments]] that are bound with a medium of [[drying oil]], such as [[linseed oil]], [[poppyseed oil]] which was widely used in early modern Europe. Often the oil was boiled with a resin such as pine resin or even [[frankincense]]; these were called 'varnishes' and were prized for their body and gloss. Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. The transition began with [[Early Netherlandish painting]] in northern Europe, and by the height of the [[Renaissance]] oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced [[tempera]] paints in the majority of Europe. === Pastel === [[File:Louis15-1.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Maurice Quentin de La Tour]], ''Portrait of Louis XV of France'' (1748), pastel]] [[Pastel]] is a painting medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment and a binder.<ref>Mayer, Ralph (1970), ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking. p. 312.</ref> The pigments used in pastels are the same as those used to produce all colored art media, including [[oil paint]]s; the binder is of a neutral hue and low [[Colorfulness#Saturation|saturation]]. The color effect of pastels is closer to the natural dry pigments than that of any other process.<ref>Mayer, Ralph (1971). ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques''. Viking Adult; 5th ed. {{ISBN|0670837016}}</ref> Because the surface of a pastel painting is fragile and easily smudged, its preservation requires protective measures such as framing under glass; it may also be sprayed with a [[fixative (drawing)|fixative]]. Nonetheless, when made with permanent pigments and properly cared for, a pastel painting may endure unchanged for centuries. Pastels are not susceptible, as are paintings made with a fluid medium, to the cracking and discoloration that result from changes in the color, opacity, or dimensions of the medium as it dries. === Acrylic === [[File:Jungle Arc.jpg|thumb|[[Ray Burggraf]], ''Jungle Arc'' (1998), acrylic paint on wood]] [[Acrylic paint]] is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in [[acrylic resin|acrylic]] polymer [[emulsion]]. Acrylic paints can be diluted with water but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted (with water) or modified with acrylic gels, media, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a [[watercolor painting|watercolor]] or an [[oil painting]], or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media. The main practical difference between most acrylics and oil paints is the inherent drying time.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=artincontext |date=2021-08-22 |title=Watercolor vs. Acrylic - The Difference Between Watercolor and Acrylic |url=https://artincontext.org/watercolor-vs-acrylic/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=artincontext.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Oils allow for more time to blend colors and apply even glazes over under-paintings. This slow drying aspect of oil can be seen as an advantage for certain techniques but may also impede the artist's ability to work quickly. Another difference is that watercolors must be painted onto a porous surface, primarily watercolor paper. Acrylic paints can be used on many different surfaces.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Understanding drying times for acrylic paints |url=https://www.winsornewton.com/row/education/guides/understanding-the-drying-times-for-acrylic-paints/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Winsor & Newton - ROW |language=en-GB}}</ref> Both acrylic and watercolor are easy to clean up with water. Acrylic paint should be cleaned with soap and water immediately following use. Watercolor paint can be cleaned with just water.<ref>Watercolor vs Acrylic [https://www.rayeoflightstudio.com/watercolor-vs-acrylic/] accessed August 21, 2020</ref><ref name="Appellof92">{{cite book |author=Appellof, M.E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2HeUJFqfzsC |title=Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Watercolor |publisher=Watson-Guptill Publications |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-823-05649-1 |pages=399–}}</ref><ref>Why WaterColor [https://www.theartistsroad.net/articles/whywatercolor] accessed August 21, 2020</ref> Between 1946 and 1949, [[Leonard Bocour]] and [[Sam Golden]] invented a solution acrylic paint under the brand [[Magna paint]]. These were [[Mineral spirits|mineral spirit]]-based paints. Water-based acrylic paints were subsequently sold as [[latex]] house paints.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sickler |first=Dean |date=Spring 2002 |title=Water-based Alchemy by Dean Sickler |url=http://dundean.com/tips_what_is_latex_paint.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829153753/http://dundean.com/tips_what_is_latex_paint.shtml |archive-date=August 29, 2012 |access-date=August 11, 2012 |website=Dundean.com}}</ref> In 1963, George Rowney (part of [[Daler-Rowney]] since 1983) was the first manufacturer to introduce artists' acrylic paints in Europe, under the brand name "Cryla".<ref name="Art Materials">{{cite web |date=2012-02-15 |title=Art Materials |url=http://www.daler-rowney.com/ |access-date=2013-02-05 |publisher=Daler Rowney}}</ref> Acrylics are the most common paints used in [[grattage]], a surrealist technique that began to be used with the advent of this type of paint. Acrylics are used for this purpose because they easily scrape or peel from a surface.<ref>Grattage [http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Grattage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904065444/http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Grattage|date=2010-09-04}} Art Techniques accessed December 08, 2010</ref> === Spray paint === [[Aerosol paint]] (also called spray paint)<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/aerosol-dispenser |title=Aerosol Dispenser |date=2018}}{{failed verification|date=August 2025}}</ref> is a type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized container and is released in a fine spray mist when depressing a [[valve]] button. A form of [[spray painting]], [[aerosol]] paint leaves a smooth, evenly coated surface. Standard sized cans are portable, inexpensive and easy to store<!--, unlike _industrial painters_ or artist [[airbrush]]es-->. Aerosol [[Primer (paint)|primer]] can be applied directly to bare metal and many plastics. Speed, portability and permanence also make aerosol paint a common [[graffiti]] medium. In the late 1970s, street graffiti writers' signatures and murals became more elaborate, and a unique style developed as a factor of the aerosol medium and the speed required for illicit work. Many now recognize graffiti and street art as a unique art form and specifically manufactured aerosol paints are made for the graffiti artist. A [[stencil]] protects a surface, except the specific shape to be painted. Stencils can be purchased as movable letters, ordered as professionally cut [[logo]]s or hand-cut by artists. === Water miscible oil paint === [[Water miscible oil paint]]s (also called "water soluble" or "water-mixable") is a modern variety of [[oil paint]] engineered to be thinned and cleaned up with water,<ref>{{Cite web |title=RX Series Alkyd Emulsifiers |url=https://ethox.com/rx-series-alkyd-emulsifiers/ |access-date=2021-04-26 |website=Ethox |language=en-US |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426140405/https://ethox.com/rx-series-alkyd-emulsifiers/ }}</ref><ref name="Dye2001">{{cite book |author=Sean Dye |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPa8JyQkmgMC |title=Painting with Water-Soluble Oils |date=15 June 2001 |publisher=North Light Books |isbn=1-58180-033-9 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> rather than having to use chemicals such as [[turpentine]]. It can be mixed and applied using the same techniques as traditional oil-based paint, but while still wet it can be effectively removed from brushes, palettes, and rags with ordinary soap and water. Its water solubility comes from the use of an [[oil]] medium in which one end of the [[molecule]] has been altered to bind loosely to water molecules, as in a [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]].<ref name="cold_oil">H. Gluck, "The Impermanences of Painting in Relation to Artists' Materials", ''Journal of the Royal Society of Arts'', Volume CXII 1964</ref> === Sand === {{Main|Sandpainting}} Sandpainting is the art of pouring coloured sands, and powdered pigments from minerals or crystals, or pigments from other natural or synthetic sources onto a surface to make a fixed or unfixed sand painting. === Digital painting === {{Main|Digital painting}} Digital painting is a method of creating an art object (painting) digitally or a technique for making digital art on the computer. As a method of creating an art object, it adapts traditional painting medium such as [[acrylic paint]], [[Oil paint|oils]], [[ink]], [[watercolor]], etc. and applies the pigment to traditional carriers, such as woven canvas cloth, paper, polyester, etc. by means of [[software]] driving [[industrial robot]]ic or office machinery (printers). As a technique, it refers to a [[computer graphics]] software program that uses a [[virtuality|virtual]] canvas and virtual painting box of brushes, colors, and other supplies. The virtual box contains many instruments that do not exist outside the computer, and which give a [[digital art]]work a different look and feel from an artwork that is made the traditional way. Furthermore, digital painting is not 'computer-generated' art as the computer does not automatically create images on the screen using some mathematical calculations. On the other hand, the artist uses his own painting technique to create a particular piece of work on the computer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.turningpointarts.com/what-is-digital-painting/|title=What is digital painting?|date=1 November 2008|work=Turning Point Arts|access-date=17 May 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505040853/http://www.turningpointarts.com/what-is-digital-painting|url-status=live}}</ref> === Other media === Bodily fluids have been used as painting media. [[Andy Warhol]] produced his ''Oxidization'' series by covering canvases with metallic paint and having his assistants and friends urinate on the still-wet paint.<ref>[https://www.warhol.org/conservation/oxidation-paintings/ Oxidation Paintings], The Andy Warhol Museum. Retrieved 18 March 2024.</ref> Blood from menstrual periods has been used to paint images.<ref>Green-Cole, Ruth. "Painting Blood: Visualizing Menstrual Blood in Art." The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies [Internet], U.S. National Library of Medicine, 25 July 2020, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565646/. </ref> Sarah Maple, a contemporary artist, has used her menstrual blood to create portraits to help erase the taboo covering the topic of periods.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} == Painting styles == {{Main|Style (visual arts)}} ''Style'' is used in two senses: It can refer to the distinctive visual elements, techniques, and methods that typify an ''individual'' artist's work. It can also refer to the [[Art movement|movement]] or school that an artist is associated with. This can stem from an actual group that the artist was consciously involved with or it can be a category in which art historians have placed the painter. The word 'style' in the latter sense has fallen out of favor in academic discussions about contemporary painting, though it continues to be used in popular contexts. Such movements or classifications include the following: <!--When the section below is fully fleshed out, we might end up duplicating the History of painting article...this might be OK if this section is substantially shorter than the History of painting article! --> === Western === ==== Modernism ==== [[Modernism]] describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated [[cultural movement]]s, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to [[Western culture|Western society]] in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of [[Realism (arts)|realism]].<ref name="Barth79Replenishment">[[John Barth|Barth, John]] (1979) ''[[The Literature of Replenishment]]'', later republished in ''[[The Friday Book]]'' (1984).</ref><ref name="Graff75">[[Gerald Graff|Graff, Gerald]] (1975) ''Babbitt at the Abyss: The Social Context of Postmodern. American Fiction'', [[TriQuarterly]], No. 33 (Spring 1975), pp. 307–37; reprinted in Putz and Freese, eds., Postmodernism and American Literature.</ref> The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization, and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social, and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized world. A salient characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness. This often led to experiments with form, and work that draws attention to the processes and materials used (and to the further tendency of abstraction).<ref>Gardner, Helen, Horst De la Croix, Richard G. Tansey, and Diane Kirkpatrick. ''Gardner's Art Through the Ages'' (San Diego: [[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]], 1991). {{ISBN|0155037706}}. p. 953.</ref> ==== Impressionism ==== [[File:Monet - Impression, Sunrise.jpg|thumb|[[Claude Monet]]'s 1872 ''[[Impression, Sunrise]]'' inspired the name of [[Impressionism|the movement]]]] The first example of modernism in painting was [[impressionism]], a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors (''[[en plein air]]''). Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, but instead see light itself. The school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners and became increasingly influential. Initially rejected from the most important commercial show of the time, the government-sponsored [[Paris Salon]], the [[Impressionists]] organized yearly group exhibitions in commercial venues during the 1870s and 1880s, timing them to coincide with the official Salon. A significant event of 1863 was the [[Salon des Refusés]], created by [[Napoleon III of France|Emperor Napoleon III]] to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon. ==== Abstract styles ==== [[Abstract art|Abstract painting]] uses a [[visual language]] of form, colour and line to create a composition that may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Rudolph Arnheim|last=Arnheim|first= Rudolf|date= 1969|title=Visual Thinking|publisher = University of California Press|isbn = 0-520-24226-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Key|first1=Joan|title=Future Use: Abstract Painting|journal=Third Text|date=September 2009|volume=23|issue=5|pages=557–63|doi=10.1080/09528820903184666|s2cid=144061791}}</ref> [[Abstract expressionism]] was an American post-[[World War II]] [[art movement]] that combined the emotional intensity and self-denial of the German [[expressionism|Expressionists]] with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools—such as [[Futurism (art)|Futurism]], [[Bauhaus]] and [[Cubism]], and the image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, nihilistic.<ref>Shapiro, David/Cecile (2000): Abstract Expressionism. The politics of apolitical painting. p. 189-90 In: Frascina, Francis (2000): Pollock and After. The critical debate. 2nd ed. London: Routledge</ref> [[Action painting]], sometimes called ''gestural abstraction'', is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://painting.about.com/od/artglossarya/g/defactionpaint.htm | title = ''Art Glossary: Action Painting'' | access-date = 20 August 2006 | last = Boddy-Evans | first = Marion | publisher = About.com | archive-date = 12 March 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070312224234/http://painting.about.com/od/artglossarya/g/defactionpaint.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> The resulting work often emphasizes the physical act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist. The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early 1960s and is closely associated with [[abstract expressionism]] (some critics have used the terms "action painting" and "abstract expressionism" interchangeably). Other modernist styles include: * [[Color Field]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[Hard-edge painting]] * [[Pop art]] ==== Outsider art ==== The term [[outsider art]] was coined by [[art critic]] Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for art brut ({{IPA|fr|aʁ bʁyt|lang}}, "raw art" or "rough art"), a label created by [[France|French]] [[artist]] [[Jean Dubuffet]] to describe [[art]] created outside the boundaries of official culture; Dubuffet focused particularly on art by [[Psychiatric hospital|insane-asylum]] inmates.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cardinal|first= Roger|title=Outsider Art|location= London|date= 1972|publisher = Studio Vista |isbn = 978-0-289-70168-3 }}</ref> Outsider art has emerged as a successful art marketing category (an annual Outsider Art Fair has taken place in New York since 1992). The term is sometimes misapplied as a catch-all marketing label for art created by people outside the mainstream "art world", regardless of their circumstances or the content of their work. ==== Photorealism ==== [[Photorealism]] is the genre of painting based on using the camera and photographs to gather information and then from this information, creating a painting that appears to be very realistic like a [[photograph]]. The term is primarily applied to paintings from the United States [[art movement]] that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As a full-fledged art movement, Photorealism evolved from [[Pop Art]]<ref name="Supperrealist Pop Art">Lindey, Christine ''Superrealist Painting and Sculpture,'' William Morrow and Company, New York, 1980, pp. 27–33.</ref><ref name="Chase, Linda 2002. pp 14-15">Chase, Linda, Photorealism at the Millennium, ''The Not-So-Innocent Eye: Photorealism in Context.'' Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York, 2002. pp. 14–15.</ref><ref>[[Nochlin, Linda]], The Realist Criminal and the Abstract Law II, ''Art in America''. 61 (November – December 1973), P. 98.</ref> and as a counter to [[Abstract Expressionism]]. [[Hyperrealism (painting)|Hyperrealism]] is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high-resolution [[photograph]]. [[Hyperrealism (painting)|Hyperrealism]] is a fully-fledged school of [[art]] and can be considered an advancement of Photorealism by the methods used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures. The term is primarily applied to an independent art movement and art style in the United States and Europe that has developed since the early 2000s.<ref>Bredekamp, Horst, Hyperrealism – One Step Beyond. Tate Museum, Publishers, UK. 2006. p. 1</ref> ==== Surrealism ==== [[Surrealism]] is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s and is best known for the artistic and literary production of those affiliated with the [[Surrealist Movement]]. Surrealist artworks feature the element of surprise, the uncanny, the unconscious, unexpected juxtapositions and [[Non sequitur (literary device)|non-sequitur]]; however, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader [[André Breton]] was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the [[Dada]] activities of [[World War I]] and the most important center of the movement was [[Paris]]. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the [[visual art]]s, [[literature]], [[film]] and [[music]] of many countries, as well as [[politics|political]] thought and practice, [[philosophy]] and [[social theory]]. {{See also|Outline of painting#Styles of painting}} === East Asian === * [[File:Immortal in Splashed Ink.jpg|thumb|[[Liang Kai]]'', Drunken Celestial'' (12th century), ink on [[Xuan paper]]]] [[File:MET DP153920.jpg|thumb|[[Yun Bing]], ''Album Leaf'' (17th century), ink and color on paper]]'''[[Chinese painting|Chinese]]''' ** [[Tang Dynasty painting|Tang Dynasty]] ** [[Ming Dynasty painting|Ming Dynasty]] ** [[Shan shui]] ** [[Ink and wash painting]] ** [[Bird-and-flower painting|Hua niao]] ** [[Southern School]] *** [[Zhe school (painting)|Zhe School]] *** [[Wu School]] ** [[History of Chinese art#Contemporary Art|Contemporary]] * '''[[Japanese painting|Japanese]]''' ** [[Yamato-e]] ** [[Rimpa school]] ** [[Emakimono]] ** [[Kanō school]] ** [[Shijō school]] ** [[Superflat]] * '''[[Korean painting|Korean]]''' === Southeast Asia === * '''[[Indonesian painting|Indonesian]]''' === Islamic === * [[Arabic miniature]] * [[Ottoman miniature]] * [[Persian miniature]] * [[Calligraphy]] === Indian === ==== Miniature painting ==== Miniature paintings were the primary form of painting in pre-colonial India. These were done on a special paper (known as wasli) using mineral and natural colours. Miniature painting is not one style but a group of several styles of schools of painting such as Mughal, Pahari, Rajasthani, Company style etc. '''[[Mughal painting|Mughal miniature painting]]''' is a particular style of [[South Asia]]n, particularly North Indian (more specifically, modern day India and Pakistan), painting confined to [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniatures]] either as book illustrations or as single works to be kept in albums ([[muraqqa]]). It emerged<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughal Painting – Evolution & History, Features & Prominent Artists |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/mughal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102715/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/mughal.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net |language=en}}</ref> from [[Persian miniature]] painting (itself partly of [[Chinese painting|Chinese origin]]) and developed in the court of the [[Mughal Empire]] of the 16th to 18th centuries. Mughal painting immediately took a much greater interest in realistic portraiture than was typical of Persian miniatures. Animals and plants were the main subject of many miniatures for albums, and were more realistically depicted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2016 |title=Mughal Painting |url=https://selfstudyhistory.com/2016/08/22/mughal-painting-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102703/https://selfstudyhistory.com/2016/08/22/mughal-painting-2/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Self Study History |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Religions – Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110065723/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml |archive-date=10 November 2010 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website= BBC |date=2009 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughal painting |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Mughal-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.britannica.com/art/Mughal-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Maker unknown, India - Krishna and Radha - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''Krishna and Radha'', might be the work of [[Nihâl Chand]], master of Kishangarh school of Rajput Painting]] '''[[Rajasthani painting]]''' evolved and flourished in the royal courts of [[Rajputana]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rājput painting {{!}} Indian art |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Rajput-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.britannica.com/art/Rajput-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> in northern India, mainly during the 17th century. Artists trained in the tradition of the [[Mughal miniature]] were dispersed from the imperial Mughal court, and developed styles also drawing from local traditions of painting, especially those illustrating the Sanskrit Epics, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]''. Subjects varied, but portraits of the ruling family, often engaged in hunting or their daily activities, were generally popular, as were narrative scenes from the epics or [[Hindu mythology]], as well as some [[Genre painting|genre scenes]] of landscapes, and humans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajput Paintings, Rajput Paintings India, Rajput Painting History |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/rajput.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/rajput.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2012 |title=Rajput painting |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/rajput-painting-1345188164-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122104201/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/rajput-painting-1345188164-1 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Jagran Josh}}</ref> '''Punjab Hills or [[Pahari painting]]''' of which Kangra, Guller, Basholi were major sub-styles. Kangra painting is the pictorial art of [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], named after [[Kangra State|Kangra]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], a former [[princely state]], which patronized the art. It became prevalent with the fading of [[Basohli Painting|Basohli school of painting]] in mid-18th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kāngra painting |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Kangra-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102656/https://www.britannica.com/art/Kangra-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bradnock |first1=Robert W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=pligrim+Dharamshala%22&pg=PA512 |title=Footprint India |last2=Bradnock |first2=Roma |date=2004 |publisher=Footprint |isbn=978-1-904777-00-7 |page=512 |language=en |access-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219034009/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=pligrim+Dharamshala%22&pg=PA512 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The focal theme of Kangra painting is Shringar (the erotic sentiment). The subjects are seen in Kangra painting exhibit the taste and the traits of the lifestyle of the society of that period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2021 |title=Kangra Painting – The Delicate Art of the Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/kangra-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/kangra-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Caleidoscope {{!}} Indian Culture, Heritage |language=en-US}}</ref> The artists adopted themes from the love poetry of [[Jayadeva]] and [[Keshavdas|Keshav Das]] who wrote ecstatically of the love of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] with [[Bhakti]] being the driving force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangra Paintings {{!}} District Kangra, Government of Himachal Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://hpkangra.nic.in/gallery/kangra-paintings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://hpkangra.nic.in/gallery/kangra-paintings/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vijay |date=1 November 2020 |title=How love, war and Mughal fine art inspired Kangra painting |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-love-war-and-mughal-fine-art-inspired-kangra-painting/533500/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-love-war-and-mughal-fine-art-inspired-kangra-painting/533500/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Khan Bahadur Khan with men of his clan (6125079998) cropped.jpg|left|thumb|Khan Bahadur Khan with Men of his Clan, c. 1815, from the Fraser Album, Company Style]]'''Company style''' is a term for a hybrid Indo-European style of paintings made in India by Indian artists, many of whom worked for European patrons in the [[British East India Company]] or other foreign Companies in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company Painting in Nineteenth-Century India &#124; Essay &#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History &#124; the Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220030814/https://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm |archive-date=20 December 2017 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.metmuseum.org|date=October 2004 }}</ref> Three distinct styles of Company Painting emerged in three British Power Centres – [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and [[Madras]]. The subject matter of company paintings made for western patrons was often documentary rather than imaginative, and as a consequence, the Indian artists were required to adopt a more naturalistic approach to painting than had traditionally been usual.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company Paintings – Capturing an Era |url=https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/9__Tavern_Scene-scaled.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/9__Tavern_Scene-scaled.jpg |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Live History India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Victoria and Albert Museum |first=Digital Media |date=16 November 2012 |title=Indian company paintings |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/indian-company-paintings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102700/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/indian-company-paintings/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.vam.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> The '''Sikh style''' and [[Deccan painting|'''Deccan style''']] are other prominent Miniature painting styles of India. ==== Pichwai painting ==== [[Pichhwai|Pichwai paintings]] are paintings on textile and usually depicting stories from the life of Lord Krishna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=The colourful tradition of Indian Pichwai Painting |url=https://indianartspalace.in/the-colorful-tradition-of-indian-pichwai-paintings/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> These were made in large format and often used as a backdrop to the main idol in temples or homes. Pichwai paintings were made and are still made mainly in Rajasthan, India. However very few were made in the Deccan region, but these are extremely rare. The purpose of pichhwais, other than artistic appeal, is to narrate tales of Krishna to the illiterate. Temples have sets with different images, which are changed according to the [[Shrinathji#Festivals and rituals at the temple|calendar of festivals celebrating the deity]].<ref>Blurton, 142-143</ref> ==== Folk and tribal art ==== Pattachitra is a general term for traditional, cloth-based [[scroll]] painting, based in the eastern Indian [[States and territories of India|states]] of [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parampara Project {{!}} Pata Chitra|url=https://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|access-date=22 November 2021|website=www.paramparaproject.org|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219040030/https://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Pattachitra painting tradition is closely linked with the worship of Lord [[Jagannath]] in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daricha Foundation|url=http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|access-date=22 November 2021|website=www.daricha.org|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|url-status=live}}</ref> The subject matter of Pattachitra is limited to religious themes. Patachitra artform is known for its intricate details as well as mythological narratives and folktales inscribed in it. All colours used in the Paintings are natural and paintings are made fully old traditional way by Chitrakaras that is Odiya Painter. Pattachitra style of painting is one of the oldest and most popular art forms of [[Odisha]]. Patachitras are a component of an ancient [[Bengalis|Bengali]] narrative art, originally serving as a visual device during the performance of a song.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2015|title=Myths and Folktales in the Patachitra Art of Bengal: Tradition and Modernity|url=https://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|access-date=22 November 2021|website=The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design|language=en-US|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102700/https://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=15 June 2016|title=Orissa Pattachitra –|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece|access-date=22 November 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=says|first=Conrad Comrie|date=26 April 2017|title=Patachitra: Ancient scroll painting of Bengal|url=https://mediaindia.eu/culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Media India Group|language=en|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122154252/https://mediaindia.eu/culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|url-status=live}}</ref> Madhubani Art is a style of [[Indian painting]], practiced in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of India and Nepal. The style is characterized by complex geometrical patterns, these paintings are famous for representing ritual content used for particular occasions like festivals, religious rituals etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhubani (Mithila) Painting – History, Designs & Artists |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/madhubani.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/madhubani.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net |language=en}}</ref> [[Warli painting|Warli]] is another folk tribal art form from India. ==== Bengal School ==== The Bengal School<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi|url=http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp|access-date=22 November 2021|website=ngmaindia.gov.in|archive-date=22 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022113236/http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> was an [[art movement]] and a style of [[Indian painting]] that originated in [[Bengal]], primarily [[Kolkata]] and [[Shantiniketan]], and flourished throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]], during the [[British Raj]] in the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2022 |title=Bengal School Painting – The transition to Modernism |url=https://indianartspalace.in/bengal-school-painting/ |access-date=10 August 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> The Bengal school arose as an [[avant garde]] and nationalist movement reacting against the [[academic art]] styles previously promoted in India, both by Indian artists such as [[Raja Ravi Varma]] and in British art schools. The school wanted to establish a distinct Indian style which celebrated the indigenous cultural heritage. In an attempt to reject colonial aesthetics, [[Abanindranath Tagore]] also turned to China and Japan with the intent of promoting a pan-Asian aesthetic and incorporated elements from Far Eastern art, such as the [[Ink wash painting|Japanese wash technique]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengal School of Art|url=https://www.artsy.net/gene/bengal-school-of-art|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artsy|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.artsy.net/gene/bengal-school-of-art|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How the Bengal School of Art Changed Colonial India's Art Landscape|url=https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/how-the-bengal-school-of-art-changed-colonial-indias-art-landscape |date=February 27, 2017 |access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artisera|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/how-the-bengal-school-of-art-changed-colonial-indias-art-landscape|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 August 2012|title=Bengal School of Art|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/bengal-school-of-art-1345270637-1|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Jagran Josh|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/bengal-school-of-art-1345270637-1|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Others ==== [[File:Mysore Painting.jpg|left|thumb|upright|19th Century Mysore Painting of Goddess [[Saraswathi]] ]] * Mysore painting is an important form of classical [[South India]]n painting that originated in and around the town of [[Mysore]] in [[Karnataka]] encouraged and nurtured by the Mysore rulers. Mysore paintings are known for their elegance, muted colours, and attention to detail. The themes for most of these paintings are [[Hindu]] gods and goddesses and scenes from [[Hindu mythology]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mysore Paintings {{!}} Buy Mysore School Paintings {{!}} Shop Online at Artisera|url=https://www.artisera.com/collections/mysore-paintings|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artisera|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.artisera.com/collections/mysore-paintings|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Samikshavad]] * [[Tanjore painting|Tanjore]] * [[Kerala mural painting]] === African === * [[Egyptian painting]] * [[Ethiopian painting]] * [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]] === Contemporary art === <!-- It seems that some of the art forms listed here are not painting forms--for example video art --> {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin:auto; width:100%; border:0 solid #e5ffec; background:#=#e5ffec;" |- | style="vertical-align:top; width:17%;"| === 1950s === * [[Abstract Expressionism]] * [[American Figurative Expressionism]] * [[Bay Area Figurative Movement]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[New York Figurative Expressionism]] * [[New York School (art)|New York School]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1960s === * [[Abstract expressionism]] * [[American Figurative Expressionism]] * [[Abstract Imagists]] * [[Bay Area Figurative Movement]] * [[Color field]] * [[Computer art]] * [[Conceptual art]] * [[Fluxus]] * [[Happening]]s * [[Hard-edge painting]] * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] * [[Minimalism]] * [[Neo-figurative]] * [[Neo-Dada]] * [[New York School (art)|New York School]] * [[Nouveau Réalisme]] * [[Op Art]] * [[Performance art]] * [[Pop Art]] * [[Postminimalism]] * [[Washington Color School]] * [[Kinetic art]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1970s === * [[Arte Povera]] * [[Ascii Art]] * [[Bad Painting]] * [[Body art]] * [[Artist's book]] * [[Feminist art]] * [[Installation art]] * [[Land Art]] * [[Lowbrow (art movement)]] * [[Photorealism]] * [[Postminimalism]] * [[Process Art]] * [[Video art]] * [[Funk art]] * [[Pattern and Decoration]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1980s === * [[Appropriation art]] * [[Culture jamming]] * [[Demoscene]] * [[Electronic art]] * [[Figuration Libre]] * [[Graffiti Art]] * [[Live Art (art form)|Live art]] * [[Mail art]] * [[Postmodern art]] * [[Neo-conceptual art]] * [[Neo-expressionism]] * [[Neo-pop]] * [[Sound art]] * [[Transgressive art]] * [[Video installation]] * [[Institutional Critique]] * [[Neogeo (art)|NeoGeo]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 1990s === * [[Bio art]] * [[Cyberarts]] * [[Cynical Realism]] * [[Digital Art]] * [[Information art]] * [[Internet art]] * [[Massurrealism]] * [[Maximalism]] * [[Transpressionism]] * [[New media art]] * [[Software art]] * [[New European Painting]] * [[Young British Artists]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| === 2000s === * [[Digital painting|Digital Painting]] * [[Hyperrealism (visual arts)|Hyperrealism]] * [[Classical Realism]] * [[Relational art]] * [[Street art]] * [[Stuckism]] * [[Superflat]] * [[Pseudorealism]] * [[Videogame art]] * [[Superstroke]] * [[VJ (video performance artist)|VJ art]] * [[Virtual art]] |} == Types of painting == [[File:Bodegón de recipientes (Zurbarán).jpg|thumb|[[Francisco de Zurbarán]], ''Still Life with Pottery Jars'' ({{langx|es|Bodegón de recipientes}}) (1636), oil on canvas, 46 x 84&nbsp;cm, [[Museo del Prado]], [[Madrid]]]] === Allegory === [[Allegory]] is a [[Figurative art|figurative]] [[Mode (literature)|mode]] of representation conveying meaning other than the literal. Allegory communicates its message by means of [[symbol]]ic figures, actions, or symbolic representation. Allegory is generally treated as a figure of [[rhetoric]], but an allegory does not have to be expressed in [[language]]: it may be addressed to the eye and is often found in realistic painting. An example of a simple visual allegory is the image of the [[Personifications of death|grim reaper]]. Viewers understand that the image of the grim reaper is a symbolic representation of death. === Bodegón === [[File:Reza Abbasi - Two Lovers (1630).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Reza Abbasi]], ''Two Lovers'' (1630)]] In [[Spanish art]], a [[bodegón]] is a [[still life]] painting depicting pantry items, such as victuals, game, and drink, often arranged on a simple stone slab, and also a painting with one or more figures, but significant still life elements, typically set in a kitchen or tavern. Starting in the [[Baroque]] period, such paintings became popular in Spain in the second quarter of the 17th century. The tradition of still life painting appears to have started and was far more popular in the contemporary [[Low Countries]], today Belgium and [[Netherlands]] (then Flemish and Dutch artists), than it ever was in [[southern Europe]]. [[Dutch Golden Age painting#Still lifes|Northern still lifes]] had many subgenres: the ''breakfast piece'' was augmented by the ''[[trompe-l'œil]]'', the ''flower bouquet'', and the ''[[vanitas]]''. In Spain, there were much fewer patrons for this sort of thing, but a type of ''breakfast piece'' did become popular, featuring a few objects of food and tableware laid on a table. === Figure painting === A [[figure painting]] is a [[work of art]] in any of the painting media with the primary subject being the human figure, whether clothed or [[Nude (art)|nude]]. Figure painting may also refer to the activity of creating such a work. The human figure has been one of the contrast subjects of art since the first Stone Age cave paintings and has been reinterpreted in various styles throughout history.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Droste|first1=Flip|title=Cave Paintings of the Early Stone Age|journal=Semiotica|date=October 2014|volume=2014|issue=202|pages=155–165|doi=10.1515/sem-2014-0035|s2cid=170631343}}</ref> Some artists well known for figure painting are [[Peter Paul Rubens]], [[Edgar Degas]], and [[Édouard Manet]]. === Illustration painting === [[Illustration]] paintings are those used as illustrations in books, magazines, and theater or movie [[posters]] and comic books. Today, there is a growing interest in collecting and admiring the original artwork. Various museum exhibitions, magazines, and art galleries have devoted space to the illustrators of the past. In the visual art world, illustrators have sometimes been considered less important in comparison with fine artists and [[graphic designer]]s. But as the result of [[computer game]] and comic industry growth, illustrations are becoming valued as popular and profitable artworks that can acquire a wider market than the other two, especially in [[Korea]], Japan, [[Hong Kong]] and the United States. The illustrations of medieval [[codices]] were known as [[Illuminated manuscript|illuminations]], and were individually hand-drawn and painted. With the invention of the [[printing press]] during the 15th century, [[books]] became more widely distributed, and often illustrated with [[woodcuts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What Is an Illuminated Manuscript? |url=https://www.nga.gov/conservation/paper/manuscript-project.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004050635/https://www.nga.gov/conservation/paper/manuscript-project.html |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=National Gallery of Art}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2010 |title=Heavenly Craft: The Woodcut in Early Printed Books |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/heavenlycraft/heavenly-15th.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020234750/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/heavenlycraft/heavenly-15th.html |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> In [[America]], this led to a "golden age of illustration" from before the 1880s until the early 20th century. A small group of illustrators became highly successful, with the imagery they created considered a portrait of American aspirations of the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The R. Atkinson Fox Society: What Was the Golden Age of Illustration? |url=http://www.rafoxsociety.com/what-was-the-golden-age-of-illustration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414063829/http://www.rafoxsociety.com/what-was-the-golden-age-of-illustration/ |archive-date=2015-04-14 |access-date=2015-04-08}}</ref> Among the best-known illustrators of that period were [[N. C. Wyeth|N.C. Wyeth]] and [[Howard Pyle]] of the [[Brandywine School]], [[James Montgomery Flagg]], [[Elizabeth Shippen Green]], [[J. C. Leyendecker]], [[Violet Oakley]], [[Maxfield Parrish]], [[Jessie Willcox Smith]], and [[John Rea Neill]]. In [[France]], on 1905, the Contemporary Book Society commissioned [[Paul Jouve]] to illustrate [[Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book|Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book]]. Paul Jouve will devote ten years to the 130 illustrations of this book which will remain as one of the masterpieces of bibliophilia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Jouve |url=https://www.pauljouve.com/resultats/2021-06-25-sotheby-s-france-128.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215154738/https://www.pauljouve.com/resultats/2021-06-25-sotheby-s-france-128.html |archive-date=2021-12-15 |access-date=2021-12-15}}</ref> === Landscape painting === {{main|Landscape art}} [[File:Andreas Achenbach - Clearing Up—Coast of Sicily - Walters 37116.jpg|left|thumb|[[Andreas Achenbach]], ''Clearing Up, Coast of Sicily'' (1847), [[The Walters Art Museum]]<ref>Achenbach specialized in the "sublime" mode of landscape painting in which man is dwarfed by nature's might and fury.</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]] |url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/19760 |title= Clearing Up—Coast of Sicily |access-date= 18 September 2012 |archive-date= 9 May 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130509233109/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/19760 |url-status= live }}</ref>]] [[Landscape art|Landscape painting]] is a term that covers the depiction of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, lakes, and forests, and especially art where the main subject is a wide view, with its elements arranged into a coherent composition. In other works, landscape backgrounds for figures can still form an important part of the work. The sky is almost always included in the view, and [[weather]] is often an element of the composition. Detailed landscapes as a distinct subject are not found in all artistic traditions and develop when there is already a sophisticated tradition of representing other subjects. The two main traditions spring from [[Western painting]] and [[Chinese art]], going back well over a thousand years in both cases. === Portrait painting === [[File:Abraham Lincoln in the United States Congress by.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ned Bittinger]], ''[[Abraham Lincoln (Bittinger)|Portrait of Abraham Lincoln]] in Congress'' (2004), [[United States Capitol|US Capitol]]]] [[Portrait painting]]s are representations of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, [[Personality type|personality]], and even the mood of the person. The art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially [[Roman sculpture]], where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. One of the best-known portraits in the Western world is [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s painting titled ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', which is thought to be a portrait of [[Lisa del Giocondo|Lisa Gherardini]], the wife of Francesco del Giocondo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |title=Mona Lisa – Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo |publisher=Louvre Museum |date=1503–1519|access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730003620/http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |archive-date=30 July 2014 }}</ref> Warhol was one of the most prolific portrait painters of the 20th century. Warhol's painting ''[[Shot Marilyns|Orange Shot Marilyn]]'' of [[Marilyn Monroe]] is an iconic early example of his work from the 1960s, and [[Prince (painting)|Orange Prince (1984)]] of the pop singer [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] is later example, both exhibiting Warhol's unique graphic style of portraiture.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Andy Warhol Portraits That Changed The World Forever |work=Widewalls |url=https://www.widewalls.ch/10-faces-by-andy-warhol-february-2015/mao-tse-tung-8/ |access-date=2018-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212218/https://www.widewalls.ch/10-faces-by-andy-warhol-february-2015/mao-tse-tung-8/ |archive-date=2018-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Warhol. Marilyn Monroe. 1967 {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/61240 |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts – Andy Warhol Biography |url=http://warholfoundation.org/legacy/biography.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724192941/http://www.warholfoundation.org/legacy/biography.html |archive-date=2010-07-24 |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=warholfoundation.org}}</ref> === Still life === [[File:Otto Marseus van Schrieck - A Forest Floor Still-Life - WGA21061.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Marseus van Schrieck]], ''A Forest Floor Still-Life'' (1666)]] A [[still life]] is a work of [[art]] depicting mostly [[wikt:inanimate|inanimate]] subject matter, typically commonplace objects—which may be either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or human-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so on). With origins in the Middle Ages and Ancient Greek/Roman art, still life paintings give the artist more leeway in the arrangement of design elements within a composition than do paintings of other types of subjects such as [[Landscape art|landscape]] or [[portrait]]ure. Still life paintings, particularly before 1700, often contained religious and allegorical symbolism relating to the objects depicted. Some modern still life breaks the two-dimensional barrier and employs three-dimensional mixed media, and uses found objects, photography, computer graphics, as well as video and sound. === Veduta === A [[veduta]] is a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting of a [[cityscape]] or some other vista. This [[genre]] of [[landscape art|landscape]] originated in [[Flanders]], where artists such as [[Paul Bril]] painted ''vedute'' as early as the 16th century. As the itinerary of the [[Grand Tour]] became somewhat standardized, ''vedute'' of familiar scenes like the Roman Forum or the Grand Canal recalled early ventures to the Continent for aristocratic Englishmen. In the later 19th century, more personal impressions of cityscapes replaced the desire for topographical accuracy, which was satisfied instead by painted [[panorama]]s. == See also == {{Portal|Visual arts|Painting}} * [[20th-century Western painting]] * [[Cobweb painting]] * [[Drawing]] * [[Fine art]] * [[Graphic arts]] * [[Index of painting-related articles]] * [[List of most expensive paintings]] * [[Outline of painting]] * [[Performance art]] * [[Business process outsourcing in China#Painting|Painting outsourcing in China]] * [[Visual arts]] * [[Image]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Painting}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|painting}} {{Wikisource|Portal:Painting}} * Howard Daniel (1971). ''Encyclopedia of Themes and Subjects in Painting: Mythological, Biblical, Historical, Literary, Allegorical, and Topical''. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc. * W. Stanley Taft Jr. and James W. Mayer (2000). ''The Science of Paintings''. Springer-Verlag. {{Art world}} {{Branches of the visual arts}} {{Humanities}} {{Aesthetics}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:مصوري]] [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:فنون]] [[زمرو:بصري فنون]] [[زمرو:فن جا ڪم]] [[زمرو:مصوري جون ٽيڪنڪون]] cfebpfx6r2zj9wtwq6k0alc3yg6hx6n 0 63176 376092 213816 2026-05-05T22:43:41Z KaleemBot 10779 خودڪار: [[زمرو:مردانہ صحت]] جو اضافو 376092 wikitext text/x-wiki [[فائل:Pompeya erótica6.jpg|thumb|پيپيپزم جي حالت ۾ اُٿيل لن]] '''پرائيپزم''' ({{lang-en|Priapism}}) هڪ اهڙي حالت آهي، جنهن ۾ جنسي اڀار (stimulation) جي غيرموجودگي ۾ يا جنسي اڀار جي ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، مرداڻو ٽپڙ (آلت) لڳاتار ڪلاڪ تائين اُٿيل (اُڀو) رهندو آهي، جيڪو ڏاڍو سور وارو هوندو آهي. ان جا ٽي قسم آهن: اسڪيمڪ ischemic (گهٽ-وهڪرو)، نان سڪيميڪ nonischemic (تيز-وهڪرو)، ۽ بار بار ڪيل اسڪيميمڪ (وقفي وقفي سان). اڪثر حالتون اسڪيمڪ آهن. اسڪيمڪ پريپزم عام طور تي ڏکوئيندڙ آهي جڏهن ته نان اسڪيميڪ پريپزمزم ناهي ٿيندو. اسڪيميڪ پريپزمزم ۾، گهڻو ڪري لن (پنيس) سخت هوندو آهي؛ بهرحال، گلين سطح تي نه آهي. نان اسڪيميڪ پريپزمزم ۾، سمورو لن رڳو ڪجهه سخت هوندو آهي. عورتن ۾، ڪليٽوريل پيريپزم تمام گهٽ ٿيندو آهي ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[نامردي]] * == حوالا == {{حوالا|2}} [[زمرو:لن جا بگاڙ]] [[زمرو:مردانہ صحت]] q7le5tfqhqc4w1l4m7uqi18rgvwtnmu 828 70307 376073 286000 2026-05-05T20:17:13Z Intisar Ali 8681 376073 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ /* Geographical coordinates defaults. 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پراڻو بابلي اڪادي: 𒄩𒄠𒈬𒊏; 1810 ق.م - 1750 ق.م)، جنهن کي هموراپي به چيو ويندو آهي، [[بابل]] جو ڇهون اموري بادشاهه هو، جيڪو تقريباً 1792 کان 1750 ق.م تائين حڪومت ڪندو رهيو. هن کان اڳ سندس پيءُ، سن-مبلط هو، جنهن خراب صحت جي ڪري تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو. پنهنجي حڪومت دوران، هن لارسا، اشننا ۽ ماري جي شهري رياستن کي فتح ڪيو. هن اشوريه جي بادشاهه اشمي-داگان پهرين کي هٽائي ڇڏيو ۽ هنجي پٽ مت-اشڪور کي خراج ادا ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪيو، جنهن سان تقريبن سڄو [[ميسوپوٽيميا]] بابلي حڪمراني هيٺ اچي ويو. حمورابي پنهنجي قانون جي ضابطي (Hammurabi Code) کي جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ مشهور آهي، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي انصاف جي بابلي ديوتا شمش کان هڪ وحي هو. اڳوڻي سميري قانون جي ضابطن جي برعڪس، جهڙوڪ ار-نامو جو ضابطو، جيڪو جرم جي متاثر کي معاوضو ڏيڻ تي ڌيان ڏئي رهيو هو، حمورابي جو قانون پهرين قانون جي ضابطن مان هڪ هو جنهن مجرم جي جسماني سزا تي وڌيڪ زور ڏنو. ان هر جرم لاءِ مخصوص سزا مقرر ڪئي ۽ معصوميت جي مفروضي کي قائم ڪرڻ لاءِ پهرين ضابطن مان هڪ آهي. انهن جو مقصد اهو هو ته هڪ ظالم شخص کي بدلو وٺڻ ۾ ڇا ڪرڻ جي اجازت هئي ان کي محدود ڪيو وڃي. حمورابي جي ضابطي ۽ تورات ۾ موسيٰ جي قانون ۾ ڪيتريون ئي هڪجهڙائيون آهن. حمورابي کي ڪيترن ئي ماڻهن پنهنجي زندگي ۾ هڪ ديوتا طور ڏٺو. سندس موت کان پوءِ، حمورابي کي هڪ عظيم فاتح طور احترام ڪيو ويو جنهن تهذيب پکيڙي ۽ سڀني ماڻهن کي بابلي جي قومي ديوتا مردوڪ جي تعظيم ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. بعد ۾، سندس فوجي ڪاميابين تي زور گهٽجي ويو ۽ مثالي قانون ساز جي حيثيت سان سندس ڪردار سندس ورثي جو بنيادي پهلو بڻجي ويو. بعد ۾ ميسوپوٽيميا جي ماڻهن لاءِ، حمورابي جو دور دراز ماضي ۾ ٿيندڙ سڀني واقعن لاءِ حوالو جو فريم بڻجي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ هن جي ٺاهيل سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ به، هو اڃا تائين هڪ ماڊل حڪمران جي حيثيت سان عزت ڪئي ويندي هئي، ۽ ويجهي اوڀر جي ڪيترن ئي بادشاهن هن کي پنهنجي ڏاڏي جي حيثيت سان دعويٰ ڪئي. حمورابي کي 19 صدي جي آخر ۾ آثار قديمه جي ماهرن پاران ٻيهر دريافت ڪيو ويو ۽ ان کان پوءِ قانون جي تاريخ ۾ هڪ اهم شخصيت طور ڏٺو ويو آهي. سندس پٽ سامسو-الونا سندس جانشين ٿيو، پر پنهنجي ٺاهيل سلطنت کي برقرار رکڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. ==تاريخ== ==حڪومت ۽ فتحون== == زندگي == ==خاندان== ==شاهي طاقت ۽ حڪومت== ==الهي دنيا سان لاڳاپا== ==فتحن جو انتظام ۽ شاهي ڊومين== ==انصاف ۽ قانون== ==جنگون ۽ فوج سفارتي سرگرميون== ==وڏا عوامي ڪم== ==سياسي شخصيت ۽ صلاحيتون== ==سياسي اثر ۽ ورثو== ==قانون ۽ نتيجا== ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== ==ڪتابيات== == قانون جو ضابطو == == ورثو == ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== [[زمرو:حمورابي]] [[زمرو:اموري خاندان]] [[زمرو:بابلي بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:بابل جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:ميسوپوٽيميا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:اموري خاندان جو بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:بابل جو اموري خاندان جو بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:18 صدي قبل مسيح جو بابلي بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:18 صدي قبل مسيح ۾ موت]] [[زمرو:اهو شخص جنهن هڪ قانون کي پنهنجو نالو ڏنو]] ntsbdwv99xcr0w5x1yj4kfqcew188x2 376066 376034 2026-05-05T19:07:47Z Ibne maryam 17680 376066 wikitext text/x-wiki '''حمورابي''' (<small>Hammurabi</small>; اڪادي ٻولي: <small>𒄩𒄠𒈬𒊏؛ 1810 ق.م - 1750 ق.م</small>)، جن کي '''هموراپي''' به چيو ويندو آهي، [[بابل]] جو ڇهون اموري بادشاهه هو، جيڪو تقريباً <small>1792</small> کان <small>1750</small> ق.م تائين حڪومت ڪندو رهيو. هن کان اڳ سندس پيءُ، سن-مبلط هو، جنهن خراب صحت جي ڪري تخت کان دستبردار ٿي ويو. پنهنجي حڪومت دوران، هن لارسا، اشنانا ۽ ماري جي شهري رياستن کي فتح ڪيو. هن اشوريه جي بادشاهه اشمي-دگان پهرين کي هٽائي ڇڏيو ۽ هنجي پٽ مت-اشڪر کي خراج ادا ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪيو، جن سان لڳ ڀڳ سڄو [[ميسوپوٽيميا]] بابلي حڪمراني هيٺ اچي ويو. [[حمورابي جو قانون|حمورابي پنهنجي قانون جي ضابطي]] (<small>Hammurabi</small> <small>Code</small>) کي جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ مشهور آهي، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي انصاف جي بابلي ديوتا شاماش کان هڪ وحي هو. اڳوڻي سميري قانون جي ضابطن جي برعڪس، جهڙوڪ ار-نامو جو ضابطو، جيڪو جرم جي متاثر کي معاوضو ڏيڻ تي ڌيان ڏئي رهيو هو، حمورابي جو قانون پهرين قانون جي ضابطن مان هڪ هو جنهن مجرم جي جسماني سزا تي وڌيڪ زور ڏنو. ان هر جرم لاءِ مخصوص سزا مقرر ڪئي ۽ اها معصوميت جي مفروضي کي قائم ڪرڻ لاءِ پهرين ضابطن مان هڪ آهي. انهن جو مقصد اهو هو ته هڪ ظالم شخص کان بدلو وٺڻ ۾ ڇا ڪرڻ جي اجازت هئي، ان کي محدود ڪيو وڃي. حمورابي جي ضابطي ۽ [[توريت|تورات]] ۾ [[موسيٰ]] جي قانون ۾ ڪيتريون ئي هڪجهڙائيون آهن. حمورابي کي ڪيترن ئي ماڻهن پنهنجي زندگي ۾ هڪ ديوتا طور ڏٺو. سندس موت کان پوءِ، حمورابي کي هڪ عظيم فاتح طور احترام ڪيو ويو جنهن تهذيب پکيڙي ۽ سڀني ماڻهن کي بابل جي قومي ديوتا مردوڪ جي تعظيم ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. بعد ۾، سندس فوجي ڪاميابين تي زور گهٽجي ويو ۽ مثالي قانون ساز جي حيثيت سان سندس ڪردار سندس ورثي جو بنيادي پهلو بڻجي ويو. بعد ۾ ميسوپوٽيميا جي ماڻهن لاءِ، حمورابي جو دور دراز ماضي ۾ ٿيندڙ سڀني واقعن لاءِ حوالو جو فريم بڻجي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ هن جي ٺاهيل سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ به، انهن جي اڃا تائين هڪ ماڊل حڪمران جي حيثيت سان عزت ڪئي ويندي هئي ۽ ويجهي اوڀر جا ڪيترا ئي بادشاهه هن کي پنهنجي ڏاڏي جي حيثيت سان دعويٰ ڪيا. حمورابي کي 19 صدي جي آخر ۾ آثار قديمه جي ماهرن پاران ٻيهر دريافت ڪيو ويو ۽ ان کان پوءِ قانون جي تاريخ ۾ هڪ اهم شخصيت طور ڏٺو ويو آهي. سندس پٽ سامسو-الونا سندس جانشين ٿيو، پر پنهنجي ٺاهيل سلطنت کي برقرار رکڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. ==تاريخ== ==حڪومت ۽ فتحون== == زندگي == ==خاندان== ==شاهي طاقت ۽ حڪومت== ==الهي دنيا سان لاڳاپا== ==فتحن جو انتظام ۽ شاهي ڊومين== ==انصاف ۽ قانون== ==جنگون ۽ فوج سفارتي سرگرميون== ==وڏا عوامي ڪم== ==سياسي شخصيت ۽ صلاحيتون== ==سياسي اثر ۽ ورثو== ==قانون ۽ نتيجا== ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== ==ڪتابيات== == قانون جو ضابطو == == ورثو == ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== [[زمرو:حمورابي]] [[زمرو:اموري خاندان]] [[زمرو:بابلي بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:بابل جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:ميسوپوٽيميا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:اموري خاندان جو بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:بابل جو اموري خاندان جو بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:18 صدي قبل مسيح جو بابلي بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:18 صدي قبل مسيح ۾ موت]] [[زمرو:اهو شخص جنهن هڪ قانون کي پنهنجو نالو ڏنو]] gxuksoakg15jyvt7rljcenj7o6mxvxw 376067 376066 2026-05-05T19:10:16Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* اشتقاق */ 376067 wikitext text/x-wiki '''حمورابي''' (<small>Hammurabi</small>; اڪادي ٻولي: <small>𒄩𒄠𒈬𒊏؛ 1810 ق.م - 1750 ق.م</small>)، جن کي '''هموراپي''' به چيو ويندو آهي، [[بابل]] جو ڇهون اموري بادشاهه هو، جيڪو تقريباً <small>1792</small> کان <small>1750</small> ق.م تائين حڪومت ڪندو رهيو. هن کان اڳ سندس پيءُ، سن-مبلط هو، جنهن خراب صحت جي ڪري تخت کان دستبردار ٿي ويو. پنهنجي حڪومت دوران، هن لارسا، اشنانا ۽ ماري جي شهري رياستن کي فتح ڪيو. هن اشوريه جي بادشاهه اشمي-دگان پهرين کي هٽائي ڇڏيو ۽ هنجي پٽ مت-اشڪر کي خراج ادا ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪيو، جن سان لڳ ڀڳ سڄو [[ميسوپوٽيميا]] بابلي حڪمراني هيٺ اچي ويو. [[حمورابي جو قانون|حمورابي پنهنجي قانون جي ضابطي]] (<small>Hammurabi</small> <small>Code</small>) کي جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ مشهور آهي، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي انصاف جي بابلي ديوتا شاماش کان هڪ وحي هو. اڳوڻي سميري قانون جي ضابطن جي برعڪس، جهڙوڪ ار-نامو جو ضابطو، جيڪو جرم جي متاثر کي معاوضو ڏيڻ تي ڌيان ڏئي رهيو هو، حمورابي جو قانون پهرين قانون جي ضابطن مان هڪ هو جنهن مجرم جي جسماني سزا تي وڌيڪ زور ڏنو. ان هر جرم لاءِ مخصوص سزا مقرر ڪئي ۽ اها معصوميت جي مفروضي کي قائم ڪرڻ لاءِ پهرين ضابطن مان هڪ آهي. انهن جو مقصد اهو هو ته هڪ ظالم شخص کان بدلو وٺڻ ۾ ڇا ڪرڻ جي اجازت هئي، ان کي محدود ڪيو وڃي. حمورابي جي ضابطي ۽ [[توريت|تورات]] ۾ [[موسيٰ]] جي قانون ۾ ڪيتريون ئي هڪجهڙائيون آهن. حمورابي کي ڪيترن ئي ماڻهن پنهنجي زندگي ۾ هڪ ديوتا طور ڏٺو. سندس موت کان پوءِ، حمورابي کي هڪ عظيم فاتح طور احترام ڪيو ويو جنهن تهذيب پکيڙي ۽ سڀني ماڻهن کي بابل جي قومي ديوتا مردوڪ جي تعظيم ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. بعد ۾، سندس فوجي ڪاميابين تي زور گهٽجي ويو ۽ مثالي قانون ساز جي حيثيت سان سندس ڪردار سندس ورثي جو بنيادي پهلو بڻجي ويو. بعد ۾ ميسوپوٽيميا جي ماڻهن لاءِ، حمورابي جو دور دراز ماضي ۾ ٿيندڙ سڀني واقعن لاءِ حوالو جو فريم بڻجي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ هن جي ٺاهيل سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ به، انهن جي اڃا تائين هڪ ماڊل حڪمران جي حيثيت سان عزت ڪئي ويندي هئي ۽ ويجهي اوڀر جا ڪيترا ئي بادشاهه هن کي پنهنجي ڏاڏي جي حيثيت سان دعويٰ ڪيا. حمورابي کي 19 صدي جي آخر ۾ آثار قديمه جي ماهرن پاران ٻيهر دريافت ڪيو ويو ۽ ان کان پوءِ قانون جي تاريخ ۾ هڪ اهم شخصيت طور ڏٺو ويو آهي. سندس پٽ سامسو-الونا سندس جانشين ٿيو، پر پنهنجي ٺاهيل سلطنت کي برقرار رکڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. ==اشتقاق== {{double image verticale|right|Hammurabi name BM91076.jpg|Hammurabi name BM12815.png|200|Le nom de Hammurabi écrit en signes [[Écriture cunéiforme|cunéiformes]] (ḫa-am-mu-ra-bi) dans des documents de son règne : copies d'une inscription de fondation provenant de [[Larsa]] (haut, graphie archaïsante)<ref>L. W. King, ''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum: Plates'', 1905, pl. 45</ref> et d'une de ses lettres de Larsa (bas, graphie courante)<ref>L. W. King, ''The Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi'', 1898, no2 obverse.</ref>.}} Le sens du nom Hammurabi est discuté{{sfn|Charpin|2003|p=44}}{{,}}{{sfn|Van De Mieroop|2005|p=2-3}}. La traduction la plus courante est en [[amorrite]] ou en [[akkadien]], l'« aïeul est grand », ''Ḫammu-rabi'', décomposé en ''ḫammu(m)'' ou ''ʿammu'' « aïeul » et ''rabi'', « grand », « être grand ». Une lecture alternative, en amorrite, traduit le nom par l'« aïeul guérit », ''ʿAmmu-rāpiʾ''. M. Streck traduit de son côté ''ʿammu'' par « oncle paternel », ce qu'il interprète comme une référence à une divinité protectrice{{sfn|Michalowski|Streck|2017|p=384-385}}. Ce nom est porté par des rois contemporains de Hammurabi, le plus important étant {{noble|Hammurabi Ier d'Alep|-}} du [[Yamhad]] ([[Alep]]), et par d'autres rois [[amorrites]] de Syrie ayant régné par la suite{{sfn|Charpin|2004|p=395}}. En effet, il est courant chez les Amorrites qu'un homme ayant le rang de chef porte un nom qui fait référence à ses ancêtres, car le rattachement à une lignée et la continuité dynastique sont essentiels pour sa légitimité<ref name=sdb320>{{Chapitre| langue = fr| prénom1 = Jean-Marie| nom1 = Durand|titre= Tell Hariri : Textes. V. I. Les nomades | auteurs ouvrage= Jacques Briend et Claude Tassin (dir.)| titre ouvrage=Supplément au Dictionnaire de la Bible vol. 14|éditeur= Letouzey & Ané| année =2009 }}, col. 320.</ref>. ==تاريخ== ==حڪومت ۽ فتحون== == زندگي == ==خاندان== ==شاهي طاقت ۽ حڪومت== ==الهي دنيا سان لاڳاپا== ==فتحن جو انتظام ۽ شاهي ڊومين== ==انصاف ۽ قانون== ==جنگون ۽ فوج سفارتي سرگرميون== ==وڏا عوامي ڪم== ==سياسي شخصيت ۽ صلاحيتون== ==سياسي اثر ۽ ورثو== ==قانون ۽ نتيجا== ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== ==ڪتابيات== == قانون جو ضابطو == == ورثو == ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== [[زمرو:حمورابي]] [[زمرو:اموري خاندان]] [[زمرو:بابلي بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:بابل جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:ميسوپوٽيميا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:اموري خاندان جو بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:بابل جو اموري خاندان جو بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:18 صدي قبل مسيح جو بابلي بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:18 صدي قبل مسيح ۾ موت]] [[زمرو:اهو شخص جنهن هڪ قانون کي پنهنجو نالو ڏنو]] a74azn49ecosolscvgatuttjue7ry4k 376068 376067 2026-05-05T19:12:36Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* اشتقاق */ 376068 wikitext text/x-wiki '''حمورابي''' (<small>Hammurabi</small>; اڪادي ٻولي: <small>𒄩𒄠𒈬𒊏؛ 1810 ق.م - 1750 ق.م</small>)، جن کي '''هموراپي''' به چيو ويندو آهي، [[بابل]] جو ڇهون اموري بادشاهه هو، جيڪو تقريباً <small>1792</small> کان <small>1750</small> ق.م تائين حڪومت ڪندو رهيو. هن کان اڳ سندس پيءُ، سن-مبلط هو، جنهن خراب صحت جي ڪري تخت کان دستبردار ٿي ويو. پنهنجي حڪومت دوران، هن لارسا، اشنانا ۽ ماري جي شهري رياستن کي فتح ڪيو. هن اشوريه جي بادشاهه اشمي-دگان پهرين کي هٽائي ڇڏيو ۽ هنجي پٽ مت-اشڪر کي خراج ادا ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪيو، جن سان لڳ ڀڳ سڄو [[ميسوپوٽيميا]] بابلي حڪمراني هيٺ اچي ويو. [[حمورابي جو قانون|حمورابي پنهنجي قانون جي ضابطي]] (<small>Hammurabi</small> <small>Code</small>) کي جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ مشهور آهي، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي انصاف جي بابلي ديوتا شاماش کان هڪ وحي هو. اڳوڻي سميري قانون جي ضابطن جي برعڪس، جهڙوڪ ار-نامو جو ضابطو، جيڪو جرم جي متاثر کي معاوضو ڏيڻ تي ڌيان ڏئي رهيو هو، حمورابي جو قانون پهرين قانون جي ضابطن مان هڪ هو جنهن مجرم جي جسماني سزا تي وڌيڪ زور ڏنو. ان هر جرم لاءِ مخصوص سزا مقرر ڪئي ۽ اها معصوميت جي مفروضي کي قائم ڪرڻ لاءِ پهرين ضابطن مان هڪ آهي. انهن جو مقصد اهو هو ته هڪ ظالم شخص کان بدلو وٺڻ ۾ ڇا ڪرڻ جي اجازت هئي، ان کي محدود ڪيو وڃي. حمورابي جي ضابطي ۽ [[توريت|تورات]] ۾ [[موسيٰ]] جي قانون ۾ ڪيتريون ئي هڪجهڙائيون آهن. حمورابي کي ڪيترن ئي ماڻهن پنهنجي زندگي ۾ هڪ ديوتا طور ڏٺو. سندس موت کان پوءِ، حمورابي کي هڪ عظيم فاتح طور احترام ڪيو ويو جنهن تهذيب پکيڙي ۽ سڀني ماڻهن کي بابل جي قومي ديوتا مردوڪ جي تعظيم ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. بعد ۾، سندس فوجي ڪاميابين تي زور گهٽجي ويو ۽ مثالي قانون ساز جي حيثيت سان سندس ڪردار سندس ورثي جو بنيادي پهلو بڻجي ويو. بعد ۾ ميسوپوٽيميا جي ماڻهن لاءِ، حمورابي جو دور دراز ماضي ۾ ٿيندڙ سڀني واقعن لاءِ حوالو جو فريم بڻجي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ هن جي ٺاهيل سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ به، انهن جي اڃا تائين هڪ ماڊل حڪمران جي حيثيت سان عزت ڪئي ويندي هئي ۽ ويجهي اوڀر جا ڪيترا ئي بادشاهه هن کي پنهنجي ڏاڏي جي حيثيت سان دعويٰ ڪيا. حمورابي کي 19 صدي جي آخر ۾ آثار قديمه جي ماهرن پاران ٻيهر دريافت ڪيو ويو ۽ ان کان پوءِ قانون جي تاريخ ۾ هڪ اهم شخصيت طور ڏٺو ويو آهي. سندس پٽ سامسو-الونا سندس جانشين ٿيو، پر پنهنجي ٺاهيل سلطنت کي برقرار رکڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. ==اشتقاق== {{double image verticale|right| [[File:Hammurabi name BM91076.jpg|thumb|<br>]] [[File:Hammurabi name BM12815.png|Le nom de Hammurabi écrit en signes [[Écriture cunéiforme|cunéiformes]] (ḫa-am-mu-ra-bi) dans des documents de son règne : copies d'une inscription de fondation provenant de [[Larsa]] (haut, graphie archaïsante)<ref>L. W. King, ''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum: Plates'', 1905, pl. 45</ref> et d'une de ses lettres de Larsa (bas, graphie courante)<ref>L. W. King, ''The Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi'', 1898, no2 obverse.</ref>.}} Le sens du nom Hammurabi est discuté{{sfn|Charpin|2003|p=44}}{{,}}{{sfn|Van De Mieroop|2005|p=2-3}}. La traduction la plus courante est en [[amorrite]] ou en [[akkadien]], l'« aïeul est grand », ''Ḫammu-rabi'', décomposé en ''ḫammu(m)'' ou ''ʿammu'' « aïeul » et ''rabi'', « grand », « être grand ». Une lecture alternative, en amorrite, traduit le nom par l'« aïeul guérit », ''ʿAmmu-rāpiʾ''. M. Streck traduit de son côté ''ʿammu'' par « oncle paternel », ce qu'il interprète comme une référence à une divinité protectrice{{sfn|Michalowski|Streck|2017|p=384-385}}. Ce nom est porté par des rois contemporains de Hammurabi, le plus important étant {{noble|Hammurabi Ier d'Alep|-}} du [[Yamhad]] ([[Alep]]), et par d'autres rois [[amorrites]] de Syrie ayant régné par la suite{{sfn|Charpin|2004|p=395}}. En effet, il est courant chez les Amorrites qu'un homme ayant le rang de chef porte un nom qui fait référence à ses ancêtres, car le rattachement à une lignée et la continuité dynastique sont essentiels pour sa légitimité<ref name=sdb320>{{Chapitre| langue = fr| prénom1 = Jean-Marie| nom1 = Durand|titre= Tell Hariri : Textes. V. I. Les nomades | auteurs ouvrage= Jacques Briend et Claude Tassin (dir.)| titre ouvrage=Supplément au Dictionnaire de la Bible vol. 14|éditeur= Letouzey & Ané| année =2009 }}, col. 320.</ref>. ==تاريخ== ==حڪومت ۽ فتحون== == زندگي == ==خاندان== ==شاهي طاقت ۽ حڪومت== ==الهي دنيا سان لاڳاپا== ==فتحن جو انتظام ۽ شاهي ڊومين== ==انصاف ۽ قانون== ==جنگون ۽ فوج سفارتي سرگرميون== ==وڏا عوامي ڪم== ==سياسي شخصيت ۽ صلاحيتون== ==سياسي اثر ۽ ورثو== ==قانون ۽ نتيجا== ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== ==ڪتابيات== == قانون جو ضابطو == == ورثو == ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== [[زمرو:حمورابي]] [[زمرو:اموري خاندان]] [[زمرو:بابلي بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:بابل جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:ميسوپوٽيميا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:اموري خاندان جو بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:بابل جو اموري خاندان جو بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:18 صدي قبل مسيح جو بابلي بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:18 صدي قبل مسيح ۾ موت]] [[زمرو:اهو شخص جنهن هڪ قانون کي پنهنجو نالو ڏنو]] 3m9q810gs33t61m6ei072cttwzv2lzy 376069 376068 2026-05-05T19:13:15Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* اشتقاق */ 376069 wikitext text/x-wiki '''حمورابي''' (<small>Hammurabi</small>; اڪادي ٻولي: <small>𒄩𒄠𒈬𒊏؛ 1810 ق.م - 1750 ق.م</small>)، جن کي '''هموراپي''' به چيو ويندو آهي، [[بابل]] جو ڇهون اموري بادشاهه هو، جيڪو تقريباً <small>1792</small> کان <small>1750</small> ق.م تائين حڪومت ڪندو رهيو. هن کان اڳ سندس پيءُ، سن-مبلط هو، جنهن خراب صحت جي ڪري تخت کان دستبردار ٿي ويو. پنهنجي حڪومت دوران، هن لارسا، اشنانا ۽ ماري جي شهري رياستن کي فتح ڪيو. هن اشوريه جي بادشاهه اشمي-دگان پهرين کي هٽائي ڇڏيو ۽ هنجي پٽ مت-اشڪر کي خراج ادا ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪيو، جن سان لڳ ڀڳ سڄو [[ميسوپوٽيميا]] بابلي حڪمراني هيٺ اچي ويو. [[حمورابي جو قانون|حمورابي پنهنجي قانون جي ضابطي]] (<small>Hammurabi</small> <small>Code</small>) کي جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ مشهور آهي، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي انصاف جي بابلي ديوتا شاماش کان هڪ وحي هو. اڳوڻي سميري قانون جي ضابطن جي برعڪس، جهڙوڪ ار-نامو جو ضابطو، جيڪو جرم جي متاثر کي معاوضو ڏيڻ تي ڌيان ڏئي رهيو هو، حمورابي جو قانون پهرين قانون جي ضابطن مان هڪ هو جنهن مجرم جي جسماني سزا تي وڌيڪ زور ڏنو. ان هر جرم لاءِ مخصوص سزا مقرر ڪئي ۽ اها معصوميت جي مفروضي کي قائم ڪرڻ لاءِ پهرين ضابطن مان هڪ آهي. انهن جو مقصد اهو هو ته هڪ ظالم شخص کان بدلو وٺڻ ۾ ڇا ڪرڻ جي اجازت هئي، ان کي محدود ڪيو وڃي. حمورابي جي ضابطي ۽ [[توريت|تورات]] ۾ [[موسيٰ]] جي قانون ۾ ڪيتريون ئي هڪجهڙائيون آهن. حمورابي کي ڪيترن ئي ماڻهن پنهنجي زندگي ۾ هڪ ديوتا طور ڏٺو. سندس موت کان پوءِ، حمورابي کي هڪ عظيم فاتح طور احترام ڪيو ويو جنهن تهذيب پکيڙي ۽ سڀني ماڻهن کي بابل جي قومي ديوتا مردوڪ جي تعظيم ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. بعد ۾، سندس فوجي ڪاميابين تي زور گهٽجي ويو ۽ مثالي قانون ساز جي حيثيت سان سندس ڪردار سندس ورثي جو بنيادي پهلو بڻجي ويو. بعد ۾ ميسوپوٽيميا جي ماڻهن لاءِ، حمورابي جو دور دراز ماضي ۾ ٿيندڙ سڀني واقعن لاءِ حوالو جو فريم بڻجي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ هن جي ٺاهيل سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ به، انهن جي اڃا تائين هڪ ماڊل حڪمران جي حيثيت سان عزت ڪئي ويندي هئي ۽ ويجهي اوڀر جا ڪيترا ئي بادشاهه هن کي پنهنجي ڏاڏي جي حيثيت سان دعويٰ ڪيا. حمورابي کي 19 صدي جي آخر ۾ آثار قديمه جي ماهرن پاران ٻيهر دريافت ڪيو ويو ۽ ان کان پوءِ قانون جي تاريخ ۾ هڪ اهم شخصيت طور ڏٺو ويو آهي. سندس پٽ سامسو-الونا سندس جانشين ٿيو، پر پنهنجي ٺاهيل سلطنت کي برقرار رکڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. ==اشتقاق== {{double image verticale|right| [[File:Hammurabi name BM91076.jpg|thumb|<br>]] [[File:Hammurabi name BM12815.png|Le nom de Hammurabi écrit en signes [[Écriture cunéiforme|cunéiformes]] (ḫa-am-mu-ra-bi) dans des documents de son règne : copies d'une inscription de fondation provenant de [[Larsa]] (haut, graphie archaïsante)<ref>L. W. King, ''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum: Plates'', 1905, pl. 45</ref> et d'une de ses lettres de Larsa (bas, graphie courante)<ref>L. W. King, ''The Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi'', 1898, no2 obverse.</ref>.}}]] Le sens du nom Hammurabi est discuté{{sfn|Charpin|2003|p=44}}{{,}}{{sfn|Van De Mieroop|2005|p=2-3}}. La traduction la plus courante est en [[amorrite]] ou en [[akkadien]], l'« aïeul est grand », ''Ḫammu-rabi'', décomposé en ''ḫammu(m)'' ou ''ʿammu'' « aïeul » et ''rabi'', « grand », « être grand ». Une lecture alternative, en amorrite, traduit le nom par l'« aïeul guérit », ''ʿAmmu-rāpiʾ''. M. Streck traduit de son côté ''ʿammu'' par « oncle paternel », ce qu'il interprète comme une référence à une divinité protectrice{{sfn|Michalowski|Streck|2017|p=384-385}}. Ce nom est porté par des rois contemporains de Hammurabi, le plus important étant {{noble|Hammurabi Ier d'Alep|-}} du [[Yamhad]] ([[Alep]]), et par d'autres rois [[amorrites]] de Syrie ayant régné par la suite{{sfn|Charpin|2004|p=395}}. En effet, il est courant chez les Amorrites qu'un homme ayant le rang de chef porte un nom qui fait référence à ses ancêtres, car le rattachement à une lignée et la continuité dynastique sont essentiels pour sa légitimité<ref name=sdb320>{{Chapitre| langue = fr| prénom1 = Jean-Marie| nom1 = Durand|titre= Tell Hariri : Textes. V. I. Les nomades | auteurs ouvrage= Jacques Briend et Claude Tassin (dir.)| titre ouvrage=Supplément au Dictionnaire de la Bible vol. 14|éditeur= Letouzey & Ané| année =2009 }}, col. 320.</ref>. ==تاريخ== ==حڪومت ۽ فتحون== == زندگي == ==خاندان== ==شاهي طاقت ۽ حڪومت== ==الهي دنيا سان لاڳاپا== ==فتحن جو انتظام ۽ شاهي ڊومين== ==انصاف ۽ قانون== ==جنگون ۽ فوج سفارتي سرگرميون== ==وڏا عوامي ڪم== ==سياسي شخصيت ۽ صلاحيتون== ==سياسي اثر ۽ ورثو== ==قانون ۽ نتيجا== ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== ==ڪتابيات== == قانون جو ضابطو == == ورثو == ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== [[زمرو:حمورابي]] [[زمرو:اموري خاندان]] [[زمرو:بابلي بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:بابل جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:ميسوپوٽيميا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:اموري خاندان جو بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:بابل جو اموري خاندان جو بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:18 صدي قبل مسيح جو بابلي بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:18 صدي قبل مسيح ۾ موت]] [[زمرو:اهو شخص جنهن هڪ قانون کي پنهنجو نالو ڏنو]] mqt82ql136z4qky6k72p2etemgcrnaa 376070 376069 2026-05-05T19:13:44Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* اشتقاق */ 376070 wikitext text/x-wiki '''حمورابي''' (<small>Hammurabi</small>; اڪادي ٻولي: <small>𒄩𒄠𒈬𒊏؛ 1810 ق.م - 1750 ق.م</small>)، جن کي '''هموراپي''' به چيو ويندو آهي، [[بابل]] جو ڇهون اموري بادشاهه هو، جيڪو تقريباً <small>1792</small> کان <small>1750</small> ق.م تائين حڪومت ڪندو رهيو. هن کان اڳ سندس پيءُ، سن-مبلط هو، جنهن خراب صحت جي ڪري تخت کان دستبردار ٿي ويو. پنهنجي حڪومت دوران، هن لارسا، اشنانا ۽ ماري جي شهري رياستن کي فتح ڪيو. هن اشوريه جي بادشاهه اشمي-دگان پهرين کي هٽائي ڇڏيو ۽ هنجي پٽ مت-اشڪر کي خراج ادا ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪيو، جن سان لڳ ڀڳ سڄو [[ميسوپوٽيميا]] بابلي حڪمراني هيٺ اچي ويو. [[حمورابي جو قانون|حمورابي پنهنجي قانون جي ضابطي]] (<small>Hammurabi</small> <small>Code</small>) کي جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ مشهور آهي، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي انصاف جي بابلي ديوتا شاماش کان هڪ وحي هو. اڳوڻي سميري قانون جي ضابطن جي برعڪس، جهڙوڪ ار-نامو جو ضابطو، جيڪو جرم جي متاثر کي معاوضو ڏيڻ تي ڌيان ڏئي رهيو هو، حمورابي جو قانون پهرين قانون جي ضابطن مان هڪ هو جنهن مجرم جي جسماني سزا تي وڌيڪ زور ڏنو. ان هر جرم لاءِ مخصوص سزا مقرر ڪئي ۽ اها معصوميت جي مفروضي کي قائم ڪرڻ لاءِ پهرين ضابطن مان هڪ آهي. انهن جو مقصد اهو هو ته هڪ ظالم شخص کان بدلو وٺڻ ۾ ڇا ڪرڻ جي اجازت هئي، ان کي محدود ڪيو وڃي. حمورابي جي ضابطي ۽ [[توريت|تورات]] ۾ [[موسيٰ]] جي قانون ۾ ڪيتريون ئي هڪجهڙائيون آهن. حمورابي کي ڪيترن ئي ماڻهن پنهنجي زندگي ۾ هڪ ديوتا طور ڏٺو. سندس موت کان پوءِ، حمورابي کي هڪ عظيم فاتح طور احترام ڪيو ويو جنهن تهذيب پکيڙي ۽ سڀني ماڻهن کي بابل جي قومي ديوتا مردوڪ جي تعظيم ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. بعد ۾، سندس فوجي ڪاميابين تي زور گهٽجي ويو ۽ مثالي قانون ساز جي حيثيت سان سندس ڪردار سندس ورثي جو بنيادي پهلو بڻجي ويو. بعد ۾ ميسوپوٽيميا جي ماڻهن لاءِ، حمورابي جو دور دراز ماضي ۾ ٿيندڙ سڀني واقعن لاءِ حوالو جو فريم بڻجي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ هن جي ٺاهيل سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ به، انهن جي اڃا تائين هڪ ماڊل حڪمران جي حيثيت سان عزت ڪئي ويندي هئي ۽ ويجهي اوڀر جا ڪيترا ئي بادشاهه هن کي پنهنجي ڏاڏي جي حيثيت سان دعويٰ ڪيا. حمورابي کي 19 صدي جي آخر ۾ آثار قديمه جي ماهرن پاران ٻيهر دريافت ڪيو ويو ۽ ان کان پوءِ قانون جي تاريخ ۾ هڪ اهم شخصيت طور ڏٺو ويو آهي. سندس پٽ سامسو-الونا سندس جانشين ٿيو، پر پنهنجي ٺاهيل سلطنت کي برقرار رکڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. ==اشتقاق== [[File:Hammurabi name BM91076.jpg|thumb|<br>]] [[File:Hammurabi name BM12815.png|Le nom de Hammurabi écrit en signes [[Écriture cunéiforme|cunéiformes]] (ḫa-am-mu-ra-bi) dans des documents de son règne : copies d'une inscription de fondation provenant de [[Larsa]] (haut, graphie archaïsante)<ref>L. W. King, ''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum: Plates'', 1905, pl. 45</ref> et d'une de ses lettres de Larsa (bas, graphie courante)<ref>L. W. King, ''The Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi'', 1898, no2 obverse.</ref>.}}]] Le sens du nom Hammurabi est discuté{{sfn|Charpin|2003|p=44}}{{,}}{{sfn|Van De Mieroop|2005|p=2-3}}. La traduction la plus courante est en [[amorrite]] ou en [[akkadien]], l'« aïeul est grand », ''Ḫammu-rabi'', décomposé en ''ḫammu(m)'' ou ''ʿammu'' « aïeul » et ''rabi'', « grand », « être grand ». Une lecture alternative, en amorrite, traduit le nom par l'« aïeul guérit », ''ʿAmmu-rāpiʾ''. M. Streck traduit de son côté ''ʿammu'' par « oncle paternel », ce qu'il interprète comme une référence à une divinité protectrice{{sfn|Michalowski|Streck|2017|p=384-385}}. Ce nom est porté par des rois contemporains de Hammurabi, le plus important étant {{noble|Hammurabi Ier d'Alep|-}} du [[Yamhad]] ([[Alep]]), et par d'autres rois [[amorrites]] de Syrie ayant régné par la suite{{sfn|Charpin|2004|p=395}}. En effet, il est courant chez les Amorrites qu'un homme ayant le rang de chef porte un nom qui fait référence à ses ancêtres, car le rattachement à une lignée et la continuité dynastique sont essentiels pour sa légitimité<ref name=sdb320>{{Chapitre| langue = fr| prénom1 = Jean-Marie| nom1 = Durand|titre= Tell Hariri : Textes. V. I. Les nomades | auteurs ouvrage= Jacques Briend et Claude Tassin (dir.)| titre ouvrage=Supplément au Dictionnaire de la Bible vol. 14|éditeur= Letouzey & Ané| année =2009 }}, col. 320.</ref>. ==تاريخ== ==حڪومت ۽ فتحون== == زندگي == ==خاندان== ==شاهي طاقت ۽ حڪومت== ==الهي دنيا سان لاڳاپا== ==فتحن جو انتظام ۽ شاهي ڊومين== ==انصاف ۽ قانون== ==جنگون ۽ فوج سفارتي سرگرميون== ==وڏا عوامي ڪم== ==سياسي شخصيت ۽ صلاحيتون== ==سياسي اثر ۽ ورثو== ==قانون ۽ نتيجا== ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== ==ڪتابيات== == قانون جو ضابطو == == ورثو == ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== [[زمرو:حمورابي]] [[زمرو:اموري خاندان]] [[زمرو:بابلي بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:بابل جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:ميسوپوٽيميا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:اموري خاندان جو بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:بابل جو اموري خاندان جو بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:18 صدي قبل مسيح جو بابلي بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:18 صدي قبل مسيح ۾ موت]] [[زمرو:اهو شخص جنهن هڪ قانون کي پنهنجو نالو ڏنو]] d8q6y2k7synoqzeicf24xkaphf7c9wr 376071 376070 2026-05-05T19:16:48Z Ibne maryam 17680 376071 wikitext text/x-wiki '''حمورابي''' (<small>Hammurabi</small>; اڪادي ٻولي: <small>𒄩𒄠𒈬𒊏؛ 1810 ق.م - 1750 ق.م</small>)، جن کي '''هموراپي''' به چيو ويندو آهي، [[بابل]] جو ڇهون اموري بادشاهه هو، جيڪو تقريباً <small>1792</small> کان <small>1750</small> ق.م تائين حڪومت ڪندو رهيو. هن کان اڳ سندس پيءُ، سن-مبلط هو، جنهن خراب صحت جي ڪري تخت کان دستبردار ٿي ويو. پنهنجي حڪومت دوران، هن لارسا، اشنانا ۽ ماري جي شهري رياستن کي فتح ڪيو. هن اشوريه جي بادشاهه اشمي-دگان پهرين کي هٽائي ڇڏيو ۽ هنجي پٽ مت-اشڪر کي خراج ادا ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪيو، جن سان لڳ ڀڳ سڄو [[ميسوپوٽيميا]] بابلي حڪمراني هيٺ اچي ويو. [[حمورابي جو قانون|حمورابي پنهنجي قانون جي ضابطي]] (<small>Hammurabi</small> <small>Code</small>) کي جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ مشهور آهي، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي انصاف جي بابلي ديوتا شاماش کان هڪ وحي هو. اڳوڻي سميري قانون جي ضابطن جي برعڪس، جهڙوڪ ار-نامو جو ضابطو، جيڪو جرم جي متاثر کي معاوضو ڏيڻ تي ڌيان ڏئي رهيو هو، حمورابي جو قانون پهرين قانون جي ضابطن مان هڪ هو جنهن مجرم جي جسماني سزا تي وڌيڪ زور ڏنو. ان هر جرم لاءِ مخصوص سزا مقرر ڪئي ۽ اها معصوميت جي مفروضي کي قائم ڪرڻ لاءِ پهرين ضابطن مان هڪ آهي. انهن جو مقصد اهو هو ته هڪ ظالم شخص کان بدلو وٺڻ ۾ ڇا ڪرڻ جي اجازت هئي، ان کي محدود ڪيو وڃي. حمورابي جي ضابطي ۽ [[توريت|تورات]] ۾ [[موسيٰ]] جي قانون ۾ ڪيتريون ئي هڪجهڙائيون آهن. حمورابي کي ڪيترن ئي ماڻهن پنهنجي زندگي ۾ هڪ ديوتا طور ڏٺو. سندس موت کان پوءِ، حمورابي کي هڪ عظيم فاتح طور احترام ڪيو ويو جنهن تهذيب پکيڙي ۽ سڀني ماڻهن کي بابل جي قومي ديوتا مردوڪ جي تعظيم ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. بعد ۾، سندس فوجي ڪاميابين تي زور گهٽجي ويو ۽ مثالي قانون ساز جي حيثيت سان سندس ڪردار سندس ورثي جو بنيادي پهلو بڻجي ويو. بعد ۾ ميسوپوٽيميا جي ماڻهن لاءِ، حمورابي جو دور دراز ماضي ۾ ٿيندڙ سڀني واقعن لاءِ حوالو جو فريم بڻجي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ هن جي ٺاهيل سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ به، انهن جي اڃا تائين هڪ ماڊل حڪمران جي حيثيت سان عزت ڪئي ويندي هئي ۽ ويجهي اوڀر جا ڪيترا ئي بادشاهه هن کي پنهنجي ڏاڏي جي حيثيت سان دعويٰ ڪيا. حمورابي کي 19 صدي جي آخر ۾ آثار قديمه جي ماهرن پاران ٻيهر دريافت ڪيو ويو ۽ ان کان پوءِ قانون جي تاريخ ۾ هڪ اهم شخصيت طور ڏٺو ويو آهي. سندس پٽ سامسو-الونا سندس جانشين ٿيو، پر پنهنجي ٺاهيل سلطنت کي برقرار رکڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. ==اشتقاق== [[File:Hammurabi name BM91076.jpg|thumb|<br>]] [[File:Hammurabi name BM12815.png|Le nom de Hammurabi écrit en signes [[Écriture cunéiforme|cunéiformes]] (ḫa-am-mu-ra-bi) dans des documents de son règne : copies d'une inscription de fondation provenant de [[Larsa]] (haut, graphie archaïsante)<ref>L. W. King, ''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum: Plates'', 1905, pl. 45</ref> et d'une de ses lettres de Larsa (bas, graphie courante)<ref>L. W. King, ''The Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi'', 1898, no2 obverse.</ref>.}}]] Le sens du nom Hammurabi est discuté{{sfn|Charpin|2003|p=44}}{{sfn|Van De Mieroop|2005|p=2-3}}. La traduction la plus courante est en [[amorrite]] ou en [[akkadien]], l'« aïeul est grand », ''Ḫammu-rabi'', décomposé en ''ḫammu(m)'' ou ''ʿammu'' « aïeul » et ''rabi'', « grand », « être grand ». Une lecture alternative, en amorrite, traduit le nom par l'« aïeul guérit », ''ʿAmmu-rāpiʾ''. M. Streck traduit de son côté ''ʿammu'' par « oncle paternel », ce qu'il interprète comme une référence à une divinité protectrice{{sfn|Michalowski|Streck|2017|p=384-385}}. حمورابي نالي جي معنيٰ تي بحث ڪيو پيو وڃي. سڀ کان عام ترجمو اموري يا اڪادي ۾ آهي، "عظيم ڏاڏو،" حَمُ-ربي، جيڪو هَمُ (م) يا عَمُ "ابو ڏاڏو" ۽ ربي، "عظيم،" "عظيم ٿيڻ" ۾ ورهايل آهي. اموري ۾ هڪ متبادل پڙهڻ، نالو کي "شفا ڏيندڙ ڏاڏو،" عَمُ-رَپي" طور ترجمو ڪري ٿو. ايم. اسٽريڪ، پنهنجي طرفان، عَمُ جو ترجمو "پُتر جو چاچو" طور ڪري ٿو، جنهن کي هو هڪ حفاظتي ديوتا جي حوالي سان تعبير ڪري ٿو. * هي نالو حمورابي سان همعصر بادشاهن، سڀ کان اهم يَمهاد (حلب) جو نوبل، ۽ شام جي ٻين اموري بادشاهن پاران رکيو ويو هو، جن بعد ۾ حڪومت ڪئي. حقيقت ۾، اموري ماڻهن ۾ اهو عام آهي ته سردار جي عهدي واري ماڻهوءَ لاءِ اهڙو نالو رکڻ ضروري آهي جيڪو سندس ابن ڏاڏن کي ظاهر ڪري، ڇاڪاڻ ته هڪ نسب سان وابستگي ۽ خانداني تسلسل سندس جائزيت لاءِ ضروري آهي. Ce nom est porté par des rois contemporains de Hammurabi, le plus important étant {{noble|Hammurabi Ier d'Alep|-}} du [[Yamhad]] ([[Alep]]), et par d'autres rois [[amorrites]] de Syrie ayant régné par la suite{{sfn|Charpin|2004|p=395}}. En effet, il est courant chez les Amorrites qu'un homme ayant le rang de chef porte un nom qui fait référence à ses ancêtres, car le rattachement à une lignée et la continuité dynastique sont essentiels pour sa légitimité<ref name=sdb320>{{Chapitre| langue = fr| prénom1 = Jean-Marie| nom1 = Durand|titre= Tell Hariri : Textes. V. I. Les nomades | auteurs ouvrage= Jacques Briend et Claude Tassin (dir.)| titre ouvrage=Supplément au Dictionnaire de la Bible vol. 14|éditeur= Letouzey & Ané| année =2009 }}, col. 320.</ref>. ==تاريخ== ==حڪومت ۽ فتحون== == زندگي == ==خاندان== ==شاهي طاقت ۽ حڪومت== ==الهي دنيا سان لاڳاپا== ==فتحن جو انتظام ۽ شاهي ڊومين== ==انصاف ۽ قانون== ==جنگون ۽ فوج سفارتي سرگرميون== ==وڏا عوامي ڪم== ==سياسي شخصيت ۽ صلاحيتون== ==سياسي اثر ۽ ورثو== ==قانون ۽ نتيجا== ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== ==ڪتابيات== == قانون جو ضابطو == == ورثو == ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== [[زمرو:حمورابي]] [[زمرو:اموري خاندان]] [[زمرو:بابلي بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:بابل جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:ميسوپوٽيميا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:اموري خاندان جو بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:بابل جو اموري خاندان جو بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:18 صدي قبل مسيح جو بابلي بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:18 صدي قبل مسيح ۾ موت]] [[زمرو:اهو شخص جنهن هڪ قانون کي پنهنجو نالو ڏنو]] s2mvgw8ohubjguxs407x9utrz4la3be 376093 376071 2026-05-06T04:59:35Z Ibne maryam 17680 376093 wikitext text/x-wiki '''حمورابي''' (<small>Hammurabi</small>; اڪادي ٻولي: <small>𒄩𒄠𒈬𒊏؛ 1810 ق.م - 1750 ق.م</small>)، جن کي '''هموراپي''' به چيو ويندو آهي، [[بابل]] جو ڇهون اموري بادشاهه هو، جيڪو تقريباً <small>1792</small> کان <small>1750</small> ق.م تائين حڪومت ڪندو رهيو. هن کان اڳ سندس پيءُ، سن-مبلط هو، جنهن خراب صحت جي ڪري تخت کان دستبردار ٿي ويو. پنهنجي حڪومت دوران، هن لارسا، اشنانا ۽ ماري جي شهري رياستن کي فتح ڪيو. هن اشوريه جي بادشاهه اشمي-دگان پهرين کي هٽائي ڇڏيو ۽ هنجي پٽ مت-اشڪر کي خراج ادا ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪيو، جن سان لڳ ڀڳ سڄو [[ميسوپوٽيميا]] بابلي حڪمراني هيٺ اچي ويو. [[حمورابي جو قانون|حمورابي پنهنجي قانون جي ضابطي]] (<small>Hammurabi</small> <small>Code</small>) کي جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ مشهور آهي، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي انصاف جي بابلي ديوتا شاماش کان هڪ وحي هو. اڳوڻي سميري قانون جي ضابطن جي برعڪس، جهڙوڪ ار-نامو جو ضابطو، جيڪو جرم جي متاثر کي معاوضو ڏيڻ تي ڌيان ڏئي رهيو هو، حمورابي جو قانون پهرين قانون جي ضابطن مان هڪ هو جنهن مجرم جي جسماني سزا تي وڌيڪ زور ڏنو. ان هر جرم لاءِ مخصوص سزا مقرر ڪئي ۽ اها معصوميت جي مفروضي کي قائم ڪرڻ لاءِ پهرين ضابطن مان هڪ آهي. انهن جو مقصد اهو هو ته هڪ ظالم شخص کان بدلو وٺڻ ۾ ڇا ڪرڻ جي اجازت هئي، ان کي محدود ڪيو وڃي. حمورابي جي ضابطي ۽ [[توريت|تورات]] ۾ [[موسيٰ]] جي قانون ۾ ڪيتريون ئي هڪجهڙائيون آهن. حمورابي کي ڪيترن ئي ماڻهن پنهنجي زندگي ۾ هڪ ديوتا طور ڏٺو. سندس موت کان پوءِ، حمورابي کي هڪ عظيم فاتح طور احترام ڪيو ويو جنهن تهذيب پکيڙي ۽ سڀني ماڻهن کي بابل جي قومي ديوتا مردوڪ جي تعظيم ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. بعد ۾، سندس فوجي ڪاميابين تي زور گهٽجي ويو ۽ مثالي قانون ساز جي حيثيت سان سندس ڪردار سندس ورثي جو بنيادي پهلو بڻجي ويو. بعد ۾ ميسوپوٽيميا جي ماڻهن لاءِ، حمورابي جو دور دراز ماضي ۾ ٿيندڙ سڀني واقعن لاءِ حوالو جو فريم بڻجي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ هن جي ٺاهيل سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ به، انهن جي اڃا تائين هڪ ماڊل حڪمران جي حيثيت سان عزت ڪئي ويندي هئي ۽ ويجهي اوڀر جا ڪيترا ئي بادشاهه هن کي پنهنجي ڏاڏي جي حيثيت سان دعويٰ ڪيا. حمورابي کي 19 صدي جي آخر ۾ آثار قديمه جي ماهرن پاران ٻيهر دريافت ڪيو ويو ۽ ان کان پوءِ قانون جي تاريخ ۾ هڪ اهم شخصيت طور ڏٺو ويو آهي. سندس پٽ سامسو-الونا سندس جانشين ٿيو، پر پنهنجي ٺاهيل سلطنت کي برقرار رکڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. ==اشتقاق== [[File:Hammurabi name BM91076.jpg|thumb|<br>]] [[File:Hammurabi name BM12815.png|Le nom de Hammurabi écrit en signes [[Écriture cunéiforme|cunéiformes]] (ḫa-am-mu-ra-bi) dans des documents de son règne : copies d'une inscription de fondation provenant de [[Larsa]] (haut, graphie archaïsante)<ref>L. W. King, ''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum: Plates'', 1905, pl. 45</ref> et d'une de ses lettres de Larsa (bas, graphie courante)<ref>L. W. King, ''The Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi'', 1898, no2 obverse.</ref>.}}]] حمورابي نالي جي معنيٰ تي بحث ڪيو پيو وڃي.{{sfn|Van De Mieroop|2005|p=2-3}} سڀ کان عام ترجمو اموري يا اڪادي ۾ آهي، "عظيم ڏاڏو،" حَمُ-ربي، جيڪو هَمُ (م) يا عَمُ "ابو ڏاڏو" ۽ ربي، "عظيم،" "عظيم ٿيڻ" ۾ ورهايل آهي. اموري ۾ هڪ متبادل پڙهڻ، نالو کي "شفا ڏيندڙ ڏاڏو،" عَمُ-رَپي" طور ترجمو ڪري ٿو. ايم. اسٽريڪ، پنهنجي طرفان، عَمُ جو ترجمو "پُتر جو چاچو" طور ڪري ٿو، جنهن کي هو هڪ حفاظتي ديوتا جي حوالي سان تعبير ڪري ٿو.{{sfn|Michalowski|Streck|2017|p=384-385}} هي نالو حمورابي سان همعصر بادشاهن، سڀ کان اهم يَمهاد (حلب) جو حاڪم ۽ شام جي ٻين اموري بادشاهن پاران رکيو ويو هو، جن بعد ۾ حڪومت ڪئي. حقيقت ۾، اموري ماڻهن ۾ اهو عام آهي ته سردار جي عهدي واري ماڻهوءَ لاءِ اهڙو نالو رکڻ ضروري آهي جيڪو سندس ابن ڏاڏن کي ظاهر ڪري، ڇاڪاڻ ته هڪ نسب سان وابستگي ۽ خانداني تسلسل سندس جائزيت لاءِ ضروري آهي.<ref name="sdb320">{{Chapitre| langue = fr| prénom1 = Jean-Marie| nom1 = Durand|titre= Tell Hariri : Textes. V. I. Les nomades | auteurs ouvrage= Jacques Briend et Claude Tassin (dir.)| titre ouvrage=Supplément au Dictionnaire de la Bible vol. 14|éditeur= Letouzey & Ané| année =2009 }}, col. 320.</ref> ==تاريخ== ==حڪومت ۽ فتحون== == زندگي == ==خاندان== ==شاهي طاقت ۽ حڪومت== ==الهي دنيا سان لاڳاپا== ==فتحن جو انتظام ۽ شاهي ڊومين== ==انصاف ۽ قانون== ==جنگون ۽ فوج سفارتي سرگرميون== ==وڏا عوامي ڪم== ==سياسي شخصيت ۽ صلاحيتون== ==سياسي اثر ۽ ورثو== ==قانون ۽ نتيجا== ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== ==ڪتابيات== == قانون جو ضابطو == == ورثو == ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== [[زمرو:حمورابي]] [[زمرو:اموري خاندان]] [[زمرو:بابلي بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:بابل جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:ميسوپوٽيميا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:اموري خاندان جو بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:بابل جو اموري خاندان جو بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:18 صدي قبل مسيح جو بابلي بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:18 صدي قبل مسيح ۾ موت]] [[زمرو:اهو شخص جنهن هڪ قانون کي پنهنجو نالو ڏنو]] hogwotl9766yg7g9q6fz7splybcljx7 14 96113 376029 376004 2026-05-05T16:04:22Z Memon2025 21315 /* */ 376029 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:بابلي بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:اموري خاندان]] 9s3qw5x3uo1fh2r6f7b761dufbxfgyg 0 96118 376012 2026-05-05T13:18:01Z Ibne maryam 17680 صفحي "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352557325|Visual arts]]" جي شروعاتي ڀاڱي جو ترجمو ڪندي سرجيو ويو 376012 wikitext text/x-wiki '''بصري فنون (Visual Arts) مختلف فنن''' آرٽ جون شڪلون آهن جهڙوڪ [[چٽسالي|مصوري]]، ڊرائنگ، پرنٽ ميڪنگ، [[مجسما سازي]]، [[چٽسالي]]، سيرامڪس، [[فوٽوگرافي]]، وڊيو، [[عڪس|تصوير]]، فلم سازي، ڊيزائن، دستڪاري ۽ [[فن تعمير]]. ڪيترائي [[فن]] جا شعبا جهڙوڪ پرفارمنگ آرٽس، تصوراتي آرٽ ۽ ٽيڪسٽائل آرٽس بصري فنون جي پهلوئن، انهي سان گڏ ٻين قسمن جي فنون کي پڻ شامل ڪندا آهن. بصري فنون اندر، لاڳو ڪيل فنون، جهڙوڪ صنعتي ڊيزائن، گرافڪ ڊيزائن، فيشن ڊيزائن، اندروني ڊيزائن ۽ آرائشي آرٽ <ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=15 February 2011|quote=30 October 2011|archivedate=28 October 2011}}</ref> پڻ شامل آهن. "بصري فنون" جي اصطلاح جي موجوده استعمال ۾ [[فنون لطيفہ]] (<small>Fine</small> <small>Arts</small>) سان گڏ لاڳو ٿيل يا آرائشي فنون ۽ دستڪاري پڻ شامل آهن، پر هميشه اهو معاملو نه آهي. 20هين صدي جي موڙ تي برطانيه ۽ ٻين هنڌن تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽس موومينٽ کان اڳ، اصطلاح "فنڪار" ڪجهه صدين تائين فنون لطيفه، جهڙوڪ مصوري، مجسماسازي، يا پرنٽ ميڪنگ ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ شخص تائين محدود هئي ۽ آرائشي فنون، دستڪاري يا اطلاقي بصري فنون جا ميڊيا هن ۾ شامل نه هئا. هن فرق تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽ موومينٽ جي فنڪارن زور ڏنو، جيڪي مقامي فن جي شڪلن کي اعليٰ شڪلن جيتري قدر ڏيندا هئا. <ref>[http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html Art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013011648/http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html|date=13 October 2009}}. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</ref> آرٽ جا اسڪول فنون لطيفه ۽ دستڪاري جي وچ ۾ فرق برقرار رکيا ته هڪ دستڪار کي فن جو ماهر نه ٿو سمجهي سگهجي. ٻين فنن کان مٿانهون، امتيازي مصوري ۽ گهٽ حد تائين مجسمي سازي جو وڌندڙ رجحان مغربي فن ۽ اوڀر ايشيائي فن جي هڪ خاصيت رهيو آهي. ٻنهي علائقن ۾، مصوري کي فنڪار جي تخيل تي اعليٰ درجي تائين ڀروسو ڪندي ۽ دستي محنت کان پري ڏٺو ويو آهي، هن جي برعڪس چيني مصوري ۾، سڀ کان وڌيڪ قيمتي انداز "عالمانه مصوري" جا هئا، جيڪا اشرافيه جي شوقينن پاران مشق ڪيا ويندا آهن. مغربي صنفن جي درجي بندي ساڳئي روين کي ظاهر ڪري ٿي. l2upm0vtq581l3mz850220h1qf9zb8n 376013 376012 2026-05-05T13:19:01Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:فن]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 376013 wikitext text/x-wiki '''بصري فنون (Visual Arts) مختلف فنن''' آرٽ جون شڪلون آهن جهڙوڪ [[چٽسالي|مصوري]]، ڊرائنگ، پرنٽ ميڪنگ، [[مجسما سازي]]، [[چٽسالي]]، سيرامڪس، [[فوٽوگرافي]]، وڊيو، [[عڪس|تصوير]]، فلم سازي، ڊيزائن، دستڪاري ۽ [[فن تعمير]]. ڪيترائي [[فن]] جا شعبا جهڙوڪ پرفارمنگ آرٽس، تصوراتي آرٽ ۽ ٽيڪسٽائل آرٽس بصري فنون جي پهلوئن، انهي سان گڏ ٻين قسمن جي فنون کي پڻ شامل ڪندا آهن. بصري فنون اندر، لاڳو ڪيل فنون، جهڙوڪ صنعتي ڊيزائن، گرافڪ ڊيزائن، فيشن ڊيزائن، اندروني ڊيزائن ۽ آرائشي آرٽ <ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=15 February 2011|quote=30 October 2011|archivedate=28 October 2011}}</ref> پڻ شامل آهن. "بصري فنون" جي اصطلاح جي موجوده استعمال ۾ [[فنون لطيفہ]] (<small>Fine</small> <small>Arts</small>) سان گڏ لاڳو ٿيل يا آرائشي فنون ۽ دستڪاري پڻ شامل آهن، پر هميشه اهو معاملو نه آهي. 20هين صدي جي موڙ تي برطانيه ۽ ٻين هنڌن تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽس موومينٽ کان اڳ، اصطلاح "فنڪار" ڪجهه صدين تائين فنون لطيفه، جهڙوڪ مصوري، مجسماسازي، يا پرنٽ ميڪنگ ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ شخص تائين محدود هئي ۽ آرائشي فنون، دستڪاري يا اطلاقي بصري فنون جا ميڊيا هن ۾ شامل نه هئا. هن فرق تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽ موومينٽ جي فنڪارن زور ڏنو، جيڪي مقامي فن جي شڪلن کي اعليٰ شڪلن جيتري قدر ڏيندا هئا. <ref>[http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html Art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013011648/http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html|date=13 October 2009}}. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</ref> آرٽ جا اسڪول فنون لطيفه ۽ دستڪاري جي وچ ۾ فرق برقرار رکيا ته هڪ دستڪار کي فن جو ماهر نه ٿو سمجهي سگهجي. ٻين فنن کان مٿانهون، امتيازي مصوري ۽ گهٽ حد تائين مجسمي سازي جو وڌندڙ رجحان مغربي فن ۽ اوڀر ايشيائي فن جي هڪ خاصيت رهيو آهي. ٻنهي علائقن ۾، مصوري کي فنڪار جي تخيل تي اعليٰ درجي تائين ڀروسو ڪندي ۽ دستي محنت کان پري ڏٺو ويو آهي، هن جي برعڪس چيني مصوري ۾، سڀ کان وڌيڪ قيمتي انداز "عالمانه مصوري" جا هئا، جيڪا اشرافيه جي شوقينن پاران مشق ڪيا ويندا آهن. مغربي صنفن جي درجي بندي ساڳئي روين کي ظاهر ڪري ٿي. [[زمرو:فن]] etdat9cgb9emvl6dm5vxg1akbo0j4q5 376014 376013 2026-05-05T13:19:24Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:فنون لطيفه]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 376014 wikitext text/x-wiki '''بصري فنون (Visual Arts) مختلف فنن''' آرٽ جون شڪلون آهن جهڙوڪ [[چٽسالي|مصوري]]، ڊرائنگ، پرنٽ ميڪنگ، [[مجسما سازي]]، [[چٽسالي]]، سيرامڪس، [[فوٽوگرافي]]، وڊيو، [[عڪس|تصوير]]، فلم سازي، ڊيزائن، دستڪاري ۽ [[فن تعمير]]. ڪيترائي [[فن]] جا شعبا جهڙوڪ پرفارمنگ آرٽس، تصوراتي آرٽ ۽ ٽيڪسٽائل آرٽس بصري فنون جي پهلوئن، انهي سان گڏ ٻين قسمن جي فنون کي پڻ شامل ڪندا آهن. بصري فنون اندر، لاڳو ڪيل فنون، جهڙوڪ صنعتي ڊيزائن، گرافڪ ڊيزائن، فيشن ڊيزائن، اندروني ڊيزائن ۽ آرائشي آرٽ <ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=15 February 2011|quote=30 October 2011|archivedate=28 October 2011}}</ref> پڻ شامل آهن. "بصري فنون" جي اصطلاح جي موجوده استعمال ۾ [[فنون لطيفہ]] (<small>Fine</small> <small>Arts</small>) سان گڏ لاڳو ٿيل يا آرائشي فنون ۽ دستڪاري پڻ شامل آهن، پر هميشه اهو معاملو نه آهي. 20هين صدي جي موڙ تي برطانيه ۽ ٻين هنڌن تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽس موومينٽ کان اڳ، اصطلاح "فنڪار" ڪجهه صدين تائين فنون لطيفه، جهڙوڪ مصوري، مجسماسازي، يا پرنٽ ميڪنگ ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ شخص تائين محدود هئي ۽ آرائشي فنون، دستڪاري يا اطلاقي بصري فنون جا ميڊيا هن ۾ شامل نه هئا. هن فرق تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽ موومينٽ جي فنڪارن زور ڏنو، جيڪي مقامي فن جي شڪلن کي اعليٰ شڪلن جيتري قدر ڏيندا هئا. <ref>[http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html Art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013011648/http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html|date=13 October 2009}}. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</ref> آرٽ جا اسڪول فنون لطيفه ۽ دستڪاري جي وچ ۾ فرق برقرار رکيا ته هڪ دستڪار کي فن جو ماهر نه ٿو سمجهي سگهجي. ٻين فنن کان مٿانهون، امتيازي مصوري ۽ گهٽ حد تائين مجسمي سازي جو وڌندڙ رجحان مغربي فن ۽ اوڀر ايشيائي فن جي هڪ خاصيت رهيو آهي. ٻنهي علائقن ۾، مصوري کي فنڪار جي تخيل تي اعليٰ درجي تائين ڀروسو ڪندي ۽ دستي محنت کان پري ڏٺو ويو آهي، هن جي برعڪس چيني مصوري ۾، سڀ کان وڌيڪ قيمتي انداز "عالمانه مصوري" جا هئا، جيڪا اشرافيه جي شوقينن پاران مشق ڪيا ويندا آهن. مغربي صنفن جي درجي بندي ساڳئي روين کي ظاهر ڪري ٿي. [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:فنون لطيفه]] 5x7472gez11i5nuevh222k05uf6av9k 376015 376014 2026-05-05T13:19:45Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:بصري فنون]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 376015 wikitext text/x-wiki '''بصري فنون (Visual Arts) مختلف فنن''' آرٽ جون شڪلون آهن جهڙوڪ [[چٽسالي|مصوري]]، ڊرائنگ، پرنٽ ميڪنگ، [[مجسما سازي]]، [[چٽسالي]]، سيرامڪس، [[فوٽوگرافي]]، وڊيو، [[عڪس|تصوير]]، فلم سازي، ڊيزائن، دستڪاري ۽ [[فن تعمير]]. ڪيترائي [[فن]] جا شعبا جهڙوڪ پرفارمنگ آرٽس، تصوراتي آرٽ ۽ ٽيڪسٽائل آرٽس بصري فنون جي پهلوئن، انهي سان گڏ ٻين قسمن جي فنون کي پڻ شامل ڪندا آهن. بصري فنون اندر، لاڳو ڪيل فنون، جهڙوڪ صنعتي ڊيزائن، گرافڪ ڊيزائن، فيشن ڊيزائن، اندروني ڊيزائن ۽ آرائشي آرٽ <ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=15 February 2011|quote=30 October 2011|archivedate=28 October 2011}}</ref> پڻ شامل آهن. "بصري فنون" جي اصطلاح جي موجوده استعمال ۾ [[فنون لطيفہ]] (<small>Fine</small> <small>Arts</small>) سان گڏ لاڳو ٿيل يا آرائشي فنون ۽ دستڪاري پڻ شامل آهن، پر هميشه اهو معاملو نه آهي. 20هين صدي جي موڙ تي برطانيه ۽ ٻين هنڌن تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽس موومينٽ کان اڳ، اصطلاح "فنڪار" ڪجهه صدين تائين فنون لطيفه، جهڙوڪ مصوري، مجسماسازي، يا پرنٽ ميڪنگ ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ شخص تائين محدود هئي ۽ آرائشي فنون، دستڪاري يا اطلاقي بصري فنون جا ميڊيا هن ۾ شامل نه هئا. هن فرق تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽ موومينٽ جي فنڪارن زور ڏنو، جيڪي مقامي فن جي شڪلن کي اعليٰ شڪلن جيتري قدر ڏيندا هئا. <ref>[http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html Art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013011648/http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html|date=13 October 2009}}. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</ref> آرٽ جا اسڪول فنون لطيفه ۽ دستڪاري جي وچ ۾ فرق برقرار رکيا ته هڪ دستڪار کي فن جو ماهر نه ٿو سمجهي سگهجي. ٻين فنن کان مٿانهون، امتيازي مصوري ۽ گهٽ حد تائين مجسمي سازي جو وڌندڙ رجحان مغربي فن ۽ اوڀر ايشيائي فن جي هڪ خاصيت رهيو آهي. ٻنهي علائقن ۾، مصوري کي فنڪار جي تخيل تي اعليٰ درجي تائين ڀروسو ڪندي ۽ دستي محنت کان پري ڏٺو ويو آهي، هن جي برعڪس چيني مصوري ۾، سڀ کان وڌيڪ قيمتي انداز "عالمانه مصوري" جا هئا، جيڪا اشرافيه جي شوقينن پاران مشق ڪيا ويندا آهن. مغربي صنفن جي درجي بندي ساڳئي روين کي ظاهر ڪري ٿي. [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:فنون لطيفه]] [[زمرو:بصري فنون]] sjoc402cdy4k66z5l74ufp9opsgcpzx 376016 376015 2026-05-05T13:24:35Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 376016 wikitext text/x-wiki '''بصري فنون (Visual Arts) مختلف فنن''' آرٽ جون شڪلون آهن جهڙوڪ [[چٽسالي|مصوري]]، ڊرائنگ، پرنٽ ميڪنگ، [[مجسما سازي]]، [[چٽسالي]]، سيرامڪس، [[فوٽوگرافي]]، وڊيو، [[عڪس|تصوير]]، فلم سازي، ڊيزائن، دستڪاري ۽ [[فن تعمير]]. ڪيترائي [[فن]] جا شعبا جهڙوڪ پرفارمنگ آرٽس، تصوراتي آرٽ ۽ ٽيڪسٽائل آرٽس بصري فنون جي پهلوئن، انهي سان گڏ ٻين قسمن جي فنون کي پڻ شامل ڪندا آهن. بصري فنون اندر، لاڳو ڪيل فنون، جهڙوڪ صنعتي ڊيزائن، گرافڪ ڊيزائن، فيشن ڊيزائن، اندروني ڊيزائن ۽ آرائشي آرٽ <ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=15 February 2011|quote=30 October 2011|archivedate=28 October 2011}}</ref> پڻ شامل آهن. "بصري فنون" جي اصطلاح جي موجوده استعمال ۾ [[فنون لطيفہ]] (<small>Fine</small> <small>Arts</small>) سان گڏ لاڳو ٿيل يا آرائشي فنون ۽ دستڪاري پڻ شامل آهن، پر هميشه اهو معاملو نه آهي. 20هين صدي جي موڙ تي برطانيه ۽ ٻين هنڌن تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽس موومينٽ کان اڳ، اصطلاح "فنڪار" ڪجهه صدين تائين فنون لطيفه، جهڙوڪ مصوري، مجسماسازي، يا پرنٽ ميڪنگ ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ شخص تائين محدود هئي ۽ آرائشي فنون، دستڪاري يا اطلاقي بصري فنون جا ميڊيا هن ۾ شامل نه هئا. هن فرق تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽ موومينٽ جي فنڪارن زور ڏنو، جيڪي مقامي فن جي شڪلن کي اعليٰ شڪلن جيتري قدر ڏيندا هئا. <ref>[http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html Art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013011648/http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html|date=13 October 2009}}. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</ref> آرٽ جا اسڪول فنون لطيفه ۽ دستڪاري جي وچ ۾ فرق برقرار رکيا ته هڪ دستڪار کي فن جو ماهر نه ٿو سمجهي سگهجي. ٻين فنن کان مٿانهون، امتيازي مصوري ۽ گهٽ حد تائين مجسمي سازي جو وڌندڙ رجحان مغربي فن ۽ اوڀر ايشيائي فن جي هڪ خاصيت رهيو آهي. ٻنهي علائقن ۾، مصوري کي فنڪار جي تخيل تي اعليٰ درجي تائين ڀروسو ڪندي ۽ دستي محنت کان پري ڏٺو ويو آهي، هن جي برعڪس چيني مصوري ۾، سڀ کان وڌيڪ قيمتي انداز "عالمانه مصوري" جا هئا، جيڪا اشرافيه جي شوقينن پاران مشق ڪيا ويندا آهن. مغربي صنفن جي درجي بندي ساڳئي روين کي ظاهر ڪري ٿي. {{Short description|Art forms involving visual perception}} {{redirect|Visual Arts|the video game publisher|Visual Arts (company)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}} [[File:Vincent van Gogh - The Church in Auvers-sur-Oise, View from the Chevet - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|alt=Vincent van Gogh painting ''The Church at Auvers'' from 1890 gray church against blue sky|''[[The Church at Auvers]]'', an [[oil painting]] by [[Vincent van Gogh]] (1890)]] The '''visual arts''' are [[art form]]s such as [[painting]], [[drawing]], [[printmaking]], [[sculpture]], [[ceramics (art)|ceramics]], [[photography]], [[video]], [[image]], [[filmmaking]], [[design]], [[craft]]s, and [[architecture]]. Many [[artistic]] disciplines such as [[performing arts]], [[conceptual art]], and [[textile arts]], also involve aspects of the visual arts, as well as arts of other types. Within the visual arts, the [[applied arts]],<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170623143359/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-forms-of-art.html ''Different Forms of Art – Applied Art'']}}. Buzzle.com. Retrieved 11 December 2010.</ref> such as [[industrial design]], [[graphic design]], [[fashion design]], [[interior design]], and [[decorative art]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.georgebrown.ca/centres/AD/index.aspx |title=Centre for Arts and Design in Toronto, Canada |publisher=Georgebrown.ca |date=15 February 2011 |access-date=30 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028075227/http://www.georgebrown.ca/centres/AD/index.aspx |archive-date=28 October 2011}}</ref> are also included. Current usage of the term "visual arts" includes [[fine art]] as well as [[applied art|applied]] or [[decorative art]]s and [[craft]]s, but this was not always the case. Before the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] in Britain and elsewhere at the turn of the 20th century, the term '[[artist]]' had for some centuries often been restricted to a person working in the fine arts (such as painting, sculpture, or printmaking) and not the decorative arts, crafts, or applied visual arts media. The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement, who valued vernacular art forms as much as high forms.<ref>[http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html Art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013011648/http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html |date=13 October 2009 }}. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</ref> [[Art school]]s made a distinction between the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of [[the arts]]. The increasing tendency to privilege painting, and to a lesser degree sculpture, above other arts has been a feature of [[Western art]] as well as [[Eastern art history|East Asian]] art. In both regions, painting has been seen as relying on the imagination of the artist to the highest degree and being the furthest removed from manual labour – in [[Chinese painting]], the most highly valued styles were those of "scholar-painting", at least in theory practiced by gentleman amateurs. The Western [[hierarchy of genres]] reflected similar attitudes. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:فنون لطيفه]] [[زمرو:بصري فنون]] 2kdqqsi9yritwg8u8k85u21bshn5q07 376017 376016 2026-05-05T13:49:25Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 376017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Art forms involving visual perception}} [[File:Vincent van Gogh - The Church in Auvers-sur-Oise, View from the Chevet - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|alt=Vincent van Gogh painting ''The Church at Auvers'' from 1890 gray church against blue sky|''[[The Church at Auvers]]'', an [[oil painting]] by [[Vincent van Gogh]] (1890)]] '''بصري فنون''' (Visual Arts) مختلف فنن جون شڪلون آهن جهڙوڪ [[مصوري]]، ڊرائنگ، پرنٽ ميڪنگ، [[مجسما سازي]]، [[چٽسالي]]، سيرامڪس، [[فوٽوگرافي]]، وڊيو سازي، [[عڪس|عڪس بندي]]، [[فلم|فلم سازي]]، ڊيزائن، دستڪاري ۽ [[فن تعمير]]. ڪيترائي [[فن]] جا شعبا جهڙوڪ پرفارمنگ آرٽس، تصوراتي آرٽ ۽ ٽيڪسٽائل آرٽس بصري فنون جي پهلوئن ۽ انهي سان گڏ ٻين قسمن جي فنون کي پڻ شامل ڪندا آهن. بصري فنون جي اندر، لاڳو ڪيل فنون، جهڙوڪ صنعتي ڊيزائن، گرافڪ ڊيزائن، فيشن ڊيزائن، اندروني ڊيزائن ۽ آرائشي فن پڻ شامل آهن.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=15 February 2011|quote=30 October 2011|archivedate=28 October 2011}}</ref> "بصري فنون" جي اصطلاح جي موجوده استعمال ۾ [[فنون لطيفہ]] (<small>Fine</small> <small>Arts</small>) سان گڏ لاڳو ٿيل يا آرائشي فنون ۽ دستڪاري پڻ شامل آهن، پر هميشه اهو معاملو نه رهيو آهي. 20هين صدي جي موڙ تي برطانيه ۽ ٻين هنڌن تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽس موومينٽ کان اڳ، اصطلاح "فنڪار" ڪجهه صدين تائين فنون لطيفه، جهڙوڪ مصوري، مجسما سازي، يا پرنٽ ميڪنگ ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ شخص تائين محدود هئي ۽ آرائشي فنون، دستڪاري يا اطلاقي بصري فنون جا ميڊيا هن ۾ شامل نه هئا. هن فرق تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽ موومينٽ جي فنڪارن زور ڏنو، جيڪي مقامي فن جي شڪلن کي اعليٰ شڪلن جيتري قدر ڏيندا هئا.<ref>[http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html Art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013011648/http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html|date=13 October 2009}}. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</ref> آرٽ جا اسڪول فنون لطيفه ۽ دستڪاري جي وچ ۾ فرق برقرار رکيا ته هڪ دستڪار کي فن جو ماهر نه ٿو سمجهي سگهجي. ٻين فنن کان مٿانهون، امتيازي مصوري ۽ گهٽ حد تائين مجسمي سازي جو وڌندڙ رجحان مغربي فن ۽ اوڀر ايشيائي فن جي هڪ خاصيت رهيو آهي. ٻنهي علائقن ۾، مصوري کي فنڪار جي تخيل تي اعليٰ درجي تائين ڀروسو ڪندي ۽ دستي محنت کان پري ڏٺو ويو آهي، هن جي برعڪس چيني مصوري ۾، سڀ کان وڌيڪ قيمتي انداز "عالمانه مصوري" جا هئا، جيڪا اشرافيه جي شوقينن پاران مشق ڪيا ويندا هئا. مغربي صنفن جي درجي بندي ساڳئي روين کي ظاهر ڪري ٿي. The '''visual arts''' are [[art form]]s such as [[painting]], [[drawing]], [[printmaking]], [[sculpture]], [[ceramics (art)|ceramics]], [[photography]], [[video]], [[image]], [[filmmaking]], [[design]], [[craft]]s, and [[architecture]]. Many [[artistic]] disciplines such as [[performing arts]], [[conceptual art]], and [[textile arts]], also involve aspects of the visual arts, as well as arts of other types. Within the visual arts, the [[applied arts]],<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170623143359/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-forms-of-art.html ''Different Forms of Art – Applied Art'']}}. Buzzle.com. Retrieved 11 December 2010.</ref> such as [[industrial design]], [[graphic design]], [[fashion design]], [[interior design]], and [[decorative art]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.georgebrown.ca/centres/AD/index.aspx |title=Centre for Arts and Design in Toronto, Canada |publisher=Georgebrown.ca |date=15 February 2011 |access-date=30 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028075227/http://www.georgebrown.ca/centres/AD/index.aspx |archive-date=28 October 2011}}</ref> are also included. Current usage of the term "visual arts" includes [[fine art]] as well as [[applied art|applied]] or [[decorative art]]s and [[craft]]s, but this was not always the case. Before the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] in Britain and elsewhere at the turn of the 20th century, the term '[[artist]]' had for some centuries often been restricted to a person working in the fine arts (such as painting, sculpture, or printmaking) and not the decorative arts, crafts, or applied visual arts media. The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement, who valued vernacular art forms as much as high forms.<ref>[http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html Art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013011648/http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html |date=13 October 2009 }}. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</ref> [[Art school]]s made a distinction between the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of [[the arts]]. The increasing tendency to privilege painting, and to a lesser degree sculpture, above other arts has been a feature of [[Western art]] as well as [[Eastern art history|East Asian]] art. In both regions, painting has been seen as relying on the imagination of the artist to the highest degree and being the furthest removed from manual labour – in [[Chinese painting]], the most highly valued styles were those of "scholar-painting", at least in theory practiced by gentleman amateurs. The Western [[hierarchy of genres]] reflected similar attitudes. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:فنون لطيفه]] [[زمرو:بصري فنون]] gqc13mit7yke9iphjo1u2cobbd1i082 376018 376017 2026-05-05T14:35:21Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 376018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Art forms involving visual perception}} [[File:Vincent van Gogh - The Church in Auvers-sur-Oise, View from the Chevet - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|alt=Vincent van Gogh painting ''The Church at Auvers'' from 1890 gray church against blue sky|''[[The Church at Auvers]]'', an [[oil painting]] by [[Vincent van Gogh]] (1890)]] '''بصري فنون''' (Visual Arts) مختلف فنن جون شڪلون آهن جهڙوڪ [[مصوري]]، ڊرائنگ، پرنٽ ميڪنگ، [[مجسما سازي]]، [[چٽسالي]]، سيرامڪس، [[فوٽوگرافي]]، وڊيو سازي، [[عڪس|عڪس بندي]]، [[فلم|فلم سازي]]، ڊيزائن، دستڪاري ۽ [[فن تعمير]]. ڪيترائي [[فن]] جا شعبا جهڙوڪ پرفارمنگ آرٽس، تصوراتي آرٽ ۽ ٽيڪسٽائل آرٽس بصري فنون جي پهلوئن ۽ انهي سان گڏ ٻين قسمن جي فنون کي پڻ شامل ڪندا آهن. بصري فنون جي اندر، لاڳو ڪيل فنون، جهڙوڪ صنعتي ڊيزائن، گرافڪ ڊيزائن، فيشن ڊيزائن، اندروني ڊيزائن ۽ آرائشي فن پڻ شامل آهن.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=15 February 2011|quote=30 October 2011|archivedate=28 October 2011}}</ref> "بصري فنون" جي اصطلاح جي موجوده استعمال ۾ [[فنون لطيفہ]] (<small>Fine</small> <small>Arts</small>) سان گڏ لاڳو ٿيل يا آرائشي فنون ۽ دستڪاري پڻ شامل آهن، پر هميشه اهو معاملو نه رهيو آهي. 20هين صدي جي موڙ تي برطانيه ۽ ٻين هنڌن تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽس موومينٽ کان اڳ، اصطلاح "فنڪار" ڪجهه صدين تائين فنون لطيفه، جهڙوڪ مصوري، مجسما سازي، يا پرنٽ ميڪنگ ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ شخص تائين محدود هئي ۽ آرائشي فنون، دستڪاري يا اطلاقي بصري فنون جا ميڊيا هن ۾ شامل نه هئا. هن فرق تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽ موومينٽ جي فنڪارن زور ڏنو، جيڪي مقامي فن جي شڪلن کي اعليٰ شڪلن جيتري قدر ڏيندا هئا.<ref>[http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html Art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013011648/http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html|date=13 October 2009}}. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</ref> آرٽ جا اسڪول فنون لطيفه ۽ دستڪاري جي وچ ۾ فرق برقرار رکيا ته هڪ دستڪار کي فن جو ماهر نه ٿو سمجهي سگهجي. ٻين فنن کان مٿانهون، امتيازي مصوري ۽ گهٽ حد تائين مجسمي سازي جو وڌندڙ رجحان مغربي فن ۽ اوڀر ايشيائي فن جي هڪ خاصيت رهيو آهي. ٻنهي علائقن ۾، مصوري کي فنڪار جي تخيل تي اعليٰ درجي تائين ڀروسو ڪندي ۽ دستي محنت کان پري ڏٺو ويو آهي، هن جي برعڪس چيني مصوري ۾، سڀ کان وڌيڪ قيمتي انداز "عالمانه مصوري" جا هئا، جيڪا اشرافيه جي شوقينن پاران مشق ڪيا ويندا هئا. مغربي صنفن جي درجي بندي ساڳئي روين کي ظاهر ڪري ٿي. ==تفصيل== The '''visual arts''' are [[art form]]s such as [[painting]], [[drawing]], [[printmaking]], [[sculpture]], [[ceramics (art)|ceramics]], [[photography]], [[video]], [[image]], [[filmmaking]], [[design]], [[craft]]s, and [[architecture]]. Many [[artistic]] disciplines such as [[performing arts]], [[conceptual art]], and [[textile arts]], also involve aspects of the visual arts, as well as arts of other types. Within the visual arts, the [[applied arts]],<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170623143359/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-forms-of-art.html ''Different Forms of Art – Applied Art'']}}. Buzzle.com. Retrieved 11 December 2010.</ref> such as [[industrial design]], [[graphic design]], [[fashion design]], [[interior design]], and [[decorative art]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.georgebrown.ca/centres/AD/index.aspx |title=Centre for Arts and Design in Toronto, Canada |publisher=Georgebrown.ca |date=15 February 2011 |access-date=30 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028075227/http://www.georgebrown.ca/centres/AD/index.aspx |archive-date=28 October 2011}}</ref> are also included. Current usage of the term "visual arts" includes [[fine art]] as well as [[applied art|applied]] or [[decorative art]]s and [[craft]]s, but this was not always the case. Before the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] in Britain and elsewhere at the turn of the 20th century, the term '[[artist]]' had for some centuries often been restricted to a person working in the fine arts (such as painting, sculpture, or printmaking) and not the decorative arts, crafts, or applied visual arts media. The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement, who valued vernacular art forms as much as high forms.<ref>[http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html Art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013011648/http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html |date=13 October 2009 }}. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</ref> [[Art school]]s made a distinction between the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of [[the arts]]. The increasing tendency to privilege painting, and to a lesser degree sculpture, above other arts has been a feature of [[Western art]] as well as [[Eastern art history|East Asian]] art. In both regions, painting has been seen as relying on the imagination of the artist to the highest degree and being the furthest removed from manual labour – in [[Chinese painting]], the most highly valued styles were those of "scholar-painting", at least in theory practiced by gentleman amateurs. The Western [[hierarchy of genres]] reflected similar attitudes. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:فنون لطيفه]] [[زمرو:بصري فنون]] c2n4vrqb9kgfao0j0ori9rpyk2k93h0 376019 376018 2026-05-05T14:35:52Z Ibne maryam 17680 376019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Art forms involving visual perception}} [[File:Vincent van Gogh - The Church in Auvers-sur-Oise, View from the Chevet - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|alt=Vincent van Gogh painting ''The Church at Auvers'' from 1890 gray church against blue sky|''[[The Church at Auvers]]'', an [[oil painting]] by [[Vincent van Gogh]] (1890)]] '''بصري فنون''' (Visual Arts) مختلف فنن جون شڪلون آهن جهڙوڪ [[مصوري]]، ڊرائنگ، پرنٽ ميڪنگ، [[مجسما سازي]]، [[چٽسالي]]، سيرامڪس، [[فوٽوگرافي]]، وڊيو سازي، [[عڪس|عڪس بندي]]، [[فلم|فلم سازي]]، ڊيزائن، دستڪاري ۽ [[فن تعمير]]. ڪيترائي [[فن]] جا شعبا جهڙوڪ پرفارمنگ آرٽس، تصوراتي آرٽ ۽ ٽيڪسٽائل آرٽس بصري فنون جي پهلوئن ۽ انهي سان گڏ ٻين قسمن جي فنون کي پڻ شامل ڪندا آهن. بصري فنون جي اندر، لاڳو ڪيل فنون، جهڙوڪ صنعتي ڊيزائن، گرافڪ ڊيزائن، فيشن ڊيزائن، اندروني ڊيزائن ۽ آرائشي فن پڻ شامل آهن.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=15 February 2011|quote=30 October 2011|archivedate=28 October 2011}}</ref> "بصري فنون" جي اصطلاح جي موجوده استعمال ۾ [[فنون لطيفہ]] (<small>Fine</small> <small>Arts</small>) سان گڏ لاڳو ٿيل يا آرائشي فنون ۽ دستڪاري پڻ شامل آهن، پر هميشه اهو معاملو نه رهيو آهي. 20هين صدي جي موڙ تي برطانيه ۽ ٻين هنڌن تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽس موومينٽ کان اڳ، اصطلاح "فنڪار" ڪجهه صدين تائين فنون لطيفه، جهڙوڪ مصوري، مجسما سازي، يا پرنٽ ميڪنگ ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ شخص تائين محدود هئي ۽ آرائشي فنون، دستڪاري يا اطلاقي بصري فنون جا ميڊيا هن ۾ شامل نه هئا. هن فرق تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽ موومينٽ جي فنڪارن زور ڏنو، جيڪي مقامي فن جي شڪلن کي اعليٰ شڪلن جيتري قدر ڏيندا هئا.<ref>[http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html Art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013011648/http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html|date=13 October 2009}}. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</ref> آرٽ جا اسڪول فنون لطيفه ۽ دستڪاري جي وچ ۾ فرق برقرار رکيا ته هڪ دستڪار کي فن جو ماهر نه ٿو سمجهي سگهجي. ٻين فنن کان مٿانهون، امتيازي مصوري ۽ گهٽ حد تائين مجسمي سازي جو وڌندڙ رجحان مغربي فن ۽ اوڀر ايشيائي فن جي هڪ خاصيت رهيو آهي. ٻنهي علائقن ۾، مصوري کي فنڪار جي تخيل تي اعليٰ درجي تائين ڀروسو ڪندي ۽ دستي محنت کان پري ڏٺو ويو آهي، هن جي برعڪس چيني مصوري ۾، سڀ کان وڌيڪ قيمتي انداز "عالمانه مصوري" جا هئا، جيڪا اشرافيه جي شوقينن پاران مشق ڪيا ويندا هئا. مغربي صنفن جي درجي بندي ساڳئي روين کي ظاهر ڪري ٿي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:فنون لطيفه]] [[زمرو:بصري فنون]] meh4bjanak6uqjj3c604i369ioo3ina 376020 376019 2026-05-05T14:39:20Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 376020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Art forms involving visual perception}} [[File:Vincent van Gogh - The Church in Auvers-sur-Oise, View from the Chevet - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|alt=Vincent van Gogh painting ''The Church at Auvers'' from 1890 gray church against blue sky|''[[The Church at Auvers]]'', an [[oil painting]] by [[Vincent van Gogh]] (1890)]] '''بصري فنون''' (Visual Arts) مختلف فنن جون شڪلون آهن جهڙوڪ [[مصوري]]، ڊرائنگ، پرنٽ ميڪنگ، [[مجسما سازي]]، [[چٽسالي]]، سيرامڪس، [[فوٽوگرافي]]، وڊيو سازي، [[عڪس|عڪس بندي]]، [[فلم|فلم سازي]]، ڊيزائن، دستڪاري ۽ [[فن تعمير]]. ڪيترائي [[فن]] جا شعبا جهڙوڪ پرفارمنگ آرٽس، تصوراتي آرٽ ۽ ٽيڪسٽائل آرٽس بصري فنون جي پهلوئن ۽ انهي سان گڏ ٻين قسمن جي فنون کي پڻ شامل ڪندا آهن. بصري فنون جي اندر، لاڳو ڪيل فنون، جهڙوڪ صنعتي ڊيزائن، گرافڪ ڊيزائن، فيشن ڊيزائن، اندروني ڊيزائن ۽ آرائشي فن پڻ شامل آهن.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=15 February 2011|quote=30 October 2011|archivedate=28 October 2011}}</ref> "بصري فنون" جي اصطلاح جي موجوده استعمال ۾ [[فنون لطيفہ]] (<small>Fine</small> <small>Arts</small>) سان گڏ لاڳو ٿيل يا آرائشي فنون ۽ دستڪاري پڻ شامل آهن، پر هميشه اهو معاملو نه رهيو آهي. 20هين صدي جي موڙ تي برطانيه ۽ ٻين هنڌن تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽس موومينٽ کان اڳ، اصطلاح "فنڪار" ڪجهه صدين تائين فنون لطيفه، جهڙوڪ مصوري، مجسما سازي، يا پرنٽ ميڪنگ ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ شخص تائين محدود هئي ۽ آرائشي فنون، دستڪاري يا اطلاقي بصري فنون جا ميڊيا هن ۾ شامل نه هئا. هن فرق تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽ موومينٽ جي فنڪارن زور ڏنو، جيڪي مقامي فن جي شڪلن کي اعليٰ شڪلن جيتري قدر ڏيندا هئا.<ref>[http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html Art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013011648/http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html|date=13 October 2009}}. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</ref> آرٽ جا اسڪول فنون لطيفه ۽ دستڪاري جي وچ ۾ فرق برقرار رکيا ته هڪ دستڪار کي فن جو ماهر نه ٿو سمجهي سگهجي. ٻين فنن کان مٿانهون، امتيازي مصوري ۽ گهٽ حد تائين مجسمي سازي جو وڌندڙ رجحان مغربي فن ۽ اوڀر ايشيائي فن جي هڪ خاصيت رهيو آهي. ٻنهي علائقن ۾، مصوري کي فنڪار جي تخيل تي اعليٰ درجي تائين ڀروسو ڪندي ۽ دستي محنت کان پري ڏٺو ويو آهي، هن جي برعڪس چيني مصوري ۾، سڀ کان وڌيڪ قيمتي انداز "عالمانه مصوري" جا هئا، جيڪا اشرافيه جي شوقينن پاران مشق ڪيا ويندا هئا. مغربي صنفن جي درجي بندي ساڳئي روين کي ظاهر ڪري ٿي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== ==External links== {{Commons category|Visual arts}} {{Wikivoyage|Visual arts}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050424084418/http://www.artlex.com/ ArtLex] – online dictionary of visual art terms (archived 24 April 2005) * [http://calendarforartists.com/ Calendar for Artists] – calendar listing of visual art festivals. * [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah Art History Timeline] by the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]. {{Branches of the visual arts |expanded}} {{Art world}} {{World topic|Visual art of|noredlinks=yes}} {{Humanities}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Visual arts| ]] [[Category:Communication design]] [[Category:Visual arts media]] [[زمرو:بصري فنون]] [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:فنون لطيفه]] [[زمرو:ربطياتي ڊيزائن]] [[زمرو:بصري فنون جو ميڊيا]] 6qcv346ocsimbf28tmzpor61bcb3m34 376021 376020 2026-05-05T14:39:35Z Ibne maryam 17680 376021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Art forms involving visual perception}} [[File:Vincent van Gogh - The Church in Auvers-sur-Oise, View from the Chevet - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|alt=Vincent van Gogh painting ''The Church at Auvers'' from 1890 gray church against blue sky|''[[The Church at Auvers]]'', an [[oil painting]] by [[Vincent van Gogh]] (1890)]] '''بصري فنون''' (Visual Arts) مختلف فنن جون شڪلون آهن جهڙوڪ [[مصوري]]، ڊرائنگ، پرنٽ ميڪنگ، [[مجسما سازي]]، [[چٽسالي]]، سيرامڪس، [[فوٽوگرافي]]، وڊيو سازي، [[عڪس|عڪس بندي]]، [[فلم|فلم سازي]]، ڊيزائن، دستڪاري ۽ [[فن تعمير]]. ڪيترائي [[فن]] جا شعبا جهڙوڪ پرفارمنگ آرٽس، تصوراتي آرٽ ۽ ٽيڪسٽائل آرٽس بصري فنون جي پهلوئن ۽ انهي سان گڏ ٻين قسمن جي فنون کي پڻ شامل ڪندا آهن. بصري فنون جي اندر، لاڳو ڪيل فنون، جهڙوڪ صنعتي ڊيزائن، گرافڪ ڊيزائن، فيشن ڊيزائن، اندروني ڊيزائن ۽ آرائشي فن پڻ شامل آهن.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=15 February 2011|quote=30 October 2011|archivedate=28 October 2011}}</ref> "بصري فنون" جي اصطلاح جي موجوده استعمال ۾ [[فنون لطيفہ]] (<small>Fine</small> <small>Arts</small>) سان گڏ لاڳو ٿيل يا آرائشي فنون ۽ دستڪاري پڻ شامل آهن، پر هميشه اهو معاملو نه رهيو آهي. 20هين صدي جي موڙ تي برطانيه ۽ ٻين هنڌن تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽس موومينٽ کان اڳ، اصطلاح "فنڪار" ڪجهه صدين تائين فنون لطيفه، جهڙوڪ مصوري، مجسما سازي، يا پرنٽ ميڪنگ ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ شخص تائين محدود هئي ۽ آرائشي فنون، دستڪاري يا اطلاقي بصري فنون جا ميڊيا هن ۾ شامل نه هئا. هن فرق تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽ موومينٽ جي فنڪارن زور ڏنو، جيڪي مقامي فن جي شڪلن کي اعليٰ شڪلن جيتري قدر ڏيندا هئا.<ref>[http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html Art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013011648/http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html|date=13 October 2009}}. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</ref> آرٽ جا اسڪول فنون لطيفه ۽ دستڪاري جي وچ ۾ فرق برقرار رکيا ته هڪ دستڪار کي فن جو ماهر نه ٿو سمجهي سگهجي. ٻين فنن کان مٿانهون، امتيازي مصوري ۽ گهٽ حد تائين مجسمي سازي جو وڌندڙ رجحان مغربي فن ۽ اوڀر ايشيائي فن جي هڪ خاصيت رهيو آهي. ٻنهي علائقن ۾، مصوري کي فنڪار جي تخيل تي اعليٰ درجي تائين ڀروسو ڪندي ۽ دستي محنت کان پري ڏٺو ويو آهي، هن جي برعڪس چيني مصوري ۾، سڀ کان وڌيڪ قيمتي انداز "عالمانه مصوري" جا هئا، جيڪا اشرافيه جي شوقينن پاران مشق ڪيا ويندا هئا. مغربي صنفن جي درجي بندي ساڳئي روين کي ظاهر ڪري ٿي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Visual arts}} {{Wikivoyage|Visual arts}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050424084418/http://www.artlex.com/ ArtLex] – online dictionary of visual art terms (archived 24 April 2005) * [http://calendarforartists.com/ Calendar for Artists] – calendar listing of visual art festivals. * [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah Art History Timeline] by the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]. {{Branches of the visual arts |expanded}} {{Art world}} {{World topic|Visual art of|noredlinks=yes}} {{Humanities}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Visual arts| ]] [[Category:Communication design]] [[Category:Visual arts media]] [[زمرو:بصري فنون]] [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:فنون لطيفه]] [[زمرو:ربطياتي ڊيزائن]] [[زمرو:بصري فنون جو ميڊيا]] hiwk4aefzl3kqzq1t6fcn9eqyjx4ky2 376025 376021 2026-05-05T14:44:17Z Ibne maryam 17680 376025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Art forms involving visual perception}} [[File:Vincent van Gogh - The Church in Auvers-sur-Oise, View from the Chevet - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|alt=Vincent van Gogh painting ''The Church at Auvers'' from 1890 gray church against blue sky|''[[The Church at Auvers]]'', an [[oil painting]] by [[Vincent van Gogh]] (1890)]] '''بصري فنون''' (Visual Arts) مختلف فنن جون شڪلون آهن جهڙوڪ [[مصوري]]، ڊرائنگ، پرنٽ ميڪنگ، [[مجسما سازي]]، [[چٽسالي]]، سيرامڪس، [[فوٽوگرافي]]، وڊيو سازي، [[عڪس|عڪس بندي]]، [[فلم|فلم سازي]]، ڊيزائن، دستڪاري ۽ [[فن تعمير]]. ڪيترائي [[فن]] جا شعبا جهڙوڪ پرفارمنگ آرٽس، تصوراتي آرٽ ۽ ٽيڪسٽائل آرٽس بصري فنون جي پهلوئن ۽ انهي سان گڏ ٻين قسمن جي فنون کي پڻ شامل ڪندا آهن. بصري فنون جي اندر، لاڳو ڪيل فنون، جهڙوڪ صنعتي ڊيزائن، گرافڪ ڊيزائن، فيشن ڊيزائن، اندروني ڊيزائن ۽ آرائشي فن پڻ شامل آهن.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=15 February 2011|quote=30 October 2011|archivedate=28 October 2011}}</ref> "بصري فنون" جي اصطلاح جي موجوده استعمال ۾ [[فنون لطيفہ]] (<small>Fine</small> <small>Arts</small>) سان گڏ لاڳو ٿيل يا آرائشي فنون ۽ دستڪاري پڻ شامل آهن، پر هميشه اهو معاملو نه رهيو آهي. 20هين صدي جي موڙ تي برطانيه ۽ ٻين هنڌن تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽس موومينٽ کان اڳ، اصطلاح "فنڪار" ڪجهه صدين تائين فنون لطيفه، جهڙوڪ مصوري، مجسما سازي، يا پرنٽ ميڪنگ ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ شخص تائين محدود هئي ۽ آرائشي فنون، دستڪاري يا اطلاقي بصري فنون جا ميڊيا هن ۾ شامل نه هئا. هن فرق تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽ موومينٽ جي فنڪارن زور ڏنو، جيڪي مقامي فن جي شڪلن کي اعليٰ شڪلن جيتري قدر ڏيندا هئا.<ref>[http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html Art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013011648/http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html|date=13 October 2009}}. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</ref> آرٽ جا اسڪول فنون لطيفه ۽ دستڪاري جي وچ ۾ فرق برقرار رکيا ته هڪ دستڪار کي فن جو ماهر نه ٿو سمجهي سگهجي. ٻين فنن کان مٿانهون، امتيازي مصوري ۽ گهٽ حد تائين مجسمي سازي جو وڌندڙ رجحان مغربي فن ۽ اوڀر ايشيائي فن جي هڪ خاصيت رهيو آهي. ٻنهي علائقن ۾، مصوري کي فنڪار جي تخيل تي اعليٰ درجي تائين ڀروسو ڪندي ۽ دستي محنت کان پري ڏٺو ويو آهي، هن جي برعڪس چيني مصوري ۾، سڀ کان وڌيڪ قيمتي انداز "عالمانه مصوري" جا هئا، جيڪا اشرافيه جي شوقينن پاران مشق ڪيا ويندا هئا. مغربي صنفن جي درجي بندي ساڳئي روين کي ظاهر ڪري ٿي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Visual arts}} {{Wikivoyage|Visual arts}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050424084418/http://www.artlex.com/ ArtLex] – online dictionary of visual art terms (archived 24 April 2005) * [http://calendarforartists.com/ Calendar for Artists] – calendar listing of visual art festivals. * [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah Art History Timeline] by the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]. {{Branches of the visual arts |expanded}} {{Art world}} {{World topic|Visual art of|noredlinks=yes}} {{Humanities}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:بصري فنون]] [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:فنون لطيفه]] [[زمرو:ربطياتي ڊيزائن]] [[زمرو:بصري آرٽس ميڊيا]] lcj2jqq8jynkv13mji3slciq93tsnen 376026 376025 2026-05-05T14:45:07Z Ibne maryam 17680 376026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Art forms involving visual perception}} [[File:Vincent van Gogh - The Church in Auvers-sur-Oise, View from the Chevet - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|alt=Vincent van Gogh painting ''The Church at Auvers'' from 1890 gray church against blue sky|''[[The Church at Auvers]]'', an [[oil painting]] by [[Vincent van Gogh]] (1890)]] '''بصري فنون''' (Visual Arts) مختلف فنن جون شڪلون آهن جهڙوڪ [[مصوري]]، ڊرائنگ، پرنٽ ميڪنگ، [[مجسما سازي]]، [[چٽسالي]]، سيرامڪس، [[فوٽوگرافي]]، وڊيو سازي، [[عڪس|عڪس بندي]]، [[فلم|فلم سازي]]، ڊيزائن، دستڪاري ۽ [[فن تعمير]]. ڪيترائي [[فن]] جا شعبا جهڙوڪ پرفارمنگ آرٽس، تصوراتي آرٽ ۽ ٽيڪسٽائل آرٽس بصري فنون جي پهلوئن ۽ انهي سان گڏ ٻين قسمن جي فنون کي پڻ شامل ڪندا آهن. بصري فنون جي اندر، لاڳو ڪيل فنون، جهڙوڪ صنعتي ڊيزائن، گرافڪ ڊيزائن، فيشن ڊيزائن، اندروني ڊيزائن ۽ آرائشي فن پڻ شامل آهن.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=15 February 2011|quote=30 October 2011|archivedate=28 October 2011}}</ref> "بصري فنون" جي اصطلاح جي موجوده استعمال ۾ [[فنون لطيفہ]] (<small>Fine</small> <small>Arts</small>) سان گڏ لاڳو ٿيل يا آرائشي فنون ۽ دستڪاري پڻ شامل آهن، پر هميشه اهو معاملو نه رهيو آهي. 20هين صدي جي موڙ تي برطانيه ۽ ٻين هنڌن تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽس موومينٽ کان اڳ، اصطلاح "فنڪار" ڪجهه صدين تائين فنون لطيفه، جهڙوڪ مصوري، مجسما سازي، يا پرنٽ ميڪنگ ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ شخص تائين محدود هئي ۽ آرائشي فنون، دستڪاري يا اطلاقي بصري فنون جا ميڊيا هن ۾ شامل نه هئا. هن فرق تي آرٽس ۽ ڪرافٽ موومينٽ جي فنڪارن زور ڏنو، جيڪي مقامي فن جي شڪلن کي اعليٰ شڪلن جيتري قدر ڏيندا هئا.<ref>[http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html Art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013011648/http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html|date=13 October 2009}}. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</ref> آرٽ جا اسڪول فنون لطيفه ۽ دستڪاري جي وچ ۾ فرق برقرار رکيا ته هڪ دستڪار کي فن جو ماهر نه ٿو سمجهي سگهجي. ٻين فنن کان مٿانهون، امتيازي مصوري ۽ گهٽ حد تائين مجسمي سازي جو وڌندڙ رجحان مغربي فن ۽ اوڀر ايشيائي فن جي هڪ خاصيت رهيو آهي. ٻنهي علائقن ۾، مصوري کي فنڪار جي تخيل تي اعليٰ درجي تائين ڀروسو ڪندي ۽ دستي محنت کان پري ڏٺو ويو آهي، هن جي برعڪس چيني مصوري ۾، سڀ کان وڌيڪ قيمتي انداز "عالمانه مصوري" جا هئا، جيڪا اشرافيه جي شوقينن پاران مشق ڪيا ويندا هئا. مغربي صنفن جي درجي بندي ساڳئي روين کي ظاهر ڪري ٿي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Visual arts}} {{Wikivoyage|Visual arts}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050424084418/http://www.artlex.com/ ArtLex] – online dictionary of visual art terms (archived 24 April 2005) * [http://calendarforartists.com/ Calendar for Artists] – calendar listing of visual art festivals. * [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah Art History Timeline] by the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]. {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:بصري فنون]] [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:فنون لطيفه]] [[زمرو:ربطياتي ڊيزائن]] [[زمرو:بصري آرٽس ميڊيا]] 0lw0c83xip9uo37j6tu6ab9714briv3 14 96119 376023 2026-05-05T14:41:54Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:ربطيات]] 376023 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:ربطيات]] 459hlv12zs1d0vin5zwqf1xau368v49 14 96120 376027 2026-05-05T16:00:57Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ميسوپوٽيميا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:بابل جي تاريخ]] 376027 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ميسوپوٽيميا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:بابل جي تاريخ]] 5ssainkb74725450eobbmyay8p4maji 14 96121 376028 2026-05-05T16:01:58Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:اموري خاندان]] [[زمرو:بابلي بادشاهه]] 376028 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:اموري خاندان]] [[زمرو:بابلي بادشاهه]] stmre1a6eu9hvi7djghoi1uhow17vx4 14 96122 376030 2026-05-05T16:07:20Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:بابل بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:18 صدي قبل مسيح]] 376030 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:بابل بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:18 صدي قبل مسيح]] poe47aup9lnq8jtpe89ikjmsrv1u43h 376032 376030 2026-05-05T16:08:11Z Memon2025 21315 /* */ 376032 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:بابلي بادشاهه]] [[زمرو:18 صدي قبل مسيح]] l2rlz00immos3kx05jxmwjl0y9andsl 14 96123 376033 2026-05-05T16:09:32Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:صديون]] [[زمرو:قديم تاريخ]] 376033 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:صديون]] [[زمرو:قديم تاريخ]] 8hiw5bdjoh0d40mi45ceem41tgujg1s 0 96124 376035 2026-05-05T16:24:12Z Ibne maryam 17680 صفحي "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351139640|Performing arts]]" جي شروعاتي ڀاڱي جو ترجمو ڪندي سرجيو ويو 376035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{فرق سڃاڻ|Performance art}} [[File:Labudovo_jezero,_Balet_SNP-a,_Jelena_Lečić,_Andrej_Kolčeriju,_foto_M._Polzović.jpg|thumb|ناچ ''"سوان لِيڪ"'' جي هڪ پرفارمنس]] '''پرفارمنگ آرٽس''' اها فن آهن، جيڪا سامعين لاءِ پيش ڪيا ويندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[موسيقي]]، [[ناچ]] ۽ [[ڊرامو|ڊراما]]. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=2021-01-19|archivedate=30 July 2022}}</ref> اها [[بصري فنون]] کان مختلف آهن، جيڪا جسماني يا جامد شيون (تصوير، مجسما، چٽسالي وغيره) پيدا ڪن ٿا. پرفارمنگ آرٽس ۾ مختلف شعبا شامل آهن جيڪا موجود سامعين جي سامهون پيش ڪيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ ٿيٽر، موسيقي ۽ ناچ شامل آهن. پرفارمنس مقصد سان ٺهيل عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ٿيٽر ۽ اوپيرا هائوس ۽ انهي سان گڏ کليل هوا ۾ ٿيندڙ تهوارون، گهٽين جي سيٽنگن ۽ فلم يا ٽيليويزن جهڙن رڪارڊ ٿيل فارميٽ ۾. ۾ ٿي سگهن ٿيون. پرفارمنگ آرٽس جي روايتون هر سماج ۾ موجود آهن. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Design_for_Performative_Arts_Spaces/PrOPEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Performing+arts%22+traditions+%22every%22+culture+prehistory&pg=PA35&printsec=frontcover|title=Design for Performative Arts Spaces: Historical Evolution, Cultural Context, and Future Opportunities|date=2025-10-15}}</ref> موسيقي ۽ ناچ جي تاريخ [[تاريخ کان اڳ جو دور|اڳ-تاريخي دور]] تائين آهي، <ref>{{Cite book|last=Morley|first=Iain|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Prehistory_of_Music/dHbqAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=music+dance+%22prehistory%22&pg=PA316&printsec=frontcover|title=The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality|date=2013-10-24|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-150209-5|language=en}}</ref> جڏهن ته ٿيٽر جون شڪلون [[قديم يونان]]، [[هندستان]] ۽ [[چين]] ۾ ظاهر ٿين ٿيون. پرفارمنس مذهبي، رسمي ۽ تفريحي ڪمن جي ميلاپن جي خدمت ڪئي. جاپاني ناچ، نوهه ۽ ڪابوڪي روايتن سان گڏ هندستاني ڪلاسيڪل ناچ کي يونيسڪو پاران انسانيت جي غير محسوس ورثي طور تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي. مغربي پرفارمنگ آرٽس جي تاريخ قديم يوناني ٽريجڊي ۽ ڪاميڊي کان وٺي وچئين دور جي پراسرار ڊرامن، نشاۃِ ثانيه ۾ اوپيرا ۽ باليٽ ناچ جي ظهور ۽ گرينڊ اوپيرا جي رومانوي توسيع تائين پکڙيل آهي. 20هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ جديد انقلابن ۾، ايسادورا ڊنڪن، ڪانسٽنٽين اسٽينسلاوسڪي ۽ سرگئي ڊياگيليف جهڙين شخصيتن ناچ ۽ ٿيٽر جي اصولن تي ٻيهر ڪم ڪيو. جديد دور جي بعد جي پرفارمنس شعبن جي وچ ۾ حدن کي وڌيڪ چئلينج ڪري رهي آهي. سامعين جي سامهون موجود پرفارمنس تفريح جو هڪ روپ آهي. آڊيو ۽ وڊيو رڪارڊنگ جي ترقي پرفارمنگ آرٽس جي ذاتي استعمال ۾ مدد ڪيو آهي. داستان گوئي جي پرفارمنس ۾ ڪردار جذبات جو اظهار ڪندا آهن. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Álvarez|first=Inma|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Expression_in_the_Performing_Arts/FUcaBwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22performing+arts%22+express+emotion&pg=PA17&printsec=frontcover|title=Expression in the Performing Arts|last2=Pérez|first2=Héctor J.|last3=Pérez-Carreño|first3=Francisca|date=2010-02-19|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-2024-0|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Mckenna_Theater_Stage;_SUNY_@_New_Paltz.jpg|alt=A picture of a Theatre, a place to showcase performances to audience.|ساڄو|thumb|165x165 عڪسلون|ميڪينا ٿيٽر اسٽيج]] ggw040pj0po7yya8hgx51ji1m82ybz3 376036 376035 2026-05-05T16:24:36Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:فن]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 376036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{فرق سڃاڻ|Performance art}} [[File:Labudovo_jezero,_Balet_SNP-a,_Jelena_Lečić,_Andrej_Kolčeriju,_foto_M._Polzović.jpg|thumb|ناچ ''"سوان لِيڪ"'' جي هڪ پرفارمنس]] '''پرفارمنگ آرٽس''' اها فن آهن، جيڪا سامعين لاءِ پيش ڪيا ويندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[موسيقي]]، [[ناچ]] ۽ [[ڊرامو|ڊراما]]. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=2021-01-19|archivedate=30 July 2022}}</ref> اها [[بصري فنون]] کان مختلف آهن، جيڪا جسماني يا جامد شيون (تصوير، مجسما، چٽسالي وغيره) پيدا ڪن ٿا. پرفارمنگ آرٽس ۾ مختلف شعبا شامل آهن جيڪا موجود سامعين جي سامهون پيش ڪيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ ٿيٽر، موسيقي ۽ ناچ شامل آهن. پرفارمنس مقصد سان ٺهيل عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ٿيٽر ۽ اوپيرا هائوس ۽ انهي سان گڏ کليل هوا ۾ ٿيندڙ تهوارون، گهٽين جي سيٽنگن ۽ فلم يا ٽيليويزن جهڙن رڪارڊ ٿيل فارميٽ ۾. ۾ ٿي سگهن ٿيون. پرفارمنگ آرٽس جي روايتون هر سماج ۾ موجود آهن. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Design_for_Performative_Arts_Spaces/PrOPEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Performing+arts%22+traditions+%22every%22+culture+prehistory&pg=PA35&printsec=frontcover|title=Design for Performative Arts Spaces: Historical Evolution, Cultural Context, and Future Opportunities|date=2025-10-15}}</ref> موسيقي ۽ ناچ جي تاريخ [[تاريخ کان اڳ جو دور|اڳ-تاريخي دور]] تائين آهي، <ref>{{Cite book|last=Morley|first=Iain|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Prehistory_of_Music/dHbqAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=music+dance+%22prehistory%22&pg=PA316&printsec=frontcover|title=The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality|date=2013-10-24|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-150209-5|language=en}}</ref> جڏهن ته ٿيٽر جون شڪلون [[قديم يونان]]، [[هندستان]] ۽ [[چين]] ۾ ظاهر ٿين ٿيون. پرفارمنس مذهبي، رسمي ۽ تفريحي ڪمن جي ميلاپن جي خدمت ڪئي. جاپاني ناچ، نوهه ۽ ڪابوڪي روايتن سان گڏ هندستاني ڪلاسيڪل ناچ کي يونيسڪو پاران انسانيت جي غير محسوس ورثي طور تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي. مغربي پرفارمنگ آرٽس جي تاريخ قديم يوناني ٽريجڊي ۽ ڪاميڊي کان وٺي وچئين دور جي پراسرار ڊرامن، نشاۃِ ثانيه ۾ اوپيرا ۽ باليٽ ناچ جي ظهور ۽ گرينڊ اوپيرا جي رومانوي توسيع تائين پکڙيل آهي. 20هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ جديد انقلابن ۾، ايسادورا ڊنڪن، ڪانسٽنٽين اسٽينسلاوسڪي ۽ سرگئي ڊياگيليف جهڙين شخصيتن ناچ ۽ ٿيٽر جي اصولن تي ٻيهر ڪم ڪيو. جديد دور جي بعد جي پرفارمنس شعبن جي وچ ۾ حدن کي وڌيڪ چئلينج ڪري رهي آهي. سامعين جي سامهون موجود پرفارمنس تفريح جو هڪ روپ آهي. آڊيو ۽ وڊيو رڪارڊنگ جي ترقي پرفارمنگ آرٽس جي ذاتي استعمال ۾ مدد ڪيو آهي. داستان گوئي جي پرفارمنس ۾ ڪردار جذبات جو اظهار ڪندا آهن. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Álvarez|first=Inma|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Expression_in_the_Performing_Arts/FUcaBwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22performing+arts%22+express+emotion&pg=PA17&printsec=frontcover|title=Expression in the Performing Arts|last2=Pérez|first2=Héctor J.|last3=Pérez-Carreño|first3=Francisca|date=2010-02-19|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-2024-0|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Mckenna_Theater_Stage;_SUNY_@_New_Paltz.jpg|alt=A picture of a Theatre, a place to showcase performances to audience.|ساڄو|thumb|165x165 عڪسلون|ميڪينا ٿيٽر اسٽيج]] [[زمرو:فن]] fr7m9e9ydpzsoixt6b0t0er353du2qv 376037 376036 2026-05-05T16:24:55Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:فن بلحاظ قسم]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 376037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{فرق سڃاڻ|Performance art}} [[File:Labudovo_jezero,_Balet_SNP-a,_Jelena_Lečić,_Andrej_Kolčeriju,_foto_M._Polzović.jpg|thumb|ناچ ''"سوان لِيڪ"'' جي هڪ پرفارمنس]] '''پرفارمنگ آرٽس''' اها فن آهن، جيڪا سامعين لاءِ پيش ڪيا ويندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[موسيقي]]، [[ناچ]] ۽ [[ڊرامو|ڊراما]]. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=2021-01-19|archivedate=30 July 2022}}</ref> اها [[بصري فنون]] کان مختلف آهن، جيڪا جسماني يا جامد شيون (تصوير، مجسما، چٽسالي وغيره) پيدا ڪن ٿا. پرفارمنگ آرٽس ۾ مختلف شعبا شامل آهن جيڪا موجود سامعين جي سامهون پيش ڪيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ ٿيٽر، موسيقي ۽ ناچ شامل آهن. پرفارمنس مقصد سان ٺهيل عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ٿيٽر ۽ اوپيرا هائوس ۽ انهي سان گڏ کليل هوا ۾ ٿيندڙ تهوارون، گهٽين جي سيٽنگن ۽ فلم يا ٽيليويزن جهڙن رڪارڊ ٿيل فارميٽ ۾. ۾ ٿي سگهن ٿيون. پرفارمنگ آرٽس جي روايتون هر سماج ۾ موجود آهن. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Design_for_Performative_Arts_Spaces/PrOPEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Performing+arts%22+traditions+%22every%22+culture+prehistory&pg=PA35&printsec=frontcover|title=Design for Performative Arts Spaces: Historical Evolution, Cultural Context, and Future Opportunities|date=2025-10-15}}</ref> موسيقي ۽ ناچ جي تاريخ [[تاريخ کان اڳ جو دور|اڳ-تاريخي دور]] تائين آهي، <ref>{{Cite book|last=Morley|first=Iain|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Prehistory_of_Music/dHbqAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=music+dance+%22prehistory%22&pg=PA316&printsec=frontcover|title=The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality|date=2013-10-24|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-150209-5|language=en}}</ref> جڏهن ته ٿيٽر جون شڪلون [[قديم يونان]]، [[هندستان]] ۽ [[چين]] ۾ ظاهر ٿين ٿيون. پرفارمنس مذهبي، رسمي ۽ تفريحي ڪمن جي ميلاپن جي خدمت ڪئي. جاپاني ناچ، نوهه ۽ ڪابوڪي روايتن سان گڏ هندستاني ڪلاسيڪل ناچ کي يونيسڪو پاران انسانيت جي غير محسوس ورثي طور تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي. مغربي پرفارمنگ آرٽس جي تاريخ قديم يوناني ٽريجڊي ۽ ڪاميڊي کان وٺي وچئين دور جي پراسرار ڊرامن، نشاۃِ ثانيه ۾ اوپيرا ۽ باليٽ ناچ جي ظهور ۽ گرينڊ اوپيرا جي رومانوي توسيع تائين پکڙيل آهي. 20هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ جديد انقلابن ۾، ايسادورا ڊنڪن، ڪانسٽنٽين اسٽينسلاوسڪي ۽ سرگئي ڊياگيليف جهڙين شخصيتن ناچ ۽ ٿيٽر جي اصولن تي ٻيهر ڪم ڪيو. جديد دور جي بعد جي پرفارمنس شعبن جي وچ ۾ حدن کي وڌيڪ چئلينج ڪري رهي آهي. سامعين جي سامهون موجود پرفارمنس تفريح جو هڪ روپ آهي. آڊيو ۽ وڊيو رڪارڊنگ جي ترقي پرفارمنگ آرٽس جي ذاتي استعمال ۾ مدد ڪيو آهي. داستان گوئي جي پرفارمنس ۾ ڪردار جذبات جو اظهار ڪندا آهن. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Álvarez|first=Inma|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Expression_in_the_Performing_Arts/FUcaBwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22performing+arts%22+express+emotion&pg=PA17&printsec=frontcover|title=Expression in the Performing Arts|last2=Pérez|first2=Héctor J.|last3=Pérez-Carreño|first3=Francisca|date=2010-02-19|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-2024-0|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Mckenna_Theater_Stage;_SUNY_@_New_Paltz.jpg|alt=A picture of a Theatre, a place to showcase performances to audience.|ساڄو|thumb|165x165 عڪسلون|ميڪينا ٿيٽر اسٽيج]] [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:فن بلحاظ قسم]] 46stsyz7p9gjpvksrnv3uri7uvkz9fk 376038 376037 2026-05-05T16:29:10Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 376038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{فرق سڃاڻ|Performance art}} [[File:Labudovo_jezero,_Balet_SNP-a,_Jelena_Lečić,_Andrej_Kolčeriju,_foto_M._Polzović.jpg|thumb|ناچ ''"سوان لِيڪ"'' جي هڪ پرفارمنس]] '''پرفارمنگ آرٽس''' اها فن آهن، جيڪا سامعين لاءِ پيش ڪيا ويندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[موسيقي]]، [[ناچ]] ۽ [[ڊرامو|ڊراما]]. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=2021-01-19|archivedate=30 July 2022}}</ref> اها [[بصري فنون]] کان مختلف آهن، جيڪا جسماني يا جامد شيون (تصوير، مجسما، چٽسالي وغيره) پيدا ڪن ٿا. پرفارمنگ آرٽس ۾ مختلف شعبا شامل آهن جيڪا موجود سامعين جي سامهون پيش ڪيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ ٿيٽر، موسيقي ۽ ناچ شامل آهن. پرفارمنس مقصد سان ٺهيل عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ٿيٽر ۽ اوپيرا هائوس ۽ انهي سان گڏ کليل هوا ۾ ٿيندڙ تهوارون، گهٽين جي سيٽنگن ۽ فلم يا ٽيليويزن جهڙن رڪارڊ ٿيل فارميٽ ۾. ۾ ٿي سگهن ٿيون. پرفارمنگ آرٽس جي روايتون هر سماج ۾ موجود آهن. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Design_for_Performative_Arts_Spaces/PrOPEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Performing+arts%22+traditions+%22every%22+culture+prehistory&pg=PA35&printsec=frontcover|title=Design for Performative Arts Spaces: Historical Evolution, Cultural Context, and Future Opportunities|date=2025-10-15}}</ref> موسيقي ۽ ناچ جي تاريخ [[تاريخ کان اڳ جو دور|اڳ-تاريخي دور]] تائين آهي، <ref>{{Cite book|last=Morley|first=Iain|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Prehistory_of_Music/dHbqAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=music+dance+%22prehistory%22&pg=PA316&printsec=frontcover|title=The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality|date=2013-10-24|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-150209-5|language=en}}</ref> جڏهن ته ٿيٽر جون شڪلون [[قديم يونان]]، [[هندستان]] ۽ [[چين]] ۾ ظاهر ٿين ٿيون. پرفارمنس مذهبي، رسمي ۽ تفريحي ڪمن جي ميلاپن جي خدمت ڪئي. جاپاني ناچ، نوهه ۽ ڪابوڪي روايتن سان گڏ هندستاني ڪلاسيڪل ناچ کي يونيسڪو پاران انسانيت جي غير محسوس ورثي طور تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي. مغربي پرفارمنگ آرٽس جي تاريخ قديم يوناني ٽريجڊي ۽ ڪاميڊي کان وٺي وچئين دور جي پراسرار ڊرامن، نشاۃِ ثانيه ۾ اوپيرا ۽ باليٽ ناچ جي ظهور ۽ گرينڊ اوپيرا جي رومانوي توسيع تائين پکڙيل آهي. 20هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ جديد انقلابن ۾، ايسادورا ڊنڪن، ڪانسٽنٽين اسٽينسلاوسڪي ۽ سرگئي ڊياگيليف جهڙين شخصيتن ناچ ۽ ٿيٽر جي اصولن تي ٻيهر ڪم ڪيو. جديد دور جي بعد جي پرفارمنس شعبن جي وچ ۾ حدن کي وڌيڪ چئلينج ڪري رهي آهي. سامعين جي سامهون موجود پرفارمنس تفريح جو هڪ روپ آهي. آڊيو ۽ وڊيو رڪارڊنگ جي ترقي پرفارمنگ آرٽس جي ذاتي استعمال ۾ مدد ڪيو آهي. داستان گوئي جي پرفارمنس ۾ ڪردار جذبات جو اظهار ڪندا آهن. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Álvarez|first=Inma|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Expression_in_the_Performing_Arts/FUcaBwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22performing+arts%22+express+emotion&pg=PA17&printsec=frontcover|title=Expression in the Performing Arts|last2=Pérez|first2=Héctor J.|last3=Pérez-Carreño|first3=Francisca|date=2010-02-19|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-2024-0|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Mckenna_Theater_Stage;_SUNY_@_New_Paltz.jpg|alt=A picture of a Theatre, a place to showcase performances to audience.|ساڄو|thumb|165x165 عڪسلون|ميڪينا ٿيٽر اسٽيج]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== * {{commonscat-inline}} {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=Performing arts }} * [http://asia-perfo-arts.com/ Bibliography of Performing Arts in the East] * [http://www.eclap.eu/ European Collected Library on Performing Arts] {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:پرفارمنگ آرٽس]] [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:تفريح]] [[زمرو:فن بلحاظ قسم]] snq0dsy2nclmyimq200zgewspd2lnge 14 96125 376039 2026-05-05T16:29:29Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:تفريح]] [[زمرو:فن بلحاظ قسم]] 376039 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:تفريح]] [[زمرو:فن بلحاظ قسم]] nst44pxfuxapn8aljkynmhd1gmk5529 376043 376039 2026-05-05T16:37:04Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 376043 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:تفريح]] [[زمرو:فن بلحاظ قسم]] 15hdchjuyhrl0b4s46qmx0p6wsld64z 14 96126 376065 2026-05-05T17:31:13Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:ڪم]] 376065 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:ڪم]] j0r3fxme8v5pxgo5ulfsfqow65qoldq 828 96127 376075 2026-05-05T20:32:53Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{High-risk}} {{Module rating|protected}} {{Tracks and uses Wikidata|P625}} {{Lua|Module:Math|Module:Arguments}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|Module:Coordinates/styles.css}} '''نوٽ:''' ھن ماڊيول جي مکيه فنڪشن (<code>coord</code>) مان نڪرندڙ ڪوڊ کي سڌو سنئون [[ماڊيول:لوڪيشن ميپ]] ۽ ھن ماڊيول جي ٻين فنڪشنن (<code>coord2text</code> ۽ <code>coordinsert</code>) پاران پڙھيو ۽/يا تبديل ڪ... 376075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{High-risk}} {{Module rating|protected}} {{Tracks and uses Wikidata|P625}} {{Lua|Module:Math|Module:Arguments}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|Module:Coordinates/styles.css}} '''نوٽ:''' ھن ماڊيول جي مکيه فنڪشن (<code>coord</code>) مان نڪرندڙ ڪوڊ کي سڌو سنئون [[ماڊيول:لوڪيشن ميپ]] ۽ ھن ماڊيول جي ٻين فنڪشنن (<code>coord2text</code> ۽ <code>coordinsert</code>) پاران پڙھيو ۽/يا تبديل ڪيو ويندو آھي۔ جيڪڏھن آئوٽ پُٽ جي ڍانچي ۾ ڪا تبديلي ڪئي وڃي (مثال طور [[:mw:Help:Extension:Kartographer|<code><nowiki><mapframe></nowiki></code> ۽ <code><nowiki><maplink></nowiki></code> ٽيگ]] استعمال ڪرڻ)، تہ مٿي ذڪر ڪيل اسڪرپٽن کي پڻ اپڊيٽ ڪرڻ ضروري آھي۔ ==ماڊيول کي coordinsert سان استعمال ڪرڻ== جڏھن {{tl|Coord}} سانچو ڪنھن ٻئي سانچي (جهڙوڪ ڄاڻخانو) اندر استعمال ڪيو وڃي، تہ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڪي پيراميٽر (جهڙوڪ <code><var>type</var>:<var>airport</var></code>) پاڻمرادو شامل ڪرڻ گھرجن۔ اھو ڪرڻ لاءِ ھيئن لکو: <code>&#123;&#123;#if:&#123;&#123;&#123;coordinates&#124;&#125;&#125;&#125;&#124;&#123;&#123;#invoke:Coordinates&#124;coordinsert&#124;&#123;&#123;&#123;coordinates&#124;&#125;&#125;&#125;&#124;<var>parameter1:value1&#124;parameter2:value2&#124;parameter3:value3…</var>&#125;&#125;&#124;</code> ضرورت کان وڌيڪ عمودي بار <code>&#124;</code> شامل نه ڪريو۔ ==ماڊيول کي coord2text سان استعمال ڪندي عرض البلد يا طول البلد ڪڍڻ== پراڻي ڪوڊ کي سنڀاليندڙ ڊولپرن کي شايد عرض البلد يا طول البلد ڪڍڻ جي ضرورت پوي ته جيئن ان کي ٻين ڪوڊ يا رياضيائي اظهار ۾ استعمال ڪري سگھجي۔ ماڊيول جو "coord2text" فنڪشن {{tl|Coord}} سانچي مان ڊيٽا ڪڍڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگھجي ٿو۔ عرض البلد ڪڍڻ لاءِ ھي استعمال ڪريو: <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:coordinates|coord2text|{{Coord|57|18|22|N|4|27|32|E}}|lat}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{#invoke:coordinates|coord2text|{{Coord|57|18|22|N|4|27|32|E}}|lat}} طول البلد ڪڍڻ لاءِ: <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:coordinates|coord2text|{{Coord|57|18|22|N|4|27|32|E}}|long}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{#invoke:coordinates|coord2text|{{Coord|57|18|22|N|4|27|32|E}}|long}} == ماڊيول جيڪي ھن ماڊيول کي سڌو استعمال ڪن ٿا == * [[ماڊيول:ايڇ ايس لسٽڊ بلڊنگ رو]] == ڳولا وارا زمرا == * {{clc|صفحن ۾ خراب ٿيل ڪوآرڊينيٽ ٽيگ}} * {{clc|ڪوآرڊينيٽ جيڪي وڪي ڊيٽا تي ناھن}} * {{clc|ڪوآرڊينيٽ جيڪي وڪي ڊيٽا تي موجود آھن}} * {{clc|ڪوآرڊينيٽ جيڪي وڪي ڊيٽا تي "نه قدر" طور مقرر ٿيل آھن}} * {{clc|ڪوآرڊينيٽ جيڪي وڪي ڊيٽا تي "نامعلوم قدر" طور مقرر ٿيل آھن}} <includeonly>{{#switch:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox2|sandbox=| [[زمرو:ماڊيول جيڪي ٽريڪنگ زمرو شامل ڪن ٿا]] }}</includeonly><noinclude> [[زمرو:ماڊيول دستاويز صفحا]] </noinclude> cpwj9kw7p3a1oik238hoz4fmqubb4pm 10 96128 376076 2026-05-05T20:41:13Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Sky/styles.css}} ھي سانچو [[وڪيپيڊيا:جاگرافيائي ڪوآرڊينيٽ منصوبا|جاگرافيائي ڪوآرڊينيٽ وڪي منصوبي]] جي سانچن جي نقل آھي۔ ھن حالت ۾، ھي سانچو سڀني قسمن جي [[فلڪي شيون]] کي آسماني نقشي سان ڳنڍيندو آھي۔ === استعمال === ھن سانچي ۾ 8 پيراميٽر آ... 376076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Sky/styles.css}} ھي سانچو [[وڪيپيڊيا:جاگرافيائي ڪوآرڊينيٽ منصوبا|جاگرافيائي ڪوآرڊينيٽ وڪي منصوبي]] جي سانچن جي نقل آھي۔ ھن حالت ۾، ھي سانچو سڀني قسمن جي [[فلڪي شيون]] کي آسماني نقشي سان ڳنڍيندو آھي۔ === استعمال === ھن سانچي ۾ 8 پيراميٽر آھن۔ پھريان ٽي [[سڌي چڙھائي]] (ڪلاڪ، منٽ ۽ سيڪنڊ) لاءِ آھن۔ چوٿون [[ميلان]] جي نشاني آھي (- منفي لاءِ ۽ + مثبت لاءِ)۔ ايندڙ ٽي پيراميٽر ميلان (درجا، منٽ ۽ سيڪنڊ) لاءِ آھن ۽ آخري پيراميٽر روشني-سال ۾ فاصلو آھي، جيڪو زوم ڳڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿئي ٿو۔ برج لاءِ عام آخري پيراميٽر 10 ھوندو آھي۔ ھن سانچي کي [[فلڪي شيون]] وارن مضمونن جي آخر ۾ رکو۔ استعمال جا مثال [[انڊروميڊا ڪهڪشان]] يا [[پروڪسيما سينٽوري]] مضمونن ۾ ڏسو۔ ;مثال <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Sky |00|42|44.30 |+|41|16|10 |2360000 }} </syntaxhighlight> ھي ھيٺين جڳھ ڏيکاري ٿو: :[[سڌي چڙھائي]]: {{RA|00|42|44.30}} :[[ميلان]]: {{DEC|+41|16|10}} :فاصلو: 2,360,000 [[روشني سال]] (723,500 [[پارسڪ]]) ان کي ھڪڙي سٽ ۾ ڏيکارڻ لاءِ {{para|display|inline}} شامل ڪريو: {{Sky |00|42|44.30 |+|41|16|10 |2360000|display=inline }} === لاڳاپيل سانچا === *[[سانچو:Need sky]] === وڌيڪ ڏسو === *[[سانچو:Coord]] *[[سانچو:RA]] *[[سانچو:DEC]]<includeonly> {{Sandbox other|| [[زمرو:فلڪيات جا سانچا]] [[زمرو:فلڪيات خارجي ڳنڍڻ وارا سانچا]] [[زمرو:ڪوآرڊينيٽ سانچا]] [[زمرو:عنوان سانچا]] }}</includeonly> 4se8u1yp9vhffj5z7e1oo1ekeahrf2f 10 96129 376077 2026-05-05T20:42:50Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: /* {{pp-template}} */ /* Similiar to [[Template:Coord]] styling */ .sky-coordinates-display { line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; text-indent: 0; text-transform: none; white-space: nowrap; } body.skin-vector-legacy .sky-coordinates-display { font-size: 85%; } 376077 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ /* Similiar to [[Template:Coord]] styling */ .sky-coordinates-display { line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; text-indent: 0; text-transform: none; white-space: nowrap; } body.skin-vector-legacy .sky-coordinates-display { font-size: 85%; } tbqdwz2fd3ow0dfiulzftkn3602d8yh 10 96130 376079 2026-05-05T20:46:53Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{tsh|RA}} ھي سانچو ڏنل ڪوآرڊينيٽ جي [[سڌي چڙھائي]] (Right Ascension) کي فارميٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آھي۔ <nowiki>{{{1}}}</nowiki>^ڪ<nowiki>{{{2}}}</nowiki>^م<nowiki>{{{3}}}</nowiki>^س<br><br> ==استعمال== <nowiki>{{RA|ڪلاڪ|منٽ|سيڪنڊ}}</nowiki> :'''{{RA|ڪلاڪ|منٽ|سيڪنڊ}}''' نوٽ ڪريو ته ٽئي دلي... 376079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{tsh|RA}} ھي سانچو ڏنل ڪوآرڊينيٽ جي [[سڌي چڙھائي]] (Right Ascension) کي فارميٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آھي۔ <nowiki>{{{1}}}</nowiki>^ڪ<nowiki>{{{2}}}</nowiki>^م<nowiki>{{{3}}}</nowiki>^س<br><br> ==استعمال== <nowiki>{{RA|ڪلاڪ|منٽ|سيڪنڊ}}</nowiki> :'''{{RA|ڪلاڪ|منٽ|سيڪنڊ}}''' نوٽ ڪريو ته ٽئي دليل اختياري آھن۔ <nowiki>{{RA|ڪلاڪ|منٽ}}</nowiki> :'''{{RA|ڪلاڪ|منٽ}}''' <nowiki>{{RA|ڪلاڪ}}</nowiki> :'''{{RA|ڪلاڪ}}''' <nowiki>{{RA||منٽ|سيڪنڊ}}</nowiki> :'''{{RA||منٽ|سيڪنڊ}}''' <nowiki>{{RA|01|46|37.3761}}</nowiki> :'''{{RA|01|46|37.3761}}''' ھي سانچو وقت جي ماپن ۾ غير يقيني حالتن لاءِ {{tl|val}} ۽ {{tl|+-}} سان گڏ پڻ استعمال ڪري سگھجي ٿو: <nowiki>{{RA|ڪلاڪ|منٽ|سيڪنڊ}} {{+-|{{RA||منٽ|سيڪنڊ}}|{{RA||منٽ|سيڪنڊ}}}}</nowiki> :'''{{RA|ڪلاڪ|منٽ|سيڪنڊ}} {{+-|{{RA||منٽ|سيڪنڊ}}|{{RA||منٽ|سيڪنڊ}}}}''' ==سانچو ڊيٽا== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "ڪلاڪ", "type": "number", "suggested": true, "description": "ڪوآرڊينيٽ جو ڪلاڪ وارو حصو", "example": "10" }, "2": { "label": "منٽ", "type": "number", "suggested": true, "description": "ڪوآرڊينيٽ جو منٽ وارو حصو", "example": "20" }, "3": { "label": "سيڪنڊ", "type": "number", "suggested": true, "description": "ڪوآرڊينيٽ جو سيڪنڊ وارو حصو", "example": "30" } }, "format": "inline", "description": "فلڪي گردش جي دور يا ڪوآرڊينيٽ کي فارميٽ ڪري ٿو" } </templatedata> ==وڌيڪ ڏسو== * {{tl|Deg2HMS}} * {{tl|DEC}} * {{tl|Sky}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[زمرو:فلڪيات فارميٽنگ ۽ فنڪشن سانچا|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[زمرو:ڪوآرڊينيٽ سانچا|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> jx0srrwbigyihbkjqx6csbacfbocz45 10 96131 376081 2026-05-05T20:49:51Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{tsh|DEC}} ھي سانچو ڪوآرڊينيٽس جي ھڪڙي سيٽ جي [[ميلان]] (Declination) کي فارميٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آھي۔ <nowiki>{{{1}}}</nowiki>&deg;&nbsp;<nowiki>{{{2}}}</nowiki>&prime;&nbsp;<nowiki>{{{3}}}</nowiki>&Prime;<br><br> ==استعمال== <nowiki>{{DEC|ڊگريون|منٽ|سيڪنڊ}}</nowiki> :'''{{DEC|ڊگريون|منٽ|سيڪنڊ}}''' نوٽ ڪريو ته ٻيو... 376081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{tsh|DEC}} ھي سانچو ڪوآرڊينيٽس جي ھڪڙي سيٽ جي [[ميلان]] (Declination) کي فارميٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آھي۔ <nowiki>{{{1}}}</nowiki>&deg;&nbsp;<nowiki>{{{2}}}</nowiki>&prime;&nbsp;<nowiki>{{{3}}}</nowiki>&Prime;<br><br> ==استعمال== <nowiki>{{DEC|ڊگريون|منٽ|سيڪنڊ}}</nowiki> :'''{{DEC|ڊگريون|منٽ|سيڪنڊ}}''' نوٽ ڪريو ته ٻيو ۽ ٽيون دليل، '''سيڪنڊ''' ۽ '''منٽ'''، اختياري آھن۔ <nowiki>{{DEC|ڊگريون|منٽ}}</nowiki> :'''{{DEC|ڊگريون|منٽ}}''' <nowiki>{{DEC|ڊگريون}}</nowiki> :'''{{DEC|ڊگريون}}''' <nowiki>{{DEC|+40|57|20.3280}}</nowiki> :'''{{DEC|+40|57|20.3280}}''' ٽيبلن ۾ استعمال ڪندي، | ۽ {{tl|DEC}} جي وچ ۾ ھڪڙو خال ڇڏيو، ٻي صورت ۾ ٽيبل ٽٽي سگھي ٿي جيڪڏھن ڊگريون "+" سان شروع ٿين. ==وڌيڪ ڏسو== * {{tl|RA}} * {{tl|Deg2HMS}} * {{tl|Decdeg}} * {{tl|Sky}} * {{tl|Need sky}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[زمرو:فلڪيات فارميٽنگ ۽ فنڪشن سانچا|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[زمرو:ڪوآرڊينيٽ سانچا|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> a6ttglwdnd5ts0mhi7nt41q6f9g6rqi 10 96132 376082 2026-05-05T20:50:55Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <!-- -->{{#expr: FLOOR({{{1|0}}}/15)}}{{#if:{{{sup|}}}|^h&nbsp;|&#58;}}<!-- -->{{#expr: FLOOR( ((({{{1|0}}}/15) - FLOOR({{{1|0}}}/15)) round 14 )*60)}}{{#if:{{{sup|}}}|^m&nbsp;|&#58;}}<!-- -->{{#expr: (((({{{1|0}}}/15)-FLOOR({{{1|0}}}/15))*60) - FLOOR( ((({{{1|0}}}/15)-FLOOR({{{1|0}}}/15)) round 14 )*60))*60 round {{#if:{{{p|}}}|{{{p|}}}|3}}}}{{#if:{{{sup|}}}|^s}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 376082 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- -->{{#expr: FLOOR({{{1|0}}}/15)}}{{#if:{{{sup|}}}|^h&nbsp;|&#58;}}<!-- -->{{#expr: FLOOR( ((({{{1|0}}}/15) - FLOOR({{{1|0}}}/15)) round 14 )*60)}}{{#if:{{{sup|}}}|^m&nbsp;|&#58;}}<!-- -->{{#expr: (((({{{1|0}}}/15)-FLOOR({{{1|0}}}/15))*60) - FLOOR( ((({{{1|0}}}/15)-FLOOR({{{1|0}}}/15)) round 14 )*60))*60 round {{#if:{{{p|}}}|{{{p|}}}|3}}}}{{#if:{{{sup|}}}|^s}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> lbjpqthkufzxischz2m80ws2u1u9azo 10 96133 376083 2026-05-05T20:53:11Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مھرباني ڪري زمرا ھيٺ ڏنل جاءِ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ انٽر وڪي ڊيٽا Wikidata تي رکو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي ڊيٽا]]) --> == وضاحت == ھي سانچو [[اعشاري درجو]] (decimal degree) واري قدر کي، جيڪو عام طور [[سڌي چڙھائي]] (Right Ascension) ھوندو آھي، کي ''[[ڪلاڪ زاويہ|ڪلاڪ]]'':''قوس جا منٽ ۽ سيڪنڊ|من... 376083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مھرباني ڪري زمرا ھيٺ ڏنل جاءِ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ انٽر وڪي ڊيٽا Wikidata تي رکو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي ڊيٽا]]) --> == وضاحت == ھي سانچو [[اعشاري درجو]] (decimal degree) واري قدر کي، جيڪو عام طور [[سڌي چڙھائي]] (Right Ascension) ھوندو آھي، کي ''[[ڪلاڪ زاويہ|ڪلاڪ]]'':''[[قوس جا منٽ ۽ سيڪنڊ|منٽ]]'':''[[قوس جا منٽ ۽ سيڪنڊ|سيڪنڊ]]'' جي صورت ۾ يا ''ڪلاڪ''^h ''منٽ''^m ''سيڪنڊ''^s جي صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري ٿو۔ == استعمال == <code><nowiki>{{Deg2HMS|</nowiki>''اعشاري_درجا''<nowiki>|p=</nowiki>''درستگي''<nowiki>|sup=</nowiki>''مٿيون_نشان''<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>.<br> پيرا ميٽر '''p''' اختياري آھي ۽ ڊيفالٽ طور 3 آھي.<br> پيرا ميٽر '''sup''' پڻ اختياري آھي ۽ ڊيفالٽ طور استعمال ٿيل ناھي (خالي يا null). اھو "yes" يا ڪنھن به متن سان چالو ٿيندو. مثال طور:<br> <code><nowiki>{{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4}}</nowiki></code> واپس ڏيندو {{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4}}.<br> <code><nowiki>{{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup= }}</nowiki></code> واپس ڏيندو {{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup= }}.<br> <code><nowiki>{{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup=yes}}</nowiki></code> واپس ڏيندو {{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup=yes}}.<br> <code><nowiki>{{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup=y}}</nowiki></code> واپس ڏيندو {{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup=y}}.<br> <code><nowiki>{{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup=no}}</nowiki></code> واپس ڏيندو {{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup=no}}.<br> == وڌيڪ ڏسو== {{Math templates|conversion}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- ھن لڪير کان ھيٺ زمرا شامل ڪريو؛ انٽر وڪي ڊيٽا Wikidata تي --> [[زمرو:عددي تبديلي سانچا|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[زمرو:ڪنورٽ-جھڙا سانچا|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> ncb3ophbnohdrwcfmz17p4ip4jec0tt 376084 376083 2026-05-05T20:53:51Z Intisar Ali 8681 376084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مھرباني ڪري زمرا ھيٺ ڏنل جاءِ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ انٽر وڪي ڊيٽا Wikidata تي رکو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي ڊيٽا]]) --> == وضاحت == ھي سانچو [[ڏھائي درجو]] (decimal degree) واري قدر کي، جيڪو عام طور [[سڌي چڙھائي]] (Right Ascension) ھوندو آھي، کي ''[[ڪلاڪ زاويہ|ڪلاڪ]]'':''[[قوس جا منٽ ۽ سيڪنڊ|منٽ]]'':''[[قوس جا منٽ ۽ سيڪنڊ|سيڪنڊ]]'' جي صورت ۾ يا ''ڪلاڪ''^h ''منٽ''^m ''سيڪنڊ''^s جي صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري ٿو۔ == استعمال == <code><nowiki>{{Deg2HMS|</nowiki>''اعشاري_درجا''<nowiki>|p=</nowiki>''درستگي''<nowiki>|sup=</nowiki>''مٿيون_نشان''<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>.<br> پيرا ميٽر '''p''' اختياري آھي ۽ ڊيفالٽ طور 3 آھي.<br> پيرا ميٽر '''sup''' پڻ اختياري آھي ۽ ڊيفالٽ طور استعمال ٿيل ناھي (خالي يا null). اھو "yes" يا ڪنھن به متن سان چالو ٿيندو. مثال طور:<br> <code><nowiki>{{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4}}</nowiki></code> واپس ڏيندو {{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4}}.<br> <code><nowiki>{{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup= }}</nowiki></code> واپس ڏيندو {{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup= }}.<br> <code><nowiki>{{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup=yes}}</nowiki></code> واپس ڏيندو {{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup=yes}}.<br> <code><nowiki>{{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup=y}}</nowiki></code> واپس ڏيندو {{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup=y}}.<br> <code><nowiki>{{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup=no}}</nowiki></code> واپس ڏيندو {{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup=no}}.<br> == وڌيڪ ڏسو== {{Math templates|conversion}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- ھن لڪير کان ھيٺ زمرا شامل ڪريو؛ انٽر وڪي ڊيٽا Wikidata تي --> [[زمرو:عددي تبديلي سانچا|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[زمرو:ڪنورٽ-جھڙا سانچا|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> 9l31ears854lb6fxcmbih2dt55ad864 10 96134 376085 2026-05-05T20:55:18Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <includeonly>{{#expr: ( {{#switch: {{{hem|{{{4|}}}}}} | W|w|S|s = -1 | E|e|N|n = 1 | {{#ifeq: {{str left|{{{deg|{{{1|}}}}}}|1}} | - | -1 | 1 }} }} * ( {{#if:{{{deg|{{{1|}}}}}}|abs{{{deg|{{{1}}}}}}|0}} + {{#if:{{{min|{{{2|}}}}}}|{{{min|{{{2}}}}}}/60|0}} + {{#if:{{{sec|{{{3|}}}}}}|{{{sec|{{{3}}}}}}/3600|0}} ) ) round {{#if: {{{rnd|{{{5|}}}}}} | {{{rnd|{{{5|}}}}}} | 7 }} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES TO T... 376085 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#expr: ( {{#switch: {{{hem|{{{4|}}}}}} | W|w|S|s = -1 | E|e|N|n = 1 | {{#ifeq: {{str left|{{{deg|{{{1|}}}}}}|1}} | - | -1 | 1 }} }} * ( {{#if:{{{deg|{{{1|}}}}}}|abs{{{deg|{{{1}}}}}}|0}} + {{#if:{{{min|{{{2|}}}}}}|{{{min|{{{2}}}}}}/60|0}} + {{#if:{{{sec|{{{3|}}}}}}|{{{sec|{{{3}}}}}}/3600|0}} ) ) round {{#if: {{{rnd|{{{5|}}}}}} | {{{rnd|{{{5|}}}}}} | 7 }} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS. --> </noinclude> psnzq4i2f551uygqddasq806kducdue 10 96135 376086 2026-05-05T21:03:34Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺان شامل ڪريو --> === استعمال === === لاڳاپيل صفحا === {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مھرباني ڪري زمرا ھيٺ ڏنل جاءِ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ انٽر وڪي ڊيٽا وڪيڊيٽا تي رکو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي ڊيٽا]]) --> == وضاحت == ھي سانچو [[ڏھائي درجو]] (decimal degree) واري قدر... 376086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺان شامل ڪريو --> === استعمال === === لاڳاپيل صفحا === {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مھرباني ڪري زمرا ھيٺ ڏنل جاءِ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ انٽر وڪي ڊيٽا وڪيڊيٽا تي رکو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي ڊيٽا]]) --> == وضاحت == ھي سانچو [[ڏھائي درجو]] (decimal degree) واري قدر کي، جيڪو عام طور [[سڌي چڙھائي]] (Right Ascension) ھوندو آھي، کي ''[[ڪلاڪ زاويہ|ڪلاڪ]]'':''[[قوس جا منٽ ۽ سيڪنڊ|منٽ]]'':''[[قوس جا منٽ ۽ سيڪنڊ|سيڪنڊ]]'' جي صورت ۾ يا ''ڪلاڪ''^h ''منٽ''^m ''سيڪنڊ''^s جي صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري ٿو۔ == استعمال == <code><nowiki>{{Deg2HMS|</nowiki>''ڏھائي_درجا''<nowiki>|p=</nowiki>''درستگي''<nowiki>|sup=</nowiki>''مٿيون_نشان''<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>.<br> پيرا ميٽر '''p''' اختياري آھي ۽ ڊيفالٽ طور 3 آھي.<br> پيرا ميٽر '''sup''' پڻ اختياري آھي ۽ ڊيفالٽ طور استعمال ٿيل ناھي (خالي). اھو "ھا" يا ڪنھن به متن سان چالو ٿيندو. مثال طور:<br> <code><nowiki>{{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4}}</nowiki></code> واپس ڏيندو {{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4}}.<br> <code><nowiki>{{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup= }}</nowiki></code> واپس ڏيندو {{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup= }}.<br> <code><nowiki>{{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup=yes}}</nowiki></code> واپس ڏيندو {{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup=yes}}.<br> <code><nowiki>{{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup=y}}</nowiki></code> واپس ڏيندو {{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup=y}}.<br> <code><nowiki>{{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup=no}}</nowiki></code> واپس ڏيندو {{Deg2HMS|266.416837|p=4|sup=no}}.<br> == وڌيڪ ڏسو== {{Math templates|conversion}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- ھن لڪير کان ھيٺ زمرا شامل ڪريو؛ انٽر وڪي ڊيٽا Wikidata تي --> [[زمرو:عددي تبديلي سانچا|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[زمرو:ڪنورٽ-جھڙا سانچا|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> seso0v8ybbjwk2p05dg4253vnr92f9o 10 96136 376087 2026-05-05T21:05:34Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{tmbox |type=notice |image=[[Image:Jupiter and moon.png|{{#ifeq:{{{small|}}}|yes|30|60}}px]] |text='''ھي [[وڪيپيڊيا:فلڪياتي شيون منصوبا|فلڪياتي شئي]] وارو مضمون [[فلڪياتي هم آهنگ نظام|فلڪياتي ڪوآرڊينيٽس]] کان خالي آھي۔'''<br /><span style="font-size: 88%">[[سانچو:Sky|توھان مدد ڪري سگھو ٿا]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title={{BASEPAGENAMEE}}&action=e... 376087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tmbox |type=notice |image=[[Image:Jupiter and moon.png|{{#ifeq:{{{small|}}}|yes|30|60}}px]] |text='''ھي [[وڪيپيڊيا:فلڪياتي شيون منصوبا|فلڪياتي شئي]] وارو مضمون [[فلڪياتي هم آهنگ نظام|فلڪياتي ڪوآرڊينيٽس]] کان خالي آھي۔'''<br /><span style="font-size: 88%">[[سانچو:Sky|توھان مدد ڪري سگھو ٿا]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title={{BASEPAGENAMEE}}&action=edit انهن کي شامل ڪري]۔{{#if:{{{date|}}}|''({{{date}}})''.}}</span> }} <includeonly>{{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:-0}}|Talk|Category|Image|Template=[[زمرو:فلڪياتي شيون مضمون جن کي ڪوآرڊينيٽس گھرجن {{#if:{{{date|}}}|کان {{{date}}}|}}]]|}}</includeonly> <noinclude> {{documentation|content= ھي سانچو ڳالھ ٻولھ صفحن تي رکو ==وڌيڪ ڏسو== * {{tl|Sky}} * [[سانچو:RA]] * [[سانچو:DEC]] }} [[زمرو:مضمون ڳالھ ٻولھ ھيڊر سانچا]] [[زمرو:ڪوآرڊينيٽ سانچا]] [[زمرو:فلڪيات سانچا]] </noinclude> ax4btyqnz0qcoypnoewdxzcdnkrzhuz 10 96137 376089 2026-05-05T21:14:53Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} <!-- مھرباني ڪري زمرا ھن صفحي جي ھيٺان ڏنل جاءِ تي شامل ڪريو --> ھي سانچو اُنھن مضمونن کي نشان لڳائڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿئي ٿو جن ۾ جاگرافيائي مقام جي ڊيٽا (ڪوآرڊينيٽس) موجود ناھي، ۽ اھو آسانيءَ سان {{tl|coord}} شامل ڪري درست ڪري سگھجي ٿو۔ == استعمال == {{tlx|Coord... 376089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} <!-- مھرباني ڪري زمرا ھن صفحي جي ھيٺان ڏنل جاءِ تي شامل ڪريو --> ھي سانچو اُنھن مضمونن کي نشان لڳائڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿئي ٿو جن ۾ جاگرافيائي مقام جي ڊيٽا (ڪوآرڊينيٽس) موجود ناھي، ۽ اھو آسانيءَ سان {{tl|coord}} شامل ڪري درست ڪري سگھجي ٿو۔ == استعمال == {{tlx|Coord missing|علائقي جو نالو}} === پيرا ميٽر === *;علائقي جو نالو: يا ته اُنھن ملڪن مان ڪنھن ھڪ جو نالو جيڪو [[:زمرو:ملڪ موجب مضمون جن ۾ جاگرافيائي ڪوآرڊينيٽ ڊيٽا غائب آھي]] جي ذيلي زمرا ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿو، يا ان کان ننڍو علائقو جيئن صوبي يا رياست جو نالو، جتي ذيلي زمرو موجود ھجي يا ٺاھڻ مناسب ھجي. جيڪڏھن ڪنھن خاص ملڪ جي سڃاڻپ نه ٿي سگھي، ته پوءِ براعظم جا نالا استعمال ڪيا وڃن، جيڪي [[:زمرو:براعظم موجب مضمون جن ۾ جاگرافيائي ڪوآرڊينيٽ ڊيٽا غائب آھي]] ۾ ڏنل آھن. ::ھي زمرا [[وڪيپيڊيا:لڪيل زمرا|لڪيل زمرا]] آھن. لڪيل زمرا ڏسڻ لاءِ {{Show hidden categories}} کي فعال ڪرڻو پوندو. جيڪڏھن ڪنھن زمري جو نالو تبديل ڪيو وڃي، ته پراڻي نالي تي زمرو-ريڊائريڪٽ صفحو ڇڏي ڏيو، ڇو ته ھي سانچو زمري جي ريڊائريڪٽ کي حل ڪري ٿو. مثال طور، پيرا ميٽر "Washington, D.C." پاڻمرادو [[:زمرو:Washington, D.C. مضمون جن ۾ جاگرافيائي ڪوآرڊينيٽ ڊيٽا غائب آھي]] ڀريندو، پر اھو ريڊائريڪٽ ٿيل ھوندو، تنھنڪري سانچو اصل ھدف واري زمري کي استعمال ڪندو. === سانچي کي ھٽائڻ === جڏھن مضمون ۾ ڪوآرڊينيٽس شامل ڪيا وڃن، تڏھن ھي سانچو ھٽايو وڃي. ڪڏھن ڪڏھن بوٽ انھن سڀني مضمونن مان ھن کي ھٽائي ڇڏيندو آھي جيڪي اڳ ۾ ئي {{tl|coor URL}} استعمال ڪن ٿا۔ === غلطي ٽريڪنگ === * [[:زمرو:اڻ درجابند مضمون جن ۾ جاگرافيائي ڪوآرڊينيٽ ڊيٽا غائب آھي]]<br/>انھن صفحن لاءِ جتي ڪو علائقائي نالو ناھي ڏنو ويو * [[:زمرو:غلط درجابند مضمون جن ۾ جاگرافيائي ڪوآرڊينيٽ ڊيٽا غائب آھي]]<br/>انھن صفحن لاءِ جتي علائقي جو نالو صحيح زمري سان نٿو ملي == سانچو ڊيٽا == {{TemplateData header}} <TemplateData> { "description": "ھي سانچو اُنھن مضمونن کي نشان لڳائڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿئي ٿو جن ۾ جاگرافيائي ڪوآرڊينيٽ ڊيٽا ناھي. جاگرافيائي ڊيٽا شامل ڪرڻ لاءِ {{coord}} سانچو استعمال ڪريو.", "params": { "1": { "label": "علائقي جو نالو", "description": "ھن مضمون سان لاڳاپيل علائقي جو نالو. مھرباني ڪري 'زمرو:ملڪ موجب مضمون جن ۾ جاگرافيائي ڪوآرڊينيٽ ڊيٽا غائب آھي' ۽ ان جي ذيلي زمرا ڏسو.", "type": "string", "required": false } } } </TemplateData> == ڪوآرڊينيٽ شامل ڪرڻ == {{coord how-to}} * [[وڪيپيڊيا:جاگرافيائي ڪوآرڊينيٽ حاصل ڪرڻ|ڪوآرڊينيٽ حاصل ڪريو]] * مناسب ڄاڻخانو پيرا ميٽر يا {{tl|coord}} استعمال ڪريو۔ * [[وڪيپيڊيا:انداز نامو (تاريخون ۽ انگ)#جاگرافيائي ڪوآرڊينيٽس|انداز نامي]] جي پيروي ڪريو۔ * مھرباني ڪري ضرورت کان وڌيڪ درستگي نه رکو۔ == وڌيڪ ڏسو == * [[وڪيپيڊيا:فلڪياتي ڪوآرڊينيٽس منصوبا|فلڪياتي ڪوآرڊينيٽس منصوبا]] * {{tl|Place missing}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other||<!-- ھن لڪير کان ھيٺ زمرا شامل ڪريو --> [[زمرو:ڪوآرڊينيٽ سانچا]] [[زمرو:صفائي سانچا]] }}</includeonly> 4rds591dut474s3a0p8n2ado0v9x0yn 10 96138 376090 2026-05-05T21:17:24Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <!--{{Place missing}} begin-->{{Fix | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly> | link = Wikipedia:Citing sources | text = place&nbsp;missing | title = Please supply an "&#124;place&#61;" of publication, or use "&#124;location&#61; unspecified" for intentional omission. | date = {{{date|}}} | cat = <!--[[Category:All articles with broken citations]]--> | cat-date = <!--Category:Articles with broken citations--> }}<!--{{Place m... 376090 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Place missing}} begin-->{{Fix | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly> | link = Wikipedia:Citing sources | text = place&nbsp;missing | title = Please supply an "&#124;place&#61;" of publication, or use "&#124;location&#61; unspecified" for intentional omission. | date = {{{date|}}} | cat = <!--[[Category:All articles with broken citations]]--> | cat-date = <!--Category:Articles with broken citations--> }}<!--{{Place missing}} end--><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 6jxvv6ahycvc7pse87l3o7vm1orh65u 10 96139 376091 2026-05-05T21:21:24Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{documentation subpage}} {{Nosubst}}<includeonly>{{template shortcut|Place?}}</includeonly> <!-- مھرباني ڪري زمرا ۽ انٽر وڪي ھن صفحي جي ھيٺان شامل ڪريو --> {{selfref|ھي سانچو ڇپيل ماخذ جي '''جڳھ''' لاءِ ھڪ اندروني درخواست آھي۔}} {{Tl|Place missing}} ھڪ اندروني صفائي وارو سانچو آھي جيڪو ٽٽل حوالن کي نشان لڳائي ٿو، جتي حوالو ڏ... 376091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} {{Nosubst}}<includeonly>{{template shortcut|Place?}}</includeonly> <!-- مھرباني ڪري زمرا ۽ انٽر وڪي ھن صفحي جي ھيٺان شامل ڪريو --> {{selfref|ھي سانچو ڇپيل ماخذ جي '''جڳھ''' لاءِ ھڪ اندروني درخواست آھي۔}} {{Tl|Place missing}} ھڪ اندروني صفائي وارو سانچو آھي جيڪو ٽٽل حوالن کي نشان لڳائي ٿو، جتي حوالو ڏنل ماخذ جي اشاعت جي جڳھ غائب ھجي۔ ==استعمال== {{Tld|Place missing|date&#61;{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} * {{cs1}} سانچي ۾ حوالن سان گڏ ({{Tlx|Cite web}}, {{Tlx|Cite book}}, {{Tlx|Citation}} وغيره): ** {{Tlx|Place missing<!--|{{grey|<nowiki>{{subst:DATE}}</nowiki>}}-->}} کي حوالو سانچي کان ٻاھر رکو * آزاد شڪل واري حوالن لاءِ، صرف حوالو جي آخر ۾ {{Tlx|Place missing<!--|{{grey|<nowiki>{{subst:DATE}}</nowiki>}}-->}} شامل ڪريو۔ ==ھن سانچي سان ڏيکاريل مسئلو ڪيئن حل ڪجي== '''ھن سانچي کي ھٽائڻ کان اڳ مسئلو حل ڪرڻ لازمي آھي۔''' *جيڪڏھن توھان کي ''جڳھ معلوم آھي''، معلومات شامل ڪريو ۽ سانچو ھٽايو۔ *;سانچي واري حوالن لاءِ: *#{{para|place|<var>XXX</var>}} *;آزاد حوالن لاءِ: *# حوالو جي طريقي مطابق جڳھ شامل ڪريو؛ يا... *# بھتر اھو آھي ته سڄو حوالو {{tl|cite journal}}, {{tl|cite news}} يا ٻي {{cite xxx}} سيريز سانچي ۾ تبديل ڪيو وڃي۔ *جيڪڏھن توھان کي ''پڪ آھي ته جڳھ ڏنل ناھي'': *# واضح طور لکو: *#:{{para|Place|<nowiki><!-- جڳھ بيان ٿيل ناھي --></nowiki>}} *: آزاد حوالن لاءِ: *:::<code>جڳھ بيان ٿيل ناھي.</code> *: سواليه نشان استعمال نه ڪريو۔ *: خالي نه ڇڏيو، ٻي صورت ۾ ٻيھر {{Tl|Place missing}} لڳايو ويندو۔ *: {{para|Place|none}}، {{para|Place|unknown}} يا اھڙا غير واضح لفظ استعمال نه ڪريو۔ *جيڪڏھن توھان کي ''خبر ناھي'': *# ماخذ چيڪ ڪريو ۽ معلومات شامل ڪريو۔ *: سواليه نشان استعمال نه ڪريو۔ *: جيڪڏھن لنڪ ڪم نه ڪري، ته archive.org چيڪ ڪريو (ڏسو {{tl|citation}}/{{cite xxx}} سانچي جا {{para|archiveurl}} ۽ {{para|archivedate}} پيرا ميٽر)۔ *: جيڪڏھن آرڪائيو موجود ناھي، {{Tl|Dead link}} استعمال ڪريو، پر {{Tl|Place missing}} برقرار رکو۔ == ريڊائريڪٽس == * {{Tl|Place?}} * {{Tl|Place needed}} * {{Tl|Location missing}} * {{Tl|Location?}} * {{Tl|Location needed}} ==وڌيڪ ڏسو== *{{tl|Coord missing}} {{Citation repair}} ;ٻيا * {{Tl|List years}} {{Inline tags}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- ھن لڪير کان ھيٺ زمرا شامل ڪريو --> [[زمرو:اندروني حوالن جي صفائي سانچا]] }}</includeonly> 8a4v0rsl2xbeuwfz9pv95xqt46ximqe 14 96140 376102 2026-05-06T06:00:10Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:انتظام]] [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] 376102 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:انتظام]] [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] 6zkr9w1s3apea73clq078rlcg67u8ht 0 96141 376114 2026-05-06T06:55:53Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: '''نوڪيا ڪارپوريشن''' (Nokia Corporation) فنلينڊ ۾ قائم هڪ ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپني آهي. اها هڪ ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن، انفارميشن ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس جي صنعت ۽ ڪاروبار جي ڪارپوريشن آهي. اصل ۾ سال 1865ع ۾ ڪاٺ جي گودي جي مل جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، نوڪيا جو مکيه هيڊ ڪوارٽر هيلسنڪي ميٽروپو... 376114 wikitext text/x-wiki '''نوڪيا ڪارپوريشن''' (Nokia Corporation) فنلينڊ ۾ قائم هڪ ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپني آهي. اها هڪ ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن، انفارميشن ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس جي صنعت ۽ ڪاروبار جي ڪارپوريشن آهي. اصل ۾ سال 1865ع ۾ ڪاٺ جي گودي جي مل جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، نوڪيا جو مکيه هيڊ ڪوارٽر هيلسنڪي ميٽروپوليٽن علائقي ۾ ايسپو، فنلينڊ ۾ آهي، پر ڪمپني جون اصل پاڙون پيرڪانما جي ٽيمپير علائقي ۾ آهن. سال 2020ع ۾، نوڪيا 100 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن ۾ تقريبن 92,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني، 130 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن ۾ ڪاروبار ڪيو ۽ تقريبن 23 بلين يورو جي سالياني آمدني جي رپورٽ ڪئي. نوڪيا هڪ پبلڪ لميٽيڊ ڪمپني آهي جيڪا ناسڊيڪ هيلسنڪي ۽ نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي درج ٿيل آهي. اها سال 2016ع جي آمدني جي حساب سان دنيا جي 415 هين وڏي ڪمپني هئي. "فارچون گلوبل 500" جي مطابق، سال 2009ع ۾ پنهنجي عروج تي 85 هين نمبر تي پهتي. اها "يورو اسٽوڪس 50" اسٽاڪ مارڪيٽ انڊيڪس جو هڪ جزو آهي. el1zb649eson0ppt5774b3q9z92eviw 376115 376114 2026-05-06T06:56:20Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ڪمپنيون بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 376115 wikitext text/x-wiki '''نوڪيا ڪارپوريشن''' (Nokia Corporation) فنلينڊ ۾ قائم هڪ ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپني آهي. اها هڪ ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن، انفارميشن ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس جي صنعت ۽ ڪاروبار جي ڪارپوريشن آهي. اصل ۾ سال 1865ع ۾ ڪاٺ جي گودي جي مل جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، نوڪيا جو مکيه هيڊ ڪوارٽر هيلسنڪي ميٽروپوليٽن علائقي ۾ ايسپو، فنلينڊ ۾ آهي، پر ڪمپني جون اصل پاڙون پيرڪانما جي ٽيمپير علائقي ۾ آهن. سال 2020ع ۾، نوڪيا 100 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن ۾ تقريبن 92,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني، 130 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن ۾ ڪاروبار ڪيو ۽ تقريبن 23 بلين يورو جي سالياني آمدني جي رپورٽ ڪئي. نوڪيا هڪ پبلڪ لميٽيڊ ڪمپني آهي جيڪا ناسڊيڪ هيلسنڪي ۽ نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي درج ٿيل آهي. اها سال 2016ع جي آمدني جي حساب سان دنيا جي 415 هين وڏي ڪمپني هئي. "فارچون گلوبل 500" جي مطابق، سال 2009ع ۾ پنهنجي عروج تي 85 هين نمبر تي پهتي. اها "يورو اسٽوڪس 50" اسٽاڪ مارڪيٽ انڊيڪس جو هڪ جزو آهي. [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون بلحاظ ملڪ]] nfn6v41uu8rvkn1y31faparx1x2e9js 376116 376115 2026-05-06T06:56:38Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ڪارپوريشن]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 376116 wikitext text/x-wiki '''نوڪيا ڪارپوريشن''' (Nokia Corporation) فنلينڊ ۾ قائم هڪ ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپني آهي. اها هڪ ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن، انفارميشن ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس جي صنعت ۽ ڪاروبار جي ڪارپوريشن آهي. اصل ۾ سال 1865ع ۾ ڪاٺ جي گودي جي مل جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، نوڪيا جو مکيه هيڊ ڪوارٽر هيلسنڪي ميٽروپوليٽن علائقي ۾ ايسپو، فنلينڊ ۾ آهي، پر ڪمپني جون اصل پاڙون پيرڪانما جي ٽيمپير علائقي ۾ آهن. سال 2020ع ۾، نوڪيا 100 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن ۾ تقريبن 92,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني، 130 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن ۾ ڪاروبار ڪيو ۽ تقريبن 23 بلين يورو جي سالياني آمدني جي رپورٽ ڪئي. نوڪيا هڪ پبلڪ لميٽيڊ ڪمپني آهي جيڪا ناسڊيڪ هيلسنڪي ۽ نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي درج ٿيل آهي. اها سال 2016ع جي آمدني جي حساب سان دنيا جي 415 هين وڏي ڪمپني هئي. "فارچون گلوبل 500" جي مطابق، سال 2009ع ۾ پنهنجي عروج تي 85 هين نمبر تي پهتي. اها "يورو اسٽوڪس 50" اسٽاڪ مارڪيٽ انڊيڪس جو هڪ جزو آهي. [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڪارپوريشن]] sgtelab91jfhb8qfbrfds222dj56rl5 376117 376116 2026-05-06T06:57:16Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:فن لينڊ]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 376117 wikitext text/x-wiki '''نوڪيا ڪارپوريشن''' (Nokia Corporation) فنلينڊ ۾ قائم هڪ ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپني آهي. اها هڪ ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن، انفارميشن ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس جي صنعت ۽ ڪاروبار جي ڪارپوريشن آهي. اصل ۾ سال 1865ع ۾ ڪاٺ جي گودي جي مل جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، نوڪيا جو مکيه هيڊ ڪوارٽر هيلسنڪي ميٽروپوليٽن علائقي ۾ ايسپو، فنلينڊ ۾ آهي، پر ڪمپني جون اصل پاڙون پيرڪانما جي ٽيمپير علائقي ۾ آهن. سال 2020ع ۾، نوڪيا 100 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن ۾ تقريبن 92,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني، 130 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن ۾ ڪاروبار ڪيو ۽ تقريبن 23 بلين يورو جي سالياني آمدني جي رپورٽ ڪئي. نوڪيا هڪ پبلڪ لميٽيڊ ڪمپني آهي جيڪا ناسڊيڪ هيلسنڪي ۽ نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي درج ٿيل آهي. اها سال 2016ع جي آمدني جي حساب سان دنيا جي 415 هين وڏي ڪمپني هئي. "فارچون گلوبل 500" جي مطابق، سال 2009ع ۾ پنهنجي عروج تي 85 هين نمبر تي پهتي. اها "يورو اسٽوڪس 50" اسٽاڪ مارڪيٽ انڊيڪس جو هڪ جزو آهي. [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڪارپوريشن]] [[زمرو:فن لينڊ]] q9zvm3hbt0pkp8vyzbj3yoqspd5xt7i 376118 376117 2026-05-06T06:58:57Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:اليڪٽرانڪس]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 376118 wikitext text/x-wiki '''نوڪيا ڪارپوريشن''' (Nokia Corporation) فنلينڊ ۾ قائم هڪ ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپني آهي. اها هڪ ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن، انفارميشن ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس جي صنعت ۽ ڪاروبار جي ڪارپوريشن آهي. اصل ۾ سال 1865ع ۾ ڪاٺ جي گودي جي مل جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، نوڪيا جو مکيه هيڊ ڪوارٽر هيلسنڪي ميٽروپوليٽن علائقي ۾ ايسپو، فنلينڊ ۾ آهي، پر ڪمپني جون اصل پاڙون پيرڪانما جي ٽيمپير علائقي ۾ آهن. سال 2020ع ۾، نوڪيا 100 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن ۾ تقريبن 92,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني، 130 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن ۾ ڪاروبار ڪيو ۽ تقريبن 23 بلين يورو جي سالياني آمدني جي رپورٽ ڪئي. نوڪيا هڪ پبلڪ لميٽيڊ ڪمپني آهي جيڪا ناسڊيڪ هيلسنڪي ۽ نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي درج ٿيل آهي. اها سال 2016ع جي آمدني جي حساب سان دنيا جي 415 هين وڏي ڪمپني هئي. "فارچون گلوبل 500" جي مطابق، سال 2009ع ۾ پنهنجي عروج تي 85 هين نمبر تي پهتي. اها "يورو اسٽوڪس 50" اسٽاڪ مارڪيٽ انڊيڪس جو هڪ جزو آهي. [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڪارپوريشن]] [[زمرو:فن لينڊ]] [[زمرو:اليڪٽرانڪس]] kqijob3zlo6end86oxt711i5or9kcc5 376119 376118 2026-05-06T06:59:27Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 376119 wikitext text/x-wiki '''نوڪيا ڪارپوريشن''' (Nokia Corporation) فنلينڊ ۾ قائم هڪ ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپني آهي. اها هڪ ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن، انفارميشن ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس جي صنعت ۽ ڪاروبار جي ڪارپوريشن آهي. اصل ۾ سال 1865ع ۾ ڪاٺ جي گودي جي مل جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، نوڪيا جو مکيه هيڊ ڪوارٽر هيلسنڪي ميٽروپوليٽن علائقي ۾ ايسپو، فنلينڊ ۾ آهي، پر ڪمپني جون اصل پاڙون پيرڪانما جي ٽيمپير علائقي ۾ آهن. سال 2020ع ۾، نوڪيا 100 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن ۾ تقريبن 92,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني، 130 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن ۾ ڪاروبار ڪيو ۽ تقريبن 23 بلين يورو جي سالياني آمدني جي رپورٽ ڪئي. نوڪيا هڪ پبلڪ لميٽيڊ ڪمپني آهي جيڪا ناسڊيڪ هيلسنڪي ۽ نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي درج ٿيل آهي. اها سال 2016ع جي آمدني جي حساب سان دنيا جي 415 هين وڏي ڪمپني هئي. "فارچون گلوبل 500" جي مطابق، سال 2009ع ۾ پنهنجي عروج تي 85 هين نمبر تي پهتي. اها "يورو اسٽوڪس 50" اسٽاڪ مارڪيٽ انڊيڪس جو هڪ جزو آهي. [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڪارپوريشن]] [[زمرو:فن لينڊ]] [[زمرو:اليڪٽرانڪس]] [[زمرو:ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن]] ddt2h86l6h6zricmqrzlltrz7mkw1hh 376120 376119 2026-05-06T07:00:26Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ڪمپيوٽر]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 376120 wikitext text/x-wiki '''نوڪيا ڪارپوريشن''' (Nokia Corporation) فنلينڊ ۾ قائم هڪ ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپني آهي. اها هڪ ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن، انفارميشن ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس جي صنعت ۽ ڪاروبار جي ڪارپوريشن آهي. اصل ۾ سال 1865ع ۾ ڪاٺ جي گودي جي مل جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، نوڪيا جو مکيه هيڊ ڪوارٽر هيلسنڪي ميٽروپوليٽن علائقي ۾ ايسپو، فنلينڊ ۾ آهي، پر ڪمپني جون اصل پاڙون پيرڪانما جي ٽيمپير علائقي ۾ آهن. سال 2020ع ۾، نوڪيا 100 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن ۾ تقريبن 92,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني، 130 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن ۾ ڪاروبار ڪيو ۽ تقريبن 23 بلين يورو جي سالياني آمدني جي رپورٽ ڪئي. نوڪيا هڪ پبلڪ لميٽيڊ ڪمپني آهي جيڪا ناسڊيڪ هيلسنڪي ۽ نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي درج ٿيل آهي. اها سال 2016ع جي آمدني جي حساب سان دنيا جي 415 هين وڏي ڪمپني هئي. "فارچون گلوبل 500" جي مطابق، سال 2009ع ۾ پنهنجي عروج تي 85 هين نمبر تي پهتي. اها "يورو اسٽوڪس 50" اسٽاڪ مارڪيٽ انڊيڪس جو هڪ جزو آهي. [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڪارپوريشن]] [[زمرو:فن لينڊ]] [[زمرو:اليڪٽرانڪس]] [[زمرو:ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر]] mosgcixi2aohkop8y7ny83wqt5az2u9 376121 376120 2026-05-06T07:00:52Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ٽيڪنالاجي بلحاظ قسم]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 376121 wikitext text/x-wiki '''نوڪيا ڪارپوريشن''' (Nokia Corporation) فنلينڊ ۾ قائم هڪ ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپني آهي. اها هڪ ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن، انفارميشن ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس جي صنعت ۽ ڪاروبار جي ڪارپوريشن آهي. اصل ۾ سال 1865ع ۾ ڪاٺ جي گودي جي مل جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، نوڪيا جو مکيه هيڊ ڪوارٽر هيلسنڪي ميٽروپوليٽن علائقي ۾ ايسپو، فنلينڊ ۾ آهي، پر ڪمپني جون اصل پاڙون پيرڪانما جي ٽيمپير علائقي ۾ آهن. سال 2020ع ۾، نوڪيا 100 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن ۾ تقريبن 92,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني، 130 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن ۾ ڪاروبار ڪيو ۽ تقريبن 23 بلين يورو جي سالياني آمدني جي رپورٽ ڪئي. نوڪيا هڪ پبلڪ لميٽيڊ ڪمپني آهي جيڪا ناسڊيڪ هيلسنڪي ۽ نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي درج ٿيل آهي. اها سال 2016ع جي آمدني جي حساب سان دنيا جي 415 هين وڏي ڪمپني هئي. "فارچون گلوبل 500" جي مطابق، سال 2009ع ۾ پنهنجي عروج تي 85 هين نمبر تي پهتي. اها "يورو اسٽوڪس 50" اسٽاڪ مارڪيٽ انڊيڪس جو هڪ جزو آهي. [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڪارپوريشن]] [[زمرو:فن لينڊ]] [[زمرو:اليڪٽرانڪس]] [[زمرو:ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪنالاجي بلحاظ قسم]] 672ptxa7d8swd1zxbx2yb0bhbqg5y6u 376122 376121 2026-05-06T11:36:35Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 376122 wikitext text/x-wiki '''نوڪيا ڪارپوريشن''' (Nokia Corporation) فنلينڊ ۾ قائم هڪ ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپني آهي. اها هڪ ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن، انفارميشن ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس جي صنعت ۽ ڪاروبار جي ڪارپوريشن آهي. اصل ۾ سال 1865ع ۾ ڪاٺ جي گودي جي مل جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، نوڪيا جو مکيه هيڊ ڪوارٽر هيلسنڪي ميٽروپوليٽن علائقي ۾ ايسپو، فنلينڊ ۾ آهي، پر ڪمپني جون اصل پاڙون پيرڪانما جي ٽيمپير علائقي ۾ آهن. سال 2020ع ۾، نوڪيا 100 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن ۾ تقريبن 92,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني، 130 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن ۾ ڪاروبار ڪيو ۽ تقريبن 23 بلين يورو جي سالياني آمدني جي رپورٽ ڪئي. نوڪيا هڪ پبلڪ لميٽيڊ ڪمپني آهي جيڪا ناسڊيڪ هيلسنڪي ۽ نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي درج ٿيل آهي. اها سال 2016ع جي آمدني جي حساب سان دنيا جي 415 هين وڏي ڪمپني هئي. "فارچون گلوبل 500" جي مطابق، سال 2009ع ۾ پنهنجي عروج تي 85 هين نمبر تي پهتي. اها "يورو اسٽوڪس 50" اسٽاڪ مارڪيٽ انڊيڪس جو هڪ جزو آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Portal|Companies|Telecommunication|Finland}} {{Sister project links|Nokia}} *{{Official website}} {{Finance links | symbol = NOK | sec_cik = NOK | google = NYSE:NOK | yahoo = NOK | bloomberg = NOK:US | reuters = NOK | nasdaq = NOK }} {{Nokia}} {{Nokia devices}} {{Nokia services}} {{Symbian platform}} {{navboxes|list= {{Euro Stoxx 50 Companies}} {{OMX Helsinki 25 companies}} {{OMX Nordic 40}} {{Major mobile device companies}} {{Major networking hardware companies}} {{Nasdaq Helsinki}} }} {{Authority control|state=expanded}} [[Category:Nokia| ]] [[Category:1865 establishments in Finland]] [[Category:1910s initial public offerings]] [[Category:Companies in the Euro Stoxx 50]] [[Category:Companies listed on Nasdaq Helsinki]] [[Category:Computer hardware companies]] [[Category:Display technology companies]] [[Category:Electronics companies of Finland]] [[Category:Finnish brands]] [[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Espoo]] [[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1865]] [[Category:Mobile phone companies of Finland]] [[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in Finland]] [[Category:Networking hardware companies]] [[Category:Radio manufacturers]] [[Category:Technology companies established in 1865]] [[Category:Technology companies of Finland]] [[Category:Telecommunications companies of Finland]] [[Category:Telecommunications equipment vendors]] [[Category:Companies in the OMX Helsinki 25]] [[Category:Companies in the OMX Nordic 40]] [[Category:Video game companies of Finland]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڪارپوريشن]] [[زمرو:فن لينڊ]] [[زمرو:اليڪٽرانڪس]] [[زمرو:ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪنالاجي بلحاظ قسم]] 6duq4c703ltv7jsj9qp9mfyjtnezer0 376123 376122 2026-05-06T11:49:06Z Ibne maryam 17680 376123 wikitext text/x-wiki '''نوڪيا ڪارپوريشن''' (Nokia Corporation) فنلينڊ ۾ قائم هڪ ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپني آهي. اها هڪ ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن، انفارميشن ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس جي صنعت ۽ ڪاروبار جي ڪارپوريشن آهي. اصل ۾ سال 1865ع ۾ ڪاٺ جي گودي جي مل جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، نوڪيا جو مکيه هيڊ ڪوارٽر هيلسنڪي ميٽروپوليٽن علائقي ۾ ايسپو، فنلينڊ ۾ آهي، پر ڪمپني جون اصل پاڙون پيرڪانما جي ٽيمپير علائقي ۾ آهن. سال 2020ع ۾، نوڪيا 100 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن ۾ تقريبن 92,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني، 130 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن ۾ ڪاروبار ڪيو ۽ تقريبن 23 بلين يورو جي سالياني آمدني جي رپورٽ ڪئي. نوڪيا هڪ پبلڪ لميٽيڊ ڪمپني آهي جيڪا ناسڊيڪ هيلسنڪي ۽ نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي درج ٿيل آهي. اها سال 2016ع جي آمدني جي حساب سان دنيا جي 415 هين وڏي ڪمپني هئي. "فارچون گلوبل 500" جي مطابق، سال 2009ع ۾ پنهنجي عروج تي 85 هين نمبر تي پهتي. اها "يورو اسٽوڪس 50" اسٽاڪ مارڪيٽ انڊيڪس جو هڪ جزو آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Portal|Companies|Telecommunication|Finland}} {{Sister project links|Nokia}} *{{Official website}} {{Finance links | symbol = NOK | sec_cik = NOK | google = NYSE:NOK | yahoo = NOK | bloomberg = NOK:US | reuters = NOK | nasdaq = NOK }} {{Nokia}} {{Nokia devices}} {{Nokia services}} {{Major mobile device companies}} {{Major networking hardware companies}} {{Nasdaq Helsinki}} }} {{Authority control|state=expanded}} [[زمرو:نوڪيا ڪارپوريشن]] [[زمرو:ڪارپوريشن]] [[زمرو:فن لينڊ]] [[زمرو:اليڪٽرانڪس]] [[زمرو:ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪنالاجي بلحاظ قسم]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون بلحاظ قسم]] [[زمرو:فنلينڊ جون اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:فنلينڊ جون اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:فنلينڊ جون موبائل فون ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:فنلينڊ ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ريڊيو ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:فنلينڊ جون ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:فنلينڊ جون ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن سامان وڪرو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:فنلينڊ جون وڊيو گيم ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:فنلينڊ جا برانڊ]] [[زمرو:فنلينڊ ۾ 1865 ادارا]] [[زمرو:1910ع جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:يورو اسٽوڪس 50 ۾ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: ناس ڊيڪ هيلسنڪي تي درج ٿيل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ايسپو ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1865 ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:او ايم ايڪس هيلسنڪي 25 ۾ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:او ايم ايڪس نورڊڪ 40 ۾ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون ۾ قائم ٿيل 1865]] jd4bpe3lg92dnair7j9culjf2jw584j 14 96142 376124 2026-05-06T11:51:34Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڪارپوريشن]] [[زمرو:فن لينڊ جون ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:اليڪٽرانڪس جون ڪمپنيون]] 376124 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڪارپوريشن]] [[زمرو:فن لينڊ جون ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:اليڪٽرانڪس جون ڪمپنيون]] obqmcqeuxddk4t37mthd4r27cz5jedz 14 96143 376125 2026-05-06T11:53:32Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:فن لينڊ]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون بلحاظ ملڪ]] 376125 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فن لينڊ]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون بلحاظ ملڪ]] 5qrcwv5unx6eb2d8a0947v8m3t1pr1o 14 96144 376126 2026-05-06T11:54:35Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:اليڪٽرانڪس]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون بلحاظ صنعت]] 376126 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:اليڪٽرانڪس]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون بلحاظ صنعت]] np9ungevzjw58wv5934etb87ufspkr8 14 96145 376127 2026-05-06T11:55:18Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:صنعتون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون]] 376127 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:صنعتون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون]] 3wgbupd510elnds29akev5j0likz3pu